Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 20 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12577 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 76 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 New 4 York 4 Avenue 3 illustration 3 Street 3 Railroad 3 Plate 3 Mr. 3 Company 2 water 2 Tunnel 2 River 2 Pennsylvania 2 Ninth 2 Manhattan 2 Island 2 Fig 1 work 1 tunnel 1 sand 1 rock 1 rail 1 pressure 1 pipe 1 pier 1 material 1 grade 1 form 1 engineer 1 caisson 1 Weehawken 1 Tunnels 1 Total 1 TABLE 1 Station 1 Society 1 Shaft 1 Seventh 1 Reservoir 1 Long 1 Labor 1 Foreman 1 Engineer 1 Discussion 1 Deans 1 Coyote 1 Committee 1 City 1 Bonito Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 1000 tunnel 989 ft 633 work 614 water 561 line 520 pressure 503 rock 498 side 477 material 467 shield 409 sand 404 wall 393 section 390 time 355 pipe 338 concrete 332 . 322 air 308 excavation 305 | 278 iron 274 track 261 shaft 260 point 257 bottom 254 surface 254 part 254 end 251 grade 249 face 246 form 242 construction 226 lining 215 illustration 210 steel 207 top 207 ground 203 writer 200 ring 199 structure 197 method 195 river 193 heading 192 center 191 length 178 condition 176 day 175 pile 174 place 172 weight Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 4546 | 2886 _ 678 . 368 Avenue 356 New 301 Railroad 277 York 262 Mr. 261 Company 249 Street 230 River 222 Fig 202 City 198 Tunnel 194 Plate 182 ft 168 C 166 Pennsylvania 165 M. 164 FIG 162 B 161 Manhattan 157 Island 155 Station 151 C. 141 A 138 East 135 Long 126 Ninth 125 Tunnels 125 North 123 E. 122 yd 117 Engineer 112 Terminal 101 || 101 PLATE 95 Weehawken 92 Soc 92 Am 84 Jersey 79 Seventh 77 West 77 Division 72 Shaft 68 32d 67 Chief 66 D 61 r 60 Rock Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1319 it 264 he 247 they 132 them 80 i 58 we 40 itself 38 him 11 us 11 themselves 8 you 8 himself 7 one 7 me 3 |cost 2 ourselves 1 |-----+----------+------+------+------+-------+----+--------+-------+----+ 1 ours 1 myself 1 her Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 9641 be 1151 have 525 show 511 use 488 make 348 do 315 take 274 place 255 build 240 give 223 carry 205 drive 178 lay 171 require 165 work 157 follow 155 set 149 find 144 remove 137 pass 136 support 136 excavate 133 fill 132 put 130 include 126 describe 119 provide 115 erect 110 leave 109 cut 105 complete 104 allow 103 form 101 run 101 keep 100 extend 97 hold 96 construct 95 increase 93 break 85 obtain 84 retain 83 mix 83 cause 81 start 81 bring 80 cover 79 assume 78 consider 77 see Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 671 not 390 about 278 up 271 then 258 first 242 as 241 other 234 only 224 more 223 large 217 also 209 out 205 very 205 great 197 lb 183 long 182 same 177 high 176 full 170 concrete 164 such 162 low 162 in 156 much 151 small 147 down 141 well 136 so 134 soft 126 however 124 necessary 122 total 121 heavy 118 open 117 average 116 less 113 possible 109 thus 108 general 101 top 98 back 96 east 95 therefore 94 main 92 most 91 many 88 good 87 south 87 similar 83 soon Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 least 34 most 19 great 18 good 11 large 8 low 8 Most 6 high 6 deep 5 near 4 long 4 bad 3 old 3 heavy 3 early 2 late 2 full 1 young 1 wise 1 thin 1 strong 1 small 1 slight 1 simple 1 sightly 1 short 1 quick 1 plant._--w 1 narrow 1 light 1 gentle 1 easy 1 damp 1 broad Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58 most 8 least 7 well Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 www.gutenberg.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18229/ 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25222 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25220 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18795 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18785 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18748 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18747 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18448 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17777 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17776 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17137 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16938 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16440 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 shield was about 4 rock was very 3 material does not 3 pipe is not 3 pressure does not 3 water does not 2 concrete was carefully 2 excavation being rock 2 excavation was about 2 excavation was not 2 rock was not 2 sand was also 2 tunnel was about 2 tunnel was then 2 wall was then 2 water was not 2 work was also 2 work was much 2 work was not 1 . being common 1 . was about 1 . was satisfied 1 _ carrying surface 1 _ had just 1 _ have separate 1 _ is _ 1 _ is probably 1 _ was also 1 _ was not 1 _ was still 1 _ were constantly 1 _ were originally 1 air had free 1 air had not 1 air is high 1 air was almost 1 air was also 1 air was fully 1 air was immediately 1 air was then 1 air was very 1 avenue cut down 1 avenue excavated down 1 avenue had simple 1 avenue was about 1 avenue was essentially 1 avenue were very 1 concrete being first 1 concrete had firmly 1 concrete is necessary Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 . had no beneficial 1 line is not yet 1 material is not likely 1 pipe is not nearly 1 pipe is not so 1 pressure was not generally 1 railroad were not as 1 rock has no known 1 sand is not there 1 sand were not varied 1 shields were not exactly 1 time is not far A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = 27632 author = American Society of Civil Engineers title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXXII, June, 1911 Water Purification Plant, Washington, D. C. Results of Operation. date = keywords = water summary = Given Turbidity in Applied Water.~ filtered water for a given turbidity of the applied water is turbidity in the filtered water, a raw water may be applied at 75 deg., having twice the turbidity of the water applied at 35 deg., to produce applied water of given turbidity will produce an effluent at 35 deg. applied and in the filtered water, it is entirely logical to _Hydraulic Replacing of Filter Sand._--The author has adopted a method of replacing clean sand in the filters which will commend method may be applied at other plants where conditions seem to replacing sand by the hydraulic method, and yet, from Mr. Johnson''s hydraulic method would be as satisfactory for other filter plants effluents from filters which have been re-sanded by the two methods The experiment of replacing sand by water, referred to by Mr. Longley, was not considered a success at the time, and the method id = 45735 author = American Society of Civil Engineers title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, December, 1910 date = keywords = Company; Discussion; Engineer; Mr.; New summary = In 1885 he was elected Assistant City Engineer of New Orleans, which From 1892 to 1896 Mr. Brown held the office of City Engineer of New employed with the King Bridge Company as Assistant Engineer. American Bridge Company, of New York, in charge of railroad structures John Henderson Sample, the only son of Judge William Sample, was born Central lines, working up from Axeman to Division Engineer. Engineer of location and construction of the Missouri Pacific lines in as Assistant Engineer, being engaged on line and grade revision and with the gas companies of New York City for 57 years. The Engineer who was in charge of the work, writes: Engineers connected with that work. In 1893, Mr. Van der Hoek was appointed Division Engineer of the He was elected a Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers on He was elected a Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers on id = 18795 author = Bensel, J. A. (John Anderson) title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Address at the 42d Annual Convention, Chicago, Illinois, June 21st, 1910, Paper No. 1178 date = keywords = Society; engineer summary = AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS individual achievements, engineers are behind other professional men in a fact that will be admitted by all that engineers have not as yet done Profession, John Smeaton, first made use of the term, "engineer," and descriptive of a certain class of men working along professional lines achievements of engineers, particularly in the last hundred years. graphic a showing of engineering activity as I think can be found. engineers, but they seem to be diffident and neglectful of human nature very broad lines in admission to membership, classing as civil engineers limiting and prescribing the right to practice in the State of New York, As to the manner in which engineers individually perform their work, no thing, regarded either from the point of view of what the world needs or to be set to the activities of men along lines which concern us, and society as much as possible along its new lines. id = 16440 author = Campbell, J. L. title = The Water Supply of the El Paso and Southwestern Railway from Carrizozo to Santa Rosa, N. Mex. American Society of Civil Engineers: Transactions, No. 1170 date = keywords = Bonito; Coyote; Reservoir; pipe summary = solids per gallon; and a branch pipe line takes water from the creek water to Luna Reservoir and the pumps at Mile 171, and the latter lift Where the pipe line passes a water tank on the railway, a 4-in. air-chambers, and open stand-pipes on the line, too numerous to mention _Cast-iron Pipe_.--Beginning at the first pumping plant at Coyote, at specifications of the New England Water-Works Association, the pipe was pipe 21 miles long, a large air-chamber in the form of a closed steel The supply pipe from Bonito Creek delivers water into the basin over the If the pipe line is delivering water faster than the leakage on the wood pipe, between Coyote and Bonito Creek, from the _Velocities_.--The pipe line from Bonito Creek to the Nogal Reservoir line, near the reservoir, as indicated on Fig. 2, which shows the hydraulic grades and the pipe diameters of this id = 18408 author = Clarke, George C. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The Site of the Terminal Station. Paper No. 1157 date = keywords = Avenue; Ninth; Seventh; Street summary = the construction of two double-track tunnels under Ninth Avenue at 33d fan-shaped areas east of the west house line of Seventh Avenue were from east of Seventh Avenue and south of 34th Street. and 33d Streets from Seventh Avenue to a point east of the west end of TYPICAL SECTIONS OF RETAINING WALL IN THIRTY-FIRST STREET] surface, crossing under Ninth Avenue and to the center line of 32d the surface of the street on a timber trestle to Tenth Avenue, which was PLANT FOR DISPOSAL OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS PIER NO. Fig. 2.--East Pit, Steam Shovel Loading Excavated Material on Car. ash-pit, and the south wall and the ends were built of concrete. of the compressor-house formed the north wall of the bin, the section The excavation for the retaining walls in 31st and 33d Streets were in The forms and bracing for the Ninth Avenue walls are shown on Fig. 8. id = 17302 author = Cresson, Benjamin Franklin title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad The Terminal Station - West date = keywords = Avenue; Ninth; Plate; illustration summary = Station-West is bounded as follows: By the east line of Ninth Avenue; by Terminal had excavated under Ninth Avenue a cut which came to the grade of showing rock excavation and supports of 9th Avenue structures. Fig. 1, Plate XLVII, shows the elevated railway structure and the street METHOD OF EXCAVATING NINTH AVENUE PLAN AND ELEVATION SHOWING VARIOUS STAGES METHOD OF EXCAVATING NINTH AVENUE SECTIONS SHOWING VARIOUS STAGES OF WORK avenue at each column, each set being placed on four concrete piers 6 ft. four concrete piers resting on the central rock core, the excavation on the Center line of 32nd St., looking East from Sta. 183+50, showing excavation under Ninth Avenue, permanent concrete piers feet South of center line, showing underpinning of Ninth Avenue structure Plate LII, was taken inside the concrete form for the lower face wall on Showing excavation of completion of South abutment 9th Ave. and method of Supporting Elevated Railway Column 488. id = 42149 author = Hewett, Bertram Henry Majendie title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The North River Tunnels. Paper No. 1155 date = keywords = Company; Fig; Foreman; Manhattan; New; Shaft; Station; TABLE; Total; Tunnel; Weehawken; York; illustration; work summary = the rock from the tunnels made it necessary to start the shield-driven kinds of ground through which the shield-driven tunnels had to pass. time were much taken up with the progress of the shield-driven tunnels. TABLE 6.--ROCK TUNNEL EXCAVATION UNDER 32D STREET, EAST OF CUT-AND-COVER iron-lined tunnels and the shield chambers. iron-lined pieces of tunnel placed side by side, with semi-circular [Illustration: TYPES OF CONCRETE LINING OF SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNELS. _Standard Cross-Section of Concrete Lining of Shield-Driven _Standard Cross-Section of Concrete Lining of Shield-Driven and the working faces, extending the pipe lines, and attending to shield of the tunnel with bolting and working platform is shown on Plate XL. TABLE 27.--SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNEL WORK, WEEHAWKEN SHAFT, RIVER TUNNEL TABLE 27.--SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNEL WORK, WEEHAWKEN SHAFT, RIVER TUNNEL TABLE 28.--SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNEL WORK.--TOTAL NUMBER OF RINGS ERECTED AND TABLE 29.--MONTHLY PROGRESS OF SHIELD-DRIVEN TUNNEL WORK. down and re-erected before the concrete work in the river tunnels was id = 18548 author = Jacobs, Charles M. (Charles Mattathias) title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad, The North River Division. Paper No. 1151 date = keywords = City; New; Pennsylvania; Railroad; York summary = City, and also, as Chief Engineer of the North River Division of the New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad, to record in a Railroad Company was incorporated in the State of New York to construct the scheme for a tunnel to the Central Railroad of New Jersey for a line State Line to the Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New Jersey. 1899, the New York and Long Island Terminal Railroad Company was Long Island Railroad, Mr. Baldwin organized a new company to construct a Pennsylvania Railroad Company Office in New York, when Mr. Cassatt tunnel lines of the New York and New Jersey Railroads to Exchange Place, tunnels from the east side of Tenth Avenue, New York City, to the on the New York side, on the line of the tunnels near the river line of the tunnels in the yards of the Erie Railroad on the New Jersey id = 18748 author = Kempkey, A. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 A Concrete Water Tower, Paper No. 1173 date = keywords = Labor; form summary = construction, and the detailed cost, form the basis of this paper. To form the bottom of this tank, a plain concrete dome is The tank is covered with a roof of reinforced concrete, 4 in. and forms a level base on which the tower is built. Similar construction was used to form the taper base of the tower All horizontal bolts in the lower inside and outside forms were removed, 3.--FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.] 3.--FORMS FOR WATER TOWER VICTORIA, B.C.] After the dome forms had been put in, the concrete was carried up The tank is the ordinary type of light steel, the lower course TABLE 1.--COST OF HIGH-LEVEL TOWER, VICTORIA WATER-WORKS. writer''s opinion that the steel tank enclosed within the concrete of the inside and outside sheets forming the tank steel be in the form of a thin shell, and in a structure of this kind id = 17777 author = Klapp, Eugene title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Reinforced Concrete Pier Construction date = keywords = caisson; pier summary = REINFORCED CONCRETE PIER CONSTRUCTION. A private yacht pier, built near Glen Cove, Long Island, has brought out ordinary construction, but with creosoted piles; (_b_) a concrete pier To construct such piers in the ordinary manner behind coffer-dams, and before been called to the successful use of reinforced concrete caissons These caissons are constructed wished to reduce the cost, and every other caisson in the pier head was omitted, so that, as built, the pier contains eight caissons and five the shoal water and the great height of the outer caissons in comparison water pressure would be nothing, but the filling of the caissons would The question of the effect of sea water on the concrete was given much The caissons, after being placed, were filled with sand and gravel from sending in at high tide a powerful derrick scow, many of the caissons The next caisson was then towed out, set against the floating id = 19037 author = Mason, Francis title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Cross-Town Tunnels. Paper No. 1158 date = keywords = Avenue; Plate; Street; tunnel summary = Typical cross-sections of the tunnels are shown on Plate XII.[B] Workings were started both east and west from the Intermediate Shafts, plant in the shafts by the subsequent work in the Cross-Town Tunnels was excavation of the Twin Tunnel in 33d Street was continued westward to Fig. 3, Plate LIX, shows the first section of the concrete lining completed placed, as shown by Fig. 1, Plate LX, the center wall and skewback were STARTED FOR THREE-TRACK TUNNEL IN 33D STREET NEAR 5TH AVENUE] the tunnel, but the lining was placed as soon as the excavation was West of the Intermediate Shaft the tunnel was excavated for full width excavation of the Twin Tunnel eastward from the end of the open-cut shaft, a drift was driven across the street at the crown of the tunnel, heading, and wall-plates and sets of three-segment arch timbering were rock on the center line between the tunnels. id = 16938 author = Meem, J. C. title = Pressure, Resistance, and Stability of Earth American Society of Civil Engineers: Transactions, Paper No. 1174, Volume LXX, December 1910 date = keywords = Fig; Mr.; illustration; material; pressure; sand; water summary = over any given area in contact with the water in the one case or sand pressure required to lift the piston when in clear water alone and in illustrating the pressure due to water on a tunnel buried in sand, If water in excess be put into a cylinder containing sand, and pressure effect on the pressure exerted by the sand with or without water, as When air pressure is used to hold back the water in faces of large area, by the arching or wedging action, the pressure of any water on their The writer believes that experiments will show that in a sand-jack the pressures of subaqueous material--and on his interesting experiments in experiment with sand and water, described by the writer, and is assured theory" in material subject to water pressure, a careful reading of the will find that, if this material is free from water pressure, paper id = 18065 author = Noble, Alfred title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The East River Division. Paper No. 1152 date = keywords = Avenue; Island; Street summary = the rock surface, and profiles along the tunnel lines were plotted from through the tunnel of the East River Gas Company at 71st Street. The work of the East River Division at this site embraced the excavation Street from the west side of Seventh Avenue to the east side of Ninth Street lines from the west end of the three-track tunnel to the shaft in 33d Street to the west line of Fifth Avenue, with a descending grade the tunnel roof at 32d Street and Fifth Avenue showed a thin cover with west of Sixth Avenue in 33d Street; the twin tunnel method was the most suitable for the East River tunnels, and the plans and record in work in any way similar to the East River tunnels, part of the tunnels east of Front Street was built without shields. easterly end of the work near East Avenue in Long Island City to the id = 18747 author = Randolph, B. S. (Beverly S.) title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Locomotive Performance On Grades Of Various Lengths, Paper No. 1172 date = keywords = grade summary = the rate of grade encountered in the practical operation of railways. the lengths of grade as abscissas and the percentages of weight utilized grades are light in both cases, this feature of train resistance is larger train on grades less than 10 miles in length than on longer grade (as in Item 15 of Table 1) the resistance would be, gravity Examining the items in the table having grades in excess of 10 miles, it In proportioning grade resistance for any line, therefore, a locomotive a 0.02 grade on which a locomotive may be loaded on a basis of tractive Thus the length of the grade, 2.44 miles, makes the tractive is a grade of the same rate, about 1 mile long, near this hill, and a using heavier rates of grade on shorter hills than 10 miles, and indeed grades for 9-3/4 miles, a 29-ton engine id = 18229 author = Raymond, Charles W. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Paper No. 1150 date = keywords = Company; New; Pennsylvania; Railroad; River; York summary = Previously a tunnel designed for steam railroad traffic, to enter New York City near Christopher Street, was partly constructed, but the work to as the New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. to as the New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Sunnyside Yard, in Long Island City, Borough of Queens, New York. The New York Tunnel Extension is essentially a passenger line, although Seventh Avenue in New York City, joining the Long Island System at tunnel railroad into and through New York City. City and cross the North River by ferry or the Cortlandt Street tunnels Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad Company. extend the lines of the Pennsylvania Railroad by tunnels under the North River to a passenger station to be erected in New York City and thence the City of New York, the Tunnel Company, and the Long Island Railroad now President of the Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad Company. id = 18012 author = Temple, E. B. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Meadows Division and Harrison Transfer Yard. Paper No. 1153 date = keywords = New; Railroad; York summary = The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad diverges from a 0.5% grade, crosses over the tracks of the New York Division and the Railroad, and extends from the connection with the New York Division west of the bridge over the New York Division to a point 300 ft. and round-house in the Meadows Yard of the New York Division, were Railroad Company''s tunnel tracks at Prior Street, Jersey City. Chief Engineer, Meadows Division, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal _Meadows Division, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad._--The two _Meadows Division, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad._--The two over the New York Division tracks, which is the point of beginning of Pennsylvania Railroad, New York Division, Passenger and Newark 0.5% from the Harrison platforms to the bridge over the New York Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and as Chief Engineer of the Meadows Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and as Chief Engineer of the Meadows id = 18785 author = Various title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Final Report of Special Committee on Rail Sections, Paper No. 1177 date = keywords = Committee; rail summary = OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RAIL SECTIONS.[A] As previously reported to you, the Rail Committee of the American Railway Association to the Rail Committee of The American Railway no specification for Open-Hearth Steel Rails, and in order to "We recommend that the present Specifications for Steel Rails be acceptable they were, as the members of all Rail Committees were present rails rolled, of Bessemer and open-hearth steel, and put in service "SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL RAILS.[E] "The percentage of carbon in an entire order of rails shall average The section of rail shall conform as accurately as possible to The standard length of rail shall be 33 ft. (_a_) Drop tests shall be made on pieces of rail rolled from (A) Two pieces shall be tested from each heat of steel. defect, the top rail from each ingot of that heat shall be rejected. "(_b_) For Bessemer Steel the Manufacturer shall, before the rails id = 43055 author = Various title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910, Start/End Papers The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad date = keywords = Deans; Mr.; River; Tunnels summary = 1150 THE NEW YORK TUNNEL EXTENSION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA 1 1150 THE NEW YORK TUNNEL EXTENSION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA 1 V. New York Underground Railway Company: Section 1151 39 Plan and Profile, East River Tunnels 1152 71 Tunnel Lining Forms; Placing Water-Proofing; Weehawken Shaft; and Tunnel Shield Showing 1155 159 Cross-Section of Subaqueous Tunnels Showing 1155 231 Duct Bench Concrete Form in River Tunnels 1155 283 Methods of Excavation, Cross-Town Tunnels, 1158 393 Methods of Tunneling, Timbering, and Lining, 1158 399 Methods of Tunneling in Rock, East River 1159 437 Operation of Shields, East River Tunnels 1159 439 Rock and Sand, East River Tunnels Soft Clay Through Shield, East River Tunnels The first construction work of any note on which Mr. Engle was engaged Mr. Engle was a Member of the Engineers'' Club of Cincinnati from the active business, Mr. Deans organized, from the Sooysmith and Company id = 18722 author = Woodard, S. H. title = Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910 The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The East River Tunnels. Paper No. 1159 date = keywords = Island; Long; Manhattan; Plate; Tunnel; rock summary = shafts at the river front in Long Island City, four shields were driven method in Tunnel _B_, where compressed air, but no shield, was used, the shield was re-erected in Tunnel _A_ and was shoved through the soft the end of the work it was evident that the shields in Tunnels _B_, _C_, permanent cast-iron tunnel lining was erected as the shield advanced. iron tunnel lining and the rock. The shields in each pair of tunnels were advanced through the solid rock The first work in air pressure was to remove the shield plug closing the shield, blocked all work at the face of the heading while the former in Shield _D_ are shown in Fig. 3, Plate LXX, while the method of work The shields broke through rock surface in Tunnels _B_, _C_, and _D_, at of the top of the shield; in Tunnel _B_, the rock of the