the survey of cornvvall. written by richard carew of antonie, esquire carew, richard, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the survey of cornvvall. written by richard carew of antonie, esquire carew, richard, - . [ ], , [ ] leaves printed by s. s[tafford] for iohn iaggard, and are to bee sold neere temple-barre, at the signe of the hand and starre, london : . printer's name from stc. the first leaf is blank. with a final errata leaf and two final contents leaves. reproduction of the original in harvard university. library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng cornwall (england : county) -- description and travel -- early works to . cornwall (england : county) -- antiquities -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the svrvey of cornwall . written by richard carew of antonie , esquire . avt nvnc avt nvnqvam printer's or publisher's device london printed by s. s. for iohn iaggard , and are to bee sold neere temple-barre , at the signe of the hand and starre . . to the honourable , sir walter raleigh knight , lord warden of the stannaries , lieutenant generall of cornwall , &c. this mine ill-husbanded suruey , long since begun , a great while discontinued , lately reuiewed , and now hastily finished , appealeth to your l. direction , whether it should passe ; to your correction , if it doe passe ; and to your protection , when it is passed . neithervnduely : for the same intreateth of the prouince , and persons , ouer whose bodies , and estates , you carrie a large , both martiall , and ciuill commaund , by your authoritie , but in whose hearts , and loues , you possesse a farre greater interest , by your kindnesse . your eares , and mouth , haue euer beene open , to heare , and deliuer our gricuances , and your feete , and hands , readie to goe , and worke their redresse , and that , not onely , alwayes , as a magistrate , of your selfe , but also verie often , as a suiter , and solliciter to others , of the highest place . wherefore , i , as one of the common beholden , present this token of my priuate gratitude . it is dutie , and not presumption , that hath drawne me to the offering ; and it must be fauour , and not desert , that shall moue your lordship to the acceptance : and so i take humble leaue , resting no lesse willing to serue you , then vnder you . your lordships poore kinsman . richard carew of antonie . to the reader . when i first composed this treatise , not minding that it should be published in print , i caused onely certaine written copies to bee giuen to some of my friends , and put prosopopeia into the bookes mouth . but since that time , master camdens often mencioning this worke , and my friends perswasions , haue caused my determination to alter , & to imbrace a pleasing hope , that charitie , & good construction resteth now generally in all readers . albeit , i well know , how opere in vario , no lesse then in longo , fas est obrepere somnum . and i acknowledge , this playing work to come so farre short , of satisfying , euen my selfe ( though suus cuique placet partus ) as i haue little reason , to expect the applause of any other . besides , the state of our countrie hath vndergone so manie alterations , since i first began these scriblings , that , in the reuiewing , i was driuen , either likewise to varie my report , or else to speake against my knowledge . and no maruaile , for each succeeding time , addeth , or reaueth , goods , & euils , according to the occasions , which it selfe produceth : rather a wonder it were , that in the ceaselesse reuolution of the vniuerse , any parcell should retaine a stedfast constitution . reckon therefore ( i pray you ) that this treatise plotteth downe cornwall , as it now standeth , for the particulars , and will continue , for the generall . mine eulogies proceede no lesse , from the sinceritie of a witnesse , then the affection of a friend : and therefore i hope , that where my tongue hath beene good , no mans eye will bee euill : and that each wel-minded reader will wish a merrie passage , to this my rather fancie-sporting , then gaine-seeking voyage . farewell . the prosopopeia to the booke . i craue not courteous ayd of friends , to blaze my praise in verse , nor , prowd of vaunt , mine authours names , in catalogue rehearse : i of no willing wrong complaine , which force or stealth hath wrought , no fruit i promise from the tree , which forth this blooth hath brought . i curry not with smoothing termes , ne yet rude threats i blaste : i seeke no patrone for my faults , i pleade no needlesse haste . but as a child of feeble force , i keepe my fathers home , and , bashfull at eche strangers sight , dare not abroad to rome , saue to his kinne of neerest bloud , or friends of dearest price , who , for his sake , not my desert , with welcome me entice . the svrvey of cornwall . the first booke . cornwall , the farthest shire of england westwards , hath her name by diuers authors diuerfly deriued . some ( as our owne chroniclers ) draw it from corineus , cousin to brute , the first conquerour of this iland : who wrastling at plymmouth ( as they say ) with a mightie giant , called gogmagog , threw him ouer cliffe , brake his necke , and receiued the gift of that countrie , in reward for his prowesse : some , as cerealis , ( no lesse mistaken perhaps in that , then in his measures ) from cornu galliae , a horne or corner of fraunce , whereagainst nature hath placed it : and some , from cornu walliae , which ( in my coniecture ) carrieth greatest likelyhood of truth . for what time the saxons , after many bloudie inuasions as pirates , began at last to plant their dwellings , and take roote in this iland , as conquerors , the britons , by them supplanted , were driuen to seeke their safegard in the waste moores , craggie mountaines , and wild forrests of wales and cornwall , where the countries barrennesse barred their pursuers from victuals , and the dangerousnesse of the passages laid them open to priuie inuasions . such as had in this sort withdrawne themselues , the saxons termed welshmen , by interpretation strangers , for so they were to them , as they to the countrie : and their place of abode they called welsh-land , sithence turned to wales , euen as by the same reason , they giue still the same name to italy . now , cornwall being cast out into the sea , with the shape of a horne , borrowed the one part of her name from her fashion , as matthew of westminster testifieth , & the other from her inhabitants : both which conioyned , make cornuwalliae , and contriued , cornwall : in which sence , the cornish people call it kernow , deriued likewise from kerne a horne . neither needeth this composition to be accompted any way vncouth , seeing the same is made familiar vnto vs by the like in other countries , as of herbipolis in germanie , lombardie in italy , paleocastrum in crete , and neoportus in carniola : all which with many other , are likewise compacted of double languages . this ill-halsening hornie name , hath ( as corneto in italy ) opened a gap to the scoffes of many , who not knowing their owne present condition , or at least their future destinie , can be cōtented to draw an odious mirth from a publike infamie . but seeing the wisest enditer , hath directed the penne of his holiest writers to vse this terme , not only in a good meaning , but also in a significant sense , and to sanctifie the thing it selfe in sundrie parts of his seruice : such iesters dishonest indiscretion , is rather charitably to bee pittied , then their exception either angerly to be grieued at , or seriously to bee confuted . i am not ignorant , how sorely the whole storie of brute , is shaken by some of our late writers , and how stiffely supported by other some : as also that this wrastling pull betweene corineus and gogmagog , is reported to haue befallen at douer . for mine owne part , though i reuerence antiquitie , and reckon it a kind of wrong , to exact an ouer-strict reason for all that which vpon credite shee deliuereth : yet i rather incline to their side , who would warrant her authoritie by apparant veritie . notwithstanding , in this question , i will not take on me the person of either iudge , or flickler : and therefore if there be any so plunged in the common floud , as they will still gripe fast , what they haue once caught hold on , let them sport themselues with these coniectures , vpon which mine auerment in behalfe of plymmouth is grounded . the place where brute is said to haue first landed , was totnes in cornwall , and therfore this wrastling likely to haue chaunced there , sooner then elsewhere . the prouince bestowed on corineus for this exployt , was cornwall . it may then be presumed , that he receiued in reward the place where hee made proofe of his worth , and whose prince ( for so with others i take gogmagog to haue beene ) hee had conquered , euen as cyrus recompenced zopirus with the citie babylon , which his policie had recouered . againe , the actiuitie of deuon and cornishmen , in this facultie of wrastling , beyond those of other shires , dooth seeme to deriue them a speciall pedigree , from that graund wrastler corineus . moreouer , vpon the hawe at plymmouth , there is cut out in the ground , the pourtrayture of two men , the one bigger , the other lesser , with clubbes in their hands , ( whom they terme gog-magog ) and ( as i haue learned ) it is renewed by order of the townesmen , when cause requireth , which should inferre the same to bee a monument of some moment . and lastly the place , hauing a steepe cliffe adioyning , affordeth an oportunitie to the fact . but of this too much . cornwall is seated ( as most men accompt ) in the latitude of fiftie degrees , and thirtie minutes : and in the longitude of sixe . the shire extendeth in length to about seuentie miles : the breadth , as almost no where equall , so in the largest place , it passeth not thirtie , in the middle twentie , and in the narrowest of the west part , three . the whole compasse may hereby be coniectured . it bordereth on the east with deuon , diuided therefrom , in most places , by the ryuer tamer , which springing neere the north sea , at hartland in deuon , runneth thorow plymmouth hauen , into the south . for the rest , the maine ocean sundreth the same , on the north from ireland , on the west from the ilands of scilley , & on the south from little britaine . these borders now thus straightned , did once extend so wide , as that they enabled their inclosed territorie , with the title of a kingdome . polidore virgil allotteth it the fourth part of the whole iland , and the ancient chronicles report , that brute landed at totnes in cornwall , a towne now seated in the midst of deuon . moreouer , vntill athelstanes time , the cornish-men bare equal sway in excester with the english : for hee it was who hemmed them within their present limits . lastly , the encroaching sea hath rauined from it , the whole countrie of lionnesse , together with diuers other parcels of no little circuite : and that such a lionnesse there was , these proofes are yet remaining . the space betweene the lands end , and the iles of scilley , being about thirtie miles , to this day retaineth that name , in cornish lethowsow , and carrieth continually an equall depth of fortie or sixtie fathom ( a thing not vsuall in the seas proper dominion ) saue that about the midway , there lieth a rocke , which at low water discouereth his head . they terme it the gulfe , suiting thereby the other name of scilla . fishermen also casting their hookes thereabouts , haue drawn vp peeces of doores and windowes . moreouer , the ancient name of saint michaels mount , was cara clowse in cowse , in english , the hoare rocke in the wood : which now is at euerie floud incompassed by the sea , and yet at some low ebbes , rootes of mightie trees are discryed in the sands about it . the like ouerflowing hath happened in plymmouth hauen , and diuers other places . in this situation , though nature haue shouldred out cornwall into the farthest part of the realme , and so besieged it with the ocean , that , as a demie iland in an iland , the inhabitants find but one way of issue by land : yet hath shee in some good measure , counteruailed such disaduantage , through placing it , both neere vnto , & in the trade way betwene wales , ireland , spaine , france , & netherland . the neerenesse helpeth thē , with a shorter cut , lesse peril , and meaner charge , to vent forth & make returne of those cōmodities , which their owne , or either of those countries doe afford : the lying in the way , bringeth forraine shipping to claime succour at their harbours , when , either outward , or homeward bound , they are checked by an east , south , or southeast wind : and where the horse walloweth , some haires will still remaine . neither is it to bee passed ouer without regard , that these remote quarters , lie not so open to the inuasions of forraine enemies , or spoyles of ciuil tumults , as other more inward parts of the realme , which being seated neerer the heart , are sooner sought , and easlyer ransacked in such troublesome times : or if the countries long naked sides , offer occasion of landing to any aduerse shipping , her forementioned inward naturall strength , increased by so many lanes and inclosures , straightneth the same to a preying onely vpon the outward skirts by some pettie fleetes : for the danger of farder piercing , will require the protection of a greater force for execution , then can there be counteruailed with the benefit of any bootie , or conquest , were they sure to preuaile . and if to bee free from a dammage , may passe for a commoditie , i can adde , that the far distance of this countie from the court , hath heretofore afforded it a supersedeas from takers & purueyours : for if they should fetch any prouisiō from thence , well it might be masked with the visard of her highnes prerogatiue , but the same would verie slenderly turne to the benefit of her maiesties house keeping : for the foulenesse and vneasinesse of the waies , the little mould of cornish cattel , and the great expence of driuing them , would defaulke as much from the iust price to the queene , at the deliuering , as it did from the owners at the taking . besides that , her highnesse shipping should heerethrough bee defrauded of often supplies , which these parts afford vnto them . vpon which reasons , some of the purueyours attempts , heretofore through the suite of the countrie , the sollicitation of sir richard gremuile , the credite of the lord warden , and the graciousnesse of our soueraigne , were reuoked and suppressed , and the same vnder her highnesse priuie seale confirmed . notwithstanding , when her maiestie made her pleasure afterward knowne , that shee would haue a generall contribution from euerie shire , for redeeming this exemption , cornwall opposing dutie against reason , or rather accompting dutie a reason sufficient , yeelded to vndergoe a proportionable rate of the burthen . so they compounded to furnish ten oxen after michaelmas for thirtie pound price : to which , by another agreement with the officers , they should adde fortie markes of of their owne . vpon halfe a yeeres warning either partie might repent the bargaine . this held for a while : but within a short space , either the carelesnesse of the iustices in imposing this rate , or the negligence of the constables in collecting it , or the backwardnesse of the inhabitants in paying the same , or all these together ouerslipped the time , and withheld the satisfaction . hereon downe comes a messenger with sharpe letters from the officers of the greene cloth . the conclusion ensued , that his charges must bee borne , and an higher price disbursed for the supplie . thus it fareth too and fro , and the cornishmen seeme to hold a wolfe by the eares : for to make payment the people are vnwilling , as in a charge heretofore vnusuall , to vndergoe the managing hereof , the iustices strayne courtesie , as in a matter nothing plausible , and appertaining to ouer-many partners , for the well effecting , and yet to breake they are both afraid , suspecting that a heauier load will follow , if this composition be once set at large . these commodities goe not vnaccompanied with their inconueniences : for to cornwall also hath pandora's boxe beene opened . one is , that the farre distance from the higher seates of iustice , rippeth a wider gap to intruding iniuries , and increaseth the charge and time of procuring their redresse . which due occasion of discouragement , the worst conditioned , and least cliented petiuoguers , doe yet ( vnder the sweet baite of reuenge ) conuert to a more plentiful prosecution of actions . the ordinarie trade of these men is , where they perceiue a sparke of displeasure kindling , to increase the flame with their bellowes of perswasion . hath such a one abused you , saith he ? anger him a little , that breaking out into some outragious words , you may take aduantage thereof ; and you shall see how we will hamper him : i warrant you he shall fetch an errand to london , & beare part of your charges too . after the game hath beene brought in by this winlesse , the poore soule is bound not to release his aduersarie , without his attournies consent , who plieth the matter with so good a stomack , as hee eateth the kernell , whilest they fight about the shell . at last , when the fountaine of his clients purse is drawne drie , by his extrauagant fees of pro consilio , pro expeditione , pro amicitia vicecomitis . &c. besides the packing betweene the vndersheriffe and him , of docketing out writs neuer sued foorth , the mediation of friends must shut vp the matter in a comprimise . another discommoditie groweth , that whereas london furnisheth all prouisions ( euen tynne , and such other arising in the same countrie ) of best stuffe , fashion , store , and cheapnesse : the hard procuring , and farre carriage , addeth an extraordinarie increase of price to the cornish buyers : and for matters of benefit , or preferment , by suits at court , either the oportunitie is past , before notice can arriue so far : or the following there , and losse the whiles at home , will require a great and assured gaine in the principall , to warrant the hope of a sauing bargaine in the appurtenance . touching the temperature of cornwall , the ayre thereof is cleansed , as with bellowes , by the billowes , and flowing and ebbing of the sea , and therethrough becommeth pure , and subtill , and , by consequence , healthfull . so as the inhabitants doe seldome take ruthful and reauing experience of those harmes , which infectious diseases vse to carrie with them . but yet i haue noted , that this so piercing an ayre , is apter to preserue then recouer health , especially in any languishing sicknesse which hath possessed strangers : neither know i , whether i may impute to this goodnesse of the ayre , that vpon the returne of our fleete from the portugall action , . the diseases which the souldiers brought home with them , did grow more grieuous , as they carried the same farther into the land , then it fell out at plymmouth , where they landed : for there the same was , though infectious , yet not so contagious , and though pestilentiall , yet not the verie pestilence , as afterwards it proued in other places . the spring visiteth not these quarters so timely , as the easterne parts . summer imparteth a verie temperate heat ; recompencing his slow fostering of the fruits , with their kindly ripening , autum re bringeth a somewhat late harnest specially to the middle of the shire , where they seldome inne their corne before michaelmas . winter , by reason of the southes neere neighbourhead , and seas warme breath , fauoureth is with a milder cold then elsewhere , so as , vpon both coastes , the frost and snow come verie seldome , and make a speedie departure . this notwithstanding , the countrie is much subiect to stormes , which fetching a large course in the open sea , doe from thence violently assault the dwellers at land , and leaue them vncouered houses , pared hedges , and dwarfe-growne trees , as witnesses of their force and furie : yea , euen the hard stones , and yron-baires of the windowes , doe fret to be so continually grated . one kind of these stormes , they call a flaw , or flaugh , which is a mightie gale of wind , passing suddainely to the shore , and working strong effects , vpon whatsoeuer it incountreth in his way . the cornish soyle , for the most part , is lifted vp into many hils , some great , some little of quantitie , some steepe , some easie for ascent , and parted in sunder by short and narrow vallies . a shallow earth dooth couer their outside , the substance of the rest , consisteth ordinarily in rockes and shelfe , which maketh them hard for manurance , & subiect to a drie summers parching . the middle part of the shire ( sauing the inclosures about some few townes and villages ) lieth waste and open , sheweth a blackish colour , beareth heath and spirie grasse , and serueth in a maner , onely to summer cattel . that which bordereth vpon either side of the sea , through the inhabitants good husbandrie , of inclosing , sending , and other dressing , carrieth a better hue , and more profitable qualitie . meadow ground it affoordeth little , pasture for cattell and sheepe , store enough , corne ground plentie . hils of greatest name and height are , hinxten , rowtor , brownwelly , s. agnes , haynborough , the foure boroughs , roche , carnbray , and the two castellan danis . in the rest of this earthy description , i will begin with such mynerals as her bowels yeeld forth , and then passe on to those things , of growing , and feeling life , which vpon her face doe relieue themselues . these mynerals are not so deepe buried by nature in the entrailes of the earth , nor so closely couched amongst the rockes , but that desire of gaine with the instrument of art can digge them vp : they may bee diuided into stones and mettals . quarrie stones are of sundrie sorts , and serue to diuers purposes . for walling , there are rough , and slate : the rough maketh speedier building the slate surer . for windowes , dornes , and chimnies , moore stone carrieth chiefest reckoning . that name is bestowed on it , by the moores or waste ground , where the same is found in great quantitie , either lying vpon the ground , or verie little vnder . this stone answereth the charge of fetching , with the fairenes of his whitish colour , containing certaine glimmering sparkles , and counteruaileth his great hardnesse in working , with the profit of long endurance , nature hauing ordained the same , as of purpose , to withstand the fretting weather . there are also three other sorts of stones , seruing to the same vse , and hewed with lesse , though differing labour : pentuan digged our of the sea cliffes , and in colour somewhat resembleth gray marble , cara 〈…〉 use blacke , not vnlike the ieat , the third taken out of inland quarries , and not much differing from the easterne free stone . the sea strond also in many places , affordeth peeble-stones , which washed out of the earth , or falling from the rockes , and there lying loose , are , by often rolling of the wanes , wrought to a kind of roundnesse , and serue verie handsomely for pauing of streetes and courts . for couering of houses there are three sorts of slate , which from that vse take the name of healing-stones . the first and best blew : the second , sage-leafe coloured , the third and meanest gray . the blew , and so the rest , are commonly found vnder the walling slate , when the depth hath brought the workmen to the water . this slate is in substance thinne , in colour faire , in waight light , in lasting strong , and generally carrieth so good regard , as ( besides the supplie for home prouision ) great store is yeerely conucied by shipping both to other parts of the realme , and also beyond the seas , into britaine and netherland . they make lyme , moreouer , of another kind of marle stone , either by burning a great quantitie thereof together , with a feruent fire of furze , or by maintaining a continuall , though lesser heate , with stone cole in smaller kils : this is accompted the better cheape , but that yeeldeth the whiter lyme . touching mettals : copper is found in sundrie places , but with what gaine to the searchers , i haue not beene curious to enquire , nor they hastie to reueale . for at one mine ( of which i tooke view ) the owre was shipped to bee refined in wales , either to saue cost in the fewell , or to conceale the profit . neither hath nature denyed siluer to cornwall , though cieero excluded the same out of all britaine : and if wee may beleeue our chroniclers reports , who ground themselues vpon authenticall records , king edward the first , and king edward the third , reaped some good benefit therof . but for our present experience , what she proffereth with the one hand , shee seemeth to pull backe with the other , whereof some gentlemen not long sithence , made triall to their losse : howbeit , neither are they discouraged by this successe , nor others from the like attempt . tynners doe also find little hoppes of gold amongst their owre , which they keepe in quils , and sell to the goldsmithes oftentimes with little better gaine , then glaucus exchange . yea it is not altogether barren of precious stones , and pearle : for dyamonds are in many places found cleauing to those rockes , out of which the tynne is digged : they are polished , squared , and pointed by nature : their quantitie from a pease , to a walnut : in blacknesse and hardnesse they come behind the right ones , and yet i haue knowne some of them set on so good a foile , as at first sight , they might appose a not vnskilfull lapidarie . the pearle ( though here not aptly raunged ) breed in bigge oysters , and muscles , greater in quantitie , then acceptable for goodnesse , as neither round nor orient . perhaps caesar spoyled the best beds , when he made that gay coate of them , to present his graundame venus . cornwall is also not altogether destitute of agates and white corall , as by credible relation i haue learned . but why seeke wee in corners for pettie commodities , when as the onely mynerall of cornish tynne , openeth so large a field to the countries benefit ? this is in working so pliant , for sight so faire , and in vse so necessarie , as thereby the inhabitants gaine wealth , the marchants trafficke , and the whole realme a reputation and with such plentie therof hath god stuffed the bowels of this little angle , that ( as astiages dreamed of his daughter ) it ouerfloweth england , watereth christendome , and is deriued to a great part of the world besides . in trauailing abroad , in tarrying at home , in eating and drinking , in doing ought of pleasure or necessitie , tynne , either in his owne shape , or transformed into other fashions , is alwayes requisite , alwayes readie for our seruice : but i shall rather disgrace , then endeere it by mine ouer-weake commendation , and sooner tire my selfe , then draw the fountaine of his praises drie . let this therefore suffice , that it cannot bee of meane price , which hath found , with it , dyamonds , amongst it gold , and in it siluer . the cornish tynners hold a strong imagination , that in the withdrawing of noahs floud to the sea , the same tooke his course from east to west , violently breaking vp , and forcibly carrying with it , the earth , trees , and rocks , which lay any thing loosely , neere the vpper face of the ground . to confirme the likelihood of which supposed truth , they doe many times digge vp whole and huge timber trees , which they conceiue at that deluge to haue beene ouerturned and whelmed : but whether then , or sithence ; probable it is , that some such cause produced this effect . hence it commeth , that albeit the tynne say couched at first in certaine strakes amongst the rockes , like a tree , or the veines in a mans bodie , from the depth whereof the maine load spreadeth out his branches , vntill they approach the open ayre ▪ yet they haue now two kinds of tynne workes , stream , and load : for ( say they ) the foremencioned floud , carried together with the moued rockes and earth , so much of the load as was in closed therein , and at the asswaging , left the same scattered here and there in the vallies and ryuers , where it passed ; which being sought and digged , is called streamworke : vnder this title , they comprise also the moore workes , growing from the like occasion . they maintaine these workes , to haue beene verie auncient , and first wrought by the iewes with pickaxes of holme , boxe , and harts horne : they prooue this by the name of those places yet enduring , to wit , attall sarazin , in english , the iewes offcast , and by those tooles daily found amongst the rubble of such workes . and it may well be , that as akornes made good bread , before ceres taught the vse of corne ; and sharpe stones serued the indians for kniues , vntill the spaniards brought them iron : so in the infancie of knowledge , these poore instruments for want of better did supplie a turne . there are also taken vp in such works , certaine little tooles heads of brasse , which some terme thunder-axes , but they make small shew of any profitable vse . neither were the romanes ignorant of this trade , as may appeare by a brasse coyne of domitian's , found in one of these workes , and fallen into my hands and perhaps vnder one of those flauians , the iewish workmen made here their first arriuall . they discouer these workes , by certaine tynnestones , lying on the face of the ground , which they terme shoad , as shed from the maine load , and made somwhat smooth and round , by the waters washing & wearing . where the finding of these affordeth a tempting likelihood , the tynners goe to worke , casting vp trenches before thē , in depth . or . foote more or lesse , as the loose ground went , & three or foure in breadth , gathering vp such shoad , as this turning of the earth doth offer to their sight . if any ryner thwart them , and that they resolue to search his bed , hee is trained by a new channell from his former course . this yeeldeth a speedie and gaineful recompence to the aduenturers of the search , but i hold it little beneficiall to the owners of the soyle . for those low grounds , beforetime fruitfull , hauing herethrough their wrong side turned outwards , accuse the tynners iniurie by their succeeding barrennesse . to find the loadworkes , their first labour is also imployed in seeking this shoad , which either lieth open on the grasse , or but shallowly couered . hauing found any such , they coniecture by the sight of the ground , which way the floud came that brought it thither , and so giue a gesse at the place whence it was broken off . there they sincke a shaft , or pit of fiue or sixe foote in length , two or three foote in breadth , and seuen or eight foote in depth ; to proue whether they may so meete with the load . by this shaft , they also discerne which was the quicke ground ( as they call it ) that mooued with the floud , and which the firme , wherein no such shoad doth lie . if they misse the load in one place , they sincke alike shaft in another beyond that , commonly farther vp towards the hill , and so a third and fourth , vntil they light at last vpon it . but you may not conceiue , that euerie likelyhood doth euer proue a certaintie : for diuers haue beene hindered , through bestowing charges in seeking , and not finding , and many vndone in finding and not speeding , whiles a faire show , tempting them to much cost , hath , in the end , fayled in substance , and made the aduenturers banckrupt of their hope and purse . some haue found tynne-workes of great vallew , through meanes no lesse strange , then extraordinarie , to wit , by dreames . as in edward the sixts time , a gentlewoman , heire to one fresculierd , and wife to lauyue , dreamed , that a man of seemely personage told her , how in such a tenement of her land , shee should find so great store of tynne , as would serue to in rich both her selfe and her posteritie . this shee reuealed to her husband : and hee , putting the same in triall , found a worke , which in foure yeeres , was worth him welneere so many thousand pounds . moreouer , one taprel lately liuing , & dwelling in the parish of the hundred of west , called s. niot , by a like dreame of his daughter ( see the lucke of women ) made the like assay , met with the effect , farmed the worke of the vnwitting lord of the soyle , and grew thereby to good state of wealth . the same report passeth as currant , touching sundrie others ; but i will not bind any mans credite , though , that of the authors haue herein swayed mine and yet he that will afford his eare to astrologers and naturall philosophers , shall haue it filled with many discourses , of the constellation of the heauens , and the constitution of mens bodies , fitting to this purpose . there are , that leauing these trades of new searching , doe take in hand such old stream and loadworks , as by the former aduenturers haue beene giuen ouer , and oftentimes they find good store of tynne , both in the rubble cast vp before , as also in veines which the first workmen followed not . from hence there groweth a diuersitie in opinion , amongst such gentlemen , as by iudgement and experience , can looke into these matters ; some of them supposing that the tynne groweth ; and others , that it onely separateth from the consumed offall . but whosoeuer readeth that which francis leandro hath written touching the yron mynerals , in the i le of elba , will cleaue perhaps to a third conceite : for hee auoucheth , that the trenches , out of which the owre there is digged , within twentie or thirtie yeeres , become alike ful againe of the same mettall , as at first , & he confirmeth it by sutable examples , borrowed from clearchus , of marble , in paros iland , and of salt , in india , deducing thence this reason , that the ayre and water replenishing the voide roome , through the power of the vniuersall agent , and some peculiar celestiall influence , are turned into the selfe substance ; and so by consequence , neither the owre groweth , nor the earth consumeth away : and this opiniō , munster in his cosmographie , doth seeme to vnderprop , affirming , that neere the citie of apoloxia in dalmatia , the veines whence brasse is digged , are filled in like maner . so doth he report , that neere ptolomais , there lieth a round valley , out of which glassie sand being taken , the winds fill the pit againe , from the vpper part of the adioyning mountaines ; which matter is conuerted into the former substance , and that euen mettals throwne into this place , doe vndergoe the like metamorphosis . the colour both of the shoad and load , resembleth his bed , as the sea sand doth the cliffes , and is so diuersified to reddish , blackish , duskie , and such other earthy colours . if the load wherein the tynne lieth , carrieth a foote and halfe in breadth , and bee not ouerbarren , it is accompted a verie rich worke : but commonly the same exceedeth not a foote , vnlesse many loads runne together . when the new found worke intiseth with probabilitie of profit , the discouerer doth commonly associate himselfe with some more partners , because the charge amounteth mostly verie high for any one mans purse , except lined beyond ordinarie , to reach vnto : and if the worke doe faile , many shoulders will more easily support the burthen . these partners consist either of such tinners as worke to their owne behoose , or of such aduenturers as put in hired labourers . the hirelings stand at a certaine wages , either by the day , which may be about eight pence , or for the yeere , being betweene foure and sixe pound , as their deseruing can driue the bargaine : at both which rates they must find themselues . if the worke carrie some importance , and require the trauaile of many hands , that hath his name , and they their ouerseer , whome they terme their captaine : such are the pel , whilancleuth , in english , the worke of the ditches : pulstean , that is , the myrie head : grueg braaz , the great borough : saint margets , and many surnamed balls , which betoken the vales where the works are set on foote . the captaines office bindeth him to sort ech workman his taske , to see them applie their labour , to make timely prouision , for binding the worke with frames of timber , if need exact it , to place pumpes for drawing of water , and to giue such other directions . in most places , their toyle is so extreame , as they cannot endure it aboue foure houres in a day , but are succeeded by spels ▪ the residue of the time , they weare out at coytes , kayles , or like idle exercises . their kalender also alloweth them more holy-dayes , then are warranted by the church , our lawes , or their owne profit . their ordinarietooles , are a pick-axe of yron , about sixteene inches long , sharpned at the one end to pecke , and flat-headed at the other , to driue certaine little yron wedges , wherewith they cleaue the rockes . they haue also a broad shouell , the vtter part of yron , the middle of timber , into which the staffe is slopewise tastned . their maner of working in the loadmines , is to follow the load as it lieth , either sidelong , or downe-right : both waies the deeper they sincke , the greater they find the load when they light vpon a smal veine , or chance to leese the load which they wrought , by meanes of certaine strings that may hap to crosse it , they begin at another place neere-hand , and so draw by gesse to the maine load againe . if the load lie right downe , they follow it sometimes to the depth of fortie or fiftie fathome . these loadworkes , diod. sicl . . cap. . seemeth to point at , where hee saith , that the inhabitants of velerium promontorie , digge vp tin out of rockie ground . from some of their bottomes you shal at no one dayes discrie the starres : the workmen are let down and taken vp in a stirrup , by two men who wind the rope . if the load lie slope-wise , the tynners digge a conuenient depth , and then passe forward vnder ground , so farre as the ayre will yeeld them breathing , which , as it beginneth to faile , they sinke a shaft downe thither from the top , to admit a renewing vent , which not withstanding , their worke is most by candle-light . in these passages , they meete sometimes with verie loose earth , sometimes with exceeding hard rockes , and somtimes with great streames of water . the loose earth is propped by frames of timber-worke , as they go , and yet now and then falling downe , either presseth the poore workmen to death , or stoppeth them from returning . to part the rockes , they haue the foremencioned axes , and wedges , with which , mostly , they make speedie way , and yet ( not seldome ) are so tied by the teeth , as a good workman shall hardly be able to hew three foote , in the space of so many weekes . while they thus play the moldwarps , vnsauorie damps doe here and there distemper their heads , though not with so much daunger in the consequence , as annoyance for the present . for conueying away the water , they pray in aide of sundry deuices , as addits , pumps & wheeles , driuen by a streame , and interchangeably filling , and emptying two buckets , with many such like : all which notwithstanding , the springs so incroche vpon these inuentions , as in sundrie places they are driuen to keepe men , and some-where horses also at worke both day & night , without ceasing , and in some all this will not serue the turne . for supplying such hard seruices , they haue alwaies fresh men at hand . they cal it the bringing of an addit , or audit , when they begin to trench without , and carrie the same thorow the ground to the tynworke , somewhat deeper then the water doth lie , thereby to giue it passage away . this addit , they either fetch athwart the whole load , or right from the braunch where they worke , as the next valley ministreth fittest oportunitie , for soonest cutting into the hil : and therfore a gentleman of good knowledges , deduceth this name of addit , ab aditu ad aquas . surely the practice is cunning in deuice , costly in charge , and long in effecting and yet , when all is done , many times the load falleth away , and they may sing with augustus bird , opera & impensa periit . if you did see how aptly they cast the ground , for conueying the water , by compassings and turnings , to shunne such hils & vallies as let them , by their too much height or lownesse , you would wonder how so great skill could couch in so base a cabbin , as their ( otherwise ) thicke clouded braines . as much almost dooth it exceede credite , that the tynne , for and in so small quantitie , digged vp with so great toyle , and passing afterwards thorow the managing of so many hands , ere it come to sale , should be any way able to acquite the cost : for being once brought aboue ground in the stone , it is first broken in peeces with hammers ; and then carryed , either in waynes , or on horses backs , to a stamping mill , where three , and in some places sixe great logges of timber , bound at the ends with yron , and lifted vp and downe by a wheele , driuen with the water , doe breake it smaller . if the stones be ouer-moyst , they are dried by the fire in an yron cradle or grate . from the stamping mill , it passeth to the crazing mil , which betweene two grinding stones , turned also with a water-wheele , bruseth the same to a fine sand : how beit , of late times they mostly vse wet stampers , & so haue no need of the crasing mils for their best stuffe , but only for the crust of their tayles . the streame , after it hath forsaken the mill , is made to fall by certayne degrees one somwhat distant from another ; vpon each of which , at euery discent lyeth a greene turfe , three or foure foote square , and one foote thick . on this the tinner layeth a certayne portion of the sandie tinne , and with his shouell softly tosseth the same to and fro , that through this stirring , the water which runneth ouer it , may wash away the light earth from the tinne , which of a heauier substance lyeth fast on the turfe . hauing so clensed one portion , he setteth the same aside , and beginneth with another , vntil his labour take end with his taske . the best of those turfes ( for all sorts serue not ) are fetched about two miles to the eastwards of s. michaels mount , where at a low water they cast aside the sand , and dig them vp : they are full of rootes of trees , and on some of them nuts haue beene found , which confirmeth my former assertion of the seas intrusion . after it is thus washed , they put the remnant into a woodden dish , broad , flat , and round , being about two foote ouer , and hauing two handles fastened at the sides , by which they softly shogge the same to and fro in the water betweene their legges , as they sit ouer it , vntill whatsoeuer of the earthie substance that was yet left , be flitted away . some of later time , with a sleighter inuention , and lighter labour , doe cause certaine boyes to stir it vp and downe with their feete , which worketh the same effect : the residue , after this often clensing , they call blacke tynne , whichis proportionably diuided to euerie of the aduenturers , when the lords part hath beene first deducted vpon the whole . then doth each man carrie his portion to the blowing house , where the same is melted with char-coale fire , blowne by a great paire of bellowes , mooued with a water-wheele , and so cast into peeces of a long and thicke squarenesse , from three hundred to foure hundred pound waight , at which time the owners marke is set thereupon . the last remooue , is to the place of coynage , which i shall touch hereafter . i haue alreadie told you , how great charge the tynner vndergoeth , before he can bring his owre to this last mill : whereto if you adde his care and cost , in buying the wood for this seruice , in felling , framing , and piling it to bee burned , in fetching the same , when it is coaled , through such farre , foule , and cumbersome wayes , to the blowing house , together with the blowers , two or three moneths extreame and increasing labour , sweltring heate , danger of skalding their bodies , burning the houses , casting away the worke , and lastly their vgly countenances , tanned with smoake , and besmeared with sweate : all these things ( i say ) being duely considered , i know not whether you would more maruaile , either whence a sufficient gaine should arise to counteruaile so manifold expences , or that any gaine could traine men to vndertake such paines and perill . but there let vs leaue them , since their owne will doth bring them thither . during the tinnes thus melting in the blowing house , diuers light sparkles thereof are by the forcible wind , which the bellows sendeth forth , driuen vp to the thatched roofe . for which cause the owners doe once in seuen or eight yeeres , burne those houses , and find so much of this light tynne in the ashes , as payeth for the new building , with a gainefull ouerplus . a strange practise ( certes ) for thrifts sake , to set our house on fire : others doe frame the tunnels of the chimnies verie large and slope , therein to harbour these sparkles , and so saue the burning . this casualtie may bee worth the owner some ten pound by the yeere , or better , if his mil haue store of sutors . but sithence i gathered stickes to the building of this poore nest , sir francis godolphin , ( whose kind helpe hath much aduanced this my playing labour ) entertained a duch mynerall man , and taking light from his experience , but building thereon farre more profitable conclusions of his owne inuention , hath practised a more sauing way in these matters , and besides , made tynne with good profit , of that refuse which the tynners reiected as nothing worth . we will now proceede , to take a view of the orders and customes most generally vsed among the tynners . their workes , both streame and load , lie either in seuerall , or in wasirell , that is , in enclosed grounds , or in cominons . in seuerall , no man can search for tynne , without leaue first obtained from the lord of the soile ; who , when any myne is found , may worke it wholly himselfe , or associate partners , or set it out at a farme certaine , or leaue it vn wrought at his pleasure . in wastrell , it is lawfull for any man to make triall of his fortune that way , prouided , that hee acknowledge the lordes right , by sharing our vnto him a certaine part , which they call toll : a custome sauouring more of indifferencie , then the tynners constitutions in deuon , which inable them to digge for tynne in any mans ground , inclosed , or vnclosed , without licence , tribute or satisfaction . wherethrough it appeareth , that the law-makers rather respected their owne benefit , then equitie , the true touch of all lawes . the wastrel workes are reckoned amongst chattels , and may passe by word or will. when a myne is found in any such place , the first discouerer aymeth how farre it is likely to extend , and then , at the foure corners of his limited proportion , diggeth vp three turfes , and the like ( if he list ) on the sides , which they terme bounding , and within that compasse , euery other man is restrained from searching . these bounds he is bound to renew once euerie yeere , as also in most places to bestow some time in working the myne , otherwise hee loseth this priuiledge . the worke thus found and bounded , looke how many men doc labour therein , so many doales or shares they make thereof , and proportionably diuide the gaine and charges . the lord of the soyle is most-where allowed libertie to place one workman in euerie fifteene for himselfe , at like hand with the aduenturers , if hee be so disposed . they measure their blacke tynne , by the gill , the tapliffe , the dish and the foate , which containeth a pint , a pottell , a gallon , and towards two gallons . townes specially priuiledged for the coynages , are helstan , truro , lostwithiel , and liskerd . the times of coynage come twise in the yeere , viz. about midsummer and michaelmas : but because it falleth out verie often , that the tynne which is wrought , cannot be blowen and brought thither , against the limited dayes , there are , in fauour of the tynners , certaine later times assigned , which they terme post-coynages . the officers deputed to manage this coynage , are , porters , to beare the tynne , peizers to weigh it , a steward , comptroller , and receiuer to keepe the accompt , euerie of which haue entertainement from her maiestie , and receiue a fee out of the coyned tynne . for the maner of coynage : the biockes or peeces of tynne , are brought into a great roome ordained for that purpose , and there first poized , then tasted , that is , proued whether they be soft tynne or hard , and after , marked with her maiesties stampe . to the hard ( lesse worth by fiftie shillings in the thousand then the soft ) the letter h. is added , e're it come from the blowing house . each thousand must answere fortie shillings to the queene , which with the other incident fees being satisfied , then , and not before , it is lawfull for the owner to alienate and distract the same . but about the price there groweth much adoe , betweene the marchants and the owners , before they can iumpe to an agreement . the marchant vnfoldeth his packe of strange newes , which either he brought with him from london ( where most of them dwell ) or forged by the way , telling what great likelyhood there is of warres , what danger of pirates at sea , how much of the fore-bought tynne lieth on their hands , &c. the owner , on the other side , stoppeth his eares against these charmes , answeres his newes with the spaniards , credo en dios , encounters his reasons , with the present scarcitie and charges of getting and working tynne , and so keeping vp the price , iniquum petit , vt aequum ferat . in the end , after much bidding , and louing , varying , and delaying , commonly that marchant who hath most money to bestow , and that owner who hath most tynne to sell , doe make the price , at which rate the marchant is bound to yeeld present payment for so much tynne as shall be brought him , and , of necessitie , must bargaine for tenne thousand at the least . others notwithstanding are not bound to buy or sell at this price , but euerie man left at libertie , to make his best market . the tynne so sold , hath vsually amounted heretofore to the worth of thirtie or fortie thousand pound in money , and carried price betweene twentie and thirtie pound the thousand , sometimes higher and sometimes lower , according to the quicke vent and aboundance , or the dead sale and scarcitie ; wherein yet some haue obserued , that this so profitable , and vendible a marchandize , riseth not to a proportionable enhauncement , with other lesse beneficiall , and affected commodities , and they impute it partly to the easterne buyers packing , partly to the owners not venting , and venturing the same . here i must either craue or take leaue of the londoners , to lay open the hard dealing of their tynne marchants in this trade . whē any western gent. or person of accompt , wanteth money to defray his expences at london , he resorteth to one of the tynne marchants of his acquaintance , to borrow some : but they shall as soone wrest the clubbe out of hercules fist , as one penie out of their fingers , vnlesse they giue bond for euerie twentie pound so taken in lone , to deliuer a thousand pound waight of tyn at the next coynage , which shal be within two or three months , or at farthest within halfe a yeere after . at which time the price of euerie thousand , will not faile to be at least twentie three , prehaps twentie fiue pound : yea , and after promise made , the party must be driuen ( with some indignitie ) to make three or foure errands to his house , or hee shall get the money deli●ered . in this sort , some one marchant will haue . hundred pound out beforehand , reaping thereby a double commoditie , both of excessiue gaine for his lone , and of assurance to bee serued with tynne for his money . this they say is no vsurie , forsooth , because the price of tynne is not certainely knowne before-hand : ( for once onely within these twelue yeeres , of set purpose to escape the penaltie of the law , they brought it a little vnder twentie pound the thousand : ) but if to take aboue fiftie in the hundred be extremitie , whatsoeuer name you list to giue it , this in truth can bee none other , then cutthroate and abominable dealing . i will not condemne all such as vse this trade , neither yet acquite those who make greatest pretence of zeale in religion : and it may be , that some vpon by-respects , find somwhat friendly vsage in vsance , at some of their hands : but the common voice saith , that for the most part , they are naught all . and yet how bad soeuer this fashion may iustly bee accompted , certaine of the same countrymen do passe farre beyond it , as thus : the marchant , that hee may stand assured to haue tynne for his money , at the time of coynage or deliuerance , besides his trade of lone abouementioned , layeth out diuers summes before-hand , vnto certaine cornishmen , owners of tynworkes , or otherwise of knowne sufficiencie , who are bound to deliuer for the same , so many thousands of tynne , as the money shal amount vnto , after the price agreed vpon at the coynages . to these hungrie flies , the poore labouring tynner resorteth , desiring some money before the time of his pay at the deliuerance : the other puts him off at first , answering he hath none to spare : in the end , when the poore man is driuen through necessitie to renew his suite , he fals to questioning , what hee will doe with the money . saith the tynner , i will buy bread and meate for my selfe and my houshold , and shooes , hosen , peticoates , & such like stuffe for my wife and children . suddenly herein , this owner becomes a pettie chapman : i will serue thee saith he : hee deliuers him so much ware as shall amount to fortie shillings , in which he cuts him halfe in halfe for the price , and foure nobles in money , for which the poore wretch is bound in darbyes bonds , to deliuer him two hundred waight of tynne at the next coynage , which may then bee worth fiue pound or foure at the verie least . and as mischiefe still creepes onward , this extreme dealing of the london marchant and countrie chapman , in white tynne is imitated ( or rather exceeded ) by the wealthier sort of tynners themselues in the blacke , by laying out their money after thus much the marke : which trade , though subtill and darke , i will open as plainely as i can . a foote of blacke tynne ( as is before said ) containeth in measure two gallons ; the waight vncertainely followeth the goodnesse , a foote of good moore-tyn , ( which is counted the best sort ) will way about fourescore pound . of the myne tynne ( which is meaner ) fiftie two pound : of the worst fiftie pound . two pound of good blacke tynne , being melted , will yeeld one of white : twentie eight or thirtie foote of the best , fortie : of the middle , . of the meanest , a thousand . now the wealthier sort of tynners , laying out part of their money beforehand , buy this black tynne of the poore labourers , after so much the marke : that is , looke how many markes there are in the price , made at the coynage for the thousand , so many two pence halfepenie , three pence , or foure pence , partly after the goodnesse , and partly according to the hard conscience of the one , and necessitie of the other , shal he haue for the foote : as if the price be twentie sixe pound , thirteene shillings & foure pence the thousand , therein are fortie markes : then shall the poore tynner receiue of him who dealeth most friendly , for euerie foote of his best blacke tynne ( of which as was said , about thirtie will make a thousand ) fortie times foure pence ; viz. thirteene shillings and foure pence , which amounteth to twentie pound the thousand : whereas that foote at the price , is worth aboue fiue pence the marke . likewise will hee pay for the meaner blacke tynne ( of which about fortie foote will make a thousand ) three pence the marke , which is ten shillings the foote , and so shall he haue also after twentie pound for the thousand : for the worse they giue lesse , rateably . by which proportion , how vncertaine soeuer the goodnesse of the tynne , or the greatnesse of the price do fall , their gaine of a fourth part at least riseth alwaies vncertainly . whereto adding , that they lay out beforehand but a portion of the money due , and that onely for some small time , you shall find it grow to the highest degree of extremitie . but whether it proceedeth from this hard dealing , or for that the tynners whole familie giue themselues to a lazie kind of life , and depend only vpon his labour and gaynes ; which often ill succeeding aduentures , & such ouer-deare bought tynne daylie impaire , or from both these together ; once it hath beene duly obserued , that the parishes where tynne is wrought , rest in a meaner plight of wealth , then those which want this dammageable commoditie : and that as by abandoning this trade , they amend , so by reuiuing the same , they decay againe ; whereas husbandrie yeeldeth that certayne gaine in a mediocritie , which tynneworkes rather promise , then performe in a larger measure . let vs now examine what course of iustice is held for deciding such controuersies as befall in tinne causes , and with what priuileges they are endowed and encouraged . after such time as the iewes by their extreame dealing had worne themselues , first out of the loue of the english inhabitants , and afterwards out of the land it selfe , and so left the mines vnwrought , it hapned , that certaine gentlemen , being lords of seuen tithings in blackmoore , whose grounds were best stored with this minerall , grewe desirous to renew this benefit : and so vpon suit made to edmond earle of cornwal , sonne to richard king of the romans , they obtayned from him a charter , vvith sundrie priuileges : amongst vvhich , it vvas graunted them to keepe a court , and hold plea of all actions , life , lymme , and land excepted : in consideration vvhereof , the sayd lords accorded to pay the earle a halfpeny for euery pound of tynne which should be wrought ; and that for better answering this taxe , the sayd tynne should bee brought to certayne places purposely appointed , and there peized , coyned , and kept , vntill the earles due were satisfied . againe , the lords of these tithings , were , for their parts , authorised to manage all stannerie causes , and , for that intent , to hold parliaments at their discretion , and in regard of their labour , there was allotted vnto them the toll-tynne within those tithings , which their successours doe yet enioy . this charter was to be kept in one of the church steeples , within those tithings , and the seale had a pick-axe and shouell in faultier grauen therein . this i receiued by report of the late master william carnsew , a gentleman of good qualitie , discretion , and learning , and well experienced in these mynerall causes , who auouched himselfe an eye-witnesse of that charter , though now it bee not extant . howbeit , i haue learned , that in former time , the tynners obtained a charter from king iohn , and afterwards another from king edward the first , which were againe expounded , confirmed and inlarged by parliament , in the fiftieth yeere of edward the third , and lastly strengthened by king henrie the seuenth . king edward the firsts charter , granteth them liberty of selling their tynne , to their best behoofe . nisi ( saith he ) nos ipsi emere voluerimus . vpon which ground certaine persons in the reignes of k. edward . & queene marie , sought to make vse of this preemption , ( as i haue beene enformed ) but either crossed in the prosecution , or defeated in their expectation , gaue it ouer againe which vaine successe ; could not yet discourage some others of later times from the like attempt , alleadging many reasons how it might proue beneficiall both to her highnesse and the countrie , and preiudiciall to none saue onely the marchants , who practised a farre worse kind of preemption , as hath beene before expressed . this for a while was hotely onsetted and a reasonable price offered , but ( vpon what ground i know not ) soone cooled againe . yet afterwards it receiued a second life , and at michaelmas terme . the cornishmen , then in london , were called before some of the principal lords of her maiesties council , and the matter there debated , by the lord warden , in behalfe of the countrie , and certaine others deputed for the marchants , who had set this suite on foote . in the end it grew to a conclusion , and articles were drawne and signed , but they also proued of void effect . last of all , the said lord warden , in the beginning of nouember . called an assembly of tynners at lostwithiel , the place accustomed , impanelled a iurie of twentie foure tynners , signified her maiesties pleasure both for a new imposition of sixe pound on euerie thousand , that should bee transported ( ouer and aboue the former fortie shillings , and sixteene shillings alreadie payable ) as also that her highnesse would disburse foure thousand pound in lone to the tynners , for a yeres space , and bee repayed in tynne at a certaine rate . by the foreremembred ancient charters , there is assigned a warden of the stanneries , who supplieth the place , both of a iudge for law , and of a chauncellour for conscience , and so taketh hearing of causes , either in forma iuris , or de iure & aequo . hee substituteth some gentlemen in the shire of good calling and discretion , to be his vice-warden , from whome either partie , complainant or defendant , may appeare to him , as from him ( a case of rare experience ) to the lords of the councill , and from their honours to her maiesties person : other appeale or remoouing to the common law they gaynsay . the gayle for stannery causes is kept at lostwithiel , and that office is annexed to the comptrolership . the tynners of the whole shire are deuided into foure quarters , two called moores , of the places where the tynne is wrought , viz. foy moore , and blacke moore : the other , tiwarnaill and penwith . to each of these is assigned by the l. warden , a steward , who keepeth his court once in euery three weekes . they are termed stannery courts , of the latine word stannum , in english tynne , and hold plea of whatsoeuer action of debt or trespasse , whereto any one dealing with blacke or white tynne , either as plaintife or defendant , is a party . their maner of triall consisteth in the verdict giuen by a iurie of sixe tynners , according to which the steward pronounceth iudgement . he that will spare credit to the common report , shall conceiue an ill opinion touching the slippings of both witnesses and iurours sometimes in these courts : for it is sayd , that the witnesses haue not sticked now and then to fasten their euidence , rather for seruing a turne , then for manifesting a truth , and that the iurours verdict hath sauoured more of affection then of reason , especially , in controuersies growne betweene strangers and some of the same parts . and such fault-finders voutch diuers causes of this partialitie : one , that when they are sworne , they vse to adde this word , my conscience , as the romans did their ex animi meisententia , which is suspected to imply a conceyted enlargement of their othe . another , that the varietie of customes , which in euery place ( welneere ) differ one from another , yeeldeth them in a maner an vnlimited scope , to auerre what they list , and so to close the best lawyers mouth with this one speach , our custome is contrary . and lastly , that they presume vpon a kind of impunity , because these sixe mens iuries fall not within compasse of the star-chambers censure , and yet the l. wardens haue now & then made the pillory punishment of some , a spectacle , example , and warning to the residue . for mine owne part , i can in these tynne cases , plead but a hearesay experience , and therefore will onely inferre , that as there is no smoke without a fire , so commonly the smoke is far greater then the fire . strange it were , and not to be excepted , that all poore tynne iurours and witnesses , should in such a remote corner alwayes conforme themselues to the precise rule of vprightnesse , when we see in the open light of our publike assises , so many more iudicious and substantiall persons now and then to swarue from the same . in matters of important consequence , appertayning to the whole stannery , the l. warden , or his vnder-warden , vseth to impannell a iury of foure and twenty principall tynners , which consist of sixe out of euery quarter , returnable by the maiors of the foure stannery townes , and whose acts doe bind the residue . next to the liuelesse things , follow those which pertake a growing life , and then a feeling . the women and children in the west part of cornwall , doe vse to make mats of a small and fine kinde of bents there growing , which for their warme and well wearing , are carried by sea to london and other parts of the realme , and serue to couer floores and wals . these bents grow in sandy fields , and are knit from ouer the head in narrow bredths after a strange fashion . of herbes and rootes for the pot and medicine , cornishmen enioy a like portion in proportion with other shires , which somewhere also receiueth an increase by the sowing & planting of such as are brought thither from beyond the seas . the like may bee sayd of rootes and sallets for the table , saue that ( i suppose ) cornewall naturally bringeth forth greater store of sea-holm and sampire , then is found in any other county of this realme . the seaholme roote preserued eyther in sirrup , or by cauding , is accepted for a great restoratiue . some of the gaully grounds doe also yeeld plenty of rosasolis . moreouer natures liberall hand decketh many of the sea cliffes with wilde hissop , sage , pelamountayne , maiorum , rosemary , and such like well-sauouring herbes . in times past , the cornish people gaue themselues principally , ( and in a maner wholly ) to the seeking of tynne , and neglected husbandry : so as the neighbours of deuon and sommerset shires , hired their pastures at a rent , and stored them with theyr owne cattell . as for tillage ; it came farre short of feeding the inhabitants mouthes , who were likewise supplyed weekely at their markets from those places , with many hundred quarters of corne and horseloades of bread . but when the tynne workes began to fayle , and the people to increase , this double necessitie draue them to play the good husbands , and to prouide corne of their owne . labour brought plentie , plentie , cheapnesse , and cheapnesse sought a vent beyond the seas , some by procuring licence , and more by stealth ( if at least the common brute doe not wrong them with a slaunder ) so as , had not the imbargo with spaine ( whither most was transported ) foreclosed this trade , cornwall was likely in few yeeres , to reape no little wealth by the same . and yet , whosoeuer looketh into the endeuour which the cornish husbandman is driuen to vse about his tillage , shall find the trauell painefull , the time tedious , and the expences verie chargeable . for first , about may , they cut vp all the grasse of that ground , which must newly be broken , into turfes , which they call beating . these turfes they raise vp somewhat in the midst , that the wind and sunne may the sooner drie them . the inside turned outwards drieth more speedily , but the outside can better brooke the change of weather . after they haue beene throughly dried , the husbandman pileth them in little heapes , and so burneth them to ashes . then doe they bring in sea sand , of greater or lesser quantitie , partly after their neerenesse to the places , from which it is fetched , and partly by the good husbandrie , and abilitie of the tiller . an ordinarie horse wil carrie two sackes of sand , and of such the borderers on the sea , doe bestow , . at least , in euerie acre , but most husbands double that number . the inland soyle requireth not so large a proportion , and in some places , they sow it almost as thinne as their corne : for if they should strow the same verie thicke , the ground would become ouer-rancke , and choke the corne with weeds . a little before plowing time , they scatter abroad those beat-boroughs , & small sand heapes vpon the ground , which afterwards , by the ploughes turning downe , giue heate to the roote of the corne. the tillable fields are in some places so hilly , that the oxen can hardly take sure footing ; in some , so tough , that the plough will scarcely cut them , and in some so shelfie , that the corne hath much adoe to fasten his roote . the charges of this beating , burning , scoding and sanding , ordinarily amounteth to no lesse then twentie shillings for euerie acre : which done , the tiller can commonly take but two crops of wheate , and two of oates , and then is driuen to giue it at least seuen or eight yeres leyre , and to make his breach elsewhere . of wheate there are two sorts , french , which is bearded , and requireth the best soyle , recompencing the same with a profitable plentie : and notwheate , so termed , because it is vnbearded , contented with a meaner earth , and contenting with a suteable gaine . rye is employed onely on those worst grounds , which will beare no wheate . barley is growne into great vse of late yeeres , so as now they till a larger quantitie in one hundred , then was in the whole shire before : and of this , in the deare seasons past , the poore found happie benefit , for they were principally relieued , and the labourers also fed , by the bread made thereof ; whereas otherwise , the scarcitie of wheate fel out so great , that these must haue made many hungrie meales , and those out-right haue starued . in the westerne-most parts of cornwall , they carrie their barley to the mill , within eight or nine weekes from the time that they sowed it ; such an hastie ripening do the bordering seas afford . this increase of barley tillage , hath also amended the cornish drinke , by conuerting that gaine into mault , which ( to the il relishing of strangers ) informer times they made onely of oates . i haue beene alwayes prone to maintaine a paradox , that dearth of corne in cornwall ( for with other shires i will not vndertake to meddle ) so it go not accompanied with a scarcitie , is no way preiudiciall to the good of the countrie ; and i am induced thus to thinke , for the reasons ensuing : there are no two trades , which set so many hands on worke , at all times of the yeere , as that one of tillage . the husband man finding profit herein , is encouraged to bestow paines and charges , for enclosing and dressing of waste grounds , which therethrough afterwardes become also good for pasture . with the readie money , gotten by his weekely selling of corne , he setteth the artificer on worke , who were better to buy deare bread , being but a part of his meate , and which he coūteruaileth againe , by raising the price of his ware , then to sit idly , knocking his heeles against the wall . their obiection , who feare least the transporting of much away , will leaue too little at home , i answere with this obseruation : when the price of corne falleth , men generally giue ouer surplus tillage , and breake no more ground , then will serue to supplie their owne turne : the rest , they imploy in grazing , wherethrough it falleth out , that an ill kerned or saued haruest , soone emptieth their old store , & leaueth them in necessity , to seeke new reliefe from other places . whereas on the other side , if through hope of vent , they hold on their larger tillage , this retaineth one yeeres prouision vnder-hand , to fetch in another , which vpon such occasions , my easily bee left at home : and of this , what cornishman is there , that hath not seene the experience ? for fruites , both wild , as whurts , strawberies , and raspies , and longing to the orchard , as peares , plums , peareplummes , cherries , mulberies , chessenuts , and walnuts , though the meaner sort come short , the gentlemen step not farre behind those of other parts ; many of them conceiuing like delight to graffe and plant , and the soyle yeelding it selfe as ready to receyue and foster . yet one speciall priuiledge , which the neerenesse to the south , the fitnesse of some grounds standing vpon lyme stones , the wel growing of vines , and the pleasant taste of their grapes , doe seeme to graunt , i haue not hitherto knowne by any to bee put in practise , and that is , the making of wines : the triall would require little cost , and ( perhaps ) requite it with great aduantage . for fewell , there groweth generally in all parts great store of furze , of which the shrubby sort is called tame , the better growne , french , & in some , good quantitie of broome . the east quarters of the shire are not destitute of copswoods , nor they of ( almost ) on intolerable price : but in most of the west , either nature hath denyed that cōmodity , or want of good husbandry lost it . their few parcels yet preserued , are principally imployed to coaling , for blowing of tynne . this lacke they supply , either by stone cole , fetched out of wales , or by dryed turfes , some of which are also conuerted into coale , to serue the tynners turne . timber hath in cornwall , as in other places , taken an vniuersall downe fall , which the inhabitants begin now , and shall heereafter rue more at leisure : shipping , howsing , and vessell , haue bred this consumption : neither doth any man ( welnere ) seek to repayre so apparāt and important a decay . as for the statute standles , commonly called hawketrees , the breach of the sea , & force of the weather doe so pare and gall them , that they can passe vnder no better title then scat-crowes . among creatures of a breathing life , i will only note such as minister some particular cause of remembrance . touching venimous wormes , cornwall can plead no such charter of natures exemption as ireland . the countrey people retaine a conceite , that the snakes , by their breathing about a hazell wand , doemake a stone ring of blew colour , in which there appeareth the yellow figure of a snake , & that beasts which are stung , being giuen to drink of the water wherein this stone hath bene soked , will therethrough recouer . there was such a one bestowed on me , and the giuer auowed to haue seene a part of the stick sticking in it : but penes authorem sit sides . this mention of snakes , calleth to my remembrance , how not long since , a merry cornish gentleman tryed that old fable to be no fable , which sheweth the dangerous entertayning of such a ghest . for he hauing gotten one of that kind , and broken out his teeth ( wherein consisteth his venome ) vsed to carrie him about in his bosome , to set him to his mouth , to make him licke his spittle , & when he came amongst gentle women , would cast him out suddenly , to put them in feare : but in the end , their vaine dread proued safer then his foole-hardinesse : for as he once walked alone , and was kissing this gentle playfellow , the snake in good earnest , with a stumpe , either newly growne vp , or not fully pulled out , bit him fast by the tongue , which therewith began so to rankle and swell , that by the time hee had knocked this foule player on the head , & was come to his place of abode , his mouth was scarce able to contayne it . fayne was he therfore to shew his mishap , and by gestures to craue aydin earnest of the gentlewomen , whom hee had aforetime often scared in sport . of all maner vermine , cornish houses are most pestred with rats , a brood very hurtfull for deuouring of meat , clothes , and writings by day ; and alike cumbersome through their crying and ratling , while they daunce their gallop gallyards in the roofe at night . strangers , at their first comming into the west parts , doe complayne that they are visited with the slowe sixe-legged walkers , and yet the cleanely home-borne finde no such annoyance . it may proceed from some lurking naturall effect of the climate ; as wee read , that the trauailers who passe the equinoctiall , doe there lose this manlike hunting vermine , and vpon their returne recouer them againe . the other beastes which cornewall breedeth , serue either for venerie , or meate , or necessary vses . beastes of venery persecuted for their case , or dammagefeasance , are marternes , squirrels , foxes , badgers , and otters . profitable for skinne and flesh , hares , conies and deere . the foxe planteth his dwelling in the steep cliffes by the sea side ; where he possesseth holds , so many in number , so daungerous for accesse , and so full of windings , as in a maner it falleth out a matter impossible to disseyze him of this his ancient inheritance . true it is , that somtime when he marcheth abroad on forraying , to reuittaile his male pardus , the captaine hunters , discouering his sallies by their espyals , doe lay their souldier-like hounds , his borne enemies , in ambush betweene him and home , and so with har and tue pursue him to the death . then master reignard ransacketh euery corner of his wily skonce , and besturteth the vtmost of his nimble stumps to quit his coate from their iawes . he crosseth brookes , to make them lose the sent , he slippeth into couerts , to steale out of sight , he casteth and coasteth the countrie , to get the start of the way ; and if hee be so met , at he find himselfe ouermatched , he abideth , and biddeth them battell , first sending the myre of his tayle against their eyes , in lieu of shot , and then manfully ofosing at hand-blowes , with the sword of his teeth , not forgetting yet , the whiles , to make an honourable retraict , with his face still turned towardes the enemie : by which meanes , hauing once recouered his fortresse , he then giues the fico , to all that his aduersaries can by siedge , force , myne , sword , assault , or famine , attempt against him . the otters , though one in kind , haue yet two seuerall places of haunt : some keepe the cliffes , and there breede , and feede on sea-fish ; others liue in the fresh ryuers , and trade not so farre downe , who being lesse stored with prouision , make bold now and then to visite the land , and to breake their fast , vpon the goodmans lambs , or the good wiues pultrie . of conies , there are here and there some few little warrens , scantly worth the remembring . cornwall was stored not long since with many parkes of fallow deere . but king henrie the eight being perswaded ( as it is said ) by sir richard pollard , that those belonging to the duke , could steed him with little pleasure in so remote a part , and would yeeld him good profit , if they were leased out at an improoued root did condiscend to their disparking . so foure of them tooke a fall together , to wit , carykullock , liskerd , restoxmel and lanteglos . howbeit , this good husbandrie came short of the 〈◊〉 promise , and the kings expectation where through the one was sh●●● for the attempt , and the other discontented with the effect . not withstanding , as princes exampls are euer taken for warrantable precedents to the subiects : so most of the cornish gentlemen preferring gaine to delight , or making gaine their delight , shortly after followed the like practise , and made their deere leape ouer the pale to giue the bullockes place . parkes yet remaining , are in east hundred , poole , sir ionathan trelawnyes : newly reuiued , halton , m. rouses , lately impaled : and newton , m. coringtons , almost decayed . in west hundred , boconnock , sir reginald mohuns . in powder hundred , caryhayes , m. treuanions . in stratton launcels , m. chamonds . in kene-hundred , trela warren , m. viruans : and merther , m. reskymers . red deere , this shire breedeth none , but onely receiueth such , as in the summer season raunge thither out of deuon : to whome the gentlemen bordering on their haunt , afford so course entertainment , that without better pleading their heeles , they are faine to deliuer vp their carcases for a pledge , to answere their trespasses . beastes seruing for meate onely , are pigs , goates , sheepe , and rother cattell . for meate , draught , and plowing , oxen : for carriage , and riding , horses : for gard , attendance , and pleasure , dogs of sundrie sorts . what time the shire , through want of good manurance , lay waste and open , the sheepe had generally little bodies , and course fleeces , so as their wooll bare no better name , then of cornish hayre , and for such hath ( from all auncientie ) beene transported , without paying custome . but since the grounds began to receiue enclosure and dressing for tillage , the nature of the soyle hath altered to a better graine , and yeeldeth nourishment in greater aboundance , and goodnesse , to the beastes that pasture thereupon : so as , by this meanes ( and let not the owners commendable industrie , turne to their surcharging preiudice , least too soone they grow wearie of well doing ) cornish sheepe come but little behind the easterne flockes , for bignes of mould , finenesse of wooll , often breeding , speedie fatting , and price of sale , and in my conceyte equall , if not exceede them in sweetnesse of taste , and freedome from rottennesse and such other contagions . as for their number , while euerie dweller hath some , though none keepe many , it may summe the totall to a iolly rate . most of the cornish sheepe haue no hornes , whose wool is finer in qualitie , as that of the horned more in quantitie : yet , in some places of the countie there are that carrie foure hornes . the deuon and somerset shire grasiers , feede yeerely great droues of cattell in the north quarter of cornwall , and vtter them at home , which notwithstanding , beefe , whitsull , leather or tallow , beare not any extraordinarie price in this countie , beyond the rate of other places : and yet , the oportunitie of so many hauens , tempteth the marchants ( i doubt me , beyond their power of resistaunce ) now and then to steale a transportation , and besides , vttereth no small quantitie for the reuitailing of weather-driuen shippes . some gentlemen suffer their b●●stes to runne wilde , in their woods and waste grounds , where they are hunted and killed with crosse howe 's , and peeces , in the maner of deene , and by their fiercenesse , and warinesse , see me to haue put on a part of the others nature . each oxe hath his seuerall name , vpon which the driuers call aloud , both to direct and giue them courage as they are at worke . the cornish horses , commonly are hardly bred , coursely fed , low of stature , quicke in trauell , and ( after their growth and strength ) able inough for continuance : which sort proue most seruiceable for a rough and hilly countrie . but verie few of them ( through the owners fault ) retaine long this their naturall goodnesse . for after two yeeres age , they vse them to carrie sackes of sand , which boweth downe , and weakneth their backes , and the next summer they are imployed in harrowing , which marreth their pace . two meanes that so quaile also their stomackes , and abate their strength , as the first rider findeth them ouer-broken to his hands . howbeit now , from naught , they are almost come to nought : for since the statute . of henry the eight , which enableth euerie man to seize vpon horses that pastured in commons , if they were vnder a certaine sise , the sherifes officers , reckoning themselues specially priuiledged to poll in their masters yeere , haue of late times , whether by his commandement , or sufferance , accustomed to driue those waste grounds , and to seize on those not voluntariestatute-breaking tits , so as nature denying a great harace , and these carrying away the little , is resteth , that hereafter , not the dammes foale , but the dames trottens , be trusted vnto . this cōsideration hath made me entertaine a concelte , that ordinarie husbandmen should doe well to quit breeding of horses and betake themselues to moyles : for that is a beast , which will fare hardly , liue verie long , drawe indifferently well , and carrie great burdens , and hath also a pace swift , and casie enough , for their mill and market seruice . by which meanes , looke what is abated from the vsuall number of hacknies , should ( with a gainefull recompence ) be added to their goodnes : and hereof this quarter hath alreadie taken some experiment . for , not long sithence , it hapned that one brought ouer an hee asse , from france , because of the strangenesse of the beast ( as euerie thing where it comes first , serues for a wonder ) who following his kind , begat many monsters , viz. moyles , and for monsters indeed , the countrie people admired them , yea , some were so wise , as to knocke on the head , or giue away this issue of his race , as vncouth mongrels . amongst liuing things on the land , after beastes , follow birds , who seeke harbour on the earth at night , though the ayre bee the greatest place of their haunt by day . of tame birds , cornwall hath doues , geese , ducks , peacockes , ginney duckes , china geese , barbarie hennes , and such like . of wild , quaile , raile , partridge , fesant , plouer , snyte , wood-doue , heathcocke , powte , &c. but , amongst all the rest , the inhabitants are most beholden to the woodcockes , who ( when the season of the yeere affordeth ) stocke to them in great aboundance . they arriue fast on the north-coast , where almost euerie hedge serueth for a roade , and euerie plashoote for springles to take them . from whence , as the moyst places which supplie them food , beginne to freeze vp , they draw towards those in the south coast , which are kept more open by the summers neerer neighbourhood : and when the summers heate ( with the same effect from a contrarie cause ) drieth vp those plashes , nature and necessitie guide their returne to the northren wetter soyle againe . of hawkes , there are marlions , sparhawkes , hobbies , and somewhere lannards . as for the sparhawk , though shee serue to flie little aboue sixe weekes in the yeere , and that onely at the partridge , where the faulkner and spanels must also now and then spare her extraordinarie assistance ; yet both cornish and deuon shire men employ so much trauaile in seeking , watching , taking , manning , nusling , dreting , curing , bathing , carrying , and mewing them , as it must needes proceede from a greater folly , that they cannot discerne their folly herein . to which you may adde , their busie , dangerous , discourteous , yea , and sometimes despiteful stealing one from another of the egges and young ones , who , if they were allowed to aire naturally , and quietly , there would bee store sufficient , to kill not onely the partridges , but euen all the good-huswiues chickens in a countrie . of singing birds , they haue lynnets , goldfinches , ruddockes , canarie birds , blacke-birds , thrushes , and diuers other ; but of nightingals , few , or none at all , whether through some naturall antipathie , betweene them and the foyle ( as plinie writeth , that crete sostereth not any owles , nor rhodes eagles , nor larius lacus in italy storkes ) or rather for that the country is generally bare of couert and woods , which they effect , i leaue to be discussed by others . not long sithence , there came a flocke of birds into cornwall , about haruest season , in bignesse not much exceeding a sparrow , which made a foule spoyle of the apples their bils were thwarted crosse-wise at the end , and with these they would cut an apple in two , at one snap , eating onely the kernels . it was taken at first , for a forboden token , and much admired , but , soone after , notice grew , that glocester shire , and other apple countries , haue them an ouer-familiar harme . in the west parts of cornwall , during the winter season , swallowes are found sitting in old deepe tynneworkes , and holes of the sea cliffes ; but touching their lurking places , olaus magnus maketh a farre stranger report . for he saith , that in the north parts of the world , as summer weareth out , they clap mouth to mouth , wing to wing , and legge in legge , and so after a sweete singing , fall downe into certaine great lakes or pooles amongst the canes , from whence at the next spring , they receiue a new resurrection ; and hee addeth for proofe hereof , that the fishermen , who make holes in the ice , to dip vp such fish with their nets , as refort thither for breathing , doe sometimes light on these swallowes , congealed in clods , of a slymie substance , and that carrying them home to their stoues , the warmth restoreth them to life and flight : this i haue seene confirmed also , by the relation of a venetian ambaffadour , employed in poland , and heard auowed by trauaylers in those parts : wherethrough i am induced to giue it a place of probabilitie in my mind , and of report in this treatise . after hauing thus laid open euerie particular of the land , naturall order leadeth my next labour , to bee imployed about the water , and the things incident thereunto : the water i seuer into fresh and salt . touching fresh water , euerie hill wel-neere sendeth forth plentifull , fresh , cleare , and pleasant springs , all profitable for moystning the ground , and wholesome for mans vse , & diuers by running through veines of mettals , supposed also medicinable for sundrie diseases ; of which more in their particular places . these springs , ( as seuerall persons assembling , make a multitude ) take aduantage of the falling grounds , to vnite in a greater strength , and beget ryuers , which yet are more in number , and swifter in course , then deepe in bottome , or extended in largenesse . for they worke out their bed through an earth , full of rockes and stones , suting therethrough , the nature onely of some speciall fishes , of which kind are , minowes , shoats , eeles , and lampreys . the rest are common to other shires , but the shote in a maner peculiar to deuon and cornwall , in shape and colour he resembleth the trowt : howbeit in bignesse and goodnesse , commeth farre behind him . his baites are flies and tag-wormes , which the cornish english terme angle-touches . of the ryuers and hauens which they make , occasion will be ministred vs to speake particularly in the next booke ; and therefore it shall suffice to name the chiefest here in generall , which are on the south coast : tamer , tauy , liner , seaton , loo , foy , fala , lo. on the north , camel , halae . of fresh water ponds , either cast out by nature , or wrought out by art , cornwall is stored with verie few , though the site of so many narrow vallies offereth many , with the onely charge of raysing an head . but the oceans plentifull beames darken the affecting of this pettie starlight : touching whose nature and properties , for his saltnesse in taste , strength in bearing , course in ebbing and flowing , the effects are so well knowne to the vulgar , as they neede not any particular relation ; and the causes so controuersed amongst the learned , as it passeth mine abilitie to moderate the question : onely this i will note , that somewhat before a tempest , if the sea-water bee flashed with a sticke or oare , the same casteth a bright shining colour , and the drops thereof resemble sparckles of fire , as if the waues were turned into flames , which the saylers terme briny . amongst other commodities affoorded by the sea , the inhabitants make vse of diuers his creekes , for griste-milles , by thwarting a bancke from side to side , in which a floud-gate is placed with two leaues : these the flowing tyde openeth , and after full sea , the waight of the ebbe closeth fast , which no other force can doe : and so the imprisoned water payeth the ransome of dryuing an vnder-shoote wheele for his enlargement . ilands , s. nicholas in the mouth of plymmouth , s. george before loo , s. michaels mount , and the iles of scilley . hauens on the south coast there are , plymmouth , loo , foy , falmouth , helford , and the rode of mountsbay . on the north , s. ies , and padstowe , of which more hereafter . diuers of these are dayly much endammaged by the earth which the tynners cast vp in their working , and the rayne floods wash downe into the riuers , from whence it is discharged in the hauens , and shouldreth the sea out of his ancient possession , or at least , encrocheth vpon his depth . to remedy this , an act of parliament was made . h. . that none should labour in tynneworks , neere the deuon and cornish hauens : but whether it aymed not at the right cause , or hath not taken his due execution , little amendement appeareth thereby for the present , and lesse hope may be conceyued for the future . yet this earth being through such meanes conuerted into sand , enricheth the husbandman equally with that of pactolus : for after the sea hath seasoned it with his salt and fructifying moysture , his waues worke vp to the shore a great part thereof ( together with more of his owne store , grated from the cliffes ) and the tillers , some by barges and boats , others by horses and waines , doe fetch it , & therewith dresse their grounds . this sand is of diuers kindes , colours , and goodnesse : the kinds , some bigger , some lesser ; some hard , some easie . the colours are answereable to the next cliffes . the goodnesse increaseth as it is taken farther out of the sea. some haue also vsed to carry vp into their grounds the ose or salt water mudde , and found good profit thereby , though not equalling the sand . to this purpose also serueth orewood , which is a weed either growing vpon the rockes vnder high water marke , or broken from the bottome of the sea by rough weather , and cast vpon the next shore by the wind and flood . the first sort is reaped yeerely , and thereby bettereth in quantity and qualitie : the other must be taken when the first tyde bringeth it , or else the next change of winde will carry it away . his vse serueth for barly land . some accustomed to burne it on heapes in pits at the cliffe side , and so conuerted the same to a kind of wood , but the noy some fauour hath cursed it out of the countrey . this floteore is now and then found naturally formed like rufs , combs , and such like : as if the sea would equall vs in apparel , as it resembleth the land for all sorts of liuing creatures . the sea strond is also strowed with sundry fashioned & coloured shels , of so diuersified and pretty workmanship , as if nature were for her pastime disposed to shew her skilin trifles . with these are foūd moreouer , certain nuts , some what resembling a sheepes kidney , saue that they are flatter : the outside consisteth of a hard darke coloured rinde : the inner part , of a kernell voyd of any paste , but not so of vertue , especially for women trauayling in childbirth , if at least , old wiues tales may deserue any credit . if i become blame-worthy in speaking of such toyes , scipio and lelius shall serue for my patrons , who helde it no shame to spend time in their gathering . but to carie you from these trifles , you shall vnderstand , that cornewall is stored with many sorts of shipping , ( for that terme is the genus to them all ) namely , they haue cock-boats for passengers , sayn-boats for taking of pilcherd , fisher-boates for the coast , barges for sand , lighters for burthen , and barkes and ships for trafficke : of all which seuerally to particularize , were consectari minutias , and therefore i will omit to discourse of them , or of the wrackes proceeding from them , to their great dammage , and the finders petty benefit , to whom , he that in ioyeth the admirals right , by the common custome alloweth a moytie for his labour . but though i shunne tediousnesse herein , i feare lest i shal breede you nauseam , while i play the fishmonger : and yet , so large a commoditie may not passe away in silence . i will therefore , with what briefnes i can , shew you , what they are , when they come , where they haunt , with what baite they may be trayned , with what engine taken , and with what dressing saued . herein we will first begin with the peall , trowt , and sammon , because they partake of both salt and fresh water , breeding in the one , and liuing in the other . the trowte and peall come from the sea , betweene march and midsummer , and passe vp into the fresh ryuers , to shed their spawne . they are mostly taken with a hooke-net , made like the easterne weelyes , which is placed in the stickellest part of the streame ( for there the fish chiefely seeketh passage ) and kept abroad with certaine hoopes , hauing his smaller end fastned against the course of the water , and his mouth open to receiue the fish , while he fareth vp by night . the sammons principall accesse , is betweene michaelm as and christmas : for then , and not before , the ryners can afford them competent depth . a time forbidden to take them in , by the statute thirteene of richard the second : but if they should bee allowed this priuiledge in cornwall , the inhabitants might vtterly quit all hope of good by them , for the rest of the yeere . they are refettest ( that is fattest ) at their first comming from the sea , and passe vp as high as any water can carrie them , to spawne the more safely , and , to that end , take aduantage of the great raynie flouds . after christmas , they returne to the sea , altogether spent & out of season , whome , as the spring time commethon , their fry doe follow : and it hath beene obserued , that they ( as also the trowt and peall ) haunt the same ryuers where they first were bred . vpon the north coast , and to the westwards of foy , few or none are takē , either through those ryuers shallownesse , or their secret dislike . to catch them , sundrie deuices are put in practise : one is , with the hooke and line , where they vse flies for their baite : another , with the sammon speare , a weapon like neptunes mace , bearded at the points . with this , one standeth watching in the darke night , by the deepe pooles , where the sammons worke their bed for spawning , while another maketh light with a waze of reed . the sammon naturally resorteth to the flame , playing in and out , and there through is discerned , strooken and drawne on land by a cord fastned to the speare . the third and more profitable meanes of their taking , is by hutches . a head of fagots , or stones , is made acrosse theryuer , and his greatest part let out , through a square roome therein , whose vpper side giueth passage to the water by a grate , but denieth it to the fish , and the lower admitteth his entrie , thorow certaine thicke laths , couched slope-wise one against another , but so narrowly , as he can find no way of returne , while the streame tosseth him hither and thither , and the laths ends gall him , if he stumble on the place . they vse also to take sammons and trowts , by groping , tickling them vnder the bellies , in the pooles where they houer , vntill they lay hold on them with their hands , & so throw them on land . touching these , one scribling of the ryuer lyner , rymed as ensueth : the store-house of sunnes cheuisance , the clocke whose measures time doth dance , the moones vassall , the lord of chance , oceanus ; ereyeeres compasse his circle end , from bugie bosome , where they wend , his scaly broode to greete doth send , his wife tellus . some haile but with the coasting shore , some multiplie the harbours store , some farre into the ryuers bore , amongst therest . a threefoldrowt , of argus hew , kind to encrease , foes to eschew , with lyners supple mantle blew , themselues reuest . what time , enricht by phoebus rayes , the alder his new wealth displayes of budded groates , and welcome payes vnto the spring , the trowts , of middle growth begin , and eygall peizd , twixt either finne , at wonted hoste dan lyners inne , take their lodging . next , as the dayes vp earely rise , in com's the peall , whose smaller sise , in his more store , and oft supplies , a praise doth find . lastly , the sammon , king of fish , fils with good cheare the christmas dish , teaching that season must relish . each in his kind . and of the sammon in particular . now to the sammon , king of fish , a trice , against whose state , both skill and will conspire , paine brings the sewell , and gaine blowts the fire , that hand may execute the heads deuice . some build his house , but his thence issue barre , some make his meashie bed , but reaue his rest : some giue him meate , but leaue it not disgest , some tickle him , but are from pleasing farre . another troope com's in with fire and sword , yet cowardly , close counterwaite his way , and where he doth in streame , mistrustiesse play , vail'd with nights robe , they stalke the shore aboord . one offers him the daylight in a waze , as if darknesse alone contriued wiles : but new neptune , his mate , at land , the whiles , with forked mace , deere school's his foolish gaze . poore fish , not praying , that art made a pray , and at thy natiue home find'st greatest harme , though dread warne , swiftnesse guide , and strength thee arme , thy neerenesse , greatnesse , goodnesse , thee betray . in the hauens , great store , and diuers sorts of fish , some at one time of the yeere , and some at another , doe haunt the depthes and shallowes , while the lesser flie the greater , and they also are pursued by a bigger , each preying one vpon another , and all of them adcustoming , once in the yeere , to take their kind of the fresh water . they may bee diuided into three kinds , shell , star , and round fish . of shell fish , there are wrinkles , limpets , cockles , muscles , shrimps , crabs , lobsters , and oysters . of flat fish , rayes , thorn-backes , soles , flowkes , dabs , playces . of round fish , brit , sprat , barne , smelts , whiting , scad , chad , sharkes , cudles , eeles , conger , basse , miller , whirlepole , and porpose . the generall way of killing these ( that is the fishermans bloudie terme , for this cold-blouded creature ) is by weares , hakings , saynes , tuckes , and tramels . the weare is a frith , reaching slope-wise through the ose , from the land to low water marke , and hauing in it , a bunt or cod with an eye-hooke , where the fish entring , vpon their comming backe with the ebbe , are stopped from issuing out againe , forsaken by the water , and left drie on the ose. for the haking , certaine stakes are pitched in the ose at low water , athwart some creeke , from shore to shore , to whose feete they fasten a net , and at ful-sea draw the vpper part thereof to their stops , that the fish may not retire with the ebbe , but be taken , as in the weares . the sayne is a net , of about fortie fathome in length , with which they encompasse a part of the sea , and drawe the same on land by two ropes , fastned at his ends , together with such fish , as lighteth within his precinct . the tucke carrieth a like fashion , saue that it is narrower meashed , and ( therefore scarce lawfull ) with a long bunt in the midst : the tramel differeth not much from the shape of this bunt , and serueth to such vse as the weare and haking . the particular taking of sundrie kinds of fishes , is almost as diuers as themselues . wrinckles , limpete , cockles , and muscles , are gathered by hand , vpon the rockes and sands . many of the crabs breede in the shels of cockles , and of the lobsters in those of wrinkles , as my selfe haue seene : being growne , they come forth , and liue in holes of rockes , from whence , at low water , they are dragged out , by along crooke of yron . the shrimps are dipped vp in shallow water by the shore side , with little round nets , fastned to a staffe , not much vnlike that which is vsed for daring of larkes . the oysters ( besides gathering by hand , at a great ebbe ) haue a peculiar dredge , which is a thicke strong net , fastned to three spils of yron , and drawne at the boates sterne , gathering whatsoeuer it meeteth , lying in the bottome of the water , out of which , when it is taken vp , they cull the oysters , and cast away the residue , which they terme gard , and serueth as a bed for the oysters to breed in . it is held , that there are of them male , and female . the female , about may , and iune , haue in them a certaine kind of milke , which they then shead , and whereof the oyster is engendered . the little ones , at first , cleaue in great numbers , to their mothers shell , from whence , waxing bigger , they weane themselues , and towards michaelmas , fall away . the countrie people long retained a conceit , that in summer time they weare out of kind ( as in deed the milkie are ) but some gentlemen making experiment of the contrarie , began to eate them at all seasons , wherethrough , by spending them oftner and in greater quantitie , by spoyling the little ones , and by casting away the vnseasonable , there ensued a scarcitie , which scarcitie brought a dearth , the dearth bred a sparing , and the sparing restored a plenty againe . they haue a propertie , though taken out of the water , to open against the flood time , and to close vpon the ebbe , or before , if they bee touched , the which , not long sithence occasioned a ridiculous chaunce , while one of them through his sodaine shutting , caught in his owne defence , three yong mice by the heades , that of malice prepensed , had conspired to deuoure him , and so trebled the valour of the cleft block , which griped milo by the hands . nature hath strowed the shore with such plenty of these shel-fishes , as thereby shee warranteth the poore from dread of staruing : for euery day they may gather sufficient to preserue their life , though not to please their appetite , which , ordinarie with vs , was miraculous to the rochellers in their siedge . after shel-fish succeedeth the free-fish , so termed , because he wanteth this shelly bulwarke . amongst these , the flowk , sole and playce followe the tyde vp into the fresh riuers , where , at lowe water the countrie people finde them by treading , as they wade to seeke them , and so take them vp with their hands . they vse also to poche them with an instrument somewhat like the sammon-speare . of eeles there are two sorts : the one valsen , of best taste , comming from the fresh riuers , when the great raine floods after september doe breake their beds , and carry them into the sea : the other , bred in the salt water , & called a conger eele , which afterwards , as his bignes increaseth , ventreth out into the maine ocean , & is enfranchised a burgesse of that vast cōmon-wealth : but in harbor they are takē mostly by spillers made of a cord , many fathoms in length , to which diuers lesser and shorter are tyed at a little distance , and to each of these a hooke is fastened with bayt : this spiller they sincke in the sea where those fishes haue their accustomed haunt , and the next morning take it vp againe with the beguiled fish . for catching of whiting and basse , they vse a thred , so named , because it consisteth of a long smal lyne with a hooke at the end , which the fisherman letteth slip out of his hand by the boat side to the bottome of the water , and feeling the fish caught by the sturring of the lyne , draweth it vp againe with his purchase . the porposes are shaped very bigge and blacke . these chase the smaller schoels of fish from the mayne sea into the hauens , leaping vp and downe in the water , tayle after top , and one after another , puffing like a fat lubber out of breath , and following the fish with the flood , so long as any depth will serue to beare them ; by which means they are sometimes intercepted : for the borderers watching vntill they be past farre vp into some narrow creeke , get belowe them with their boats , and cast a strong corded net athwart the streame , with which , and their lowd and continuall showting and noyse making , they fray and stop them from retyring , vntill the ebbe haue abandoned them to the hunters mercy , who make short worke with them , and ( by an olde custome ) share them amongst all the assistants with such indifferencie , as if a woman with child bee present , the babe in her wombe is gratified with a portion : a poynt also obserued by the spearehunters in taking of sammons . now from within harbour , we will launch out into the deepe , and see what luck of fish god there shall send vs , which ( so you talke not of hares or such vncouth things , for that proues as ominous to the fishermā , as the beginning a voyage on the day when childermas day fell , doth to the mariner ) may succeed very profitable : for the coast is plentifully stored , both with those fore-remembred , enlarged to a bigger size , & diuers other , as namely of shelfish , sea-hedge-hogs , scallops & sheath-fish . of flat , brets , turbets , dornes , holybut . round , pilcherd , herring , pollock , mackrell , gurnard , illeck , tub , breame , oldwife , hake , dogfish , lounp , cunner , rockling , cod , wrothe , becket , haddock , guilt-head , rough-hound , squary scad , seale , tunny , and many others , quosnunc , &c. the sheath , or rasor-fish , resembleth in length and bignesse a mans finger , and in taste , the lobster , but reputed of greater restoratiue . the sea-hedge-hogge , of like or more goodnesse , is enclosed in a round shell , fashioned as a loafe of bread , handsomely wrought and pincked , and garded by an vtter skinne full of prickles , as the land vrchin . but the least fish in bignes , greatest for gaine , and most in number , is the pilcherd : they come to take their kind of the fresh ( as the rest ) betweene haruest and alhallontyde , and were wont to pursue the brit , vpon which they feede , into the hauens , but are now forestalled on the coast by the drouers and sayners . the drouers hang certaine square nets athwart the tyde , thorovv which the schoell of pilchard passing , leaue many behind intangled in the meashes . when the nets are so filled , the drouers take them vp , clense them , and let them fall againe . the sayners complayne vvith open mouth , that these drouers worke much preiudice to the common-wealth of fishermen , and reape thereby small gaine to themselues : for ( say they ) the taking of some few , breaketh and scattereth the whole schoels , and frayeth them from approaching the shore : neither are those thus taken , marchantable , by reason of their brusing in the meash . let the crafts-masters decide the controuersie . the sayne , is in fashion , like that within harbour , but of a farre larger proportion . to each of these , there commonly belong three or foure boates , carrying about sixe men apeece : with which , when the season of the yeere and weather serueth , they lie houering vpon the coast , and are directed in their worke , by a balker , or huer , who standeth on the cliffe side , and from thence , best discerneth the quantitie and course of the pilcherd : according whereunto , hee cundeth ( as they call it ) the master of each boare ( who hath his eyestill fixed vpon him ) by crying with a lowd voice , whistling through his fingers , and wheazing certing diuersified and significant signes , with a bush , which hee holdeth in his hand . at his appointment they cast out their net , draw it to either hand , as the schoell lyeth , or fareth , beate with their oares to keepe in the fish , and at last , either close and tucke it vp in the sea , or draw the same on land , with more certaine profit , if the ground bee not rough of rockes . after one companie haue thus shot their net , another beginneth behind them , and so a third , as oportunitie serueth . being so taken , some , the countrie people , who attend with their horses and paniers at the cliffes side , in great numbers , doe buy and carrie home , the larger remainder , is by the marchant , greedily and speedily seized vpon . they are saued three maner of wayes : by fuming , pressing , or pickelling . for euery of which , they are first salted and piled vp row by row in square heapes on the ground in some seller , which they terme , bulking , where they so remaine for some ten daies , vntil the superfluous moysture of the bloud and salt be soked from them : which accomplished , they rip the bulk , and saue the residue of the salt for another like seruice . then those which are to bee ventred for fraunce , they pack in staunch hogsheads , so to keepe them in their pickle . those that serue for the hotter countries of spaine and italie , they vsed at first to fume , by hanging them vp on long sticks one by one , in a house built for the nonce , & there drying them with the smoake of a soft and continuall fire , from whence they purchased the name of fumados : but now , though the terme still remaine , that trade is giuen ouer : and after they haue bene ripped out of the bulk , reffed vpon sticks , & washed , they pack them orderly in hogsheads made purposely leake , which afterward they presse with great waights , to the end the traine may soke from them into a vessell placed in the ground to receyue it . in packing , they keepe a iust tale of the number that euery hogshead contayneth , which otherwise may turne to the marchants preiudice : for i haue heard , that when they are brought to the place of sale , the buyer openeth one hogs-head at aduentures ; and if hee finde the same not to answere the number figured on the outside , hee abateth a like proportion in euery other , as there wanted in that . the trayne is well solde , as imployed to diuers vses , and welneere acquiteth the cost in sauing , and the sauing setteth almost an infinite number of women and children on worke , to their great aduantage : for they are allowed a peny for euery lasts carriage ( a last is ten thousand ) and as much for bulking , washing , and packing them , whereby a lusty huswife may earne three shillings in a night ; for towards the euening they are mostly killed . this commoditie at first carried a very lowe price , and serued for the inhabitants cheapest prouision : but of late times , the deare sale beyond the seas hath so encreased the number of takers , and the takers iarring and brawling one with another , and for closing the fishes taking their kind within harbour , so decreased the number of the takē , as the price daily extendeth to an higher rate , equalling the proportion of other fish : a matter which yet i reckon not preiudiciall to the common-wealth , seeing there is store sufficient of other victuals , and that of these a twentieth part will serue the countries need , and the other nineteene passe into forraine realmes with a gainefull vtterance . the sayners profit in this trade is vncertayne , as depending vpon the seas fortune , which hee long attendeth , and often with a bootlesse trauaile : but the pilcherd marchant may reape a speedy , large , and assured benefit , by dispatching the buying , sauing and selling to the transporters , within little more then three moneths space . howbeit , diuers of them , snatching at wealth ouer-hastily , take mony beforehand , and binde themselues for the same , to deliuer pilcherd ready saued to the transporter , at an vnder-rate , and so cut their fingers . this venting of pilcherd enhaunced greatly the price of cask , whereon all other sorts of wood were conuerted to that vse : and yet this scantly supplying a remedie , there was a statute made . eliz. that from the last of iune . no stranger should transport beyond the seas any pilcherd or other fish in cask , vnlesse hee did bring into the realme , for euery sixe tunnes , two hundred of clapboord fit to make cask , and so rateably , vpon payne of forfeyting the sayd pilcherd or fish . this a cte to continue before the next parliament , which hath reuiued the same , vntill his ( yet not knowne ) succeeder . the pilcherd are pursued and deuoured by a bigger kinde of fish , called a plusher , being somewhat like the dog-fish , who leapeth now and then aboue water , and therethrough bewrayeth them to the balker : so are they likewise persecuted by the tonny , and he ( though not verie often ) taken with them damage faisant . and that they may no lesse in fortune , then in fashion , resemble the flying fish , certaine birds called gannets , soare ouer , and stoup to prey vpon them . lastly , they are persecuted by the hakes , who ( not long sithence ) haunted the coast in great abundance ; but now being depriued of their wonted baite , are much diminished , verifying the prouerb , what we lose in hake , we shall haue in herring . these hakes and diuers of the other forerecited , are taken with threds , & some of thē with the boulter , which is a spiller of a bigger size . vpon the north coast , where want of good harbours denieth safe roade to the fisher-boats , they haue a deuice of two sticks filled with corks , and crossed flatlong , out of whose midst there riseth a thred , and at the same hangeth a saile ; to this engine termed a lestercock , they tie one end of their boulter , lo as the wind comming frō the shore , filleth the sayle , and the saile carrieth out the boulter into the sea , which after the respite of some houres , is drawne in againe by a cord fastned at the neerer end . they lay also certaine weelves in the sea , for taking of cunners , which therethrough are termed cunner-pots . another net they haue long and narrow meashed , thwarted with little cords of wide distance , in which the fish intangleth it selfe , and is so drawne vp . for bait they vse barne , pilcherd , and lugges . the lugge is a worme resembling the tagworme or angletouch , and lying in the ose somewhat deepe , from whence the women digge them vp , and sell them to the fishermen : they are descried by their working ouer head , as the tagworme . and , for lacke of other prouision , the fishermen sometimes cut out a peece of the new taken hake , neere his tayle , and therewith baite their hookes , to surprise more of his canniballian fellowes . the seale , or soyle , is in making and growth , not vnlike a pigge , vgly faced , and footed like a moldwarp , he delighteth in musike , or any lowd noise , and thereby is trained to approach neere the shore , and to shew himselfe almost wholly aboue water . they also come on land , and lie sleeping in holes of the cliffe , but are now and then waked with the deadly greeting of a bullet in their sides . the fishermens hookes doe not alwayes returne them good prise : for often there cleaueth to the baite , a certaine fish like a starre , so farre from good meate , as it is held contagious . there swimmeth also in the sea , a round slymie substance , called a blobber , reputed noysome to the fish . but you are tired , the day is spent , and it is high time that i draw to harbour : which good counsell i will follow , when i haue onely told you , in what maner the fishermen saue the most part of their fish . some are polled ( that is , beheaded ) gutted , splitted , powdred and dried in the sunne , as the lesser sort of hakes . some headed , gutted , iagged , and dried , as rayes , and thorn-backes . some gutted , splitted , powdred , and dried , as buckhorne made of whitings , ( in the east parts named scalpions ) and the smaller sort of conger , and hake . some , gutted , splitted , and kept in pickle , as whiting , mackrell , millet , basse , peall , trowt , sammon , and conger . some , gutted , and kept in pickle , as the lesser whitings , pollocks , eeles , and squarie scads . some cut in peeces , and powdred , as seale and porpose . and lastly , some boyled , and preserued fresh in vineger , as tonny and turbet . besides these flooting burgesses of the ocean , there are also certaine flying citizens of the ayre , which prescribe for a corrodie therein ; of whō some serue for food to vs , and some but to feed themselues . amongst the first sort , we reckon the dip-chicke , ( so named of his diuing , and littlenesse ) coots , sanderlings , sea-larkes , oxen and kine , seapies , puffins , pewets , meawes , murres , creysers , curlewes , teale , wigeon , burranets , shags , ducke and mallard , gull , wild-goose , heron , crane , and barnacle . these content not the stomacke , all with a like sauorinesse , but some carrie a rancke taste , and require a former mortification : and some are good to bee eaten while they are young , but nothing tooth-some , as they grow elder . the guls , pewets , and most of the residue , breed in little desert ilands , bordering on both coastes , laying their egges on the grasse , without making any nests , from whence the owner of the land causeth the young ones to be fetched about whitsontide , for the first broode , and some weekes after for the second . some one , but not euerie such rocke , may yeeld yeerely towards thirtie dozen of guls. they are kept tame , and fed fat , but none of the sea kind will breede out of their naturall place : yet at caryhayes , master treuanions house , which bordereth on the cliffe , an old gull did ( with an extraordinarie charitie ) accustome , for diuers yeeres together , to come and feede the young ones ( though perhaps none of his alliāce ) in the court where they were kept . it is held , that the barnacle breedeth vnder water on such ships sides , as haue beene verie long at sea , hanging there by the bill , vntill his full growth dismisse him to be a perfect fowle : and for proofe hereof , many little things like birds , are ordinarily found in such places , but i cannot heare any man speake of hauing seene them ripe . the puffyn hatcheth in holes of the cliffe , whose young ones are thence ferretted out , being exceeding fat , kept salted , and reputed for fish , as comming neerest thereto in their taste . the burranet hath like breeding , and , after her young ones are hatched , shee leadeth them sometimes ouer-land , the space of a mile or better , into the hauen , where such as haue leasure to take their pastime , chace them one by one with a boate , and stones , to often diuing , vntill , through wearinesse , they are taken vp at the boates side by hand , carried home , and kept tame with the ducks : the egges of diuers of these fowles are good to bee eaten . sea-fowle not catable , are ganets , ospray ( plynyes haliaectos . ) amongst which , lacke-daw ( the second slaunder of our countrie ) shall passe for companie , as frequenting their haunt , though not their diet : i meane not the common daw , but one peculiar to cornwall , and therethrough termed a cornish chough : his bil is sharpe , long , and red , his legs of the same colour , his feathers blacke , his conditions , when he is kept tame , vngratious , in filching , and hiding of money , and such short ends , and somewhat dangerous in carrying stickes of fire . after hauing marched ouer the land , and waded thorow the sea , to discouer all the creatures therein insensible , & sensible , the course of method summoneth me to discourse of the reasonable , to wit , the inhabitants , and to plot downe whatsoeuer , noteworthily , belongeth to their estate , reall , and personall , and to their gouernment , spirituall , and temporall . vnder their reall state , i comprise all that their industrie hath procured , either for priuate vse , or entercourse , and trasfike . in priuate life , there commeth into consideration , their tenements , which yeeld them sustinance , and their houses , which afford them a place of abode . euerie tenement is parcell of the demaynes , or seruices of some mannor . commonly thirtie acres make a farthing land , nine farthings a cornish acre , and foure cornish acres , a knights fee. but this rule is ouerruled to a greater or lesser quantitie , according to the fruitfulnesse , or barrennesse of the soyle . that part of the demaines , which appertaineth to the lords dwelling house , they call his barten , or berton . the tenants to the rest hold the same either by sufferance , wil , or custome , or by cōuention . the customary tenaut holdeth at wil , either for yeeres , or for liues , or to them and their heires , in diuers manners according to the custome of the mannour . customarie tenants for life , take for one , two , three , or more liues , in possession , or reuersion , as their custome will beare . somewhere the wiues hold by widdowes estate , and in many places , when the estate is determined by the tenants death , and either to descend to the next in reuersion , or to returne to the lord , yet will his executor , or administrator detaine the land , by the custome , vntill the next michaelmas after , which is not altogether destitute of a reasonable pretence . amongst other of this customarie land , there are seuenteene mannours , appertaining to the duchie of cornwall , who doe euerie leuenth yere , take their holdings ( so they terme thē ) of certain comissioners sent for the purpose , & haue continued this vse , for the best part of three hundred yeeres , through which , they reckon a kind of inheritable estate accrued vnto them . but , this long prescription notwithstanding , a more busie then well occupied person , not long sithence , by getting a checquer lease of one or two such tenements , called the whole right in question , and albeit god denyed his bad minde any good successe : yet another taking vp this broken title , to salue himselfe of a desperate debt , prosecuted the same so far forth , as he brought it to the iutty of a nisiprius . hereon certayne gentlemen were chosen and requested by the tenants , to become suiters for stopping this gap , before it had made an irremediable breach . they repayred to london accordingly , and preferred a petition to the then l. treasurer burleigh . his l. called vnto him the chauncellour , and coife barons of the exchequer , and tooke a priuate hearing of the cause . it was there manifestly prooued before them , that besides this long continuance , and the importance , ( as that which touched the vndooing of more then a thousand persons ) her highnesse possessed no other lands , that yeelded her so large a benefit in rents , fines , heriots , and other perquisites . these reasons found fauourable allowance , but could obtaine no thorough discharge , vntill the gentlemen became suppliants to her maiesties owne person , who , with her natiue & supernaturall bounty , vouchsafed vs gratious audience , testified her great dislike of the attempter , & gaue expresse order for stay of the attempt : since which time , this barking dogge hath bene musled . may it please god to award him an vtter choaking , that he neuer haue power to bite againe . herein we were beholden to sir walter raleghs earnest writing , ( who was then in the countrey ) to sir henry killigrews sound aduice , and to master william killigrews painefull soliciting ( being the most kinde patrone of all his countrey and countreymens affaires at court. ) in times past , and that not long agoe , holdings were so plentifull , and holders so scarce , as well was the land-lord who could get one to bee his tenant , and they vsed to take assurance for the rent by . pledges of the same mannour . but now the case is altred : for a farme , or ( as wee call it ) a bargaine can no sooner fall in hand , then the suruey court shal be waited on with many officers , vying & reuying each on other ; nay thei are taken mostly at a ground-hop , before they fall , for feare of comming too late . and ouer and aboue the old yerely rent , they will giue a hundred or two hundred yeeres purchace and vpward at that rate , for a fine , to haue an estate of three liues ; which summe commonly amounteth to ten , or twelue yeeres iust value of the land . as for the old rent , it carrieth at the most , the proportiō but of a tenth part , to that whereat the tenement may be presently improued , & somewhere much lesse : so as the parson of the parish can in most places , dispend as much by his tithe , as the lord of the mannour by his rent . yet is not this deare setting eueriewhere alike : for the westerne halfe of cornewall , commeth far short of the easterne , and the land about townes , exceedeth that lying farther in the countrey . the reason of this enhaunsed price , may proue ( as i gesse ) partly , for that the late great trade into both the indies , hath replenished these parts of the world , with a larger store of the coyne-currant mettals , thē our anceltours enioyed : partly , because the banishment of single-liuing votaries , yonger mariages then of olde , and our long freedome from any sore wasting warre , or plague , hath made our countrey very populous : and partly , in that this populousnes hath inforced an industrie in them , and our blessed quietnes giuen scope , and meanes to this industrie . but howsoeuer i ayme right or wide at this , once certayne it is , that for these husbandry matters , the cornish inhabitants are in sundry points swayed by a diuerse opinion , from those of some other shires . one , that they will rather take bargaines , at these excessiue fines , then a tolerable improued rent , being in no sort willing to ouer a penny : for they reckon that , but once smarting , and this , a continuall aking . besides , though the price seeme very high , yet mostly , foure yeeres tillage , with the husbandmans payne and charge , goeth neere to defray it . another , that they fal euery where from commons to inclosure , and partake not of some easterne tenants enuious dispositions , who will sooner preiudice their owne present thrift , by continuing this mingle-mangle , then aduance the lords expectant benefit , after their terme expired . the third , that they alwayes preferre liues before yeeres , as both presuming vpon the countries healthfulnesse , and also accounting their family best prouided for , when the husband , wife , and childe , are sure of a liuing . neither may i ( without wrong ) conceyle the iust commendation of most such wiues , in this behalfe : namely , when a bargaine is so taken to these three , it often falleth out , that afterwards the sonne marieth , and deliuereth his yeruing-goods ( as they terme it ) to his father , who in lieu thereof , by his wiues assent ( which in many auncient deeds was formall ) departeth to him and his daughter in lawe , with the one halfe of his holding in hand . now , though after the fathers decease , the mother may , during her life , turne them both out of doores , as not bound by her owne word , and much lesse by her husbands : yet i haue seldome or neuer knowne the same put in practise , but true and iust meaning hath euer taken place . yet another vnconscionable quirk some haue of late time pried into , viz. in a ioynt-lease to three intended by the taker and payer , to descend successiuely and intirely , one of them passeth ouer his interest to a stranger , who by rigour of law shall hold it during the liues of the other twaine . the ordinary couenants of most conuentionary . tenants are , to pay due capons , doe haruest iournyes , grinde at the mill , sue to the court , discharge the office of reeue and tithing-man , dwell vpon the tenement , and to set out no part thereof to tillage , without the lords licence first obtained . which conditions are yet enlarged or restrained , according to the demifors humour . vsuall it is for all sorts of tenants , vpon death , at least , if not surrender , or forfeyture , to pay their best beast for a heriot : yea , if a stranger , passing thorow the countrey , chaunce to leaue his carkase behind him , he also must redeeme his buriall , by rendring his best beast which he hath with him , to the lord of the soyle : or if he haue none , his best iewell ; or rather then fayle , his best garment then about him , in lieu thereof . but this custome hath beene somewhat shaken , in comming to triall , and laboureth of a dangerous feuer , though the cornish gentlemen vse all possible remedies of almost fas et nefas , by pleading the . poynts of the lawe , to keepe it on liue . the free tenants seruices , are ordinary with those of other places , saue that they pay in most places onely fee-morton releefes , which is after fiue markes the whole knights fee , ( so called of iohn earle first of morton , then of cornwall , and lastly king of this land ) whereas that of fee-gloucester is fiue pound . and to accomplish this part , i haue heere inserted a note of the cornish knights fees and acres , which i receyued from my learned and religious kinseman master robert moyle . record . feod . milit. in cornub. fact . anno . h. . vt sequitur . henricus dei gratia , rex angliae & franc●● & dominus hiberniae , dilectis nobis vicecom . & escaetori nostris in com. cornub. ac iohanni colshil , & iohanni tremayn seniori collectoribus auxilij . solidorum , de quolibet feod . milit. tento de nob . sine medio in com. praedicto ad blanchiam primogenitam filiam nostr ammaritand , iuxta formam statuti , anno regni domini edwardi nuper regis angliae , aui nostri . edict . assignai . salutem . quasdam euidentias , quas de libris , rotulis & memorand , scaccarii nostri exhiberi fecimus pro informatione vestra , super captione inquisitionum diuersorum feodorum in com. praedicto , viz. de rubro libro vnam scedulam , & duos rotulos de euidentiis nuper collectoribus auxilii pradicti , auo nostro ad filium suum primogenitum milit . faciend . anno regnisui . concessi vobis mittimus , sub pede sigilli nostri , mandantes , vt inspect . euidenc . praed . vlterius inde tam per casdem euident . quam per inquisitiones super praemiss . per vos capiend . pro commodo nostro faciatis , quod de iur e per vos videatur faciend : it a quod euidenc . prad . vna cum toto facvestro in premiss . & hoc breue ad scaccarium nostrum super compot . vestrum proxim . de eodem auxilio redend . baronibus de dicto scaccario nostro ibidem liberādum habeatis . teste iohanne cokayn apud westmonast . . die ianua . anno regni nostri . rotl . memorum de anno . hillar . record . hundred de penwith . will . de campo arnulphiten . . feod . & di . in luduon trewedryn , maien & kellemeke . will. basset ten . . feod . in tihidi & trenalga . mich. de bray ten . . partes vnius feod . in bray . alanus bloighon ten . . feod . in tremall haeres marcide walestbren ten . . partes feod . in veno . episcop . exon. ten . dimid . feod . in lauestli . haeres iocei dynnan ten . . feod . in gorten . comes gloc. ten . . part . vnius feod . in draynneck . idem comes ten . . feod . in couerton . idem comes ten . . feod . in binnerton . idem comes ten . . part . . feod . in loigans . haeres ties ten . dimid . feod . in alwerton . marchio dorset . ten . . feod . in trenwel . hundred de lysnewith . will . de botriaux tenet in isto hundred in walebreux . . feod . idem will. ten . in polruman di . feod . idem will. ten . in wolueston . feod . idem will. ten . in tresciward . feod . idem will. ten . in worthauale . feod . reginald de ferrar in ead . hund. . feod . will. de witha & iohan. de crammon tenent in trewint & westdisart . feod . idem will. de campo arnulphi ten . . feod . in heliset . idem will. ten . in oterham . feod . idem will. in donneghny crugplegh di . feod . simon giffard ten . . feo . in donneghny de la bruer . henric. de la pomerey ten . in lesnewith & treuyghan di . feod . rogerus de crammon ten . in moteland . feod . omnia praedicta feod . sunt feod . mortanne . haeres iocei dinan ten . in ouer rescradeck & nether rescradeck di . feod . hundred de stratton . herbertus de pyn ten . in middeland . feod . idem ten . in bere . feod . in deuon . idem ten . in alwington in deuon . feod . idem ten . mar wonchurch . feod . idem ten . in pensenteinon , trethewy & westory . feod . comes gloc. ten . . magna feod . in kilkham land . ranulphus de albo monasterio tenet in stratton . feod . thomas de wamford ten . in efford . feod . henric. de killigreu ten . . feo . in orchard marries . iohannes de cobbeham in lancols . feod . quod abbas & conuentus de hartland tenent in pur . & perpet . elem . idem ten . in wiston & scrpeknol . feod . idem ten . in burgo paruo ponte knol . & sunondsham . feod . quod abbas & conu . praed . clam . tenere in pura & perpet . elem . idem ten . . part . . feod . in turlebere . idem ten . . feod . & . part . . feod . in hilton simul cum ferewil in deuon . rogerus de carmmon ten . feod . in hormecot & refcher . rex ten . . feod . in bostinne . idem ten . lamaylwen . feod quod oliuerus de crammon ten . idem ten . in nantoige . feod . di . feod . iohanna lengleis ten . feod . in wadfaste . guilielmus de campo arnulphi ten . . feod . in pennalim . idem ten . . feod . & . partes . feod . in wike . prior de lanceston ten . ¼ . feod . in borton . haluethus maliuery ten . di . feo . milit . in tamerton . omnia praedicta feod . sunt parua feod . praeter . feod . in kilkam lond . hundred de east . iohanna de rame ten . . fe . magnum de seniock . nicholaus danne ten . . partem feod . dict . feod . de mortimer in tregantle de modeton . idem nich. ten . . magnum feod . de abbate de tauistauk . idem nich. ten . . mag . feod . in trecan & trecurnel & churleton de praedict . abbate . idem wil. de bodbrand ten . . parua feo . de morteynne in penhangle de trematon . idem will. ten . . paru . feod . dict . feod . de morteynn in karkeil de trematon . rogerus de tredenick ten . in tredenick . part . . parui feod . prout ibid. rogerus de ferrar ten . . parua feod . dict . feod . de mortyn in penpol de tremerton . idem ten . . paru . feod . in haston de tremerton . idem ten . . paru . feod . in westuenton de tremerton . idem ten . di . paru . feod . dict . feod . de mortyn in thelebridge in la rode . idem ten . . part . vnius paru . feod . in croketon de tremerton . idem calistock . paru . feod . & est in manu regis . idem aqua de tamar di . feod . in manu reg . de honore de tremeton . idem rogerus de inkepenne ten . . paru . feo . mortynn in halton . galfrid . de erth. ten . di . paru . feod . ibid. idem galfrid . de groue ten . . part . vnius di . feod . paru . de mortyn ibid. idem nic. de merton ten . . paru . feod . mortyn in treualuare & in trekinward . will. de botriaux ten . di . paru . feod . de mortyn in penhele de rege . thomas lercedekne ten . . part . . feod . paru . in treuris de rege . baro de stafford ten . di . feod . paru . dict . feod . de mortyn de rege in kallilond . episcop . exon. ten . . mag . feod . gloce. de rege . ric. de trenaga tenet ibid. paru . feod . de willi. botriaux . regin . de beuil ten . ibid. paru . feod . in tredawil de wil. de botriaux . idem prior de minstre ten . . paru . feod . mort. in polifant . idem nic. danne ten . . part . . feod . paru . dict . feod . de mor. in legh . hundred de vv est . cardynan penlyn ten . pro duobus feod . paru . dict . feod . de morteyn in custodia regis . ric. de scriseaux ten . . paru . feod . de mort. in laurethon , kilgather & lansalwys . will. de bodrigan ten . paru . feod . in trethim bessant . manerium de liskerd est di . paru . feod . mort. & est in manu reg . tho , de cruptus ten . . paru . feod . in cruphs & caruaton . matheus de trethake ten . par . feod . mo. in trethake , lamlewarn , trelewarn & denant . mathilda de hewisch ten . di . part . feo . in meuely . ioh. de wellinton & reg. querquius ten . . part . . feod . in fawyton . hundred de trigger . rob. thomy ten . di . feod . in bliston dict . feod . mortyn . idem nico. de bindon ten . in penrosburdon di . feod . mort. rob. de cheyndut ten . in bodannan . part . . feo . mort. ioh. filius wil. te . in kinnarght . par . . feo . mor. idem ten . in tregradeck , . part . . feod . mor. henricus camel ten . in belionnus , . feod . mor. polroda . robert. de brunn ten . in delisonbol . feod . mort. matheus & agnes de trehauk ten . in trehome di . feod . mort. robertus giffard te . in lannomunnus di . fe . mor. robertus de helligan ten . ibi . . feo . dict . fe . mort. iohannes de tinten ten . in tynten & in trewinneck . feod . mort. ioh. de seneschal te . in helland , . part . . fe . mort. haeres de walesbren ten . in lamail wen . part . . feod . mort. ric. de rescarreck ten . in rescarretunus . part . fe . mort. dom. de lancarffe ten . ib. . part . . feo . di . fe . mort. dom. de portguin ten . ib. di . feod . mort. siluester de tregamuran ten in tregonen . feod . magnum . iohannes darundle ten . in treawset , & in trenbeith . feod . mort. episcop . exon. ten . in eglosel . feod . mag . ioh. tracy & hugo peuerel tenent in tremscord & hamatethy , . feod . mort. ricard . de scriseaux ten . in kilkoid . feod . & di . mort. iohannes de guillez ten . in trenderet . . feo . mor. barth . de cant. ten . ibid. di . feod . mort. ioh. fil . will. ten . in haumal di . feod . alanus blughon ten . in polrodon donnat . feo . mort. hundred de pider . iohannes de vinfrauil ten . ratione aliciae vxoris suae , . mag . feod . in laherne . ric. de hiuoisch ten . ibid. mag . feod . in s. idy . rosamunda de la forest ten . ibid. mag . feod . in treueald . bartholomeus de bercle tenet dimid . mag . feod . in trewoleck . iohannes de tregage tenet dimid . mag . feod . in trenurdre . episcop . exon. te . . part . mag . feod . in dinbegh . rad. de berthei ten . ibid. . paru . feod . henric. ties te . . part . mag . feod . in trewarnayl . item rex ten . . part . . mag . feod . in trewarnayl . ela de sanct . colano ten . ibid. di . paru . feo . mort. ric. de sanct . colano ten . ratione holdae vxo . eius ibid. di . paru . feod . mort. rob. thomy ten . in caruaton . part . . paru . feod . barth . de berckle te . in tremor di . paru . feo . ioh. darundle ten . di . paru . feod . in treloy . iohannes hamelyn te . di . paru . feod . in trekinnen . rad. darundle te . di . paru . feo . in trekinnen . regin . de botriaux ten . . part . paru . feod . in cutfordferle . hundred de powder . will . de campo arnulphi ten . in tiwardraith . feo . vnde prior ten . . acr . & di . ibi . idem will. ten . in bodrigan pennarth & cargois . feod . idem will. ten . in gouely . feod . idem will. ten . in prideas . feod . idem will. ten . in lishiestick feod . idem will. ten . in treuerlynwater di . feod . idem will. ten . in bodenda . part . . feod . idem will. ten . in treuerbindren . par . . feod . idem will. ten . in tronneck . part . . feod . idem will. ten . in tronalgerthan . part . . feod . episcop . exon. ten . in caniwerez . feod . idem episcop . ten . in trenel . feod . idem episcop . ten . in taluren . feod . idem ten in fentengullyn di . feod . idem ten . in tremnel di . feod . idem ten . in trelonck . di . feod . henr. de la pomeray ten . . part . . feo . in hellarna . ioh. de riparys ten . in mauntayn di . feod . idem ten . in trethak . feod . steph. de belloprato ten . in treuewith & trewithy di . feod . paru . serlo de lauladro ten . ibid. & in s. goriann & in paru . luntyan . feod . & di . paru . rad. de killigreu ten . ibid. . feod . paru . will. de bodrigan ten . in tremodret & in la roche . feod . paru . serlo de lauladro ten . in alet . part . , feod . will. stanley & comes de riuers ten . . feod . mili . mo : in elerky . haeres iocei dynnan ten . in eglosroset in trelewith . feod . will. baillisbury vaca . vxo . suae ten . in blanchelond . feod . henr. fil . maugi de killigreu ten . in trewyn . part . . feod . ric. de hiwisch ten . in trenasanstel di . feod . idem ten . in gloures . . feod . haeres iocei dynnan ten . in argallez . feod . paru . idem ten . in fountomon . part . . feod . paru . haeres thomae de prideas ten . in boswyghergy . part . . feod . paru . mat. de trethake ten . in tragameddon . feo . par . rex ten . aquam de fawe pro . feod . & . part . . feo . henricus de la pomerey ten . . feod . in tregony . hundred de kerier . walter . wailisbury & isolda vxor eius te . . feod . in rescronges dicta feod . mortan . iohannis de riparys te . in rosewike . feo . mort. episcop . exon. ten . di . mag . feod . in minstre . rogerus de carminon ten . . part . . feo . mort. extra . part . illius . in wynnenton , marthyn & tamerton . thomas durant ten . in penzenguans , . fe . mort. iohannes fil . will. ten . di . feod . in arworthel per cartam edwardi quondam com. cornub. dict . feod . mor. euidentiae extractae de rubro libro de scaccario , . cornub. robertus de cardinan . feod . milit . reginaldus de valle torta . de honore , de tremeton . thomas de middleton . de honore de midd. will. de botterill . milit . robertus fil . walteri . milit . de feod . ric. de lusti auunculi sui . robertus de peuerel . milit . de feod . eiusdem . ric. fil . ric. . feod , & . part . cum haere de willi. rupe . rad. bloyon . arehennaund . flandrensis . milit . robertus de tintagle . milit . henricus fil . will. . milit . wil. de albemarley . milit cumrelict . robert. de bikehat . radulphus de treat . . milit . ric. wallensis . milit . wil. de bosco roardi . milit . iohannes de monte acuto . henricus de pomeray . henricus de herys . pharanus warebras . milit . barth . fil . . milit . gilbertus anglicus . milit . symon pincerna . ric. filius iuonis . ric. buzon . . henricus fil . com. . huardus de bekelege . walterius de dunstan vil . . milit . hastul de sullinge . part . robertus de mandeuil . milit . alicia de valletorta . milit . seriantes . petrus fil . ogeri . in cabulion per vnam capam de gresenge in aduentum dict . regisin cornubiam . rogerus cithared . pro portanda illa capadum rex fuerit in cornubia , iohan. de pencoit vnam acram in lametyn prec . de . s. fac . ibid. custodiam per . dies . rog. de bodmel . acram prosequela in com. rob. espiakelin duas acras & furuum in lanceneton , vt eat in excercitum cum rege stipendiis ipsius regis . extenta acrarum cornub. facta coram salom. de ross. & sociis suis iustic . itinerant . apud launceston a die paschae in . septimanas anno reg. edw. . hundred de penwith . decunar . de tihidi . . redwory . acras . couerton . . treruffe . . dreyneck . . bennerton . . gurlyn . . loygans . . tenent de tregony . . penuerthy . . vthno . . prior mich. . treynwal . . luddeuan . . lanistly . acr. di . alwarton . . tresruss . . marehel . . tresundryn . . maen . . bree . . kelyneck . . warewil . . tredyne . . trewannard . kelision . . tredeny . . sum. . acr. hundred de kerier . talgollon . . pensignans . . kenel . di . arwothel . . restrongas . . penryn . . treros . . minster . . trewotheck . . trenaweth . . trelan . . rosewike . . lysard . . tredaneck . . tucays . . clehar . . carmynow . . wymanton . . trebrabo . . s. mawgan . . helston . . methele . . trenhale . . godolghan . al 's . epo . pengirsick . . rogearon . . wenna . . trelew . . al 's . . ac , exo presprinick . . trelybey . . luceas . al 's . . ac. ex. sum. . acr. & dimid . hundred de pider . deci. de naushike pro. . kalestek . . elineas . . dygimbris . . treloy . . trewenneck . . trewoleck . . bodwenek . . rialton parua . . trenowith . . s. isy . . lanheyl tinten . . methean . . trewarnayl . . carantock . . ryalton . . lanhernow . . pawton . . aldennow . . lantallen . . tremore . . banhedrck . . retergh . . trewynnian . . meyndy . . treworder bilcon . . meddes●hole . . s. peran . . eliquyn . . cargoule . . porthe . . carnaton . . tregennow . . tremblithe . . gluuian . . withiel . . ryalton magna . . cotford felle . . berthey . . cragantallen . . sum. . acr. hundred de powder . decuna de tregaire . . inde alloc . . ac. pro. do . deuon . blanchelond . . argallas . . trenoweth . . kestel & coran . . treworeck & trew . tremodreth . . treueruen & poldu . . eglosros . . crogith & caryheges . treuanion . . lanhaddron . . trelueck . . trelewith . . tewynton . . trogony pomeray . . tredack . . gouily . . pennarth . . trenyeck & golours . trethewy . . ( . di . boswiththe . . trenance priour . . killiuregh . . landegy . . tregamedon . . alet . . berthey brune . growith & trewithgy . treworeck . . ( . tybeft & penkeuel . . treueruyn . nantyan . . boderdek . brithion . . lanestek . . elerky . . werneckbosueleck . . cargoul . . tretherf . . pentewyn . . s. goron . . beranel . . trenananstle . . tregarreck . . maresk . pro reg . alloc . . bodrugan . . treualgarthyn . . lauada . . pridiaux . . tywascreth . . penfentimow . . kenewyn . . sum. . acr. & dimid . hundred de trigg . egloshayl . . di . penpout . . lannousun . . bendeuy . . namail . . hundr . de trig. . trelindret . . di . tinten . . trenesquit . . peterow . . boddannan . . deliodbol . . bliston . . canta . . di . broneyr . . rugog . . delioner . . polroda . . killigen . . portligwyn . . di . roscarreck bighan . . tregradeck . . lancarff . . pentir . . di . trewornar . . penrosburdon . . killigint . . tridiseck . . heligan . . reskarrekam . . linnoban . . bodymel . . trehaneck . . hellaund . tamitethy . . lanowseynt . . sum. . & dimid . hundred de lesnewith . hellesland . . treualga . . treuilla . cracampton . . dysard . . wolueston . . cydmonth . . powndstock . donneny . . treseward . . di . bochym . . boleny . . treglasta . . mokelound . . treuerueth . . wortheual . . lesnewith . . ebsett . . s. genys . . whalsborow . . otterham . . tremayl . . sum. . & dimid . hundred de stratton . decena de middeland . . launceles . . thurlebere . . weke . . wadfast . . wyldsworthy . . tamerton . . harnacot . . di . morton . . kilkampton & allerton . . stratton . . marwyn-church & extra . . di . loghe . . corg . . fanceston . . pennalym . . efford . . bere . . hilton . . forkeston & brendon . witston & s. petnel . . boyton & bradbridge . dimid . bryard . . sum. . acr. & dimid . hundred de east . penheal . . item ibid. . tredawel . . trelosk . . tauestok . . modeton . . cauilond . . launcelond . . polisaund . . trefrys . . lawytton . . haston . . landilp & leghe . . killaton . . treuaga . . trenymel . . penpol . . treuartha . . landreyn . . clemyslond . . halton . . newton . . trematon . . lanrake . . sheuiek . . tregilla . . penquite . . carnedon . . rame . . bennalua . . penhasgar . . thorleton . . cranydon . . buysworek . . s. germyn . . hamer . . sum. . hundred de vvest . cardinan . . breuigon . . treuellawan . . lanrethow . . estdraynez . . tremethert . . recradock . . lutcot . . pendryn . . killigath . . plenynt . . manely . . polscoth . . dimid . botylet . . killigoreck . . baurylen & hamiteth . . fowyton . . treueruyn . . west draynez . . laskerd . . crutour . . trelowya . . trenant . . s. wynow . . dimid . bocunek . . treuilias . . trethu . . s. wot . . perpol . . losnewith . . trethewy . . penquite . . boccalawar . . tallan . . trethek . . dimid . langonet . . rathwil . . dimid . brothok . . penfran . . colmettyn . . kelly & mighstow . . sum. . sum. tot . . dimid . acr. nomina baron , & militum ex rotulis de feodis militum ; vel de scutagio solutis regi richardo primo : in libro rubeo scaccarii . cornubia . walterus hay . m. per agn. vxorem suam . nicholaus filius galfridi . m. willi. boterell . . m. alanus blundus . m. geruasius filius willi. . m. willi. frater comitis . m. willi. filius ric. . m. rad. de rupe . m. willi. oliuer . . m. henricus de tredeleberg . . m. richardus filius iuo . dim . m. iohannes de soleigny . stephanus flandrensis . . m. alanus de dunstauill . . m. rogerus anglicus . . m. regium de valletorta . m. secundum quod lucas filius bernardi senescallus eius mandauit per litteras baron . de scaccar . in anno sexto regis richardi . robertus de cardin. . m. secundum quod senescallus eiusdem mandauit baron . eodem anno . r. . galfridus de lacell . qui habet med . feod . q. fuerunt richard. de lucy in hoc com. . m. sicut ric. filius willi. senescallus eius mandauit per breue , anno regni regis richardi octauo . cornubia . anno . henr. tertii . illustri viro , domino henrico , dei gratia , regi angliae , domino hiberniae , duci nor. aquitan . & com. andeg. vicecomes cornubiae , salutem , cum omni reuerentia & obsequio . ad mandatum vestrum , nomina illorum qui ten . quindecim libratas terrae vel plus , & tenent per seruitium militare , & milites non sunt , excellentiae vestrae praesentibus transmitto , videlicet . thomas de tracy , cuius terrae in cornubia valent . libras & plus . rogerus de mesy . . li. stephanus de bellocampo . . li. henr. filius henr. de la pombre . . li. robertus de carmeneu . . li. willi. filius roberti . . li. marc. le flamanc . . li. willi. wise. . li. iordanus de hacumb . . li. robertus de draenas . . li. philippus de valletorta . . li. richard. de grenuile . . li. henricus de dones . . li. nomina militum , & aliorum hominum ad arma , anno regni regis edw. filii regis edw. . johannes de treiagu vicecomes . nomina militum de com. cornubiae , tam infra libertates quam extra . willi . de botriaux . reginaldus de botriaux . rad. de albo monasterio . richard. de campo arnulphi . henricus de campo arnulphi . le petit. thomas lercedekne est in vascoma in sericium regis . iohannes de alneto . iohannes de tynten . willi. de ferrers . robertus bendyn . reginaldus de mohun . robertus filius willi. impotens miles coronator domini regis . iohannes de carmenou . otto de bodrugan peregrinatus est ad san. iacobum licentia domini regis . nomina hominum ad arma in com. cornubiae . iohannes de dynham . rad. de bloyen . willi. basset . oliuerus de carminou . henricus de peng . rogerus de reskymmer . iohannes de lambron . iohannes le scor. de taluran . richardus de cereseaux iunior . iohannes de pyn. rogerus pridyas . rad. de bello prato , peregrinatus est cum ottone de bodrugan , cum licentia regis prose & duobus valectis . isti praenominati habent . libr. terra & redditus per annum . alii multi armigeri desunt , nomina eorum dilacerata , non possunt legi in originali . edwardus dei gratia , rex angliae , dominus hiberniae , & dux aquit . vicecomiti cornub. salutem cum nuper tibi praeceperimus , quod omnes & singulos de balliua tua infra libertates & extra , tam illos qui viginti libratas terrae & redditus per annum habent , quam illos similiter qui plus habent , de quocunque teneant sine delatione rogares , & specialiter requireres ex parte nostra , fermiterque iniungentes eisdem , quod essent ad nos londini die dominica prox . post octauas sci. iohannis bapt. proximo futuras , cum equis & armis , videlicet , quilibet eorum prout decuerit statum suum , par ati transfretare cum corpore nostro , partes transmarinas , ad dei nostri & ipsorum honorem , vt speramus , & pro saluatione & communi vtilitate regni nostri , tibi praecipimus , firmiter iniungentes , quod mandato nostro praedicto diligenter & celeriter executo , nos de nominibus omnium illorum de balliua tua quos sit rogaueris ad dictam diem dominic . distincte & aperte , sub sigillo tuo certiores reddere non omittas : remittens nobis tunc hoc breue . teste meipso apud portesmouth , . die maii , anno regni nostri vicesimo quinto . nomina eorum qui habent viginti libratas terrae , seu redditus vel amplius , in com. cornubiae . dominus oliuerus de denham . dominus willi. de boteraus senior . dominus willi. de boteraus maior . dominus willi. de campo arnulphi . dominus thomas de kan . dominus stepha . de bello prato . dominus rogerus de carminou . dominus thomas de pridias . dominus hugo peuerell . dominus iohannes de lambron . dominus rad. bloyhon . dominus iohannes filius willi. dominus osbertus le sor. dominus robertus gifford . dominus richardus de huwyse . dominus reg. de beuille . dominus richardus de reskymer . dominus henricus de la pomerey . dominus petrus de fysac . dominus roulandus de quoykyn . dominus richardus de greneuyle . dominus walterus de cornubia . dominus reginaldus de botreaus . thomas le erchideakene . serlo de lansladeron . walterus de trem. steph. de trewythen . odo de la roche . willi. del estre . rad. filius oliueri de arundell . willi. de bret. mich. le petit. iohannes de kellerion . henricus de kymyell . iohannes de arundell . rogerus le flemming . richardus le ceariseus , iohannes de tynton . rad. de cheyndur . robertus le brun. stephanus de trewynt . robertus filius willi. thomas de waunford . rogerus cola. rogerus de meules . iohannes de kylgat . richardus de trenaga . philip. de san. wynnoko . iohannes de thurlebere . now to weaue on our former web . the ancient ma●●● of cornish building , was to plant their houses lowe , to lay the stones with morter of lyme and sand , to make the walles thick , their windowes arched and little , and their lights inwards to the court , to set hearths in the midst of the roome , for chimneyes , which vented the smoake at a louer in the toppe , to couer their planchings with earth , to frame the roomes not to exceede two stories , and the roofes to rise in length aboue proportion , and to bee packed thick with timber , seeking therethrough onely strength and warmenesse ; whereas now-adayes , they seat their dwellings high , build their walles thinne , lay them with earthen morter , raise them to three or foure stoaries , mould their lights large , and outward , and their roofes square and slight , coueting chiefly prospect and pleasure . as for glasse and plaister for priuate mens houses , they are of late yeeres introduction : the poore cotager contenteth himselfe with cob for his wals , and thatch for his couering : as for brick and lath walles , they can hardly brooke the cornish weather : and the vse thereof being put in triall by some , was found so vnprofitable , as it is not continued by any . it resteth , that after the cornish inhabitants reall priuate estate , i speake of their entercourse and traffike , and so step forth to their personal . this entercourse is obtayned by high wayes and bridges : for high wayes , the romanes did not extend theirs so farre : but those layd out of later times , are in the easterne part of cornwall , vneasy , by reason either of their mire or stones , besides many vp-hils and downe-hils . the westerne are better trauaileable , as lesse subiect to these discommodities : generally , the statute . eliz. for their amendement , is reasonably wel executed . bridges , the riuer tamer hath polston , gresham , horse , and new bridge . lyner , that at noddetor , seton , and loo , two bridges of the same name . foy riuer , reprin , lostwithiel , s. nighton , or niot , fala riuer , grampord , tregny . loo riuer helston . on the north coast , vpon camel , wade , dilland & helland . vpon deuon , trywartheuy , &c. for they are worth no curious enquiry . for maintenance of traffike by buying and selling , there are weekely markets kept : in the hundred of east , at saltash , launceston , and milbrook . in west h. at loo , and liskerd . in stratton h. at the towne of the same name . in lesnewith h. at bottreaux castle , and camelford . in powder h. at foy , lostwithiel , grampord , tregny , and truro . in trig h. at bodmin . in kerier hun. at helston , and perin . and in penwith hundred , at pensants , and at s. ies. of these , bodmyn and launceston are the greatest : this as placed in the broadest , that in the middle part of the countie . fayres there are many , some which here ensue . march at bodmyn , helston s. mishaels mount . april . at loo . . at s. columbs , s. probus . may . at launceston , perin . iune . at minhinet . at laūcestō , pelint , probus , colombs iuly , on s. margets day , at s. stephens , s. thomas transl . at camelford . on s. iames day , at golsinni , saltash . august . at s germaines . on s. laurence day , at s. laurence . on the assumption of our lady , at lalant . september , on s. mathews day , at liskerd , on s. bartholmews , at lostwithiel , on the natiuitie of our lady , at kellington , s. marie weeke , and marcasiow . october , on s. dionise day , at treuenna in tintagel . nouember , on s katherins day , at s. thomas . on s leonards day , at launceston and tregny . december , on s. nicholas day , at bodmyn . and because traffike cannot bee exercised without waights and measures , a word or two of them . touching wayghts , the statute . h. . which made a generall ordinance therein , did specially exempt those appertayning to the cunnage , in deuon and cornwall , viz. that they should be priuiledged to continue their former vsage . in measures the shire varieth , not only from others , but also in it selfe : for they haue a land measure , and a water-measure : the water-measure , of things sold at the ships side ( as salt aud peason ) by the inhabitants , is sixteene gallons the bushell ; by strangers , betweene . and . the land-measure differeth in diuers places , from . to . gallons the bushell , being least in the east parts , and increasing to the westwards , where they measure oates by the hogshead . the iustices of peace haue oftentimes indeuoured to reduce this variance to a certaintie of double winchester : but though they raysed the lower , they cannot abate the higher to this proportion : and yet from the want of this reformation , there ensue many inconueniences : for the farmer that hath the greatest bushell at the market , maketh a price for the lesser to follow with little , ( or at least ) no rateable deduction . besides , they sell at home to their neighbours , the rest of the weeke , by the smaller measure , as was payd in the market for the bigger . there are also some ingrossers , who buy wheat of the husbandman , after , gallons the bushell , and deliuer it to the transporting marchant , for the same summe , at . so doth their pearch exceed that of other countries , which amounteth vnto . foote . and it is likewise obserued by strangers , that the cornish miles are much longer then those about london , if at least the wearinesse of their bodies ( after so painefull a iourney ) blemish not the coniecture of their mindes . i can impute this generall enlargement of saleable things , to no cause sooner , then the cornish mans want of vent and money , who therethrough , to equall others in quality of price , is driuen to exceed them in quantitie of measure . touching the personall estate of the cornish inhabitants , to begin with their name in generall , i learne by master camden ( who , as the arch-antiquarie iustus lipsius testifieth of him , britanniae nebulas claro ingenij sole illustrauit ) that ptolomey calleth them damnonii , strabo , ostidamnii , and aretemidorus , cossini . touching their particular denominations ; where the saxons haue not intruded their newer vsances , they partake in some sort with their kinsmen the welsh : for as the welshmen catalogize ap rice , ap griffin , ap owen , ap tuder , ap lewellin , &c. vntill they end in the highest of the stock , whom their memorie can reach vnto : so the westerne cornish , by a like , but more cōpendious maner , intitle one another with his owne & his fathers christen name , and conclude with the place of his dwelling ; as iohn , the sonne of thomas , dwelling at pendaruis , is called iohn thomas pendaruis . rich. his yonger brother is named , richard thomas pendaruis , &c. through which meanes , diuers gent. and others haue changed their names , by remoouing their dwellings , as trengoue to nance , bomthon , to carclew , two brethren of the thomasses , the one to carnsew , the other to rescrowe , and many other . most of them begin with tre , pol , or pen , which signifie a towne , a top , and a head : whence grew the common by-word . by tre , pol , and pen , you shall know the cornishmen . neither doe they want some signification , as godolfin , alias godolghan , a white eagle : chiwarton , the greene castle on the hill : which gentlemen giue such armes ; reskimer , the great dogges race , who beareth a wolfe passant . carnsew , alias , carndew , a black rock : his house bokelly , which soundeth the lost goat : and a goate he beareth for his coate : carnimow , a little citie : cosowarth , the high groue , &c. and as the cornish names hold an affinity with the welsh , so is their language deduced frō the same source , and differeth onely in the dialect . but the cornish is more easie to bee pronounced , and not so vnpleasing in sound , with throat letters , as the welsh . a friend of mine , one master thomas williams , discoursed once with mee , that the cornish tongue was deriued from , or at least had some acquayntance with the greeke : and besides diuers reasons which hee produced to proue the same , hee vouched many wordes of one sence in both ; as for example : greeke . cornish . english. teino tedua draw mamma mamm mother episcopos escoppe bishop klyo klowo heere didaskein dathisky to teach kyon kye dogge kentron kentron spurre methyo methow drinke scaphe schapth boat ronchos ronchie snorting , &c. this language is stored with sufficient plenty to expresse the conceits of a good wit , both in prose and rime : yet cā they no more giue a cornish word for tye , then the greekes for ineptus , the french for stand , the english for emulus , or the irish for knaue . othes they haue not past two or three naturall , but are fayne to borow of the english : mary , this want is releeued with a flood of most bitter curses , and spitefull nick-names . they place the adiectiue after the substantiue , like the grecians and latines , as father ours , march guiddu , horse white , &c. in numbring they say , wonnen , deaw , tre , pidder , pimp , whey , zith , eath , naw , deag , ednack , dowthack , tarnack , puzwarthack , punthack , wheytack , zitack , itack , naunzack , eygganz , deaw eigganz , cans . , mille . , molla . durdatha why , is good morrow to you , ternestatha , good night , fatlughan a why : how do you : da durdalatha why : wel i thanke you . betha why lawanneck : be you mery . benetugana : farewell . a sister , they call whoore : a whoore , whorra : a priest , coggaz : a partridge , grigear : a mare , cazock . relauta : by my troth . warra fay : by my fayth . molla tuenda laaz , ten thousand mischiefs in thy guts . mille vengeance warnathy , a thousand vengeances take thee . pedu ioll , deuils head : pedu brauze , great head : pedu mowzack , stinking head : and so in infinitum . which termes , notwithstāding thogh they witnes their spite on the one side , yet retayne they as great a proofe of their deuotion on the other : for the lords prayer , the apostles creed , and the ten commaundements , haue beene vsed in cornish beyond all remembrance . but the principall loue and knowledge of this language , liued in doctor kennall the ciuilian , and with him lyeth buryed : for the english speach doth still encroche vpon it , and hath driuen the same into the vttermost skirts of the shire . most of the inhabitants can no word of cornish ; but very few are ignorant of the english : and yet some so affect their owne , as to a stranger they will not speake it : for if meeting them by chance , you inquire the way or any such matter , your answere shal be , meea nauidua cowzasawzneck , i can speake no saxonage . the english which they speake , is good and pure , as receyuing it from the best hands of their owne gentry , and the easterne marchants : but they disgrace it , in part , with a broad and rude accent , and eclipsing ( somewhat like the somersetshire men ) specially in pronouncing the names : as thomas they call , tummas & tubby : mathew , mathaw : nicholas , nichlaaz : reignald , reinol : dauid , daaui : mary , maari : frauncis , thwyting , is properly the cutting of little chippes from a stick . pilme , the dust which riseth : brusse , that which lyeth : which termes , as they expresse our meaning more directly , so they want but another spencer , to make them passable . the number of cornish inhabitants , though it cannot directly bee summed , may yet proportionably be gessed at by the musters taken of the able men ( hereafter set downe ) which wee will value at a third part of the whole , in ensuing bodins rate . but another question falleth sometimes into scanning , namely , whether cornwall haue heretofore beene better stored with people , then it is now . some holde the affirmatiue , and vouch to prooue it , the generall decay of inland townes , where whole streets , besides particular houses pay tribute to comdowne castle , as also the ruines yet resting in the wilde moores , which testifie a former inhabitance . others incline againe to the negatiue , alleadging the reasons heretofore touched , in the deare price of farmes or bargaines , by which mine assent is rather swayed : for i suppose that those waste grounds were inhabited and manured , when the saxons and danes continual inuasions draue them to abandon the sea coasts , saue in such townes , as were able to muster , vpon any sodaine occasion , a sufficient number for their owne defence . the residue retired into the heart of the land , where , vpon a longer warning , they might sooner assemble from all sides , to make head , and the enemie in so far a march and retrait , should aduenture a greater hazard to bee distressed by the way . which policy the french were driuen vnto , in edward the thirds time , vpon the englishmens frowncis : iames , iammez : walter , watty : robert , dobby : rafe , raw : clemence , clemmowe , &c. holding herein a contrary course of extension to the italians abridgement , who terme frauncis , cecco : dominick , beco : lawrence , renzo : as also to the turks , who name constantinople , stampoli : adrianople ; adrina : an olifant , fil : and the sicilians , who curtayle nicholas , to cola. besides these ; they haue taken vp certayne peculiar phrases , which require a speciall dictionarie for their interpretation : of which kinde are , t is not bezibd that is , fortuned to me : thou hast no road , ayme , he will neuer scrip escape it , he is nothing pridy handsome , as also boobish , lubberly , dule , comfort lidden by-word , shune , strange , shew threaten , skew , shunne , hoase . forbeare . to reproue one of lazines , they will say , doest thou make idle a coate ? that is , a coate for idlenes ? in coniecturing what number may effect a thing , they adde , or some : as two , or some : ten , or some : twentie , or some : idest , thereabouts . the other rude termes , wherewith deuon and cornish men are often twyted , may plead in their defence , not onely the prescription of antiquitie , but also the title of proprietie , and the benefit of significancy : for most of them take their source from the saxon , our naturall language , and continue in vse amongst the dutch : as nimme commeth of nimpt : vang , of fieng : the one importing a taking by ones selfe : the other by deliuery : both which we now cōfound . ich to ick , cund to cundigen , lading , to geladen : eruing goods , to erbnuss . so often roades , and the spaniards make vse of at this day , in their indies . touching the decayed inland townes , they are counteruayled with a surplusage of increase of those on the coast , and the desolate walles in the mores , haue begotten a seuen-fold race of cotages neere the sea side . and thus much of cornwall compared with it selfe : now , if you match it with other champion shires , methinks , i may gather the same to be better inhabited , within a like circuit of miles , because the plenty of hils & valleys , afford a larger quantity of groūd therunto . he that cannot conceiue this , may read polibius in his booke , where it is written , that for this reason , lacedemon , being but fourty eight furlongs in compasse , contayneth more dwellings then megalopolis , which extendeth vnto fiftie . my last proofe is grounded on this , that where the most part of the shire is seuered into inclosures , you cannot easily make choyce to stand in any one of them , aboue a quarter of a mile distance from some dwelling house . after the names , language , and number thus perused , the cornish peoples disposition & quality of mind and body , as well ancient as present , and then their degrees and recreations , succeed to be surueyed . the first inhabitants , or aborigenes , as the paynims held , resembled those whō our stories affirme brute to haue found here at his landing , huge of body , rough of liuing , & sauage of conditions , whome an old poet desciphered in certaine verses , which i receiued of my particular kind friend , and generally well-deseruing countreyman m-camden , now clarentieulx , which he since hath published . — titanibus illa , sed paucis famulosa domus , quibus vda ferarum terga dabant vestes , cruor haustus , pocula trunci : antralares , dumeta thoros , caenacula rupes , praeda cibos , raptus venerem , spectacula caedes , imperium vires , animos furor , impetus arma , mortem pugna , sepulchrarubus , monstrisque gemebat monticolis tellus , sed eorum plurima tractus , pars erat occidui , terror maiorque premebat , tefuror extremum zephiri cornubialimen . which sound thus in english. this was the titans haunt , but with no plenty did abound , whom beasts raw hides for clothing seru'd ; for drinke , the bleeding wound ; cups , hollow trees ; their lodging , dennes ; their beds , brakes ; parlour , rocks ; prey , for their food ; rauine , for lust ; their games , life-reauing knocks , their empire , force ; their courage , tage ; a headlong brunt , their armes ; combate , their death ; brambles , their graue . the earth groan'd at the harmes of these mount-harbour'd monsters : but the coast extending west , chiefe foyson had , and dire dismay , and sorest fury prest thee , cornwall , that with vtmost bound of zephire art possest . but afterwards , the cornishmen , through the conuersation offortaine marchants trading into their countrey for tyn , by the testimony of diodorus siculus , grew to a larger measure of ciuility , then others their fellow , but more remoted ilanders . frō which ciuility , in the fruitful age of canonizatiō , they stepped a degree farder to holines , & helped to stuffe the church kalender with diuers saints , either made or borne cornish . such was keby son to solomō prince of cor : such peran , who if my author the legend lyenot ) after that ( like another iohannes de temporibus ) he had liued two hundred yeres with perfect health , tooke his last rest in a cornish parish , which therethrough he endowed with his name . and such were dubslane , machecu , & manclunum , who ( i speake vpon math. of westm. credit ) forsooke ireland , thrust themselues to sea , in a boat made of three oxe skinnes and a halfe , with seuen daies victuall , and miraculously arriued in cornewall . of cornish men , whose industrie in learned knowledges hath recommended their fame to their posterity , these few as yet are onely come to my notice : iohn of cornwall , a student at rome , and other places in italy , wrote of the incarnation of christ , against peter lumbard , and dedicated the same to pope alexander the third , by whom he was highly fauoured . simon thurnay , after he had out-gone all the oxford schollers in prophane learning ( sayth the commendably paynefull antiquarie , and my kind friend , master hooker ) passed from thence to paris , and there so profited in the study of diuinitie , that he attayned the chiefest place amongst the profound sorbonists . but it was a windy knowledge that thus filled his sayles of glory , which grew at last so to tempest his wittes , as he held aristotle superiour to moses and christ , and yet but equall to himselfe . but this extreame surquedry , forfeyted his wittes , so as at last they could not serue him to know any letter in the booke , or to remember ought that he had done . in king henry the thirds time , liued michael of cornwall , admirable ( as those dayes gaue ) for his variety of latine rimes , who maintayned the reputation of his countrey , against henry de abrincis , the kings arch-poet , but somewhat angerly , as it seemeth by these verses against the said de abrincis : est tibi gamba capri , crus passeris , & latus apri , os leports , catuli nasus , dens & gena muli , frons vetule , tauri caput , & color vndique mauri his argumentis , quibus est argutia mentis , quod non a monstro differs , satis hic tibi monstro . walter of exon , a franciscane frier of carocus in cornwall , at the request of baldwin of exon ( de - ) formed the historie of guy of vvar wick . godfrey , surnamed of cornwall , was about that time a cunning schoole-man , and diuinitie reader in paris . vvilliam de grenefild , from the deanry of chichester stepped to the chauncellorship of england , and archbishoprick of york , vnder k. e. the first . in ed. the seconds daies , one geffrey of cornwall , is remembred for a writer . iohn treuisa , a cornishman , liued in r. the . raigne , & translated diuers books into english. king henry the fift not vnmindfull of the ciuiller arts amongst his martiall exployts , founded an vniuersitie at caen in normandie , & appointed michael tregury of cornwall , for his rare gifts in learning , to bee gouernour thereof . in henry the sixts time , iohn skewish compiled certaine abbridgements of chronicles , and the warres of troy. king henry the . promoted iohn arundel for his learning , to the sea of excester . neither is thomas triuet to bee forgotten , as a writer , though he haue grauē his memory in a fairer letter , by building the costly bridge at bridge-water , of which sometimes he was lord. within our remembrance cornwall hath bred or harboured diuines , graced with the degree of doctorship , moreman , tremayn , nichols , and rolls . bachelers , medhope , stowel , moore , denis . of preachers , the shire holdeth a number , plentifull in regard of other shires , though not competent to the full necessitie of their owne , all commendably labouring in their vocation , though not endowed with an equal ability to discharge the same . in the ciuil law there liued of late doctor kennals , & now doth doctor carew , one of the ancientest masters of the chauncerie ; in which calling , after his yonger yeres spent abroad to his benefit , he hath reposed himselfe . bachelers there are , carnsew , kete , & denis . barristers at the common law , chiuerton , tremayne , skawn , michel , moyle , courtnay , tub , treffry , sayer . these testifie the honesty of their cariage by the mediocrity of their estate : and ( if they will giue me leaue to report a iest ) doe verify an old gentlemans prophesie , who said that there stood a man at polston bridge ( the first entrance into cornwall , as you passe towards launceston , where the assizes are holden ) with a blacke bill in his hand , ready to knock downe all the great lawyers , that should offer to plant themselues in that countie . in earnest , whether it be occasioned through the coūtries pouerty , or by reason of the far distance thereof frō the supremer courts , or for that the multiplicity of petty ones neere at hand , appertaining to the duchy , stannary , and franchises , doe enable the attourneyes and such like of small reading , to serue the peoples turne , and so curtall the better studied counsellours profiting ; once certayne it is , that few men of law , haue either in our time , or in that of our forefathers , growne heere to any supereminent height of learning , liuely-hood or authoritie . of like fortune , but lesse number , are the phisiciōs ; by how much the fewer , by so much the greater witnesses of the soyles healthfulnes . the most professours of that science in this county , sauing only one . williams , can better vouch practise for their warrant , then warrant for their practise . amongst these , i reckon rawe clyes a black smith by his occupation , and furnished with no more learning , then is suteable to such a calling , who yet hath ministred phisike for many yeres , with so often successe & general applause , that not onely the home-bred multitude beleeneth mightily in him , but euē persons of the better calling , resort to him from remote parts of the realme , to make trial of his cūning , by the hazard of their liues ; & sundry , either vpon iust cause , or to cloke their folly , report that they haue reaped their errands end at his hands . but farre more commendable is m. atwel , sometimes parson of caluerly in deuon , & now of s. tue in cornwall . for besides other parts of learning , with which he hath bene seasoned , he is not vnseene in the theoricks of phisike , & can out of them readily and probably discourse , touching the nature and accidents of all diseases . besides , his iudgement in vrines commeth little behind the skilfullest in that profession . mary his practise is somewhat strange & varying from all others : for though now and then he vse blood-letting , and doe ordinarily minister manus christi , and such like cordials , of his owne compounding ( a poynt fitting well with my humour , as enabling nature , who best knoweth how to worke ) yet mostly for all diseases he prescribeth milk , and very often milk and apples , a course deepely subiect to the exception of the best esteemed practitioners ; and such notwithstanding , as whereby either the vertue of the medicine , or the fortune of the phisicion , or the credulitie of the patient , hath recouered sundry out of desperate and forlorne extremities . this his reputation is of many yeeres standing , and maintayneth it selfe vnimpayred . but the same soareth to an higher pitch , by the helpe of another wing , and that is , his liberalitie . on the poore he bestoweth his paines & charges gratis : of the rich he taketh moderately , but leaues the one halfe behind , in gift amongst the houshold , if he be called abroad to visit any : the rest together with the profits of his benefice ( rather charitably accepted , thē strictly exacted from his parishioners ) he powreth out with both hands in pios vsus , and will hardly suffer a penny to sleepe , but neuer to dwell with him . few townes there are in cornwall , or any other shire between that and london , which haue not in some large measure tasted of his bountie . none commeth in kindnes to see him , but departeth gratifyed with somewhat , if his modestie will accept it . briefely , his sound affection in religion , is so wayted on by honesty of life , and pleasantnesse of conuersation , that in fabritius his voluntary pouertie , he is an equall partner of his honour , and possesseth a large interest in the loue of his neighbours . my loue to vertue , and not any particular beholdingnes , hath expressed this my testimony . for persons imployed in state affaires , and therethrough stept to preferment , that i may not outstride late remembrance , sir richard edgecumb the elder , was comptroller of the houshold , and priuie counseller to king henry the seuenth , being sent by him also in diuers ambassades , in one of which to the duke of britaine he deceased . king henry the eight made like vse in this last kind , of iohn tregonwel , who graduated a doctor , and dubbed a knight , did his prince good seruice , and lest faire reuenewes to his posterity . sir thomas arundel , a yonger brother of lanhearn house , maried the sister to queene katherine howard , & in edward the . time was made a priuie counseller : but cleauing to the duke of somerset , he lost his head with him . sir henry killigrew , after ambassades and messages , and many other employments of peace and warre , in his princes seruice , to the good of his countrey , hath made choyce of a retyred estate , and reuerently regarded by all sorts , placeth his principall contentment in himselfe , which , to a life so well acted , can no way bee wanting . master george carew , in his younger yeeres gathered such fruit , as the vniuersitie , the innes of court , and forrayne trauell could yeeld him : vpon his returne , he was first called to the barre ; then supplyed the place of secretarie to the lord chauncellour hatton ; and after his decease , performed the like office to his two successours ; by speciall recommendation from her maiestie , who also gaue him the prothonotaryship of the chauncery , and in anno , . sent him ambassadour to the king of poland , and other nothern potentates , where , through vnexpected accidents , he vnderwent extraordinary perils , but god freed him from them , & he performed his duety in acceptable maner , and at this present the common wealth vseth his seruice , as a master of the chauncery . cornwall , no doubt , hath affoorded a far larger proportion of well deseruing and employed members , to the good of their prince and countrey , albeit they fall not within the compasse of my knowledge , & it is likely that the succeeding age wil much encrease the nūber , by meanes of her highnes bounty , who to that end hath established seed-plots of free schooles , with competent pentions out of her owne cofers , for the teachers at saltash , launceston , and perin , three market townes of the county . in descending to martiall men , arthur claimeth the first mention , a cornishman by birth , a king of britaine by succession , & the second of the three christian worthies by desert : whom ( if you so please ) that captayne of armes and venery , sir tristram , shall accompany . from them , i must make a great leap ( which conuinceth me an vnworthy associat of the antiquary colledge ) to sir iohn naphant , who ( if i mistake not ) was by country a cornish man , though by inhabitance a calisian , where h. . vsed his seruice in great trust ; and cardinal wolsey owned him for his first master . more assured i am , that sir iohn arundell of trerne , vpon a long fight at sea , took prisoner one duncane camel , a hardy scottish pirate , and presented him to k. h. the : for our chronicles report it . towards the end of that kings raigne , sir wil. godolphin also demeaned himselfe very valiantly in a charge which hee bare beyond the seas , as appeared by the skarres hee brought home , no lesse to the beautifying of his fame , then the disfiguring of his face : whose nephew , of the fame name & dignity , hath so inriched himselfe with sufficiency for matters of policy , by his long trauell , & for martial affaires , by his present valiant cariage in ireland , that it is better knowne , how far he outgoeth most others in both , then easily to be discerned for which he deserueth principall commendation himselfe . so did sir ric. greinuile the elder enterlace his home magistracy , with martiall employments abroad : whereof the k. testifyed his good liking by his liberality . which domestical example , encouraged his sonne roger the more hardily to hazard , & the more willingly to resigne his life , in the vnfortunate mary rose . a disposition & successe equally fatall to that house : for his sonne againe , the second sir ric. after his trauell and following the warres vnder the emperour maximilian , against the great turke , for which his name is recorded by sundry forrain writers , and his vndertaking to people virginia and ireland , made so glorious a conclusion in her maiesties ship the reuenge ( of which he had charge , as captaine , & of the whole fleet as vice-admirall ) that it seemed thereby , when he foūd none other to compare withall in his life , he striued through a vertuous enuy to exceed it in his death . a victorious losse for the realme ; and of which the spaniard may say with pirrhus , that many such conquests would beget his vtter ouerthrow . lastly , his son iohn took hold of euery martiall occasion that was ministred him , vntill , in seruice against her highnesse enemies , vnder the commaund of sir walter ralegh , the ocean became his bedde of honour . neither may i without wrong passe ouer captaine george wray in silence , who ( by a rare temperature of vertues ) breathed courage into his soldiers , purchased loue amongst his acquaintance , and bred dismay in his enemies . or captaine hender , the absolutest man of war for precise obseruing martiall rules which his dayes affoorded , besides his commendable sufficiencie of head and hand for inuention and execution . i will end with master william lower , late captaine of sir frauncis veres companie in netherland , who hath opened the war schoole vnto a great many cornish yong gentlemen , that vnder his conduct sought to conforme themselues to his patterne , euerie way accomplished with all the due parts of honour . for mechanical sciences the old veale of bodmyn might iustly expostulate with my silence , if i should not spare him a roome in this suruey , while hee so well deserues it . this man hath beene so beholden to mercuryes predominant strength in his natiuitle , that without a teacher hee is become very skilfull in welneere all maner of handy-crafts : a carpenter , a ioyner , a milwright , a free-mason , a clockmaker , a caruer , mettall founder , architect , & quid non ? yea a surgeon , phisicion , alchumist , &c. so as that which gorgias of leontium vaunted of the liberall sciences , he may professe of the mechanicall , viz. to be ignorant in none . the cornish minds thus qualified , are the better enabled to expresse the same by the strong , actiue , & healthfull constitution of their bodies ; touching each wherof a little in particular , though we shall haue a fitter generall occasion to discourse therof , where we handle their passetimes . for strength , one iohn bray ( well knowne to me as my tenant ) carried vpon his backe , at one time , by the space welneere of a butte length , sixe bushels of wheaten meale , reckoning fifteen gallons to the bushel , and the miller , a lubber of foure and twenty yeres age , vpon the whole . iohn romane , a short clownish grub , would beare the whole carkase of an oxe , and yet neuer tugged with him , like that so famous milo , when hee was a calfe . for actiuity , one kiltor , committed to launceston gayle for the last cornish commotion , lying there in the castle-greene vpon his back , threw a stone of some pounds wayght , ouer that towres top , which leadeth into the parke . for health , . & . yeres age , is ordinary in euery place , and in most persons , accompanied with an able vse of the body & his sences . one polzew , lately liuing , reached vnto . a kinsman of his , to . one beauchamp to . yea brawne the begger , a cornishman by wandring ( for i cannot say , by inhabitance ) though irish by birth , out-scoreth a hundred winters , by i wote not how many reuolutions . and in the parish where god hath seated my poore dwelling , i remember the decease of foure , within . weekes space , whose yeres added together , made vp the summe of . now to the degrees of their seuerall callings , wherein as i will poast ouer the dukes to another place , so for noblemen , i may deliuer in a word , that cornwall at this present enioyeth the residence of none at al. the occasion whereof groweth , partly , because their issue female haue caried away the inhabitance , together with the inheritance , to gentlemen of the easterne parts ; and partly , for that their issue male , little affecting so remote a corner , liked better to transplant their possessions neerer to the heart of the realme . elder times were not so barraine : for besides the lord tregoyes in wil. conquerours dayes , bottreaux castle vaunted his baron of that title ; both now descended to the earles of huntingdon : the last deceased of which , retayning the honour , departed with the land to my kinde friend master iohn hender , a gentleman for his good parts , employed by her maiestie amongst others , in the peace gouernment of the shire . the lord bonuile his house was at trelawne , alias , trelawney , lately purchased of her highnes , by sir ionathan trelawny , a knight well spoken , stayed in his cariage , and of thrifty prouidence . the lord bray dwelt at : the lord brooke , at kellington , where one of them hath his tombe : the lord marney at colquite : and the lord denham , at cardenham . boconnock also appertained to the earles of deuon , and was by frauncis earle of bedford , solde to sir william mohun , who deriued his pedigree from the ancient barons of that name , and is also issued from one of those earles of deuons sisters and heyres . this together with other fayre possessions , now resteth in sir reignald mohun his sonne , one that by his courteous , iust , and liberall course of life , maintayneth the reputation , and encreaseth the loue alwayes borne his ancestours . the most cornish gentlemen can better vaunt of their pedigree , then their liuelyhood : for that , they deriue from great antiquitie , ( and i make question , whether any shire in england , of but equall quantitie , can muster a like number of faire coate-armours ) whereas this declineth to the meane . one cause there is of both proceeding from the want of those supplies , which seruice , law and marchandise , afford the more inward inhabitants of the realme , as i haue else where touched : yet this rule is not so generall , but that it admitteth his exceptions : for there are diuers , whose patrimonies extend to a large proportion ; & for the residue , the cheapnes of their prouisions , and their casualties of tyn , and fines ( which . later ordinarily treble the certaine reuennue of their rents ) enable them with their few scores , to equall the expences of those easterne dwellers , who reckon by the hundreds : besides , they finde meanes by a suruey , to defray any extraordinarie charge of building , marriage , lawing , or such like . yet i cannot denie , but that some , in gaping for dead mens shooes , find their improuident couetous humour punished with going barefoot . this angle which so shutteth them in , hath wrought many interchangeable matches with eche others stock , and giuen beginning to the prouerbe , that all cornish gentlemen are cousins ; which endeth in an iniurious consequence , that the king hath there no cousins . they keepe liberall , but not costly builded or furnished houses , giue kind entertainement to strangers , make euen at the yeeres end with the profits of their liuing , are reuerenced and beloued of their neighbours , liue void of factions amongst themselues ( at leastwise such as breake out into anie daungerous excesse ) and delight not in brauerie of apparrell : yet the women would be verie loth to come behinde the fashion , in newfanglednes of the maner , if not in costlynes of the matter , which perhaps might ouer-empty their husbāds purses . they conuerse familiarly together , & often visit one another . a gentleman and his wife will ride to make mery with his next neighbour ; and after a day or twayne , those two couples goe to a third : in which progresse they encrease like snowballs , till through their burdensome waight they breake againe . and heere i thought requisite , to lay downe the names of such cornish gentlemen , as i find recorded to haue come in with the conquerour . gentlemen descended from those , who came in with the conquerour , and now residing in cornwall . arundell . basset . bluat , alias , bluet . beauchamp . bray . bellet . beuill . barret . courtenay . chaumont , alias , chamond . denis . greinuile . karrow , alias , carew . mowne , alias , mohun . malet . miners . pomeray . rouse . samtalbin , alias , semtabyn . saulay , alias , saule . if the variety of armes disclaime from any of these names , i will not stand vpon a stiffe iustification : and yet it is to bee noted , that diuers cornish gentlemen , borne yonger brothers , and aduanced by match , haue left their owne coats , & honoured those of their wiues with the first quarter of their shields . which error their posteritie likewise ensued , as also , that before these later petty differences grewe in vogue , the armes of one stocke were greatly diuersified in the younger braunches . i had also made a more paynful , then perfect collection of most of the cornish gentlemens names & armes : but because the publishing thereof might perhaps goe accompanied with diuers wrongs , to my much reuerenced friends the heralds , by thrusting my sickle into their haruest ; to a great many my countrymen , whom my want of information should be forced to passe ouer vnmentioned ; and to the truth it selfe , where my report ( relying vpon other mens credits ) might through their errour intitle me the publisher ( though not the author ) of falshood : i rather thought fit altogether to omit it , and to note onely , that of diuers gentlemen there haue bene in cornwall , either their names are worne out , or their liuings transferred by the females , into other families : as likewise , sundry of those there now inhabiting , are lately denized cornish , being generally drawne thither ( besides other more priuate respects ) through , eyther the desire of change , which the disease of discontent affecteth , or the loue of quiet in so remote a corner , or the supposall of commodities there arising , and accruing , or the warrantize from ouerlooking & bearing , where little difference in quality tendeth to an equality in estates . from gentility , we wil descend to ciuility , which is or should be in the townsmen . those in cornwall do no more by nature , then others elsewhere by choyce , conceiue themselues an estranged society from the vpland dwellers , and cary , i will not say a malice , but an emulation against them , as if one member in a body could cōtinue his wel-being without a be holdingnes to the rest . their chiefest trade consisteth in vttering their petty marchandises , & artificers labours at the weekly markets . very few among thē make vse of that oportunity , which the scite vpon the sea proffereth vnto many , for building of shipping , and traffiking in grosse : yet some of the easterne townes piddle that way , & some others giue themselues to fishing voyages , both which ( when need requireth ) furnish her maiesties nauy with good store of very seruiceable mariners . there are ( if they be not slaundered ) that hunt after a more easie then commendable profit , with little hazard , and ( i would i could not say ) with lesse conscience . anno . h. . an act of parliament was made for repayring , amongst others , the borough townes of launceston , liskerd , lostwithiel , bodmyn , truro , and helston in cornwall , but with what fruit to their good , i cannot relate . within late yeeres memorie , the sea-cost townes begin to proclaime their bettering in wealth , by costly encrease of buildings ; but those of the inland , for the most part , vouch their ruined houses , and abandoned streets , as too true an euidence , that they are admitted no partners in this amendment . if i mistake not the cause , i may with charitie inough wish them still the same fortune : for as is elsewhere touched , i conceyue their former large peopling , to haue bin an effect of the countries impouerishing , while the inuasion of forraine enemies draue the sea-coast inhabitants to seeke a more safe , then commodious aboade in those inland parts . strangers occasioned to trauaile through the shire , were wont , no lesse sharply thē truly , to inueigh against the bad drinke , course lodging , and slacke attendance which they found in those houses that went for innes : neither did their horses better entertainmēt , proue them any welcomer ghests then their masters : but in stead of remedy , they receyued in answere , that neither such an outcorner was frequented with many way farers , nor by hanging out signes , or forestalling at the townes end , like the italians , did they inuite any ; and to make great prouision vpon small hope of vtterance , were to incurre a skorne-worthy losse , seeing aspettare , & non venire ( saith the same italian ) is one of the tre cose da morire . touching the yeomanrie of cornwall , i can say little , worth the obseruing , for any difference from that of other shires , and therefore i will step downe the next staire to husbandmen . these in times not past the remembrance of some yetliuing , rubbed forth their estate in the poorest plight , their grounds lay all in common , or onely deuided by stitch-meale : little bread-corne their drinke , water , or at best , but whey : for the richest farmour in a parish brewed not aboue twyce a yeere , and then , god wotte what liquour : their meat , whitfull , as they call it , namely , milke , sowre milke , cheese , curds , butter , and such like as came from the cow and ewe , who were tyed by the one legge at pasture : their apparell , course in matter , ill shapen in maner : their legges and feet naked and bare , to which sundrie old folke had so accustomed their youth , that they could hardly abide to weare any shooes ; complayning how it kept them ouer hote . their horses shod onlie before , and for all furniture a pad & halter , on which the meaner countrie wenches of the westerne parts doe yet ride astride , as all other english folke vsed before r. the . wife brought in the side saddle fashion of straw . suteable hereunto was their dwelling , & to that their implements of houshold : walles of earth , low thatched roofes , few partitions , no planchings or glasse windows , and scarcely any chimnies , other then a hole in the wall to let out the smoke : their bed , straw and a blanket : as for sheets , so much linnen cloth had not yet stepped ouer the narrow channell , betweene them and brittaine . to conclude , a mazer and a panne or two , comprised all their substance : but now most of these fashions are vniuersally banished , and the cornish husbandman conformeth himselfe with a better supplied ciuilitie to the easterne patterne , which hath directed him a more thriuing forme of husbandrie ; and our halcion dayes of peace enabled him to applie the lesson : so as , his fine once ouercome , he can maintaine himselfe & his familie in a cōpetent decencie to their calling , and findeth monie to bestow weekely at the markets , for his prouisions of necessitie and pleasure : for his quarterlie rent serueth rather as a token of subiection to his land-lord , then any grieuous exaction on his tenement . one point of their former roughnesse , some of the westerne people doe yet still retaine , & therethrough in some measure , verifie that restimonie which mathew westm. giueth of them , together with the welsh , their auncient countrimen : namely , how fostering a fresh memorie of their expulsion long agoe by the english , they second the same with a bitter repining at their fellowship : and this the worst sort expresse , in combining against , and working them all the shrewd turnes which with hope of impunitie they can deuise : howbeit , it shooteth not to a like extremitie in all places and persons , but rather by little and little , weareth out vnto a more milde and conuersable fashion . amongst themselues they agree well , and companie louingly together : to their gentlemen they carrie a verie dutifull regard , as enured in their obeysance from their ancestors , and holding them as roytelets , because they know no greater . onelie it might be wished , that diuers amongst them had lesse spleene to attempt law-suits , for pettie supposed wrongs , or not so much subtiltie and stiffenesse to prosecute them : so should their purses be heauier , and their consciences lighter : a reporter must auerre no falshood , nor conceale any truth . we must also spare a roome in this suruey , to the poore , of whom few shires can shew more , or owne fewer then cornwall . ireland prescribeth to be the nurserie , which sendeth ouer yeerely , yea and dayly whole ship-loades of these crooked slips , and the dishabited townes afford them rooting : so vpon the matter , the whole county maketh a contribution , to pay those lords their rent . manie good statutes haue beene enacted for redresse of these abuses , and vpon the first publishing , heedfully and diligently put in practise : but after the nine dayes wonder expired , the law is forgotten , the care abandoned , and those vermine swarme againe in euerie corner : yet those peeuish charitable cannot be ignorant , that herethrough , to the high offence of god and good order , they maintaine idlenes , drunkennesse , theft , lecherie , blasphemie , atheisine , and in a word , all impietie : for a worse kind of people then these vagabonds , the realme is not pestered withal : what they cōsume in a day , wil suffice to releeue an honest poore parishioner for a week , of whose work you may also make some vse : their staruing is not to be feared , for they may be prouided for at home , if they list : no almes therefore should be cast away vpon them , to the robberie of the needy impotent ; but money least of all : for in giuing him saluour , you do him wrong , by changing his vocation , while you metamorphize him from a begger to a buyer . lacks he meat , drinke , or apparrell ? ( and nothing els he ought to be owner of ) he must procure them of the worst by free gift , and not make choice , for a iust price , of the best . well , though the rogue laugh you to scorne at night , the alewife hath reason the next day to pray for you . surely we finde by experience , that this so hainous an enormitie may be both easily and quickly reformed : for let the constables execute vpon the rogues that last most benificiall act of parliament , with due seueritie for one weeke , and the terror thereof will free the parish for a month : vse it a month , and you are acquited for the whole yere . if the constables persist in their remisnesse , let the iustices lay the penalty vpon them , and they will no longer hoodwinke themselues at their neighbours faults . let the neighbour be so pinched by the purse , but once or twise , and he willbecome a great deale the more sensible to season his charity with discretion for a long time after : vpon the first statute , there was a house of correction erected at bodmin , to the great charge , but little benefit of the countrey . which experience lessoneth them to illude this later , by appoynting certaine cotagers houses in euery parish to serue , nomine tenus , for that purpose . lazer-houses , the deuotion of certaine cornish gentlemens ancesters erected at minbinet by liskerd , s. thomas by launceston , and s. lawrence by bodmyn● of which , this last is well endowed & gouerned . concerning the other , i haue little to say , vnlesse i should eccho some of their complaints , that they are defrauded of their right . the much eating of fish , especially newly taken , and therein principally of the liuers , is reckoned a great breed of those contagious humours , which turne into leprosie : but whence soeuer the cause proceedeth , dayly euents minister often pittifull spectacles to the cornish mens eyes , of people visited with this affliction ; some being authours of their owne calamity by the forementioned diet , and some others succeeding therein to an haereditarius morbus of their ancestors : whom we will leaue to the poorest comfort in miserie , a helplesse pittie . but let me lead you from these impleasing matters , to refresh yourselues with taking view of the cornish mens recreations , which consist principally in feastes and pastimes . their feasts are cōmonly haruest dinners , church-ales , and the solemnizing of their parish churches dedication , which they terme their saints feast . the haruest dinners are held by euery wealthy man , or as wee terme it , euery good liuer , betweene michaelmas and candlemas , whereto he inuiteth his next neighbours and kinred , and though it beare onely the name of a dinner , yet the ghests take their supper also with them , and consume a great part of the night after in christmas rule : neither doth the good cheere wholly expire ( though it somewhat decrease ) but with the end of the weeke . for the church-ale , two young men of the parish are yerely chosen by their last foregoers , to be wardens , who deuiding the task , make collection among the parishioners , of whatsoeuer prouision it pleaseth them voluntarily to bestow . this they imploy in brewing , baking , & other acates , against whitsontide ; vpon which holydayes , the neighbours meet at the church house , and there merily feed on their owne victuals , contributing some petty portion to the stock , which by many small 's , groweth to a meetly greatnes : for there is entertayned a kinde of emulation betweene these wardens , who by his graciousnes in gathering , and good husbandry in expēding , can best aduance the churches profit . besides , the neighbour parishes , at those times louingly visit one another , and this way frankely spend their money together . the afternoones are consumed in such exercises , as olde and yong folke ( hauing leysure ) doe accustomably weare out the time withall . when the feast is ended , the wardens yeeld in their account to the parishioners , and such money as exceedeth the disbursments , is layd vp in store , to defray any extraordinary charges arising in the parish , or imposed on them for the good of the countrey , or the princes seruice . neither of which commonly gripe so much , but that somewhat stil remayneth to couer the purses bottome . the saints feast is kept vpon the dedication day , by euery housholder of the parish , within his owne dores , each entertayning such forrayne acquaintance , as will not fayle when their like turne commeth about , to requite him with the like kindnes . oflate times , many ministers haue by their ernest inuectiues , both condemned these saints feasts as superstitious , and suppressed the church-ales , as licencious : concerning which , let it breed none offence , for me to report a conference that i had not long since , with a neere friend , who ( as i conceiue ) looked heerinto with an indifferent and vnpreiudicating eye . i do reuerence ( sayd he ) the calling and iudgement of the ministers , especially when most of them concurre in one opinion , and that the matter controuersed , holdeth some affinity with their profession . howbeit , i doubt , least in their exclayming or declayming against church-ales and saints feasts , their ringleaders did onely regard the rinde , and not perce into the pith , and that the rest were chiefly swayed by their example : euen as the vulgar , rather stouped to the wayght of their authoritie , then became perswaded by the force of their reasons . and first touching church-ales , these be mine assertions , if not my proofes : of things induced by our forefathers , some were instituted to a good vse , and peruerted to a bad : againe , some were both naught in the inuention , and so continued in the practise . now that church-ales ought to bee sorted in the better ranke of these twaine , may be gathered from their causes and effects , which i thus ráffe vp together : entertaining of christian loue , conforming of mens behauiour to a ciuill conuersation , compounding of controuersies , appeasing of quarrels , raising a store , which might be conuerted , partly to good and godly vses , as releeuing all sorts of poore people , repairing of churches , building of bridges , amending of high wayes ; and partly , for the princes seruice , by defraying at an instant , such rates and taxes as the magistrate imposeth for the countries defence . briefly , they tende to an instructing of the minde by amiable conference , and an enabling of the body by commendable exercises . but i fearing lest my friend would runne himselfe out of breath , in this volubilitie of praising , stept athwart him with these obiections : that hee must pardon my dissenting from his opinion , touching the goodnesse of the institution : for taken at best , it could not bee martialled with the sacred matters , but rather with the ciuill , if not with the profane ; that the very title of ale was somewhat nasty , and the thing it selfe had beene corrupted with such a multitude of abuses , to wit , idlenes , drunkennesse , lasciuiousnes , vaine disports of minstrelsie , dauncing , and disorderly night-watchings , that the best curing was to cut it cleane away . as for his fore-remembred good causes and effects , i sawe not , but that if the peoples mindes were guided by the true leuell of christian charity & duetie , such necessary and profitable contributions might stil be continued gratis , & the coūtry eased of that charge to their purse and conscience , which ensueth this gourmādise . his reply was , that if this ordināce could not reach vnto that sanctity which dependeth on the first table , yet it succeeded the same in the next degree , as appertayning to the second . mine exception against the title , he mockingly matched with their scrupulous precisenes , who ( forsooth ) would not say christmas , nor michaelmas , as other folk did ; but christs tide , and michaels tide : who ( quoth he ) by like consequence must also bind themselues to say , toms tide , lams tide , and candles tide . but if the name of ale relish so ill , whereas the licour it selfe is the english mans ancientest and wholesomest drinke , and serueth many for meate and cloth too ; he was contented i should call it church beere , or church wine , or what else i listed : mary , for his part hee would loqui cum vulgo , though hee studied sentire cum sapientibus . where i affirmed , that the people might by other meanes be trayned with an equall largesse to semblable workes of charitie , hee suspected lest i did not enter into a through consideratiō of their nature and qualitie , which he had obserued to be this : that they would sooner depart with . pennyworth of ware , then sixepence in coyne , and this shilling they would willingly double , so they might share but some pittance thereof againe . now in such indifferent matters , to serue their humors , for working them to a good purpose , could breed no maner of scandall . as for the argument of abuse , which i so largely dilated , that should rather conclude a reformation of the fault , then an abrogation of the fact . for to prosecute your owne metaphore ( quoth hee ) surely i holde him for a sory surgeon , that cannot skill to salue a sore , but by taking away the lymme , and little better then the phisicion , who , to helpe the disease , will reaue the life of his patient from him . abuses , doubtlesse , great and many haue , by successe of time , crept hereinto , as into what other almost , diuine , or ciuill , doe they not ? and yet in these publike meetings , they are so presented to euery mans sight , as shame somewhat restrayneth the excesse , and they may much the sooner bee both espied and redressed . if you thinke i goe about to defend church-ales , with all their faults , you wrong your iudgement , & your iudgement wrongeth mee . i would rather ( as a burgesse of this ale-parliament ) enact certaine lawes , by which such assemblies should be gouerned : namely , that the drinke should neither be too strong in taste , nor too often tasted : that the ghests should be enterlarded , after the persian custome , by ages , yong and old , distinguished by degrees of the better and meaner : and seuered into sexes , the men from the women : that the meats should be sawced with pleasant , but honest talke : that their songs should be of their auncestours honourable actions : the principall time of the morning , i would haue hallowed to gods seruice : the after-noones applied to manlike actiuities : and yet i would not altogether barre sober and open dauncing , vntill it were first throughly banished from mariages , christmas reuels , and ( our countries patterne ) the court : all which should be concluded , with a reasonable and seasonable portion of the night : and so ( sayd hee ) will i conclude this part of my speach , with adding onely one word more for my better iustification : that in defending feasts , i maintayne neither paradox , nor a conceite in nubibus , but a matter practised amongst vs from our eldest auncestours , with profitable and well pleasing fruit , and not onely by our nation , but , both in former ages , by the best and strictest disciplined common wealth of the lacedemonians , who had their ordinary sissitia , and now in our dayes , as well by the reformed , as catholike switzers , who place therein a principall arcanum imperij . now touching the saints feasts , if you taynt them with suspect of superstition , because they are held vpon those saints daies , by whose names the parish churches are stiled , i will ward that blow with the shield of arch-saint austines authoritie , who in his . booke of gods citie , and . chap. in the like case , iustifieth a lesse allowable practise of the primitiue christians . summa , he closed his discourse with this protestation , that hee appealed not from , but to the honorably respected censure of the reuerend ministery , desiring his speach might receiue , not the allowance of a position , but the licence of a proposition : which my friends modest submission , i could not but embrace my selfe , and recommend it ouer to your fauourable acceptation . my last note touching these feasts , tendeth to a commendation of the ghests , who ( though rude in their other fashions ) may for their discreete iudgement in precedence , and preseance , read a lesson to our ciuilest gentry . amongst them , at such publike meetings , not wealth but age is most regarded : so as ( saue in a verie notorious disproportion of estates ) the younger rich reckoneth it a shame sooner then a grace , to step or sit before the elder honest , and rather expecteth his turne for the best roome , by succession , then intrudeth thereto by anticipation . pastimes to delight the minde , the cornish men haue guary miracles , and three mens songs : and for exercise of the body , hunting , hawking , shooting , wrastling , hurling , and such other games . the guary miracle , in english , a miracle-play , is a kinde of enterlude , compiled in cornish out of some scripture history , with that grossenes , which accompanied the romanes vetus comedia . for representing it , they raise an earthen amphitheatre , in some open field , hauing the diameter of his enclosed playne some . or . foot . the country people flock from all sides , many miles off , to heare & see it : for they haue therein , deuils and deuices , to delight as well the eye as the eare : the players conne not their parts without booke , but are prompted by one called the ordinary , who followeth at their back with the booke in his hand , and telleth them softly what they must pronounce aloud . which maner once gaue occasion to a pleasant conceyted gentleman , of practising a mery pranke : for he vndertaking ( perhaps of set purpose ) an actors roome , was accordingly lessoned ( before-hand ) by the ordinary , that he must say after him . his turne came : quoth the ordinarie , goe forth man and shew thy selfe . the gentleman steps out vpon the stage , and like a bad clarke in scripture matters , cleauing more to the letter then the sense , pronounced those words aloud . oh ( sayes the fellowe softly in his eare ) you marre all the play . and with this his passion , the actor makes the audience in like sort acquainted . hereon the promptor falles to flat rayling & cursing in the bitterest termes he could deuise : which the gentleman with a set gesture and countenance still soberly related , vntill the ordinary driuen at last into a madde rage , was faine to giue ouer all . which trousse though it brake off the enterlude , yet defrauded not the beholders , but dismissed them with a great deale more sport and laughter , then . such guaries could haue affoorded . they haue also cornish three mens songs , cunningly contriued for the ditty , and pleasantly for the note . amongst bodily pastimes , shooting carrieth the preeminence ; to which in mine yonger yeeres i caried such affection , as i induced archery , perswading others to the like liking , by this ensuing prosopopeia : my deare friends , i come to complaine vpon you , but to your selues : to blame you , but for your good : to expostulate with you , but in the way of reconciliation . alas , what my desert can iustify your abandoning my fellowship , & hanging me thus vp , to be smoke-starued ouer your chimnies ? i am no stranger vnto you , but by birth , your countrywoman : by dwelling your neighbour : by education , your familiar : neither is my company shamefull ; for i haunt the light and open fieldes : nor my conuersation dangerous : nay , it shields you from dangers , and those not the least , but of greatest consequence , the dangers of warre . and as in fight i giue you protection , so in peace i supplie you pastime ; and both in warre and peace , to your lymmes i yeelde actiue plyantnesse , and to your bodyes healthfull exercise : yea i prouide you food when you are hungrie , and helpe digestion when you are full . whence then proceedeth this vnkinde and vnusuall strangenesse ? am i heauy for burthen ? forsooth , a fewe light stickes of wood . am i combrous for carriage ? i couch a part of my selfe close vnder your girdle , and the other part serueth for a walking-staffe in your hand . am i vnhandsome in your sight ? euery piece of mee is comely , and the whole keepeth an harmonicall proportion . lastly , am i costly to bee prouided ? or hard to bee maintayned ? no , cheapnesse is my purueyour , easinesse my preseruer , neither doe i make you blow away your charges with my breath , or taynt your nose with my sent , nor defile your face and fingers with my colour , like that hell-borne murderer , whome you accept before me . i appeale then to your valiant princes , edwards , and henries , to the battayles of cresey , poyters , agincourt , and floddon , to the regions of scotland , fraunce , spaine , italy , cyprus , yea and iury , to be vmpires of this controuersie : all which ( i doubt not ) will with their euidence playnely prooue , that when mine aduerse party was yet scarcely borne , or lay in her swathling clouts , through mee onely your auncestours defended their countrey , vanquished their enemies , succoured their friends , enlarged their dominions , aduaunced their religion , and made their names fearefull to the present age , and their fame euerlasting to those that ensue . wherefore , my deare friends , seeing i haue so substantially euicted the right of my cause , conforme your wils to reason , conforme your reason by practise , and conuert your practise to the good of your selues and your country . if i be praise-worthy , esteeme me : if necessary , admit me : if profitable , employ me : so shall you reuoke my death to life , and shew your selues no degenerate issue of such honourable progenitours . and thus much for archery , whose tale if it bee disordered , you must beare withall , for shee is a woman , & her minde is passionate . and to giue you some taste of the cornish mens former sufficiency that way : for long shooting , their shaft was a cloth yard , their pricks . score : for strength , they would pierce any ordinary armour : and one master robert arundell ( whom i well knew ) could shoot . score , with his right hand , with his left , and from behinde his head . lastly , for neere and well aimed shooting , buts made them perfect in the one , and rouing in the other : for prickes , the first corrupter of archery , through too much precisenesse , were then scarcely knowne , and little practised . and in particular , i haue heard by credible report of those , who professed and protested themselues to haue bene eye-witnesses , that one robert bone of antony shot at a little bird , sitting vpon his cowes back , and killed it , the bird ( i meane ) not the cowe ; which was either very cunning in the performance , or very foolish in the attempt . the first of these somewhat resembled one menelaus , mentioned by zosimus , lib. . who nocking three arrowes , & shooting them all at once , would strike three seuerall persons , and might haue deserued a double stipend in the graund signiors gard , where the one halfe of his archers are left-handed , that they may not turne their taile to their sultan while they draw . the other may in some sort compare with that auo , reported by saxo gramaticus , for so good a mark-man , as with one arrow he claue the string of his aduersaries bowe , the second he fixed betweene his fingers , and with the third strooke his shaft which he was nocking : or with that exploit of the fathers , piercing an apple on his sonnes head , attributed by the same saxo , to one toko a dane ; and by the switzers histories , to guillaum tell , the chiefe occasioner , and part-author of their libertie . hurling taketh his denomination from throwing of the ball , and is of two sorts , in the east parts of cornwall , to goales , and in the west , to the countrey . for hurling to goales , there are . . or . players more or lesse , chosen out on each side , who strip themselues into their slightest apparell , and then ioyne hands in ranke one against another . out of these ranks , they match themselues by payres , one embracing another , & so passe away : euery of which couple , are specially to watch one another during the play . after this , they pitch two bushes in the ground , some eight or ten foote asunder ; and directly against them , ten or twelue score off , other twayne in like distance , which they terme their goales . one of these is appoynted by lots , to the one side , and the other to his aduerse party . there is assigned for their gard , a couple of their best stopping hurlers : the residue draw into the midst betweene both goales , where some indifferent person throweth vp a ball , the which whosoeuer can catch , and cary through his aduersaries goale , hath wonne the game . but therein consisteth one of hercules his labours : for hee that is once possessed of the ball , hath his contrary mate waiting at inches , and assaying to lay hold vpon him . the other thrusteth him in the brest , with his closed fist , to keepe him off ; which they call butting , and place in weldoing the same , no small poynt of manhood . if hee escape the first , another taketh him in hand , and so a third , neyther is hee left , vntill hauing met ( as the frenchman sayes ) chausseura son pied , hee eyther touch the ground with some part of his bodie , in wrastling , or cry , hold ; which is the word of yeelding . then must he cast the ball ( named dealing ) to some one of his fellowes , who catching the same in his hand , maketh away withall as before ; and if his hap or agility bee so good , as to shake off or outrunne his counterwayters , at the goale , hee findeth one or two fresh men , readie to receiue and keepe him off . it is therefore a very disaduantageable match , or extraordinary accident , that leeseth many goales : howbeit , that side carryeth away best reputation , which giueth most falles in the hurling , keepeth the ball longest , and presseth his contrary-neerest to their owne goale . sometimes one chosen person on eche party dealeth the ball . the hurlers are bound to the obseruation of many lawes , as , that they must hurle man to man , and not two set vpon one man at once : that the hurler against the ball , must not but , nor hand-fast vnder girdle : that hee who hath the ball , must but onely in the others brest : that he must deale no fore-ball , viz. he may not throw it to any of his mates , standing neerer the goale , then himselfe . lastly , in dealing the ball , if any of the other part can catch it flying between , or e're the other haue it fast , he thereby winneth the same to his side , which straightway of defendant becōmeth assailant , as the other , of assailant falls to be defendant . the least breach of these lawes , the hurlers take for a iust cause of going together by the eares , but with their fists onely ; neither doth any among them seek reuēge for such wrongs or hurts , but at the like play againe . these hurling matches are mostly vsed at weddings , where commonly the ghests vndertake to encounter all commers . the hurling to the countrey , is more diffuse and confuse , as bound to few of these orders : some two or more gentlemen doe commonly make this match , appointing that on such a holyday , they will bring to such an indifferent place , two , three , or more parishes of the east or south quarter , to hurle against so many other , of the west or north. their goales are either those gentlemens houses , or some townes or villages , three or foure miles asunder , of which either side maketh choice after the neernesse to their dwellings . when they meet , there is neyther comparing of numbers , nor matching of men ; but a siluer ball is cast vp , and that company , which can catch , and cary it by force , or sleight , to their place assigned , gaineth the ball and victory . whosoeuer getteth seizure of this ball , findeth himselfe generally pursued by the aduerse party ; neither will they leaue , till ( without all respects ) he be layd flat on gods deare earth : which fall once receiued , disableth him from any longer detayning the ball : hee therefore throweth the same ( with like hazard of intercepting , as in the other hurling ) to some one of his fellowes , fardest before him , who maketh away withall in like maner . such as see where the ball is played , giue notice thereof to their mates , crying , ware east , ware west , &c. as the same is carried . the hurlers take their next way ouer hilles , dales , hedges , ditches ; yea , and thorow bushes , briers , mires , plashes and riuers whatsoeuer ; so as you shall sometimes see . or . lie tugging together in the water , scrābling and scratching for the ball . a play ( verily ) both rude & rough , and yet such , as is not destitute of policies , in some sort resembling the feats of warre : for you shall haue companies layd out before , on the one side , to encounter them that come with the ball , and of the other party to succor them , in maner of a fore-ward . againe , other troups lye houering on the sides , like wings , to helpe or stop their escape : and where the ball it selfe goeth , it resembleth the ioyning of the two mayne battels : the slowest footed who come lagge , supply the showe of a rere-ward : yea , there are horsemen placed also on either party ( as it were in ambush ) and ready to ride away with the ball , if they can catch it at aduantage . but they may not so steale the palme : for gallop any one of them neuer so fast , yet he shall be surely met at some hedge corner , crosse-lane , bridge , or deepe water , which ( by casting the countrie ) they know he must needs touch at : and if his good fortune gard him not the better , hee is like to pay the price of his theft , with his owne and his horses ouerthrowe to the ground . sometimes , the whole company runneth with the ball , seuen or eight miles out of the direct way , which they should keepe . sometimes a foote-man getting it by stealth , the better to scape vnespied , will carry the same quite backwards , and so , at last , get to the goale by a windlace : which once knowne to be wonne , all that side flocke thither with great iolity : and if the same bee a gentlemans house , they giue him the ball for a trophee , and the drinking out of his beere to boote . the ball in this play may bee compared to an infernall spirit : for whosoeuer catcheth it , fareth straightwayes like a madde man , strugling and fighting with those that goe about to holde him : and no sooner is the ball gone from , but hee resigneth this fury to the next receyuer , and himselfe becommeth peaceable as before . i cannot well resolue , whether i should more commend this game , for the manhood and exercise , or condemne it for the boysterousnes and harmes which it begetteth : for as on the one side it makes their bodies strong , hard , and nimble , and puts a courage into their hearts , to meete an enemie in the face : so on the other part , it is accompanied with many dangers , some of which doe euer fall to the players share . for proofe whereof , when the hurling is ended , you shall see them retyring home , as from a pitched battaile , with bloody pates , bones broken , and out of ioynt , and such bruses as serue to shortē their daies ; yet al is good play , & neuer attourney nor crowner troubled for the matter . wrastling is as full of manlinesse ; more delightfull , and lesse dangerous : which pastime , either the cornish men deriued frō corineus , their first pretended founder , or ( at least ) it ministred some stuffe to the farcing of that fable . but to let that passe , their cōtinual exercise in this play , hath bred thē so skilfull an habit , as they presume , that neither the ancient greek palestritae , nor the turks so much delighted pelrianders , nor their , once countrymen , and stil neighbours , the bretons , can bereau them of this laurell : and matchlesse , certes , should they be , if their cunning were answerable to their practise : for you shall hardly find an assembly of boyes , in deuon or cornwall , where the most vntowardly amongst them , will not as readily giue you a muster of this exercise , as you are prone to require it . for performing this play , the beholders cast themselues in a ring , which they call , making a place : into the empty middle space whereof , the two champiō wrastlers step forth , stripped into their dublets and hosen , and vntrussed , that they may so the better commaund the vse of their lymmes , and first shaking hands in token of friendship , they fall presently to the effects of anger : for each striueth how to take hold of other , with his best aduantage , and to beare his aduerse party downe : wherein , whosoeuer ouerthroweth his mate in such sort , as that either his backe , or the one shoulder , and contrary heele do touch the ground , is accounted to giue the fall . if he be endangered , and make a narrow escape , it is called a foyle . this hath also his lawes , of taking hold onely aboue girdle , wearing a girdle to take hold by , playing three pulles , for tryall of the mastery , the fall-giuer to be exempted from playing againe with the taker , and bound to answere his successour , &c. many sleights and tricks appertaine hereunto , in which , a skilfull weake man wil soone get the ouerhand of one that is strong and ignorant . such are the trip , fore-trip , inturne , the faulx , forward and backward , the mare , and diuers other like . amongst cornish wrastlers , now liuing , my friend iohn goit may iustly challenge the first place , not by prerogatiue of his seruice in her maiesties gard ; but through hauing answered all challenges in that pastime without blemish . neither is his commendation bounded within these limits , but his cleane made body and actiue strength , extend ( with great agility ) to whatsoeuer other exercise , of the arme or legge : besides his abilitie ( vpon often tryall ) to take charge at sea , eyther as master , or captayne . all which good parts hee graceth with a good fellowlike , kinde , and respectfull carriage . siluer prizes for this and other actiuities , were wont to be carried about by certaine circumferanei , or set vp for bidales : but time or their abuse hath now worne them out of date and vse . the last poynt of this first booke , is to plot downe the cornish gouernment , which offreth a double consideration : the one , as an entire state of it selfe ; the other , as a part of the realme : both which shal be seuerally handled . cornwall , as an entire state , hath at diuerstimes enioyed sundry titles , of a kingdome , principality , duchy , and earledome , as may appeare by these few notes , with which i haue stored my selfe out of our chronicles . if there was a brute king of brittaine , by the same authority it is to bee proued , that there was likewise a corineus duke of cornwall , whose daughter gwendolene , brutes eldest sonne locrine tooke to wife , and by her had issue madan , that succeeded his father in the kingdome . next him , i finde henninus duke , who maried gonorille , one of king leirs daughters and heires , and on her begat morgan : but whiles he attempted with his other brother in law , to wrest the kingdome from their wiues father , by force of armes , before the course of nature should cast the same vpon them , cordeilla , the third disherited sister , brought an armie out of fraunce to the olde mans succour , and in a pitched battell bereft henninus of his life . clotenus king of cornwall , begat a sonne named mulmutius dunwallo , who , when this iland had beene long distressed with the ciuil warres of petty kings , reduced the same againe into one peaceable monarchy . belinus , brother to that great terror of the romanes , brennus , had for his appaunage ( as the french terme it ) loegria , wales , and cornwall . cassibelane , succeeding his brother lud in the kingdome , gaue to his sonne tennancius , the duchy of cornwall . after this iland became a parcell of iulius caesars conquests , the same rested it self , or was rather vexed a long time , vnder the gouernment of such rulers , as the romanes sent hither . but the bretons turning , at last , their long patience into a sudden fury , rose in armes , slewe alectus , the emperour dioclesians deputy , and inuested their leader asclepiodotus duke of cornwall , with the possession of the kingdome . conan meridock , nephew to octauius , whome the emperour constantine appoynted gouernour of this iland , was duke of cornwall . at the sinode of arles in fraunce , there was present one corinius , sonne to salomon duke of cornwall . after the abouenamed octauius his decease , maximianus , a romane , who maried his daughter , succeeded him also in gouernment : betweene whome , and the foreremembred conan , grew great warres ; which concluding at last in a peace , maxim. passed with an armie into fraunce , conquered there armorica ( naming it little brittaine ) and gaue the same in fee to conan ; who being once peaceably setled , wrote ouer vnto dionethus , or dionotus duke or king of cornwall , ( as mathew of west , termeth him ) to send him some maidens , whom he might couple in mariage with his people ; whereon s. vrsula & her companions the . virgins , were shipped , & miscaried , as their welknown history reporteth . nicholas gille , a french writer , deliuereth ( vpon the credit of our british historians ) that about this time , meroueus , a paynim king of fraunce , caused his owne sonne to be throwne into the fire and burned , for that he had slayne the king of cornwall , as he returned from a feast . hee also maketh mention of one moigne , brother to aurelius and vter-pendragon , duke of cornwall , & gouerner of the realme , vnder the emperour honorius . caredoc duke of cornwall , was employed ( sayth d. kay ) by octauius , about founding the vniuerfitie of cambridge . and vpon igerna wife to gorlois , duke of cornwall , vter begat the worthy arthur , and a daughter called amy. this arthur discomfited in fight , one childerick , a king of the saxons , and afterwards , vpon certaine couenants , suffred him quietly to depart the realme . but childerick violating the word of a king , bound with the solemnity of an othe , inuaded estsoones the westerne coasts , harrowing the country as he passed , vntil cador , earle of cornwall , became gods minister , to take vengeance of his periury , by reauing off his life . that marke swayed the cornish septer , you cannot make question , vnlesse you will , withall , shake the irrefragable authoritie of the round tables romants . blederic duke of cornwall , associated with other welsh kings , darrayned a battell against ethelferd , king of the northumbers , & by the valiant forgoing of his life , got his partners the victory . iuor , sonne to alane king of little brittaine , first wan from the saxons , cornwall , deuon , and somerset shires , by force of armes , and then , taking to wife ethelburg , cousin to kentwin , king of westsex , enioyed the same by composition . roderit , king of the bretons in wales and cornwall , ( vnder whom , bletius was prince of this last , and of deuon ) valiantly repulsed adelred , king of westsex , what time he assayled him in cornwall : yet in the end , being ouer-matched in number , and tired with continuall onsets , he was driuen to quit the same , and retire himselfe into wales . polidor virgill maketh mention of one reginaldus comes britannorum , in the time of king etheldred . dungarth king of corn , by mischance was drowned , alpsius is recorded ( about this time ) for duke of deuon and cornwall . orgerius duke of cornwall , had a daughter named alfride , the fame of whose beauty , caused king edgar to send earle athelwold , for obtaining her at her fathers hands in mariage . but the earle with the first sight of this faire lady , was so besotted in her loue , that preferring the accomplishment of his lust , before the duety of his alleageance , he returnes answer to the king , how the common report far exceeded her priuate worth , which came much short of meriting a partnership in so great a princes bed : and ( not long after ) begged and obtayned the kings good wlll , to wed her himselfe . but so braue a lustre could not lye long concealed , without shining foorth into edgars knowledge , who finding the truth of his ambassadours falshood , tooke athelwold at an aduauntage , slewe him , and maried her , beeing a widdowe , whome hee had wooed a mayde . hitherunto , these titles of honour carry a kinde of confusednes , and rather betokened a successiue office , then an established dignity . the following ages receiued a more distinct forme , and left vs a certeyner notice . what time william the bastard subdued this realme , one condor possessed the earledome of cornwall , and did homage for the same : he had issue another condor , whose daughter and heire agnes , was maried to reignald earle of bristowe , base sonne to king henry the first . this note i borowed out of an industrious collection , which setteth downe all the noble mens creations , armes , and principall descents , in euery kings dayes since the conquest : but master camden , our clarentieulx , nameth him cadoc , and saith farther , that robert morton , brother to william conquerour , by his mother herlot , was the first earle of norman blood , and that his sonne william succeeded him ; who taking part with duke robert , against henry the first , thereby got captiuity , and lost his honour , with which that king inuested the forementioned reignald . in this variance , it is great reason , that the ballance panche on his side , who hath both authority to establish his assertion , and a rarely approued knowledge , to warrant his authoritie . hee dying issuelesse , richard the first gaue this earledome to his brother iohn . iohns sonne , henry the third , honoured therewith his brother richard king of the romanes , a prince no lesse plentifully flowing in wealth , then his brother was often driuen to extreame shifts , through needinesse : which made that barbarous age to poetrize , nummus ait pro me , nubit cornubia rome , money sayd , that for her sake , rome did cornwall to wife take . he had issue , henry earle of cornwall , who deceased issuelesse : and edmond , whose daughter and heire isabell ( sayth mine authour ) was married to moriee fitsharding lord barckleigh : but others affirme , that this edmond dyed without issue . edward the second , degenerating in his choyce , created his mynion , peter gaueston , a gascoyne , earle of this county , whose posterity ended in himselfe , and himself by a violent death . the last title of this earldome , expired in iohn of eltham , yonger sonne to that king edward . after which , king edward the third , by act of parliament in the . yeere of his raigne , erected the same to a duchy , the first in england , and graced it with his sonne , the blacke prince : for his heroicall vertues did rather bestow , then receiue estimation from whatsoeuer dignitie . since which it is successiuely incorporated in the kings eldest sonne , and hath bene so enioyed , by richard the second , henry the fift , henry the sixt , edward his sōne , edward the fift , edward sonne to richard the third , arthure , and henry , sonnes to henry the seuenth , and lastly , edward the sixt : . dukes in the whole . these earles and dukes haue from the beginning , beene priuiledged with royall iurisdiction or growne rights , namely , giuing of liberty to send burgesses to the parliaments , returne of writs , custome , toll , mynes , treasure-trovee , wards , &c. and ( to this end ) appoynted their speciall officers , as sheriffe , admirall , receyuer , hauener , customer , butler , searcher , comptroller , gaugeor , excheator , feodary , auditor , clarke of the market , &c. besides the l. warden , and those others beforeremembred , whose functions appertayne to the iurisdiction of the stannary . to the preseruation of which royalties , our parliaments haue euer carried a reuerend regard . for by that act , . edw. . which enioyneth forrayne marchants to bestow such money as they receiue for their wares , in english commodities , or to pay the same vnto englishmen , the kings part of all forfeytures within cornwall , is reserued to the duke . so doth that , . h. . concerning the reformation of waights & measures , prouide , that it shall not be hurtful or preiudiciall to the prince , within the duchy of cornwall , nor to any waights of the cunnage : and so doth that . h. . touching excheators , exempt that officer in cornwal . it should seeme , that the first earles bare a heauy hand in commaund ouer their subiects : for both diuers ancient records ( as i haue learned ) make mention of tributes , imposed ( almost ) vpon euery thing of profit ; and it may farther be gathered , in that , as well townes , as particular persons , were faine to procure charters and graunts from them , for corporations , faires , markets , taking or freeing frō tolls , mines , fishing , fowling , hawking , hunting , and what not ? so as ( vpon the matter ) the plight of a cornish inhabitant and a french pezant did differ very little . which bondage , one not long agoe sought in part to reestablish , vnder pretence of reuiuing a rent decayed euer since . h. . and aduancing her maiesties profit : & to this end procured letters patents , that none should falt , dry , or pack any fish in deuon or cornwall , without his licence and warrant . a matter that would , by consequence , haue made him an absolute disposer of all the westerne shipping and traffike , and their sea and land dependants . few words , but folding vp a multitude of inconueniences to her maiestic , & the whole commonwealth . wherefore the cornish iustices of the peace , became hūble suiters to the lords of her highnes priuy councell , for a necessary and speedy redresse herein : and through the neuer fayling forwardnesse , and backing of sir walter ralegh , obtayned a reuocation . howbeit , this ill weed , rather cut off by the ground , then plucked vp by the roote , once , yea twice or thrice grew forth againe , but yet , maugre the warmers and waterers , hath by her maiesties gracious breath beene euer parched vp , and ( as is hoped ) will neuer shoote out heereafter , at least it shall still finde an vnited resistance , of most earnest suit , and pregnant reasons , to beate , it downe . the earles had foure houses , builded castle-wise for their residence , viz. trematon , launceston , restormel , and liskerd . but since the principality of wales and this duchy became vnited in one person , the larger scope , and greater commaund of that , hath robbed this of his lords presence , & by consequence , the strength of these castles could not so gard them , against the battery of time , and neglect , but that , from faire buildings , they fell into foule reparations , and from foule reparations , are now sunke into vtter ruine , king h. the . affecting his honor of newelin , & respecting the cōmodities , which wallingford castle might afford it , tooke this last by act of parl. frō the duchy , & in lieu therof , annexed certain mannors lying in corn. falne to the crowne , through the marques of excesters attainder : which qieene marie afterwards restored in tayle to his sonne , the earle of deuon , and vpon his issue-les decease receiued them againe . it were against duetie to make question , whether in this exchange , the kings meaning went with his pretence : and yet wee finde it an ordinary policy amongst princes , to send their successours , with a kinde of libera , or honoraria legatio , into the remoter quarters of their dominions , as if they would shunne occasions of iclousie , springing from an ouer-neere neighbourhood . howsoeuer , the same king , not long after , passed away this castle , vnto christs colledge in oxford , who vse it as a place of retrayt , when the vniuersitie is visited with any contagious sicknes . i haue vnderstood , that question is made amongst men of knowledge , what is become of this duchy . some holding it altogether extinct , for want of the kings issue male : some auerring , that it is suspended in 〈◊〉 ( as they say ) pro tempore : and some supposing , that it continueth in full power , and that her maiestie hath onely custodiam ducatus , as of bishopricks , sede va 〈…〉 e ? fenes iudiceralis sit . once , euery sheriffe is summoned to enter his account in the duchy exchequer , at lostwithyel , and from thence , referred ouer to the exchequer aboue . cornwall considered as a part of the realme , sorteth her gouernment into two kindes , spirituall , and temporall . touching the spirituall : in ancient times this shire had his particular bishop : and i find , how in the yeere , . forinosus the pope sent a sharpe letter to edward the sonne of alfride , reproouing him , for suffring the vvest saxons to be destitute of bishops seuen yeeres together . whereon , by the aduice of his councell , and arch-bishop pleymund , he ordayned seuen bishops in one day ; amongst whome herstane was consecrated to cornwall , and eadwolfe to crediton , which last had three townes in cornwall , assigned him , to wit , pontium , coelling , and landwhitton , that thence he might yeerely visit the people , to roote out ( as mine authour sayth ) their errours : for before , as much as in them lay , they withstood the truth , and obeyed not the apostolike decrees . whereon i ground two collections : the first , that the light of the gospell tooke not his originall shining into these parts , from the romish bishop : the other , that the cornish ( like their cousins the welsh ) could not bee soone or easily induced to acknowledge his iurisdictiō . the bishops see was formerly at s. petrocks in bodmyn ; but by reason the danes burned there his church and palace , the same remooued to s. germanes . after that , lumigius , from a monke of winchester , elected abbot of tauistoke , and from that abbey , aduanced to the bishoprick of creditune , by his grace with canutus king of the angles , obtayned an annexion of cornwal ( lately fallen voyd ) and so made one dioces of that and deuon , as it hath euer since continued . this bishoprick had diuers faire houses and large reuenues in cornwall : but one veyzy , bishop of the dioces in king h. the . time , coniecturing ( as it is conceyued ) that the cathedrall churches should not long ouer-liue the suppressed monasteries , made hauock of those liuings before-hand , some by long leasing , and some by flat selling , so as he left a poore remainder to his successours . it oweth subiection to the metropolitane of canterbury , and hath one onely archdeaconry , which place is now supplyed by master thomas sumaster , who adorneth the gentility of his birth , with the honestie of his life , and by both sorts of feeding , approueth himselfe a liberall and commendable pastor . certaine peculiars there are , some appertaining to the dignities of the cathedrall church at exon , to wit , s. probus , and s. peran : and some to priuate persons , as burien and temple . for religious houses , i read , that in the time of paganisme , cunedag builded a temple in cornwall to apollo , but where it stood i know not . since it made roome to christianity , my ( not ouer-curious ) enquiry hath learned out these : pryories , at s. germaines , bodmyn , tywardreth . nunries , at s. martine . fryeries , at launceston , truro , bodmyn . colledges at peryn , crantock , buryen . hospitals , at helston . of parishes , the county hath . as master camden noteth , and as others haue , about . doubtles , the hierarchy of our english church , if it were kept fast to his first institution , might with his far better effects , close vp their mouthes , who would thrust vpon vs their oftē varying discipline . but albeit neither our time can well brooke it , nor the succeeding would long hold it : yet it shal not do much amisse , to look vpō the originall beauty thereof , if ( at least ) i be able to tricke the same truly out , & doe not blemish it with my pensil . at the planting of christian religion , monasteries & cathedrall churches were likewise founded , which serued for seedplots of the ministery , & sent them abroad in yerely progresses , to labor the lords vineyard . afterwards , about the time of our last conquest , the country was sorted by a more orderly maner into parishes , & euery parish cōmitted to a spirituall father , called their parson , who stept into that roome , not by election ( as some imagine ) but mostly , by the nomination of him that eyther built the church , or endowed the same with some liuelyhood , or was l ▪ of the soyle where it stood . as for vicarages , those daies knew few , for they grew vp in more corrupt ages , by the religious houses encrochmēts . besides this incūbent , euery parish had certaine officers , as church wardens , sidemen , and . men , whose duety bound them to see the buildings & ornaments appertaining to gods seruice , decently maintayned , & good order there reuerētly obserued . and lest negligence , ignorance , or partiality , might admit or foist in abuses , & corruption , an archdeacon was appointed to take account of their doings by an verely visitatiō , & they there sworn duly to make it . he & they againe had their ordinary , the bishop , euery . yere to ouerlook their actions , & to examine , allow , & admit the ministers , as they and the bishop were sēblably subiect to the metropolitanes suruey euery . yere . for warning the clergy , & imparting their superiours directions , the curats chose yerely their deanes rurall . the bishop , in his cathedrall church was associated with certaine prebēdaries , some resident , who serued as his ghostly coūsel in points of his charge , & others not bound to ordinary residēce , who were called to cōsultation , vpon things of greater cōsequence : & for matters of principal importāce , the archbishop had his prouincial sinod , & the whole clergy their national . now then , if euery one thus entrused , would remember that he had a soule to saue or lose , by the well or ill discharging of so waighty a function , and did accordingly from time to time bestowe his requisite endeuour , what the least fault could escape the espiall of so many eyes , or the righting amongst so many hands ? but i haue thrust my sickle ouer-farre into anothers haruest : let my mistaking be corrected , and in regard of my good meaning , pardoned . the temporal gouernment of cornwall , shooteth out also into two branches , martiall , and ciuill . for martiall affaires , master camden noteth out of iohannes sarisburiensis , that the cornish mens valiancy purchased them such reputation amongst our ancestours , as they ( together with those of deuon and wiltshire ) were wont to be entrused , for the subsidiary cohort , or band of supply . an honor equall to the romanes triarii , and the shoot-anker of the battell . with which concurreth the ancient , if not authenticall testimony of michael cornubiensis , who had good reason to knowe the same , being that countryman , and more to report it : his verses , for which i haue also beene beholding to m. camden , are these : — rex arcturus nos primos cornubienses bellum facturus vocat ; vt put a caesaris enses nobis non alijs , reliquis , dat primitus ictum per quem pax lisque , nobis fit vtrumque relictum quid nos deterret , si firmiter in pede stemus , fraus ni nos superet , nihil est quod non superemus . i will now set downe the principall commaunders & officers , touching these martiall causes , together with the forces of the shire . lord lieutenant generall , sir vvalter ralegh . deputie lieutenāts sir frauncis godolphin , or any . of them . sir nicholas parker , or any . of them . sir reignald mohun , peter edgecumb , or any . of them . bernard greinuile , or any . of them . christopher harris , or any . of them . richard carew , or any . of them . colonell generall , sir nicholas parker . marshall , bernard greinuile . treasurer , richard carew . master of the ordinance , vvil. treffry . colonell of the horse , iohn arundell of trerise . sergeant maior , humfrey parcks . quarter master , vvilliam carnsew . prouost marshall , iohn harris . scowt master , otwell hill. corporals of the field , osburne . rusall . rattenbury . sled . ammunition master , leon. blackdon . trench master , cooke . regiments . cōpanies , number , arm pikes , muskets , caliuers sir fra. godol . . . . . . sir will. beuil . . . sir rei . mohun . . . . . ber. greinuile . . . . . ri. carew . . . . antony rouse . . . . . ch. treuanion . . . . . will. treffry . . . . . sir nic. parker . . . . . ha. viuian . . . . . ar. harris . . . . . summa . . . . . . this may serue for a generall estimat of the cornish forces , which i haue gathered , partly out of our certificate made to the lords . partly by information from the sargeant maior , & partly through mine owne knowledge . there are many more vnarmed pikes , which i omit , as better fitting a supply vpon necessitie , then to bee exposed ( for opposed ) to an enemie . the number as it standeth , much exceedeth the shires proportion , if the same be compared with deuon and other counties : which groweth , for that their neerenesse on all quarters to the enemy , and their farnesse from timely succour by their friends , haue forced the commaunders , to call forth the vttermost number of able hands to fight , and rather by perswasion then authority , procured them to arme themselues beyond lawe and their ability . which commendable indeuour shall not , i hope ought not , i am sure , turne them to the preiudice of any vnwonted charge hereafter . they are all prouided of powder , bullet , & match in competent sort , & order taken for furnishing of victuals , and mounting a third part of the shot ( at least ) vpon cause of seruice . light horses , the lords in their directions , enioyne for orders sake , and the lieuienants excuse it by insufficiency . hitherto neither hath the commaundement bin reuoked , nor the omission controlled . in the yeere . when the spanish floting babel pretended the conquest of our iland ( which like iosuahs armie they compassed , but vnlike him could not with their blasting threats ouerthrow our walles ) it pleased her maiestie of : her prouident and gracious care , to furnish cornwall with ordinance and munition , from her owne store , as followeth : . sacres of cast iron , well mounted vpon carryages with wheeles , shodde with iron , and furnished with ladles , spunges , and rammers , with all other necessaries . . minions . faulcons spare axeltrees , sixe . spare paires of wheeles shod with iron , three . shot of iron for the sayd pieces , of eche sort , twenty . canon corne powder for the said ordinance , sixe hundred wayght . fine corne powder , three thousand six hundred waight . lead , three thousand sixe hundred wayght . match , three thousand sixe hundred wayght . all which , saue the ordinance it selfe , partly by piece-meale employment , and partly by ouerlong , or cuilkeeping , is now growne to nought , or naught . after the sudden surprize of pensants , anno . by direction from the lords , order was takē that vpon any alarum , the next captains should forth with put themselues with their companies , into their assigned sea-coast townes , whom the adioyning land-forces were appoynted to second and third , as the opportunity of their dwellings affoorded best occasion . the yeere following , by a new commaund , . were allotted out , and prouided in a readines to march for the ayd of deuon , if cause so required , as the lord lieutenant of that county had the same order , vpon like necessitie , to send an equall number into cornwall . lastly , anno . when the spanish fleet was againe expected , the cornish forces volūtarily assembled themselues , and made head , at the entrance , middle , and west part of their south coast . as for soldiers sent into other-places , cornwall yeeldeth , vpon euery occasion , a proportionable supply to the wants of ireland ; neither is acquitted from performing the like seruice for fraunce , if the employment be in brittaine or normandy . which often ventrings notwithstanding , vpon the instance of captaine lower , and the follicitation of his friends , there passed ouer this last yeere into netherland , at one time . voluntaries and vpwards , there to serue vnder sir frauncis vere . and besides , they often make out men of warre against the spaniards . forts and castles there are ; some , olde and worne out of date ; and some in present vse , with allowance of garrison . amongst the first sort , i reckon these , appertayning to the duchy , as also tintogel , and diuers round holds on the tops of hils ; some single , some double , and treble trenched , which are termed , castellan denis , or danis , as raysed by the danes , when they were destyned to become our scourge . moreouer , in this ranke wee may muster the earthen bulwarks , cast vp in diuers places on the south coast , where any commodity of landing seemeth to inuite the enemie , which ( i gesse ) tooke their originall from the statute . h. . and are euer sithence duely repayred , as need requireth , by order to the captaynes of those limits . of the later sort , is a fort at silley , called reduced to a more defensible plight , by her maiesties order , and gouerned by the foreremembred sir frauncis godolphin , who with his inuention and purse , bettered his plot and allowance , and therein hath so tempered strength with delight , and both with vse , as it serueth for asure hold , and a commodious dwelling . the rest are s. michaels mount , pendenis fort , and s. mawes castle , of which i shall haue occasion to speake more particularly in my second booke . of beacons , through the neernesse to the sea , and the aduantage of the hilly situations , welneere euery parish is charged with one , which are watched , secundum vsum , but ( so farre as i can see ) not greatly ad propositum : for the lords better digested instructions , haue reduced the countrey , by other meanes , to a like ready , and much lesse confused way of assembling , vpon any cause of seruice . for carrying of such aduertisements and letters , euery thorow-fare weekly appoynteth a foot-poast , to giue his hourely attendance , whose dispatch is welneere as speedy as the horses . the last branch of my diuision , and so of this book , leadeth me to entreat of cornwals ciuill gouernment , as it passeth for a part of the realme ; and that may againe be subdiuided into iurisdiction particular , and general . the particular iurisdiction is exercised by constables , stewards of courts barons , and leets , franchises , hundreds , & portreeues , & maiors ; of boroughs & corporations of the stannaries , we haue spoken already . the generall , by the clarke of the market , coroners , vice-admiral , sherife , iustices of the peace , & iudges of assize . constables of the hundreds the shire hath none , but this office for giuing of warnings , & collection of rates , is supplyed by the deputy baylifs , who performe it not with that discretion , trust , secrecy , & speed , which were often requisite to the importance of the affaires . i haue knowne the iudges moued diuers times , for their opinion touching the erecting of some , & found them of seueral resolutions , which giueth little encouragement to an innouation . neither can the parish constables well brooke the same , because it submitteth them to a subalterne commaund , more then of custome ; whereas now in their parishes they are absolute , the least whereof hath one , the middle sized . the bigger . or . i would not wish the blaze of their authority blemished , if there were as much care vsed in choyce of the persons , as the credit of their place deserueth . wise direction without diligent executiō , proueth fruitles . now , as the former is deriued from her maiesty to the lords , & from the lords to the iustices ; so this later lieth in the hands of the constables . watches and searches oftentimes carry waighty consequence , and miscary in the managing : and it was seene in the last cornish rebellion , how the constables commaund & example , drew many of the not worst meaning people , into that extremest breach of duty . franchises , cornwall hath the duchy , rialton , clifton , minhinet , pawton , caruanton , stoke cliuisland , medland , and kellylond , which haue their baylifs as the hundreds , to attend the publike seruices . hundreds there are but . east , west , trig , lesnewith , stratton , powder , pider , kerier , & penwith , which containe tithings : by these the shire is deuided into limits , & all his rates proportioned as followeth : diuisions . east east h. west h. n. trig h. lesnewith h. stratton h. s. powder h. pider h. w. kerier . pēwith . in all rates , the east & south limits beare . parts in . to the north and west . so in the easterne , dooth east hundred to that of west : in the southerne , powder to pider : and in the westerne , kerier to penwith . in the northern , trig beareth . lesnewith & stratton . a piece . there is the like proportion made of the parishes in the easterne diuision , but with little satisfaction of diuers : neither will it euer fare otherwise , & therefore ( this notwithstanding ) i wish it followed in the residue . the conuenientest & vsual places of assembly for the whole county , is bodmyn : for the east and north , launceston : for the south and west , truro : for the east , liskerd : for the north , camelford : for the south , s. colombs : for the west , helston . for the hundreds of east , kellington : of west , laureath ▪ of trig , bodmyn : of lesnewith , camelford : of stratton , that towne : of powder , grampond : of pider , s. columbs : of kerier , helston : of penwith , pensants . east h. hath parishes . corporations . west h. parishes . corporations . trig lesnewith stratton powder pider kerier penwith corporations are priuiledged with the administration of iustice , within their liberties , more or lesse , according to the purport of their charter . such are saltash , launceston , liskerd , eastloo , westloo , bodmyn , camelford , lostwithiel , padstowe , grampond , truro , helston , perin . the maiors and recorders , in some of these , are iustices of the peace , for their owne limits , and welneere all of them haue large exemptions and iurisdictions . a garment ( in diuers mens opinions ) ouer-rich and wide , for many of their wearish and ill-disposed bodies . they alleadge for themselues , that speedy iustice is administred in their townes , and that it saueth great expences , incident to assize trials , which poore artificers cannot vndergoe . but the other answere , that these trials are often poasted on , with more haste then good speed , while an ignorant fellow , of a sowter , becomes a magistrate , & takes vpon him peremptory iudgement , in debts and controuersies , great and doubtfull , againe , the neernesse of commencing their suits , draweth on more expences , then the shortnes of tryals cutteth off , whereas longer respit would make way to deliberation , and deliberation open the doore to reason , which by the fumes arising from cholers boyling heat , is much obscured . thus dooth the oportunity inure them to vexation ; vexation begetteth charges , and charge hatcheth pouerty : which pouerty , accompanied with idlenes ( for they cannot follow law , and worke ) seeketh not to releeue it selfe by industry , but by subtilty , wherethrough they become altogether depraued in body , goods , and minde . adde hereunto , that the maior exercising his office but during one yeere , for the first halfe thereof is commonly to learne what he ought to doe , & in the other halfe , feeling his authoritie to wane , maketh friends of that mammon , & serueth others turnes , to be requited with the like , borrowing from iustice , what hee may lend to his purse , or complices : for as it hath bene well sayd , he cannot long be good , that knowes not why he is good . they conclude , how from these imperfect associations , there spring pride amongst themselues , disdayne at their neighbours , and monopolies against the common-wealth . this inuectiue is somewhat deeply steeped in gall , & must therefore bee interpred , not of all , but the worst . surely , for mine owne part , i am of opinion , that how cōmodious soeuer this iurisdiction may proue amongst themselues , it falleth out sundry times very distastefull and iniurious towards strangers ; and strangers they reckon all that are not burgesses . now , let such a one bee arrested within their corporatiōs , no sureties but townsmen can finde acceptance , be his behauiour neuer so honest , his cause neuer so iust , his calling neuer so regardfull , & his ability neuer so sufficient ; yet if he haue none acquaintance in the towne , if the action brought , carry a shew of waight , if the bringer be a man of sway , in , or neere the towne , if any other townsman of the higher sort beare him an old grudge , he must be contented to fret the colde yrons with his legges , and his heart with griefe : for what one , amongst them , will procure an euerlasting enemy at his doore , by becomming surety for a party , in whō he possesseth none , or little interest ? the ancients vsed to grace their cities with seuerall titles , as numantia bellicosa , thebae superbae , corinthus ornata , athenae doctae , hierusalem sancta , carthago emula , &c. and the present italians doe the like touching theirs , as roma santa , venetia ricca , florenza bella , napoli gentile , ferrara ciuile , bologna grassa , rauenna antiqua , &c. in an imitation whereof , some of the idle disposed cornish men nicke their townes with by-words , as , the good fellowship of padstowe , pride of truro , gallants of foy , &c. the clarke of the markets office , hath beene heretofore so abused by his deputies , to their priuate gaine , that the same is tainted with a kinde of discredit , which notwithstanding , being rightly & duly executed , would work a reformation of many disorders , and a great good to the common-wealth . foure coroners , chosen by the voyces of the freeholders , do serue the shire , who for the present are , bligh , tub , trenance , and bastard . the vice-admiralty is exercised by m. charles trenanion , a gentleman , through his vertue , as free from greedinesse , as through his faire liuely hood , farre from needinesse : and by daily experience giuing proofe , that a minde valewing his reputation at the due price , will easily repute all dishonest gaine much inferiour thereunto , & that in conuersing with the worst sort of people ( which his office oftētimes enforceth ) he can no more be disgraced , then the sunne beames by shining vpon a dunghill will be blemished . i haue here set downe the names of those commissioners for the peace , who at this present make their ordinary residēce in corn. as they stād placed in the cōmission , where the priority is mostly deferred to antiquity . q. fra. godolphin m. . q. nic. parker m. . q. iona. trelawney m. . q. reg. mohun m. q. p. petrus edgecōb . q. ric. carew de anth. q. bern. greinuile . q. antonius rowse . petrus courtney . q. tho. chiuerton . q. christ. harris . io. arund . de trerise . th. arun. de taluerne q. nic. prideaux . q. hannibal viuian . carolus treuanion . thomas s. aubin . q. rob. moyle . q. ed. hancock . tristramus arscot . . thomas lower . w. treffry de fowey . iohannes henser . q. willi. wray . . georgius kekiwiche . q. arth. harris . io. harris de lansre . . q. degor . chamons . iohannes trefusis . otwel hill. . their ordinary vse was , to begin the quarter sessions for the east halfe of the shire , on the tuesdayes and vvednesdayes , at bodmyn , and to adiourne the same for the west halfe , to be ended at truro the friday and saterday following , leauing one dayes space for riding betweene . but about twenty yeres sithence , the easterne iustices making the greatest number , and in this separation hauing farthest to ride , when they were disposed to attend both places , either in regard of their ease , or vpon scruple of conscience , or for both together , called into question , whether this custome were as warrantable by right , as it was pleadable by prescription ; and whether it as much aduanced the administration of iustice , as it eased the trauell of the people . and thereupon they began to appoynt the intire sessions at either place one after another . this was sometimes performed , and sometimes broken , by the westerne iustices , so as seuerall and contrary precepts of summons were directed to the sheriffe , with the great vncertaynty , ill example , and trouble of the countrey . it hapned , that one newly associated , and not yet seasoned with either humour , made this motion for a reconcilement , viz. that the sessions should enterchangeably one quarter begin at bodmyn , and end at truro : and the next begin at truro , and end at bodmyn ; and that no recognisance should be discharged , or cause decided out of his owne diuision . this proposition , as it gaue the westerne iustices the greatest part of their will , so it salued a sore which chiefely grieued the easterne : for before , what was done in the beginning at one place ; was , or might be vndoone in the ending at the other : wherefore all parties willingly condiscended hereunto , and it hath euer sithence beene accordingly obserued . another variance hath sometimes fallen out betweene cornwall and deuon , about the time of keeping their sessions , for whereas the statute . h. . enacteth , that the iustices shall hold the same in the first weeke after s. michael , the epiphanie , the clause of euster , and the translation of s. thomas ( which , worthily blotted out of the calender , teste newbrigensi , is euer the seuenth of iuly ) and their oath bindeth them to a strickt obseruation hereof : the question hath growne , when those festiuall dayes fall vpon a munday , whether the sessions shall be proclaimed for that weeke , or the next , and the generall practise hath gone with the former . but the cornish iustices , waying , that prescription is no supersedeas for swearing , vpon debating of the matter , haue resolued , and lately accustomed , in such cases , to put it ouer vnto the weeke ensuing : and these are their reasons : if the sessions must bee kept in the first weeke after , it cannot admit an interpretation of the same week it selfe . againe , the clause of easter , mencioned in the one , should seeme to make a construction of like meaning in the rest . besides , those , who suite themselues to the other fashion , doe yet swarue therefrom , if those feastes fall vpon any later day in the weeke then munday ; for then they deferre it till the next : and yet , seeing no day certaine is directed for beginning the sessions ; if they will constantly binde themselues to the former sense , when those dayes fall on the friday , they ought to call it for the morrow following . the iudges of the circuits oracle , to which the commission of the peace referreth the iustices quaeres , hath resolued , that neyther of these wayes tendeth to any breach of the lawe . once sure it is , that the terme-suiters may best speed their businesse , by supporting the former : for the end of these sessions deliuereth them space inough to ouertake the beginning of the termes . for the rest , equity beareth more sway , then grauity , at the cornish bench , and in confusion they mayntayne equality : for though they speake more then one at once , yet no one mans speach , or countenance , can carry a matter against the truth . neither doe assertions , but proofes in hearings ; nor vouchings , but shewing of law cases , in deciding , order the controuersies : and as diuersitie in opinions breedeth no enmity , so ouer-ruling by most voyces , is taken for no disgrace . one only iudge was wont , in three dayes at farthest , to dispatch the assizes , & gayle deliuery , at launceston , the vsuall ( though not indifferentest ) place , where they are holden . but malice and iniquity haue so encreased , through two contrary effects , wealth and pouerty , that now necessity exacteth the presence of both , and ( not seldome ) an extent of time . i haue heard the iudges note , that besides their ordinary paines , they are troubled with more extraordinary supplications in cornwall , then in any other shire : whereto they yet giue no great encouragement , while the causes are on the backside , poasted ouer to gentlemens hearing , and account seldome taken or made , what hath bene done therein . verily , we must acknowledge , that euer since our remembrance , god hath blessed this westerne circuit with speciall choyce of vpright and honest iudges ; amongst whom , this of our last is not the least : for they doe so temper a quick conceit with a stayed iudgement , a strict seuerity in punishing , with a milde mercy in remitting , and an awfull grauitie at the bench , with a familiar kindnesse in conuersation , as they make proofe , that contrarie vertues may , by the diuers wayes of loue and reuerence , meet in one onely poynt of honour . the common gayle of the shire for offendours , is kept at launceston : for that statute , . h. . which amongst other shires , gaue the cornish iustices leaue to alter the same , by a prouiso , tooke it away againe , in that this keepership is annexed to the constableship of the castle , and that graunted out in lease . i wil conclude with the highest iurisdiction , namely , the parliament , to which cornwall , through the grace of his earles , sendeth an equall , if not larger number of burgesses , to any other shire . the boroughs so priuiledged , more of fauour ( as the case now standeth with many of them ) then merit , are these following : launceston , downeuet , liskerd , lostwithiel , truro , bodmyn , helston , saltash , camelford , eastloo , westloo , prury , tregny , kellington , bossimy , s. iues , s. germanes , meddishole , and s. mawes : and because quindec . are ordinarily graunted at parliaments , together with the subsidies , i will heere set downe the ordinary rate of them . md. de . cornub. in paroch . subsequent . vt patet . p. hund. de penwith . paroc . s. iusti. li. . s. s. . d. s. gorian . . . s. gorgian . . . s. crowen . . . s. michaels . . . s. illogan . . . s. erly . . . s. luduan . . . morueth . . . s. siluan . . . s. sancred . . . s. ey . . . s. sennar . . . s. hillary . . . caniborn . . . laundut . . . vthno . . . germogh . . . s. synan . . . s. maddern . . . s. twynnock . . . s. felis. . . kedruth . . . s. winner . . . s. pawl . . . woluele . . . sum. . . . hund. de kerier . wennape . . s. martyn . . . s. gluuiack . . constantyn . . . s. melor . . . s. briack . . . s. crade . . . wyneanton . . . s. mawnan . . . s. stidian . . . arwothel . . . s. landy . . s. mawgan . . . s. rumon . ma. . . s. antony . . . corentun . . . minster . . . s. budock . ma. . . burgus de perm . . . s. melan. . . s. keyran . . . s. wynwolny . . . s. rumon parua . . . crewenne . . . s. sithne . . . s. ewynne . . . burg. de helston . . . germock . . . s. wendron . . . sum. . . . hund. de powder . tywardreth . . . argallas . . . burg. de fowy . . . roche . . . kenwen . . . eglosros . . . moresk . . . manerium de pen. kneth & restormel . . . s. awstle . . . mewan . . . elerky . . s. keby . . landreth . . . eglosmerther . . . lanuoreck . . . grogith . . . fowy extra . . . s. sampson . . . s. stephens . . . gerend . . . feock . . . burg. de lostwi . . . caryhayes . . . s. denis . . . penkeuel . . . s. anthonie . . . burg. de mau. . . s. goran . . . burg. de grand . . . burg. de truru . . . s. ermets . . . landege . . . lasullian . . . s. aleyn . . . laurocen . . . ladock . . . lanhorn . . . s. ewe . . . manerium de towingtō in p. s. austle . . . s. crede . . . s. iust. . . burg. de tregony . . s. probus . . . calendry . . . hund. de pider . lanhidrock . . . s. peran . . . s. caranto . . . s. vuel . . . s. agnes . . . s. petrock ma. . . s. columb ma. . . s. columb mi. . . burg. de meddi . . . oldstowe . . . lanherne . . . s. wenne . . . s. ermets . . . s. euoder . . . s. petrock mi. . . laneuet . . . s. ede . . . s. bruck . . . newlyn . . . maruy . . withiel . . . s. colan . . . cuthbert . . . hund. de trigge . teth. . . minuer . . . p. bodmyn ext . . . brue rode . . . bur. de bodmyn . . . maben . . . s. eudelian . . . egloshail . . . bliston . . . temple . . . s. laud. . . ma. de pennayn . . . s. tweir . . . hellond . . . hund. de lesnewith . cleder . . . s. warburg . . . s. iuliet . . . bur. de tintagle . . . podistok . . . mihelstowe . . bu. de camelforth . . . alternon . . . dauid . . . treualga . . . bur. de castle . . boterel . . . oterham . . lanteglos . . . s. genis . . . lesnewith . . . maner . de tintagle . . . minster . . . treneglos . . athawyn . . . hund. de stratton . kilkhamlond . . . iacobstow . . . poghwil . . . launcels . . . ouerwynchurch . . . whitston . . . bridgerule . . . moristow . . . boyton . . . stratton . . wyke . . . bur. de kilkhamp . . . hund. de vvestwibilsher . niot . . . cardinham . . . morual . . . s. clere. . . . tallan . . . lansalwys . . . vepe. . . maner . de liskerd . . . dulo . . . warlegan . . . pleuiul . . . liskerd . . . lanteglos . . . burg. de liskerd . . . reprina . . . wynnock . . . burg. de loo . . . lanraythew . . . villade . . . s. martyn de loo . . . brotheck . . . kayn . . . pynnock . . . hund. de eastwibilshere . antony . . . lawlutton . . . southil . . . piderwyn . . . landilp . . . stoke . . . minhinet . . . egloskery . . . s. germyns . . . bur. de downuet . . . lasant . . . s. iohns . . . s. stephens of lanceston . . . quedock . . . northil . . . manerium de tremeton . . . linkinhorne . . seuiock . . . calstock . . . s. melan. . . rame . . . s. iue . . . s. dominick . . . lawanneck . . . laurake . . . burg. de ash. . . pillaton . . . boskenna . . . meer . . . sum. tot . . & . in cornub. . . . md. postea sequuntur deductiones & allocat . de eisdem sum . appunctuat . per edmund . episc. exon . & thom. bodulgat tunc vn . milit . praed . comin anno . h. . vt pt . p. particulariter . trigge . parochia de menefride . . helland . . . . burg. de bodmyn . . . s. tudy . . . tethe . . . aldehan . . . maben . . . egloshail . . . temple . . . s. bruer . . . sum. . . . hund. de lesnowith . cleder . . . burg. de botriscast . . . pondistoke . . . mynster . . . bu. de camelforth . . . s. gennys . . . s. dauid . . . oterham . . aduen . . . warburg . . . lesnowith . . . treueglos . . . alternon . . sum. . . . hund. de stratton . morestowe . . . poughwel . . . lancels . . . boyton . . . kilkampton . . stratton . . . burgus de kilkampton . . merwinchurch . . . whithton . . . iacobstow . . . sum. . . . hund. de east . calstok . . . lawanneck . . . s. iohns . . . s. iues. . . minhiner . . . manerium de tremeton . . . burgus de downeued . . s. melan. . . rame . . . quethiock . . . s. domineck . . . pederwyn . . . s. germyns . . . antony . . lawhitton . . . s. stephens . . . laurake . . . egloskery . . . sum. . . . hund. de vvest . burgus de liskerd . . . s. cleer . . . morual . . . talland . . . parish of liskerd . . . lanteglos . . . lanrethow . . . s. vepe. . . manerium de liskerd . . s. pynnock . . . nyot . . . sum. . . . hund. de penwith . luduan . . . camborn . . . s. senan . . . s. gothian . . s. iust. . . s. veryn . . . s. wynner . . . s. sencrede . . . s. felix . . . s. selenan . . s. michaels . . s. pawl . . . s. thebut . . . s. grey . . . sum. . . . hund. de kerier . s. wenep . . . mawnan . . . burg. de helston . . . melan. . . arwothel . . . minster . . . s. constantyn . . . crade . . . wynampton . . . stedian . . . ewyn . . . sum. . . . hund. de powder . argallas . . . keby . . . burgus de truru . . . roche . . . moresk . . . s. goran . . . s. allen. . . illerky . . . lamorek . . . s. sampsons . . . s. gereus . . . burgus de lostwithiel . . . lamhorn . . . tywardreth . . . s. stephens . . . eglosros . . . sum. . . . hund. de pider . lanhidrok . . . s. pyran . . . s. newlyn . . . s. colan . . . lamhern . . . s. edy . . . s. enoder . . . s. petrock minor . . . s. petrock maior . . . s. breock . . . withiel . . . carnenton . . . vwel . . . sum. tot . deductions . . & . . . . the svrvey of cornwall . the second booke . in this second booke i will first report , what i haue learned of cornwall , and cornishmen in general , and from thence descend to the particular places and persons , as their note-worthie site , or any memorable action , or accident , of the former or later ages , shall offer occasion . the highest which my search can reach vnto , i borrow out of strabo , who writeth , that the westerne bretons gaue ayde vnto the armorici of fraunce , against caesar , which hee pretended for one of the causes , why he inuaded this iland . next i find , that about sixtie yeeres from the landing of hengist , one nazaleod , a mightie king amongst the bretons , ioyned battell with certicus , soueraigne of the west-saxons , and after long fight , with his owne death accompanied the ouerthrow of his armie . yet , the bretons , thus abandoned by fortune , would not so forsake themselues , but with renued courage , and forces , coped once againe with certicus , and his sonne kenrick , at certicesford , thogh equally destitute of successe as before . gurmund , an arch-pirate of the norwegians , was called by the saxons , out of his late conquered ireland , to their aide , against careticus king of the bretons ; whom he ouercame in battel , and inforced his subiects to seeke safegard by flight , some in wales , some in cornwall , and some in little breteigne : since which time , they could neuer recouer againe their auncient possession of the whole iland . howbeit , not long after , iuor , sonne to alane , king of the said little breteigne , landed in the west parts , wanne from the saxons , cornwall , deuon , & somerset shires , by force of armes , and then established his conquest , by a peaceable composition with his aduerse partie . adelred , king of west-sex , inuaded deuon and cornwall , whom roderick , king of the bretons , and blederick prince of those prouinces , encountred and discomfited : which notwithstanding , processe of time reaued from him , and added such strength to his enemies , that he was driuen to abandon cornwall , and retire into wales . so , the cornishmen quitting their libertie with their prince , stouped to the cōmaund of egbert king of west-sex , and with their territorie ( saith william malmsburie ) enlarged his confines . athelstane handled them yet more extremely ; for hee draue them out of excester , where , till then , they bare equall sway with the saxons , & left onely the narrow angle on the west of tamer riuer , for their inhabitance , which hath euer since beene their fatall bound . on their reguli ( as vincentius deliuereth ) he imposed an yerely tribute , of . li. in gold , . li. in siluer , . oxen , and hunting hounds and hawkes , at discretion . to these afflictions by home-neighbours of bondage , tribute , and banishing , was ioyned a fourth , of spoyling by forrayne enemies : for roger houedon telleth vs , that the danes landed in sundry places of cornwall , forrayed the countrey , burned the townes , and killed the people . to whom succeeded in the like occupation , godwin , and edmond magnus , king harolds two sonnes , discomfiting the forces opposed against them , harrowing deuon and cornwall , and then retiring with their prey into ireland . after the conquest , when k. h. the first inuaded griffin ap conan prince of wales , he distributed his armie into three portions , one of which ( wherein consisted the forces of the fourth part of england and cornwal ) hee committed to the leading of gilbert earle of strigill . in henry the thirds time , by the testimony of mathew paris , william earle of sarum , after long tossing at sea , with much adoe , about christmas arriued in cornwall : and so afterwards , did earle richard , the kings brother , at two seuerall times : the later of which , being destitute of horses and treasure , he prayed therein ayde of his loyals . when edward the third auerred his right to the crowne of fraunce , by the euidence of armes , the french for a counterplea , made an vnlawfull entry into deuon and cornwall ; but hugh courtney earle of deuon , remooued it with posse comitatus , and recommitted them to the wooddē prison that brought them thither . yet would not the scots take so much warning by their successe , as example by their precedent , if at least , froissarts ignorance of our english names , bred not his mistaking in the place . by his relation also , cornwals neere neighbourhead gaue oportunity of accesse , both to the earle montford , when he appealed to that kings ayd , for recouering his right in brittaine ( albeit i cannot bring home cepsee the designed port of his landing ) and after his captiuitie , to the messengers of his heroicall countesse , employed in the like errand . and from cornwall , the earle of sarum , wil. de mesuile and philip de courtney , set to sea , with . ships , besides barks , and . men at armes , besides archers , in support of that quarrell . lastly , his authoritie enformeth me , that those souldiers of cornwall , who vnder their captaines iohn apport and iohn cornwall , had defended the fort of bercherel in brittaine , against the power of fraunce , aboue a yeree space , in the end , for want of due succours , vpon an honourable composition surrendred the same . queene margaret , wife to h. . vpon her arriual out of fraūce , after the losse of barnet field , receiued great ayd , though to smal purpose , frō the deuon and cornish men , vnder the conduct of thomas , earle of that shire . and so much were those western people addicted to that name , as they readily followed sir edw. courtney , & his brother peter , bishop of excesler , what time they assisted the duke of buckingham , in his reuolt against richard the third . neither did his suppressour and successour , h. the . finde them more loyall : for the cornish men repining at a subsidy lately graunted him by act of parliament , were induced to rebellion by thomas flammock , a gentleman , & michael ioseph , a black-smith , with whom they marched to taunton , there murdering the prouost of perin , a commissioner for the sayd subsidy , and from thence to welles , where iames touchet , lord audely , degenerated to their party , with which encrease they passed by sarisbury to winchester , and so into kent . but by this time , lords & commons were gathered in strēgth sufficient , to make head against them , and soone after , black heath saw the ouerthrow of their forces in battell , and loudon , the punishment of their seducers by iustice . in the same fatall yeere of reuolts , perkin warbeck , a counterfeit prince , landed in cornwall , went to bodmyn , assembled a trayne of rake-hels , assaulted excester , receyued the repulse , and in the end sped , as is knowne , and as he deserued . the last cornish rebellion , was first occasioned by one kilter , and other his associats of a westerne parish , called , s. keueren , who imbrued their wicked hands in the guiltles blood of one m. body , as he sate in commission at helston for matters of reformation in religion : and the yere following , it grew to a general reuolt , vnder the conduct of arundel , wydeslade ; resogan , and others , followed by . with which power they marched into deuon , besieged and assaulted excester , & gaue the l. russell ( employed with an army against them ) more then one hot encounter , which yet ( as euer ) quayled in their ouerthrow . in my particular view , i wil make easie iournies from place to place , as they lye in my way , taking the hundreds for my guydes , vntill i haue accomplished this wearisome voyage . my first entrance must be by the hundred of east , so named for his site , and therein , at plymmouth hauen . it borroweth that name of the riuer plym , which rising in deuon , and by the way baptizing plymston , plymstock , &c. here emptieth it selfe into the sea . the hauen parteth deuon and cornwall welneere euery where , as tumer riuer runneth : i say welneere , because some few interland places are excepted : a matter so sorted at the first partition , eyther to satisfie the affection of some speciall persons , or to appropriate the soyle to the former lords , or that ( notwithstanding this seuerance ) there might stil rest some cause of entercourse between the inhabitants of both counties : as i haue heard , a late great man ensued , and expressed the like consideration , in diuision of his lands betweene two of his sonnes . now though this hauen thus bound both shires , yet doth , the iurisdiction of the water wholly appertayne to the duchy of cornwall , and may therefore bee claymed as a part of that country . notwithstanding , i will forbeare what i may , to intrude vpon my good friend m. hookers limits , and reserue to him the description of the farther shore . the first promontory of this harbour on the west side , is rame head , by his proportion , receyuing , and by his possession , giuing , that name and armes to his owner , whose posterity conueyed it by inter-marriages , from durnford , to edgecumb : on the toppe thereof riseth a little vaulted chappell , which serueth for a marke at sea . from thence trending penlee poynt , you discouer kings sand and causam bay , an open roade , yet sometimes affoording succour to the woorst sort of sea-farers , at not subiect to cōptrolment of plymmouth forts . the shore is peopled with some dwelling houses , and many cellers , dearely rented for a short vsage , in fauing of pilcherd . at which time , there flocketh a great concourse of sayners , and others , depending vpon their labour . i haue heard the inhabitants thereabouts to report , that the earle of richmond ( afterwards henry the seuenth ) while hee houered vpon the coast , here by stealth refreshed himselfe ; but being aduertised of streight watch , kept for his surprising at plymmouth , he richly rewarded his hoste , hyed spcedily a shipboord , and escaped happily to a better fortune . here also of late yeeres , part of the cornish forces twise encamped themselues , planted some ordinance , and raised a weake kind of fortification , therethrough to contest , if not repulse , the landing of the expected enemie : and a strong watch is continually kept there , euer since one thousand , fiue hundred , ninetie seuen : at which time , a spaniard riding on the bay , while most of the able people gaue their attendance at the countie assises , sent some closely into the village , in the darke of the night , who hanged vp barrels of matter fit to take fire , vpon certaine doores , which by a traine should haue burned the houses . but one of the inhabitants , espying these vnwelcome ghests , with the bounce of a caliuer chaced them aboord , and remoued the barrels , before the traynes came to worke their effect . the inginer of this practise , ( as hath since appeared by some examinations ) was a portugall , who sometimes sayled with sir iohn borowghs , and boasted to haue burned his ship : for which two honourable exploits , the king of spaine bestowed on him two hundred duckets . in the mouth of the harbour , lyeth s. nicholas iland , in fashion , losengy , in quantity , about . acres , strongly fortifyed , carefully garded , and subiect to the cōmaunder of plymmouth for t . when the cornish rebels , during edw. the ● raigne , turmoyled the quiet of those quarters , it yeelded a safe protection to diuers dutyful subiects , who there shrowded themselues . from this iland , a range of rocks reacheth ouer to the southwest shore , discouered at the low water of spring tides , and leauing onely a narrow entrance in the midst , called the yate , for ships to passe thorow , whereto they are directed by certaine markes at land . vpon this south shore somewhat within the iland , standeth mount edgecumb , a house builded and named by sir ric. edgecumb , father to the now possessioner and if comparisons were as lawfull in the making , as they prooue odious in the matching , i would presume to ranke it , for health , pleasure , and commodities , with any subiects house of his degree in england . it is seated against the north , on the declining of a hill , in the midst of a deere park , neere a narrow entrance , thorow which the salt water breaketh vp into the country , to shape the greatest part of the hauen . the house is builded square , with a round turret at eche end , garretted on the top , & the hall rising in the mids aboue the rest , which yeeldeth a stately sound , as you enter the same . in summer , the opened casements admit a refreshing coolenes : in winter , the two closed doores exclude all offensiue coldnesse : the parlour and dining chamber giue you a large & diuersified prospect of land & sea ; to which vnder-ly s. nicholas iland , plymmouth fort & the townes of plymmouth , stonehouse milbrook , & saltash . it is supplyed with a neuer-fayling spring of water , and the dwelling stored with wood , timber , fruit , deere , and conies . the ground abundantly answereth a housekeepers necessities , for pasture , arable and meadow , and is replenished with a kinde of stone , seruing both for building , lyme , and marle . on the sea clifs groweth great plenty of the best ore-wood , to satisfie the owners want , and accommodate his neighbours . a little below the house , in the summer euenings , sayne-boates come and draw with their nets for fish ; whither the gentry of the house walking downe , take the pleasure of the sight , & sometimes at all aduentures , buy the profit of the draughts . both sides of the forementioned narrowe entrance , together with the passage betweene , ( much haunted as the high way to plymmouth ) the whole towne of stonehouse , and a great circuit of the land adioyning , appertaine to m. edgecumbs inheritāce : these sides are fenced with blockhouses , and that next to mount edgecumb , was wont to be planted with ordinance , which at comming & parting , with their base voices greeted such ghest sas visited the house , neither hath the opportunity of the harbour wanted occasions to bring them , or the owners a franke mind to inuite them . for proofe whereof , the earst remēbred sir ric. ( a gentleman in whom mildnes & stoutnes , diffidēce & wisdome , deliberatenes of vndertaking , & sufficiency of effecting , made a more cōmendable , thē blazing mixture of vertue ) during q. ma. raigne , entertained at one time , for some good space , the admirals of the english , spanish , & netherland fleets , with many noble men besides . but not too much of this , least a partiall affection steale , at vnwares , into my commendation , as one , by my mother , descended frō his loynes , and by my birth , a member of the house . certaine olde ruines , yet remaining , confirme the neighbours report , that neere the waters side , there stood once a towne , called weststone house , vntill the french by fire and sword ouerthrew it . in the yeere one thousand , fiue hundred , ninetienine , the spaniards vaunts caused the cornish forces to aduance there a kind of fortification , and to plot the making of a bridge on barges ouer that strait , for inhibiting the enemies accesse by boates and gallies , into the more inward parts of the hauen . but it may be doubted , whether the bridge would haue proued as impossible , as the sconcefell out vnnecessarie . master peter edgecumbe ( commonly called peers ) married margaret the daughter of sir andrew lutterel , his father sir richard married the daughter of tregian : his father sir peers married the daughter , and heire of stephan durnford : and his father sir richard , married the daughter of tremayn . these names of peers and richard , they haue successiuely varied for sixe or seuen descents . hee beareth for his armes , gules on a bend ermine , betweene two cotises , or. . bores heades coped , arg . armed as the three ; langued is the field . a little inward from mountedgecumb , lieth a safe and commodious road for shipping , called hamose , and compounded of the words ose , and ham , according to the nature of the place . here those vessels cast anchor , which are bound to the eastwards , as those doe in catwater , who would fare to the west ; because euerie wind that can serue them at sea , will from thence carrie them out : which commoditie other roads doe not so conueniently affoord . it is reported , that in times past , there was an ordinary passage ouer this water , to a place on deuon side , called horsecoue , but long since discontinued . at the higher end of a creek , passing vp from hence , milbrook lurketh between two hilles , a village of some . houses , and borrowing his name from a mill and little brook , running therethrough . in my remembrance ( which extendeth not to aboue yeeres ) this village tooke great encrease of wealth and buildings , through the iust and industrious trade of fishing , and had welneere forty ships and barks at one time belonging therevnto . but our late broyles with spayne haue set vp a more compendious , though not so honest way of gayning , and begin by little and little , to reduce these plaine dealers , to their former vndeserued plight . yet do they prescribe , in a suburbiall market ( as i may terme it ) to plymmouth , for their reliefe , by intercepting , if not forestalling , such corne and victuals , as passing thorow their streights , cannot for want of time or weather , get ouer crymell passage , to the other : and surely they are not vnworthy of fauour : for this towne furnisheth more able mariners at euery prest for her highnesse seruice , then many others of far greater blaze . it chanced about twenty yeeres sithence , that one richaurd , wife to richard adams of this towne , was deliuered of two male children , the one ten weekes after the other , who liued vntil baptisme , & the later hitherto : which might happen , in that the woman bearing twinnes , by some blow , slide , or other extraordinary accident , brought forth the first before his time , and the later in his due season . now , that a childe borne in the seuenth moneth may liue , both astrologers and phisicions doe affirme , but in the . they deny it ; and these are their reasons : the astrologers hold , that the child in the mothers wombe , is successiuely gouerned euery moneth , by the seuen planets , beginning at saturne : after which reckoning , he returning to his rule the . month , by his dreery influēce , infortunateth any birth that shal then casually befall : whereas his succeeder iupiter , by a better disposition worketh a more beneficiall effect . the phisicions deliuer , that in the seuenth moneth , the childe , by course of nature , turneth itself in the mothers belly ; wherefore , at that time , it is readier ( as halfe loosed ) to take issue by any outward chance . mary , in the eightth , when it beginneth to settle againe , and as yet retayneth some weakenes of the former sturring , it requireth a more forcible occasion , & that induceth a slaughtering violence . or if these coniecturall reasons suffice not to warrant a probability of the truth , plynies authority , in a stranger case , shall presse them farther : for hee writeth , that a woman brought a bed of one childe in the seuenth moneth , in the moneths following , was also deliuered of twinnes . a part of mount-edgecumb , and of this milbrook , though seuered from deuon , by the generall bound , yet , vpon some of the foreremembred considerations , haue bene annexed thereunto . aside of milbrook , lyeth the peninsula of inswork , on whose neckland standeth an ancient house of the champernons , and descended by his daughters and heires , to forteskew , monck , and treuilian , three gentlemen of deuon . the site is naturally both pleasant and profitable ; to which , the owner by his ingenious experiments , daily addeth an artificiall surplusage . passing somewhat farther vp , you meet with the foot of lyner , where it winneth fellowship with tamer , that , till then , and this , yet longer , retayning their names , though their ouer-weake streames were long before confounded , by the predominant salt water . a little within this mouth of lyner , standeth east-antony , the poore home of mine ancestours , with which in this maner they were inuested : sir iohn lerchedekne , knight , and not priest , ( for he was so called of his family , and not by his calling , as in froissard you shall note the like , to be familiar amongst the nobility of gascoigne ) by cecill , the daughter and heire of iordan of haccumb , had issue . sonnes , ralph , waryne , richard , otho , iohn , robert , martyn , reignald , and michael . richard married ione , the daughter of iohn bosowr , that bare him thomas , in whome the heires male of this multiplyed hope tooke an end . warine , afterwards knighted , tooke to wife elizabeth , one of the daughters and heires to iohn talbot de castro ricardi , and on her begate three daughters and heires , alienor , wedded to sir walter lucy : margery , to sir thomas arundel of taluerne : and philip , to sir hugh courtney of bauncton ( which i take , is now named boconnock . ) from lucy descended the lord vaux , and others . margery dyed childlesse , anno . as is testified by her toomb-stone in west-antony church , where shee lyeth buried . sir hugh courtney was second sonne to ed. earle of deuon , & had . wiues : the first , maud , daughter of the l. beaumond ; to whose children , for want of issue in the elder stock , that earledome deuolued , & the later , our foreremēbred philip , who left her inheritance to her only daughter ione : and she taking a patterne from her fathers fortune , espoused likewise . husbands , viz. sir nicholas baron of carew , and sir robert vere , brother to iohn earle of oxford : to sir nicholas , shee bare thomas , nicholas , hugh , alexander , and william : to sir robert , iohn , and became widdow of both . and , as after the fathers decease , good agreement betweene the mother and eldest sonne hath commonly weake continuance , because both being enfranchised to a sudden absolute iurisdiction , neither of them can easily temper the same with a requisite moderation : so it chaunced , that shee and hers fell at square , which discord ( with an vnnaturall extremity ) brake forth into a blow , by him no lesse dearly , then vndutifully giuen his mother : for vpon so iust a cause , she disinherited him of all her lands , being seuenteene mannours , and bestowed them on her yonger sonnes . this i learned by the report of sir peter carew , the elder of that name , and eldest of our stock ( a gentleman , whose rare worth my pen is not able to shaddow , much lesse with his due lineaments to represent ) at such time , as being a scholler in oxford , of fourteene yeeres age , and three yeeres standing , vpon a wrong conceyued opinion touching my sufficiency , i was there called to dispute ex tempore ( impar congressus achilli ) with the matchles sir ph. sidney , in presence of the earles , leycester , warwick , and diuers other great personages . by the forementioned conueyance , she disposed of her sayd mannours as followeth : haccumb , ringmore , and milton , shee gaue to nicholas : lyham , manedon , combhall , and southtawton , to hugh : east-antony , shoggebroke , and landegy , to alexander : wicheband , widebridge , bokeland , and bledeuagh , to william : and lastly , roseworthy , bosewen , and tregennow , to iohn : al which she entailed to them , and the issue of their bodies , substituting , for want thereof , the one to be heire to the other : and in witnes hereof ( sayth she in her conueyance ) to each of these deedes fiue times indented , i haue set my seale ; and because my seale is to many vnknowne , haue procured the seale of the maior of the citie of exon , to be also adioyned . thomas her eldest sonne , repayred this losse , in part , by matching with one of carminowes daughters and heires . from nicholas , is descended carew of haccumb , who by vertue of this entayle , succeeded also to hughs portion , as deceasing issuelesse . from william is come carew of crocum in somerset shire , and from iohn vere , the now earle of oxford , deriueth his pedigree . alexander maried elizabeth the daughter of hatch , and begate iohn , who tooke to wife thamesin , one of the daughters and heires of holland : their sonne sir wymond , espoused martha , the daughter of edmund , and sister to sir anthony denny . sir wymond had thomas , the husband of elizabeth edgecumb , and they my selfe , linked in matrimony with iulian , daughter to iohn arundel of trerice , and one of the heires to her mother catherine cosewarth , who hath made me father of richard , lately wedded to briget , daughter of iohn chudleigh of ashton in deuon . touching our stock in generall , and my family in particular , being once vainly disposed ( i would it had bene but once ) i made this idle obseruation . carew of ancient carru was , and carru is a plowe , romanes the trade , frenchmen the word , i doe the name auowe . the elder stock , and we a braunch , at phoebes gouerning , from fire to sonne , doe waxe and wane , by thrift and lauishing , the fire , not valuing at due price his wealth , it throwes away : the sonne , by seruice or by match , repaireth this decay . the smelling sence wee sundry want , but want it without lack : for t' is no sense , to wish a weale , that brings a greater wrack . through natures marke , we owne our babes , by tip of th'upper lip ; black-bearded all the race , saue mine , wrong dide by mothership . the barons wife , arch-deacons heire , vnto her yonger sonne saue antony , which downe to me , by . descents hath runne . all which , and all their wiues , exprest a turtles single loue , and neuer did tha'duentrous change , of double wedding proue . we are the fift : to swarue herefrom , i will not though i could , as for my wife , god may dispose , shee shall not , though she would . our family transplants itselfe , to grow in other shires , and countrey rather makes then takes , as best behoofe appeares . children thrice three god hath vs lent , two sonnes , and then a mayd , by order borne , of which , one third we in the graue haue layd . our eldest daughter widow fell , before our yongest borne : so doe hard haps vnlooked come , so are our hopes forlorne . mine trebled haue in either sexe , those which my parents got , and yet but halfed them , which god my graundsire did allot : whose grace in court , rarely obtaynd , to th'yongst of those eighteene , three kings of england godfathers , for godmother , our queene . the armes of our family , are or. . lyons passant , sable : armed and langued gules . it exceedeth good maners , to inuite your longer stay at our colde harbour ; and yet , for that diuers strangers haue , either vpon cause or kindnesse , pretended to like well of a saltwater pond there made ; and others , whose dwelling affoordeth a semblable oportunity , may ( perhaps ) take some light herefrom , to doe the like : if they be so disposed , i will put my selfe to the payne of particularly describing it and you may ( notwithstanding ) at your pleasure , saue the labour of perusing it ; wherein i will by the way interlace some notes , for the imitaters better instruction . there lyeth a creeke of ose , betweene two hilles , which deliuering a little fresh rillet into the sea , receyueth for recompence , a large ouerflowing of the salt water tides . this place is deepened to apond , by casting vp part of the ose to the heades , part to the middle , and part to the sides : the vpper head stoppeth out the fresh water , the lower keepeth in the salt : the middle rayseth an iland for the vvorkmens ease , the owners pleasure , and the fishes succour . the ose thus aduanced , within short space , through the sunne and winde , changeth his former softnes , to a firmer hardnesse . round about the pond , there is pitched a frith of three foote heighth , sloped inwards , to barre any otter from issuing , if hee there aduenture his naturall theft , as it would foreclose his entrance , but lose the pastime of his hunting , if the same declined outwards . in one of the corners next the sea , standeth a flood-gate , to bee drawne vp and let downe through reigles in the side postes , whose mouth is encompassed with a double frith , of two foote distance , eche from other , and their middle space filled vp with small stones : this serueth to let in the salt water , and to keepe in the fish , when the flood-gate is taken vp : and therefore you must not make the frith too close , nor the compasse too little , lest they too much stop the waters passage . it riseth of equall heighth with the banks , & they must outreach the highest full sea mark , by two foot at least : neyther ought your flood-gates foote to stand euen with the pondes bottome , lest emptying the water , it wholly abandon the fish , but must leaue about three foot depth within . in the halfe circle enclosed between the flood-gate and the compasse frith , there is digged a round pit , of three foot diameter , and foure foot depth , frithed on the sides , which is continually fedde with the water soaking from the sayd flood-gate , and serueth to keepe any fish aliue , that you haue before taken , and so to saue ouer often drawing . the flood-gate will hold water best , if his sides bee walled vp with cob. the pond may not carry one continuall depth ; but containe some shallow places , to protect the smaller fish from the greater , and for them all to play in , when the weather is hote . in the higher banke there is also a flood-gate , to let in the fresh water , during summer season , which the fish then best affecteth ; the rest of the yeere it is carryed away by a trench , for auoyding diuers discommodities . thus much for the making : now to the vse . such as haue the meanes , may best benefit themselues , by letting in the salt water euery tyde , which is easily done , in making that place , where the water entreth , lower then the bankes and frith , and so suffering the tyde to take his course forth and back , without stop or attendance : and in this case , you may place your flood-gate euen with the floore of your pond , and neuer take it vp , but when you are disposed to view all your store . but mine lieth so high from the mouth of the hauen , as i am driuen to detayne the last prouision , vntill the comming spring-tyde haue taken two daies encrease ; at which time , the floodgate is hoysed vp , the olde water let out , and the new admitted . at full sea downe goeth the flood-gate againe , and there abideth , vntill the next day minister the like ocasion : and after this maner is opened and closed , for sixe dayes in the whole , continuing from thenceforth other ten dayes vnmedled withall , to wit , . daies of the neap , & two of the spring . neither doth al this require ouer-lōg , or busie paines or attēdance : for if the former water be let out ( sauing in extreme cold weather ) before any new come in , or stopped somewhat too late , it little skilleth , so as on the last day you keepe the aduantage , which the flood , then at highest , doth giue you . and all these seruices about my pond , together with sundry other , are performed by an old fellow whome i keepe for almes , and not for his worke . the best meanes of preuenting leakage , is to let three or foure shouels full of earth fall softly downe , by the inner side of the flood-gate , which will quurt vp his chinkes . in winter season , sixe foote depth of water , at least , is requisite . now touching the fish , this is the maner : when the pilcherd sayners cut the most impayred pieces out of their nets , they are bought for a trifle , and serue to make a lesse sayne , of some . or . fathom length , and . in depth , for this purpose , wherewith , betweene midsummer and the end of august , when the full sea falleth in the after-noones , my people make draughtes on the shallow places within harbour , and taking small fishes , cast them into the pond : they are kept & brought thither aliue , in a boat halfe full of water , which entreth thorow a little augre hole in the bottome , and so continueth new . the fish thus taken , are commonly basse , millet , guilthead , whiting , smelts , flouk , plaice , and sole . the pond also breedeth crabs , eeles , & shrimps ; and ( in the beginning ) oysters grew vpon boughs of trees ( an indian miracle ) which were cast in thither , to serue as a houer for the fish . the basse and millet do also spawn there , but whether they ouerliue their breeders rauening , to any big growth , i am not certayne . the pond will more ouer keepe shote , peale , trought , and sammon , in seasonable plight , but not in their wonted reddish graine . they feed on salt vnmarchantable pilcherd , small fish , called brit , and barne , tag-wormes , lugges , little crabs , & the liuers of beasts : the rest deuoure their meat , but the millets content themselues with sucking it , and chawing of the sedge . euery euening they come to a place certain in the pond , for receiuing their allowed pittance , and in summer , approche very neere , and in the top of the water plainly discouer themselues . they were first trayned hereunto , by throwing in their bayte at the ponds mouth , as they resorted thither , to take pleasure of the new entring water , and are now become alike tame , with those in the sicilian riuer elorus , for which , leonicus voucheth the testimony of apollodorus . if they be absent , a knocking , like the chopping of their meat , serueth for a summons to call them , & confirmeth plynies assertion , that fishes do heare . in the hotest summer weather , they swimme with the ryme of the water ; and in the winter , keepe the depth . lymy , or thicke puddelly water , killeth them : they grow very fast , and fatte , which also bettereth their taste , and deliuereth them to the demaunders ready vse , at all seasons , seasonable . they are takē generally , by a little sayne net : specially the eeles in weelies : the flowks , by groping in the sād , at the mouth of the pond , where ( about lent ) they bury themselues to spawn ; & the basse and millet by angling . the pleasure which i took at my friends pleasure herein , idlely busied me thus to expresse the same . i wayt not at the lawyers gates , ne shoulder clymets downe the stayres ; i vaunt not manhood by debates , i enuy not the misers feares : but meane in state , and calme in sprite , my fishfull pond is my delight . where equall distant iland viewes his forced banks , and otters cage : where salt and fresh the poole renues , as spring and drowth encrease or swage : where boat presents his seruice prest , and well become the fishes nest : there sucking millet , swallowing basse , side-walking crab , wry-mouthed flooke , and slip-fist eele , as euenings passe , for safe bayt at due place doe looke : bold to approche , quick to espy , greedy to catch , ready to fly . in heat the top , in cold the deepe : in spring the mouth , the mids in neap : with changelesse change by shoales they keepe , fat , fruitfull , ready , but not cheap : thus meane in state , and calme in sprite , my fishfull pond is my delight . and againe . stench-louing flies , their father heat , on mother , moysture doth beget , who feeling force of sunne too great , their course vnto some water set , there meane of calmy ayre to proue , twixt coole below and warmth aboue . but carelesse of foresight in weale , the euening deaw droplodes their wing , so forst , downe falne , for flight to sayle , with buzzing moane their bane they sing , fluttering in waue , swimming in ayre , that , weake to drowne , and this , to beare . while thus they can nor liue nor dye , nor water-gieu'd , escape away , the fish and swallowes it espie , and both them challenge for their pray ; the fish as caught within their toyle , the swallowes as their kindely spoyle . the fish , like swallowes , mount on high , the swallowes , fish-like diue in waue , these , finlesse swimme , those , winglesse fly , one bent their diuers ventures haue , fish in the drye , swallowes in wet , by kinde 'gainst kinde their prey to get . their push a bubble vp doth reare , the bubble driues the fly to brinke : so fish in vaine deuoure the ayre , swallowes in vayne the water drinke , while fly escapes , this sport i take . where pond doth th' ocean captiue make . i carried once a purpose , to build a little woodden banqueting house , on the iland in my pond , which because some other may ( perhaps ) elsewhere put in executiō , it wil not do much amisse , to deliuer you the plot , as the same was deuised for mee , by that perfectly accomplished gentleman , the late sir arthure champernowne . the iland is square , with foure rounds at the corners , like mount-edgecumb . this should first haue bene planched ouer and rayled about , with ballisters . in the midst , there should haue risen a boorded roome , of the like fashion , but lesser proportion , so to leaue sufficient space betweene that and the rayles for a walke round about : this square roome should within side haue bene sieled roundwise , and in three of the places where the round ioyned with the square , as many windowes should haue bene set ; the fourth should haue serued for a dore . of the . turrets , shut out by this round , one should haue made a kitchin , the second , a store-house , to keepe the fishing implements , the third , a buttery , & the fourth a stayre , for ascending to the next loft : which next loft should haue risen on the flat roofe of the lower , in a round forme , but of a lesser size againe , so to leaue a second tarras , like the other : and as the square roome below was sieled round , so should this vpper round roome be sieled square , to the end , that where the side walles and sieling ioyned , three windowes and a doore might likewise find their places . the voyd spaces betweene the round and square , hee would haue turned to cupboardes and boxes , for keeping other necessary vtensiles , towards these sishing feasts . ouer-against this pond , lyeth beggers iland , so called ( as our neighbours relate ) euer since my great grandsire espying . of that idle occupation , at a hote combate on the shore , while he was rowing homewards from saltash , tooke them into his boat , & there set them on land , to try ( as in a lists ) the vttermost of their quarrell : which place they could not quir , vntil the low water should enfranchise them by wading & the respite , vent out the aly e fume of their fury . about . yeres agoe , it chanced , that a boat ouerfraighted with people , in rowing downe the riuer from saltash market , was by the extreme weather , sunk , neere to a place called henpoint , and all the folke drowned , sauing one onely woman , named agnes , the wife of one cornish , whome it pleased god so to protect and direct , that in her first popping vp againe ( which most liuing things accustome ) shee espyed the boat ( after it had discharged his burtlien ) risen likewise , and floting by her , full of water , whereon she got holde , sate astride vpon one of his sides , and by the winde and tyde , was vnusually , and almost miraculously driuen athwart the chanell , to a place called wilcoue , where shee no sooner stepped ashore , but the boat ( as hauing done his enioyned errand ) presently recommitted itself to the stormes disposition . the woman thus freed from one perill at sea , aduentured another of little lesse consequence at land ; for being not yet throughly restored to her sēse , she clymed vp the cliffe in such a steepe place , as the very consideration thereof , doth euer sithence halfe amaze the beholders . but that ground was foreordained to her good : for not long after , her husband tooke the same , with the rest of the tenement , in lease ; and it now serueth her for a dwelling , and many others , by her charitie , for a reliefe . her sayd husband , & their two onely sonnes , at seuerall times , by one kind of misfortune , found their buriall in the waues . the oysters dredged in this lyner , finde a welcomer acceptance , where the taste , & not appetite , is cater for the stomack , then those of the adioyning tamer , which groweth ( as i coniecture ) because lyners lesser streame leaueth them to bee seasoned , with a more kindely and better relished saltnes . the next parish vpō this riuer , is called sheuiock , somtimes the anciēt dannyes inheritance & inhabitance : by whose daughter & heire , the same ( together with other faire possessions ) descended to the earles of deuon . in the church there lie two knights of that name , and one of their ladies by her husbands side , hauing their pictures embossed on their tombes in the side walles , and their armes once painted round about ; but now by the malice , not of men , but of time , defaced . they are held to be father and sonne , and that the sonne slayne in our warres with fraunce , was from thence brought home to be here interred . there runneth also a tale amongst the parishioners , how one of these dannyes ancestours vndertook to build the church , and his wife the barne adioyning , and that , casting vp their accounts , vpon finishing of their workes , the barne was found to cost three halfepence more then the church : and so it might well fall out : for it is a great barne and a little church . in this parish standeth crasthole , which by the high site , might more fitly be termed open hill , a poore village , but a much frequented thorow-fare , somewhat infamous , not vpon any present desert , but through an inueterate byword , viz. that it is peopled with . dwellings and . cuckolds : for as the dwellings are more then doubled , so ( i hope ) the cuckolds are lesse then singled . howsoeuer , many wayfarers make themselues glee , by putting the inhabitants in minde of this priuiledge ; who againe , especially the women ( like the campellians in the north , and the london bargers ) forslow not to baigne them ( vnlesse they plead their heels the faster ) with a worse perfume , then iugurth found fault with in the dungeon , where the romanes buried him aliue , to attend his languishing and miserable death . vpon sheuiock abbutteth s. germanes , the greatest parish in cornwall , if you ioyne to the store of people , the quantity and quality of the soyle , wherethrough it affoordeth commodious dwellings to sundry ancient gentlemen , and wealthy farmours ▪ amongst which first sort , i may not ( without withdrawing my testimony due to venue ) omit m. george keckwitch of catch-french , a house so named ( by likelyhood ) for some former memorable , though now forgotten accident , whose continuall , large , and inquisitiue liberality to the poore , did in the late deare yeres , extraordinarily extend it selfe to an inuiting emulation , but beyond the apprehensiue imitation of any other in the shire . he hath issue by blanch the daughter of sir frauncis godolphin : his father george , maried buller : his graundsire their ancient dwelling was in essex , where this gentleman enioyeth fayre possessions , & beareth for his armes , ar. two lyons in bend passant sa. cotised , g. the church towne mustreth many inhabitants , and sundry ruines , but little wealth , occasioned eyther through abandoning their fishing trade , as some conceiue , or by their being abandoned of the religious people , as the greater sort imagine : for in former times , the bishop of cornwals see , was from s. petrocks in bodmyn , remooued hither ; as from hence , when the cornish dioces vnited with deuon , it passed to crediton : and lastly , from thence to excester . but this first losse receyued reliefe through a succeeding priory , which at the general suppression , changing his note with his coate , is now named port eliot , and by the owners charity distributeth , pro virili , the almes accustomably expected and expended at such places . neither will it ( i thinke ) much displease you to heare , how the gentlemans ancestour , of whom master eliot bought it , came by the same , iohn champernowne , sonne and heire apparant to sir philip of deuon , in h. the . time ; followed the court , and through his pleasant conceits , of which much might be spoken , wan some good grace with the king. now when the golden showre of the dissolued abbey lands , rayned welnere into euery gapers mouth , some . or . gentlemen , the kings seruants , and master champernownes acquaintance , waited at a doore where the king was no passe forth , with purpose to beg such a matter at his hands : our gentleman became inquisitiue to know their suit : they made strange to impart it . thi●●●hile , out comes the king : they kneele down , so doth master champernowne : they preferre their petition ; the king graunts it : they render humble thanks , and so doth m. champernowne : afterwards , he requireth his share ; they deny it ; he appeales to the king : the king avoweth his equall meaning in the largesse ; whereon the ouertaken companions were fayne to allot him this priory for his partage . the parish church answereth in bignesse , the large proportion of the parish , & the surplusage of the priory ; a great part of whose chauncell anno . fel suddenly downe , vpon a friday , very shortly after publike seruice was ended , which heauenly fauour , of so little respite , saued many persons liues ; with whō immediately before , it had bene stuffed : and the deuout charges of the well disposed parishioners quickly repayred this ruine . at the townes end , cuddenbeak , an anciēr house of the bishops , from a well aduaunced promontory ; which intituled it beak , taketh a pleasant prospect of the riuer . in this parish lyeth bake , the mansion of the foreremēbred m. ro. moyle , who maried anne daughter of m. lock , as he did mistris vaughan , a gentlewoman suppressing her rare learning , with a rarer modesty , & yet expressing the same in her vertuous life and christian decease . iohn father to robert maried agnes , daughter of semtabyn : and his father 〈…〉 daughter of forteskew , to whom that dwelling first descended . he beareth for his armes g. a moyle passant , ar. a part of this parish confineth on the maine sea , & offreth a faire landing place , called seaton , howbeit , by a handsome fence forbidding any foes inuasion : it is ouerlooked , vpon the one side of the riuer ( which there dischargeth his streame into the ocean ) by keuerel , the ancient house of the langdons , gent. in former times , of faire reuennues , whose armes are ar. a cheuron betweene . beares heads erased sa. the house perhaps , borowing his name of che●ereal , al french word , signifying a wild goat ( as those high elifs affoord them a commodious inhabitance ) and on the other , by tregonnock , the dwelling of m. tho , smith , who in a quiet & honest retirednes , findeth that contentmet , which many ambitious heads far and wide doe vainely seeke for : he maried tre 〈…〉 his father robert one of the daughters and heires to killigrew : and his sonne iohn , priscilla the daughter of m. geo. wadham . his armes , b. a soultier ar. betweene . martlets o. leauing s. germanes , and passing through laurake parish , in which m. peter courtney hath an high seated house , called wottō , you descend to noddet or bridge , where the riuer lyner first mingleth his fresh streame with the brinish waues touching whose name and quality , one delighted in the solitary solace of his banks , & more affecting his owne recreation , then hunting after any others good liking , descanted thus : who first gaue lyners name , or from what cause it came , hard 't is for certaine to expresse : experience yet directs , by tryall of effects , thereatto ayme , and frame a gesse , is 't , that as she thee bear'th , so thou doest line the earth , with purfeld streames of blew and white : or , at a line doth guide , so thou doest leuell slide , and throw'st into the sea thy mite ? is 't , that with twisted line , the angler doth vntwine the fishes life , by giuing-breath . or , as the threshing lout , rusheth his lyners out , so lyner on his course rushetht , or , as some puppy feat , liueth a mastiue great , and getteth whelps of mongrell kinde : lyner , the sea so lines , and streame with waue combines , begetting waters freshly brin'de . item . when sunne the earth least shadow spares , and highest stalles in heauen his seat , then lyners peeble bones he bares , who like a lambe , doth lowly blear , and faintly sliding euery rock , plucks from his foamy fleece a lock . before , a riuer , now a rill , before , a fence , now searce a bound : children him ouer-leape at will , small beasts , his deepest bottome sound . the heauens with brasse enarch his head , and earth , of yron makes his bed . but when the milder-mooded skie , his face in mourning weedes doth wrap , for absence of his clearest die , and drops teares in his centers lap , lyner gynnes lyon-like to roare , and scornes old bankes should bound him more . then , second sea , he rolles , and bear's , rockes in his wombe , riekes on his backe . downe-borne bridges , vptorne wear's , witnesse , and wayle , his force , their wracke . into mens houses fierce he breakes , and on each stop , his rage he wreakes . shepheard adiew's his swymming flocke , the hinde his whelmed haruest hope , the strongest rampire fear 's his shocke , plaines scarce oan serue to giue him scope , nor hils a barre ; whereso he stray'th , ensue , losse , terrour , ruine , death . in following the course of lyner , you fall downe by master bonds auncient house of earth , descended to his auncesters , from the daughter and heire of that name , to that of master wiuels , newly and fayrely builded , on which abbutteth ma. bullers shillingham , not so much beholden to the owners inhabitance , as to natures pleasant and commodious seating . bond married with fountaine , his father with fits : his armes are ar. on a cheuron sa. three befants . next , wee take view of trematon castle , as it doth of the hauen , and countrie adioyning . it is , or rather was , one of the dukes foremencioned foure houses : for now all the inner buildings are sunke into ruine : onelythere remaine the iuie-tapissed wals of the keepe , and base court , and a poore dwelling for the keeper of the gayle , to which prisoners are brought vpon actions , from al places , appurtenāt to that large lordship , if they cannot by suretiship discharge themselues , from the bailiefes arrest . i haue receiued information , from one auerring eye-witnes , that about fourescore yeres since , there was digged vp in the parish chauncell , a leaden coffin , which being opened , shewed the proportion of a verie bigge man , but when the hands went about to ascertaine themselues , as well as their eyes , the body verified , that omnis caro puluis . the partie farder told me , how , a writing graued in the lead , expressed the same to bee the burial of a duke , whose heire was maried to the prince . but who it should bee , i cannot deuise , albeit my best pleasing coniecture , lighteth vpon orgerius , because his daughter was married to edgar . at the last cornish commotion , s. richard greynuile the elder did , with his ladie and followers , put themselues into this castle , & there for a while indured the rebels siege , incamped in three places against it , who wanting great ordinance , could haue wrought the besieged small scathe , had his friends , or enemies , kept faith and promise : but some of those within ; slipping by night ouer the wals , with their bodies after their hearts , and those without , mingling humble intreatings with rude menaces , he was hereby wonne , to issue forth at a posterne gate for patley . the while , a part of thoserakehels , not knowing what honestie , and farre lesse , how much the word of a souldier imported , stepped betweene him and home , laid hold on his aged vnweyldie body , and threatned to leaue it liuelesse , if the inclosed did not leaue their resistance . so prosecuting their first treacherie against the prince , with suteable actions towards his subiects , they seized on the castle , and exercised the vttermost of their barbarous crueltie ( death excepted ) on the surprised prisoners . the seely gentlewomen , without regard of sexe or shame , were stripped from their apparrell to their verie smockes , and some of their fingers broken , to plucke away their rings , and sir richard himselfe made an exchange from trematon castle , to that of launceston , with the gayle to boote . this castle vaunteth the lord warden his steward by patent , master anthonie rouse his baylife by inheritance , and richard carew of antony his keeper by lease . of the ancient officers , one yet retayneth the name , though not the place , viz. m. porter , to whose ancestor , when vantor was l. thereof , one by a deed before date , gaue land , lying without the gate , by the title of russell ianitori de trematon , which he still enioyeth . m. porters armes are sa. three belles ar. a canton erm. it standeth in s. stephens parish : the sheafe whereof , together with other farre reuennues , m. george wadham enioying in the right of his wife , the daughter and heire to master hechins , liberally bestoweth in continuall hospitalitie . master hechins armes , are sa. a crosse fleurty , quarterly b. and g. betweene . lyons heades erased sa. langued of the second . m. wadhams , g. a cheuron betweene three roses ar. the same parish also compriseth saltash , in olde writings , called villa de esse ; esse his towne : and such gentlemen there haue bene of ancient descent and faire reuennues . the word salt , is added thereunto , because it standeth on the sea , & to distinguish it from other places of the same name . it is seated on the declyning of a steep hill , consisteth of three streets , which euery showre washeth cleane , compriseth betweene . and . households , vnderlyeth the gouernment of a maior & his . brethren , and possesseth sundry large priuiledges ouer the whole hauen , to wit , an yeerely rent of boates and barges appertayning to the harbour , ancorage of strange shipping , crowning of dead persons , laying of arrests , and other admirall rights , besides electing of burgesses for the parliaments , benefit of the passage , foreclosing all others , saue themselues , from dredging of oysters , except betweene candlemas and easter , weckely markets , halfe-yeerely fayres , &c. the towne is of late yeeres well encreased and adorned with buildings , & the townsmen addict themselues to the honest trade of marchandise , which endoweth them with a competent wealth . some . or . ships belong thereunto . it was not long since , that the neighbour-ministers successiuely bestowed their paines in preaching there , on the market daies , and the bordering gentlemen yeelded their presence . sermon ended , the preachers resorted to one ordinary , and the gentlemen to another . this affoorded commendable effects to many works of loue and charity : but , with the retorted blame , from one to another , it is now wholly giuen ouer . heere , that great carrack , which sir frauncis drake surprised , in her returne from the east indies , vnloded her frayght , and through a negligent fyring met with an vnproper ending . in this towne also dwelleth one grisling , deafe from a long time , who , besides his merry conceites , of counterseyting by signes ( like the romane pantamimi ) any kinde of occupation or exercise , hath a strange quality , to vnderstand what you say , by marking the mouing of your lips , especially if you speake deliberately of any ordinary matter , so as ( contrary to the rules of nature , and yet without the helpe of arte ) he can see words as they passe forth of your mouth : and of this i haue caused him to giue often experiments . and if plyny now liued , i suppose he would affoord a roome , in his natural history , to a dogge of this town , who ( as i haue learned by the faithfull report of master thomas parkins ) vsed daily to fetch meate at his house there , and to carry the same vnto a blinde mastiffe , that lay in a brake without the towne : yea , ( that more is ) hee would vpon sundayes conduct him thither to dynner , and , the meale ended , guide him back to his couch and couert againe . i had almost forgotten to tell you , that there is a well in this towne , whose water will neuer boyle peason to a seasonable softnes . at the foot of saltash , there abbutteth vpon the sea , a rock , called ashtorre , alias , esses torre , which is inuested with the iurisdiction of a mannour , and claymeth the sultes of many gentlemen , as his freeholders in knights seruice . belowe this , there is a rock on eche side of the riuer , the one termed the bull , the other the hen ; that on deuon , this on cornwall side . the hen standeth a little distant from the shore , which giueth occasion to a packe , how between it and the land , the queenes greatest ship may saile ; but it is meant of the farther distant . aboue saltash , cargreen , a fisher towne , sheweth it selfe , but can hardly muster a meane plight of dwellings or dwellers : so may their care be greene , because their wealth is withered . neere thereunto is clifton , a neat seated house , appertayning to one of the arundels , descended by a yonger brother , from those of trerice : he maried hill , his father , cole . neither hath your eye searcely quitted that , when it receiueth halton , the pleasant and commodious dwelling of m. anthony rouse , both which benefits , he employeth to a kind & vninterrupted entertainment of such , as visit him vpō his not spare inuiting , or their owne occasions , who ( without the selfe guilt of an vngratefull wrong ) must witnes , that his frankenesse confirmeth their welcome , by whatsoeuer meanes , prouision , the fewell of hospitality , can in the best maner supply . his auncestours were lords of little modbury in deuon , before the descent of times grew to a distinguishment , by the date of writings : which mannour , together with other lands , through a lineall succession , fell to be possessed by raphe , wil. raphe , iohn , wil. raphe , and raphe , whose daughter and heire elizabeth , bestowed the same , with her selfe , vpon the family of the dimocks . robert , second sonne to the last mentioned raphe , saue one , had issue will. who maried alice , the daughter and heire of tho. of edmerston . wil. had another wil. and he had iohn , and iohn againe had wil. this wil. had roger , who vpon iulian , sister and coheire of iohn hill of fleet , begat iohn and richard , father to the gentleman now liuing , and he matched with elizabeth , daughter of thomas southcott , and one of the heires to her mother , the daughter of barnehouse : besides which , hee succeeded to his vncle iohns inheritance , who deceased issuelesse : and being yet scarcely entred the limits of an healthfull olde age , seeth his pedigree extended into two farther descents . as for those outreaching mans memory , i haue seene them very sufficiently verified : his armes are , o. an eagle displayed b. pruning her wing , armed and langued g. vpon the top of a creek hereby , lyeth crocadon , the mansion of m. treuisa , a gent. deriuing himselfe from the ancient and weldeseruing chronicler of that name : he beareth g. a garbe o. a mile aboue halton , standeth cuttayle , another house of m. edgecumbs , so named ( as wee may coniecture ) of the french courtaile , in english , short cut ; because here , the salt water course is straightned , by the incroching banks . the buildings are ancient , large , strong and fayre , and appurtenanced with the necessaries of wood , water , fishing , parks , and mils , with the deuotion of ( in times past ) a rich furnished chappell , and with the charity of almes-houses for certaine poore people , whom the owners vsed to releeue . it is reported , & credited thereabouts , how sir ric. edgecumb the elder , was driuen to hide himself in those his thick woods , which ouerlook the riuer , what time being suspected of fauouring the earle of richmonds party , against king r. the . hee was hotely pursued , and narrowely searched for . which extremity taught him a sudden policy , to put a stone in his cap , & tumble the same into the water , while these rangers were fast at his heeles , who looking downe after the noyse , and seeing his cap swimming thereon , supposed that he had desperatly drowned himselfe , gaue ouer their farther hunting , and left him liberty to shift away , and ship ouer into brittaine : for a gratefull remembrance of which deliuery , hee afterwards builded in the place of his lurking , a chappell , not yet vtterly decayed . and thus hauing coasted the cornish side of plymmouth hauen , i hold it not amisse , to make report of such great voyages , as , by the memory of our chronicles , or our owne view , from this harbour , tooke their beginning or ending . heere the neuer inough commended black prince , attended by the earles of warwick , suffolk , sarisbury , and oxford , the lord chandos and others , committed himselfe to the sea , with a nauy of . bottoms , for landing and maintayning his fathers right in france ; and hither , after his glorious battell at poictiers , he returned , with the captiue french king and his nobles . here the lady katherine , daughter to the king of spaine , and wife to our prince arthur , tooke land , at her first arriuall in england . heere shipped himselfe , the lord darcy , sent by king henry the . with a lusty crew of soldiers , for that ferdinands iust assistance , against the infidels : but vsed by him as a stale , for the vniust conquest of christian nauar. here , mostly , haue the troups of aduenturers , made their rendez vous , for attempting newe discoueries or inhabitances : as , tho. stukeleigh , for florida , sir humfrey gilbert for newfound-land , sir rich. greynuile for virginea , sir martyn frebisher , and master dauies , for the north-west passage , sir walter raleigh for guiana , &c. here , count mongomery made forth , with a more commendable meaning , then able meanes , or welspeeding effect , for relieuing the hard besieged , and sore distressed rochellers . here , sir fra. drake first extended the point of that liquid line , wherewith ( as an emulator of the sunnes glorie ) he encompassed the world . here , master candish began to second him , with a like heroicall spirit , and fortunate successe . here , don antonio , king of portugall , the earles of cumberland , essex , and notingham , the lord warden of the stanneries , sir iohn norrice , sir iohn hawkins ( and who elsewhere , and not here ? ) haue euer accustomed to cut sayle , in carrying defiance , against the imaginarie new monarch ; and heere to cast anker , vpon their returne with spoyle and honour . i omit the infinite swarme of single ships , and pettie fleetes , dayly heere manned out to the same effect . and here , in eightie eight , the foreremembred lord admirall expected , and set forth , against that heauen-threatning armado , which , to bee tainted with the shamefuller disgrace , and to blaze our renoume with the brighter lustre , termed it selfe , inuincible . but i may not grow ouer-lasciuious in extolling . king r. the . anno . of his raigne , by act of parliament , restrained all passengers from shipping themselues in any other ports thē such as are there set down : of which plymmouth was one . from plymmouth hauen , passing farther into the countrie , hengsten downe presenteth his waste head and sides to our sight . this name it boroweth of hengst , which in the saxon signifieth a horse , & to such least daintie beasts it yeeldeth fittest pasture . the countrie people haue a by word , that , hengsten downe , well ywrought , is worth london towne , deare ybought . which grewe from the store of tynne , in former times , there digged vp : but that gainfull plentie is now fallen to a scant-sauing scarcitie . those workes afford store of the formentioned cornish diamonds . the neighboring inhabitants obserue also , that when the top of hengsten is capped with a cloud , the same boadeth a showre within short time after . roger ho●●den reporteth , that about anno . a fleete of danes arriued in west-wales , with whome the welsh ioyned in insurrection against king egbright , but hee gloriously discomfited them , at hengistendune , which i take to bee this place ( if at least west-wales may , by interpretation , passe for cornwall ) because the other prouince , of that name , is more commonly diuided into north and south . this down is edged by carybullock , sometimes a parke of the dukes , but best brooking that name , now it hath lost his qualitie , through exchaunging deere for bullocke . a little aside from hence , lyeth landwhitton , now lawhitton , which ( as i haue elsewhere noted ) was exempted vnto edwulff bishop of creditune , from the cornish diocesse , to which yet , both for the temporaltie , and spiritualtie , the same oweth present subiection . mary , into what new names pontiū & coilleng there also mentioned , are now metamorphized , i must say amplio . those buildings commonly knowne by the name of lauriston , and written lanceston , are by the cornishmen , called lesteeuan ( lez in cornish signifieth broad , & those are scatteringly erected ) and were anciently termed lanstaphadon , by interpretation , s. stephens church : they consist of two boroughs , downeuet and newport : that ( perhaps so called ) of downe yeeding , as hauing a steep hill this , of his newer erection . with them ioyne the parishes of s. thomas & s. stephens . the parish church of launceston it selfe , fetcheth his title of dedication , from mary magdalen , whose image is curiously hewed in a side of the wall , and the whole church fayrely builded . the towne was first founded ( saith m. hooker ) by eadulphus , brother to alpsius , duke of deuon and cornwall , and by his being girded with a wall , argueth in times past to haue caried some valew . a newe increase of wealth , expresseth it selfe in the inhabitants late repayred and enlarged buildings . they are gouerned by a maior , and his scarlet-robde brethren , and reape benefit by their fayres and markets , and the county assizes . the statute of . henry . which tooke order touching sanctuaries , endowed this towne with the priuiledge of one , but i find it not turned to any vse . to the town there is adioynant in site , but sequestred in iurisdiction , an ancient castle , whose steepe rocky-footed keepe , hath his top enuironed with a treble wal , and in regard thereof , men say , was called , castle terrible . the base court compriseth a decayed chappell , a large hall , for holding the shire . assizes , the constables dwelling house , and the common gayle . about yeeres past , there were found certaine leather coynes in the castle wall , whose faire stamp and strong substance , till then resisted the assault of time , as they would now of couetousnesse . a little without the towne , were founded a friery , and anno . an abbey , furthered by reignald earle of cornwall . about . miles distant from launceston , penheale mannour coasteth the high way , claiming the right of anciēt demain , & sometimes appertaining to the earles of huntingdon , but purchased not long sithence by the late m. george greinuile , who descended from a yonger brother of that family , and through his learning and wisdome , aduanced his credit to an especiall good regard in his countrey . he maried iulian , one of the . daughters and heires of william viel : and iane , the daughter to sir iohn arundel of trerne . richard his father tooke to wife , one of kelwayes heires ; and degory his graund-father , one of the inheritors to tregarthen : which helps , together with his owne good husbandry , haue endowed his sonne with an elder brothers liuelyhood : he beareth g. three restes o. in lezant parish heereby , master christopher harris owneth a third part of trecarell ( the proiect and onset of a sumptuous building ) as coheire to the last gentleman of that name , but admitteth no partner in the sweetly tempered mixture of bounty and thrift , grauity and pleasantnes , kindnesse and stoutnes ; which grace all his actions . hee beareth sa. three croissants within aborder a. neither may wee forget master coringtons house of newton , old to him by succession , yet new , in respect of his owne antiquitie : diuers his auncestors haue reaped the praise and reputation of a stayed carriage , howbeit one of them , through his rash , but merrie prankes , is to this day principally remembred , by the name of the mad corington . i haue heard him deliuer an obseruation , that , in eight liniall descents , no one borne heire of his house euer succeeded to the land : hee beareth a. a saultier sa. trebigh , a priuiledged franchise , is by his lord , master william wray , conuerted to a generall welcomer of his friends and neighbours . hee married the daughter of sir william courtney : his father the coheire of killigrew . hee beareth sa. a fesse betweene three battel-axes a. poole , for his low and moyst seate , is not vnaptly named , houseth sir ionathan trelawny , farre beneath his worth & calling : he married sir henry killigrews daughter : his father , the coheire of reskimer : his graundfather lamellyns inheritrix . poole standeth in mynhinet parish , where sir ionathan hath a large priuiledged mānour of the same name : the benefice is giuen by excester colledge in oxford , none but the fellowes admittable , wherethrough it hath sccessiuely beene graced , with three well borne , well learned , and welbeloued incumbents ; doctor tremayne , master billet , and master denis . out of sir ionathans house is also descended master edward trelawny , a gentleman qualified with many good parts . their armes are a. a cheuron , s. betweene three oke-leaues vert. sundrie other gent. rest beholden to this hundred , for their dwellings , who , in an enuiable mediocritie of fortune , do happilie possesse themselues , and communicate their sufficient means to the seruice of their prince , the good of their neighbours , and the bettering of their own estate : of which sort are , m. becket , who beareth s. a fesse , betweene three boares heads coped , sixe crosses crosselet fichee . o. m. tregodecke , who beareth a. a cheuron betweene three buckles s. m. spurre . g. on a cheuron . o. a rose of the first , and . mullets pearnd s. m. bligh b. a griffon legreant o. armed g. betweene . croissants a. m. lower b. a cheuron engrayled o. betweene three roses a. m. treuisa g. a garb o. m. chiuerton a. a castle s. standing on a hill v. manaton . a on a bend s. three mullets of the field , and some others . stratton hundred . stratton hundred extendeth the breadth of cornewall , to the north , as that of east beginneth it on the south , and therefore it shall next succeede . his circuit is slender , but his fruitfulnesse great , and the inhabitants industrie commendable , who reape a large benefit from their orchyards and gardens , but specially from their garlick ( the countreymans triacle ) which they vent , not onely into cornwall , but many other shires besides . stratton , the onely market towne of this hundred , gaue the same his name , and ( if i mistake not ) taketh it from strota , a street : other memorable matter to report thereof , i finde not any . vpon one side of the towne , lyeth master chamonds house and place of launcels , so called , for that it was sometimes a cell , appertaining to the abbot of hartlond . this gentlemans father , late deceased , receiued at gods hands , an extraordinarie fauour , of long life . hee serued in the office of a iustice of peace , almost . yeeres . he knew aboue . seuerall iudges of the westerne cercuit . he was vncle , and great vncle to at least . wherein yet , his vncle and neighbour , master greynuile , parson of kilkhampton , did exceed him . he married one of the daughters and heires of treuenuer , and by her saw fiue sonnes , and two daughters , the yongest out-stepping . yeeres . sir iohn chamond his father , a man learned in the common lawes , was knighted at the sepulchre , and by dame iane , widdowe to sir iohn arundell of trerice , and daughter to sir thomas greynuile , had an elder sonne called thomas , whose two daughters , and heires , by arscot ; caried part of the lands , to tripcony , and treuanion , with whome they matched . master chamond beareth a. a cheuron betweene . flowers de luce : g. in launcels parish , also , standeth norton , the house of m. tristram arscot , a gēt . who by his trauailing abroad in his yonger yeres , hath the better enabled himselfe , to discharge his calling at home . he tooke to wife eulalia , the widdow of the wise , and vertuous m. edmond tremayne , and daughter of sir iohn sentleger , whose stately house of anery , in deuon , he purchased , & thither hath lately remoued his residence ; he beareth party per cheuron b. et e. in chiefe two stagges heads cabased o. vpon the north-sea , thereby , bordereth stow , so singly called , rer eminentiam , as a place of great and good marke & scope , and the auncient dwelling of the greynuiles famous family , from whence are issued diuers male branches , and whither the females haue brought in a verie populous kinred . master bernard greinuile , sonne and heire to sir richard , is the present owner , and in a kind magnanimitie , treadeth the honourable steps of his auncestors . tonacumb , late the house of master iohn kempthorne , alias , lea , who married katherine , the daughter of sir peers courtney , is , by his issuelesse decease , descended to his brothers sonne : hee beareth a. three pine-apple trees v. returning to the westwards , wee meete with bude , an open sandie bay , in whose mouth riseth a little hill , by euerie sea-floud made an iland , and thereon , a decayed chappell : it spareth roade onely to such small shipping , as bring their tide with them , and leaueth them drie , when the ebbe hath carried away the salt-water . vpon one side hereof , master arundel of trerice possesseth a pleasant-seated house , and demaines , called efford , alias , ebbingford , and that not vnproperly , because euerie low water , there affordeth passage to the other shore : but now it may take a new name , for his better plight : for this gentleman hath , to his great charges , builded a salt-water mill , athwart this bay , whose causey serueth , as a verie conuenient bridge , to saue the way-farers former trouble , let , and daunger . it is receiued by tradition , that his belsire , sir iohn arundel , was forewarned , by i wot not what calker , how he should bee slaine on the sands . for auoyding which encounter , he alwaies shunned efford , & dwelt at trerice , another of his houses . but , as the prouerb sayth , fata viam inuenient , and as experience teacheth mens curiosity , fato viam sternit . it hapned , that what time the earle of oxford surprized s. michaels mount by policy , and kept the same by strong hand , this sir iohn arundel was sherife of cornwall , wherethrough , vpon duety of his office , and commaundement from the prince , hee marched thither , with posse comitatus , to besiege it , and there , in a skirmish on the sands , which deuide the mount from the continēt , he fulfilled the effect of the prophecy , with the losse of his life , and in the said mounts chappell lieth buried . so cambises lighted on ecbatana in egypt , and alexander epirot , on acheros in italy , to bring them to their end . so philip of macedon , and atis the sonne of croesus , found a chariot in a swords hilt , and an iron poynted weapon at the hunting of a bore , to delude their preuentiue wearinesse . so amilcar supped in siracusa , & the prince of wales ware a crown thorow cheapside , in another sort and sense then they imagined , or desired . and so pope gerebert , and our king h. the . trauailed no farther , for meeting their fatall hierusalem , then the one to a chappell in rome , the other to a chamber in westminster . s. marie wike standeth in a fruitfull soyle , skirted with a moore , course for pasture , and combrous for trauellers . wic , by master lambert , signifieth a towne : by master camden , stationem , vel sinum , vbi excercitus agit . this village was the birth-place of thomasine bonauenture , i know not , whether by descēt , or euent , so called : for whiles in her girlish age she kept sheepe on the fore-remembred moore , it chanced , that a london marchant passing by , saw her , heeded her , liked her , begged her of her poore parents , and carried her to his home . in processe of time , her mistres was summoned by death to appeare in the other world , and her good thewes , no lesse then her seemely personage , somuch contented her master , that he aduanced her from a seruant , to a wife , and left her a wealthy widdow . her second mariage befell with one henry gall : her third and last , with sir iohn perciual , lord maior of london , whom she also ouerliued . and to shew , that vertue as well bare a part in the desert , as fortune in the meanes of her preferment , she employed the whole residue of her life and last widdowhood , to works no lesse bountifull , then charitable : namely , repayring of high waies , building of bridges , endowing of maydens , relieuing of prisoners , feeding and apparelling the poore , &c. amongst the rest , at this s. mary wike , she founded a chauntery and free-schoole , together with faire lodgings , for the schoolemasters , schollers , and officers , and added twenty pound of yeerely reuennue , for supporting the incident charges : wherein as the bent of her desire was holy , so god blessed the same with al wished successe : for diuers the best gent. sonnes of deuon and cornwall were there vertuously trained vp , in both kinds of diuine and humane learning , vnder one cholwel , an honest and religious teacher , which caused the neighbours so much the rather , and the more to rewe , that a petty smacke onely of popery , opened a gap to the oppression of the whole , by the statute made in edw. the . raigne , touching the suppression of chaunteries . such strange accidēts of extraordinary aduancemēts , are verified by the ample testimonie of many histories , and , amongst the rest , we read in machiauell ( how beit controuled by the often reproued iouius ) that castruccio caestracani climed from a baser birth , to a farre higher estate . for being begotten in lucca , by vnknowne parents , and cast out , in his swadling clouts , to the wide world , he was taken vp by a widdowe , placed by her with a clergy man her brother , giuen by him to a gent , called francesco guinigi , and by guinigi left tutor to his onely sonne . from which step , his courage and wisedome raysed him by degrees , to the soueraignty of lucca , the senatorship of rome , the speciall fauour of the emperour , and a neere hope ( only by death preuented ) of subduing florence . lesnewith hundred . lesnewith hūdred taketh his name of a parish therein ( as stratton doth of a towne ) memorable for nothing else . it may be deriued , either from les , which in cornish signifieth broad , and newith , which is new , as a new breadth , because it enlargeth his limits farther into cornwall on both sides , whereas stratton is straightned on the one by deuon : or from les and gwith , which importeth broad ashen trees , g , for euphonias sake being turned into n. the first place which heere offreth it selfe to sight , is bottreaux castle , seated on a bad harbour of the north sea , & suburbed with a poore market town , yet entitling the owner in times past , with the stile of a baron , from who , by match it descēded to the l. hungerford , & resteth in the earle of huntingdon . the diuersified roomes of a prison , in the castle , for both sexes , better preserued by the inhabitants memorie , then discerneable by their owne endurance , shew the same , heeretofore to haue exercised some large iurisdiction . not farre from thence , tintogel , more famous for his antiquitie , then regardable for his present estate , abbutteth likewise on the sea ; yet the ruines argue it , to haue beene once , no vnworthie dwelling for the cornish princes . the cyment wherewith the stones were layd , resisteth the fretting furie of the weather , better then themselues . halfe the buildings were raysed on the continent , and the other halfe on an iland , continued together ( within mens remembrance ) by a drawe-bridge , but now diuorced , by the downefalne steepe cliffes , on the farther side , which , though it shut out the sea from his wonted recourse , hath yet more strengthened the late iland : for , in passing thither , you must first descend with a dangerous declyning , and then make a worse ascent , by a path , as euerie where narrow , so in many places , through his sticklenesse occasioning , and through his steepnesse threatning , the ruine of your life , with the failing of your foote . at the top , two , or three terrifying steps , giue you entrance to the hill , which supplieth pasture for sheepe , and conyes : vpon the same , i saw , a decayed chappell , a faire spring of water , a caue , reaching once , by my guides report , some farre way vnder ground , and ( which you will perhaps suspect of vntruth ) an hermites graue , hewen out in the rocke , and seruing each bodies proportion for a buriall . but , if that in wales carrie an equall veritie , the myracle will soone reape credite : for this is so sloped inwards at both ends , that any tall stature shal find roome by a little bending , as the short in the bottome by extending . the fardest poynt of this hill , is called black head , well knowne to the coasting mariners . the high cliffs are by sea vnaccessible round abouts , sauing in one only place , towards the east , where they proffer an vneasie landing place for boats , which being fenced with a garretted wall , admitteth entrance thorow a gate , sometimes of yron , as the name yet continuing , expresseth , and is within presently commaunded by a hardly clymed hill . vnder the iland runnes a caue , thorow which you may rowe at ful sea , but not without a kinde of horrour , at the vncouthnesse of the place . m. camden deliuereth vs these verses out of an olde poet , touching tintogel . est locus abrini sinuoso littore ponti , rupe situs media , refluus quem circuit aestus . fulminat hic latè , turrite vertice castrum , nomine tindagium , veteres dixêre corini . which import in english : there is a place within the winding shore of seuerne sea , on mids of rock , about whose foote , the tydes turne-keeping play : a towry-topped castle heere , wide blazeth ouer all , which corineus auncient broode , tindagel castle call . it is not layd vp amongst the least vaunts of this castle , that our victorious arthur was here begotten by the valiant vter pendragon , vpon the fayre igerna , and that without taynt of bastardy , sayth merlyn , because her husband dyed some houres before . of later times , tintogel hath kept long silence in our stories , vntill h. the . raigne , at which time ( by mat. paris report ) his brother , earle ri. grew into obloquy for priuy receyuing there , & abbetting , his nephew dauid , against the king. after which , being turned from a palace to a prison , it restrained one iohn northamptons libertie , who for abusing the same , in his vnruly maioralty of londō , was condemned hither , as a perpetuall penitenciary . a fee of ancienty belonging to this castle , was cancelled as vnnecessary , by the late l. treasurer burleigh . one collecting the wonders of cornwall , rimed touching this , as followeth : tintogel in his ruines vauntes , sometimes the seate of kings , and place which worthy arthur bred , whose prayse the breton sings . a bridge these buildings ioynd , whom now the fallen clifs diuorce , yet strength'ned so , the more it scornes foes vayne attempting force . there , caue aboue , entrie admits , but thorowfare denies ; where that beneath alloweth both , in safe , but gastly wise . a spring there wets his head , his foote a gate of iron gardes : there measure due to eche ones length , the hermits graue awards . in the mids of the wilde moores of this hundred , far from any dwelling or riuer , there lyeth a great standing water , called dosmery poole , about a mile or better in compasse , fed by no perceyued spring , neither hauing any auoydance , vntill ( of late ) certaine tynners brought an audit therefrom . the countrey people held many strange conceits of this poole ; as , that it did ebbe & flow , that it had a whirle-poole in the midst thereof , and , that a fagot once throwne thereinto , was taken vp at foy hauen , . miles distant . wherefore , to try what truth rested in these reports , some gent. dwelling not farre off , caused a boate and nets to be carried thither ouer land . fish they caught none , saue a fewe eeles vpon hookes : the poole prooued no where past a fathome and halfe deepe , and for a great way very shallow . touching the opinion of ebbing and stowing , it should seeme to bee grounded , partly vpon the increase , which the raine floods brought thereinto frō the bordering hils ( which perhaps gaue also the name ; for doz , is , come , and maur , great ) and the decrease , occasioned by the next drowth , and partly , for that the windes doe driue the waues to and fro , vpon those sandie bankes : and thus the miracle of dosmery poole deceased . of this other wonder hee sayd . dosmery poole amid the moores , on top stands of a hill , more then a mile about , no streames it empt , nor any fill . camelford , a market and fayre ( but not faire ) towne , fetcheth his deriuatiō from the riuer camel , which runneth thorow it , and that , from the cornish word cam , in english , crooked , as cam , frō the often winding stream . the same is incorporated with a maioralty , & nameth burgesses to the parliamēt , yet steppeth little before the meanest sort of boroughs , for store of inhabitants , or the inhabitants store . vpon the riuer of camel , neere to camelford , was that last dismal battel strooken betweene the noble king arthur , and his treacherous nephew mordred , wherein the one took his death , and the other his deaths wound . for testimony whereof , the olde folke thereabouts will shew you a stone , bearing arthurs name , though now depraued to atry . master camden letteth vs vnderstand , that this towne is sometimes termed gaffelford : wherethrough we may marke it for the lists of a great fight betweene the bretons & deuonshire men , which houeden assigneth to haue bene darrayned at gauelford , and perhaps the same , which the saide master camden voucheth out of marianus scotus , and describeth by these verses of an elder poet : — naturam cambelafontis , mutatam stupet esse sui , transcendit inundans sanguineus torrens ripas , & ducit in aequor corpora caesorum , plures natare videres , et petere auxilium , quos vndis vita reliquit . the riuer camel wonders , that his fountaines nature showes so strange a change , the bloody streame vpswelling ouerflowes his both side banks , and to the sea the slaughtered bodies beares : full many swimme , and sue for ayde , while waue their life outweares . in our forefathers daies , when deuotion as much exceeded knowledge , as knowledge now commeth short of deuotion , there were many bowssening places , for curing of mad men , and amongst the rest , one at alternunne in this hundred , called s. nunnes poole , which saints altar ( it may be ) by pars pro toto , gaue name to the church : and because the maner of this bowssening is not so vnpleasing to heare , as it was vneasie to feele , i wil ( if you please ) deliuer you the practise , as i receyued it from the beholders . the water running from s. nunnes well , fell into a square and close walled plot , which might bee filled at what depth they lifted . vpon this wall was the franticke person set to stand , his backe towards the poole , and from thence with a sudden blow in the brest , tumbled headlong into the pond : where a strong fellowe , prouided for the nonce , tooke him , and tossed him vp and downe , alongst and athwart the water , vntill the patient , by forgoing his strength , had somewhat forgot his fury . then was hee conueyed to the church , and certaine masses sung ouer him ; vpon which handling , if his right wits returned , s. nunne had the thanks : but if there appeared small amendment , he was bowssened againe , and againe , while there remayned in him any hope of life , for recouery . it may be , this deuice tooke original from that master of bedlem , who ( the fable saith ) vsed to cure his patients of that impatience , by keeping them bound in pooles , vp to the middle , and so more or lesse , after the fit of their fury . trigge hundred . the name of trig , in cornish , signifieth an inhabitant ; howbeit , this hundred cannot vaunt any ouer-large scope , or extaordinarie plenty of dwellings : his chiefe towne is bodmyn ; in cornish , bos venna , commonly termed bodman , which ( by illusion , if not etimology ) a man might , not vnaptly , turne into badham : for of all the townes in cornwall , i holde none more healthfully seated , then saltash , or more contagiously , then this . it consisteth wholly ( in a maner ) of one street , leading east and west , welneere the space of an eastern mile , whose south side is hidden from the sunne , by an high hill , so neerely coasting it in most places , as neither can light haue entrance to their staires , nor open ayre to their other roomes . their back houses , of more necessary , then cleanly seruice , as kitchins , stables , &c. are clymed vp vnto by steps , and their filth by euery great showre , washed downe thorow their houses into the streetes . the other side is also ouerlooked by a great hill , though somewhat farther distant : and for a corollarium , their conduit water runneth thorow the churchyard , the ordinary place of buriall , for towne and parish . it breedeth therefore little cause of maruaile , that euery generall infection is here first admitted , & last excluded : yet the many decayed houses , proue the towne to haue bene once very populous ; and , in that respect , it may stil retaine the precedence , as supported by a weekly market , the greatest of cornwall , the quarter sessions for the east diuision , and halfe yeerely faires . the iurisdiction thereof is administred by a maior and his brethren , and vpon warrant of their charter , they claime authoritie , to take acknowledgement of statute bonds . in former times , the bishop of cornwall ( as i haue elsewhere related ) held his see at s. petroe's , in this towne , vntill the danish pirats , firing their palace , forced them to remoue the same , with their residence , vnto s. germans . they were succeeded by a priory , and friery ; which later , serued a while as a house of correction , for the shire , but with greater charge , then benefit , or continuance . for other accidents , i find , that perkyn warbecke , after his landing in the west parts of cornwall , made this towne the rendez vous of his assembling forces , for atchieuing his , alike deseruing , and speeding enterprise against king henry the seuenth . hither , also , in the last commotion , flocked the rebels , from all quarters of the shire , pitching their campe at the townes end ; and here they imprisoned such gentlemen , as they had plucked out of their holdes , and houses , vntill the fortune of warre gaue verdit with the right of iustice , for their well deserued euill speeding . sir anthony kingston , then prouost-marshall of the kings armie , hath left his name more memorable , then commendable amongst the townsemen , for causing their maior to erect a gallowes before his owne doore , vpon which , ( after hauing feasted sir anthony ) himselfe was hanged . in like sort ( say they ) he trussed vp a millers man , thereby , for that he presented himselfe in the others stead , saying he could neuer do his master better seruice . but mens tongues , readily inclined to the worst reports , haue left out a part of the truth , in this tale , that the rest might carrie the better grace . for sir anthony did nothing herein , as a iudge , by discretion , but as an officer , by direction ; and besides , hee gaue the maior sufficient watchwordes of timely warning , & large space of respite ( more then which , in regard of his owne perill , he could not afford ) to shift for safety , if an vneschewable destiny , had not haltered him to that aduancement . as for the millers man , he equalled his master , in their common offence of rebellion , and therefore it deserued the praise of mercy , to spare one of the two , and not the blame of crueltie , to hang one for another . i should perhaps haue forgotten the free schoole here , maintayned by her maiesties liberalitie , were i not put in mind thereof , through afore-halsening of this rebellion , by an action of the schollers , which i will report from some of their owne mouthes . about a yeere before this sturre was raysed , the schollers , who accustomably diuide themselues , for better exploiting their pastimes , grewe therethrough into two factions ; the one whereof , they called the olde religion ; the other , the new . this once begunne , was prosecuted amongst thē in all exercises , and , now and then , handled with some egernesse and roughnes , each partie knowing , and still keeping the same companions , and captaine . at last one of the boyes , conuerted the spill of an olde candlesticke to a gunne , charged it with powder and a stone , and ( through mischance , or vngraciousnesse ) therewith killed a calfe : whereupon , the owner complayned , the master whipped , and the diuision ended . by such tokens , sometimes wonderfull , sometimes ridiculous , doth god at his pleasure , foreshewe future accidents : as in the planets , before the battell at thrasimenus , betweene hannibal and the romanes , by the fighting together of the sunne and moone . in birds , what time brute brought forth the remnant of his army at philippi , against caesar and anthony , by the furious biekering betweene two eagles . in men , against the destruction of hierusalem , by the encountring of chariots and armies in the ayre . and before alexanders battel with darius ; first , by a casual skirmish of the camp-straglers , vnder two captaines , borrowing the names of those princes : and then by alexanders voluntary setting those captaines to a single combat . yea ( to bring these examples neerer home ) the like hath hapned both before and sithence , amongst boyes in other places . when caesar was departed from rome , to try the title of the worlds empire with pompey , the towne boyes ( without any mans commaund ) parted in twayne ; the one side calling themselues pompeyans , the other caesarians ; and then darrayning a kinde of battell ( but without armes ) the caesarians got the ouerhand . a like prank vnder the like assumed names , and with like successe and boding , they plaied , when octauius and anthony were , with like meanes , to decide the like soueraignty . and to the same purpose , procopius affirmeth , that the samnite boyes , when they draue their cattel to feeding , after their vsuall maner of pastime , chose out amongst themselues , two of the best actiuity and seemelinesse ; the one , they named bellisarius , generall for iustinian the emperour in italy , the other vitiges king of the gothes , against whome hee wanted . in the buckling of these counterfeite commaunders , it fell out , that vitiges had the worst , whome the aduerse party with a iesting and craking maner , hanged vp at the next tree , in earnest , but yet with no intent to kill him . this while it happens , that a woolfe is descryed ▪ away runne the boyes : fast abides the imaginary felon , and so fast , that for want of timely rescouse , the breath poasted out of his body , and left the same a liuelesse carkase . the which notifyed to the samnites , quitted the striplings ( or slipstrings ) of their punishment , but encreased the dismay of the elder people . a like accident befell sithence , by testimony of the ceremonious texera , as a presage of lewes the prince of condyes death , . foure daies before which , at xaintes , the youth of all sorts , from . to . yeres age , assembled , and ( of their owne accord ) chose two commaunders , one they entitled the prince of condy , the other mounsieur , who then lay in the field against him . for three dayes space , they violently assaulted each other , with stones , clubs , and other weapons , vntill at last it grewe to pistoles : by one of which , the imaginary prince receiued a quelling wound in his head , about . a clock in the morning : the very howre ( faith this portugall confessour ) that the prince himselfe , by a like shot was slaughtered . the same authour voucheth a semblable chaunce , somewhat before the siege of rochell . where , some of the boyes banded themselues , as for the maior , and others for the king ; who after . dayes skirmishing , at last made a composition , and departed : euen as that siege endured sixe moneths , and finally brake vp in a peace . so doth mercurius gallobelgicus giue vs to wit , that in the yeere . a turkish beglerbey of greece , either seeking by a fore-coniecture , to be ascertained himselfe , or desirdus to nusle the yonger sort in martiall exployts , led out of alba regalis , about . turkish boyes , aged betweene . and . yeeres , and seuered them into two troups , terming the one , the christian , the other , the turkish batalion . those , he directed to call vpon iesus , these , vpon hala : both parts hee enioyned to bicker coragiously , and egged them onward with the enticemēt of rewards . the token is giuen , the forces encounter , the fight is hote . in the end , the turks betake themselues to their heeles , and iesus party carryeth away the victory , but such occurrents do not alwayes either foregoe , or foresignifie ; for sometimes they fall out idle , and sometimes not at all . how beit , nicetaes chaniates taketh it very vnkindly , that god would not spare some watch-word out of his presciēce , to the constantinopolitanes , what time baldryn earle of flaunders and others , first assisted , and then conquered their citie . touching veall the merecurialist , i haue spoken in my former booke . the youthlyer sort of bodmyn townsmen vse sometimes to sport themselues , by playing the box with strāgers , whome they summon to halgauer . the name signifieth the goats moore , and such a place it is , lying a little without the towne , and very full of quauemires . when these mates meete with any rawe seruingman , or other young master , who may serue and deserue to make pastime , they cause him to be solemnely arrested , for his appearance before the maior of halgauer , where he is charged with wearing one spurre , or going vntrussed , or wanting a girdle , or some such like felony : and after he hath beene arraygned and tryed , with all requisite circumstances , iudgement is giuen in formatterines , and executed in some one vngracious pranke or other , more to the skorne , then hurt of the party condemned . hence is sprung the prouerb , when we see one stouenly appareled , to say , he shall be presented in halguer court. but now and then , they extend this merriment with the largest , to the preiudice of ouer-credulous people , perswading them to fight with a dragō lurking in halgauer , or to see some strāge matter there which concludeth at least , with a trayning them into the mire . within short space after the great same dispersed , touching the rare effects of warwickshire wels , some idle enuious head raysed a brute , that there rested no lesse vertue ( forsooth ) for healing all diseases , in a plentifull spring , neere vnto bodmyn , called scarlets well : which report grew so farre , and so fast , that folke ranne slocking thither in huge numbers , from all quarters . but the neighbour iustices , finding the abuse , and looking into the consequence , forbad the resort , lequestred the spring , and suppressed the miracle . how beit , the water should seeme to be healthfull , if not helpfull : for it retaineth this extraordinary quality , that the same is waightier , then the ordinary of his kinde , and will continue the best part of a yeere , without alteration of sent or taste ; onely you shall see it represent many colours , like the raine-bowe , which ( in my conceite ) argueth a running thorow some minerall veine , and tho●● withall a possessing of some vertue . aside from this towne , towards the north sea , extendeth a fruitfull veine of land , comprizing certayne parishes , which serueth better then any other place in cornwall for winter feeding ; and suitably enricheth the farmours . herethrough , sundry gentlemen haue there planted their seates , as , in s. kew , master carnsew , at bokelly ▪ in s. endelion , master roscarrock , at his house of the same denomination : besides , master penkeuel , nichols , barret , flammack , caud , and diuers more . carnsew , rightly carndeaw , purporteth in cornish , a blackrock : and such a one the heire owneth , which gaue name to his ancient possessed mannour , as the mannour to his ancestours . his house bokelly may be deriued from both , in cornish , a goate , and kelly , which is lost ; and the goate he giueth for his armes . this gēt , father married the daughter of fits in deuon , and left behinde him three sonnes , richard , mathew and william , with two daughters : those , brought vp in learning and experience abroade : these , in vertue and modesty at home : the fruites whereof , they taste and expresse , in a no lesse praise-worthy , then rare-continuing concord , hauing ( not through any constrayning necessitie , or constraintiue vowe ) but on a voluntary choyce , made their elder brothers māsion a colledge of single liuing , & kind entertaining . amongst whō , i may not omit the yongest brother , whose well qualified and sweete pleasing sufficiency draweth him out from this cloyster , to conuerse with , and assist his friends , and to whose sounder iudgement , i owe the thankful acknowledgement of many corrected flippings in these my notes . the armes of this family are thus blasoned , s. a goat passant . a. attired and trepped o. roccarrock , in cornish , meaneth a flower , and a rock , in english. roses are his armes , and the north rocky clifs , which bound his demaines , perhaps added the rest . the heire hath issue by the daughter of treuanion . his father maried the sole inheritrix to pentire , whose dwelling , pentuan , is seated on the south sea , so as he might make vse of either climate for his residence . the family is populous , but of them two brothers , high , for his ciuill carriage , and kinde hospitality , and nicholas for his industrious delight in matters of history and antiquity , doe merit a commending remembrance . they beare a. a cheuron betweene . roses , g. and a sea tench● nayante proper . the little parish called temple , skirteth this hundred , on the waste side thereof : a place , exempted from the bishops iurisdiction , as once appertayning to the templers , but not so frō disorder , forit common report communicate with truth , many a bad mariage bargaine is there yerely slubbred vp . hundred of vvest . with trig hundred on the south side , confineth that of west , but taketh his name from the relation which it beareth to that of east : the circuit thereof is not so large , as fruitfull . in entring the same , wee will first pitch at the loo●s , two seuerall corporations , distinguished by the addition of east and west , abbutting vpon a nauigable creek , and ioyned by a faire bridge of many arches . they tooke that name from a fresh riuer , which there payeth his tribute to the sea : and the riuer ( as i coniecture ) from his low passage , betweene steepe coasting his for loo , and lowe , after the cornish pronunciation , doe little differ . east-loo voucheth lesse antiquity , as lately incorporated , but vanteth greater wealth , as more cōmodiously seated : yet the foundation of their houses is grounded on the sand , supporting ( naythelesse ) those poore buildings , with a sufficient stablenesse . their profit chiefly accrueth from their weekely markets , and industrious fishing , with boats of a middle size , able to brooke , but not crosse the seas : howbeit , they are not altogether destitute of bigger shipping : amongst which , one hath successiuely retained the name of the george of loo , euer since the first so called , did a great while fithence , in a furious fight , take ; . french men of warre . the towne towards the sea , is fenced with a garretted wall , against any sudden attempt of the enemy . west-loo mustereth an endowment with the like meanes , but in a meaner degree , and hath of late yeeres somewhat releeued his former pouerty . almost directly ouer against the barred hauen of loo , extendeth s. georges iland , about halfe a mile in compasse , and plentifully stored with conies . when the season of the yere yeeldeth oportunity , a great abūdance of sundry sea-fowle breed vpon the strond , where they lay , & hatch their egges , without care of building any nests : at which time , repairing thither , you shall see your head shadowed with a cloud of old ones , through their diuersified cries , witnessing their generall dislike of your disturbance , and your feets pestered with a large number of yong ones ; some formerly , some newly , and some not yet disclosed ; at which time ( through the leaue and kindenesse of master may , the owner ) you may make and take your choyce . this gent. armes , are g. a cheuron vary betweene three crownes . the middle market towne of this hundred , is liskerd , les , in cornish , is broad , and ker , is gone . now , if i should say , that it is so called , because the widenesse of this hundred , heere contracteth the traffike of the inhabitants , you might well thinke i iested , neither dare i auow it in earnest . but whencesoeuer you deriue the name , hard it is , in regard of the antiquity , to deduce the towne and castle from their first originall : and yet i will not ioyne hands with them who terme it legio , as founded by the romanes , vnlesse they can approue the same by a romane faith . of later times , the castle serued the earle of cornwall for one of his houses ; but now , that later is worm-eaten out of date and vse . coynages , fayres , and markets , ( as vitall spirits in a decayed bodie ) keepe the inner partes of the towne aliue , while the ruyned skirtes accuse the iniurie of time , and the neglect of industrie . s. cleer parish , coasting liskerd , brooketh his name by a more percing , then profitable ayre , which in those open wastes , scowreth away thrist , as well as sicknesse . thither i rode , to take view of an antiquitie , called , the other halfe stone ; which i found to be thus ? there are two moore stones , pitched in the ground , very neere together , the one of a more broade then thicke squarenesse , about . foote in height , resembling the ordinary spill of a crosse , and somewhat curiously howed with chaper worke . the other commeth shore of his fellowes length , by the better halfe , but , welneere , doubleth it in breadth , and thickenesse , and is likewise handsomely carued . they both , are mortised in the top , leauing a little edge at the oneside , as to accommodate the placing of somewhat else thereupon . in this latter , are graued certaine letters , which i caused to be taken out , and haue here inserted , for abler capacities , then mine own , to interpret . why this should be termed , the other halfe stone , i cannot resolue with my selfe ; and you much lesse howbeit , i haltingly ayme , it may proceede from one of these respects ; either , because it is the halfe of a monument , whose other part resteth elsewhere : or , for that it meaneth , after the dutch phtase , and then owne measure , a stone and halfe . for , in dutch , ander halb , ( another halfe ) importeth , one and a halfe , as sesqui alter doth in latine . it should seeme to be a bound stone : for some of the neighbours obserued to mee , that the same limiteth iust the halfe way , betweene excester and the lands ende , and is distant full fiftie myles from either . not far hence , in an open plaine , are to be seene certaine stones , somewhat squared ; and fastened about ● foote deepe in the ground , of which , some sixe or eight stand vpright in proportionable distance ▪ they are termed , the hurlers . and alike strange obseruation , taketh place here , as at stonehenge , to wit , that are doubled numbring , neuer eueneth with the first . but far stranger is the country peoples report , that once they were men , and for their hurling vpō the sabboth , so metamorphosed . the like whereof , i remēber to haue read , touching some in germany ( as i take it ) who for a semblable prophanation , with dau●ing , through the priests accursing , continued it on a whole yere together . almost adioyning hereunto , is a heap of rocks , which presse one of a lesse size , fashioned like a cheese , and therethrough termed wringcheese . i know not well , whether i may referre to the parish of s. neot in this hundred , that which mat ▪ west reporteth of k. alfred , namely , how comming into cornwall on hunting ▪ he turned aside , for doing his deuotion , into a church where s. guorijr and s. neot made their abode ( quare , whether he meane not their burials ) or rather so resolue , because asser so deliuers it , and there found his orisons seconded with a happy effect . next , i will relate you another of the cornish natural wonders , viz. s. kaynes well ▪ but lest you make a wonder first at the saint , before you take notice of the well ▪ you must vnderstand , that this was not kayne the manqueller , but one of a gentler spirit and milder sex ▪ to wit , a woman . he who caused the spring to be pictured , added this rime for an exposition . in name , in shape , in quality , this well is very quaint ; the name , to let of kayne befell , no ouer-holy saint . the shape , . trees of diuers kinde , witby , oke , elme and ash , make with their roots an arched roofe , whose floore this spring doth wash . the quality , that man or wife , whose chance , or choice attaines , first of this sacred streame to drinke , ther thy the mastry gaines . in this hundred , the rubble of certaine mines , and ruines of a fining house , conuince , burchard craneigh , the duchmans vaine endeuour , in seeking of siluer owter howbeit , hee afterwards lighted on a thriftier vayne , of practising phisike át london , where he grewe famous , by the name of doctor bureot . killigarth , being interpreted in english , signifieth , he hath lost his griping , or reaching ; and by his present fortune , ( in some sort ) iustifieth that name ▪ for the same hath lately forgone sir william beuill , whome it embraced as owner & inhabitant , by his sudden death ▪ and is passed into the possession of the faire lady his widdow , by her husbands conueyance . it yeeldeth a large viewe of the south coast , and was it selfe , in sir williams life time , much visited , through his franke inuiting● . the mention of this knight , calleth to my remembrance , a sometimes vncouth seruaunt of his , whose monstrous conditions , partly resembled that polyphemus , described by hom●● and virgil , and liuely imitated by ariosto , in his orco : or rather , that egyptian polyphagus , in whome ( by suetonius report ) the emperour nero tooke such pleasure . this fellow was taken vp by sir william , vnder a hedge , in the deepest of winter , welneere starued with cold , and hunger : hee was of staturemeane , of constitution leane , of face freckled , of composition , well proportioned , of diet , naturally , spare , and cleanely inough ; yet , at his masters bidding , he would deuoure nettles , thistles , the pith of artichokes , raw , and liuing birds , and fishes , with their scales , and feathers , burning coles and candles , and whatsoeuer else , howsoeuer vnsauorie , if it might be swallowed : neither this a little , but in such quantitie , as it often bred a second wonder , how his belly should containe so much : yet could no man , at any time , discouer him doing of that , which necessitie of nature requireth . moreouer ▪ he would take a hot yron out of the fire , with his bare hand ; neuer changed his apparell , but by constraint , and vsed to lie in strawe , with his head downe , and his heeled vpwards . spare he was of speech , and , in stead of halfe his words , vsed this terme size , as i will size him ; for strike him , hee is a good size , for man , &c. ouer-sleeping , or some other accident , made him to lose a day , in his accompt of the weeke , so as he would not beleeue , but that sunday was saterday , saterday friday , &c. to sir william he bare such faithfulnesse , that hee would follow his horse , like a spanyell , without regard of way or wearinesse , waite at his chamber doore , the night time , suffering none to come neere him , and performe whatsoeuer hee commanded , were it neuer so vndawfull , or dangerous . on a time , his master , expecting strangers , sent him , with a panier , to his 〈◊〉 at the sea side , to fetch some fish . in his way , he passed by a riuer , whereinto the tide then flowed , and certaine fishermen were drawing their nets : which after iohn size had a while beheld , hee casts to haue a share amongst them , for his master . so into the water he leaps , and there , for the space of a flight shoot , wadeth and walloweth ( for swimme hee could not ) sometimes vp , and sometimes downe , carrying his panier still before him , to his owne extreame hazard of drowning , and the beholders great pittying , vntill at last , all wet , and wearied , out he scrambleth , and home he hieth , with a bitter complaint to his master , of his ill fortune , that he could not catch some fish , aswell as the rest , where so much was going . in this sort he continued for 〈◊〉 yeeres , vntill ( vpon i wot not what ve●●●● , or vnkindnesse ) away he gets , and abroad he rogues : which remitter brought him in the end , to his foredeferred , and not auoyded destiny : for as vnder a hedge hee was formd pyning so vnder a hedge hee found his miserable death , through penury . sir williams father maried the daughter of militon : his graundfather , the daughter and heire of bear , whose liuelyhood repayred what the elder brothers daughters had impaired . the beuils armesart a ▪ a bull passant g. armed and tripped o. in the same parish where killigarth is seated , master murth inheriteth a house and demaynes . hee maried treffry : his father , tregose . one of their auncestours , within the memorie of a next neighbour to the house : called prake , ( burdened with . yeeres age ) entertained a british miller , as that people , for such idle occupations , proue more handie , then our owne . but this fellowes seruice befell commodious in the worst sense . for when ; not long after his acceptance , warres growe betweene vs & france , hestealeth ouer into his countrey , returneth priuily backe againe , with a french crew , surprizeth suddenly his master , and his ghosts , at a chrisemas supper , carrieth them speedily vnto lahueghey , and for coth the gent. to redeeme his enlargement , with the sale of a great part of his reuenewes . a little to the westwards from killigarth , the poore harbour and village of polpera coucheth betweene . steepe hils , where plenty of fish is vented to the fish driuers , whom we call iowters . the warmth of this hundred , siding the south , hath entierd many gent. here to make choyce of their dwellings , as m. buller , now sherife at tregarrick , sometimes the widestades inheritance , vntill the fathers rebellion for feited it to the prince ; and the princes largesse rewarded therewith his subiects . wides lades some led a walking life with his harpe , to gentlemens houses , wherethrough , and by his other actiue qualities , hee was intitled , sir tristram ; neither wanted he ( as some say ) a bele i sound , the more aprly to resemble his patterne . master buller married the daughter of one williams , a counsellour at lawe in deuon : his father , a younger branch of the ancient stocke , planted in somerset shire , tooke to wise the widdowe of courtney , and daughter and heire to trethurffe ; by whose dower , and his owne indeuour , he purchased and left to his sonne , faire possessions , but not vnencumbred with titles , which draue this gentleman to salue them all by new compositions with the pretenders : and for compassing the same , to get an extraordinary experience in husbandry . his ancestours bare s. on a playne crosse a. quarter pierced . eagles of the field . at s. winowe in habiteth m. thomas lower , commendable through his double prouision , against the warres , as hauing both furnished himself with great ordinance , for priuate defence of the county , and thrust forth his sonnes to be trayned in martiall knowledge and exercises , for the publike seruice of the countrey . his wife was one of reskimers daughters and heires : his mother , the daughter of treffry : his house descended to his auncestour , by match with vpton . hee beareth b. a cheuron engrayled o. betweene three roses a. laureast , is the inheritance of m. iohn harris , a gent. employing his sound iudgement , and other praise-worthy parts , to the seruice of his prince and country , & the good of his friends and himself . his wife was daughter and heire to hart : his mother sister to m. chr. harris , which ( by his vncles yet want of issue ) intitleth him with a faire expectancy . hee beareth s. . croissants within a border a. treworgy is owed by m. kendul , and endowed with a pleasant and profitable fishing and command of the riuer , which flitteth vnder his house . he maried with buller : his mother was daughter to moyle of bake , and beareth a. a cheuron betweene . dolphins s. master glyn of glynfoord , manifesteth , by this compounded name , the antiquitie of his descent , and the ordinary passage there , ouer foy riuer ▪ the store of sammons which it affoordeth , caused his ancestours to take the sammon speares for their armes : for hee beareth a. a cheuron ; betweene three sammon speares s. sundry more gentlemen this little hundred possesseth and possessioneth , as code , who beareth a. a cheuron , g. betweene three crowes . may , g ▪ a cheuron vary betweene three crownes . athym , a. a maunche maltaile s. within a border of the first , charged with , cinquefoyles , as the second grilles &c. but want of information , and lothnes to waxe tedious , maketh mee fardle vp these , and omit the rest . it is hemmed in on the west , by the east side of foy hauen , at whole mouth standeth hall , in cornish , a moore , and ( perhaps ) such it was before better manurance reduced it to the present fruitfulnesse . the same descended to sir reignald mohun , from his ancestours , by their match with the daughter and heire of fits-williams ; and ( amongst other commodities ) is appurtenanced with a walk , which if i could as playnly shew you ▪ as my selfe haue oftentimes delightingly seene it , you might , & would auow ▪ the same to be a place of diuersified pleasings : i will therefore do my best , to trace you a shaddow thereof ▪ by which you shal ( in part ) giue a gesse at the substance . it is cut out in the side of a sleepe hill , whose foote the salt water washeth , euenly leuelled , to serue for bowling , floored with sand , for soaking vp the rayne , closed with two shorte hedges ; and banked with sweete senting flowres : it wideneth to a sufficient breadth , for the match of fiue or sixe in front , and extendeth , to not much lesse , then halfe a london mile : neyther doth it lead wearisomely forthright , but yeeldeth varied , & yet , not ouer-busie turnings , as the grounds oportunity affoordeth ; which aduantage encreaseth the prospect , and is conuerted on the foreside , into platformes , for the planting of ordinance , and the walkers sitting ; and on the back part , into summer houses , for their more priuate retrait and recreation . in passing along , your eyes shall be called away from guiding your feete , to descry by their fardest kenning , the vast ocean , sparkled with ships , that continually this way trade , forth & backe , to most quarters of the world . neerer home , they take view of all sized cocks , barges , and fisherboates , houering on the coast . againe , contracting your sight to a narrower scope , it lighteth on the faire and commodious hauen , where the tyde daily presenteth his double seruice , of flowing and ebbing , to carry and recarry whatsoeuer the inhabitants shall bee pleased to charge him withall , and his creekes ( like a young wanton louer ) folde about the land , with many embracing armes . this walke is garded vpon the one side , by portruan ; on the other , by bodyneck , two fishing villages : behinde , the rising hill beareth off the colde northren blasts : before , the towne of foy subiecteh his whole length and breadth to your ouerlooking : and directly vnder you , ride the home and forraine shipping ; both of these , in so neere a distance , that without troubling the passer , or borrowing stentors voyce , you may from thence , not only call to , but confere with any in the sayd towne or shipping . mounsieur la noüe noteth , that in the great hall of iustice , at paris , there is no roome left , for any more images of the french kings : which some prophetically interpreted , to signifie a dissolution of that line , if not of the monarchy . but this halsening , the present flourishing estate of that kingdome , vtterly conuinceth of falshood . a farre truer foretoken , touching the earle of deuons progeny , i haue seene , at this place of hall , to wit , a kind of fagot , whose age and painting , approueth the credited tradition , that it was carefully preserued by those noble men : but whether vpon that prescience , or no , there mine author failes me . this fagot , being all one peece of wood , and that naturally growen , is wrapped about the middle part with a bond , and parted , at the ends , into foure sticks , one of which , is , againe subdiuided into other twayne . and in semblable maner the last earles inheritance accrued vnto . cornish gent. mohun , trelawny , arundell of taluerne , and trethurffe : and trethurffes portion , courtney of ladocke , and viuian , do enioy , as descended from his two daughters and heires . sir reig. mohun is widdower of two wiues ; the one , daughter to sir henry killigrew , the other , to sergeant heale : his father , sir william , married , first , the daughter of horsey , and one of the heires , by the common law , to sir iohn her late brother ; and next , the widdowe of trelawny , who , ouerliuinghim , enioyeth this hall , as part of her ioynture ; a lady , gracing her dignitie , with her vertue , and no lesse expressing , then professing religion . reignald , father to sir william , wedded the daughter of sir vvilliam treuanion . the armes of the mohuns are o. crosse engrayled sa. powder hundred . some impute the force of powder vnto this , that the same is conuerted , at an instant , from his earthy substance , to a fiery , and from the fire , into ayre ; euery of which changes , requireth a greater enlargement , one then other : wherefore it finding a barre , ouer , vnder , and on the back and sides , by the pieces strong imprisonmēt , by consequence breaketh forth with a sudden violence , at the mouth , where the way is least stopped , & driueth before it , the vnsetled obstacle of the bullet , imparting thereunto a portiō of his fury . to which ( through want of a probable etymon ) i may , in part , resemble the hundred of powder , not only for the names sake , but also because this parcel of the cornish earth extendeth it selfe wider , and compriseth more parishes , then any other hundred of the shire , as stretching east and west , from foy to falmouth : and south and north , welnere from one sea to the other . in describing the same , we must begin where we left , to wit , at foy hauen , in cornish , foath . it receyueth this name of the riuer , and bestoweth the same on the town . his entrance is garded with block-houses , & that on the townes side , as also the towne it selfe , fortified & fenced with ordinance . the commēdation of which iudustry , is principally due to the prouidence and direction of m. wil. treffry , a gent that hath vowed his rare gifts of learning , wisdome , & courage , to the good of his country , & made proofe therof in many occurrēts , & to whose iudicious correctiōs , these my notes haue bin not a little beholden . his faire & ancient house , castle-wise builded , and sufficiently flanked , ouerlooketh the towne and hauen with a pleasant prospect , and yet is not excluded from the healthfull ayre , and vse of the country , which occasioned his auncestours ( though endowed elsewhere , with large reuennues , of their owne and their wiues inheritance ) for many discents , to make here their ordinary residence , as is witnessed by their to ombestones , which i haue seene in the church . one of them , about . yeeres sithence , valiantly defended this his dwelling ▪ against the french , what time they had surprized the rest of the towne . hee married one of tremaynes heires : his father , the heire of tresithny : his graundfather , the daughter of killigrew : and beareth s. a cheuron betweene three hawthornes a. but i will returne to the towne . during the warlike raignes of our two valiant edwards , the first & third , the foyens addicted themselues to backe their princes quarrell , by coping with the enemy at sea , and made returne of many prizes : which purchases hauing aduanced them to a good estate of wealth , the same was ( whē the quieter conditioned times gaue meanes ) heedfully and diligently employed , and bettered , by the more ciuill trade of marchandise ; and in both these vocations they so fortunately prospered , that it is reported , . tall ships did , at one time , belong to the harbour , and that they assisted the siege of callais , with . saile . heereon , a full purse begetting a stout stomack , our foyens tooke heart at grasse , and chauncing about that time ( i speake vpon the credit of tradition ) to sayle neere rye , and winchelsea , they stifly refused to vaile their bonets at the summons of those townes ; which contempt ( by the better enabled sea-farers , reckoned intolerable ) caused the ripiers to make out with might and mayne against them ; howbeit , with a more hardy onset , then happy issue : for the foy men gaue them so rough entertaynment at their welcome , that they were glad to forsake patch , without bidding farewell : the merit of which exploit , afterwards entitled them gallants of foy : and ( it may bee ) they sought to eternize this memorable fact , after the greeke and romane maner , by inuesting the towne of golant with that name : notwithstanding , quaere , whether a causelesse ambitiō in the postetitie , turned not rather golant into gallant , for their greater glory . once , the townesmen vaunt , that for teskuing certaine ships of rye from the normans in henrie the thirds time , they beare the armes , and enioy part of the priuiledges appertaining to the cinque-ports , whereof there is some memorie in their chauncell window , with the name of fisart bagga , their principall commaunder in that seruice . moreouer , the prowesse of one nicholas , sonne to a widdow , neere foy , is deskanted vpon , in an old three mans songs , namely , how he fought brauely at sea , with iohn dory ( a genowey , as i coniecture ) set forth by iohn the french king , and ( after much bloudshed on both sides ) tooke , and slew him , in reuenge of the great rauine , and crueltie , which hee had forecommitted , vpon the english mens goods and bodies . yet their so often good successe , sometimes tasted the sawce of crosser speeding ; for tho. walsingham telleth vs , that sir hugh calueley , and sir th. percy , deputed to gard the sea , by r. the . anno . chanced there to meete a cornish barge , belonging to foy harbour , which hauing worne out his victuals , and time , limited for the like seruice , was then sayling homewards , neither would be entreated by those knights , to ioyne companie with them : howbeit they bought this refusall verie deare . for no sooner was the english fleete past out of sight , but that a flemmish man of warre lighted vpon them , and ( after a long , and strong resistance ) ouermastred them as well , at last in force , as they did at first in number , tooke the barge , sunk it , and slaughtered all the saylers , one onely boy excepted , who in the heate of the bickering , seeing which way the game would goe , secretly stole aboord the flemming , and closely hid himselfe amongst the ballast . ouer a while , this pirate ●ast anker in an english harbor , where the boy , hearing his countrimens voice , that were come aboord , riseth from his new buriall , bewrayeth the fact , & so wrought meanes , for their punishment , and his owne deliuery . not long after , our foy gallants , vnable to beare a low sayle , in their fresh gale of fortune , began to skum the seas , with their often piracies , ( auowing themselues vpon the earle of warwicke , whose ragged staffe is yet to be seene , pourtrayed in many places of their church steeple , and in diuers priuate houses ) as also to violate their dutie at land , by insolent disobedience , to the princes officers , cutting off ( amongst other pranckes ) a pursiuants eares : whereat king edward the fourth conceiued such indignation , as hee sent commissioners vnto lostwithiel , ( a towne there by ) who , vnder pretence of vsing their seruice , in sea affaires , trained thither the greatest number of the burgesses ; and no sooner come , then laid hold on , and in hold , their goods were confiscated , one harrington executed , the chaine of their hauen remoued to dartmouth , & their wonted iolity transformed into a sudden misery : from which they striued a long time , in vaine , to releeue themselues : but now of late yeres doe more and more aspire to a great amendment of their former defects , though not to an equall height of their first aboundance . where i may not passe in silence , the commendable deserts of master rashleigh the elder , descended from a younger brother of an ancient house in deuon ; for his industrious iudgement and aduenturing , in trade of marchandise , first opened a light and way , to the townesmens newe thriuing , and left his sonne large wealth , and possessions ; who ( together with a dayly bettering his estate ) conuerteth the same to hospitality , and other actions fitting a gent. well affected to his god , prince , and countrey . he married the daughter of bonithon ; his father , of lanyne , and beareth s. a plaine crosse betweene . croissants a. anno . h. . there was an act of parliament made , to restraine the abuses of sea-officers , in wrong exactions at foy , and some other hauens . the lord of pomier , a norman , encouraged by the ciuil warres , wherewith our realme was then distressed , furnished a nauy within the riuer of sayne , and with the same in the night , burned a part of foy , and other houses confyning : but vpon approch of the countryes forces , raised the next day by the sherife , he made speed away to his ships , and with his ships to his home . in a high way neere this towne , there lieth a big and long moore stone , containing the remainder of certaine ingraued letters , purporting some memorable antiquity , as it should seeme , but past ability of reading . not many yeres sithence , a gentleman , dwelling not farre off , was perswaded , by some information , or imagination , that treasure lay hidden vnder this stone : wherefore , in a faire moone-shine night , thither with certaine good fellowes hee hyeth to dig it vp : a working they fall , their labour shortneth , their hope increaseth , a pot of gold is the least of their expectation . but see the chance . in midst of their toyling , the skie gathereth clouds , the moone-light is ouer-cast with darkenesse , downe fals a mightie showre , vp riseth a blustering tempest , the thunder cracketh , the lightning flasheth : in conclusion , our money-seekers washed , in stead of loden ; or loden with water , in steade of yellow earth , and more afraid , then hurt , are forced to abandon their enterprise , and seeke shelter of the next house they could get into . whether this proceeded from a naturall accident , or a working of the diuell , i will not vndertake to define . it may bee , god giueth him such power ouer those , who begin a matter , vpon couetousnesse to gaine by extraordinarie meanes , and prosecute it with a wrong , in entring and breaking another mans land , with out his leaue , and direct the end thereof , to the princes defrauding , whose prerogatiue challengeth these casualties . a little beyond foy , the land openeth a large sandie bay , for the sea to ouer-flow , which , and the village adioyning , are therethrough aptly termed trewardreth , in english , the sandie towne . elder times , of more deuotion then knowledge , here founded a religious house , which , in king henrie the eights raigne , vnderwent the common downefall . i haue receiued credible information , that some three yeeres sithence , certaine hedgers deuiding a closse on the sea side hereabouts , chanced , in their digging , vpon a great chest of stone , artificially ioyned , whose couer , they ( ouer-greedy for booty ) rudely brake , and therewithall a great earthen pot enclosed , which was guilded and graued with letters , defaced by this misaduenture , and ful of a black earth , the ashes ( doubtles ) as that , the vrna of some famous personage . vpon a side of this bay , one m. peter beuill first began the experiment of making a saltwater pond , induced thereunto , by obseruing , that the high summer tydes brought with them young basses and millets , whom at their ebbing , they left behinde in little pits of the euen ground , where they would liue for many weekes without any reuisitation of the sea : who , as he bettered this naturall patterne , so did i his artificiall ; but yet with a thankefull acknowledgement , by whome i haue profited . lostwithiel should seeme to fetch his originall from the cornish loswithiall , which in english , soundeth a lions tayle : for as the earle of this prouince gaue the lyon in armes , and the lions principall strength ( men say ) consisteth in his tayle ; so this towne claymeth the precedence , as his lords chiefest residence , & the place which he entrusted with his exchequer , and where his wayghtier affaires were managed . maioralty , markets , faires , and nomination of burgesses for the parliament , it hath common with the most : coynage of tynne , onely with three others ; but the gayle for the whole stannary , and keeping of the county courts , it selfe alone . yet all this can hardly rayse it to a tolerable condition of wealth and inhabitance . wherefore i will detayne you no longer , then vntill i haue shewed you a solemne custome in times past here yeerely obserued , and onely of late daies discontinued , which was thus : vpon little easter sunday , the freeholders of the towne and mannour , by themselues or their deputies , did there assemble : amongst whom , one ( as it fell to his lot by turne ) brauely apparelled , gallantly mounted , with a crowne on his head , a scepter in his hand , a sword borne before him , and dutifully attended by all the rest also on horseback , rode thorow the principall streete to the church : there the curate in his best beseene , solemnely receiued him at the churchyard stile , and conducted him to heare diuine seruice : after which , he repaired with the same pompe , to a house foreprouided for that purpose , made a feast to his attendants , kept the tables end himselfe , and was serued with kneeling , assay , & all other rites due to the estate of a prince : with which dinner , the ceremony ended , and euery man returned home again . the pedigree of this vsage is deriued from so many descents of ages , that the cause and authour outreach remembrance : howbeit , these circumstances offer a coniecture , that it should betoken the royalties appertaining to the honour of cornwall . m. wil. kendals hospitality , while he liued , and here kept house , deserueth a speciall remembrance , because , for store of resort and franknes of entertainment , it exceeded all others of his sort . this towne anno . h. . was by act of parliament assigned , to keepe the publike waights and measures , ordayned for the countie . lostwithiel subiecteth it selfe to the commaund of restormel castle , alias , lestormel , sometimes the dukes principal house . it is seated in a park , vpō the plaine neck of a hill , backed to the westwards , with another , somewhat higher , & falling euery other way , to end in a valley , watered by the fishfull riuer of foy. his base court is rather to be coniectured , then discerned , by the remnant of some fewe ruines ; amongst which , an ouen of . foot largenes , through his exceeding proportion , prooueth the like hospitality of those dayes . the inner court grounded vpon an intrenched rocke , was formed round , had his vtter wall thick , strong , and garretted : his flat roofe couered with lead , and his large windowes taking their light inwards . it consisted of two stories , besides the vaults , and admitted entrance and issue , by one onely gate , fenced with a portcouliz . water was conueyed thither , by a conduit , from the higher ground adioyning . certes , it may moue compassion , that a palace , so healthfull for aire , so delightfull for prospect , so necessary for commodities , so fayre ( in regard of those dayes ) for building , and so strong for defence , should in time of secure peace , and vnder the protection of his naturall princes , be wronged with those spoylings , then which , it could endure no greater , at the hands of any forrayne and deadly enemy : for the parke is disparked , the timber rooted vp , the conduit pipes taken away , the roofe made sale of , the planchings rotten , the wals fallen downe , and the hewed stones of the windowes , dournes , & clauels , pluct out to serue priuate buildings : onely there remayneth an vtter defacement , to complayne vpon this vnregarded distresse . it now appertayneth by lease , to master samuel , who maried halse : his father ( a wise and pleasant conceited gent. ) matched with tremayue . after wee haue quitted restormel , roche becomes our next place of soiourne , though hardly inuiting , with promise of any better entertainement , then the name carieth written in his forehead , to wit , a huge , high and steepe rock , seated in a playne , girded on either side , with ( as it were ) two substitutes , and meritorious ( no doubt ) for the hermite , who dwelt on the top thereof , were it but in regard of such an vneasie climing to his cell and chappell , a part of whose naturall wals is wrought out of the rock it selfe . neere the foote of roche , there lyeth a rock , ieuell with the ground aboue , and hollow downwards , with a winding depth , which contayneth water , reported by some of the neighbours , to ebbe & flowe as the sea . of these , as another cornish wonder . you neighbour-scorners , holy-prowd , goe people roche's cell , farre from the world , neere to the heau'ns , there , hermits , may you dwell . is 't true that spring in rock hereby , doth tide-wise ebbe and flow ? or haue wee foolas with lyers met ? fame saies it : be it so . from hence ascending easily the space of a mile , you shall haue wonne the top of the cornish archbeacon hainborough , which ( as little to great ) may for prospect compare with rama in palestina , henius in medica , collàlto in italy , and sceafel in the i le of man : for if the weathers darkenesse bounde not your eye-sight , within his ordynarie extent , you shall thence plainely discerne , to the eastwards , a great part of deuon , to the west , very neere the lands end , to the north and south , the ocean , and sundrie ilands scattered therein , wherethrough it passeth also for a wonder . haynboroughs wide prospect , at once , both feedes , and gluts your eye , with cornwals whole extent , as it in length and breadth doth lie . at ladocke , in this hundred , dwelleth master peter courtney , who doubly fetcheth his pedigree , from that honourable stocke , and embraceth the contentment of a quiet priuate life , before the publike charge in his countrie , due to his calling , and to which long sithence , he hath bene called . his father married ( as i haue shewed ) the daughter & coheire of trethurffe , himselfe reskimers , his sonne the daughter of saintabyn : he beareth o. three torteaux , and a file with as many lambeaux , b. leo after , in the delightfull , and approued description of his countrie , telleth vs of a blind guide , who would readily and safely conduct straunger trauailers , ouer the huge deserts , with which that region aboundeth , and that the meanes he vsed , was , in certaine distances , to smell at the sand , which gaue him perfect notice of the places . likewise , lewes guicciardin , in his booke of netherland , maketh report of one martyn catelyn , borne at weruicke in flaunders , who falling blind before he attained two yeeres age , grew , notwithstanding , by his owne industrie , without any teacher , to such a perfection in timber handy-craft , as he could , not only turne , and make virginals , organes , vyolons , and such like instruments , with great facilitie , order , and proportion , but also tune , and handsomely play vpon them , and besides , deuised many seruiceable tooles for his science . these examples i thrust out before me , to make way , for a not much lesse straunge relation touching one edward bone , sometimes seruant to the said master courtney : which fellow ( as by the assertion of diuers credible persons , i haue beene informed ) deafe from his cradle , and consequently dumbe , would yet bee one of the first , to learne , and expresse to his master , any newes that was sturring in the countrie : especially , if there went speech of a sermon , within some myles distance , hee would repaire to the place , with the foonest , and setting himselfe directly against the preacher , looke him stedfastly in the face , while his sermon lasted : to which religious zeale , his honest life was also answerable . for , as hee shunned all lewd parts himselfe , so , if hee espied any in his fellow seruants , ( which hee could and would quickely doe ) his master should straightwayes know it , and not rest free from importuning , vntill , either the fellow had put away his fault , or their master his fellow . and to make his minde knowne , in this , and all other matters , hee vsed verie effectuall signes , being able therethrough , to receiue , and performe any enioyned errand . besides , hee was assisted with so firme a memorie , that hee would not onely know any partie , whome hee had once seene , for euer after , but also make him knowne to any other , by some speciall obseruation , and difference . vpon a brother of his , god laide the like infirmitie , but did not recompence it with the like raritie . somewhat neere the place of his birth ? there dwelt another , so affected , or rather defected , whose name was kempe : which two , when they chaunced to meete , would vse such kinde imbracements , such strange , often , and earnest rokenings , and such heartie laughters , and other passionate gestures , that their want of a tongue , seemed rather an hinderance to others conceiuing them , then to their conceiuing one another . gwarnack , in this hundred , was the beuils ancient seate , whose two daughters and heires , married arundel of trerice , and greinnile . wolueden , alias , golden , fell vnto tregian , by match with the inheritrix thereof . tregean signifieth the giants towne : their sonne married in lanherne house , their graund-child with the l. stourtons daughter : hee beareth erm. on a chiefe s. three marilers o. it standethin probus parish , whose high , and faire church towre , of hewed moore stone , was builded within compasse of our remembrance , by the well disposed inhabitants : and here also dwelleth one williams , a wealthie , and charitable farmer , graund-father to fixtie persons , how liuing , and able , lately to ride twelue myles in a morning , for being witnesse to the christening of a child , to whome hee was great great graund-father . from hence , drawing towards the southsea , wee will touch at the late parke of lanhadron , because there groweth an oke , bearing his leaues speckled with white , as doth another , called painters oke , in the hundred of east : but whether the former partake any supernaturall propertie , to foretoken the owners-soone insuing death , when his leaues are al of one colour ( as i haue heard some report ) let those affirme , who better know it : certaine it is , that diuers auncient families in england are admonished by such predictions . grampond , if it tooke that name from any great bridge , hath now nomen sine re : for the bridge there is supported with onely a few arches , and the corporation but halfe replenished with inhabitants , who may better vaunt of their townes antiquitie , then the towne of their abilitie . of pentuan i haue spoken before . for the present , it harboureth master dart , who as diuers other gentlemen , well descended , and accommodated in deuon , doe yet rather make choyce of a pleasing and retired equalitie in the little cornish angle . hee matched with roscarrocke . penwarne , in the same parish of meuagesy , alias s. meuie , and isy ( two nothing ambitious saints , in resting satisfied with the partage of so pettie a limit ) is vefled in master otwell hill , as heire to his mother , the daughter and heire to cosowarth , to whome it likewise accrued , by matching with the daughter and heire of that name : a seate , through his fruitfulnesse , and other appurtenances , supplying the owner large meanes of hospitalitie , and by him so imployed , who reckoneth to receiue most good , when he doth it . he deriueth himselfe from a populous , and well regarded familie in lancashire , and matried the daughter of denham : and beareth g. a cheuron , betweene three garbes ermine . art he adioyning saint tue , dwelleth master richard tremayn , descended from a yonger brother of colocumb house , in deuon , who being learned in the lawes , is yet to learne , or atleast to practise , how he may make other profit there by then by hoarding vp teasure of gratitude , in the mindfull brests of poore and rich , on whom hee , gratis , bestoweth the fruites of his paines and knowledge . he married coffyn , hee beareth g. three armes in circle ioyned at the tronkes o. with hands proper . dudman , a wel knowne foreland to most saylers , here shouldreth out the ocean , to shape the same a large bosome betweene it selfe , and rame head , which are wel-neere twentie myles in distance . amongst sundrie prouerbs , allotting an impossible time of performance , the cornishmen haue this one , when rame-head and dudman meet . whose possession , yet , though not thēselues , met in sir peers edgecumb , as inioying that , in right of his wife , and this , by descent from his father . bodrugan , a large demaines adioyning thereunto ( which i will not deriue from sir bors du ganis , though the neighbours so say ) was the dwelling of sir henrie trenowith , a man of great liuely-hood , who chaunged his name with the house , and lost house and holding , through attainder for rebellion , against king henrie the seuenth . the king bestowed it , by an intailed gift , vpon sir richard edgecumb . next , lyeth the foreremembred carybayes ( kery haz in cornish , signifieth to beare his seede , or as some other define it , delighting in seede ) descended to m. charles treuanion , the present possessioner , by a long ranke of auncestors , from arundels daughter and-heire : his father married the daughter of morgan , and sister to the first lord hunsdons wife , which brought him an honourable ally . three of this gentlemans elder brethren , edward , iohn , and hugh , forewent him in successioned their fathers inheritance , and passed to the better world in a single life : himselfe by matching the daughter and heire of witchalse , whose mother was coheire to marwood , hath raised issue vnto them , and continueth the hope of posteritie . sir william treuanions his graundfire , tooke to wife the said sir richard edgecumbs daughter . the treuanions armes are a. a fesse b. charged with three escalops o. betweene two cheurons g. roseland , is a circuite , containing certaine parishes hereabouts , and benefiting the owners with his fruitfulnesse , so that though the original of his name came ( perhaps ) as master camden noteth , from his former thickets , yet his present estate better resembleth a flowrie effect . by this time we approch the limits of falmouth hauen , vpon one of whose creekes , standeth the market and incorporate towne of tregny , not specially memorable ( in my knowledge ) for any extraordinarie worth , or accident . of better regard is truro , alias , truru , or trisow , as the principall towne of the hauen , priuiledged with a mayraltie , and benefited with the generall westerne sessions , coynages , markets , faires , &c. the shape of the towne , and etymon of the name , may be learned out of this cornish propheticall rime . truru , triueth cu , ombdina geueth try ru , which is to say , truro consisteth of three streetes , and it shall in time bee said , here truro stood . a like mischiefe of a mysterie , they obserue , that in taking t. from the towne , there testeth ru , ru , which in english soundeth , woe , woe : but whatsoeuer shall become therof hereafter , for the present , i hold it to haue got the start in wealth of anyother gornish towne , and to come behind none in buildings , lanceston onely excepted , where there is more vse , and profit of faire lodgings , through the countie assizes . i wish that they would likewise deserue praise , for getting , and imploying their riches , in some industrious trade , to the good of their countrie , as the harbours oportunitie inviteth them . descending from truro to the hauens mouth , by water , you are ouer-looked , by sundrie gentlemens commodious feates , as fen ten golian , in english , the ha●ts well , lately appertaining to master carmynow by interpretation often louing , and now to master holcomb , who married the daughter of master peter courtncy . master sayers house , ardeuora , inhabited by master thomas peyton , a gentleman for his age and vertues , deseruing a regardfull estimation , master befcawnes , master sayers : but amongst all , vpon that side of the riuer , taluerne , for pleasant prospect , large scope and other hous-keeping commodities , challengeth the preeminence : it was giuen to a yonger brother of lanhearne , for some six or seuen descents past , and hath bred gent , of good worth and calling : amongst whom , i may not forget the late hind , & valiant sir iohn arundell , who matched with godolphin , nor iohn his vertuous , and hopeful succeeding sonne , who married with carew ; though this remembrance renew that sorrow , which once i partly expressed in the insuing epitaph . seeke not , blind eyes , the liking with the dead , t is earth you see : our arundel is gone , to ioyne with christ , as member to his head , and skernes , and pities , this our bootlesse mone . yet pardon vs , sweete soule , mans nature beares , we , to thy losse , should sacrifice our teares . thou time hast changed to eternitie , but timelesse was that time , in our regard , since ●●ught thou leau'st vs , saue the memorie of thy deare worth , so soone not to be spared . soft be the grine , vnrathy resting bones . short be the date , that vs againe atones . vpon the east side of the hauens entrance , saint maryes , alias , s. mawes castle , witly his point-blanke ordinance , comptrolleth any shipping , that deserue a deniall of admission or passage , and is commaunded by master viuian , a gentleman , who through his worth deserueth , and with due care and iudgement dischargeth , the martiall and ciuill gouernments committed to his trust : hee beareth partie per fesse . ar. and vnsase . in chiefe , a lyon rampant g. we will close vp this hundred , after our vsuall maner , with the gentlemen of marke , but not orderly marked . such are tanner , who married the daughter of rosicarrock : who beareth a. on a chiefe s. three morions heads o. pomeroy , a branch of bery pomeroy in deuon : he beareth o. a lyon rampāt g. who matched with tanner , and whose daughter & heire apparant , hath taken to husband the yong penkeuil , who beareth a. two cheurons , and in chiefe a lyon passant g. polwheele , whose name in deduced from his dwelling and his dwelling may be interpreted ▪ the mity worke , linked in wedlock with the coheire of trin●●●●●e , in english , the towne of the borough . his mother was lower of trelask . palwheel beareth s. a saultier engraysed erm. hearle , lineally desoended from sundry knights , who wedded treuanion : and his sonne trestry hee beareth a. a pesse g. betweene . sheldrakes proper . sawle , who espoused rashleigh : and his father , kindall , &c. and beareth a. a cheuron betweene . fauleons heads erased s. pider . hundred . i must now , for a while , bid the south sea late well , vntill a new oportunity call mee to end the other part of falmouth hauen , and take the hundred of pider in taske ▪ which confineth with powder in situation , as it resembleth the same in denomination . pider in cornish is . in english , and this is the fourth hundred of cornwall , if you begin your reckoning from the wester part at pen with , which ( signifying a head ) doth seeme so to requirele . in entring this hundred , padstowe first presenteth it selfe , a towne and hauen of suteable quality , for both ( though bad ) are the best , that the north cornish coast possesseth . the borough gaue name to the harbour , and borrowed it of petrock and stowe , contracting the same into padstowe . it hath lately purehased a corporation , and reapeth greatest thrift , by traffiking with ireland , for which it commodiously lieth . the harbor is barred with bāks of sand , made ( through vniting their weake forces ) sufficiētly strong , to resist the oceans threatning billows , which ( diuorced from their parent ) find their rage subdued by the others lowly submission . m. nicholas prideaux , from his new and stately house , thereby , taketh a ful and large prospect of the towne , hauen , & countrey adioyning to all which , his wisdome is a stay , his authority a direction . he maried one of viels coheires : and though endowed with fayre reuennues in deuon●aketh ●aketh cornwall beholde● to his residence . he beareth a. a cheuron s. in chiefe a fyle with three lambeaux g. the salt water leauing padstowe , floweth vp into the countrey , that it may embrace the riuer camel , and hauing performed this naturall courtesie , ebbeth away againe , to yeeld him the ●●●er passage , by which meanes they , both vndergoe wade bridge , the longest , strongest , and fayresh that the shine can muster . it tooke his name of a foorde adioyning , which affoordeth a way , not so safe , as compendious , when the tyde is out . wade bridge deliuereth you into a waste ground , where . long and great stones , called the sisters , stand in a ranke together , and seeme to haue bene so pitched , for continuing the memory of somewhat whose notice is yet enuied vs by time . neere to belowdy , commonly , & not vnproperly , termed beelowzy , the too of a hill is enuironed with deep treble trenches , which leaue a large playne space in the midst : they call it castellan danis , of which my former booke maketh mention , and it seemeth ( in timespast ) to haue bin a matter of moment , the rather , for that a great cawfey ( now couered with grasse ) doth lead vnto it . saint colombs is a bigge parish , and a meane market towne , subiect to the lordship and patronage of the lanhearn arundels , who for many descents ; lye there interred , as the inscriptions on their graue stones doe testify . their name is deriued from hirundelle , in french , a swallow , & out of france , at the conquest they came , & sixe swallows they giue in armes . the country people entitle them , the great arundels : and greatest stroke , for loue , liuing , and respect , in the countrey heretofore they bare . their sayd house of lanhearne , standeth in the next parish , called mawgan : ladu is cornish for a bank , and on a banke the same is seated , what hearne may meane , ignorance bids mee keepe silence . it is appurtenanced with a large scope of land , which ( while the owners there liued ) was employed to franke hospitality ; yet the same wanted wood , in lieu whereof , they burned heath , and generally , it is more regardable for profit , then commendable for pleasure . the gent. now liuing , maried anne the daughter of henry gern●●gham : his father ( a man of a goodly presence and kinde magnanimity ) maried the daughter of the earle of darby , and widdow to the l. stourton . he beareth s. . swallowes in pile a. little colan hath lesse worth the obseruation , vnlesse you will detide , or pity their simplicity , who sought at our lady nants well there , to foreknowe what fortune should betide them , which was in this maner : vpon palm sunday , these idle-headed seekers resorted thither , with a palme crosse in one hand , & an offring in the other : the offring fell to the priests share , the crosse they threwe into the well ; which if it swamme , the party should outliue that yeere ; if it sunk , a short ensuing death was boded : and perhaps , not altogether vntruely , while a foolish conceyt of this halsening might the sooner helpe it onwards . a contrary practise to the goddesse iunoes lake in laconia : for there , if the wheatē cakes , cast in vpon her festiuall day , were by the water receiued , it betokened good luck ; if reiected , euill . the like is written by pausanias , of inus in greece , and by others touching the offrings throwne into the fomace of mount etoa in sicill . from hence , by the double duety of consanguinitie and affinity , i am called to stop at colowarth , which inhabitance altered the inhabitants from their former french name escudifer , in english , iron shield , to his owne , as they prooue by olde euidence , not needing in the norman kings new birth ; to be distinguished with the raigners number . cosowarth , in cornish , importeth the high groue : and well stored with trees it hath bene , neither is yet altogether destitute . iohn the heire of that house , hauing by the daughter of williams , issue only one daughter katherine , suffered part of his lands to descend vnto the children of her first husband , alen hill : another part hee intayled in her second marriage , with arundel of trerice , to their issue . the house of cosowarth , and the auncient in heritance there adioyning , he gaue to the heires male of his stock , by which conueyance , his vncle iohn succeeded , who married the daughter of sir wil. lock , king h. the . marchant , and by him knighted , for that with equall courage , and hazard ; hee tooke downe the popes bull , set vp at antwerp against his soueraigne . he had issue thomas , edward , michael , iohn , and robert. thomas maried the daughter of samtubyn , on whom he begat iohn and dorothy : iohn the elder and robert , neuer tasted the sweet and sowre of bridale fruit . michael tooke to wife sidenhams daughter of dul●●●…rton in somersetshire , and is father onely of issue female . hee addicteth himselfe to an ecclesiasticall life , and therein ioyning poetry with diuinity , endeuoureth to imitate the holy prophet dauid , whose psalmes , of his translation into english meeter ▪ receiue the general applause , beyond a great many other wel-deseruing vndertakers of the same taske . iohn the yongest ; succeeding in this inheritance , vpon iust cause , good conscience , and gratefull kindenesse , renewed the intayle which his father thomas had cut off , and in a single restate , and the vniuersall loue of all that conuersed with him , made a short period of his long hoped life : whose decease i bewayled in these times . he that at sea and land amidst his foes ▪ by courage guided , sought , and scapt his death ▪ loe , here , amongst his friends ▪ whom liking chose , and nature lent , hath vp resign'd his breath ▪ vnripened fruit in grouth ▪ precious in hope ▪ rare in effect , had fortune giuen scope ▪ our eyes with teares performe thine obsequy , and hearts with sighes , since hands could yeeld none aid , our tongues with praise preserue thy memory , and thing his with grieft , since we behind are staid . coswarth farewell , death which vs parts atwaine , e're long , in life , shall vs conioyne againe . his sister maried kendall . edward his vncle , and heire , by vertue of these entayles , married the daughter of arundel of trerice , and from a ciuill courtiers life in his younger yeeres , reposeth his elder age , on the good husbandry of the country , hauing raised posterity sufficient , for transplanting the name into many other quarters . he beareth a. on a cheuron betweene three wings b. fiue bezants . against you haue passed towards the west somewhat more then a mile , trerice , anciently , treres , oftreth you the viewe of his costly and commodious buildings . what tro is , you know already , res signifieth a rushing of fieeting away , and vpon the declyning of a hill the house is seated . in edward the . raigne , ralphe arundel matched with the heire of this land and name : since which time , his issue hath there continued , and encreased their liuelyhood , by sundry like inheritours , as s. iohn , iew , durant , thurlebear , &c. precisely to rip vp the whole pedigree , were more tedious , then behoouefull : and therefore i will onely ( as by the way ) touch some fewe poynts , which may serue ( in part ) to shew what place & regard they haue borne in the common wealth . there was an indenture made , betweene hugh courtney , earle of deuon , leiutenant to the king , for a sea voyage , in defence of the realme : and sir iohn arundel of trerice , for accompanying him therein . he was sherife of cornwall . iohn earle of huntingdon , vnder his seale of armes , made sir iohn arundel of trerice , seneshall of his houshold , as well in peace , as in warre , gaue him ten pound fee , and allowed him entertaynment in his house , for one gentleman , three yeoman , one boy , and sixe horses . the same earle , stiling himselfe lieutenant generall to iohn duke of bedford , constable and admirall of england , wrote to the said sir iohn arundel , then vice-admirall of cornwall , for the release of a ship , which hee had arrested by vertue of his office . the queene , by her letter , aduertised iohn arundel of trerice esquire , that she was brought in child-bed of a prince . the king wrote to sir iohn arundel of trerice , that he should giue his attendance at canterbury , about the entertaynment of the emperour , whose landing was then and there expected . iohn arundel of trerice esquire , tooke prisoner , duncane campbell , a scot , in a fight at sea , as our chronicle mentioneth , concerning which , i though it not amisse , to insert a letter sent him from tho. duke of norfolke ( to whom he then belonged ) that you may see the stile of those dayes . by the duke of norf. right welbeloued , in our hearty wise we commend vs vnto you , letting you with that by your seruant this bearer wee haue receiued your letters , dated at truru the . day of this moneth of , april , by which we perceyue the goodly , valiant , and ieopardous enterprise , it hath pleased god of late to send you , by the taking of duncane camel & other scots on the sea of which enterprise we haue made relation vnto the kings highnesse , who is not a little ioyous and glad to heare of the same , and hath required vs instantly in his name , to giue you thanks for your said valiant courage , and bolde enterprise in the premises ; and by these our letters for the same your so doing , we doe not onely , thanke you in our most effectuall wise but also promise you that during our life wee will bee glad to aduaunce you to any preferment we can . and ouer this , you shall vnderstand our said soueraigne lords pleasure is that you shall come and repaire to his highnes , with diligence in your owne person ▪ bringing with you the said captiue , and the master of the scottish ship ; at which time , you shall not onely be sure of his especiall thanks by mouth & to know his further pleasure therein , but also of vs to further any your reasonable pursuits vnto his highnes , or any other , during our life to the best of our power , accordingly ▪ written at lambeth , the . day of aprill aforesaid . superscribed : to our right welbeloued seruant , iohn arundell of trerice . the king wrote to sir iohn ar. of trerice touching his discharge from the admiralty of the fleete lately committed vnto him , & that he should deliuer the ship which he sayled in , to sir nic. poynts . the same yere the king wrote to him againe , that he should attend him in his warres against the french king , with his seruants tenants , and others , within his roomes and offices , especially horsemen . other letters from the king there are , whose date is not expressed , neither can i by any meanes hunt it out . one , to his seruant iohn arundel of trerice esquire , willing him , not to repaire with his men , and to wayte in the rereward of his army , as hee had commaunded him , but to keepe them in a readinesse for some other seruice . another to sir. iohn arundel of trerice praying and desiring him to the court , the quindene of saint hillarie next , wheresoeuer the king shall then bee within the realme . there are also letters , directed to sir iohn arundell of trerice , from the kings counsell , by some of which it appeareth , that hee was vice admirall of the kings shippes , in the west seas , and by others , that hee had the goods and lands of certaine rebels , giuen him , for his good seruice against them . the queene wrote to sir iohn arundell of trerice , praying and requiring him , that hee , with his friends and neighbours should see the prince of spaine most honourably entertained , if he fortuned to land in cornwall . shee wrote to him ( being then sherife of cornwall ) touching the election of the knights of the shire , and the burgesses for the parliament . shee likewise wrote to him , that ( notwithstanding the instructions to the iustices ) hee should muster , and furnish his seruants , tenants , and others , vnder his rule and offices , with his friends , for the defence , and quieting of the countrie , withstanding of enemies , and any other imployment , as also to certifie , what force of horse and foote he could arme . these few notes i haue culled out of many others . sir. iohn arundell , last mentioned , by his first wife , the coheire of beuill , had issue roger , who died in his fathers life time , and katherine , married to prideaux : roger by his wife trendenham left behind him a sonne , called iohn . sir iohns second wife , was daughter to erisy , and widdow to gourlyn , who bare him iohn , his succeeder in tretice , and much other faire reuenewes , whose due commendation , because another might better deliuer then my selfe , who touch him as neerely , as tacitus did agricola ) i will therefore bound the same within his desert , and onely say this , which all , who knew him , shall testifie with me : that , of his enemies , he would take no wrong , nor on them any reuenge ; and being once reconciled , embraced them , without scruple or remnant of gall . ouer his kinred , hee held a warie and charie care , which bountifully was expressed , when occasion so required , reputing himselfe , not onely principall of the family , but a generall father to them all . priuate respects euer , with him , gaue place to the common good : as for franke , well ordered , and continuall hospitalitie , he outwent all shew of competence : spare , but discreet of speech , better conceiuing , then deliuering : equally stout , and kind , not vpon lightnesse of humour , but soundnesse of iudgement , inclined to commiseration , readie to relieue . briefely , so accomplished in vertue , that those , who for many yeeres together wayted in neerest place about him , and , by his example , learned to hate vntruth , haue often deepely protested , how no curious obseruation of theirs , could euer descrie in him , any one notorious vice . by his first foreremembred wife , he had . daughters married , to carew , summaster , cosowarth , & denham : by his later , the daughter of sir robert denis , . sonnes , and . daughters : the elder , euen from his young yeeres ; began where his father left , and with so temperate a course , treadeth iust in his footesteps , that hee inheriteth , as well his loue , as his liuing . the younger brother followeth the netherland wars , with so wel-liked a cariage , that hee outgoeth his age , and time of seruice , in preferment . their mother equalleth her husbands former children , and generally all his kinred , in kind vsage , with her owne , and is by them all , againe , so acknowledged and respected . of saint peran , wee haue spoken before , which too well brooketh his surname , in sabulo : for the light-sand , carried vp by the north wind , from the sea shore , daily continueth his couering , and marring the land adioynant , so as the distresse of this deluge , draue the inhabitants to remooue their church : howbeit , when it meeteth with any crossing brooke , the same ( by a secret antipathy ) restraineth , and barreth his farder incroching that way . in withiell parish of this hundred , one gidly , not many yeeres sithence , digged downe a little hillocke , or borough , call●… . borsneeuas , in english , cheapfull , there with to thicken his lother ground . in the bottome of which he found three white stones , triangle-wise ( as pillers ) supporting another flat one , some two foote and a halfe square , and in the midst betweene them , and vnder it ; an earthen pot , halfe full of a blacke , flymie , and ill-sauouring substance , which ( doubtlesse ) was once the ashes of so he notable person , there committed to that maner of buriall . saint agnes , one of the high hils , which i specially recited in my former booke , by his entrailes ( like ●rome●heus ) feedeth the tynners pecking , or picking bils , with a long liue diprofit , albeit , their scarce eagle eyes sometimes mistake the shadow for the substance , and so offer vp degenerate teares , as a late sacrifice to repentance . the neighbours haue obserued , that of two lakes , heere adioyning to this hill , and so each to other the one will foster fish ; and the other none at all . neyther may i omit newe kaye , a place in the north coast of this hundred , so called , because in former times , the neighbours attempted , to supplie the defect of nature , by art , in making there a kay , for the rode of shipping , which conceyt they still retaine , though want of means in themselues , or the place , haue left the effect in nubibus : and onely lent them the benefit of lestercockes and fisher-boates . i cannot finish this hundred , with the relation of many more gentlemen , eyther through want of them , or in my selfe tirenance added to his owne liuelyhood , the possessions of littleton , to whome , as sisters sonne , and generall heire , hee succeeded : he married kendall , and his sonne roscarrocke : hee beareth a. a fesse , betweene three swords s. there dwelleth also master tredeniak , who matched with the daughter of viuian , and his father , of marow , who beareth o. on a bend s. three buckes heads cabased a. as also langherne b. a cheuron betweene . escalops o. burlace , a. on a bend s. two hands tearing in sunder a horse-shooe of the field ; and others . kerier hundred . kery in cornish , signifieth bearing : and yet you must beare with me , if i forbeare to deriue kerier herefrom , vntill i see some reason for my warrant : wherefore leauing that , i will weaue on my former webbe of falmouth hauen ; and first , a word or two touching the same in generall , ere i descend to the yet vndescribed west side in particular . the riuer fala , falling here , into the seas wide-gaping mouth , hath endowed it with that name . in the very entrance of the harbour lyeth a rocke , rather disgracing , then endamaging the same : for with the cbbe it is discouered , and at the flood , marked by a pole purposely fixed thereupon . for the rest , such as compare plymmouth and falmouth together , obserue , that plymmouth creekes are mostly coasted with plaine shoares ; falmouth , with steepe : which maketh that , the more delightfull for prospect , this , the more safe for riding . againe , they say that falmouth lyeth farther out in the trade way , and so offreth a sooner oportunity to wind-driuen shipping , then plymmouth , but that plymmouth hath a better outlet , from his catwater , for saylers bound to the westwards , and from hamoase , for those that would fare to the east , then falmouth . likewise as plymmouth vaunteth richer and fairer townes , and greater plentie of fish then falmouth : so falmouth braggeth , that a hundred sayle may anker within his circuite , and no one of them see the others top , which plymmouth cannot equall . howsoeuer they agree for competence among themselues , the worst of them , by most mens iudgements , hath the precedence ( milford onely excepted ) of all other hauens in england . and thus much of the whole . now to the parts . on the west side , at the verie comming in , there riseth a hill , called pendenis , where king henrie the eight , when hee tooke order for fortifying the sea coasts , caused a castle to bee builded , with allowance of a pettie garrison , and some small store of ordinance . another , somewhat like thereto in plot , but different in sight , was then erected in the other side , at saint mawes , of which i haue spoken heretofore . saint mawes lieth lower , and better to annoy shipping : but pendenis standeth higher , and stronger to defend it selfe . it should seeme , the fortifier made his aduantage of the commoditie , affoorded by the ground , and shot rather at a safe preseruing the harbour , from sodaine attempts of little fleetes , and the mastering of pirates , then to withstand any great nauie , or maigne inuasion . but her maiestie casting an equall eye to both , or rather a sharper sight to this later , as quickned through the enemies diuers pretences against these places ( wherof falmouth , by myracle , not prouidence , escaped one ) raysed a newe fort with a garrison , vpon the hawe at plymmouth , and at her great charges , with some litte helpe of the countrie , added an increase of fortification , and souldiers to pendenis . howbeit , his greatest strength consisteth in sir nicholas parker , the gouernour , who demeaning himselfe , no lesse kindly , and frankly towards his neighbours , for the present , then hee did resolutely , and valiantly , against the enemie when he followed the warres ; therethrough commaundeth , not onely their bodies , by his authoritie , but also their hearts , by his loue , to liue and die in his assistance , for their common preseruation ; and her highnesse seruice : hee beareth b. frettie , and a. a fesse o. after the declining hill hath deliuered you downe from this castle , arwenacke entertaineth you , with a pleasing view : for the same standeth so farre within the hauens mouth , that it is protected from the sea stormes , and yet so neere thereunto , as it yeeldeth a ready passage out . besides , the cliffe , on which the house abbutteth , is steepe enough to shoulder off the waues , and the ground about it , plaine and large enough for vse and recreation . it is owed by master iohn killigrew , who married the daughter of monck , and heire to her mother and was sonne to sir iohn killigrew , who matched with woluerstone : the stocke is ancient , and diuers of the branches ( as i haue elsewhere remembred ) growne to great aduancement , in calling and liuely-hood , by their greater desert : their armes are a. an eagle with two heads displayed within a bordure bezanty s. somewhat aboue arwenacke , trefuses point diuideth the harbour , and yeeldeth a seuerall ankering place on eche side there of , the one called carrack rode , the other , kings rode . this promontory is possessed and inhabited by a gentleman of that name , who suitably to his name , giueth three fusils for his coat , in this sort : a. a cheuron betweene three fusils s. he maried the coheire of gaurigan , and m. wil. godolphin late yonger brother to sir frauncis , her other sister . vpon the left hand from hence , at the top of a creek , perin towne hath taken vp his seat , rather passable , then noteable , for wealth , buildings , and inhabitants : in all which , though neerer the hauens thouth , it giueth truro the preeminence : the like whereof i obserue , touching diuers other townes , of the same situation , in deuon , as salcomb , and kings bridge , dartmouth , and totnes , tops●●…ain , and excester : amongst which , those that stand highest vp in the countrey , affoord therethrough , a fitter oportunity of accesse , from all quarters , and so a speedyer and larger vent of their commodities . in perin was glasney colledge , founded by walter brounscomb , & benefited by iohn graundson , bishops of excester , which see possesseth faire reuennues thereabouts . vpon another crecke on the same side , carclew hath ( after the cornish maner ) welneere metamorphosed the name of master bonithon , his owner , into his owne . he maried the daughter of vinian , his father of killigrew , his graundfather of erisy , and beareth a. a cheuron betweene . floures deluce . s. with any memorable act or accident , concerning this hauen , i cannot acquaint you , before my perting therefrom , saue onely , that philip , arch-duke of austriche , during his voyage from netherland towards spayne ( his wiues kingdome ) was weather-driuen into weymouth , and , with a kinde constraint , receyued a more royall , then welcome entertainment , at the hands of king henrie the . from which hee could not free himselfe , but by redeeming his libertie , with de la pooles captiuity . this accomplished , he made ehoyce to take ship againe at falmouth , that so by the shortest eut , hee might leaue least power in fortune , to thwart him any second incumbrance . hailford , so called , of the fordable riuer haill , if elsewhere placed , would carry the reputation of a good harbour ; but as it now standeth . falmouths ouer-neere neighbourhood , lesseneth his vse , and darkeneth his reputation , as quitting it onely to the worst sort of sea-farers , i meane pirats , whose guilty brests , with an eye in their backs , looke warily how they may goe out , ere they will aduenture to enter ; and this at vnfortifyed hailford , cannot be controlled : in which regard , it not vnproperly brooketh his more common terme of helford , and the nick-name of stealfoord . his shores affoord commodious seates , to the dwellings of reskimer , who maried s. abin , and beareth b. . barres a. in chiefe , a wolfe passant of the first : and tregose , who matched with kendal : his sonne with erisy , and beareth b. two barres gemewes in chiefe a lyon passant o. armed and langued g. and if your eares be not already cloyed with relation of wonders , i will let you vnderstand , how i was once carried to see one hereabouts . it is ( forsooth ) a great rock , lying vpon the ground , his top deepned to a hollownesse , not much vnlike in fashion , but far exceeding in proportion , the long halfe of an egge . this ( they say ) holdeth water , which ebbeth and floweth as the sea , and , indeed , when i came thither , the tide was halfe out , and the pit halfe empty . by it there stands a chappell , & to it there belonged a couer , so as the same seemed , in former times , to cary some regard . but i haue heard credible persons so discredit this woonder , that i dare not offer it you , as probable , much lesse thrust it vpon you , as approoued . the name thereof is , hanterdauis , which ( turning d to t ) signifieth halfe a tongue . more certaine , though lesse wonderfull , and yet , for the strangenesse , wel worth the viewing , is mainamber : mayne , is a rocke , amber , as some say , signifyeth ambrose . and a great rocke the same is , aduaunced vpon some others of a meaner size , with so equall a counterpeyze , that the push of a finger , will sensibly moue it too and fro : but farther to remooue it , the vnited forces of many shoulders are ouer-weake . wherefore the cornish wonder-gatherer , thus deservbeth the same . be thou thy mother natures worke , or proofe of giants might : worthlesse and ragged though thou shew , yet art thou worth the sight . this hugy rock , one fingers force apparently will moue ; but to remooue it , many strengths shall all like feeble prooue . helston , in cornish , hellaz , in english , the greene hall , is a well seated and peopled towne , priuiledged , secundum vsum , with the rest , and one of the . coynage places . vnder it runneth the riuer lo , whose passage into the sea , is thwarted by a sandy banke , which forceth the same to quurt back a great way , and so to make a poole of some miles in compasse . it breedeth a peculiar kind of bastard trought , in bignesse and goodnes exceeding such as liue in the fresh water , but comming short of those that frequent the salt . the foreremembred bank serueth as a bridge , to deliuer wayfarers , with a compendious passage , to the other side ; howbeit , sometimes with more haste then good speed : for now and then , it is so pressed on the inside , with the increasing riuers waight , and a portion of the vtter sand , so washed downe by the waues ; that at a sudden , out breaketh the vpper part of the poole , and away goeth a great deale of the sand , water , and fish : which instant , if it take any passenger tardy , shrewdly endangereth him , to flit for company : and some haue so miscarried . to this poole adioyneth m. penrose his house , whose kinde entertainment hath giuen mee , and many others experience of these matters . he maried the daughter of rashleigh : he beareth a. . bendes s. charged with . restes of the field . those . riuers of haill and lo , rising not farre asunder , doe enclose betweene them , as they runne into the sea , a neck of land , particularized with the name of meneag : and in regard of his fruitfulnesse , not vnworthy of a seuerance . within this circuit , lie trelawarren m. viuians house , and erisy , seated in . parishes , and descended , by a long ranke of ancestours , to the gent. of that name , now in ward . his father married carew : his graundsire , one of militons coheires , who ouerliuing her husband , ended the course of her long and well commended widdowhood , in becomming lady to sir nicholas parker , the e●zies beare s. a cheuron , betweene . griffons sergreant o. clowance ( deriued from cloow , which signifieth , to heare ) is the possession and dwelling of m. saintabin , whose very name ( besides the conquest roll ) deduceth his first ancestours out of fraunce . his graundfather married greinuile : his father , one of whittingtons coheires : which later couple , in a long and peaceable date of yeeres , exercised a kinde , liberall , and neuer discontinued hospitality . himselfe tooke to wife the daughter of mallet , and with ripe knowledge and sound iudgement , dischargeth the place which he beareth in his countrey . hee beareth o. on a crosse g. fiue bezaunts . pengueraz , in cornish importeth a head to help ; from which , some deduce the etymon of pengersick , a fayre house , in an vnfruitfull soyle , sometimes the inhabitance of m. militon , captaine of the mount , and husband to godolphin , whose sonne being lost in his trauaile beyond the seas , enriched . distafs with his inheritance . they were bestowed in mariage ( but by me not orderly marshalled ) as followeth : . to erisy , and sir nicholas parker . . to laniue , . to trefuses , and treg●deck , . to trenwith , arundel , and hearle , . to bonithon . . to abbot . not farre from thence , riseth godolghan ball , or hill , at whose foote standeth a house of the same name , and so intitling his owner , though lately declined ( with a milder accent ) to godolphin : in cornish , it signifieth , a white eagle : and such armes they carry in this sort : g. an eagle displayed with two heads , betweene three floures de luce a. this hill hath , for diuers descents , supplyed those gent. bountifull mindes , with large meanes accruing from their tynne-works , and is now possessed by sir frauncis godolphin knight , whose zeale in religion , vprightnesse in iustice , prouidence in gouernment , and plentifull housekeeping , haue wonne him a very great and reuerent reputation in his countrey : and these vertues , together with his seruices to her maiestie , are so sufficiently knowne to those of highest place , as my testimony can adde little light thereunto : but by his labours and inuentions in tynne matters , not onely the whole countrey hath felt a generall benefit , so as the seuerall owners haue thereby gotten very great profit out of such refuse works , as they before had giuen ouer for vnprofitable ; but her maiesty hath also receyued encrease of her customes by the same , at least to the value of . thousand pound . moreouer , in those works which are of his owne particular inheritance , hee continually keepeth at work , three hundred persons or thereabouts , & the yerely benefit , that out of those his works accrueth to her maiestie , amounteth , communibus annis , to one thousand pound at the least , and sometimes to much more . a matter very remorceable , and perchaunce not to be matched againe by any of his sort and condition in the whole realme . he succeeded to the inheritance of his vnkle sir william godolphin , who , as hath bene said before , demeaned himselfe verie valiantly in a charge which hee bare at boloigne , towards the latter end of the reigne of king henry the . & is like to leaue the same to another sir william his sonne , who giueth hope , not onely of the sustaining , but increasing of the reputation of his family . hee matched with killigrew , his father with bonythou , his graund-father with glynne . diuers other gentlemen there dwell in this hundred , as lanyne , the husband of kekewitch , his father married militon , and beareth s. a castle , a. standing in waues b. ouer the same a faulcon houering with bels o. pernwarne , that matched with the coheire of tencreek , who beareth s. a cheuron betweene three flowers de luce a. lagherne , who tooke to wife the daughter of nants , and beareth b. a cheuron betweene three escalops , o. nansperyan coupled in matrimonie , with and his two daughters and heires apparent , with prideaux , and mathew : who beareth a. three losenges s. penwith hundred . my last labour , for closing , vp this wearisome suruey , is bounded , as cornwall it selfe , and so the west part of england , with penwith hundred . the name , in english signifieth , the head of ashen trees , belike , for some such eminent marke , while the countrie was better stored of timber . the danes sayling about penwith steort ( saith houeden ) made foule hauocke , in deuon and cornwall . vpon the north sea , lieth nants , which importeth a valley , and houseth a gent. who therethrough , hath worne out his former name , of trengoue , in english , the smithes towne , and assumed this : he married sir iohn arundels daughter of trerice : and beareth a. a crosse haumed s. during summer season , the seales haunt a caue , in the cliffe thereby , and you shall see great store of them , apparently shew themselues , and approch verie neere the shore , at the sound of any lowde musicke , or other such noyse . beyond nants , m. basses possesseth tehiddy , who married godolphin , his father caffyn : hee beareth o. three piles in point g. a canton er. with a difference . and so , leauing these priuate inhabitances , & keeping still the north coast , we arriue at the towne , and port of s. ies : both of meane plight , yet , with their best meanes , ( and often , to good and necessarie purpose ) succouring distressed shipping . order hath bene taken , and attempts made , for bettering the road , with a peere , but eyther want , or slacknesse , or impossibilitie , hitherto withhold the effect : the whiles , plentie of fish is here taken , and sold verie cheape . as you row to the westwards from hence , the sea floweth into a large caue , farder vp , then any man durst yet aduenture to discouer , and the cliffes thereabouts muster long strakes of a glittering hiew , which import a shew of copper : and copper mynes are found , and wrought in the grounds adioyning . m. camden obserueth , that neere hereunto , stood the watch-towre , mencioned by orosius , and oppositely placed to such another in galitia . stepping ouer to the south sea , ( for the distaunce is in comparison , but a step ) s. michaels mount looketh so alost , as it brooketh no concurrent , for the highest place . ptolomey termeth it ocrinum , the cornish men , cara cowz in clowze , that is , the hoare rocke in the wood . the same is sundred from the mayne land , by a sandy playne , of a flight shoot in breadth , passable , at the ebbe , on foote ; with boat , on the flood . your artiuall on the farther side , is entertayned by an open greene , of some largenesse , which finishing where the hill beginneth , leaues you to the conduction of a winding and craggy path ; and that at the top , deliuereth you into a little plaine , occupied , for the greatest part , by a fort of the olde making . it compriseth lodgings for the captayne and his garrison , and a chappell for deuotion . this latter , builded by will. earle of morton , to whom william the conquerour his vncle , gaue much lands in those quarters , and greatly haunted , while folke endured their merits , by farre trauailing . they haue a tye pit , not so much satisfying vse , as relieuing necessitie . a little without the castle , there is a bad seat in a craggy place , called s. michaels chaire , somewhat daungerous for accesse , and therefore holy for the aduenture . vntill richard the firsts raigne , the mount seemeth to haue serued onely for religion , and ( during his imprisonment ) to haue bene first fortified by henry de la pomeray , who surprized it , and expulsed the monks : howbeit soone after , when hee became ascertained of his soueraignes enlargement , the very feare of ensuing harme wrought in him a present effect of the vttermost that any harme could bring , namely , his death : whereon , the olde cell and new fort , was surrendred to the archbishop of canterbury , in the kingsbehalfe . thus houeden reporteth . but the descendents from this pomeroy , alias , pomeroy , make a somewhat different relation of this accident : for they affirme , that a sergeant at armes of the kings , came to their auncestour , at his castle of bery pomeroy , in deuon , receyued kind entertaynment for certaine dayes together , and at his departure , was gratified with a liberall reward : in counter-change whereof , he then , and no sooner , reuealing his long concealed errand , flatly arresteth his hoaste , to make his immediate appearance before the king , for answering a capitall crime . which vnexpected and il-carryed message , the gent. tooke in such despite , as with his daggen hee stabbed the messenger to the heart : and then well knowing in so suparlatiue an offence , all hope of pardon foreclosed , he abandons his home , gets to a sister of his abiding in this mount , bequetheth a large portion of his land to the religious people there , for redeeming his soule : and lastly , causeth himselfe to be let bloud vnto death , for leauing the remainder to his heire : from which time forward , this place continued rather a schoole of mars , then the temple of peace . for shortly after the discomfiture of h. the . party , by ed. the . at barnet field , iohn earle of oxford , who had made one , and one of the principall on the weaker side , arriued heere by shipping , disguised himselfe , with some of his followers , in pilgrims habits , therethrough got entrance , mastred the garrison , and seyzed the place . which , thus politikely wonne , hee as valiantly kept , and kept a long time defended against the kings power , vntill reasonable conditions swayed him to a surrender . a like surprize , but of later date , i read in popeliniere , touching the like named and seated mount , in normandy . during the last cornish commotion , diuers gent. with their wiues and families , fled to the protection of this place , where the rebels besieged them , first wynning the plaine at the hils foote , by assault , when the water was out , and then , the euen ground on the top , by carrying vp great trusses of hay before them , to blench the defendants sight , and dead their shot . after which , they could make but slender resistance : for no sooner should any one within , peepe out his head , ouer those inflanked wals , but he became an open marke to a whole showre of arrowes . this disaduantage , together with the womens dismay , & decrease of victuals , forced a surrender to those rakehels mercy , who , nothing guilty of that effeminate vertue , spoyled their goods , imprisoned their bodies , and were rather by gods gracious prouidence , then any want of will , purpose , or attempt , restrayned from murdering the principall persons . heere also , was the lady katherine gordon ( an vnfit yoke-fellow for that counterfeit prince , perkin warbeck ) taken by the l. daubney , and conueyed to the king. of this , as the last wonder . who knowes not mighels mount and chaire , the pilgrims holy vaunt : both land , and iland , twise a day , both fort , and port of haunt . vnder the mount extendeth a bay , for lesser vessels to lie at : and betweene it and the westerne shoare , there is an indifferēt good road for shipping , sauing vpon some winds , called the moūts bay : where , by froiss arts report , sir robert knolles landed , what time his returne out of fraunce , was by k. ed. the . commaunded , and for his valiant exployts there , atchieued , very graciously welcomed . ouer-against the mount , fronteth a towne , of petty fortune , pertinently named marcaiew , of marhas diow , in english , the thursdaies market ; for then it vseth this traffike . at the beginning of k. h. the . raigne , it felt the frenchmens fiery indignation , who landed there with . sayle . but the smoke of those poore houses , calling in the country to the refcusse , made the place ouer hote for the enemies any longer abode . mousehole , in cornish , is named borternis , and in latine , portus insulae , both importing one sense , to wit , the hand hauen , and so called , through a little iland placed before it . m. holinshed telleth vs , that neere heereunto , not many yeeres sithence , certayne tynners , as they were working , found speareheads , battel-axes , and swords of copper , wrapped in lynnen clouts , and little impayred through their long lying . pensans , by interpretation , the saints head , is a market towne , not so regardable for his substance , as memorable for his late accident of the spaniards firing , which fell out in this maner ▪ the three & twentieth of iuly ; soone after the sun was raised , and had chased a fogge , which before kept the sea out of sight , . gallies of the enemy presented themselues vpon the coast , ouer-against mousehole , and there in a faire bay , landed about two hundred men , pikes and shot , who foorthwith sent their forlorne hope , consisting of their basest people , vnto the stragled houses of the countrie , about halfe a mile compasse or more , by whome were burned , not onely the houses they went by , but also the parish church of paul , the force of the fire being such , as it vtterly ruined all the great stonie pillers thereof : others of them in that time , burned that fisher towne mowsehole , the rest marched as a gard for defence of these firers . the inhabitants being feared with the spaniards landing and burning , fled from their dwellings , and verie meanely weaponed , met with sir francis godolphin on a greene , on the west side of pensance , who that forenoone comming from his house , for pacifying some controuersies in those westerne parts , and from the hils espying the fires in that towne , church , and houses , hastened thither : who foorthwith sent to all the captaines of those parts , for their speedie repaire with their companies , and also sent by poast to sir francis drake , and sir iohn hawkins ( then at plymmouth with a fleete bound for the indies ) aduertisement of the arriuall of these foure gallies , and of their burnings , aduising them to looke to themselues , if there were any greater fleete of the enemies at sea , and to send west with all haste , what succours by sea or land they could spare . then sir francis godalphin aduised that weake assembly , to retire into pensance , and to prepare it for defence , vntill the comming of the countrie forces that hee had sent for . but they finding themselues in number something aboue a hundred , wherein were about thirtie or fortie shot , though scarce one third of them were seruiceable , insisted to march against the enemies , to repell them from farther spoyles of their houses . but while they were marching towards them , the spaniards returned aboord their gallyes , and presently remooued them farther into the bay , where they anchored againe , before and neere a lesser fisher towne , called newlyn . there againe with all speede they landed , and imbattelled in the slope of a hill , about foure hundred pikes and shot , sending about two rankes of souldiers , three in a ranke , vp to the top of the hill , to discouer what forces or ambushes of the countrey might lye in view : who espying none but those that were returned with sir frauncis godolphin , from their forementioned fruitlesse march , gaue notice thereof to their imbattelled company . wherevpon they forthwith marched towards penzance . vpon their moouing , sir frauncis godolphin moued also , to enter penzance before them : and assoone as that weake number were entred into the open greene being of three quarters of a mile length , the gallyes ceased not to plye them all that way with their ordinance from their prowes , as busily as they could . of which shot , though none were hurt , but onely a constable vnhorsed without any harme , sauing the shew on his doublet of the bullets sliding by his back , yet many in fearefull maner , some fell flat to the ground , and others ranne away . sir frauncis sent after those that were entred penzance before him , that they should make their stand at the market place , himselfe staying hindmost , to obserue the enemies order , and which way they would make their approach . which done , he found at the said market place but onely two resolute shot , who stood at his commaund , and some ten or twelue others that followed him , most of them his owne seruants ; the rest , surprised with feare , fled , whom , neither with his perswasions , nor threatning with his rapier drawne , hee could recall . finding himselfe thus abandoned , and the enemies entred the towne in three parts , hee was then forced to depart , the enemies beginning their fire some houses behinde him . the towne thus fired , as also the forementioned little fisher towne newlyn , they returned againe to their gallies . by this time , towards the euening , the cornish forces encreased in nomber , and amended in heart , encamped themselues on the greene , neere to the towne of markesew and s. michaels mount , for defence thereof , and there spent out the night . the next day the enemy made showe to land againe on the west side of the bay ; but seeing the people , though few in number , yet resolute to resist , they desisted from their enterprize : and besides , finding themselues annoyed by the shooting of bullets and arrowes into their gallies where they roade at anchor , they were forced to remoue them farther off . soone after , viz. on the . of iuly in the morning , came thither sir nic. clifford , sir h. power , and certaine other captaines , who were sent by the generals from plym mouth to the campe : as some of her maiesties ships were also sent , who being come as farre as the lizard head , & those captaines to the camp , matters there goe on in prouident and orderly sort , a plot is layd for intercepting the enemy by ambush , if he thrust on shore againe , whereto necessity must soone haue pressed him , for renuing his consumed store of fresh water : but within one houre after the arriuall of these captaines , the winde , which was vntill then strong at southeast , with mist and rayne , to haue impeached the gallies returne , suddenly changed into the northwest , with very fayre and cleare weather , as if god had a purpose to preserue these his rods for a longer time . the winde no sooner came good , but away pack the gallies with all the haste they could . thus haue you a summary report of the spaniards glorious enterprise , and the cornish mens infamous cowardise , which ( were there any cause ) i could qualify by many reasons , as , the suddennesse of the attempt , the narrownesse of the coūtry , the opennesse of the towne , the aduantage of the gallies ordinance on a people vnprepared against such accidents , through our long continued peace , & at that very time , for the most part , eyther in their tynne-workes , or at sea , who e're the next day made resistance , euen with a handfull , and entred a vowed resolution , to reuenge their losse at the next encounter , if the enemy had landed againe . so might i likewise say , that all these circumstances meeting in any other quarter of the realme , would hardly haue produced much better effects . but i will not seeke to thrust my countrymen into any other folkes company , for shifting them out of sight . verily such sudden surprizes worke more indignity then dammage , and more dammage then disgrace , and haue so beene euer construed . moscho , a head citie in a populous dominion , was burned by the roguing tartars , anno domini . the capitoll , a head fortresse , in a populous citie , was taken by slaues and outlawes , anno vrbis , . and yet , who therefore exalteth the tartars valiancy , aboue the moschouite , or the romanes slaues & outlawes , aboue their masters ? besides , such nap-taking assaults , spoylings , and firings , haue in our forefathers daies , betweene vs and fraunce , beene very common ; and yet , who is so witlesse , as to twite eyther of both , for the same ? but least hold can the author , and actor of this tragedy take , to build any vaunt hereon : for oftentimes small troups of ours , against farre greater forces of theirs , yea ( sometimes ) after forewarning , and preparance , haue wonne , possessed , ransacked , synged , captiued , and carried away the townes , wealth , and inhabitants , not onely of their indies , but of portugall and spaine it selfe . which nombre de dios , s. domingo , cartagena , the lower towne of the groigne , penecha , the suburbs of lisbone , and cales wil testify , beyond all exception . but our countrymen leauing reason & example , excuse themselues by destiny . in fatis they say ( & not in fatuis ) it was , that the cornish people should vndergo this misfortune : for an ancient prophecy , in their owne language , hath long run amongst thē , how there should land vpon the rock of merlin , those that would burn pauls church , pensants , and newlyn . and indeed , so is the rocke called , where the enemy first stept on shore . the prophesy is this : e●●…ra ●●yre● wa● meant merlyn ara les●●y pawle pensanz ha newlyn . not farre from the lands ende , there is a little village , called trebegean , in english , the towne of the giants graue : neere whereunto , and within memory ( as i haue beene informed ) certayne workemen searching for tynne , discouered a long square vault , which contayned the bones of an excessiue bigge carkas , and verified this etimology of the name . at saint buriens , a parish of great circuit , and like benefit to the incumbent , king athelstane accomplished his vowe , in founding a colledge of priests , what time he had conquered the sillane ilands . chiwarton signifyeth a house on the greene lay , and a castle on a greene hill is giuen by the gent. of that name , who , in a quiet single life , maketh no farther vse of his knowledge gotten in the lawes , during his younger age , or that experience , wherewith a long course of yeeres hath sithence enriched him , then may tend , sine lucro , to the aduauncement of publike iustice , or , sine strepitu , to the aduisement of his priuate acquaintance . hee beareth a. a castle s. standing on a hill . v. sundry other gentlemen people that remote quarter , as lauelis , &c. touching whom i must plead , non sum informatus . diogenes , after he had tired his scholers with a long lecture , finding at last the voyde paper , bee glad , my friends ( quoth hee ) wee are come to harbour . with the like comfort , in an vnlike resemblance , i will refresh you , who haue vouchsafed to trauaile in the rugged and wearysome path of mine ill-pleasing stile , that now your iourny endeth with the land ; to whose promontory ( by pomp. mela , called bolerium : by diodorus , velerium : by volaterane , helenium : by the cornish , pedn an laaz : and by the english , the lands end ) because we are arriued , i will heere sit mee downe and rest . deo gloria : mihi gratia . . april . . corrections . folio . a. lin . . read lanine . fol. . lin . . read sic. fol. . a. l. . ere . fol. . a. l. . certainly . fol. . b. l. gentleman . ibid. l. . appeale . fol. . b. l. . expected . fol. . a. l. . canding . fol. . b. l. . may . fol. . a. l. . an . fol. . a. l. . kerier . fol. . a. l. . dieting . ibid. b. l. . affect . fol. . a. l. . dories . fol. . a. l. . celler . ibid. b. l. . foreclosing . fol. . b. l. . of which . fol. . a. l. . bonithon . and l. . carminow . ibid. b. l. . tedna . ibid. l. . guiddn . fol. . a. l. . pedn . fol. . b. l. . trerice . fol. . b. l. . leaue out , of straw . fol. . b. l. . siluer . fol. . a. l. . breeder . ibid. l. . vnpleasing . fol. . a. l. . from him . ibid. b. l. . peluianders . fol. . a. l. . fore-hip . ibid. b. l. . circumforanei . fol. . a. l. . appannage . fol. . a. l. . newelm . fol. . b. l. . entrusted . ibid. l. . entrusted . fol. . b. l. . ventings . fol. . a. l. . interpreted . fol. . a. l. . hender . fol. . a. l. . interlaced . fol. . b. l. . third . and l. . as . fol. . b. l. . net becomes . fol. . a. l. . saultier . ibid. b. l. . lineth . fol. . a. l. . eie . fol. . a. l. . faire . fol. . b. l. . trerice . fol. . b. l. . pearced . and l. . segreant . and l. . strata . fol. . a. l. . treuenner . fol. . b. l. . cambala . fol. . b. l. . tripped . the table of the first booke . the suruey of cornwal cōtaineth a description generall , in the first booke , reporting her accidents . elements . inhabitants . the suruey of cornwal cōtaineth a description special , in the . book , containing matters topographical , historicall . accidents , wherein are deliuered the name & shape . fol. . climat . . the quantitie , length and breadth . ibid. borders . ibid. commodities of the situation . . discommodities . . temperature . . elements . earth aboue , forme , qualitie . . things of life , growing and feeling . earth vnder , mynerals . . precious , diamonds , pearle , and agats . . water fresh , springs , riuers , ponds . . therein the fish . . the taking . . sea , things liuelesse : liuing , fish , foule . things of life , growing . mats . . hearbs . . corne , dressing . ibid. kindes . . trees for fruit . ibid. fewel , timber . . things of life , feeling . wormes . . beastes , venery . . meat . . vse . . birds . ibid. minerals . stones for walling , windowes , couering , pauing , lyme . . mettals ▪ tynne : . copper . . siluer and gold. . tynne-works . kindes , finding . . colour , bignesse . . working , expressing the persons : aduenturers . ibid. captaine . ibid. labourers . ibid. maner , tooles . ibid. loose earth , rockes . . conueyance by water , engines , addits . ibid. tynne-dressing . breaking , stamping , drying , crazing , washing . ibid. blowing . . iurisdiction . charter . . officers supreme : l. warden , vice-warden . . ioterior : stewards , gaylour . . iuries : great , petty . ibid. witnesses . ibid. orders . sharing . . places : wastrel , seuerall . . bounds , doales , measure . ibid. coynage in time , . post , . and their places . ibid. times . ibid. officers . ibid. price by free sale , preemption . . vsury in tynne : black , white . . sea : things liuelesse . briny , salt-mils , ilands , hauens . . sand , orewoods , shels and nuts , shipping . . sea : things liuing . fish , partaker of the fresh . . therein the fashion , shelly , flat , round . . within hauen . . their taking , generall and particular . . vpon the coast . . sauing and venting . . foule : eatable , not eatable . . inhabitants : estate reall . priuate : grounds , houses . . entercourse : bridges , high wayes . . traffike : markets , fayres . ibid. wayghts and measures . . inhabitants : estate personall . names . . language . . number . . disposition ancient . ibid. disposition later , of mindes , holinesse . . sciences : diuines . ibid. ciuilians . . phisicians . . statemen , martiall , free schooles . . mechanicall . . disposition later , of bodies : strength : ibid. actiuity , health . . degrees : nobility and gentlemen . ibid. townsmen . . husbandmen . . poore . . recreations . feasts : saints , . haruest , church-ale . . pastimes of the minde : songs , . guaries . . pastimes of the body : shooting , . hurling to goales , . hurling to countrey , . wrastling , . games . . gouernment , as an entire state : gouernours , ibid. royalties . . gouernment , as a part of the realme , spiritual : arch-bishop , bishop , arch-deacon , . peculiars . . gouernment , as a part of the realme , temporall : martiall commaunders , . martiall forces , ibid. orders , forts , . beacons , poasts . . ciuill magistrates : iudges , . iustices , . vice-admirall , coroners , clarke of the market . . corporations , . parliaments . . ciuill ministers : constables , baylifs , . gaylour . . limits : hundreds , franchises , parishes . . proportions : places to meete , rates . ibid. the end of the first table . the table of the second booke . cornwall in generall . . east hundred . topographicall . plymmouth hauen . . rame head . ibid. causam bay . ibid. s. nicholas iland . . the bridge . ibid. mount-edgecumb . ibid. west stonehouse . . hamose . ibid. milbrook . . insworke . ibid. antony . . lyner riuer . ibid. saltwater pond . . banqueting house . . beggers iland . ibid. sheuiock . . chrasthole . ibid. s. germanes . ibid. cuddenbeake . . seaton . . wotton . ibid. trematon castle . . saltash . . ash torre . . henpoynt . ibid. cargreene . ibid. hengsten . . carybullock . ibid. lawhitton . ibid. lanceston . . historicall . edgecumb . . richaurd adams strange child-birth . . carew . ibid. lerchdeacon . agnes cornish , her strange escape from drowning . . danney . . s. germanes priory . ibid. kekewitch . . s. germans chauncel . ibid. moyle . ibid. smith . . langdon ibid. fleets from plymmouth hauen . . carack burned . . trematon besieged . ibid. bond. . greinuile . ibid. porter . . wadham . ibid. grisling vnderstāding speach by sight . . a charitable dogge . ibid. arundel . ibid. rouse . ibid. treuice . . harris . . corington . . wrey . ibid. trelawny . ibid. stratton hundred . . topographicall . straton towne . . bude . . s. mary wike . . historicall . chamond . . arscot . ibid. rempthorne . ibid. thomasin bonauenture . lesnewith hundred . . topographicall . bottreaux castle . ibid. tintogel . ibid. dosmery poole . . camelford . ibid. historicall . iohn northampton . earle richard of cornwall . ibid. king arthur ibid. bousening . . trigge hundred . ibid. topographicall . bodmyn . . scarlets well . . temple . . historicall . perkin warbeck . . childrens forehalsening . ibid. sir anthony kingston . ibid. halgauer court. . carnsew . . roscarrock . ibid. west hundred . . topographicall . east and west loo . ibid. s. georges iland . . liskerd . ibid. s. neot . . s. kaines well . ibid. polpera . . fining house . . hall walke . . historicall . beuill . . iohn size , a strāge eater . ibid. murth . . wideslade . ibid. lower . . kendall . ibid. glyn. ibid. mohun . ibid. earle of deuons fagot . . powder hundred . . topographicall . foy hauen and towne . . trewardreth . . lostwithiel . . restormel castle . ibid. roche . . the tyde well spring . ibid. hainborough . ibid. s. probus . . lanhadron . ibid. grampond . ibid. dudman . . roseland . ibid. tregny . ibid. truro . ibid. s. mawes castle . . historicall . treffry . . nicholas of foy. . treasure non troue . . a graue found . . gallants of foy. . rashleigh . . bone , deafe and dumb . . hill. . tremaine . ibid. bodrugan . . treuanion . ibid. lostwithiel custome . . pider hundred . . topographicall . padstowe . . wade bridge . ibid. nine sisters . ibid. castellan denis . ibid. s. colombs . . peran in sabulo . . bors neeuas . ibid. s. agnes hill. ibid. new kay . ibid. historicall . prideaux . . cosowarth . . trerice . . trenance . . tredenick . . nants well halsening . . kerier hundred . . topographicall . falmouth . . pendenis . ibid. perin . . hailford hauen . . ha 〈…〉 erd 〈…〉 s. . mainamber . ibid. helston . . lo poole ▪ ibid. meneag . ibid. historicall . trefuses . . parker . ibid. killigrew . ibid. carclew . . penrose . . erify . ibid. saintabyn . ibid. militon . ibid. godolphin . . penwith hundred . topographicall . s. ies. . the caue . ibid. s. michaels mount . ibid. mounts bay . . pensants . ibid. trebegean . . s. buriens . ibid. lands end . ibid. historicall . nants . . pomeray . . vere . . pensants burning . . chiuerton . . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e the name . anno dom. . shape . flores hist. herodotus . climate . length and breadth . borders anno dom. . cōmodities of the site . discōmodities of the site . temperature . spring . summer . autūne . winter . earth . forme . qualitie . hils . minerals stones . peeble . slate . lyme stones . mettals . siluer . gold. dyamōds pearle . agates . corall . tynne . kinds of workes . finding the works stream-workes . loadworkes . dreames . new working . deser . ital. colour . bignesse . maner of setting on worke aduenturers . hire . captaine . tooles . maner of working . conueyance . loose earth . rockes . damps ▪ water . addit . maner of dressing . breaking . stāping . drying . crazing . washing . sharing blacke tynne . melting . seuerall . wastrel . bounds . doales . measure . townes for coynage . times . post-coynage . officers . coynage . price . tynne vsurie of marchāt londoners . of countrie dwellers . priuileges , and course of iustice for tynne causes . charter . preemption . gayle . quarters iuries . things of life . growing . mattes . herbes . corne. dressing the groud breaking . sanding . crops . kinds of graine . fruits fewell . woods . timber . brething life . wormes . snakes stones . martin trewynard . rats . lice . foxes . otters . deere fallow . parkes . red deere sheepe . cattell . horses . moyles . birds . woodcockes . hawkes . nat. hist. li. . swallows lib . ch. . water . fresh springs . riuers . ponds . s●a . briny . salt mils . hauens . saud . orewood shelles & nuts . shipping . wracke . fish. trowte & peall . sammons it is said , that the fish commeth , when the alder leafe is growne to the breadth of a groate . hauen fish . taking generall . weare . haking . sayne . tucke . tramell . particular taking oysters . fish on the coast . saynes . sauing . fumados . trayne . venting . caske . plusher . lestercocks . baite . seales . star-fish . blobber . sauing . sea foule cornish chough . inhabitants . tenemēts customarie . duchie tenure . conuentionary tenants . heriots . buildings entercourse . bridges . traffike markets . faires . waights and measures . personal estate . names . language number . de rep. l. . cap. . saints . learned men . . . . . ciuilians . common lawyers . phisicions . state men . free schooles . martiall men . mechanicall . cie . de orat. bodies . strength activity . health . degrees . nobility . lords houses . cornish gentlemen . conquest gentlemē townesmen . yeomanry . husband men . poore . lazer-houses recr eations . feasts . haruest dinners . church-ale . saints feasts guary miracle . three mens songs . shooting . lib. . lib. . hurling . hurling to goales . hurling to the countrie . wrastling . games . gouernment . as an entire state . anno mundi . cornish princes . . . . . anno dom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . royalties earles houses . annexed land . wallingford castle . as a part of the realme . gouernment spiritual ▪ . . peculiars anno mundi . tēporal gouernment . martiall . for causam bay. for foy. for pendenis . for s. mawes . for the mount. light horses . munitiē from the qùeenes store . gard of sea-coast . helpe for deuon . voluntaries . forts . olde . bulwarks . garisons . silley . beacons . poasts . ciuill gouernmēt . cōstables franchises . baylifs . hūdreds . proportions in rates . places of assembly . corporations . clarke of the market . coroners . vice-admirall . iustices . sessions . iudges . gayle . notes for div a -e cornishmen in generall . anno do. . . . . . . . . limits . tribute . . . . . . . . . rebellion . particular description , east hūdred . plymouth hauen . rame head . causam bay. s. nicholas iland . the bridge . mount edgecub . weststone house . hamose . milbrook . . childrē borne in . weekes . gellius li. cap. . schonerus . leuinus lemnius occul . nat . miraculis . lib. . cap. ii. a salt-water pond . var. hist. lib. . cap. . lib. . cap. . a plot for a bāqueting house . beggers iland . sheuiock . crasthole s. germanes . cuddenbeak . seaton . trematon . saltash . carrack . grisling . a charitable dog . ashtorre the bull henpoint cargreen clifton . halton . crocadon cuttayle . voyages to & frō plymmouth . . . . hengsten carybullocke . lawhittō lanceston . penheale trecarel . newton . trebigh . poole . stratton . launcels norton . stow. tonacūb . bude . efford . s. mary wike . perambulation of kent in sandwich . britānia . thomasin bonauenture . bottreaux castle tintogel . blackhead . . r. . dosmery poole . camelford . . . . s. nūnes poole . schimpfund ernst. . . h. . warbeck . . ed. . sir anthony kingston . free schoole . childrēs forehalsening of warre . li. l. . val. max. iosephus . plutarch , in alexandr . dion cassius . idem . de bello gothico l. primo . halgauer . scarlets well . temple . loo , east 〈…〉 west . s. georges iland . liskerd . the other halfe stone , the hurlers . cheesewring . s. neot . s. kaynes well . fining house . killigarth . iohn size murth . polpera . hall. the fagot . foy hauē & towne . a graued stone trewardreth bay. m. p. beuils pond . lostwithiel . restormel . roche . the tyde welspring haynborough . edward bone. gwarnack . wolueden probas steeple . williams lanbadron park . grampond . pentuan . penwarn dudmā . bodrugā . roseland . tregny . truro . gentlemens houses . taluerne s. mawes castle . padstow wade bridge . . sisters . castellan danis , s. colōbs lanherne nants well . leonicus var. hist. lib. . cap. . cosowarth . trerice . . h. . . h. . . h. . . h. . . h. . . oct. . h. . . h. . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ed. . . mar. 〈…〉 . . & . p. & m. peran in zabulo . borsneeuas . s. agnes new kay pendenis fort . s. mawes castle . arwenacke . trefuses . peryn . . . carclew . helford . hanterdauis . mainamber . hellox . lo poole . meneag , . s. ies. a caue . s. michaels mount . e. . . vol. lib. . . h. . mounts bay . marcaiew . mouse-hole . pensants . mouse-hole . liu. lib. trebegeā s. buriēs lands end . master peters messuage from sir thomas fairfax, delivered in both houses of the lords and commons in parliament assembled: with the whole state of the west, and all the particulars about the disbanding of the princes and sir ralph hoptons army. also the totall routing of sir jacob ashley himselfe, and . taken prisoners, their carriages and ammunition also taken by colonell morgan and sir william brereton. commanded to be printed at the desire of divers members of parliament, and published according to order. peters, hugh, - . this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (thomason e _ ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing p a thomason e _ estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; :e [ ]) master peters messuage from sir thomas fairfax, delivered in both houses of the lords and commons in parliament assembled: with the whole state of the west, and all the particulars about the disbanding of the princes and sir ralph hoptons army. also the totall routing of sir jacob ashley himselfe, and . taken prisoners, their carriages and ammunition also taken by colonell morgan and sir william brereton. commanded to be printed at the desire of divers members of parliament, and published according to order. peters, hugh, - . [ ], , - , [ ] p. printed for matthew walbancke, london, : march, . [i.e. ] text is apparently continuous despite pagination. reproduction of the original in the british library. eng fairfax, thomas fairfax, -- baron, - -- early works to . great britain -- history -- civil war, - -- campaigns -- early works to . cornwall (england : county) -- history -- early works to . a r (thomason e _ ). civilwar no master peters messuage from sir thomas fairfax,: delivered in both houses of the lords and commons in parliament assembled: with the whole peters, hugh d the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the d category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion master peters messuage from sir thomas fairfax , delivered in both houses of the lords and commons in parliament assembled : with the whole state of the west , and all the particulars about the disbanding of the princes and sir ralph hoptons army . also the totall routing of sir jacob ashley himselfe , and . taken prisoners , their carriages and ammunition also taken by colonell morgan and sir william brereton . commanded to be printed at the desire of divers members of parliament , and published according to order . london , printed for matthew walbancke , march , . master peters messuage from sir thomas fairfax . master speaker ; after the lord had appeared for our army at torrington , and had written his name in such visible characters before the faces of many , counsell was taken to pursue the enemy into cornwall , and the rather because the scattering of that body of horse would after an especiall manner promote our future designes , not onely in order to exceter , but also to our easterne imployment , i shall therefore give you an accompt , first of the steps we made into cornwall ; secondly , of the state of the country ; thirdly , the condition of the enemy ; fourthly of our owne army . upon our advance , the generall gave me a commission to apply my self to all means and expedients i could think of , for the stopping of the east parts of cornwall from rising and joyning with the enemies horse , foot being that which the enemy ( onely ) wanted , and those they brought to torrington blown into severall parts , and scattered , with a purpose not to appeare againe . accordingly i rid to plymouth , ( though not without much difficulty ) riding forty miles very neer the enemies guards ; i dealt at plymouth with the governour and the committee there , who offered me all their furtherances , had passes of them for any i should imploy into cornwall , and was much engaged to mr. raw , of that place , ( a discreete able man , and industrious ) who undertooke to agitate my desi●nes with the enemy , and deserves exceeding well for his faithfulnesse and wisdome therein . when i was thus thoughtfull how to ingage the cornish foot from rising in the east , ( whose example would have had a present influence on all the county ) it pleased the lord to send in one out of cornwall , of very good quality , ( and much interessed ) who came disguized into plymouth , having the same designe with my self , for strong affections to the parliament and their cause , assuring me , that . men stood ready to joine with the enemies horse , yet that there were good hopes , that the leaders being rightly informed , might not onely prevent it , but conditionally close with us . their chiefes were old master colliton , colonell edgcomb of mount edgcomb , master thomas lowre , and lieutenant colonell scawen . to these i applyed my self ( by writing ) and declared what i had in commission from the generall , and sent it by the party by me imployed , who returned again , and gave me hopes , and yet professed much jealousie on their part for the true performance on what i promised ; and therefore to shorten my worke i offered my selfe an hostage to them , till the generall should make good what i promised . by the next return they invited me into cornwall , where foure of them should be ready , in the behalfe of themselves and others , to treate with me , and as they saw cause , to accompany me to the generall . i adventured over to them , and there found master corriton , m. thomas lowre , m. glanvill , the eldest son of serjeant glanvill , and major trevise ; who being perswaded of the truth of what i had engaged my self for , were perswaded to go to the generall with me , and truly i found them very ingenuous , who had long before distasted the court way , and abhorred the practises of many of the kings party . by this time the generall had entred cornwall , and ( at stratton ) our men beate up a guard of the enemies , and took . horse : these cornish gentlemen , finding my words made good unto them , were much convinced and affected , receiving from the generall protections for themselves and that side of the country against the violence of our souldiers , as also letters of recommendation to the parliament , for this their service , which tooke such effect , that not onely these . men , ready for their march , retired to their houses , but also the whole county where we came , either came in to us , or sate still ; and truly these easterne gentlemen are very considerable , and i am perswaded the old master coriton , ( who suffered for magna charta , with sir john elliot , ) will returne to his interest againe , with many more of them . upon our advance the enemy retreated , the generall lay at bodman to refresh our men , and to undeceive the county , if by any means we might , which the lord himself was pleased to help us in , even to wonder , by an irish frigot , coming into padstow , and bringing letters to hopton and others , from the earl of glamorgan , that ●esuited papist , assuring them of ten thousand irish ready for england . these letters the generall commanded me to read , at a great meeting of the country men , in a field neere bodman , which had such successe , that the arguments i used unto them , and what i read was received with divers acclamations . upon this day fortnight a strong party of ours was sent out to fall upon their maine guard , under the command of that honest and worthy gentleman col. rich , who accordingly met with one thousand of the enemies horse , routed them , and put them to flight , and tooke two hundred horses , and one hundred prisoners , amongst whom master generall perts , who is since dead of his wounds , in whose pocket a copy of a letter to the princes counsell about him , was found to this purpose . that the kings condition is so low is not our fault ▪ we are not able to breake through the enemy , nor strong enough to fight them ; therefore are resolved to compound for our selves , and leave you to doe what you please . sir , it came from the military part . divers small skirmishes we had with them , lieutenant generall cromwell himselfe , with some of his horses are setting out parties and guards , and attending their motions , adventured himselfe according to his wonted manner ; and now the enemies head quarter being at truro , and their chiefe strength not above five or sixe miles from us , the generall resolving to fight them , or drive them to the sea , sent them such propositions with a summons , as he did conceive would take off much of their forces , and bring them all to a sudden agreement ; and upon the sending of these , advanced still forward , and in our advance they met us with a desire of a treaty , which accordingly was yeelded unto , and held sixe daies , there being matters not a few to be considered of , as appears by the articles . upon the last lords day , upon a downe a mile from truro , after i had preached to our men , and divers of the enemies , they began to deliver up their armes and horses . the first regiment was a french regiment , under the command of mounsier laplane on sunday last , yet i must much commend the civility of our souldiers herein , that they let them passe without mocking , or jeering , or offering any affronts to them . on munday there were three brigades more disbanded , and on tuesday the rest according to the articles ; if it shall be objected , that the generall dealt too gently with the county , or the souldiery part there , i answer . that the constitution of both the one and the other required it , the souldiers being a strong party , and in the enemies country . the people needed it , and the same weapon proved their cure that made their wound , hoptons moderation , civility that first deceived them , and the generals now joyned with faithfulnesse tooke the scales from their eyes . that we have all this year found it our advantage ; meeknesse , sweetnesse and courage have been alwaies stirring in our generall for digniority ; we know that caesar dando , sublenando , ignoscendo gloriam adeptus est , but of the generall we may say by the like meanes , patriam bene adeptus est . we beleeve , that the conduct of this army delight not to drinke blood . the parliaments aimes are not destructive , but reductive . we look upon it as the spirit of christ in these latter times , and of the new testament , to save , and not to ruine ; and the heathen could say : magnanimo satis est praedam prostrasse leoni , pugna suum finem , cum jacet hostis habet . and this i am bold to adde , that such is the providence of god , that if we had fought and beaten them , we should not have scattered them as now they are ; god hath restrained from the enemies themselves this acknowledgement , that their gods is not like ours ; their men not like ours , their actions not like ours : the very words of one of their chiefe commanders were these : that their men counselled with drinke in their heads , ours with wit in their heads ; our men silently prosecuted and effected their worke , their men vapoured and did nothing : we had a conduct and counsell , they acted without both ; yea , that this army was not to be fought against . and all the enemy are engaged never to take up armes against the parliament , except some very few onely . for the country , the gentry came almost all in unto us , the cornish souldiers brought us and laid downe their armes at the generalls foot , many of them professing they would but goe home and attend him . some of the arguments i used in speaking and preaching to them in their publike assemblies were ; first , for the parliament , they did as a iustice of peace , sent out a counstable to apprehended such as had broake the civill peace : the cunstable beaten back from his office , hath more helpe sent him , towne and cuntry who are re-resolved to pursue his disturbers , our taking up of armes was not against cornish men , nor any perticular men , nor any perticular county , but against such as disturbed both them and us , which if they deliver them to us ; we had the end of our travells . secondly ▪ i used an argument of utily , wishing them to consider how they could subject without trade which are from the city of london , and other parts of the kingdome . thirdly , what havock the irish and french might make upon them if they landed ; of which gorings desperadoes have given them a taste . fourthly , how comfortably , and safe they might live under the parliament , who are loath to loose such a tribe as they were . fifthly , i answered a common murmuring amongst them , that their country was never conquered . they were tould , that our army was never conquered neither , and yet we were willing to wrestle with them in their one way , by embracing , and huging of them , they should conquer us , and we would conquer them , we would win the day , and they should gaine the field , or their fields : if they lost a service b●●ke they sh●uld have a better worship : sixthly , was from experience , the were wished to tract all the parliaments proceedings , and the armies in other counties ; whether they had had better ministers , and better magistrates placed then before . seventhly , was taken from the practise of the enemie , and this quaerie was put to them , what good the enemy had done for them ; whether their examples , and practises , councels and indeavours , had led ●hem to more holinesse , justnesse , and exactnesse . many of them confessed , they were received by ill reports brought of the parliament , and the crueltyes of this army , by hoptons flateries , and the courtiers , and by the kings , and princes personall apperance amongst them : and by their promises to them honouring of them , as more perticular appears , by this d●claration of the kings , hanged up in every church in the country . charles r. wee are so highly sensible of the extraordinary merit of our county of cornwall , of the zeale for the defence of our person and the just rights of our crown , ( in a time when we could contribute so little to our owne defence , or to their assistance in a time when not onely no reward appeared , but great and probable dangers were threatned to obedience and loyalty ; ) of their great and eminent courage and patience in their indefatigable prosecution of their great work against so potent an enemy , block't with so strong , rich , and populous cities , and so plentifully furnished and supplyed with men , arms , money , ammunition and provision of all kinds ; and of the wonderfull successe with which it hath pleased almighty god ( though with the losse of some most eminent persons , who shall never be forgotten by vs ) to reward their loyalty and patience by many strange victories over their and our enemies , in despight of all humane probability , and all imaginable disadvantages ; that as wee cannot be forgetfull of so great deserts , so we cannot but desire to publish to all the world , and perpetuate to all time the memory of these their merits , and of our acceptance of the same . and to that end wee doe hereby render our royall thankes to that our county , in the most publike and most lasting manner we can devise , commanding copies hereof to be printed and published , and one of them to be read in every church and chappell therein , and to be kept for ever as a record in the same , that as long as the history of these times , and of this nation shall continue , the memory of how much that county hath merited from vs and our crowne , may be derived with it to posterity . given at our campe at sudeley castle the tenth of september , . and lastly , their lude and ungodly ministers had councelled them , and exampled them to the greatest part of their misery , i make no doubt , they may prove a people of gods praise , may they but enjoy a faithfull magistracie and ministry ; for which , my most earnest and humble request is to this honourable house : me thinkes they cry at every gate , bread bread , for the lords sake . i wish there were some evangelicall ministers in each county of the kingdom , that poor people might know there is a god ; that they might fear him , and love him , and be acquainted with his son , who is theirs and our life . the county is all cleerly reduced , except pendennis , helford , and the mount ; which the very countrey ( i hope ) will bee willing to reduce themselves , feymouth harbour is free to us ; we have taken st. mawes castle , with twelve peices of ordnance in it , and one called the roaring-meg , a choice peice of brasse : the generall is sending eastward some of his forces , towards barnstable and exeter , and intends ( having blockt up pendennis ) to return himself . there came two out of exeter to us , who caried in propositions with them ; and of barnstable we hope to give a good account shortly . at foy upon munday last , we took a ship called the greene knight , having peices of ordnance , and richly laden , they being ignorant that the harbour was ours . your affaires have a good complexion upon them at present ; and doubtlesse , whilest you imploy good men ▪ they will be good for you . i have observed in the whole tract of this western work , divers promises fulfilled ; as that the lord would send an hornet amongst them : that is , a spirit of fear , and that they shall fly when none pursues them : wee could seldome make them stand anywhere ; they never offered to beat up a guard of ours at any time , though they had four thousand ●ighting horse . i had been tould in their quarters where i lay , as . times my lot was to lie in hoptons own quarters in bed , where they tould me upon everie alarme , the sh●●kings of belshazer was up on them , one passage aboue the rest was this , . of them lieing in an house at saint auste● , two coults that were feeding upon a common ▪ in a could night , came for shelter to the side of the house . ●hey took● an alarme within , charged the coults to stand ; but they not understand the language , kept on their way , put them to such a fight , that they tumbled one upon the back of another to get away . sometimes i thought of that promise in the first psalme , that they shall be scattered as chaffe before the winde , they are gone into severall countries . sometimes , the lord saith he will bring his wheele upon them , and break them , we saw their power broken , their councells broken , their intrests broken , their expectations broken , who would have broke the verie axeltree of the state . sometimes i thought of the prophesy ; when the lord saith he would powre contempt upon princes ▪ especiallie when i read writings from t●e prince , thus , dated at our court at sillie : and though he be unwilling to play with words , ye● i could wish that that place , and name might ever be the portion of those that councell princes to their own ruin . jncedit inscilam cupiens vitare quietem . manie of such like punishes have been fulfilled in our fight . and now i must be thankfull to those gentlemen of this house , that have beene carefull for moneyes ▪ cloathes , and ammunition for the army , being the sinewes of our worke , and yet must complaine ; that after many letters written from place to place , we have not had one ship from the parliament upon the coast , to joine with us in any designe , or to meet the enemie vvhen they vvent avvay vvith their welsh : onely captain plunkets ship lying at plimmouth was willing to do their utmost , and sir george a●scugh , that commands the expedition , brought us the last money to foy , and is earnestlie seeking out vvhich way to serve us to the uttermost . i would say something for my selfe , and yet so prove an at●mbe , as not worth a minute of your time ; though you have been pleased to bear with my rudenesse . since my last being in the city , i have beene by some represented as one scandalizing of others ; which as it hath no truth in it : so i blesse god , that there is a parliament to appeale unto , and i know not the cause hereof , but from my forwardnesse and faithfulnesse to the work in hand . this i am bold to say , though it should be accompted a crime to serve the parliament , and i might be sory for the despiers , w●ich it shall never make me weary of my duty , nor my masters . if in my death the state might be a gainer , i have sometimes thought i might be willing to come to that trial , if my life may serve you , you may command it , for i must make the same profession that he did to caesar , that your former favours have done me that injurie , that i must live , and die ungratefull . these are my last requests , and the very sithings of my soule , that first , since the spirit of god hath done all your workes for you , that spirit may never be sadded by you , that glads yours : it hath been an old jesuiticall practise , to beat religion with religions : i say no more . secondly , that you may live to see that top stone laid ; to which you may all cry grace , grace . thirdly ; and lastly , that when your soules shall sit upon your trembling lips , and take care of your bodies , your accompts may be as comfortable , as your pains have beene in defatigable , and more . so prayes hugh peters . we hear for certain , that greenvill , culpepper , sir nicholas crisp , and divers others are in france , hopton and wentworth , and divers others were going from penthancts thither on tuesday last : the french and others have leave to take shipping at plymouth ▪ or are allowed to go t● the king : divers irish and welsh are gone into pendennis , where there are many distractions , and sir henry killegrew most vilde and violent , who upon sunday last burnt the ancient house of that name , called arwennock , now belonging to sir peter killegrew . the prince remains still in scillie , expecting what end his father will make with the parliament . the same day a letter was sent to mr. peters as followeth ▪ mr. peters , the house of commons have commanded me to give you notice , that they have appointed a day of thansgiving ( for these blessings upon our armies ) upon thursday come sennight , and that they have desired your selfe , and mr. carel to preach upon that day at christ-church . your affectionate friend , ol. st. john , satterday the . of march . mr. peters being to preach at brides , sunday the . of march , a paper was delivered to him of news , which major temple ( who was in the fight ) brought , of the routing of sir jacob ashley : of which here followeth a copie . this morning , march . col. morgan his forces , with the forces of sir william brereton ( who were joined the night before ) fell upon sir jacob ashley and all his forces intended for oxford , to joine with the king , and at stow in the oulds ( in gloucester-shire , after a sore conflict on both sides ) sir jacob was totally routed ; himfelf and . taken prisoners , and their cariages : out word was , god be our guide , the word of the enemies was , patrick and george . stow , march . . fjnjs . a view of the proceedings of the western-counties for the pacification of their present troubles as also of the plots and purpose to disturbe the same. heylyn, peter, - . this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing h a). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing h a estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a view of the proceedings of the western-counties for the pacification of their present troubles as also of the plots and purpose to disturbe the same. heylyn, peter, - . [ ], p. printed [by l. lichfield], [oxford] : in the yeare . [i.e. ] by peter heylyn. dates are given according to lady day dating. place of publication and printer's name from wing. an account of conferences and intriguing in dorset, devon, and cornwall from dec. to march / , displaying apprehension lest the agreement between devon and cornwall with a view to peace should be upset by parliamentary intriguers. the account was written between march and march and was no doubt printed about the later date. the style and ornaments prove that it was printed at oxford. -- cf. madan. reproduction of the original in the british library. eng great britain -- history -- civil war, - -- early works to . devon (england) -- history -- early works to . cornwall (england : county) -- history -- early works to . dorset (england) -- history -- early works to . a r (wing h a). civilwar no a view of the proceedings of the western-counties for the pacification of their present troubles: as also of the plots and purpose to distur heylyn, peter b the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the b category of texts with fewer than defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - john latta sampled and proofread - john latta text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a view of the proceedings of the western-counties for the pacification of their present troubles : as also of the plots and purpose to disturbe the same . psal. cxx . vers. v. my soule hath long dwelt amongst those that be enemies unto peace . printed in the yeare , . a vievv of the proceedings of the westerne counties for the pacification of their present troubles &c. it hath been long the mischievous designe of those , who have embroyled this kingdom in a civill warre , not only to maintain an army of discontented and seditious persons , for the destruction of their soveraigne , but to ingage the greatest and most populous counties in an unnaturall dissention amongst themselves . in prosecution of which wicked counsailes , as they have spared no subtile artifices , to infatuate and seduce the people to their own destruction , and the undoing of their wives and families : so when they find them sensible of those afflictions which they have pulled upon themselves , and willing returne into more peaceable courses ; they have not failed to animate them to their former surie , and interrupt all consultations and agreements which might conduce unto their peace . the first example of this kind was that of yorkshire , the gentry and commonalty of the which , having played too long a part in this wofull tragedy , had mutually agreed upon such equall termes of pacification , as might restore that country to its antient quiet ; and this they had confirmed by the subscription of the hands of the most eminent & able men of either party . but this was presently disallowed by those factious spirits , who have too great a power in the two houses of parliament , as being utterly destructive of their ends and hopes : and upon that dislike commanded not to be observed , and so by consequence annulled . how miserable a theatre of blood , death , and rapine , that wretched county hath been made ever since that time , as we see now not without griefe and lamentation , so shall posterity , being lesse interessed in the quarrels which are now on foot , peruse the story of it with a greater sorrow . cheshire as not farre off in situation , was next unto this people in example also . they on the sense of those calamities under which they suffered , by nourishing an intestine warre in their own bowels , had fallen upon the like attonement : and for the keeping of the same , the principall agents of each side had promised one another severally in the word of a gentleman , and as they did desire to prosper , that both themselves , their tenants , friends and servants would most strictly keep it . but yet this promise made in so solemne manner , and bound with such an imprecation to observe the same , was not found sufficient , for the preventing of all further acts of enmity and desolation , there following on the neck thereof , a declaration of the lords and commons assembled in parliament , wherein was signified and declared , that the said pacification and agreement , was very prejudiciall to the whole kingdom , derogatory to the power and priviledge of parliament ; and therefore that not only the inhabitants thereof , but that the gentlemen themselves who were the parties to the articles were not bound unto them ; and finally all the inhabitants thereof , commanded and required to pursue their former resolutions , for the assistance of the parliament in the common cause . though these examples might have terrified the most moderate men , such as were most inclinable to their countries peace , from ventring on the like conclusions , which they perceived would not be left unto their power to observe or not : yet warre and discord are such troublesome and unwelcome guests , that notwithstanding these discouragements , the western counties have embraced the same counsailes also , and entertained some propositions , conducing to the introduction of a blessed peace . and first the gentlemen and other intelligent persons of the county of dorset , having felt some of the effects of warre in the action of sherborne , and seeing how great a flame was raised in devonshire , bordering next upon them , endeavoured to preserve themselves from that combustion which had laid wast so many of their neighbours houses . and to that end agreed amongst themselves upon such articles , as the necessity of their affaires , and the sad spectacles before their eyes , did invite them to : whereof sir thomas trenchard knight , and iohn browne esquire , two of the deputy lieutenants for exercising of the militia , according to the ordinance of the two houses of parliament , were as the first movers so the most effectuall promoters too . and yet this pacification so agreed upon , and at a time , when the whole county so distasted the proceedings of the two houses of parliament , that there was tenne against them for every one that would adventure in their cause , ( as the said gentlemen did signify by letters to diverse of their friends in the lower house ) was not held convenient . and thereupon sir william waller must be hastned to the western parts , that by the power and reputation of his armes the said agreement might be broken ; and all that had consented to the common peace might either be compelled to advance the warre , or flie the country . in the mean time , whilest waller was upon his march , and the affaires of dorset-shire in so good condition , that it was hoped they would be able to make good their own conclusions : the devon-shire and the cornish armies , who had so oft imbrued their hands in each others blood , though still with losse of men and reputation on the devon-shire side , began to hearken to such counsailes , as god had put into the hearts of some honest gentlemen , ( though otherwise of different opinions ) to propose unto them . and it pleased him who maketh two to be of one minde in an house , so to incline the hearts both of the greater and the better part of those severall counties , as first to hearken to a trnce , and on the expiration of that truce ( which was expired the seventh of this present march ) to yeeld to a cessation for twenty daies , that so the treaty might advance with the more apparent hopes of an happy issue . which being mutually agreed on for the common good , their next care was to choose commissioners for each side , men of integrity and honour , on whom they might conferre a concluding power to bind all parties ; and unto whose determinations they might with safety and assurance submit themselves . this done , and the commissioners assembled at mount-edgecomb a place in cornwall , on the fourth of march , to give assurance each to other , and to all the world , of their integrity , and of the reall intentions which they had to peace ( secluded from all sinister and particular ends ) they took a solemne protestation , and afterward received the blessed sacrament , for ratification of the same . the protestation is as followeth , which i have here transcribed verbatim , that all the world may see , ( if they be not blind , ) with what syncerity and candor they purpose to proceed in so great a businesse . i. a.b. doe solemnly vow and pretest in the presence of almighty god , that i doe not only come a commissioner to this treaty , with an hearty and fervent desire of concluding an honourable and firme peace between the two counties of cornwall and devon , but also will to the utmost of my power prosecute and really endeavour to accomplish and effect the same , by all lawfull waies and means i possibly can , first by maintaining the protestant religion established by law in the church of england , the just rights and prerogative of our soveraigne lord the king , the just priviledges and freedome of parliaments , together with the just rights and the liberty of the subject ; and that i am without any intention ( by fomenting this unnaturall warre ) to gaine or hope to advantage my selfe with the reall or personall estate of any person whatsoever , or obtaining any office , command , title of honour , benefit or reward , either from the kings majesty , or either or both houses of parliament now assembled . and this i take in the presence of almighty god , and as i shall answer the same at his tribunall , according to the literall sence and meaning of the fore-going words , without any equivocation , mentall reservation , or other evasion whatsoever , so help me god . which protestation being thus taken , was subscribed also by the hands of all the commissioners , being eighteen in number , for each county nine . this preparation being made , and the syncerity of their intentions so fully manifested , the commissioners authorized for cornwall ( considering that they stood on the higher ground ) did first propound their articles to those of devon : articles of so even a temper , and so agreeable to the lawes established , that those of devonshire had been bound to admit the same , if all things had succeeded answerably to their former expectations and endeavours . the most materiall of them were to this effect . . that the book of common-prayer , the doctrine and discipline of the church of england formerly established by lawfull authority , for the true and sincere worship of god , be duely and truely observed in all the parishes of both counties , untill the discipline be altered by such authority as it was established by ; and that all the infringers & depravers of the same either of the clergy or laity , be duely proceeded against according to the known laws of the land . . that the common and statute lawes of this realm of england be truly and really put in execution against all offenders & violaters of the same laws in either county , according to the usuall legall course , and as hath been anciently accustomed . . that all trade , traffique , and free commerce be open in and between both counties , as heretofore in the most peacable and best times . . that no man in his person , estate , or goods , be arrested imprisoned , detayned , outed , dispossessed , or any waies molested , by any power or authority , whatsoever , without due processe of the lawes of the land . and . that all new erected fortifications & set guards within the city and county of exeter , and in and upon all towns castles , bridges and passages within the counties of devon and cornwall be removed and flighted at the cost and charges of the erectors of the same , and that his majesties forts , castles , and other ancient and usuall places of command within both counties , be put into the same hands and custodie as they were in before these unhappy differences ; and assurance giuen for the maintaining of the same without any addition or alteration : and that all armes and ammunition , of all and every person and persons whatsoever , be restored againe to the right owners . tho other articles there were , but these the principall . and these together with the protestation , the said commissioners desired might be published in all the market-townes and parochiall churches of the said two counties , without any alteration either in the writing , reading , or publishing thereof : to the intent it might appeare unto all the world , who were the faithfull observers of the said protestation , first sworn to on the holy evangelists , and afterwards confirmed by the receiving of the blessed sacrament ; and who the violaters of the same . these propositions being so equall , and so agreeable to the known lawes of the land , were like to find but little opposition from the commissioners for the other county , if they met with any . but whilest they were in consultation how to transact and settle their affaires , in such a way as might be permanent and secure ▪ it pleased god to put into their mindes the offering of a communication of the same pretious benefit to the adjoyning counties of somerset and dorset ; who as they had participated somewhat in the calamities of the warre , so could they not but be as sensible of the blessings & effects of their neighbours peace . which being taken by them into consideration , it was agreed upon of all sides , that letters should be written to the principall persons of those severall counties respectively , to invite them to joyne with them in so good a work , conducing so apparantly to their common happinesse . and this accordingly was done , letters being written and subscribed by the hands of twelve of the commissioners , sir ralph hopton subscribing in the first place : which letters were dated from mount-edgecomb on the sixth of march , being the very next day save one , that they were assembled . so soone did they agree on that weighty poynt , that there may seem to be , some superior power , which did so readily induce and incline them to it . the place appoynted for the meeting , was the new inne in exeter ; the day the fourteenth of this moneth , which was tuesday last , being the seventh of the cessation . and that they might attend the service with the greater safety and more assurance of their lives and persons : there was a safe conduct granted by the chiefe factors of the two houses of parliament , for every one of the commissioners of the said foure counties , with two men a peece for their retinue , to come , remain , and returne ( i speak out of the words of the originall ) to and from the said place or any other places which shall be appoynted for the treaty by the said commissioners . which letters of safe conduct doe hear their date at plymmouth , the seventh of march , subscribed in the first place , by the earle of stamford , after by sir george chudleigh , northeote , martyn , and others the chief sticklers in the former troubles . one would not think , that an accommodation so just and necessary , tending so visibly to the ease and benefit of all his majesties subjects in those counties , so evidently conservative of their lives and fortunes , which had before been made a prey to the sharpest sword ; so sensibly conducing to the advancement of gods glory and the kings honour , should meet with opposition in that place , and amongst those persons , who hitherto have given out ( and certainly would take it ill not to be believed ) that they endeavour nothing more , then the establishment of all these on the surest grounds . yet so it hapned , that when this newes was brought to the house of commons , which was on saturday march the eleventh in the afternoon : it was received with great heat and passion , as finding their authority to be thereby lessened , and that unlimited and arbitrary power which they had exercised before on the subjects there , to be restrained very much , if not quite destroyed . for now they saw that all those counties would be freed from all those tyrannicall constraints and impositions , which had been forced upon them by their committees ; that those in whom they most confided had betraied the cause , and were no longer willing to advance their ends in the oppression of their neighbours ; that the people would again returne to the kings obedience , and submit themselves to no other rule , then the known lawes of the realme ; and who could tell whether the contagion of so dangerous an example might not infect the neighbouring counties , and so prevaile at last over all the kingdom . besides there was another circumstance , which added much to their vexation and disquiet ; which was that here they met not with a bare subscription of mens names ; as in that of yorkeshire ; or only with a promise made in the word of a gentleman , though bound and made up with an imprecation , as in that of cheshire : but with subscription of the names of the commissioners , the taking of a solemne oath , and the receiving of the sacrament to confirme the same . and such a three-fold cord ( in case the wise mans note be of any credit ) is not easily broken . and yet well fare a gallant confidence . they were resolved upon the question to break all these bonds , to dissolve the treaty , to reduce matters there to the same confusion which they had brought them to before , and make those neigh 〈…〉 like the sonnes of cadmus , imployed upon no other service then to kill one another . why should not two whole counties perish , nay to say truth , why should not a whole kingdom be exposed unto spoyle and ruine , rather then some suspected malefactors be brought to yeeld themselves to a legall tryall ? were not the tribunes of the people in the state of rome , held to be inviolable ; exempt for whatsoever they committed , from all law and punishment ? rather then to give up the power , with so much art and industry acquired ; let us adventure once on a poynt of popery , and dispence with them for their oathes ; which being taken by them without our consent , have no power to bind them . this last insisted on so cordially , by some that doe pretend most hatred to popish errours , ( as is advertised from london by letters of the . of march ) that at the last it was concluded to dispatch prideaux and nicols two of their members in all hast to exeter , to signify their mislike of the whole businesse to the severall counties , and by all means to break in pieces the agreement , from which they feared such mischiefes would redound unto them . but it is hoped , that notwithstanding their endeavours to subvert this treaty , and the gentlemen and others of those counties whom it most concernes , will not so easily be altered from their resolutions : beginning at the last ( though long first ) to reassume the use of their own senses ; to trust no farther to the insnaring arts of others , then they see cause for ; to find in what a comfortable state they lived , when they could feele no power above them , but the mild scepter of a mercifull and gratious king ; and finally to perceive what irremediable calamities the york-shire and the cheshire men have drawn upon themselves and their severall countries , by breaking those agreements , on the like temptation , which were so faithfully condescended to for their common good . however we may see even by these endeavours , what hopes of ease , what inclination to 〈…〉 expected from the hands of those cruell chirurgeons ; who are so farre from binding up the wounds of this bleeding body , that they enlarge the orifice and increase the number , and take delight in torturing the poore patient , whom they have in cure : how little sense there is in them of our deadly miseries , who sitting safely in the senate , wrapt in warme furres , and guarded by full troopes of their own auxiliaries , heare not the groanes of slaughtered men , nor the cries of orphans , nor the lamentation of the widdowes , nor see that spoyle and devastation , which they have made of late in this flourishing kingdome , under pretence of rectifying some few slips and errors in the former government . from which unmercifull kind of men , no lesse then from the plague and pestilence , good lord deliver us . finis . the history of the ancient and moderne estate of the principality of wales, dutchy of cornewall, and earldome of chester collected out of the records of the tower of london, and diuers ancient authours. by sir iohn dodridge knight, one of his maiesties iudges in the kings bench. and by himselfe dedicated to king iames of euer blessed memory. doddridge, john, sir, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the history of the ancient and moderne estate of the principality of wales, dutchy of cornewall, and earldome of chester collected out of the records of the tower of london, and diuers ancient authours. by sir iohn dodridge knight, one of his maiesties iudges in the kings bench. and by himselfe dedicated to king iames of euer blessed memory. doddridge, john, sir, - . [ ], , [ ] p. printed by tho. harper, for godfrey emondson, and thomas alchorne, london : m.dc.xxx. [ ] the last leaf is blank. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wales -- history -- to . cornwall (england : county) -- history -- early works to . cheshire (england) -- history -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - robyn anspach sampled and proofread - robyn anspach text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the history of the ancient and moderne estate of the principality of wales , dutchy of cornewall , and earldome of chester . collected out of the records of the tower of london , and diuers ancient authors . by sir iohn dodridge knight , late one of his maiesties ludges in the kings bench. and by himselfe dedicated to king iames of euer blessed memory . london , ¶ printed by tho. harper , for godfrey em●ndson , and thomas alchorne , m. dc . xxx . to the high and mighty james , by the grace of god king of england , scotland , france , and ireland , defender of the faith &c. my most dread soueraigne and liegelord , among temporall blessings giuen from god , and powred vpon men , this is not the least , for a man to behold the fruit of his owne body , surculum exradice , an impe , or graffe , the oliue branches about his table , the hope of his posterity , the image of himselfe , and the staffe of his old age . the consideration of the want whereof caused that good patriake out of the bitternesse of his soule to cry and make his complaint vnto his god in these words . behold i goe childlesse , and the steward of my house is eleazer of damascus ; loe to me thou hast giuen no seed , wherefore a servant of mine house must bee mine heire . but to be furnished with masculine issue , and to haue his first borne of that sex , to whom the birthright is due , as to the sanctfiied of god , and the preseruer of his name and patrimony , is a double blessing vnto all men , much more vnto kings , the lords anointed , whereby his horne is established , his subiects in the middest of the day present , do behold the sunne that shall arise vpon them the day suceeding , and haue their hearts setled to say vnto their soueraine , wee and our seed will serue thee and thy seed for euer : this made the propheticall king in the day of his departure to blesse god , and say , blessed be the lord my god , who hath caused mine eyes to see this day that one of mine own loynes shall fit vpon my throne . but contrariwise was achah accursed , of whom god said he would not leaue him one mingentem ad parietem , threatning ( as it were ) by that circumlocution to root out all issue male of achab that might succeed him . and hence it is that all potentates of the world haue highly respected and aduanced in the eyes of their subiects , their heire apparant , and giuen and conferred vpon him very high and eminent titles of honor : of the romans he was called caesar and princeps juventutis , as the principall of all their hopes in their posterity of the french he is honored by the name of the dolphin of that part of the country , being his patrimony . and in like manner in this our country of england , the prince of wales , duke of cornwall , and earle of chester . he is , next his father , the chiefe in the realme , and by course of the ciuill law , is to sit at his right hand in all solemne assemblies of state and honor : so that not without reason did king edward the third king of england , place richard , his grandchild , and next heire apparant , in his solemne feast at christmas , at his table next vnto himselfe , aboue all his vncles , being the sonnes of that king , and men manifoldly renowned for their prowes and virtue . and yet hath not the prince any kingly prerogatiues allowed vnto him by the lawes of this realme , in the life of his progenitors , other then such as are due vnto other noble men , that hee might acknowledge himselfe to bee but a subiect , and whereof he is put in remembrance euen by the poesy that he vseth in the old english or saxon tongues in this forme conceiued , ie dien , i am a seruant . the due consideration whereof hath caused me by the encouragement of an honorable , learned , and worthy councellor my lord of buckhurst , your maiesties lord high treasurer of england , and my very good lord , and being eased therein by the carefull paines and industry of a gentleman mr. richard connock his seruant , in some conuenient method after my rude and vnlearned manner , to set downe what the ancient and true estate of his excellency the lord prince hath beene , what it now is , and how impaired , and to what estate and dignity by your maiesties high and princely wisdome , it may againe be reduced : beseeching your highnesse of your accustomed clemency , to pardon this my bold attempt , and to accept my poore trauels therein , with that gratious aspect as you do the manifold gratulations of other your maiesties louing subiects . your maiesties loyall and obedient subiect i. d. abstracts and advertisements concerning the contents of this historie . the originall and antient estate of wales , before , and vntill the conquest thereof by king edward the first , in the eleuenth yeere of his raigne . edward of carnaruon , ( so called because he was born at carnaruon castle in vvales ) and sonne to king edward the first , constituted prince of vvales , and the policy vsed therein by king edward the first . the creation of edward , sirnamed the blacke prince , to be prince of vvales , and the antient manner of the inuesture of the princes of vvales . the strange limitation of the estate of the lands of the said principality , and the reasons thereof , and the difference betweene the principality of vvales , and the dutchy of cornewall , for the eldest sonne and heire apparant of the king of england , is duke of cornewall , as soone as be is borne , or as soone as his father is king of england . but he is created prince of vvales by a speciall creation , inuesture , and donation of the lands thereunto belonging , and not by birth . the yeerely value of the reuenues of the principality of vvales , as the same were in the bands of the prince , commonly called the blacke prince . richard sirnamed of burdeaux , sonne of the said blacke prince , was after the death of his father , created prince of vvales , at hauering , at the bower , in the countie of essex , by e . his grandfather . henry of munmouth , sonne to king henry the fourth , created prince of vvales , he was afterwards king , by the name of king henry the fift . edward , the sonne of king henry the sixt , created prince of vvales , and earle of chester , and for that hee was then very yong , there was ordained by an act of parliament , what allowance should bee made vnto the said prince for his wardrobe , seruants wages , and other necessary expences , vntill the said prince should be of fourteene yeers of age . there was also a counsaile of diuers honourable personages , as bishops , earles , and others for the gouernement and direction of the reuenues of the said prince , which dispose the same accordingly , with the assent and aduice of the queene , who was also especially appointed in that behalfe . edward , the sonne and heire apparant of king edward the fourth , created prince of vvales , and a councell of honourable personages allowed to him also for the gouernement of his reuenues , and the lord riuers , vncle by the mothers side of the prince , was appointed gouernour of the person of the said prince . the creation of arthure , sonne and heire apparant to king henry the seuenth , to bee prince of vvales , the copie of the charter of that creation obserued for the forme and manner of penning thereof , and the names of the councellors that were assigned vnto him . after the death of prince arthure , henry his brother , who was afterwards king henry the eight , was created prince of wales , after whose time there are no charters found of the creation of any prince of wales , although king edward the sixt , in the life of his father , and queene mary carried the name of prince generall : and the reason why this discourse hitherunto is drawne after an historicall manner . after the said historicall discourse . three things are further considered of , viz. first , in what manner and order the said principalitie and marches of wales were gouerned and directed vnder the princes of wales , as well before , as after the english conquests thereof : wherein by the way are noted , the courts of iustice of the said principality of wales , the originall of the baronyes marchers : and when the first councell was established in the marches of wales vnto england , and in what manner the same was done , and the commodities ensuing thereof ; which vnion or annexation may serue in some respect , as a president in other cases of like consequence . the second principall thing proposed , is the consideration of the antient and moderne officers of the said principality , seruing the lord prince , and none others , and what fees and sallaries were allowed vnto them . the third principall matter is the present reuenues of the principality of wales , as the same was in charge before the auditors this last yeere past , viz. the fortie foure yeere of the late queene elizabeth . the dukedome of cornewall . the dukedome of cornewall was the first erected dutchie in england after the norman conquest , and made to be a dutchie in the eleuenth yeere of king edward the third , and giuen to his eldest sonne , commonly called the blacke prince , who was the first duke in cornewall after the conquest , to him and to his first begotten sonnes and heires apparant of the kings of england , and the difference that is betweene the principalitie of wales and the said dutchie . at what age of the duke of cornewall , liuery may bee made vnto him of the said dutchy . moreouer touching the said dutchie of cornewall , three things are considered ; first , what reuenues were bestowed vpon the said dutchy , for the erection thereof , both annuall and casuall , and the particulars thereof : the seuerall natures and differences of them in the construction of the law , together with the stanneryes and coynage of tynne , and the lawes , vsages , and customes of the said stanueryes concerning the managing of tynne . the diuers kindes of tynners and tynne , and the coynage of tynne is , and for what cause due and payable , and the priuiledges that the king and duke of cornewall haue in their preemption of tynne . the reuenues of the dutchie of cornewall as it is rated by suruey taken in the fifth yeere of king edward the third . the reuenues of the said dutchie of cornewall , as it was in the fifteenth yeere of king henry the eight . the reuenues of the said dutchie , as it was in account vnto the late queene elizabeth , in the . yeere of her raigne , which is the last account , and the cleere yeerely value thereof , as it may be drawne to an estimation annuall , appeareth . the countie palatine of chester and flint . the third principall reuenue belonging to the prince , as earle of chester , which earledome is a countie palatine . edward sirnamed the blacke prince , created earle of chester , by king edward the third his father , in the seauenth yeere of the said king edward the thirds raigne . the totall reuenue of the said countie palatine of chester and flint , as it was in the . yeere of the late queene elizabeth . the antient reuenues of the said earledome of chester and flint , as the same were in the fifth yeere of king edward the third . the reasons why in this history diuers an tiquities ( not vulgarly knowne ) are discouered concerning the principality of vvales , dutchy of cornewall , and earledome of chester . inconueniens erit omissis initijs atque origine non repetita , atqueillotis ( vt ita dixerim ) manibus , protinus materiam tractare . ex lege prima digestorū iuris ciuilis , titulo de origine iuris . the ancient revenewes of the lord prince consist of these three kindes : the principality of wales , dutchie of cornewall , and earldome of chester , and therefore of euery of these in order as followeth . the principality of wales . that part of this island which is called wales , is thought by some learned , to be the same which the romanes ( hauing reduced this island vnder their gouernment ) called britannia secunda , of some others it is supposed to bee the same that was called by the romanes valentia but howsoeuer the truth thereof be , it was anciently called by the brittaines , cambria who diuided the whole island of albion into these three parts , loegria , albania , and cambria , the saxons conquering this island , called the said territorie , ( into the mountaines whereof the remnant of the britaines that remayned were fled , and not to be ouercome by them , ) wallia , and the people welshmen , that is to say , vnto them strangers , and the other part , those britaines or welshmen doe yet in their language call the english saissons or saxons . it was also anciently diuided into three prouinces or principalities , the first and principall called by them guyneth , or as they haue written in latine venedotia viz : that which is called north-wales . the second they haue called in latine demetia , and is that we call south-wales . and the third powisia or powisland , and euery of these prouinces were againe subdiuided into cantreds and euery cantred into comots . the records do diuide the same into three parts also , westwales , northwales , & southwales . the whole countrey is now allotted into shires which are thirteen in number , and namely these radnor shire . brecknock shire . munmouth shire . glamorganshire . carmarthenshire . pembrookeshire . cardiganshire . montgomeryshire . merionethshire . ca●rnaruoushire . denbighshire . flintshire . anglesyshire . this parcell of the said island called wales , thus possessed by the remnant of those britaines , was no parcell of the dominion of the realme of england , but distinguished from the same , as the bookes of the lawes of this realme doe testifie ; and as it were a realme of it selfe not gouerned by the lawes of england and was by some of the saxon kings diuided from england , & by a ditch called of the name of the king which caused the same , king offa his ditch . yet neuertheless was the same dominion of wales euer holden in chiefe , and in fee of the crowne of england . and the prince thereof being then of their owne nation compellable vpon summons to come and appeare in the parliaments of england , and vpon their rebellions and disorders the kings of england deuised their scutagium or escuage , as it is called in the lawes of england , that is , to leuy ayd & assistance of their tenants in england which held of them per seruitium militare to suppresse such disordred welsh , tanquā rebelles and non hostes , as rebells , and not as forraine enemies . and hence it is that king henry the third vpon those often reuolts of the welsh indeuored to resume the territory of wales as forfeit vnto him selfe , and conferred the same vpon edward the longshanckes his heire apparant , yet neuerthelesse rather in title then in possession or vpon any profit obteyned thereby . for the former prince of wales continued his gouernment , notwithstanding this , betweene whome and the said edward , warres were continued . whereof when the said edward complained to king henry the third his father , the said king made this answer as recordeth matthew paris a cosmographer liuing in that time . quid ad me terra tua ? est ex dono meo . exerevires primitiuas , famam excita iuuenilem , et de caetero timeant inimici &c. but the charter of this gift is not now readilie to be found among the records . for after this time it appeareth by the records of the tower of london that by the mediation of oth●bon deacon , cardinal of s andrews , a peace was concluded between the then prince of the welsh blood , and the said henry the . which neuerthelesse as it seemeth continued not long , for sundry battells were fought betweene the said edward ( both before and after he was king of england ) lewlyn the last prince of the welsh blood , and dauid his brother , vntill both the said prince , & his said brother were ouercome by the said edward , after he was king of england , and who thereby made a finall and full conquest of wales , annexing the same vnto the crowne of england , diuiding some parts thereof into shires , and appointing lawes for the gouernment of that people . although the welsh nation doe not willingly acknowledge such conquest , but referres it rather to composition . the words of the statute made in wales at ruthlan presently vpon the conquest are these : diuina prouidentia quae in sui dispositione non fallitur , inter alia dispensationis munera , quibus nos & regnum nostrum angliae decorari dignata est , terram waliae cum incolis suis prius nobis iure fendali subiectam jam sui gratia in proprietatis nostrae dominium obstaculis quibuscunque non obstantibus totaliter et cum integritate conuertit et corona regni pradicti tanquam partem corporis eiusdem annexit et vniuit . this territory of wales thus being vnited , the said king edward vsed meanes to obtaine the peoples good will to strengthen that which he had gotten by effusion of blood with the beneuolence of his subiects of wales who promised their harty and most humble obedience if it would please the king either to remaine among them him selfe in person , or else to appoint vnder him a gouernour ouer them that was of their owne nation & cuntrey : the king thereupon purposing a pretty policie sendeth for the queene , then being greate with child , to come vnto him into wales , who being deliuered of a sonne in the castle of carnaruon in wales , called by reason thereof edward of carnarnon , the king thereupon sent for all the barons of wales tooke their assurance and submission according to their offers formerly made , if they should haue a gouernour of their owne nation , affirming vnto them that he was then ready to name vnto them a gouernour borne in their countrey and who could not speake any word of english , whose life and conuersation , no man was able to staine , and required their promise of obedience ; whereunto they yeelding , the king thereupon named vnto them his said sonne borne at carnaruon castle a few dayes before , vnto whom the barons of wales afterwards made their homage , as appeareth anno e . at chester . the said edward of carnaruon after the death of his father , was king of england by the name of king edward the second , liuing in a turbulent time betweene him and his barons , was afterwards deposed for his ill gouernment , and came to a violent death in the castle of barkeley , and edward his sonne by the name of king edward the third reigned in his steade . neuerthelesse this edward the third being called edward of windsor in the life of his father was created prince of wales , and duke of aquitane , in a parliamant holden at yorke . edward the third in a parliament holden at westminster in the fifteenth yeare of his reigne created edward his eldest sonne , surnamed the blacke prince , prince of wales , being then of tender yeeres , and inuested him in the said principalitie with these ensignes of honour , and as in the charter is conteined , per sertum in capite , et annulum in digit● aureū , ac virgam argenteam iuxta morē : by a chaplet of gould made in the manner of a garland , for the word sertū importeth , by a gould ring set on his finger , and by verdge , rod or scepter of siluer , how be it in the inuesture of the succeeding princes , this rod or scepter ( as appeareth by the charters of their seuerall creations ) was changed into a verge of gould . the said king for the better maintainance of the said prince his sonne in honorable support according to such his state and dignity , gaue vnto him by his charter dated the twelfth of may , in the seuenth yeere of his reigne of england and in the fourth yeere of his reigne of france , and inrolled in the exchequer in the terme of s. hillary in the eighteenth yeere of the said king edward the third . the said principality and the mannors , lordships , castles and lands ensuing to appertaine to the said principalitie . viz. all his lordships and lands in northwales , westwales and southwales . the lordship , castle , towne and county of carnaruon . the lordship , castle and towne of conway . the lordship , castle and towne of crucketh . the lordship , castle and towne of bewmarish . the lordship , castle and towne of hardlagh . the lordship , castle and townes and countys of anglesey and merioneth . the lordship , castle , towne , and county of caermardin . the lordship , castle , and towne of lampaderuaur . the lordship and stewardship of cantermawer . the lordship , castle , towne and county of cardigan . the lordship , castle , and towne of emelyn . the lordship , castle , and towne of buelt . the lordship , castle , and towne of hauerford . the lordship , castle , and towne of montgomery . and all the lands that were of rice ap meridick which came to the hands of king edward the first , together with all the lordships , cities , castles , borrowes , townes , manours , members , hamlets , lands , tenements , knights fees , voydances of bishopricks , aduowsons of churches and of abbeys , priories , and of hospitals , with customes and prisages of wines , the exercise and execution of iustice , and a chancery , forests , chaces , parkes , woods , warrens , hundreds , comots , &c. and all other hereditaments , as well vnto the said principalitie as vnto the said king , in those parts then belonging . to have and to hold the same vnto the said prince and his heires kings of england . this lymitation of estate of this principalitie vnto the prince and his heires kings of england , may seeme strange to our moderne lawyers . for how is it possible that the kings of england , can inherit the principalitie , sithence the principalitie being the lesser dignitie is extinguished in the kingly estate , being the greater : for in praesentia maioris cessat , id quod minus est . forasmuch as the heire apparant of the crowne ( being prince ) is presently vpon the death of his auncester , eo instante , in himself king , and the principalitie as the lesser not compitable with the kingdome being the greater . but when i consider that this age , wherein this charter was penned , was a learned age of iudges and lawyers ( by whose aduice no doubt in a matter of this importance this charter was penned ) and this age much commended for exquisit knowledge of the laws , by those learned men that liued in the succeeding times , i cannot but thinke reuerently of antiquity , although i cannot yeeld sufficient reason of their doings therein . for i am taught by iulianus that learned roman lawyer , non omnium quae a maioribus constituta sunt ratio reddi potest . wherof also naratius there yeeldeth a reason , etideo rationes eorum quae constituuntur inquiri non oportet alioquin multa ex ijs quae certa sunt subuerterētur . neuertheles forasmuch as al the charters in the ages following made to the prince doe hould the same manner of lymitation of estate , i am perswaded some mystery of good policy to lye hidden therein , which as i conceaue may be this or such like . the kings of england thought to conferre vpon their prince and heire apparant an estate of fee simple in the lands that they bestowed vpon him ; for a lesser then an inheritance had not beene answerable to so greate a dignitie . and yet they were not willing to giue him any larger estate , then such as should extinguish againe in the crowne when he came to bee king or dyed ; for that hee being king should also haue the like power to create the prince ce of his heire apparant , and to inuest him into that dignitie as he being the father was inuested by his progenitor . for the wisdome of the kings of england was such , as that they would not depriue them selues of that honour but that euery of them might make new creations and inuestures of the principalitie to their eldest sonne or next succeeding heire apparant ; and that those lands so giuen vnto the prince , might when he was king be annexed , knit and vnited againe to the crowne , and out of the crowne to be of new conferred ; which could not so haue been , if those lands had been giuen to the prince and his heires generalls , for then the lands so giuen would haue rested in the natural person of the princes , after they came to the kingdome distinct from the crown lands , & might , as the case should happen discend to others then those which were his heires apparant to the crowne . and herein i do obserue a difference between the principalitie of wales giuen to the prince , and the dutchie of cornwall giuen vnto him . for euery prince needeth and soe hath had a new creation and inuesture . but he is duke of cornewall as soone as he is borne , if his auncester be then king of england ; and if not , he is duke of cornwall , eo instante , that his father is king of england , as shall be more euidently proued hereafter , by matter of record , when i shall come to speak of the dutchy of cornwall . the said king also by another charter dated the twentieth of september in the said seauenth yeere of his raigne , granted vnto the said prince all arrerages of rents , duties , accompts , stocks , stores , goods , and chattels remaining in all and euery the said parties due , or of right belonging vnto the king ; and thereupon the prince accordingly was possessed by virtue of these charters of all these aforesaid . it resteth here that we set down the totall annuall value of the said principality of wales by itselfe as it appeareth vpon a diligent survey thereof taken in his fiftieth yeere of the reigne of the said king edward the third of england , and in the seuen & thirtieth yeere of his reigne of france . the suruey of the principality of wales is drawne out of a long record , and to avoide tediousnesse , the value of the reuenewes of euery county or shire is here set downe , and then the totall of the whole , omitting the particulars of euery manour , lordship , towne , or other profit in euery of the said counties . the setting downe whereof at large would haue been exceeding cumbersome and intricate . it is therefore in this manner . the prouince of northwales . the summe totall of the princes reuenewes in the county or shire of carnaruon . — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the summe totall of the reuenewes of the prouince in the county of anglesey . — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the summe totall of the reuenewes in the county of merioneth amounteth vnto — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the perquisits and profits of the sessions of the iustices of northwales . the summe totall of all the former reuenewes in northwales amounteth vnto — : l. . s. . d. q. whereof deducted for the yeerly fee of the iustice of northwales , and so there remained the summe of . l. . s. . d. q : the prouince of southwales . the summe totall of the yeerly reuenew of the prince-in the county of cardigan . — . l. . s. . d. q. the summe totall of the yeerly reuenew of the prince arising in the county of carmarthen . — . l. . s. . d. the fee farme of buelt . — . l. . s. . d. montgomery . — . l. . s. . d. perquisits and profits of the sessions of the iustices of southwales . — . l. . s. . d. ob . perquisits of the courts of hauerford . — . l. . s. . d. ob . the summe totall of the reuenew in southwales . . l. s. . d. ob . out of which deducted for the fee of the iustice of southwales fifty pounds , there then remaineth — . l. . s. . d. q. the totall of all which the reuenewes of the principality of wales cast vp in one intire summe together . — . l. . s. . d. q. this survey was made vpon this occasion , as it seemeth , after the death of the prince called the black prince : the princesse his wife was to haue her dower to be allotted vnto her out of those reuenewes , which could not bee without an extent and suruey thereof first had by commissioners thereunto appointed . and because the yeerly value of the said reuenewes by reason of the sundry casuall profits thereof were more or lesse yeerly , and not of one certaine value , the commissioners obserued this course , they did make choice of three seuerall yeeres , viz. . and . and of e. . and did take out of the seuerall profits of those yeeres , and did cast them all into one summe , which they againe diuided into three equall parts , esteeming only of the said three parts to be the iust yeerly value of the said reuenewes , communibus an●i● , that is , one yeere with another . and in this accompt we finde no other charges or reprizes allowed then the iustices fees only . this survey and accompt made aboue . yeeres past is here inserted , to the end it might appeare what the reuenew of this principallity alone was , besides the dutchy of cornwall and earledome of chester neere the first certaine erection thereof in the hands of that worthy prince commonly called the black prince . the said prince of wales surnamed the black prince , being also duke of aquitane , guies , and cornwall , and earle of chester , after many fortunate victories atchieued by him , hauing subdued a great part of france , and hauing taken iohn the french king prisoner at poyteers in france , and after that also hauing vanquished henry at naue-roit in spaine , and restored peter king of arragon , he died in iune being then about the age of forty six yeeres , and in the fiftieth yeere of the reigne of his father king edward the third , leauing behinde him richard his sonne and heire , borne at burdeaux , and thereof surnamed richard of burdeaux . this richard surnamed of burdeaux , sonne and heire of the said edward the black prince , after the death of his father was created by his grandfather king edward the third , to bee prince of wales , at havoring at the bower in the county of essex the twentieth day of nouember in the fiftieth yeere of the reigne of the said king edward the third , the said richard then being about the age of eleuen yeeres , and vpon christmas day then next following , the said king edward the third caused the said prince ( being his nephew ) to sit at his table in high estate aboue all his vncles being the kings sonnes , as representing the personage of the heire apparant to the crowne ; and gaue to him the two parts of all the said principalitie , counties , lordships , castles , and the most of the said lands , which belonging to the said blacke prince , and the reuersion of the third part thereof ; ( the possession of the third part thereof , then being to the mother of the said prince richard for her dowry ) with a hundred thirteene pound sixe shillings eight pence yeerely rent , payable by the earle of march , as a fee farme for the lordship and lands of beult ; and eighty fiue markes for the fee farme of the castle , lordship , and land of montgomery , with the vacations of bishoprickes , excepting the fees of the baron marches of vvales , which doe alwaies hold of the crowne in capite : and excepting the auoydance of the bishopricke of s. dauids in vvales , which anciently also belonged to the crowne , with the like limitation of estate , viz. to the said prince richard & his heires , kings of england . it seemeth that these lordships of beult and montgomery , being formerly granted to edward the blacke prince , were before this time , giuen away in fee farme , rendring the rents here spoken of . after the death of the said king edward the third , which was in the . yeere of his raigne , the kingdome of england descended vnto the said richard , being his grandchilde ; and he was crowned king thereof by the name of king richard the second : and in the three and twentieth yeere of his raigne , he resigned his kingdome ( or rather more truely ) was deposed against his will , and after by a violent death , departed this life without issue . henry of bullinbrooke , duke of lancaster and hereford , earle of darby , leicester , and lincolne , sonne and heire to iohn of gaunt , fourth sonne to king edward the third , raigning in his stead . henry of bullingbrooke , by the name of king henry the fourth by his charter , dated at westminster the fifteenth day of october , in the first yeere of his raigne , created henry his eldest sonne , surnamed of munmouth , prince of wales , and inuested him with the said princely ornaments ▪ viz. the chaplet , gold-ring , and rod or verge of gold , to haue and to hold , vnto him and his heires , kings of england . and by one other charter of the same date gaue vnto him , and to his heires , kings of england , the said principalitie , with the lordships , castles , and lands before mentioned in the chartermade to the blacke prince , together with foure comots in the countie of carnaruon , viz. the comots of isaph , vghaph , nanconeway , and grewthyn , not named before , and the reuersion of the lordship of hauerford , with the prices of wines there , and of the lordships newyn , and pughby in north-wales , which thomas percy earle of worcester then held for tearme of his life , of the demise of king richard the second ; together also with the reuersion of the county and lordship of anglesey in north-wales , and the castle of bewmarris , and the comots , lands , tenements , and hereditaments belonging thereunto , which henry percy , sonne of the earle of northumberland , then held for terme of his life , of the demise of the said king henry the fourth : and by an act of parliament made in the first yeere of king henry the fourth , whereby the dutchie of lancaster is seuered from the crowne of england . the stile of the said prince is declared to be this , prince of wales , duke of aquitane , of lancaster , and of cornwall , and earle of chester . for the said king henry the fourth , hauing beene himselfe duke of lancaster , before his assumption of the crowne ; and knowing that the name of duke being an inferiour dignity , would extinguish and bee surrounded in the crowne as in the superiour desired , ( as by that act of parliament appeareth ) not onely to separate the said dutchie of lancaster , and the lands thereof from the crowne , to the intent he might still hold the said dutchie as his ancient patrimony , if he were put from the crowne , being but his new acquired dignity , but also to preserue the said stile , title and name of duke of lancaster , in his posterity ; which as the said act affirmeth , his ancestors had so worthily borne and sustained . afterwards the said henry the fourth , died in the fourteenth yeere of his raigne , and the said henry of munmouth , prince of wales , succeeded him in the kingdome , by the name of king henry the fift , who also in the tenth yeere of his raigne , died , leauing henry his sonne behinde him , being an infant of the age of tenne moneths , who by reason of his tender age , was not ( as by any record extant can be proued ) euer created prince , but was proclaimed king immediately after the death of his father , by the name of king henry the sixt. king henry the sixt , by the aduice and counsell of his lords spirituall and temporall giuen to him in his parliament holden in the thirtie one yeere of his raigne ; did after wards by his charter , bearing date at westminster the fifteenth day of march , in the thirty two yeere of his raigne , created edward his sonne , borne at westminster , by one and the selfesame patent , to be both prince of wales , and earle of chester , and inuested him therin with the vsuall ensignes of that dignitie , as had beene in former time accustomed , to haue and to hold the said dignities to him and his heires , kings of england : which charter is recited in the act of parliament made for the confirmation thereof by parliament , holden at westminster the ninth day of iuly in the three and thirtieth yeere of the raigne of the same king. in which act of parliament , is also recited another charter , likewise confirmed by the said parliament , whereby the said king did giue vnto the said prince , the said principalitie of vvales , together with all his lordships and lands , castles and tenements , by speciall names aboue mentioned , and in the former charters granted and conuaied to the former princes , and the said fee farmes and rents of . l. . s. . d. out of the lordship and towne of buelt , and the said . l. . s. . d. out of the lordship , castle and towne of montgomery , likewise mentioned in the charters of the former prince . to haue and to hold the same to him and his heires kings of england . by the same act of parliament also it was enacted ( because the said prince was then of tender yeeres ) there was assigned vnto him a certaine number of seruants to attend on him according to his estate and dignity , which should beat dyet in the kings house , vntill the said prince should accomplish the age of fourteene yeeres , and that the king should haue all such summes of money as should cleerely remaine vnto the prince , due of all manner issues and reuenues which the prince then had in respect of his said principalitie , dutchie , and earledome , vntill the said age of fourteene yeeres , the said reuenues to be accounted for to the king in his exchequer : reseruing vnto the said prince , vntill he should come to be of the age of eight yeeres , a thousand pound yeerely , and from that age , till he come to fourteene yeeres , two thousand markes yeerely for his wardrobes , wages of seruants , and other necessarie expences . but sauing alwaies vnto the king , the aduousons of bishoprickes and spirituall liuings , and the gifts of all offices , wards , releefes , and escheats belonging to the said prince , vntill he should accomplish the said age of fourteen yeeres , sauing such estate in certaine of the said lands , as the queene had to her before the said time , assured vnto the said prince , should be of the said age of fourteene yeeres , and sauing certaine particular summes of money in the said act of parliament , mentioned as were formerly appointed out of the said lands , as well for expence of the kings of england for their houshold , as otherwise during such particular times as are therein declared : prouided that all offices formerly granted by the king , and needing actuall exercise , and the fees due to the same should not be preiudiced by the said act. afterwards by another charter , the said king doth release vnto the said prince , all the said grant of the said yeerely summes of money issuing out of the reuenues aforesaid ; and all things by the said act granted and appointed vnto the said king , reseruing onely for the same vnto the said king yeerely , fiue hundred twenty seauen markes , foure shillings , seauen pence halfepenny , to be issuing out of the said principality and earledome ; and feauen hundred sixty seauen markes , eleuen shillings seauen pence halfepenny ; yeerely , out of the said dutchy , vntill the said prince should be of eight yeeres of age ; then reseruing out of the said principality and earledome , yeerely vnto the king , two hundred seuenty seuen markes , foure shillings seuen pence halfe penny ; and out of the said dutchy yeerely , fiue hundred and seuenteene markes , eleuen shillings , seauen pence halfe penny , vntill the said age of fourteene yeeres of the prince , for the said dutchy , and to be imployed towards the charges of the kings houshold , and not otherwise . and the said king , by his letters patents , dated the eighteenth of ianuary , in the fiue and thirtieth yeare of his raigne , during the minority of the said prince , ordained the then archbishop of yorke , the then bishop of vvinchester , hereford , couentry , and lichfield , and the lord keeper of the priuie seale ; the earles of shrewesbury , stafford , and vviltes , the then viscount beamont , and also iohn sutton , and thomas stanley , knights , to be of the priuie councell vnto the said prince ; enioyning all officers and ministers of the said prince , that they and euery of them should be obedient in the execution of all commandements and warrants of the said councellors , or at the least , soure of them together , with the assent and consent of the queene in all causes and matters concerning the titles , rights , possessions , and interests of the said prince ; and that the said commandements and warrants should be as auaileable in that behalfe , as if the same had beene made or done by the said prince himselfe , being of full age : which commandement in all leases of the said princes inheritance , was pursued accordingly . in the nine and thirtieth yeere of the said king henry the sixts raigne , he being of the house of lancaster , ( such is the mutability , and so vnstable are all humane things ) that the said king being a man ( as the times then were deuout and religious ) the founder of schooles and colledges , vertuous , and a louer of peace , was by the violence of the heires of the house of yorke , put from his kingdome , and committed to prison , and edward , earle of march , sonne and heire to richard duke of yorke , raigned in his stead , by the name of king edward the fourth . but yet behold the hand of god , for in the tenth yeere of the said king edward the fourth , vpon discontentment , conceiued against him by richard earle of vvarwicke , a man more popular and potent then was fit for a subiect , the said richard , with a collected power , so pressed the king , that he was driuen to flye the realme , and to seeke forraigne aide , seeing his homebred subiects proued so vnfaithfull . then king henry the sixt , after tenne yeeres imprisonment , readepted the kingdome , and in the said tenth yeere of king edward the fourth , wrote the fortie ninth yeere of his raigne , hauing indured tenne yeeres intermission in the computation of his time , as appeareth in the bookes of law of that age . but being thus seated , he was yet vnsetled and after much effusion of bloud ; ( for in a ciuill warre , there is no true victory , in as much as he that preuaileth is also a looser : ) king henry the sixt was compelled againe to giue place to his aduersary , and after to make that part sure , was depriued of life , hauing lost also edward his sonne , prince before spoken of , the hope of all his posterity , in the battell of tewkesbury . edward the fourth , hauing thus gained the crowne , which had beene thus shaken from his head , did by his charter dated the . of ●une , in the eleuenth yeere of his raigne , create edward of vvestminster , his sonne , & heire apparant , prince of vvales , and earle of chester . and by another like charter of the same yeere , gaue vnto him the lands and reuenues of the said principality and earledome , to haue and to hold , to him and his heires , kings of england . this edward the prince being of tender yeeres , was borne in the sanctuary of vvestminster , whither the queene his mother was fled for her security ; and during the time that the king her husband had auoided the realme . afterwards the said king by his letters patents , bearing date the eight day of iuly , in the said eleuenth yeere of his raigne ; ordained his queene , the then lord archbishop of canterbury , george duke of clarence , richard duke of gloucester , brothers to the said king . the then bishops of bath and vvels , and durham ; anthony earle riuers , the then abbot of vvestminster , chancellor to the prince , vvilliam hastings knight , lord chamberlaine to the king , richard fynes , lord dacres , steward of the said prince , iohn fogge , iohn scot , knights , thomas vaughan , chamberlaine to the prince , iohn alcocke , and richard fowler , to be of councell vnto the said prince , giuing vnto them , and euery foure of them thereby , with the aduice and expresse consent of the queene , large power to aduise and counsaile the said prince , and to order and dispose the lands , reuenues , and possessions of the said prince , and the nomination of officers belonging to the said prince , when they should happen to become void , or that the parties were insufficient . the said authority thus giuen vnto the said councellors , to continue vntill the said prince should accomplish the age of fourteene yeeres , which was performed by them accordingly in all leases , dispositions , and grants of the reuenues of the said prince . the said king edward the fourth , by one other charter , composed in english , and bearing date the tenth of nouember , in the thirteenth yeere of his raigne , appointed the said earle riuers , being brother vnto the queene , to be the gouernour of the person of the said prince , and to haue the education and the institution of him in all vertues worthy his birth , and to haue the gouernement and direction of his seruants . king edward the fourth hauing raigned full two and twenty yeeres , in the foure and twentieth yeere of his raigne , left this mortall life , ended his dayes at vvestminster , & was enterred at vvindsor . edward the prince his sonne and heire then being at ludlow , necre the marches of wales , for the better ordering of the welsh vnder the gouernment of the said lord riuers his vncle on the mothers side , and vpon the death of his father drawing towards london to prepare for his coronation , fell into the hands of his vncle by the father , richard duke of glocester ; and the said lord riuers being vpon the way towards london was intercepted , and lost his head at pomfret , for what cause i know not other then this , that hee was thought to be too great an obstacle betweene a thirsty tyrannous desire and the thing that was so thirstily and tyrannously desired . edward king of england the fist of that name ( for so he was although he enioyed it not long , being thus surprized vnder the power of his naturall vncle , and yet his mortall enemy ) was brought to london with great solemnity and pompe , and with the great applause of the people , flocking about to behold his person , as the manner of the english nation is to doe , whose new ioyes cannot endure to be ●ettred with any bonds . his said vncle calling himselfe lord protector of the king and his realme , but indeed was the woolfe to whom the lambe was committed ; for hauing thus surprized the kings person , hee laboured by all meanes to get into his possession also the yonger brother being duke of yorke , knowing that they both being sundred , the safety of the yonger would be a meanes to preserue the elder , and therefore by all sinister perswasions and faire pretences hauing obtained the yonger duke from his mother , the king and the duke both for a time remained in the tower of london , and there shortly after both in one bed were in the night smothered to death , and buried in an obscure and secret place vnknowne how and where , vntill one of the executioners thereof after many yeeres being condemned to die for other his manifold crimes , confessed also his guilty fact in this pitifully tragedy , and the circumstance thereof , of which by reason of the secrecy and incertainty , diuers had before that diuersly coniectured . and by this meanes all the prouision for the coronation of innocent edward serued the turne to set the crowne vpon the head of tyrannous richard : out of which by the way i cannot but obserue how hatefull a bloody hand is , to almighty god the king of kings , who reuenged the bloodshed of those ciuill broiles , whereof edward the father had beene the occasion , and the breach of his oath , vpon those his two innocent infants . this tyrant and staine of the english story , richard duke of glocester , vsurped the kingdome by the name of richard the third , and became king ; yet as our records of law witnesse de facto , sed non de iure . and in the first yeere of his reigne created edward his sonne being a child of ten yeeres of age , prince of wales , lieutenant of the realme of ireland . but for that the prosperity of the wicked is but as the florishing of a greene tree , which whiles a man passes by is blasted dead at the roots , and his place knoweth it no more . so shortly afterwards , god raised vp henry earle of richmond the next heire of the house of lancaster , to exteute iustice vpon that vnnaturall and bloody vsurper and to cast him that had beene the rod of gods iudgements vpon others , into the fire also . for in the third yeere of the reigne of the said richard , at the battell of bosworth , whereinto the said richard entred in the morning crowned in all kingly pompe , he was slaine , and his naked carkasse with as much despight as could be deuised was carried out thereof at night , and the said henry earle of richmond , the solomon of england , father to margaret your maiesties great grandmother reigned in his stead , by the name of king henry the seuenth . this king henry the seuenth tooke to wife elizabeth the eldest daughter , and after the death of her brothers , the relict heire of king edward the fourth , by which mariage all occasions of further contention-betweene those noble families of yorke and lancaster were taken away , and vtterly quenched , and the red rose conioyned with the white . the said king henry the seuenth by his letters patents dated the first day of december in the fift yeere of his reigne created arthur his eldest sonne and heire apparant being then about the age of three yeeres , prince of wales . also there was a charter of the grant of the lands of the said principality , earldome of chester , and flint , dated the twenty seuenth of february in the said fift yeere of the said king made vnto the said prince . the said king henry the seuenth by his charter bearing date the twentieth day of march in the eight yeere of his reigne did constitute and appoint the said prince arthur to bee his iustice in the county of salope , hereford , glocester , and the marches of wales , adioyning to the said shires , to enquire of all liberties , priuiledges , and fraunchises , being possessed or claimed , or which then after , should be possessed or claimed by any person or persons , and which were to bee seized into the kings hands , and of all escapes and fellons , and those inquisitions so from time to time to be taken to certifie into the chancery . and by the same charter gaue him power to substitute and appoint others vnder him for the better execution of the same which after wards by commission was executed accordingly . and the said king also by his charter bearing date the fourteenth of iune , in the eight yeere of his reigne made and constituted the said arthur prince of wales , and gouernor , and warden of the marches of england towards scotland , and substituted as his lieutenant and vice-warden vnder him thomas earle of surrey for the due execution thereof . likewise the said king by his letters patents dated the fift day of nouember in the ninth yeere of his reigne in augmentation of the reuenew of the prince did grant vnto the said prince the honor , castle , and lordship of wigmore , and diuers other castles , mannors , and lands , which sometime had beene belonging to the earledome of march , which came to the crowne by king edward the fourth , who was himselfe earle of march before he assumed his regall estate , to haue and to hold during the pleasure of the king , yeelding yeerly the rent of two hundred pounds . this prince was sent into the marches of wales for the gouernment of that country , and in the seuenteenth yeere of the reigne of the said king his father , had a councell of very wise and worthy persons assigned vnto him , as namely , sir richard poole chiefe chamberlaine of the said prince , sir henry vernon , sir richard crofts , sir dauid phillips , sir william v dall , sir thomas englefield , and sir peter newton , knights : iohn wilson , henry marian , doctor william smith president of his councell , and doctor charles , where not long afterwards the said prince died in the castle of ludlow , without issue . after the death of the said prince arthur , king henry the seuenth by his letters patents dated the eighteenth of february in the . yeere of his reigne , in parliament created henry then his onely soune who after was king henry the eight , and whom before that in the th . he had made lord lieutenant of ireland by another charter of the same yeere , constable of the castle of douer ; to be prince of wales , and earle of chester , being then about the age of twelue yeeres , to haue and to hold , to him and his heires kings of england for euer , being the like limitation of estate and with the like inuesture as in former times had beene accustomed . but whether the said king did grant the lands and reuenewes belonging to the said principality , vnto the said prince henry or no , as hee had done vnto prince arthur his brother , doth not appeare by any charter that as yet thereof can be found . after the death of king henry the seuenth , the said prince henry was king of england by the name of king henry the eight , he had issue , a sonne called henry , who dyed very yong , hee likewise had issue , the lady mary , afterwards queene , and the lady elizabeth our late soueraigne of most happy memory , and lastly prince edward the yongest in yeeres , who first reigned after the death of his said father by the name of king edward the sixt . but there cannot be found any charters among the records , whereby it may appeare that any of them were created princes of wales , or whereby any of the reuenewes of the said principality were giuen or conferred vnto any of them ; so that it seemeth they were princes generally by their birth , and not princes of wales by any creation or investure ; for in a record of an accompt of the dutchy of cornwall in the time of the said prince edward , he is called by the name of the prince of england , and not by the name of the prince of wales . and thus much touching the succession or rancks of the princes of wales which i haue drawne in an historicall , although a plaine and homely manner , thereby the better to take away the harshnesse of the particularities of records intermingled therewith , which of themselues although they affoord profitable knowledge , yet they doe carry with them small delight ; but also for that the variety of things in those succeeding ages in the sundry occurences and accidents thereof doe yeeld good matter of obseruance and worthy memory , representing as it were the english state for the time of more then two hundred yeeres together . now therefore do rest neuerthelesse three things concerning the said principality to be further considered of . first , in what manner and order the said principality and marches of wales were gouerned and directed vnder the said prince . secondly , what officers aswell domesticall as others , the said princes had about them , and their fees as farre forth as i could come to any certaine knowledge thereof . and thirdly an abstract of the reuenewes of the said principality , as they now stand in charge and be esteemed to your maiesty , whereby may bee perceiued what in time past the said reuenewes haue beene , and in what case they now stand . the manner of the gouernment of the principality and marches of wales . the said principality being vnder the gouernment of the princes of the welsh blood ( whose ancient patrimony yet remained vntill the conquest thereof by king edward the first , as before hath beene shewed ) was guyded , gouerned , and directed by their owne municipall and homebred lawes , and the customes of their country . most of which had their commencement from the constitutions of one of their ancient princes called howell dah , as their historians haue recorded . but being reduced vnder the yoke by the said king edward he diuided certaine parts of that territory into shires ( as hath beene declared ) he caused the welsh lawes to bee perused , some whereof he did allow and approue , some others he did abrogate and disanull ; and in their place appointed new , altogether according to the english manner of executing iustice . hee caused to be deuised ce taine briefes , writs , or formulaeturis ; and he instituted their manner of processe , pleadings , and course of their iudiciall proceedings . all which things doe manisestly appeare by the act of parliament made at rithlan in wales , called therefore statutum walliae , which afore is remembred , and when they want a writ of forme to serue the present case , then vse they the writ of quod ei deforciat , which supplieth that defect . and although the principality of wales , as hath appeared by some of the records aboue mentioned , were diuided into three prouinces , northwales , southwales , and westwales ; for so in some of the former patents they are mentioned , yet for the iurisdiction thereof , it was diuided into two parts , northwales , and southwales : for a great part of westwales was comprehended within the shire of pembrooke , which is a very ancient shire of wales , and the territory thereof conquered by the english , in the time of william rufus . long time before the generall conquest of wales by richard strangbow , being english , and the earle thereof , and called also by some earle of strigulia , or chepstow , was the first that attempted the conquest of ireland , in the dayes of henry the second , which was aboue an hundred yeeres before the conquest of wales by king edward the first . this earledome of pembrooke had in ancient time palatine iurisdiction , and therefore in some records is called regalis comitatus pembrochiae . the prouinces of northwales and southwales were gouerned for law in this manner . the prince had and vsed to hold a chancery , and a court of exchequer in the castle of carnarvon for northwales , and had a iudge or iustice which ministred iustice there to all the inhabitants of northwales , and therefore was called the iustice of northwales . the like courts of chancery and exchequer he held in the castle of carmarthen for southwales , where he had a iustice also called the iustice of southwales , and the courts of their iustices or iudges so held within their seuerall prouinces , were called the great sessions of those prouinces , and sometimes these iustices were itinerant , and sate in euery of the seuerall counties of his prouince , in these great sessions the causes of greatest moment , reall , personall and mixt , and pleas of the crowne concerning life and members , were heard and determined . in these great courts also vpon creation of euery new prince , there were granted by the people of that prouince vnto the prince , nomine recognitionis ad primum adventum principis , certaine summes of money as it were in acknowledgement or reliefe of the new prince , which summes of money are called by them mises . these mises or summes of money were granted by the people vnto the prince for his allowance of their lawes and ancient customes , and a generall pardon of their offences fineable or punishable by the prince , and that summe of these mises for the shire of carmerthen only , amounted vnto eight hundred markes , and for the shire of cardigan the totall summe of these mises amounted vnto sixe hundred markes , as by sundry records doth appeare ; these summes of mony were paid at certaine daies by seuerall portions , such as were appointed , and in the said sessions agreed vpon . also in ●u●ry shire of eu●ry of the said prouinces there were holden certaine inferior courts , called therefore county courts , and shire courts , and tournes , after the manner of england ; and which by some were also the petty sessions . and there were also courts inferior in sundry counties for ending of causes of lesse moment and importance ; and if any wrong iudgement were giuen in any of these courts inferior , the same was redressed by a writ of false iudgement in the court superior . and if any ●rronious iudgement were giuen in the great sessions , which was the supreme court of iustice , that error was either redressed by the iudgement of penall iustices itinerant , or else in the parliament , and not otherwise in any the courts of iustice now at westminster . as touching the gouernment of the marches of wales , it appeareth by diuers ancient monuments that the conqueror after hee had conquered the english , placed diuers of his norman nobility vpon the confines and borders towards wales , and erected the earldome of chester , being vpon the borders of northwales , to palatine , and gaue power vnto the said persons thus placed vpon those borders , to make such conquests vpon the welsh , as they by their strength could accomplish , holding ▪ it a very good policy , thereby not only to encourage them to be more willing to serue him , but also to prouide for them at other mens costs and hereupon further ordained that the lands so conquered , should be holden of the crowne of england in capite , and vpon this and such like occasions d●uers of the nobility of england hauing lands vpon the said borders of wales made roades and incursions vpon the welsh , whereby diuers parts of that country neere or towards the said borders were wonne by the sword from the welshmen , and were planted partly with ●nglish collonies ; and and the said lands so conquered , were holden per baronia , and were called therefore baronyes , marchers . in such manner did robert fitzhamo● acquire vnto himselfe , and such others as assisted him , the whole lordship of glamorgan ; vs●●g in some resemblance the roman policy , to enlarge territories by stepping in betweene two competitors , and by helping the one hee subdued the other , and after ●urning his ●word against him whom he assisted , and making this the pretence of his quarrel alleadge that he whom he had assisted , had denied to make vnto him sufficient recompence for his susteined trauils , and so made himsel●e abso'ute owner of all , likewise barnard newmarch conqu●●ed the lordship of brecknock , containing three cantreds , and established his conquest by a mariage in the welsh blood : h●gh lacy conquered the lands of ewyas , called after his name ewyas lacy , and others did the like in other places of the borders , all which were baronies , marchers , and were holden by such the conquerors thereof in capite of the crowne of england , and because they and their posterity might the better keepe the said lands so acquired , and that they might not bee withdrawne by suits of law from the defence of that which they had thus subdued . the said lordships and lands so conquered , were ordained baronies marchers ▪ and ●ad a kinde of palatine ●urisdiction erected in ●u●ry of them , and power to administer iustice vnto their tenants in euery of their territories ; hauing therein , courts with diuers priuiledges , franchises , and immunities ; so that the writs of ordinary iustice , out of the kings courts , were for the most part not currant amongst them . neuerthelesse if the whole barony had come in question , or that the strife had beene two barons marchers , touching their territories or confines thereof : for want of a superiour , they had recourse vnto the king their supreame lord ; and in these and such like cases , where their owne iurisdiction failed , iustice was vnministred vnto them in the superiour courts of this realme . and this was the state of the gouernement of the marches of wales , both before and after the generall conquest of wales , made by king edward the first , as hath beene declared , vntill the seauen and twentieth yeere of king henry the eight . and as touching the first councell , established in the marches of vvales , it is conceiued by the best and most probable opinions amongst antiquaries , that the same began in or about the seauenteenth yeere of king edward the fourth , when as prince edward his sonne was sent vnto the marches of vvales , vnder the tuition of the lord ri●ers his vncle by the mothers side , as a●ore hath appeared : and at what time also ●ohn , bishop of vvorcester , was appointed lord president of vvales . prince arthure , the sonne of king henry the seauenth , in the seauenteenth yeere of the raigne of the said king , went into vvales ; at what time , doctor vvilliam smith was then president of the councell of the marches of vvales , who was after bishop of lincolne , and founder of the colledge of br●sen nose , in the vniuersity of oxford . this man was also president in the time of king henry the eight , vntill the fourth yeere of the raigne of the same king ; at what time ●effry blyth bishop of couentry and lichfield , succeeded in the office of president of the said councell . the lady mary , eldest daughter of king henry the eight , and afterwards queene , did carry the title of princes of vvales for a while , although the parent of her creation bee not now to be found : vnder whom , ●ohn voysey doctor of the lawes , and afterwards bishop of exceter , was president of that councell . there succeeded him in the office of president of the councell of the marches of wales , rowland lee , bishop of couentry and lichfield . and this was the state and gouernement of the principality and marches of wales , in the seauen and twentieth yeere of king henry the eight . the said king by a statute made in the seauen and twentieth yeere of his raigne , vnited and annexed the principality and dominion of wales vnto the realme of england ; altering in many parts , the former iurisdiction and gouernement thereof , bringing the same to the like administration of iustice as was , and yet is vsuall in england : appointing that the lawes of england should take place there , and that all welsh lawes , sinister customes and tenures , not agreeable to the lawes of england , should be thenceforth for euer abrogated and abolished . of which vnion and annexation , first for that there of hath ensued great peace , tranquility , ciuility , and infinite good to the inhabitants of that country of wales . secondly , because in some respect it may serue as a proiect and president of some other vnion and annexation by your maiesty , of as much , or of more consequence and importance : and thirdly , because the same vnion doth containe an expresse image of the politique gouernement of the realme of england . i haue presumed with conuenient breuity vpon this good occasion here in this place to expresse the same : therefore whereas in former time there had beene in wales anciently eight seuerall shires or counties , besides the county of munmouth , which was the ninth , and that some other territories in wales were then no shire grounds , by reason where of the lawes of england could haue no currant passage therein . for all the ordinary ministers and executioners of the processe of the lawes of england , or which haue vicountiell iurisdiction , are the officers of particular shires , as the sheriffes , the coroners , the escheators , and such like . therefore by the said act of parliament , there are erected in wales , foure other new ordayned shires of the lands not formerly so diuided ; namely , the seuerall shires of radnor , brecknock , montgomery , and denbyh ; and those also together with the former ancient shires , are by that act of parliament , and by the statute of . h. . subdiuided into cantreds , and all the marche grounds being then neither any part of wales , although formerly conquered out of wales , neither any part of the shires of england . the said king by his said act of parliament , did annexe and vnite , partly vnto the said shires of england , and partly vnto the shires of vvales , next adioyning , as was thought then ( by reason of vicinity of place , and other correspondency ) most conuenient , as by the said acts of parliament appeareth : which the said king was the rather occasioned to doe , for most of the said baronies marchers were then in his owne hands . and for that also diuers murthers , rapes , robberies , and enormities had beene there committed ; and by reason of the flight of the offenders , from one barony , as is vsuall vpon the borders , they had escaped due and condigne punishment for their such enormities and odious offences . he ordained also that the countie of mounmouth , formerly being a shire of wales , should be gouerned from thenceforth in like manner , and by the same iudges , as other the shires of england . and for the other twelue shires , he ordained a speciall iurisdiction and officers , but yet in substance , agreable , and after the manner of the english lawes , although for the circumstance of time , and place , and persons , in some few things discordant . he ordained , that out of euery of the said shires of wales , there should be one knight , and out of euery of the shire townes of wales , named in the said act of parliament , there should be one burgesse elected , after the english manner : which knights and burgesses so selected , and duly vpon summons of euery parliament in england , returned , should haue place and voice in the parliament of england , as other the knights and burgesses of england vsed to haue . and for the administration of iustice in the said twelue shires of wales , there was by the act of parliament of . h. . ordained soure seuerall circuits , precyncts , or conuentus iuridicus , allotting to euery of them , three of those shires , so that the chiefe iustice of chester hath vnder his iurisdiction , the three seuerall shires of denbigh , flint , and montgomery ; his fee is yeerely , . l. the shires of carnarnon , merioneth , and anglesey , are vnder the iustice of north-wales , whose fee is . l. the counties of carmardin , pembrooke , and cardigan , haue also their iustice , whose yeerely fee is . l. the counties of radnor , brecknocke , and glamorgan , haue also their iustice , whose fee is yeerely . l. after by an act of parliament made . eliz. cap. . one other iustice assistant , was ordained to the former iustices : so that now euery of the said foure circuits , haue two iustices , viz. one chiefe iustice , and a second iustice assistant . their jurisdiction . these iustices in euery of their circuits , haue almost the same iurisdiction , that the ancient iustices in eyre , or iustices itinerant had . first , they had power to heare and determine all criminall causes which are called in the lawes of england , the pleas of the crowne : and herein they haue the same absolute iurisdiction , that the iustices haue of your maiesties bench , commonly called the kings bench. they haue also iurisdiction to heare and determine all ciuill causes , which are called in the lawes of england , common pleas , and to take the acknowledgement of all fines , leuied of lands or hereditaments , without suing any dedimus potestatem ; and herein they haue the same iurisdiction , that the iustices of the common place doe execute in the hall at westminster . also they may heare and determine all assizes vpon disseisons of lands or hereditaments , wherein they equall the iurisdiction of the iustices of affize . they may heare and determine all notable violences and outrages perpetrated or done within their seuerall precyncts , and therein they haue the power , authority , and iurisdiction of the iustices of oyer and terminer . their chauncery seale and writs . forasmuch as no suit can commence between party and party , nor orderly iustice can bee done without complaint of the pursuant , and summons and monition giuen vnto the defendant : which summons , the policy of england from the beginning of the first foundation of this common-wealth hath appointed to be performed by that kinde of formulae iuris , which the common law calleth a writ or briefe : so called as bracton saith , breue quia rem quae est et intentionē petent is breuiter ●narrat , and which writ is alwaies conceiued in forme in the kings name , in manner of a precept royall , and sealed with the kings great seale . therefore in the appointing of this iurisdiction , there is ordained to euery circuit or precynct , a seuerall seale for the sealing of such writs and commissions as the case shall require within that circuit . and forasmuch as all writs are either originall , such as doe begin the sute , or else iudiciall , such as command and warrant the execution ; therefore it is by the said statute made in . h. . ordained that the seale seruing for originall proces in the seuerall shires of denbigh and montgomery , should be in the custody of the chamberlaine of denbigh ; and that the originall seale of chester , shall be , and stand for the originall seale of flint , and shall be in the custody of the chamberlaine of chester . the like seale seruing for the seuerall shires of carnaruon , merioneth , and anglesey , to be in the custody of the chamberlaine of north-wales . the like seale concerning the seuerall shires of radnor , brecknock , and glamorgan , is committed to the custody of the steward of brecknock . and finally , the like seale seruing the seuerall shires of carmarden , pembrooke , and cardigan , is in the vsage of the chamberlaine of south-wales . these chamberlaines are as chancellors in this behalfe , and haue the sealing of all originall writs and commissions , within their seuerall precyncts , and these chamberlaines may also award out seuerall writs to all vnder-receiuers of the reuenues and ministers to make their accounts . the seale for the sealing of iudiciall writs , is appointed by the said statute of . h. . to be and remaine by the iustices of euery of the said circuits for the more expedite execution of their iudgements . their sessions and manner of sittings . every of these iustices in their seuerall circuits , shall be itinerant twice euery yeere , and sit in euery of the shires within their authority , by the space of sixe dayes together , at a place certaine by them to be appointed ; and vpon proclamation of summons to be made fifteen daies before the said sittings , where all persons requiring iustice , may purchase their writs , and proceed in their suits . and where adiournements of the causes there depending , shall be de die in diem , and if the cause can haue no end during the sitting , then from sessions to sessions , as the nature of the businesse shall require , and according to the discretion of the said iustices : and these sittings are called the great session . and if there shall be such multitude of pleas personall , as that they cannot be tried at the same great sessions , then the issues there in tryall , shall and may be tried at some other sessions before the deputy iustice , which is therefore called the petty sessions . and if any erronious iudgement be giuen by the said iustices in any reall action , the same shall be reuersed by writ of error , before the iustices of the kings bench. and if the said erronious iudgement shall be in any action personall , the same shall be reuersed by bill before the lord president of the marches and councell there . officers , ministers , clarkes , and writers for the expediting of the said great sessions . first , there are the chamberlaines of euery of the said circuits , as hath beene said , who are properly and originally the treasurers of the reuenue within their charge , and by the said statutes , are also keepers of the seales as aforesaid , wherein they doe vndertake in part the office of a chauncellor . and in euery of the said circuits , there is the atturney or regius aduocatus and sollicitor . there is a prothonotary or chiefe register , who draweth all the pleadings , entreth and ingrosseth the records and iudgements in ciuill causes , and ingrossing fynes . and there is also a clarke of the crowne , which draweth and ingrosseth all inditements and proceedings , arraignements and iudgements in criminall causes . and these two officers are at your maiesties appointment . there is a marshall to attend the persons of the iudges at their common sitting , and going from the sessions or court. there is a cryer , tanquam publicus preco , to call forth such persons , whose apparances are necessary , and to impose silence to the people . and these two officers last remembred , are disposed by the iustices . and thus much touching the iustices of the great sessions . there are also other ordinary officers appointed for euery shire in wales , by the said statute of . h. . such and in like manner as in other the shires of england . there is a commission vnder the great scale of england , to certaine gentlemen , giuing them power to preserue the peace , and to resist and punish all turbulent persons , whose misdemeanour may tend to the disquiet of the people : and these are called the iustices of peace , and euery of them may well be termed eirenarcha . the chiefe of them is called custos rotulorum , in whose custody all the records of their proceedings are resident . others there are of that number , called iustices of the peace , and quorum , because in their commissions , whereby they haue power to sit and determine causes , concerning breach of peace and misbehauiour ; the words of their commission are conceined this quorum , such and such , vnum vel duos , &c. esse volumus , and without some one or more of them of the quorum . no sessions can be holden , and for the auoyding of a superfluous number of such iustices ; for through the ambition of many , it is counted a credit to be burthened with that authority . the statute of . h. . hath expresly prohibited , that there shall be but eight iustices of peace within euery of the counties and shires of wales ; which if the number were not indefinite for the shires of england , it were the better . these iustices doe hold their sessions quarterly . and it is further ordained by the said statute of . h. . that two iustices of peace , where of one to be of the quorum , may hold their sessions without any greater number . in euery of the said shires where the said commission of the peace is established . there is also a clarke of the peace for the entring and ingrossing of all proceedings before the said iustices and this officer is appointed by the custos rotulorum . euery of the said shires hath his sheriffe , which word being of the saxon english , is as much to say , as a sbire reeue , or minister , or bayliffe of the countie : his function or office is two fold , ministeriall or iudiciall . as touching his ministeriall office , he is the minister and executioner of all the proces and precepts of the courts of law , and thereof ought to make return or certificate . and as touching his iudiciall office , he hath authority to hold two seuerall courts of distinct natures , the one called the tourne , because he keepeth a tourne or circuit about his shire , holding the same in seuerall places ; wherein he doth inquire of all offences perpetrated against the common law , and not forbidden by any statute or act of parliament . and the iurisdiction of this court , is deriued from iustice distributiue , and is for criminall offences . the other is called the county court , where he doth determine all petty and small causes . ciuill vnder the value of forty shillings , arising within the said county ; and thereof it is called the countie court. and the iutisdiction of this court is drawne from iustice commutatiue , and is held euery moneth . the office of the sheriffe is annuall , and by the statute of . h. . it is ordained , that the lord president , councell and iustices of wales , or three of them at the least , where of the president to be one , shall yeerely nominate three fit persons for that office , of whom the kings maiestie may elect and chose one , who thereupon shall haue his patent , and be sheriffe of the said shire . euery of the said shires hath an officer , called an escheator , which is an officer to attend the kings reuenue , and to seaze into his maiesties hands , all lands , either escheated , goods or lands for seited , and therefore he is called escheator , and he is to enquire by good enquest , of the death of the kings tenants , and to whom their lands are descended ; and to seaze their bodies and lands for ward , if they be within age , and is accountable for the same . and this officer in wales is named by the lord treasurer of england , by the aduice of the lord president , councell , and iustices , or three of them at the least , whereof the lord president to be one . there are also in euery of the said shires , two officers , called coroners ; they are to enquire by inquest , in what manner , and by whom euery person dying of a violent death , came to his death , and to enter the same of record , which is matter criminall , and a plea of the crowne , and thereof they are called coroners or crowners , as one hath written , because their enquiries ought to be publique , & in corona populi . these officers are chosen by the free-holders of the shire , by vertue of a writ out of the chauncery de coronatore eligendo ; and of them i need not to speake more , because these officers are elsewhere . forasmuch as euery shire is diuided into hundreds , there are also by the said statute of . h. . cap. . ordained that two sufficient gentlemen or yeomen shall be appointed constables of euery hundred . also there is in euery shire , one goale or prison appointed for the restraint of liberty of such persons , as for their offences are therunto committed , vntill they shall be deliuered by course of law . finally , in euery hundred of euery of the said shires , the sheriffes thereof shall nominate sufficient persons to be bayliffes of that hundred , and vnderministers of the sheriffe , and they are to attend vpon the iustices in euery of their courts , and sessions . the gouernment of the marches of vvales , after the statutes of an . . & . h. . by the said statute of . h. . ca. . it is further ordayned that the president and councell in the said dominion and principality of wales , and the marches of the same , with all officers , clarks and incidents thereunto , should continue and remaine in manner and forme as was then formerly vsed and accustomed . and therefore the said rowland lee spoken of before , being lord president of the councell of the marches of wales at the time of the making of the said statute , so continued after the making thereof , vntill his death , being in the foure and thirtieth yeere of the said king henry the eight . after whom succeeded in the office of the said president richard samson , bishop first of chester , and after remoued to couentry and litchfield , who continued lord president vntill the second yeere of king edward the sixt , at what time iohn d●dley then earle of warwick , and after duke of northumberland , was president of the said councell , who so continued vntill the fourth yeere of the said king. and after him succeeded sir william herbert knight of the noble order of the garter , and after earle of pembrooke , who continued president vntill the first yeere of queene mary . next succeeded nicholas heath , then bishop of worcester , and after archbishop of yorke , and lord chancellor of england . and vpon the remouing of the said archbishop , the said sir william herbert againe succeded as president of the said councell , vntill the sixt yeere of the said queene mary , at what time followed him gilbert browne , bishop of bath and vvels , who so continued vntill the death of the same queene . in the beginning of the reigne of the late queene elizabeth , sir iohn vvilliams , lord vvilliams of tame , of whom the lord norris is descended , was appointed president of the said councell , and died the same yeere . and after him succeeded sir henry sidney , knight of the noble order of the garter , whose loue to learning , & fauour to learned men , need not here to be spoken , he continued lord president of wales about foure and twenty yeeres and six moneths , he serued in ireland eight yeeres and six months , being there three seuerall times lord deputy generall in that country . during some part of the time of the aboade in ireland of the said sir henry sidney , there serued in ireland as president or vice-president , iohn , bishop of vvorcester , and now lord archbishop of canterbury . after this succeeded henry earle of pembrooke , sonne in law to the said sir henry sidney , and father to the right honorable the earle of pembrooke that now is . and after him edward lord zouch , now present lord president of that councell . the president and councell of the marches of wales haue power and authority to heare and determine by their wisdomes and discretions , such causes and matters as bee or shall bee assigned to them by the kings maiesty , and in such manner as shall be so prescribed vnto them by instruction signed with his hand . the councell assisting the lord prince , consisteth of these , the chiefe iustice of chester , together with three other of the said iustices of wales , who after their sessions ended , are for the most part resident at the councell ; and these are ordinary ; there are diuers extraordinaries , both lords and knights , and such others as are learned in the lawes , and are to be called to councell when the lord president shall thinke requisite , and euery such of the councell extraordinary learned in the lawes , when they are called , and doe serue there , they are allowed their diet for them and their men , and sixe shillings eight pence per dum , during the time of their attendance . the officers there seruing to the administration of iustice ( as i am informed ) are these : the clarke of the counsell , the clarke of the signet , the register : all which were granted to one man by the late queene elizabeth , and are executed by his deputy , the examiner , the remembrancer , the receiuer of the fines , the attorney , the solicitor , the porter : to whose custody such delinquents as deserue to suffer restraint of liberty are committed , &c. two messengers , and a serieant at armes . and thus much , briefly , touching the ancient and moderne estate and gouernment of the principality of vvales , and of the marches of the same . next followeth to be considered ( according to the former order proposed ) the ancient and moderne officers of the sayd principality seruing the lord prince , and what fees and sallary were allowed vnto them . the ancient officers their names and fees collected out of diuers ancient accompts , were these following . in northwales . the iustice of northwales whose ancient fee was vncertain , but yet for the most part yeerly his fee was . l. howbeit i finde that sir william stanley knight , to whom king henry the seuenth gaue the office of iustice of nothwa●es ; for his life he had the yeerly fee of . l. . s. . d. a. ● . h. . but this seemeth to haue beene of fauor . ▪ . l. the chamberlaine of northwales whose ancient fee was yeerely — . l. the auditor of northwales , viz. chester and flint , his ancient fee was . l. yeerly , with allowance of . s. per diem , while he was in executing this office , and finishing the accompt . — . l. the comptroller of all pleas , fines , amerciaments , and redemptions , or ransomes , his yeerly fee was — . l. . s. . d. the atturney for northwales , viz. of the counties of carnarvon , merioneth , and anglesey , his fee was yeerly — . s. . d. the supervisor or surueyor of the castles , manners , lands , tenements , and hereditaments of the prince in northwales , his yeerly fee was — . l. the constable of the castle of carnarvon , his fee was vncertaine , sometimes . l. and sometimes but — . l. the captaine of the towne of carnarvon , his fee was yeerly . l. . s. . d. and some times one man had both the offices of constable of the castle , and captaine of the towne hauing . l. yeerly for both the offices . — . l. . s. . d. there were allowed sometime vnto the said constable and captaine . souldiers for the safe custody of the castle and towne , and euery of them was allowed . ds per diem , amounting in the whole vnto . l. by the yeere . — . l. the porter of the gates of the said towne of carnarvon , whose fee was yeerly — . l. . d. the constable of the castle of conway , his fee was yeerly , sometimes . l. and sometimes — . l. the captaine of the towne of conway had for his yeerly fee . l. . s. . d. and most commonly he that was constable of the castle , was also captaine of the towne . — . l. . s. . d. there were also allowed to the said constable and captaine souldiers for the safe custody of the said towne and castle , and euery of them was allowed . d per diem , amounting yeerly to — . l. the keeper and porter of the gates of conway , his fee was — . d. per diem . the constable of the castle of hardlaigh in the county of merioneth his fee yeerly was . l. . s. . d in some accompts he was allowed . l. which i thinke was for ●oth offices of constable and captaine . — . l. . s. . d. there were also allowed souldiers for the guard of the said towne and castle of hard●aigh , their wages amounting yeerly to — . l. the constable of the castle of bewmarisse , his yeerly fee was — . l. the captaine of the towne of bewmarisse , his yeerely fee was — . l. . s. . d. there were also . souldiers allowed for the guard of the said towne and castle of bewmarisse , euery of which were allowed . d. per diem , amounting to — . l. the porter or keeper of the gate of bewmarisse had for his fee — . l. . s. . d. the chiefe forrester of the forrest of snowdon , his fee. — . l. . s. the office of the steward of the townes of newborough and roffaire , his fee was yeerly — . l. the marshall and keeper of the iustice house in the towne of carnarvon , his yeerly fee was — . s. . d. the clarke of the great sessions i finde not . there was a court of exchequer of the princes reuenewes for northwales holden in the castle of carnarvon , in which court there were certaine fees allowed for expences of parchment , paper , bagges for money , and for portage of mony , and such other small charges , which were variable according to the occasions and times southwales . the iustice of southwales , whose ancient fee was yeerly . l. at some times — . l. the auditor of southwales , his ancient fee was yeerly . l. but sometimes his fee was but . l. and . s. per diem , whiles he exercised his office . the atturney of south wales , who had yeerly for his fee — . l. . s. . d. the constable and vsher of the castle of carmarthen , whose yeerly fee was — . l. the sherife of the county of carmarthen , whose yeerly fee was — . s. the steward generall of the comets of the county of carmarthens fee — . l. . s. . d. the clarke of the county , courts , and small sessions in the county of carmarthen , his yeerly fee — . s. the cryer of the county , courts , and small sessions in the said county , whose fee is yeerly — . s. . d. the steward of the welsh courts in the county of carmarthen , his fee — . l. . s. . d. the office of the penkeys in the comets of widegada and elvet fee — . s. the steward of the vvelsh courts of widegada and elvet , his yeerly fee — . l. . s. . d. the clark of the vvelsh courts of widegada and elvet , whose yeerly fee — . s. . d. the bailiffe itinerant for carmarthen , whose yeerly fee was — . l. the bailiefe itenerant for gantree , whose yeerly fee was — . l. . s. . d. the constable of the castle of cardigan , whose ancient fee was yeerly — . l. the sherife of the county of cardigan , whose yeerly fee is — . l. the clarke of the county , courts , t●rnes , and small sessions of the county of cardigan , his yeerly fee was — . s. the cryer of the county , courts , and small sessions in the said county , fee — . s. . d. the clarke of the hundreds in cardigan , his fee was yeerly — . s. . d. the steward of the vvelsh courts in the county of cardigan , his fee was — . l. the clarke for writing the rols in the vvelsh courts , his yeerly fee was in the county of cardigan — . s. . d. the clarke for writing of the rols in the comets of isherwen , his yeerly fee — . s. . d. the bailife itinerant of cardigan , his ancient fee was yeerly — . l. the bailife itinerant for lampaderne , his yeerly fee was — . l. . s. d. : the captaine of the towne ●f abeenstowith , his yeerly fee was . l. . s. he was allowed twelue archers for the custody of the said towne and castle . the escheator for the two shires of carmarthen and cardigan , his yeerly fee — . l. the clarke of the great sessions for both the counties of carmarthen and cardigan , his yeerly fee was — . l. there was a court of exchequer likewise for the reuenewes of the prince of southwales , kept in the castle of carmarthen , and yeerly allowances for the expences thereof , as in the prouince of northwales . by this it appeareth that the prouince of southwales chargeable to the prince , extended for the most part into the two counties of carmarthen and cardigan , the rest of southwales , as munmoth and glamorgan , &c. were in the hands of others , as before hath appeared . the reason of the difference of the officers that were in southwales from those that were in northwales was , for that northwales was diuided in counties , and framed into shires , and ordered according to the english lawes by the statute made at ruthlane , called statutum walliae , often before mentioned , made in the time of king edward the first , whereas southwales neuerthelesse remained gouerned in some things according to the welsh lawes and customes , euen vntill the said statute made in an . . h. . thus much concerning the officers of both prouinces of northwales and southwales . the prouince of wales had also diuers and sundry officers about his person , and of his houshold , which were these that follow , as they are collected out of records , where mention is made of them . the councell of the prince , consisting of diuers honourable , worshipfull and learned persons , to councell , for the leasing and good disposing of his reuenues . the gouernour of the princes person to whom the education and institution of the yong prince was committed . such was the lord riuers vnto prince edward , i 〈…〉 to king edward the fourth , wherein also the queene , mother vnto the prince ; had a speciall interest , for few things were done concerning the prince , without her priuity and advice . the chamberlaine to the prince , it appeareth that richard ●e 〈…〉 b 〈…〉 e was chamberlaine to the blacke prince , sonne and heire to king edward the third : and sir thomas poole was chiefe chamberlaine to prince arth●re : so was thomas v 〈…〉 , to prince edward , sonne to king edward the fourth . the attourney generall to the prince ▪ william ruddall was sometimes attourney to the prince . the clarke of the princes councell , or secretary , and the keeper of his bookes , writings , and records , his fee was . l. per annum , and his dy 〈…〉 ▪ one thomas tamworth had this office . the vsher of the councell chamber of the prince , his fee was . l. per annum , and his charges for attendance of the councell there ; one thomas 〈◊〉 sometimes and this office . the gentleman vsher of the princes priuie chamber , sir thomas wroth had this office to prince edward in the life of king h. . and yet was that prince neuer created prince of wales . the keeper of the princes wardrobe , who sometimes was one giles danies , and had a patent there of with a fee of . l. . s. yeerely . these officers that follow , are principally necessary , besides many other officers inferiour left out and ●● doubt did serue the princes of this realme , although no mention of them of record . the treasurer or receiuer generall of the prince of all his reuenues , which appeareth in this , that he had his generall exchequer at westminster . the princes chiefe secretary . the master of the princes horses , vnder whom are his equiryes , and those that teach him to ride . the school masters of the prince , as namely , those that teach him the arts and philosophy . the tongues , as the french , italian , spanish , &c. the principles of the lawes of the realme , and of the ciuill and ecclesiasticall lawes . a note of the officers both moderne and present of the locall principality of wales , which officers are allowed fees and other charges going out of the said principality , as doth appeare by diuers accounts before the auditors the last yeere , viz. the . yeere of elizabeth . the chamberlaine of north-wales in the counties of carnaruon , anglesey , and merioneth , his yeerely fee is — — — . l. the constable of the castle of carnaruon , his yeerely fee is — — — — — — . l. . d. the p 〈…〉 ●f 〈…〉 of c 〈…〉 . l. . d. the porter of the towne of conway — — . l. . s. . d. the constable of the towne of conway — ● . l. . s. . d. the said two iustices are allowed yeerely , white they are in circuit in the time of the great sessions . . l. the two iustices for the counties of carnaruon , anglesey , ●●d merioneth ▪ each of them ●a●ing for his yeerely fee ▪ ●● . l. amounting in the whole to the summe of — . l. the attourney in the three counties aforesaid , is allowed for his yeerely fee — . l. . s. . d. the chiefe forrester of snowdon his fee — ● . l. . s. . d. the 〈…〉 er of the pleas , fines , and redemptions before the iustices of north-wales , his yeerely fee was — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the marshall and keeper of the sh●rehouse in the counties of carnaruon , anglesey , and merioneth — . l. . s. . d. the protonotary and clarke of the great sessions is allowed for a reward for his labour , in ingrossing of the estreats of the sessions holden in the said three counties — . l. . s. . d. the barons of the exchequer of carnaruon — . l. . s. . d. for their attendance at carnaruon yeerely — . s. towards the expences allowed the clarke of the exchequer attending the great ●●ssio●● in the said counties of anglesey and merioneth , for writing of the originall writs of euery sessions — . s. for the expences of parchment , paper , inke , and other necessaries spent in the office of the clarke of the crowne — . s. . d. the cryer , whose yeerely fee is — . s. . d. for expences of paper , parchment , inke , and other necessaries spent in the exquerer at carnaruon , and for bags to put money in — . l. . s. for expence of bayliffes itinerant , bringing the writs for collecting of the money by the receiuers . ● . s. summa totalis of carnaruon is . l . d ▪ the constable of the castle of bewmarris , and captaine of the towne , whose yeerely fee was — . l. . s. . d. the steward of m●ney , whose fee was yeerely — . l. the steward of rossaire , whose fee was yeerely — . s. summa totalis anglesey . l. . s. . d the constable of the castle of hardleigh , whose fee is yeerely — . l. the auditors , whose yeerely fees are — . l. . s. . d. and for their charges , they are allowed — . l. the receiuer , whose yeerely fee and allowance for portage of money — . l. ● . s. . d. the surueyo● , whose-yeerely fee is — . l. the woodward , whose yeerely fee is — . l. summa totalis for merioneth . l. . ● . . d. the totall summe for north-wales . l. . ● ▪ . south-wales . the protonotary and clarke of the crowne , in the counties of cardigan , carmarden , pembrooke , and the towne of hauerford-west , whose fee is — . s. the 〈…〉 in the counties of 〈…〉 , cardigan , pembrooke , brecknock , and radnor , whose yeerely ●eeis — ● . l. . s. . d. the stewards of the welsh courts , whose yeerely fee is — . l. the sheriffe of cardigan , whose fee is — . l. summa totalis of cardigan . l. . s. d . the chamberlaine and chancellor of carmarden , whose yeerely fee is — . l. . s. . d. the cryer of the great sessions holden in the counties of carmarden , cardigan , and pembrooke , whose fee is — . s. . d. the constable of the castle of carmarden , whose yeerely fee is — . l. the steward of the welsh courts of the countie of carmarden , whose fee is — . l. the iustices of the counties of carmarden and cardigan , their yeerely fee is to each of them , . l. and they are allowed for their dyet in the times of their great sessions — . l. there is paid yeerely to the protonotary , and clarkes of the crowne for their trauell in making and ingrossing the estreats of the great sessions — . l. summa total is carmarden — . l. . s. . d. the present reuenue of the principality of wales , as the same was in charge before the auditors this last yeere past , viz. elizabeth . the farme and yeerely rents certaine of the mannors , lands , and tenements , in the countie of carnaruon , amounteth vnto . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the casuall profits thereof , . l. . s. . d. ob . summa totalis is — . l. . s. q. the farme and yeerely rents certaine of the mannors , lands , and tenements in the county of anglesey , . l. . s. . d. q. the casuall profits thereof , . l. . s. . d. summa totalis is — . l. . s. . d. q. the farme and yeerely rent certaine of the manners , lands , and tenements in the countie of merioneth . l. . s. ob . q. the casuall profits . l. . s. . d. summa totalis is — . l. . s. . d. ob . q ▪ summa totalis of north-wales yeerely amounteth vnto — . l. . s. . d. q. south-vvales . the farme and rents certaine of the county of cardigan , amounted to . l. . s. . d. the casuall profits thereof . l ▪ . s. . d. summa totalis is — . l. . s. . d. the farme and rents certaine of the county of carmarden , amounted to . l. . s. . d. ob . the casuall profits . l ▪ . s. . d. summa totalis is — . l. . s. . d. ob ▪ the summe totall of south-wales — . l. . s. . d. ob ▪ the yeerely summe , totall being cast vp together , amounteth vnto — . l. . s. d. ob . q ▪ the charges aboue specified , and other issuing all manner of waies out of the same reuenues , amount to . l. . s. . d. which being deducted out of the former totall summe of . l. . s. d. ob . q. there doth rest cleere , the yeerely summe of — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. whereby may be obserued , that the reuenue of the principalitie of wales , in the time of prince edward , called the blacke prince , almost three hund'ed yeeres agoe , without deductions , amounted to . l. . s. . d. q. is now worne and wasted to the summe of . l. . s. , d. ob . q. and with the ordinary deductions and reprizes taken out of it at this present in charges , fees , to officers , and other reprizers , is brought to the summe of — : l. . s. . d. ob . q. which smal sum also ( as the reuenue was to queen elizabeth ) was much lessened , for that a greater summe in the whole amounting yeerely to . l. . s. . d. which did partly arise by reason of the allowance of the dyet of the councell of the marches , being yeerely . l. . s. . d. the fees of the barons of the exchequer in wales , being officers of the principalitie of wales , the auditors fees , woodwards fees , receiuers fees , surueyors fees ; and for the portage of money , was charged as well vpon this reuenue of the prince , as vpon other lands and reuenues belonging to the crowne within the seuerall counties of wales . and so much of the principality of wales . the second part containeth the dvtchy of cornewall . the second part of this reuenue appertaining to the prince , is that which ariseth vnto him out of the dutchie of cornewall , and belongeth vnto him as duke of cornewall . the vttermost part of this island towards the west , stretching it selfe by a long extent into the ocean , is called the county of cornewall ; lying ouer against the dutchie of britaine in france . the people inhabiting the same , are called cornishmen , and are also reputed a remnant of the britaines , the ancient inhabitants of this land : they haue a particular language , called cornish , ( although now much worne out of vse ) differing but little from the welsh , and the language of the britaine 's in france , which argueth their originall to haue beene out of one nation . this territorie was anciently reputed a dukedome , but a little before , and also after the norman conquest , it was an earledome , and so continued vntill the eleuenth yeere of king edward the third , at which time it was of new constituted a dutchie , and the first dutchie that was erected in england after the said conquest . such as were earles thereof in ancient time , before the erection of the said dutchie , were for the most part of the bloud royall ; amongst whom , many being memorable , there was as most ancient , richard earle of cornewall , the elect emperour , or king of the romanes , brother to king henry the third ; but his posterity dying without issue , it came againe to the crowne in the daies of king edward the first ; who conferred the said earledome vpon edward , the prince his sonne , sirnamed of carnaruon ; who being king , conferred the same vpon his minion pierce de gaueston ; but hee being afterwards attainted of treason , and executed , the same earledome was bestowed vpon iohn , sirnamed of eltam , because hee was borne there ; yonger brother to king edward the third ; who dying likewise without issue , it was lastly erected into a dutchy ( as hath beene said ) and conferred vpon edward , afterward surnamed , the black prince , in the eleuenth yeere of the raigne of the said king edward the third , his father . therefore the said king edward purposing to augment the title , of his said sonne , did in the parliament holden in the eleuenth yeere of his reigne , create not only the said edward then before made earle of chester , to be duke of cornwall , but also to honor that publique proceeding the more , did at the same time create diuers and sundry worthy persons , and well deseruing , to sundry dignities of nobility , as by the records extant thereof , doth appeare . the manner of the first creation of the duke of cornwall was very speciall , for the said dignity was conferred vnto the said edward then earle of chester , and to the first begotten sonnes and heires apparant of him , and his heires kings of england for euer . so that it seemeth that the intention thereof was , first that none should bee dukes of cornwall , but such as were eldest sonnes and heires apparant to the crowne ; and that when there was any faile of such person , then the said dignity should remaine insuspence , vntill such son & heire apparant againe were extant . secondly , that the said sonne and heire apparant without any further solemnity or creation , should presently vpon his birth being then heire apparant , to the king , or from the time that hee is heire apparant to the kingdome , bee also duke of cornwall , herein much differing from the order of the principality of wales , which requireth in euery new succeeding prince a new creation and inuesture , and gift of that principality , as hath formerly appeared . the truth of this assertion is made most euident by an act of parliament in the . yeere of the reigne of king henry the . the words whereof are these , moreouer the king considering that his said best beloued , first begotten sonne , at the time of his birth is duke of cornwall , and ought of right to haue liuery of the said dutchy , and of all honors , lordships , signiories , castles , mannors , lands , tenements , rents , possessions , & hereditaments , with their appurtenances to the said dutchy belonging , or parcell of the same in any wise , by the aduice , assent and authority &c. deliuereth , and doth cause to bee deliuered to the said prince , his first begotten sonne , the said dutchy of cornwall , and all honors , lordships , signiories , castles , mannors , lands , tenements , &c. with all other things , possessions , and inheritances , profits , and commodities , with their appurtenances , to the said dutchy annexed , vnited , pertaining , or belonging , or parcell of the same in any wise . the same was after many likewise verified by the charter of king henry the seuenth , being the charter of liuety , made vnto prince arthur his sonne , whereof some part followeth in these words , hemicus deigratta angliae , franciae , rex , & dominus hiberniae , &c. salutem . sciatis quod nos considerantes , quod regnum angliae ( cuius regni soli●● dei gratia portimur ) filij primogeniti in ducatu cornubiae haereditario in perpetuum dicti regni nostriiure sunt successuri atque ex speciali superinde actu promulgato , primo nativitatis suae die maioris atque perfectae praesumitur aetatis , fic quod liberationem dicti ducatus eo tum à nobis petere valeant , atque de iure obtinere debeant , acsi viginti & uninius annorum aetatis plene fuissent , volentes etiam uti debemus , praecharissimo filio nostro primogenito arthuro ius reddere & in nullo eius iure derogare , eundemque ducatum cornubiae cum omnibus & singulis suis membris atque iuribus dicto primogenito nostro sicuti caeterorum principum temporibns bactenus fieri consuevit , liberare ex certa scientia & mero motu nostro , ac●de advisamento & assensu consilij nostri dedimus , concessimus & liberamus , damusque per praesentes , concedimus & liberamus pro nobis & haeredibus nostris & bac praesenti charta nostra confirmavimus eidem filio nostro sub nomine & honore ducis dictiloci , castra , manneria , terras , & tenementa & alia subscripta , ut ipse statum & honorem ducis dicti ducatus decentius generis sui nobilitatem valcat continuare & onera in hac parte incumbentia facilius supportare &c. by which is proued not only that the sonne and heire apparant of the crowne , is duke of cornwall from his birth , or when he is knowne to be sonne and heire apparant , but that the king his father is by law to make vnto him liuery of the said dutchy , lands , and the hereditaments thereunto belonging , although though he be within the age of one and twenty yeeres , as if he were of full and perfect age . but to returne againe vnto king edward the third , and to consider the bestowing of the reuenewes of the said dutchy and the managing thereof , for orders sake i shall therein observe these generall things . first , what reuenewes were bestowed vpon the said dutchy . secondly , the yeerly value of the same , aswell of ancient time , as of latter yeers . and lastly , to set downe the particular officers of the said dutchy , aswell ancient as moderne , by all which the present state of the said dutchy may best appeare . as concerning the former , namely , the reuenewes of the said dutchy as it is obserued that the same doe consist generally of these two kindes , first the lands and hereditaments that are annuall , and secondly the reuenewes that are casuall . the reuenewes annuall are of three kindes , first the lands giuen by the charter made in the eleuenth yeere of king edward the third , and were sometimes the ancient of the said dutchy . secondly certaine knights fees , and other hereditaments g●uen by other letters patents of the same king edward the third , vnto the said duke , which were vnited and annexed by the said latter letters patents vnto the said dutchy . thirdly , and lastly , the lands giuen by act of parliament vnto the said dutchy , and annexed thereunto in liew of other lands that by act of parliament were afterwards taken from the same againe at sundry times , as hereafter shall appeare , for in euery of these there is difference of estate and quality . the reuenewes annuall giuen by the charter made by king edward the third , in the eleuenth yeere of his reigne , and established for the dutchy , are situate and doe lye , first , in the county of cornwall , secondly , in the county of devon , thirdly , in other shires dispersed within this realme . and first of all in the county of cornwall are these following . county of cornwall . the castle , mannor , and parke , and borough of launceston with his appurtenances . the castle and mannor of trematon , and the borough of saltash , and the parke there , with the appurtenances . the castle , borough , and mannor of tyntagell ( if histories doe not fable ) this is supposed to bee the place of birth , and seat of king arthur . the castle and mannor of restormell , with the parke there . the mannor of clymesland , and parke of kerrybollock . the mannor of tibesta , with the bayliwick of powdershire . the mannor of tewynton , with the appurtenances . the mannor and borough of helston in kerier , with the appurtenances . the mannor of moresk , with the appurtenances . the mannor of trewervaile , also tywervaile with the appurtenances . the mannor of penkneth , with the appurtenances . the mannor of peulyn , with the parke there . the mannor of relaton , also rillaton with the beadlery of eastwyve●shire . the mannor of helston in trigshire , with the appurtenances , and the parke of hellesbury : the mannor and borough of leskeret , also liskerd , and the parke there . the mannor of kallestock , with the fishing there , and other his appurtenances . the mannor of talskydo , with the appurtenances in the said county of cornwall . the borough or towne of lostwythiell , together with the milles. devonshire . the fee farme of the city of exeter , . l. per annum . the mannor of lydford , with the appurtenances , together with the chace of dartmore . the mannor and borough of braduish . the water and riuer of dartmouth . in diuers other shires dispersedly . the castle of wallingford , with the hamlets and members thereof , and the yeerely farme of the towne of wallingford , with the honors of wallingford , and saint valeries in the county of oxford , and in all other counties wheresoeuer the said honours doe lie . the castle , mannor , and towne of barkhampsted , with the parke there , and together with the honour of barkhampsted in the counties of hertford , buckingham , and northampton . the mannor of byflet , with the appurtetenances in the county of surry . the castle and mannor of meere , in the county of wiltshire . the castle and mannor of knaresborugh , with his hamlets and members , together with the honour of knaresbury and york , and elsewheresoeuer the said honors doe lie . the mannor of isleworth in the county of middlesex . the mannors of kenmigton and franckshall , together with a meadow in lambeth , and newton in the county of surry . the mannor of rising , with the appurtenances in the county of norfolk , and the fourth part of the talbot of linne , with the appurtenances in the said county . the mannor of chisiemore , and fourescore and eighteene pounds six shillings and eight pence rent , with the appurtenances in the city of coventry , which were then in lease to the queenes mother for her life . and thus much concerning the reuenew locall and annuall of this dutchy of the first kinde , according to the former proposed diuision , being the first inheritance giuen thereunto , and which is so annexed to this dutchy by the words of the said charter , as that by the intent thereof , it should in no case be aliened therefrom . as concerning the reuenew locall and annuall of this dutchy of the second kinde , the said king edward the third for further increase of the said dutchy , by his charter bearing date the said th . yeere of his reigne , did giue vnto the said duke in such manner as is aforesaid . all his knights fees which hee then had in the said county of cornwall , with all wards , escheates , forfeitures , profits , and commodities whatsoeuer thereunto belonging , which fees hee also annexed vnto the said dukedome by the words of the said letters patents , as that the same should in no wise by the intention of that patent be seuered from the same . howbeit some difference may bee conceiued in law , as touching the value of such annexation made by letters patents only , and the former annexation by letters patents which were confirmed or strengthned by act of parliament , concerning the power and ability of aliening and disannexing the same from the dutchy . the last branch of the reuenewes locall and annuall belonging to this dutchy , are such mannors , lands , and hereditaments as haue beene giuen by act of parliament , and annexed vnto the said dutchy in liew of other lands that by act of parliament were formerly taken from the same . and therefore whereas ( by the former letters patents hath appeared ) the mannors of isleworth in the county of middlesex , was giuen and annexed by king edward the third vnto the said dutchy , king henry the fift hauing afterwards founded the monastery which hee called syon , neere adioyning to the said mannor , did by an act of parliament in the ninth yeere of his reigne , seuer the said mannor of isleworth from the said dutchy and conferred the same vnto the said monastery , and in liew thereof by the same act of parliament gaue and annexed to the said dutchy , the mannor of curry , mallet , stoke , vnder hamden , milton , fawconberge , stratton vpon fosse , inglesoome , norton , with welweyton , widcome , farrent , & lauerton , and the moyty of the mannor of westharptr●e , and sheptonmallet , with their appurtenances , in the county of somerset : the mannor of ryme , with his appurtenances in the county of dorset ; and also the moyty of the mannors of maydencot in the county of barkshire , and of magor in the marches of wales , and the fourth part of the mannor of sellings , in the county of kent . all which premisses did exceed the value of the mannor of isleworth yeerly two hundred pounds , which doth appeare aswell by the said act of parliament made in the ninth yeere of king henry the fifth , as also by one other act of parliament made in the three and thirtieth yeere of king henry the fixt , wherein the said former act of parliament is mentioned . likewise king henry the eight at his parliament holden at vvestminster the one and thirtieth yeere of his reigne , and proroged vpon diuers prorogations , vntill the foure and twentieth day of iuly , in the two and thirtieth yeere of his reigne , did seuer the honor and castle of walling ford , and all lordships , mannors , lands , tenements , and other hereditaments thereto belonging , from the dutchy of cornwall , being moued thereunto , for that the said castle and honor is neere adioyning vnto the mannor of newelme , which was by the said act of parliament , made an honour , and therefore for the commodious scituation and vicinitie thereof , the said king did seuer the same from the said dutchie , and made it parcell of the said honour of newelme , whereof hee was then seised in the right of his crowne , and in liew thereof , there were giuen and annexed vnto the said dukedome , the mannors of vvestanton , portlow , north-hill , portpighan , laudren , triloweia , treganoe , trelagan , crosthole , treuitherne , courtney , landulph , leighdurant , and tinton , in the countie of cornewall , and all other his lands in the said places , which came to the said king by the attainder of treason of henry courtney , marquesse of exceter . also the mannors of anstell , fentregan , tremeynalls , tremageuon , fowey , credyowe , and portheaprior in the said countie of cornewall , which came to the said kings hands by the dissolution of the priory of trewardreth in the said countie of cornewall . and also the mannors of breadford , cauerdon , clymesland , pryor , treworgy , stratton , eastway , bowyton , bradrissey , bucklawrue , and bonyaluey , which came to the said kings hands , by the surrender and suppression of the priory of lanceston . all which mannors so newly granted vnto the said dutchie , were by the said act of parliament so annexed thereunto , as were the said castle and honour of vvallingford , and the members and parcels of the same , before the making of the same act of parliament , any act , law , vsage , or custome to the contrary notwithstanding . and thus much concerning the reuenues locall , ( and called in the lawes , he●editamenta corporea ) and of annuall value , which were either originally giuen by king edward the third , and afterward by patent conferred , or by act of parliament in liew of other lands , granted vnto the said dutchie ; which threefold distinction of the said reuenues , is here made , and induced to this end , that it might be obserued that those castles , lordships , mannors , and lands , which were either first giuen vnto the said dutchie , and established by act of parliament , or lastly giuen by act of parliament , in liew of other the lands seuered from the said dutchie , might appeare so to be annexed vnto the said dutchie , by the intent and meaning of the said acts of parliament , and so knit and conioyned thereunto , as that they should not be alienated therefrom , and are of more validitie in that respect then the reuenues of the second sort , which were onely conferred by letters patents , without helpe of parliament , and therefore not so firmely vnited vnto the said dutchie , as are those two former kindes mentioned . inheritances of casuall value belonging to the said dutchie , were these . the duke hath granted vnto him and his heires inheritable , vnto the said dutchie , yeerely to elect , choose , create , and make the sheriffe of cornewall in such sort as the king himselfe doth elect the sheriffes of other counties . the prises & customes of all wines brought into these ports of the said countie of cornewall , and the profits of the ports and hauens there ; and the customes of all wooll , leather , and woollsels , shipped to be transported out of the said dutchie , to be collected by officers appointed by the said duke , wrecke of the sea , and the prerogatiue of all royall fishes , taken and brought to land within the said countie , the hundred courts , and countie courts , and the profits thereof : the prises and customes of wines of the port of sutton , which is now called plymouth , and is partly with in the countie of deuon . also the said duke hath free warren in all his said landsgranted : also hee hath the liberty and returning of all writs and summons directed to the sheriffe of the said countie , which shall not be returned , but by the officers of the said duke , for the time being . also the goods and chattels of all felons and fugitiues , being tenants of the said dutchie . and the benefit of all fines imposed for any trespasse , or crime fynable , and all fynes to be paid for licences , to leuye any fyne or concord of record : and all ame cements , issues , and forfeitures , and the yeere , day , and wast streepe and spoile of the lands of such as are tenants of the said dutchy , vpon murthers , or felons by them committed , and whereof they shall be attainted , and likewise the escuage of all tenants , holding by knights seruice , which they are to pay , being assessed in parliament for their faile of seruice & absence not being with the king when he should make any army or voyage royall against his enemies , whereby such escuage doth come due . also there is annexed vnto the said dutchie , the stannaries and profits of the coynage of tynne within the said counties of deuon and cornewall . for the better vnderstanding whereof , it is to be obserued , that in the said counties ( being in many parts thereof , mountanous , full of wast grounds and moores : ) there is found great quantities of tynne , the purest , best , and most plentifullest in europe ; by reason whereof , it hath euer beene accounted one of the staple commodities of this kingdome , and of good estimation in forraigne regions . these mynes of tynne in these west parts of the kingdome , were not vnknowne to the romanes , as appeareth by diodorus siculus , who liued in the time of augustus the emperour , aboue . yeeres sithence ; and who thus writeth thereof : britanij qui iuxta velerium promontorium incolunt mercatorum vsum qui co stanneri gratia nauigant humaniores reliquis ergahospites habentur . hiexterra saxosa cuius venas s●quuti effodiunt stannum ignem eductum , in quandam insulam ferunt britanicum iuxta quam ictam vocant maris fluxu videntur insulae cum vero refluit exsicato interiecto littore curribus co stannum deferunt , &c. ex hijs insulis mercatores emptum stannum in galliam portant , inde diebus fere triginta cum equis ad fontem eridani fluminis perducunt . that promontorie which he calleth velerium , by the iudgement of all learned in cosmographie , is now called the lyzard , and is scituate in the west part of cornewall . the island that he calleth icta , is the wight , and that which he saith was an island , and at the floud , and at low water , passable from the mayne , is a true description of portland , as it is at this day , being not farre from the i le of wight ; vnto which place out of cornewall , the tynne was brought to be transported into france , from whence it was carried thirty dayes iourney on horsebacke , and so ouer the alpes into italy , euen to the fountaines of eredanus , as he saith , which is the riuer now called the po in piemont and lumbardy . i doe alledge his authority , the rather for that he in a manner set out the laborious search for tynne in those dayes , euen as it is vsed by the spaliard at this day with great industrie and paines ; hi ex terra saxosa venas sequunti effodiunt stannum , &c. all the moores and wastes wherein the tynne is found , being of ancient time belonging to the kings , and many of the said moores at this day being parcell of this dutchie of cornewall . the kings of this land in former times haue cast their princely care to establish a good and orderly mannaging of the said commoditie , and haue endowed the tynners with sundry priuiledges for their good gouernement , thereby the more to encourage them in the search of tyn. and thereupon by ancient charters , the whole company and body of tynners , in euery of the said counties of deuon and cornewall , are cast and diuided in foure seuerall stanneryes or iurisdictions : in euery of which stanneries , there is a court to minister iustice in all causes personall arising betweene tynner and tynner , and betweene tynner & forraigner ; and also for and concerning the right and ownership of tynne mynes , and the disposition thereof , except in causes of land , life , and member ; and if any false and vniust iudgement be giuen in any of the said courts , the party grieued may make his appeale vnto the lord warden of the stanneries , who is their superiour iudge , both for law and equity ; and from him , vnto the body of the councell of the lord prince , duke of cornewall , to which duke the stanneryes are giuen , as by the former charters haue appeared , and from them the appeale lyeth to the kings most royall person . when matters of moment concerning the state of those mynes or stanneryes , shall come to be questioned or debated ; there are in euery of the said counties , by the direction of the lord warden , seuerall parliaments , or generall assemblies of the tynners summoned , whereunto euery stannery within that countie sendeth iurates or burgesses , by whose aduice and consent , constitutions , orders , and lawes , are made and ordained touching tynne ; causes which being promulged , the same doe binde the whole body of tynners of that countie as firmely , as if the same had beene established in the generall parliaments of the realme . as touching the persons that deale or entermeddle with tynne , and therefore carry the name of tynners , they are of foure kindes . first , the owners of the soile where mynes are found . secondly , the aduenturer for tynne , which may haue by the law of tynners , power and disposition of a myne or tyn-worke , although he be not owner of the soile . thirdly , the merchant , broker or regrator of tynne , which either buyeth to transport out of the realme , or else to regrate and sell againe within the realme . and fourthly , the spadiard or spaliard so called , because he liueth by his spade , and is the myne-worker and labourer for tynne , who commonly in respect of his poore estate , is eaten out by the hard and vsurious contracts for tynne , which he is driuen to make with the merchant or regrator . for those poore labourers hauing no wages certaine , but onely shares in the mynes , as the quantity thereof shall arise ; and being not able to sustaine themselues and their family , vntill the tynne of coynage , and marts for tynne shall come , which are halfe yeerely ; hee is by necessity compelled for a small summe of money aforehand , to enter into bond vnto the merchant or regrator of tynne , to deliuer him at the the time of the next ensuing coynage , tynne , in value much more then the money he had formerly receiued . there are also two kindes of tynne , the one called blacke tynne , which is the tynne oare broken and washed , but as yet not blowne , molten , or founded into mettall ; and white tynne , which is the tynne after that it is founded and moulten into mettall , and this is also of two sorts , soft tynne , which is best merchantable , and hard tynne , which is least merchantable ; it is not lawfull by the law of tynners , and it is by the ancient charters of the priuiledges granted by the kings of england vnto the tynners , expresly forbidden vnder forseiture of the tynne , that no tynne shall be sold within euery of the said counties , either blacke or white tynne , but onely at two set times of the yeere , at places appointed ; in which places , all the vendable tynne in the said seuerall counties is brought , and there by the officers of the duke , the same is weighed by a beame , and weights thereto appointed , and after the same is coyned with a stampe , it is thereupon allowed to be sold , and not before ; for which weighing and stampe , commonly called the coynage , there is due to the lord prince , as duke of cornewall , the summe of . s. for euery thousand weight of tynne so weighed and coyned , which is parcell of the casuall reuenues of the said dutchie , and first granted by king edward the third , vnto the duke of cornewall , and annexed vnto the said dutchie by the name of coynage of tynne . moreouer , not onely the kings of england in their times , but also the dukes of cornewall in their times , haue had the preemption of tynne , which is a priuiledge belonging and reserued vnto themselues by their charters of liberties granted vnto the tynners , which appertaineth vnto them , as is conceiued by the learned , ratione proprietatis tanquam summis dominis , & proprietarijs quam ratione praerogatiuae suae : not vnlike that which other kings haue in forraigne countries , whereof casaneus thus maketh mention , praefertur princeps in emptione metallorum , alledging an imperiall constitution of the coad for proofe thereof ; and of which preemption , as by some presidents may be proued , both the kings of england , and dukes of cornewall haue made vse , when otherwise they stood in need of money for the managing of their affaires . and thus much touching the reuenues of the countie of cornewall . the whole reuenues vnto edward the prince , sirnamed the blacke prince , sonne and heire apparant vnto king edward the third , as by a notable suruey thereof appeareth , accounting all profits annuall and casuall as they hapned , communibus annis , one yeere with the other , and as rated . e. . in manner as ensueth . the reuenues of the dutchie of cornwall , as it was rated by suruey taken . e. . amounting in the whole without reprises , vnto . l. . s. . d. q. whereof in particular , viz. for cornewall . l. . s. . d. ob . for deuon . l. . s. . ob . q. in other shires . l. ● . s. : d. the summe totall of the whole reuenue of the said dutchie , amounteth vnto — : l. . s. . d. q. the reuenue of the said dutchie of cornewall , as it appeareth by the accounts of the receiuer thereof , in the fifteenth yeere of king henry the eight , amounted of cleere yeerely value vnto — . l. . s. . d. q. in particular as followeth . cornewall . the issues of the mannors and boroughes in the countie of cornewall — . l. . s. . d. q. the issues of the hundreds and hundred-courts , and of the office of the sheriffe — . l. . s. . d. ob : the issues of the stannery courts , in both the counties of deuon and cornewall , accounted for by the seuerall bayliffes of the seuerall stanneries of the counties — . l. . s. ● . d. the profits of the office of the hauenour in the said countie of cornewall — . l. d. : the profits of the offices of the feodarie and esche●tor of both the counties — . l. . s. . d. ob : deuon . the issues of the mannors and boroughes in the countie of deuon , and of the chase and forrest of dertmore in the said countie of deuon — . l. . s. d. ob . q ▪ the issues of the water of dartmouth — . l. the fee farme of the citie of exon , and of the castle there — . l. s. : the issues and profits of the coynage of tynne in the said counties of deuon and cornewall , in the said . h. . — . l. . s. . d. q. for white rent , which is a dutie payable yeerely by euery tynner in the county of deuon , and antiently due , that is , of euery tynner . d. which summe in the whole , collected from . tynners in that county amounted vnto the summe of — . l. . s. . d. forraine counties . the issues and profits of the forraine minnors which doe lie out of the said counties of deuon and cornwall , in other the counties of england — . l. so that the whole reuenew of the said dutchy of cornwall without reprizes , amounted vnto — . l. . s. . d. q. but to the intent it may appeare what are the castles , mannors , lands , tenements , and hereditaments now or lately belonging vnto the said dutchy , and how the present reuenewes thereof do rise , i will here enter into the particularity thereof , as they were accompted for to queene elizabeth in the fourth and fortieth yeere of her reigne , which is the last accompt extant . cornwall . mannors in the county of cornwall . the mannor of rylaton of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of clymesland of the yeerly rent of . l. . s. . d. the mannor of helston of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of liskerd of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of tybefta of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. q. the mannor of tywaruaile of the yeerly rent of . l. . s. the mannor of tallyskydy of the yeerly rent of . l. . s. . d. the mannor of penninayne of the yeerly rent of . l. . s. . d. the mannor of calestock of the yeerly rent of . l. . s. . d. q. the mannor of trematon of the yeerly rent of . l. . s. . d. ob : the fee of trematon of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. the mannor of refflormell of the yeerly rent of . l. s. . d. ob . the mannor of penkneth of the yeerly value of . l. . s. . d. ob . the mannor of peulyn of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. ob . the mannor of tewynton of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the mannor of helston in kerier of the rent of . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the mannor of tyntagell of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. . the mannor of moresk of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannors in the county of cornwall newly annexed by king henry the eight vnto the said dutchy in liew of the honor of wallingford , and were in times past parcell of the possessions of the priory of trewardreth in the county of cornwall . the mannor of anstell of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of fentrigan of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of trewenuen of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of crediock of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. ob . the yeerly farme of the mannor of fowye — . s. . d. the mannor of porthea prior of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. the summe totall of these annexed mannors belonging sometimes to the priory of trewardreth — . l. . s. . d. ob . the mannors in the county of cornwall annexed vnto the said dutchy in liew of the honor of wallingford , which were sometimes parcell of the priory of launceston . the farme of the mannor of carvidon prior of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of clymesland prior of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of treworgy of the yeerly rent of . l. . s. . d. the farme of the mannor of stratton of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the farme of the mannor of bucklawren of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the farme of the mannor of eastway of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the farme of the mannor of bonialvay of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. the farme of the mannor of boyton of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. the summe totall of these mannors which were sometimes parcell of the priory of trewardreth — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the mannors of the county of cornwall , which lately were the lands of the marquesse of exceter , and annexed vnto the dutchy of cornwall in liew of the honor of wallingford and s. valeries . the mannor of crosthole of the rent of — . s. . d. the mannor of port pighan of the rent of — . s. ob . q. the fee farme of the mannor of portlow of the yeerly rent of — . l. . s. . d. ob . the fee farme of the mannor of northill — . s. . d. the fee farme of the mannor of laudreyn — . s. . d. the mannor of tregameere of the rent — . l. . d. the mannor of trelugan of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of trevarven courtney — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of leighdurrant of the rent of — . l. . s. . d. now aliened away from the said , &c. the fee farme of the mannor of tinton — . l. . s. . d. the receiuer accompted for — . l. . s. . d. summa totalis — . l. . s. . d. q. the boroughs in cornwall . the borough of liskerd of the rent of — . l. the borough of grampound — . l. . s. . d. the borough of helston in kerier — . l. . s. . d. the borough of bossymy — . l. . s. . d. q. the borough of lostwythiell of the rent — . l. . s. . d. ob . the borough of camelford of the rent — . l. . s. . d. q. the borough of saltash of the rent — . d. the borough of launceston of the rent — . l. . s. . d. the borough of eastlow of the yeerly value of . s. the summe totall of the rent of the boroughs in cornwall . — . l. . s. . d. ob . the hundreds in the county of cornwall and the profits thereof belonging to the said dutchy . the hundred of kerier the issues were — . l. . s. the hundred of pewith the issues — . l. . s. . d. the hundred of powder the issues — . l. . s. . d. the hundred of pyder the isues are — . l. . s. ob . the hundred of east the issues whereof — . l. . s. . d. the hundred of west the issues were — . l. . s. . d. the hundred of stratton the issues — . s. . d. ob . the hundred of trigshire the issues — . l. . s. . d. the hundred of les●ewith the issues — . s. summa totalis of the hundreds amounteth — . l. . s. . d. the profits of the office of the sheriffe which are casuall , and vncertaine , and not accompted for vpon the last receiuers accompt . the profits of the hauenor , the profits of whose office were this last yeere — . l. . s. . d. the office of the feodary , the profits whereof were this last yeere — . l. . s. . d. ob . the summe totall whereof amounted vnto . l. . s. . d. ob . the profits of the stanneries in cornwall . the issues of the foure stannerie courts in the said county of cornwall , viz. of tywarvaile — . s. . d. of blackmore — . l. . s. . d. of fowymore — . s. of pewith in kerier — . l. . s. . d. summa totalis — . l. . s. . d. the farme of the toll of tynne in the lordships of helston in kerier , tywarvaile , and tewyngton — . l. . s. . d. the fines for license giuen to the ti●ners for the coynage of their tynne after the coynages appointed , namely , for such tynne as then was not ready to be coyned at the set time of the coynage , that is , of euery hundred weight of tynne so coyned besides the ancient duty for the coynage , which amounteth in the whole to the summe of — . l. . s. . d. there are also fines imposed for the making and casting vp of tynne deceiptfully , if any such be found , and there are also forfeitures of tynne , being sold before the coynage thereof , wherewith the receiuer is charged and doth answer vpon his accompt when any such profit doth arise . the coynage of tynne in the county of cornwall at the foure mart townes , viz. truro , liskerd , lostwithiell , and helstow , with the profits thereof did this last yeere amount vnto — . l. . s. . d. summa totalis for the profit of the tynne in cornwall the last yeere — . l. . s. . d. there was also paid by the patentees of the preemption , . l. the last yeere , which is not now expressed , because the patent thereof is repealed and giuen vp . the fee-farme of the islands of sylley , lying in the sea by west , the lands end in cornewall , is yeerely — . l. the whole reuenue of the duke of cornewall , was this last yeere — . l. . s. deuon . the fee-farme of the citie of exceter , and of the castle there yeerely — . l. s. ▪ the mannor of lydford of the yeerely rent of assise — . l. . s. . d. for the maior of lydford , for the issues of his office yeerely — . l. . s. . d. of the mannor of the borough of south teyng yeerely — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the mannor , borough , and other profits in breadinch , this last yeere amounted to — . l. . d. the issues of the forrest of dartmore — . l. . s. . d. ob . the issues of the stannery in the county of deuon as followeth . the issues of the foure stannery courts , viz. plympton , t●●●stocke , aisberton , and chagford , amounted this last yeere vnto — . s. . d. the white rent , which is a rent yeerely paid by the tynners of deuon , viz. . d. for euery tynner , they being fourescore and seauenteene in number , amounteth vnto — . s. . d. for the coynage of deuon , in the seuerall townes of coynage there , viz. chagford , aisberton , plympton , and tauestock — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. summe totall for coynage of tynne in the countie of deuon — . l. . s. ob . q. for the issues of the riuer of dartmouth , receiued of the maior of dartmouth by way of farme yeerely . l. . s. . d. the reuenue of the dutchie of cornwall in forraigne shires as followeth . the mannor of , meere , in the countie of wilts , the yeerely rent is — . l. . s. . d. ob . the mannor of fordington in the county of dor●●t yeerely — . l. . s. . d. ob . the mannor of currymallet in the county of sommerset yeerely — . l. . s. . d. ob . the fee-farme of the citie of couentry yeerely — . l. the mannor of shipton in the county of berke yeerely — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of old shorne in the countie of sussex yeerely — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of kensington in the countie of surrey yeerely — . l. the mannor of framsdon and pethont in the countie of suffolke — . s. . d. the issues of the honour of parkehamsted amounteth yeerely to — . l. . s. . d. ob . the farme of wood in the mannor of berkhamsted called berkhamsted frith — . l. of the issues of the lordship of kirton in the countie of lincolne , with the soke there yeerely — . l. . s. ob . q. the summe totall of the issues and profits of the dutchie of cornewall in forraigne shires — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the farme of the woods of diuers mannors , parcels of the said dutchie the last yeere , was — . l. . s. . d. the woodward is to account yeerely for wood sales with the said dutchie , which is a casuall profit , and as the same falleth out vpon wood sales made — the summe totall of the reuenues of the said dutchie of cornewall in the whole , yeerely was — . l. . s. . d. q. so that it appeareth by the foresaid accounts and records , that the said dutchie of cornewall , now , or lately did consist of tenne seuerall castles , which in ancient time both for building , were very stately , and for scituation very strong ; but now they are all either vtterly ruinated , or declining to decay and ruine : of parkes , parcell of the said dutchie , there were in ancient time about the number of nine , and one chase or forrest , all being of large extent , and replenished with deere , but now they are almost all disparked , and the deere spoiled and destroyed . the said dutchie hath , or lately had therein , about fifty three mannors , many of which are of great yeerely rent of assize ; and of antient boroughs and townes ; there are within the said dutchie to the number of thirteene of speciall name and regard . there belong to the said dutchie , as parcell thereof , nine seuerall hundreds , of which premisses the said dutchie doth consist . to make an estimate of the yeerely value of the said dutchie , concerning all the reuenue thereof , as by the said accounts and records appeareth , may amount to aboue the summe of . l. . s. . d. ob . but the certaine yeerely value , by reason it consisteth of great casuall profits , cannot well bee drawne to a consideration annuall . the charges and reprizes which were paid out of the reuenues of the said dutchie , and wherewith the same this last yeere was charged , are these which follow . the receiuer , whose yeerely fee is — . l. the constable of the castle of lanceston — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the feodary and escheator — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the controller of the coynage in the said counties of deuon and cornewall , with the charges of the goale of lostwithiell , is yeerely — ●● . ● . the fee of the steward of the said dutchie in the countie of cornewall — . l : . s. . d. the steward of the borough of breadinch in the countie of deuon , and of all the mannors of the said countie of deuon belonging to the said dutchie — . l. the fee of the forrest of dartmore is yeerely — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the steward and keeper of the courts of the mannors in the county of cornewall , which sometimes were the marquesse of exceter , and now parcell of the lands annexed vnto the said dutchy — . s. . d. the fee of the bailiffe itinerant of the said dutchie of cornewall — . l. . d. the fee of the woodward of the said dutchie of cornewall yeerely — . l. the summe totall of the fees of the officers of the said dutchie of cornewall — . l. . s. . d. money paid vnto the captaine of the castle of saint mawes — . l. . s. . d. money paid to the captaine of the castle of pendynas , both which castles are for the defence of the hauen of falmouth — . l. . s. . d. summe totall — . l. . s. paid yeerely to the bishop of exceter for the tenth of the coynage of tynne in deuon and cornewall — . l. . s. . d. paid yeerely vnto the barons of the exchequer forth examination of the accounts belonging to the said dutchie — . l. the summe totall of all the charges and reprizes taken out thereof , amounted vnto — . l. . s. . d. which being deducted out of the generall summe of the reuenues of the said dutchie , being by estimation , . l. . s. . d. q. there may remaine of cleere reuenue , the summe of . l. s . d. q. which cannot be cast into a certaine yeerely value , by reason of the casuall profits , and casuall expences which may happen yeerely . and thus much of the dutchie of cornewall . the earledome of chester . the third reuenue , is the earledome of chester , whereunto is annexed the countie of flint , belonging to the prince , as earle of chester . the earledome of chester is the third reuenue before spoken of : this earledome bordering vpon north-wales for the better defence of that country , and that the inhabitants should not be thence withdrawne in sutes of law , was made palatyne , and conferred by the conquerour vpon his kinsman , hugh , sirnamed loupe , or lupus , sonne to the earle of awrenches in normandy , to whom hee gaue this earledome , to haue and to hold , to him and his heires , as the words of the first donation import , it a libere adgladium sicut ipse rex tenebat angliam & coronam . this earledome for the more honour thereof , and for the better accomplishment of the palatyne iurisdiction therin ▪ hath certaine substitute baronyes vnder it , who doe acknowledge the earle palatyne to be their superiour lord : as , the baron of halton . the baron of mountalt . the baron of ma●ban●k . the baron of shibrooke . the baron of malpas . the baron of mascey . the baron of kinderton . the baron of stockport . this earledome from the said hugh lupus , discended in his bloud and k●ndred by sundry descents vnto iohn , sirnamed scot , earle of chester , anguise , galway , and huntingdon ; who in the time of king henry the third , dying without issue , the said king henry the third , seized the same into his hands , giuing the aunts and next coheires of the said iohn , other lands , by exchange ; which thing the said king was induced to doe , as the record saith , netanta haereditas inter colos diduceretur , not willing that so great a patrimony should be● parted amongst disttaffs . afterward king edward the first was by his father , the said king henry the third , created earle of chester . but the same earldome being afterwards conferred vpon simon de monford , by his attainder it came the crowne . after that edward the third in the life-time of his father , and before he tooke vpon him the kingdome , had the said earledome , but afterwards hee being king , gaue the same to his eldest sonne edward , surnamed the black prince , by his charter bearing date at pomfret the eighteenth day of march , in the seuenth yeere of his reigne , and inrolled of record in the exchequer anno . of the same king. by which charter the said king did grant vnto the said earle of chester , the castles of chester , beston , rothlan , and flint , and all his lands there . and also the cantred and lands of englefield , together with the knights fees , aduousons , liberties , franchises , forrests , chaces , parks , woods , warrens , and other the appurtenances thereunto belonging , to haue and to hold to him and to his heires kings of england . and the same king by another charter bearing date the ninteenth of march , in the seuenth yeere of his reigne , granted vnto the said earle of chester all his goods , chattels , stock of cattell then being in or vpon the said lands of the said earldome formerly granted . moreouer all the kings of england succeeding , when they created their sonnes and heires apparant , princes of wales , did also create them earles of chester , to haue and to hold the same vnto him so created , and his heires kings of england , in such manner as the principality of wales was giuen vnto him . and did by their seuerall charters giue vnto the said earle , the said earledome , and lands , as namely , the said castles of chester , beston , rothlan , and flint , and the castle also of hope , and the mannors of hope and hopedall , and of foresha● , and the said cantred and lands of englefield , and other their lands in the said counties of chester , flint , and elsewhere belonging vnto the said earledome . and the aduouson of the cathedrall church of saint asaph in wales , and the auoydance , issues , and profits of the temporalities of the bishopricks of chester , and saint asaph aforesaid , together with all aduousons , pentions , portions , corrodies , offices , prizes , customes , liberties , franchises , lordships , comots , hundreds , escheats , forfeitures , and hereditaments vnto the said earldome belonging . and to the intent that it may the better appeare both what the ancient reuenewes were of the said earledome , and also what it is at this present , i shall according to the order before pursued , set downe the ancient reuenew thereof , as it was in the latter time of king edward the third , and also how it now standeth in charge to your maiestie . the ancient reuenews of the earldome of chester as it was taken vpon the suruey thereof made in the fiftieth of edward the third . the county of chester . the fee farme of the city of chester — . l. for other profits out of the said citie — l the farme of the towne of medwick — . l the farme of the milles vpon the riuer of dee — l the manner of dracklow in yeerly rent — . l. . d. the farme of the mannor of dummarsh — . l the forrest of mara the issues and profits thereof — . l. . s. the rents and profits of norwich are — l the mannor of shotwick the rents are — . l. . s. . d. the mannor of eordsham in yeerly rent — . l. . s. . d. the profits of the office of the sheriffe of the said county — . l. . s. . d. the perquisits of courts holden by the iustice of chester — . l. the profits of the office of the escheator — l the summe totall of the reuenew of the said earldome of chester . — . l. . d. the county of flint . the profits of the mannor of hope and hopedale — . l. the profits of the mannor of ellow and of the mynes of coles there — . l. the profits of the office of constable of rothlan whereof he was countable — . l. . s. the rent of the towne of flint — . l. the rent of the towne of colshull — . l. . s. . d. the rent of the towne of carourse — . l. . s. . d. the rent of the towne of bagherge — . l. . s. . d. ob . the towne of veyuoll yeerly — . l. . s. . d. the towne of rothlan and rent thereof — . l. . s. . d. the towne of mosten and rent thereof — . l. . s. . d. the profits of the office of escheator of englefield — . l. the bloglot of the county of flint , which consisteth of the profits of the hundred courts within the said county — . l. . s. . d. ob . the perquisits of the sessions in flint — . l. the profits of the escheator in the said county — . l. summe totall of the reuenews of the earldome rising in the county of flint — . l. . s. . d. the rents of the borough of macklefield — . l. the profits of the hundred of macklefield — . l. . s. the profits of the forrest of macklefield — . l. the accompt and profits of the store of macklefield — . l. . s. . d. the herbage and agistments of the parke of macklefield — . l. summe totall of the lordship of macklefield . l. . d. the summe totall of all the reuenew of the said earldome of chester in the said counties of chester and flint , and the lordship ▪ of macklefield — . l. . s. . d. out of which totall summe there was deducted these summes following . pentions in almes of the said earledome — . l. . s. . d. to sir richard stafford the summe of . l. paid vnto him as due of a rent out of the said earldome — . l. the fee of the iustices yeerly — . l. which being deducted , the whole reuenew of the said earldome remaining , not allowing any other fees to officers , amounted vnto . l. . s. . d. the reuenews of the same earldome as they now stand in charge to your maiestie are in this manner . the county of chester . the fee farme of the city of chester — . l. . s. d. ob . the escheated lands with the same city — . s. the rents of the mannor of dracklow and rudeheath — . l. . s. . d. the farme of the towne of medywick — . l. . s. the profits of the office of mara and modern — . l. . d. the profits of the mannor and parke of stotwick — . l. . d. the fulling m 〈…〉 vpon the riuer dee — . l. the annuall profits of the mannor of fordsham . — . l. the profits of the hundred of macklefield — . l. . d. the farme of the borough of macklefield — . l. . d. the profits of the forrest of macklefield — . l. . s. . d. ob . q. the profits of the escheeter of chester — . l. . s. the profits of the office of the sheriffe of the said county — . l. . s. . d. the profits of the chamberlaine of the county of chester — . l. . s. samme totall of the revenewes in the said earldome of chester in the county of chester — . l. . d. q. the county of flint . the yeerly value of ellow — . l. . s. the farme of the towne of flint — . l. . s. d. the farme of cayrou●e — . l. . s. . d. the castle of ruthlan — . l. . s. . d. the rents and profits of mosten — . l. the rents and profits of ●olshill — . s. . d. the rents of the towne of ruthlan — . l. . s. . d. the lands in englefield in yeerly value — . l. . d. the profits of vayuoll — . l. . s. the profits of the o 〈…〉 ce of the esche 〈…〉 — . l. . s. . d. the mynes of cole and wood within the mannor of mosten — . s. the office of the sheriffe in rents and casualties — . l. the mynes and profits of the faires of northope . l. . s. . d. the totall summe of the said reuenue in yerely rent , . l. . s. . d. in casualties was lastly . l. . d. the totall in the whole — . l. . s. the fees of the officers of the said earledome . the county of chester . the fee of the office of the escheator — . l. . s. the fee of the iustices of assizes in the counties of chester and flint - — . l. the fee of the attourney generall . — . l. . s. . d. the fee of faure sergeants at law in the said county . l. . s. . d. the fee of the chamberlaine of chester — . l. the fee of the sheriffe of chester — . l. the fee of the constable of the castle of chester - . l. . s. the fee of the constable of the castle of flint — . l. the fee of the ranger of the forrest of mara — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the porter of the castle of flint — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the porter of the said castle , and of the bailiffe itinerant there — . l. . s . d. the fee of the gouernour of the forrest of macklefield — . l. the fee of two clarkes of the exchequer at chester , for euery of them . l. . s. . d. — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the surueyor of the workes within the said countie palatine — . l. . d. the fee of the keeper of the gardens of the castle of chester — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the cryer of the exchequer at chester . l. . s. the yeerely fee of the master carpenter — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the controller of the counties of chester and flint — . l. . s. . d. the yeerely fee of the pregnatory — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the master cementer — . l. . s. . d. the fee of the chalpaine of the castle of chester — . s. the fee paid vnto the deane and chapter of chester — . l. . s. to the master of the hospitall for his fee — . l. . s. the summe of this charge in chester , amounteth vnto — . l. . s. . d. which summe of . l. s. . d. being deducted out of the former totall summe of . l. s. d. q. there doth remaine . l. . s. d. q. which is the cleere remaine of the earledome of chester and flint — . l. . s. . d. q. hitherto haue beene expressed the reuenues of the principality of wales , dutchie of cornewall , and earledome of chester , and the state of them as well antient as moderne ; which moderne estate is much impaired in the reuenue of the land , and so greatly diminished from his former amplitude , that i may fitly say thereof , quantum mutatus a●●llo ; for the reducing whereof to the pristine dignitie , there may be requisite ; first , a perfect and speciall suruey of all the said reuenues , after which it may stand with your maiesties gratious pleasure , either to supply the same by act of parliament , as did king edward the third , or else to direct the same so , as to your princely wisedome shall be thought most conuenient . this treatise i haue accomplished with as much perspicuity and breuity , as my slender ability could afford to giue vnto it . for as touching perspicuity , this argument intreated of , is such as it refuseth all ornament and good composition , as a knotty timber that reiecteth the plaine : and i may say thereof truely , as in the like case the poet affirmeth , vix est contenta doceri . some presidents found of record concerning the forme and disposition of the said reuenues , with sundry other particularities , i haue purposely omitted , fearing lest this treatise be growne already too tedious , and yet the same are carefully reserued ▪ neuerthelesse vntill time doe minister occasion to make further vse of them : which my trauell , with all dutie and loyaltie , i lay downe at your maiesties feete , crauing pardon for my presumption and manifold imperfections appearing therein ; for omnia habere in memoria , & in nullo errare diuinum est , potius quam humanum , as writeth bracton , an auntient iudge of this realme , who liued three hundred yeeres agoe . the lord blesse your maiestie with all his blessings both spirituall and temporall , and who hath giuen you this particular blessing , that your maiestie may truely say with king dauid ; thou hast deliuered me from the contentions of my people , thou hast preserued mee to be the head ouer nations , the people which i knew not doe serue mee . and the lord further grant that you and your royall issue may gouerne vs and our posterity in peace and happinesse vnto the worlds end . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e suetonius . lampridus . tacuus . notes for div a -e wales , what part of the island of albion . hum. lloyd apud ort●lium in thesaur geographico . et idem hum. lloyd in frag ▪ mento britanniae descriptioue ●ol . mi●i ●o . rilsanus duflius in dictionario suo teutonico-latino in verbo walliae . saissons or saxons . wales anciently no parcell of the realme of england . . b . . b. . b. . . a. ● . b. . . b. . b. . . b. com. plow . b. & b. vid. cambd. in com radnor expolicratico io●●nis barisburiensis . b. . b. com. plowd : . b. . b. les auncient tenures fol . com. plow . ● . b. edw. . tooke vpon him the name of prince of wales record . tu●●is london . h. . polydor virgil . lib. . fol. mi●i . doctor powel in the welsh chro. fo . . matth. paris . a●●o . so . mi●i . patent . . ● . pa●●prima . wales su●●●ed by k. edw. . the shires made by e. . were these . statum waliae . : ed. the first . the chronicle of wales compiled par●ly by h. lloyd , and partly by doctor powel page . cronica angliae ●mnia huiu● temporis . edward the black prince , prince of wales ex chartacreationis in parliament● a. . ● . ● the manner of the inucsture of the prince . garter king at armes hath the manner and order of this creation and inuesture painted . ex charta regia data mar●●j a. . ed. . termino michaelis , a. e. . rot . exparte remen . ●ratoris thesaury in curia scaccari● . this rice ap meredick rebelled against k. edw. . after his conquest of wales , as appeareth in the chronicles of that time . voydance of bishoprickes . customes and prices of wines executions of iustice and a chancery , forrests , chases , parkes , wariens . vid. . et . p. et m. nu . . vid. com. . a. . eliz. . a. nu . . dier . . h. . libre prime digestorum iuris civilis . tituulo de legibus lege . ex charta regui data . septem . irrotulata in memorandis scij . a. . e. . termino michaelis rot. . the cronicks of england of this time . rich. of burdeaux sonne of the black prince created prince of wales after the death of his father . charta regia d●●a . nou. an. . ed. . ex rotule chartarum de deanno . regni regis , b. . alta charta eodem anno. carta regia . marty . . he● . . edward , sonne and heire apparant of king hen. the sixt , prince of wales . his creation . . h. . the king to haue the reucnues , till the prince accomplish the age of fourteene yeeres . ex charta regia dot . in scaccario penes remem●r . thesaurar . remanente . in chartes pat . b pars . ● . . e. pars . membr . . pat . . e. . pars . ed. . vpon his returne into england tooke an oath at york that he would not claime the kingdome , but only the dutchy of york . inter warra . ad magnum sigillum in cancellaria . ex charta de concess . de ●ryg . &c. . h. . inter warr . ad magnum sigillum in cancellaria . a councell assigned the said prince . charta creationis pri●● . waliae . h. . com. ministre . ducat . cornw . . & . b. . inter recordeur augment . doctor pow. in chronic. wall. statum walliae fol. . e. a. geraldus camb. . . e. i. ro● . . hill. . e. apud 〈…〉 r. sca 〈…〉 rij . the chamberlaines accompts . . e . . & i● le nouel print . . a. . h . b. chamberlains accompts . ministers accompts . h. ● . ministers accompe● . e. chamberlains accompts . . h. . . b. . h. . . a. the marches of wales another policy the originall of the baro ▪ ni●s ma●●●●●●s . ● . e . fitz. ●ss●● . . . e. ● . fitz●a . iurisdiction . . e. . . . . h. ● ▪ fitz●a . ●urisdiction . . ● . . . ● . . ● . . ● . ●ohn , bishop of worcester , first president of the marches of wales . doctor powell , in c●●on . walli● p. . stat. h. . cap. . statutum de . h. . cap. . stat. . h. . cap. . stat. . h. . cap. . stat. . h. . cap. . circuits . . h. . cap. . stat. iustice stat. . eliz. cap. . stat. . h. . cap. . & . stat. . eliz. cap. . criminall causes . ciuill causes . common pleas . iustices of af●ise . writs either iudiciall or originall . the great sessions . adiournements . . ● . . cap. . ● . . prothonatory . clarke of the crowne . at the kings appointment . the marshall . cryer . the clarke of the peace . the sheriffe . . h. . cap. . the county court deriued from iustice commutatiue . escheator . . h. . cap. . coroners . . h. . cap. . skeene in verborum significationem iuris scotiae . these are in scotland . constables of the hundred . the goale . the iurisdiction of the councell of the marches of wales . statum . h. ● . ca. . iustice of northwales . chamberlaine . auditor . comptroler . atturney . surueyor . constable . captaine . souldiers . porter . constable . captaine . souldiers . porter : constable souldiers . constable . captaine . souldiers porter . forrester ; steward . marshall . exchequer . iustice , auditor . attorney . constable . sheriffe . steward . clarke . crier . steward . penkeys . steward . clarke . bailiffe . baliffe . constable sheirffe . clarke . cryer . clerke . steward . clerke . clerke . bayliffe . bayliffe . captaine . escheator . clerke . exchequer . the councell . gouernour . chamberlaine e. pat . part . hollinshead . the attourney . e. ●at . pars . the clarke . the vsher . the vsher of the princes chamber . carnaruonshire . anglesey-shire . merioneth-shire . cardigan-shire . carmarden ▪ shi●e . the county of carnaruon . the county of anglesey . the county of 〈…〉 . the county of cardigan . the county of carmarden . statut. de a. . b. . in originale de a. . b. . rot . ea parte rememor . thesaur . in scaccar . char●a data . septem . . e. . . mar diar : b. . parliament . . b. . carta dat . . iuly , ● e. ● carta dat . . martij . . e. . carta dat . . martij , . e. . carta dat . . ●●●● . ● . the coynage of tynne . casaneus in catal●go gloriae mundi par . ● . consider . . numero . ex compoto iohannis arundel militis receptoris generalis ducatis . cornubi● h. . officers of the dutchy . these summes ought n 〈…〉 e to be charged vpon the reuenue of the dutchy , for that these castles belong to the crown . to the kings most excellent majestie, the humble petition of the countie of cornvvall this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing h a). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing h a estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) to the kings most excellent majestie, the humble petition of the countie of cornvvall charles i, king of england, - . broadside. imprinted at london by robert barker ... and by the assignes of john bill, [london] : . at foot: his majesties answer to the petition of cornwall, at the court at york. . june . reproduction of original in the harvard university library. eng oaths -- england. great britain -- history -- civil war, - . cornwall (england : county) -- history. a r (wing h a). civilwar no to the kings most excellent majestie, the humble petition of the countie of cornvvall [no entry] c the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the c category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion to the kings most excellent majestie the humble petition of the countie of cornvvall . we your majesties most loyall subjects in all duty render unto your majestie all thankfulnesse for your majesties unexempled favour and grace in granting unto your subjects , by the concurrence with your parliament , such lawes and freedoms , which have most fully expressed your majesties gracious goodnesse unto your people ; and we most thankfully receive your majesties free offer of a generall pardon , whereof we most humbly desire to be made partakers . and we most humbly beseech your majestie , never to suffer your subjects to be governed by an arbitrary government , nor admit an alteration in religion . and your petitioners being most feelingly grieved for your majesties discontents ( partly occasioned by divers scandalous pamphlets , and seditious sermons , and no way lessened by unlawfull tumults ) do wish a confluence of all comforts , honour and happinesse unto your majestie , and do most heartily pray for the reconcilement between your majestie and your parliament : and in all humble thankfulnesse for your majesties said grace and goodnesse , your petitioners do offer themselves most ready to maintain and defend with their lives and fortunes your majesties sacred person , honour , estate and lawfull prerogative against all persons whatsoever , according to the oaths of supremacy , and allegiance . cornub . iohn grills high sheriffe . warwick lord mohun . sir iohn trelawney knight and baronet . sir william wrey knight and ba●onet . iohn arundell of trerise esq. charles trevanion esq . walter langdon esq . peter courtney esq . samuel cosowarth esq . richard prideaux esq . iohn arundell esq . renatus billot esq . francis iones esq . robert rous esq . edward trelawney esq . nevil blighe esq . william bastard esq . charles grills esq . nathanael dillon esq . william arundell gent. william courtney gent. edward courtney gent. walter glin gent. edward cook gent. hugh pomeroy esq . ambrose billot gent. iohn samuel gent. nichol . kendall major of lostwithyell . obadiah ghoship cler. iohn kette cler. thomas harrison cler. thomas porter cler. simon lann cler. iohn peter cler. george brush cler. barnard achim gent. theophilus laugherne gent. william guavas gent. nicholas sawell gent. william robinson gent. thomas robinson gent. ioseph iolly gent. thomas tre●r gent. the foresaid gentlemen subscribed at lostwithyell unto the petition directed to his majestie , together with seven thousand more , esquires , gentlemen , freeholders and other inhabitants which subscribed and subsigned the said petition in their severall parishes . ❧ his majesties answer to the petition of cornwall , at the court at york . . june . his majestie is so very well pleased with the duety and affection of this petition , that he hath commanded me to signifie his good acceptance of it , and thanks for it to the county of cornwall , and to assure them , that as he will be alwayes ready to increase the happinesse of his people , by consenting to such good new laws , as shall be proposed to him for their advantage , so he will be forward to venture his life in maintenance of the religion and laws established , which he doubts not , with the assistance of the petitioners , and other his good subjects he shall be able to defend : his majestie will be ready to grant such a generall pardon to the petitioners as they desire ; and will no longer expect the continuance of their duety and affection , then himself continues true to those professions he hath so often made of maintaining and defending the religion and laws of this kingdom . falkland . ¶ imprinted at london by robert barker , printer to the kings most excellent majestie : and by the assignes of john bill . . the humble petition of the county of cornwall to the kings most excellent majestie subscribed by above seven thousand hands : with his majesties answer thereunto : whereunto is added the oaths of allegiance and supremacie. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing h ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing h estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the humble petition of the county of cornwall to the kings most excellent majestie subscribed by above seven thousand hands : with his majesties answer thereunto : whereunto is added the oaths of allegiance and supremacie. charles i, king of england, - . p. printed for t. warren, london : . reproduction of original in huntington library. eng oath of allegiance, . oaths -- england -- early works to . oaths -- early works to . cornwall (england : county) -- history -- th century -- sources. a r (wing h ). civilwar no the humble petition of the county of cornwall, to the kings most excellent majestie. subscribed by above seven thousand hands. with his maje [no entry] a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - andrew kuster sampled and proofread - andrew kuster text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the humble petition of the county of cornwall , to the kings most excellent majestie . subscribed by above seven thousand hands . with his majesties answer thereunto . whereunto is added , the oaths of allegiance and supremacie . london , printed for t. warren . . to the kings most excellent majestie , the humble petition of the county of cornwall . we your majesties most loyall subjects in all duty render unto your majestie all thankfulnesse for your majesties unexempled favour and grace in granting unto your subjects , by the concurrence with your parliament , such laws and freedoms , which have most fully expressed your majesties gracious goodnesse unto your people ; and we most thankfully receive your majesties free offer of a generall pardon , whereof wee most humbly desire to be made partakers . and we most humbly beseech your majestie , never to suffer your subjects to be governed by an arbitrary government , nor admit an alteration in religion . and your petitioners being most feelingly grieved for your majesties discontents ( partly occasioned by divers scandalous pamphlets , and seditious sermons , and no way lessened by unlawfull tumults ) do wish a confluence of all comforts , honour and happinesse unto your majestie , and do most heartily pray for the reconcilement between your majestie and your parliament : and in all humble thankfulnesse for your majesties said grace and goodnesse , your petitioners do offer themselves most ready to maintain and defend with their lives and fortunes , your majesties sacred person , honour , estate , and lawfull prerogative against all persons whatsoever , according to the oaths of supremacie and allegiance . cornub . iohn grills high sheriff . warwick lord mohun . sir iohn trelawney knight and baronet . sir william wrey knight and baronet . iohn arundell of trerise esq. charles trevanion esq. walter langdon esq. peter courtney esq. samuel cosowarth esq. richard prideaux esq. iohn arundell esq. renatus billot esq. francis iones esq. robert rous esq. edward trelawney esq. nevil blighe esq. william bastard esq. charles grills esq. nathanel dillon esq. william arundell gent. william courtney gent. ed. courtney , gent. walter glin gent. edward cook gent. hugh pomeroy esq. ambrose billot gent. iohn samuel gent. nichol . kendall , major of lostwithyell . obadiah ghoship cler. iohn kette cler. thomas harrison cler. thomas porter cler. simon lann cler. iohn peter cler. george brush cler. barnard achim gent. theophilus laugherne gent. william guavas gent. nicholas sawell gent. william robinson gent. thomas robinson gent. ioseph iolly gent. thomas trear gent. the aforesaid gentlemen subscribed at lostwithyell unto the petition direction to his majestie , together with seven thousand more , esquires , gentlemen , freeholders and other inhabitants which subscribed and signed the said petition in their severall parishes . his majesties answer to the petition of cornwall , at the court at york , . june , . his majestie is so very well pleased with the duty and affection of this petition , that he hath commanded me to signifie his good acceptance of it , and thanks for it to the county of cornwall , and to assure them , that as he will be alwayes ready to increase the happinesse of his people , by consenting to such good new laws , as shall be proposed to him for their advantage , so he will be forward to venture his life in maintenance of the religion and laws established , which he doubts not , with the assistance of the petitioners , and other his good subjects , he shall be able to defend : his majestie will be ready to grant such a generall pardon to the petitioners as they desire ; and will no longer expect the continuance of their duty and affection , then himself continues true to those professions he hath so often made of maintaining and defending the religion and laws of this kingdom . falkland . the oath of allegiance , tertio iac. cap. . i a. b. do truely and sincerely acknowledge , professe , testifie , and declare , in my conscience before god and the world ; that our soueraigne lord king charls is lawfull and rightfull king of this realm , and of all other his majesties dominions and countries , and that the pope neither of himselfe , nor by any authority by the church or see of rome , or by any other meanes with any other , hath any power of authority , to depose the king , or to dispose any of his majesties kingdomes or dominions , or to authorize any forraign prince to invade or annoy him , or his countries , or to discharge any of his subjects of their allegiance and obedience to his majestie , or to give license or leave to any of them to beare armes , raise tumults , or to offer any violence or hurt to his majesties royall person , state , or government , or to any of his majesties subjects within his majesties dominions . also i do sweare from my heart , that notwithstanding any declaration , or sentence of excōmuuication , or deprivation , made , or granted to be made , or granted by the pope , or his successors , or by any authority , derived , or pretended to be derived from him , or his see , against the sayd king , his heirs or successors , or any absolution of the said subjects from their obedience : i will beare faith and true allegiance to his majestie , his heirs and successors , and him and them will defend to the utmost of my power , against all conspiracies and attempts whatsoever , which shall be made against his or their persons , their crowne and dignity , by reason or colour of any such sentence , or declaration , or otherwise , and will do my best endevour to disclose and make knowne unto his majestie , his heirs and successors , all treasons , or trayterous conspiracies , which i shall know or heare of , to be against him or any of them . and i do further sweare , that i do from my heart abhorre , detest and abjure as impious and hereticall , this damnable doctrine , and position . that princes which be excōmunicated or deprived by the pope , may be deposed or , murthered by their subjects , or any other whatsoever , and i do beleeve , and in my conscience am resolved , that neither the pope , nor any person whatsoever , hath power to absolve me of this oath , or any part thereof , which i acknowledge by good and full authority to be lawfully ministred unto me , and do renounce all pardons , or dispensations to the contrary . and all these things i do plainly , and sincerely acknowledge and sweare , according to these expresse words by me spoken , and according to the plaine and common sense , and understanding of the same words , without any equivocation , or mentall evasion , or secret reservation whatsoever . and i do make this recognition , and acknowledgement heartily , willingly , and truly , upon the true faith of a christian : so helpe me god . the oath of supremacy , primo eliz. cap. . i a. b. do utterly testifie and declare in my conscience , that the kings highnesse is the onely supreame governour of this realme , and all other his highnesse dominions and countries , as well in all spirirituall or ecclesiasticall things or causes , as temporall : and that no forraine prince , person , prelate , state or potentate , hath or ought to have any jurisdiction , power , superioritie , preeminence or authority ecclesiasticall or spirituall within this realme . and therefore , i do utterly renounce and forsake all forrain jurisdictions , powers , superiorities and authorities ; and do promise that from henceforth i shall beare faith and true allegiance to the kings highnesse , his heirs and lawfull successors : and to my power shall assist and defend all jurisdictions , priviledges , preeminences and authorities granted or belonging to the kings highnesse , his heirs and successors , or united and annexed to the imperiall crown of the realme : so help me god : and by the contents of this book . finis . charles r. wee are so highly sensible of the extraordinary merit of our county of cornwall, of their zeale for the defence of our person, and the just rights of our crowne ... proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing c ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing c estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) charles r. wee are so highly sensible of the extraordinary merit of our county of cornwall, of their zeale for the defence of our person, and the just rights of our crowne ... proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) charles i, king of england, - . sheet ([ ] p.) y leonard lichfield, printer to the vniversity, printed at oxford : . title taken from opening lines of text. dated at end: given at our campe at sudeley castle the tenth of september. . arms ; steele notation: of gable at. reproduction of original in the folger shakespeare library, washington, d.c. eng great britain -- history -- civil war, - -- early works to . great britain -- politics and government -- - -- early works to . cornwall (england : county) -- history -- early works to . a r (wing c ). civilwar no charles r. wee are so highly sensible of the extraordinary merit of our county of cornwall, of their zeale for the defence of our person, an england and wales. sovereign a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion c r honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms charles r. wee are so highly sensible of the extraordinary merit of our county of cornwall , of their zeale for the defence of our person , and the just rights of our crowne , ( in a time when we could contribute so little to our own defence or to their assistance ; in a time when not only no reward appeared , but great and probable dangers were threatned to obedience and loyalty ; ) of their great and eminent courage and patience in their indefatigable prosecution of their great work against so potent an enimy , backt with so strong , rich , and populous citties , and so plentifully furnished and supplied with men , armes , mony , ammunition and provision of all kinds ; and of the wonderfull successe with which it hath pleased almighty god ( though with the losse of some most eminent persons , who shall never be forgotten by vs ) to reward their loyalty and patience by many strange victories over their and our enimies , in despight of all humane probability , and all imaginable disadvantages ; that as we cannot be forgetfull of so great deserts , so we cannot but desire to publish to all the world , and perpetuate to all time the memory of these their merits , and of our acceptance of the same . and to that end , we doe hereby render our royall thankes to that our county , in the most publike and most lasting manner we can devise , commanding copies hereof to be printed and published , and one of them to be read in every church and chappell therein , and to be kept for ever as a record in the same , that as long as the history of these times , and of this nation shall continue , the memory of how much that county hath merited from vs and our crowne , may be derived with it to posterity . given at our campe at sudeley castle the tenth of september . . printed at oxford , by leonard lichfield , printer to the vniversity . . his maiesties declaration to all his loving subiects in the county of cornwall, &c. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (thomason .f. [ ]). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing c thomason .f. [ ] estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; : f [ ]) his maiesties declaration to all his loving subiects in the county of cornwall, &c. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) charles i, king of england, - . sheet ([ ] p.) by leonard lichfield, printer to the vniversity, printed at oxford : . an expression of gratitude for their loyalty and patience. dated at end: given at our campe at sudeley castle the tenth of september. . includes: the agreement of the maior, aldermen, and inhabitants of the towne of tenby. with engraving of royal seal at head of document. annotation on thomason copy: " . sept: .". reproduction of the original in the british library. eng great britain -- history -- civil war, - -- early works to . cornwall (england : county) -- history -- th century -- early works to . tenby (wales) -- history -- th century -- early works to . a r (thomason .f. [ ]). civilwar no his majesties declaration to all his loving subiects in the county of cornwall, &c. england and wales. sovereign a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion his maiesties declaration to all his loving subiects in the county of cornwall , &c. charles r. vve are so highly sensible of the extraordinary merit of our county of cornwall , of their zeale for the defence of our person , and the just rights of our crowne , ( in a time when we could contribute so little to our own defence , or to their assistance ; in a time when not onely no reward appeared , but great and probable dangers were threatned to obedience and loyalty , ) of their great and eminent courage and patience in their indefatigable prosecution of their great worke against so potent an enemy , backt with so strong , rich and populous ciries , and so plentifully furnished with men , armes , money , ammunition and provision of all kinds ; and of the wonderfull successe with which it hath pleased almighty god ( though with the the losse of some eminent persons , who shall never be forgotten by vs ) to reward their loyalty and patience by many strange victories over their and our enemies , in despight of all humane probability , and all imaginable disadvantages ; that as we cannot be forgetfull of so great deserts , so vve cannot but desire to publish to all the world , and perpetuate to all time anp memory of these their merits , and of our acceptance of the same . and to that end , vve do hereby render our royall thanks to that our county in the most publike and lasting manner vve can devise , commanding copies hereof to be printed and published , and one of them to be read in every church and chappell therein , and to bee kept for ever as a record in the same , that as long as the history of these times , and this nation shall continue , the memory of how much that county hath merited from vs and our crown , may be derived with it to posterity . given at our campe at sudeley castle the tenth of september . . sept : the agreement of the maior , aldermen , and inhabitants of the towne of tenby . vvee the major , aldermen , and inhabitants of tenby , doe hereby humbly declare , that wee will be alwayes obedient to the kings majesties royall commands , and will serve him with our lives and fortunes , and assist him against all rebells , and rebellions whatsoever , and will submit to his majesties authority , now placed in the right honourable richard earle of carbery , lord lieutenant generall of the counties of pembrock carmarthen , and cardigan , the towne and countie of haverfordwest , and the townes of pembrocke and tenby , and withall will heartily contribute to his majesties service , to the best of our abilities ; and we doe farther declare and ingage our selves upon the faith of loyall subjects , that we will not receive into our townes any garrison , force , or person whatsoever sent or to be sent thither from any who now are , or hereafter shall be , in rebellion against his majesty , under the name of the forces of king and parliament , but will dutifully receive and imbrace all such armed forces and garrisons as our said lord lieutenant generall shall thither send or command for the safe guarding of the said towne for the use & service of his sacred majesty . for assurance whereof we have hereunto fixed our common seale , and subscribed our names this thirtieth day of august . . thomas wyatt major . david hammond . fran. long . rice prickard . john rogers . robert browne . richard jewell . walter sherburne . david palmer . thomas barret . rice barrow . richard wyatt . griffeth gibbon . iohn barrow . iohn sounder . henry gibbs . lewis bishop . david stowell . thomas stephens . william record . iohn stone . iohn poyer . mich. sutton . iohn henton . silvanus griffith . iohn hammond . richard williams . nicholas horsam . iohn thomas phillip davis . rice gitto , bartho. king . printed at oxford , by leonard lichfield , printer to the vniversity . . the case of william coryton, esq; for the burrough of michell in the county of cornwall. to be heard on monday the th of november, . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). b wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. b ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the case of william coryton, esq; for the burrough of michell in the county of cornwall. to be heard on monday the th of november, . coryton, william, esq. sheet ([ ] p.) s.n., [london : ] caption title. publication data suggested by wing. imperfect: one word obliterated in ink. reproduction of the original in the lincoln's inn library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng england and wales. -- parliament. -- house of commons -- contested elections -- early works to . elections -- corrupt practices -- england -- cornwall -- early works to . cornwall (england : county) -- politics and government -- th century -- early works to . broadsides -- england -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the case of william coryton , esq for the burrough of michell in the county of cornwall . to be heard on monday the th . of november , . that a new writ being ordered to issue for the choice of a burgess to serve in parliament for the said burrough , in the stead of charles fanshaw , esq the said writ was accordingly taken out by the petitioner humphry courtney , esq or his agents , the twenty fifth , of june last , but detained in their own hands without delivering the same to the sheriff to be executed , although often thereunto requested , until about the eighteenth of september ; at which time the petitioner , and the said mr. coryton stood candidates , and the said mr. coryton was thereupon duely elected by the majority of the burgesses and inhabitants electors of the said burrough ; the said mr. coryton having twenty three votes , and the said mr. courtney but nineteen , as appeas by the poll. and the said mr. coryton was accordingly returned by the port reeve , the proper officer of the said burrough , and his indenture annexed to the said writ , and returned by the high sheriff . yet notwithstanding the faireness of such election , the said mr. courtney to put the said mr. coryton , to , further trouble and charges , hath 〈◊〉 presented a petition complaining of an undue and and false return , pretending that he had the majority of well quallified electors ; whereas in truth and in fact , the said mr. coryton was duely chosen and elected , as well by the majority of the said burgesses and inhabitants of the said burrough , as by the majority of the said burgesses and inhabitants of the said burrough paying scot and lot. all which the said mr. coryton will make out at the hearing before the committee . a declaration of the lords and commons assembled in parliament for the protection of sir george chudleigh, sir john northcott, sir samuel rolle, and sir nicholas martyn, in the countie of devon, who have lately beene proclaimed traytors by his majestie. england and wales. parliament. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (thomason .f. [ ]). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing t thomason .f. [ ] estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; : f [ ]) a declaration of the lords and commons assembled in parliament for the protection of sir george chudleigh, sir john northcott, sir samuel rolle, and sir nicholas martyn, in the countie of devon, who have lately beene proclaimed traytors by his majestie. england and wales. parliament. sheet ([ ] p.) decemb. . london printed for iohn wright in the old-bayly, [london] : . may also have been printed as part of: true newes from devonshire and cornwall. place of publication from wing ( nd ed.). "die martis, decemb. . it is further ordered by the lords and commons assembled in parliament, that this declaration be forthwith printed, and published in all parish churches, and chappels, in the county of devon, by the vicars, and curates thereof. iohn browne cler. parliament." reproduction of the original in the british library. eng chudleigh, george, -- sir, ca. - -- early works to . martin, nicholas, -- sir, - -- early works to . northcote, john, -- sir, - -- early works to . rolle, samuel, fl. - -- early works to . treason -- great britain -- early works to . devon (england) -- history -- early works to . cornwall (england : county) -- history -- early works to . great britain -- history -- civil war, - -- early works to . a r (thomason .f. [ ]). civilwar no a declaration of the lords and commons assembled in parliament: for the protection of sir george chudleigh, sir john northcott, sir samuel r england and wales. parliament. a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a declaration of the lords and commons assembled in parliament : for the protection of sir george chudleigh , sir john northcott , sir samuel rolle , and sir nicholas martyn , in the countie of devon , who have lately beene proclaimed traytors by his majestie . whereas his majesty hath set forth and commanded to bee published in the countie of devon , divers printed papers in the forme of proclamations , whereby sir george chudleigh , sir iohn northcott , baronets , sir samuel rolle , sir nicholas martyn , knights , persons wel-affected to the publique , are without any processe of law or judgement proclaimed traytors , who have carefully performed their duties in assisting the parliament , and opposing those wicked councellors and cavaliers about the king , which endeavour the distruction of our religion , & desolation of this land , the lords and commons in parliament do declare , that the said printed papers in the forme of proclamations , and the publishing thereof are against the lawes of this kingdome , and that such persons as have beene , or hereafter shall be proclaimed traytors by the said printed papers , or any others of the like nature , shall be defended and protected by the power and authority of parliament , from any damage or prejudice to their persons , or estates , by reason or colour of any such printed papers , or proclamation heretofore published , or which shall be hereafter published or contrived against them , and the said lords & commons , do hereby strictly forbid the publishing of any such printed papers or proclamations , & do authorise and require all officers , and others his majesties good subjects , to apprehend and to bring in safe custody to the parliament , and to seize the goods and profits of the lands , to be accomptable for the same to both houses of parliament , all such persons as have already published , or which hereafter shall publish , any such printed papers or proclamations , to the end , they may receive due punishment for their offences . die martis , . decemb. . it is further ordered by the lords and commons assembled in parliament , that this declaration be forthwith printed , and published in all parish churches , and chappels , in the county of devon , by the vicars , and curates thereof . iohn browne cler. parliament . decemb. . london printed for iohn wright in the old-bayly . . to the inhabitants of the county of cornwall a letter of thanks from king charles i of ever blessed memory, dated sept. , from sudly castle. charles i, king of england, - . this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing c ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) to the inhabitants of the county of cornwall a letter of thanks from king charles i of ever blessed memory, dated sept. , from sudly castle. charles i, king of england, - . broadside. s.n., [s.l : ] reproduction of original in the huntington library. eng great britain -- history -- civil war, - . cornwall (england : county) -- history. a r (wing c ). civilwar no to the inhabitants of the county of cornwall, a letter of thanks from king charles i. of ever blessed memory, dated sept. . . from sud england and wales, - : charles i a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion to the inhabitants of the county of cornwall , a letter of thanks from king charles i. of ever blessed memory , dated sept. . . from svdly castle . carolus rex , we are so highly sensible of the extraordinary merits of our county of cornwall , of their zeal for the defence of our person , and the just rights of our crown , in a time when we could contribute so little to our own defence , or to their assistance ; ( in a time , when not only no reward appeared , but great and probable dangers were threatned to obedience and loyalty ) of their great and eminent courage and patience in their indefatigable prosecution of their great work against so potent an enemy , backt with so strong , rich and populous cities , and so plentifully furnished with men , arms , money , ammunition and provisions of all kinds ; and of the wonderful success with which it hath pleased almighty god ( though with the loss of some eminent persons , who shall never be forgotten by us to reward their loyalty and patience ) by many strange victories over their and our enemies , in despite of all humane probabilities and all imaginable disadvantages ; that as we cannot be forgetful of so great deserts , so we cannot but desire to publish to all the world , and perpetuate to all time the memory of their merits , and of our acceptance of the same . and to that end , we do hereby render our royal thanks to that our county in the most publick and lasting manner we can devise , commanding copies hereof to be printed and published , and one of them to be read in every church and chapel therein , and to be kept for ever as a record in the same , that as long as the history of these times , and of this nation shall continue , the memory of how much that county hath merited from us and our crown , may be derived with it to posterity . given at our camp at sudly castle the tenth of september .