A narrative of the principal actions occurring in the wars betwixt Sueden and Denmark before and after the Roschild Treaty with the counsels and measures by which those actions were directed : together with a view of the Suedish and other affairs, as they stood in Germany in the year 1675, with relation to England : occasionally communicated by the author to the Right Honourable George, late Earl of Bristol, and since his decease found among his papers.
         Meadows, Philip, Sir, 1626-1718.
      
       
         
           1677
        
      
       Approx. 125 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 91 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images.
       
         Text Creation Partnership,
         Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :
         2003-01 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).
         A50498
         Wing M1566
         ESTC R36497
         15704159
         ocm 15704159
         104474
         
           
            This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of
             Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal
            . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
          
        
      
       
         Early English books online.
      
       
         (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A50498)
         Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 104474)
         Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1152:67)
      
       
         
           
             A narrative of the principal actions occurring in the wars betwixt Sueden and Denmark before and after the Roschild Treaty with the counsels and measures by which those actions were directed : together with a view of the Suedish and other affairs, as they stood in Germany in the year 1675, with relation to England : occasionally communicated by the author to the Right Honourable George, late Earl of Bristol, and since his decease found among his papers.
             Meadows, Philip, Sir, 1626-1718.
             Bristol, George Digby, Earl of, 1612-1677.
          
           [4], 176 p.
           
             Printed by A. C. for H. Brome ...,
             London,
             M.DC.LXXVII [1677]
          
           
             Dedication signed: Philip Meadowe.
             "A view of the Suedish and other affairs, as they now stand in Germany this present year, 1675. with relation to England" has special t.p.
             Errata: p. 176.
             Imperfect: tightly bound, with print show-through and loss of print.
             Reproduction of original in Huntington Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford.
         Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors.
      
       
         EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO.
         EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org).
         The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source.
         Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data.
         Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so.
         Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor.
         The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines.
         Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements).
         
          Keying and markup guidelines are available at the
           Text Creation Partnership web site
          .
        
      
       
         
         
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           Dano-Swedish War, 1643-1645.
           Denmark -- History -- 1660-1814.
           Sweden -- History -- Charles X Gustavus, 1654-1660.
           Sweden -- History -- Charles XI, 1660-1697.
           Great Britain -- Foreign relations -- Sweden.
           Sweden -- Foreign relations -- Great Britain.
        
      
    
     
        2000-00 TCP
        Assigned for keying and markup
      
        2001-09 Apex CoVantage
        Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images
      
        2002-07 Kirk Davis
        Sampled and proofread
      
        2002-07 Kirk Davis
        Text and markup reviewed and edited
      
        2002-08 pfs
        Batch review (QC) and XML conversion
      
    
  
   
     
       
         
         
         
           A
           NARRATIVE
           OF
           THE
           PRINCIPAL
           ACTIONS
           Occurring
           in
           the
           WARS
           BETWIXT
           Sueden
           and
           Denmark
           .
        
         
           Before
           and
           after
           the
           ROSCHILD
           TREATY
           :
           WITH
           The
           Counsels
           and
           Measures
           by
           which
           those
           Actions
           were
           directed
           :
           
             Together
             With
          
           A
           View
           of
           the
           Suedish
           and
           other
           Affairs
           ,
           as
           they
           stood
           in
           Germany
           in
           the
           year
           1675.
           with
           Relation
           to
           England
           .
        
         
           Occasionally
           communicated
           by
           the
           Author
           to
           the
           Right
           Honourable
           George
           late
           Earl
           of
           Bristol
           ,
           and
           since
           his
           decease
           found
           among
           his
           Papers
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           by
           A.C.
           for
           
             H.
             Brome
          
           ,
           at
           the
           Gun
           in
           St.
           Pauls
           Church-yard
           .
           M.
           D.C.
           LXXVII
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           FOR
           The
           Right
           Honourable
           THE
           EARL
           of
           BRISTOL
           .
        
         
           
             MY
             LORD
             ,
          
        
         
           I
           Esteem
           it
           as
           a
           singular
           favour
           and
           honour
           that
           your
           Lordship
           thinks
           me
           capable
           of
           giving
           you
           any
           information
           concerning
           the
           Northern
           Affairs
           ;
           the
           Scene
           of
           your
           Lordships
           many
           eminent
           Employments
           and
           Actions
           having
           been
           laid
           nearer
           the
           warm
           Sun.
           The
           Draught
           I
           have
           here
           sent
           was
           made
           several
           years
           since
           ,
           and
           only
           communicated
           in
           private
           with
           
           some
           friends
           :
           In
           the
           composing
           whereof
           I
           was
           not
           a
           little
           advantaged
           by
           being
           a
           spectator
           of
           the
           Actions
           ,
           and
           privy
           to
           some
           of
           the
           Counsels
           of
           both
           Kings
           .
           But
           how
           far
           I
           have
           answered
           those
           advantages
           in
           the
           ensuing
           Narrative
           I
           submit
           to
           your
           Lordship's
           Censure
           ,
           and
           remain
        
         
           
             MY
             LORD
             ,
          
           
             Your
             LORDSHIP'
             's
             Most
             humble
             and
             Obedient
             Servant
             ,
             Philip
             Meadowe
             .
          
           
             Parham
             in
             Suff.
             
               Sep.
               24.
               1675.
               
            
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
           
             
             
               A
               NARRATIVE
               OF
               THE
               PRINCIPAL
               ACTIONS
               Occurring
               in
               the
               WARS
               BETWIXT
               SUEDEN
               and
               DENMARK
               .
               Before
               and
               after
               the
               ROSCHILD
               TREATY
               .
               With
               the
               Counsels
               and
               measures
               by
               which
               those
               Actions
               were
               directed
               .
            
             
               THE
               ancient
               Emulation
               and
               jealousies
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Crowns
               of
               Sueden
               and
               Denmark
               ,
               occasioned
               by
               their
               near
               Neighbourhood
               and
               frequent
               Wars
               ,
               have
               been
               still
               heightned
               and
               promoted
               by
               the
               
               late
               Conquests
               the
               Crown
               of
               Sueden
               has
               made
               in
               Germany
               .
               By
               which
               the
               Suede
               enlarging
               his
               Dominion
               beyond
               the
               Baltic
               to
               those
               goodly
               possessions
               of
               Pomeren
               and
               Bremen
               ,
               has
               betwixt
               his
               ancient
               Patrimony
               on
               one
               side
               ,
               and
               his
               new
               acquisitions
               on
               the
               other
               ,
               as
               it
               were
               enclosed
               and
               beleaguered
               Denmark
               .
               The
               fatal
               effects
               of
               a
               Suedish
               Power
               established
               on
               this
               side
               the
               Baltic
               ,
               the
               Dane
               experimented
               in
               the
               year
               1643.
               in
               the
               Reign
               of
               Christiern
               the
               fourth
               ,
               when
               upon
               occasion
               of
               some
               differences
               arising
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Crowns
               in
               relation
               to
               the
               commerce
               and
               navigation
               of
               each
               others
               subjects
               ,
               and
               the
               new
               impositions
               exacted
               by
               the
               Dane
               in
               the
               Sound
               ,
               Queen
               
               Christina
               without
               any
               previous
               denunciation
               of
               War
               sent
               secret
               Orders
               to
               General
               Torstenson
               ,
               who
               at
               that
               time
               commanded
               the
               Suedish
               Army
               in
               Germany
               ,
               to
               invade
               therewith
               the
               Danish
               Dominions
               ,
               which
               that
               wise
               General
               performed
               with
               such
               secrecy
               and
               diligence
               ,
               that
               the
               first
               intelligence
               of
               his
               attempt
               was
               brought
               to
               Copenhagen
               by
               the
               ordinary
               post
               ,
               advertising
               how
               the
               Suede
               was
               entred
               Holstein
               with
               an
               Hostile
               Army
               .
               In
               that
               war
               the
               Dane
               lost
               
                 Halland
                 ,
                 Jempterland
                 ,
                 Gothland
              
               and
               the
               Oesel
               .
               For
               though
               Halland
               by
               the
               Treaty
               at
               Broomsborow
               was
               not
               formally
               alienated
               from
               the
               Crown
               of
               Denmark
               ,
               as
               it
               was
               in
               the
               succeeding
               Roschild
               Treaty
               ,
               but
               only
               mortgaged
               
               or
               leased
               to
               Sueden
               for
               thirty
               years
               ;
               lest
               the
               reputation
               of
               Denmark
               should
               seem
               too
               much
               prostituted
               by
               the
               utter
               abscission
               and
               dismembring
               of
               so
               considerable
               a
               Province
               from
               that
               Crown
               ;
               yet
               was
               it
               such
               a
               mortgage
               as
               in
               truth
               did
               amount
               to
               an
               absolute
               cession
               or
               alienation
               ;
               For
               the
               term
               of
               years
               when
               expired
               was
               made
               renewable
               from
               thirty
               to
               thirty
               ,
               till
               the
               Suede
               should
               receive
               an
               equivalent
               for
               Halland
               to
               his
               own
               liking
               and
               satisfaction
               .
            
             
               A
               Peace
               being
               thus
               reestablished
               in
               the
               year
               1644.
               by
               the
               Treaty
               made
               at
               Broomsborow
               upon
               the
               Frontier
               of
               both
               Kingdoms
               ,
               things
               continued
               quiet
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Crowns
               for
               
               some
               years
               ,
               till
               the
               late
               
                 Charles
                 Gustavus
              
               King
               of
               Sueden
               in
               the
               year
               1655.
               imbarquing
               himself
               in
               a
               war
               against
               Poland
               ,
               transported
               thither
               the
               choicest
               of
               the
               Suedish
               souldiery
               to
               serve
               in
               that
               expedition
               ;
               where
               that
               martial
               King
               carried
               all
               before
               him
               ,
               but
               grasped
               at
               more
               than
               he
               could
               well
               enclose
               ,
               and
               conquered
               more
               than
               he
               could
               reasonably
               hope
               to
               keep
               ,
               till
               at
               length
               old
               Zarnetsky
               makes
               head
               against
               him
               with
               a
               powerful
               body
               of
               horse
               ,
               and
               by
               his
               example
               the
               newly
               submitted
               Provinces
               revolt
               as
               quickly
               from
               their
               new
               Lord
               ,
               insomuch
               that
               the
               Suede
               was
               embarass'd
               on
               all
               sides
               ,
               and
               his
               affairs
               in
               great
               decadency
               .
            
             
               This
               conjuncture
               gratified
               the
               
               Dane
               ,
               who
               thought
               his
               turn
               was
               now
               come
               to
               retaliate
               upon
               the
               Suede
               ,
               and
               hoped
               by
               the
               favour
               of
               this
               opportunity
               to
               regain
               what
               he
               had
               lost
               in
               the
               former
               surprises
               .
               And
               to
               give
               the
               better
               colour
               of
               justice
               to
               his
               Arms
               ,
               lest
               it
               should
               be
               thought
               he
               was
               rather
               invited
               thereto
               by
               the
               advantage
               of
               the
               occasion
               ,
               then
               constrained
               by
               the
               cause
               of
               any
               new
               provocations
               or
               injuries
               ,
               open
               war
               is
               solemnly
               proclaimed
               against
               Sueden
               by
               the
               antiquated
               formalities
               of
               a
               Herald
               .
               Besides
               public
               letters
               and
               manifests
               are
               sent
               abroad
               to
               satisfy
               forein
               Princes
               and
               States
               ,
               and
               to
               vindicate
               the
               Right
               of
               his
               undertaking
               .
            
             
               The
               truth
               is
               ,
               the
               Party
               was
               not
               
               ill
               concerted
               ,
               for
               the
               Brandenburger
               was
               already
               drawn
               off
               from
               the
               Suedish
               Alliance
               ,
               and
               upon
               good
               assurance
               given
               him
               from
               the
               Polish
               Court
               ,
               that
               the
               Soverainty
               of
               the
               Ducal
               Prussia
               should
               be
               conferred
               upon
               him
               (
               which
               he
               accordingly
               now
               enjoys
               )
               He
               confederated
               himself
               with
               the
               Pole
               and
               Dane
               against
               Sueden
               .
               The
               Hollander
               also
               was
               of
               the
               party
               ,
               though
               as
               yet
               but
               covertly
               ,
               and
               great
               sums
               of
               money
               were
               advanced
               by
               Amsterdam
               and
               the
               trading
               Companies
               (
               for
               they
               would
               not
               have
               it
               seem
               the
               Act
               of
               the
               States
               but
               of
               private
               persons
               )
               by
               way
               of
               loan
               to
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               upon
               securities
               of
               the
               Customs
               in
               the
               Sound
               and
               Norway
               .
            
             
             
               The
               Dane
               raised
               a
               considerable
               Army
               of
               about
               fifteen
               or
               sixteen
               thousand
               men
               well
               appointed
               ,
               rendesvous'd
               them
               in
               Holstein
               ,
               from
               thence
               passed
               the
               Elb
               ,
               besieged
               and
               took
               Bremerford
               a
               Town
               belonging
               to
               the
               Suede
               in
               the
               Bishoprick
               of
               Bremen
               .
               But
               here
               some
               military
               men
               took
               the
               freedom
               to
               blame
               the
               Danish
               Conduct
               .
               For
               had
               he
               carried
               the
               war
               on
               the
               other
               side
               of
               the
               Baltic
               ,
               entred
               Sueden
               it self
               ,
               at
               that
               time
               disfurnished
               of
               her
               principal
               Officers
               and
               Souldiers
               ,
               her
               King
               being
               absent
               in
               a
               remore
               Countrey
               ,
               reported
               to
               be
               dead
               ,
               the
               very
               terrour
               of
               an
               invading
               Army
               might
               have
               wrought
               such
               consternation
               in
               the
               minds
               of
               the
               people
               ,
               as
               probably
               
               to
               have
               given
               the
               Dane
               an
               opportunity
               of
               advancing
               the
               war
               as
               high
               as
               Stockholm
               .
               But
               he
               on
               the
               contrary
               attacks
               the
               Suedish
               Dominions
               in
               Germany
               ,
               thereby
               alarming
               friends
               as
               well
               as
               enemies
               :
               For
               the
               Princes
               of
               the
               nether
               Saxon
               Circle
               entring
               into
               a
               combination
               declare
               this
               invasion
               of
               the
               Bishoprick
               to
               be
               a
               breach
               of
               the
               Peace
               of
               the
               Empire
               ,
               and
               a
               violation
               of
               the
               
                 Instrumentum
                 Pacis
              
               concluded
               at
               Munster
               ,
               for
               the
               observation
               whereof
               they
               stood
               reciprocally
               Engaged
               .
            
             
               Thus
               ,
               not
               waging
               war
               in
               good
               earnest
               ,
               the
               Dane
               by
               middle
               Counsels
               lost
               his
               opportunity
               ,
               for
               whilst
               his
               Army
               stood
               at
               a
               gaze
               not
               well
               knowing
               which
               
               way
               to
               take
               ,
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               marches
               with
               all
               imaginable
               speed
               from
               Poland
               ,
               and
               laying
               all
               in
               ashes
               behind
               him
               to
               secure
               his
               rear
               from
               the
               infal
               of
               the
               Polish
               horse
               ,
               and
               leaving
               strong
               Garrisons
               in
               
                 Thorren
                 ,
                 Marienburg
                 ,
                 Elbing
              
               and
               some
               other
               Towns
               in
               Prussia
               ,
               passes
               through
               Pomeren
               and
               marches
               directly
               for
               Holstein
               and
               Jutland
               .
               It
               was
               generally
               conceived
               that
               now
               ,
               if
               ever
               ,
               the
               Dane
               would
               have
               fought
               him
               harassed
               and
               tired
               as
               he
               was
               with
               a
               tedious
               march
               .
               But
               the
               new
               Levies
               durst
               not
               adventure
               the
               shock
               with
               veteran
               Troups
               ,
               used
               to
               fight
               and
               used
               to
               conquer
               .
               The
               Danish
               Army
               plies
               and
               yields
               ground
               before
               the
               Suede
               without
               fighting
               ,
               who
               pursues
               
               his
               point
               and
               increases
               in
               numbers
               as
               he
               does
               in
               fame
               ,
               all
               things
               favouring
               the
               victorious
               .
               The
               Danes
               diminishing
               as
               fast
               gave
               back
               till
               they
               came
               to
               Fredericsode
               in
               Jutland
               ,
               where
               they
               sheltred
               the
               remainder
               of
               their
               Infantry
               ,
               having
               left
               Garrisons
               behind
               them
               in
               
                 Gluckstad
                 ,
                 Cremp
              
               and
               Rensburg
               .
               The
               Horse
               were
               transported
               into
               Funen
               an
               Island
               opposite
               to
               Fredericsode
               ,
               so
               that
               the
               Suede
               was
               left
               absolute
               Master
               of
               the
               Campagne
               ,
               and
               possessed
               of
               the
               convenient
               quarters
               of
               Holstein
               and
               Jutland
               .
               Some
               of
               the
               Inhabitants
               conveyed
               the
               richest
               part
               of
               their
               goods
               to
               Wensussel
               an
               Island
               on
               the
               North
               of
               Jutland
               ,
               and
               to
               Samsoe
               ,
               another
               near
               adjoyning
               Isle
               ,
               both
               
               which
               became
               soon
               after
               prize
               to
               the
               Victors
               .
            
             
               Fredericfode
               was
               now
               besieged
               by
               General
               Wrangel
               ,
               a
               new
               Town
               endowed
               with
               a
               large
               Charter
               of
               Privileges
               to
               invite
               dwellers
               and
               Trade
               ,
               fortified
               according
               to
               the
               modern
               way
               with
               Bastions
               ,
               false
               bray
               ,
               and
               ditch
               ,
               but
               the.
               works
               not
               fully
               finished
               .
               The
               Circumvallations
               describe
               a
               bow
               or
               semicircle
               ,
               and
               the
               little
               Belt
               running
               by
               it
               ,
               the
               chord
               .
            
             
               To
               the
               
               Belt-side
               it
               was
               not
               fortified
               at
               all
               ,
               no
               more
               than
               by
               the
               water
               and
               channel
               ,
               only
               the
               two
               bastions
               upon
               the
               two
               extremities
               of
               the
               semicircle
               were
               set
               as
               far
               into
               the
               bed
               of
               the
               River
               as
               conveniently
               they
               could
               
               be
               ,
               and
               then
               from
               the
               corner
               of
               each
               bastion
               a
               strong
               palisade
               was
               run
               into
               the
               River
               as
               far
               as
               deep
               water
               .
               Wrangel
               so
               far
               profited
               of
               the
               security
               of
               his
               Enemy
               ,
               or
               the
               treachery
               of
               some
               correspondents
               ,
               that
               he
               found
               means
               in
               a
               dark
               night
               to
               cut
               asunder
               those
               Palisades
               ,
               and
               making
               two
               false
               attacks
               in
               two
               other
               places
               to
               amuse
               and
               distract
               them
               within
               ,
               and
               rushing
               on
               at
               the
               same
               time
               with
               a
               prepared
               body
               of
               Horse
               and
               Foot
               up
               to
               the
               saddle-skirts
               in
               water
               ,
               wheel'd
               about
               the
               Bastion
               and
               entred
               the
               Fort.
               Had
               there
               been
               but
               an
               ordinary
               work
               along
               the
               bank
               of
               the
               River
               from
               one
               Bastion
               to
               another
               ,
               or
               a
               body
               of
               men
               drawn
               up
               in
               Battalia
               to
               receive
               
               the
               Enemy
               upon
               the
               file
               ,
               he
               must
               of
               necessity
               have
               taken
               the
               water
               again
               ;
               But
               there
               was
               neither
               of
               these
               .
               The
               Governour
               was
               a
               Grave
               Senatour
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               but
               no
               experienced
               souldier
               ,
               only
               justified
               his
               fidelity
               to
               the
               King
               his
               Master
               by
               dying
               upon
               the
               place
               ,
               and
               was
               accompanied
               by
               about
               four
               thousand
               more
               ,
               who
               were
               either
               slain
               or
               taken
               prisoners
               .
               Some
               time
               after
               ,
               a
               Lieutenant
               and
               a
               Corporal
               who
               had
               served
               in
               Fredricsode
               ,
               and
               were
               afterwards
               surprised
               by
               the
               Dane
               in
               the
               Suedish
               Quarters
               ,
               were
               publickly
               executed
               at
               Copenhagen
               ,
               as
               those
               who
               had
               traiterously
               betrayed
               the
               place
               .
               But
               whether
               their
               Crime
               was
               really
               such
               ,
               or
               that
               
               they
               otherwaies
               criminal
               were
               made
               use
               of
               as
               a
               sacrifice
               to
               appease
               the
               angry
               Citizens
               enraged
               at
               the
               loss
               of
               Fredericsode
               ,
               is
               uncertain
               .
            
             
               Thus
               we
               have
               posted
               the
               Suede
               in
               that
               important
               Fortress
               ,
               which
               bearing
               the
               name
               of
               the
               then
               King
               of
               Denmark
               ,
               and
               thus
               unhappily
               taken
               ,
               might
               seem
               as
               it
               were
               to
               presage
               by
               an
               inauspicious
               omen
               the
               succeeding
               misfortunes
               which
               involved
               that
               King
               :
               We
               will
               leave
               him
               there
               a
               while
               Master
               of
               the
               Continent
               ,
               and
               the
               Dane
               retreated
               to
               his
               Islands
               :
               And
               having
               thus
               far
               drawn
               down
               the
               general
               scheme
               of
               the
               military
               affairs
               ,
               let
               us
               step
               back
               a
               little
               to
               take
               a
               short
               survey
               
               of
               the
               civil
               transactions
               contemporary
               with
               the
               former
               .
            
             
               England
               had
               too
               great
               an
               Interest
               in
               the
               Baltic
               ,
               (
               the
               Mediterranean
               of
               the
               North
               )
               to
               sit
               still
               without
               making
               reflection
               upon
               those
               commotions
               in
               the
               Northern
               Kingdoms
               .
               For
               besides
               the
               general
               concerns
               of
               a
               free
               Trade
               ,
               which
               of
               necessity
               must
               have
               suffered
               interruption
               by
               the
               continuance
               of
               this
               War
               ,
               England
               being
               at
               that
               time
               Engaged
               in
               a
               War
               with
               one
               branch
               of
               the
               Austrian
               family
               ,
               viz.
               with
               Spain
               ,
               would
               rather
               the
               Suedish
               Arms
               had
               been
               at
               liberty
               to
               give
               check
               to
               the
               other
               branch
               in
               Germany
               as
               occasion
               might
               offer
               ,
               then
               to
               be
               diverted
               therefrom
               by
               a
               war
               with
               Denmark
               .
               Two
               Gentlemen
               
               are
               sent
               over
               to
               endeavour
               a
               reconciliation
               betwixt
               both
               Kings
               ,
               Mr.
               Meadowe
               who
               was
               dispatched
               to
               the
               Danish
               Court
               ,
               arrived
               there
               in
               September
               ,
               1657.
               much
               about
               the
               time
               the
               Suede
               entred
               Jutland
               .
               His
               business
               was
               to
               remonstrate
               how
               unwelcome
               it
               was
               to
               them
               in
               England
               to
               understand
               of
               a
               Rupture
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Crowns
               ,
               albeit
               they
               esteemed
               the
               communication
               there
               of
               by
               the
               Letters
               and
               Manifest
               of
               that
               King
               as
               an
               expression
               of
               friendship
               .
               That
               besides
               the
               effusion
               of
               Christian
               bloud
               betwixt
               two
               Nations
               linked
               together
               by
               the
               common
               bonds
               of
               Nature
               and
               Religion
               ,
               and
               both
               of
               them
               leagued
               in
               Amity
               with
               England
               ,
               the
               continuation
               
               of
               that
               War
               might
               in
               so
               perilous
               a
               juncture
               considerably
               endanger
               the
               whole
               Protestant
               Cause
               and
               Interest
               ;
               and
               nothing
               could
               have
               happened
               more
               advantagious
               to
               Spain
               ,
               with
               whom
               England
               was
               in
               open
               Hostility
               .
               Besides
               his
               Majesty
               o●
               Denmark
               could
               not
               but
               be
               sensible
               how
               much
               the
               freedom
               o●
               Navigation
               and
               Commerce
               in
               the
               Baltic
               would
               be
               impeached
               thereby
               ,
               to
               the
               prejudice
               of
               the
               Neighbouring
               Nations
               ,
               but
               o●
               none
               more
               than
               England
               ,
               as
               continually
               fetching
               Naval
               Store
               from
               those
               Countries
               .
               He
               was
               therefore
               sent
               on
               the
               part
               of
               England
               to
               that
               King
               to
               offer
               the
               best
               and
               most
               friendly
               offices
               for
               accommoding
               all
               differences
               be
               
               twixt
               the
               two
               Crowns
               ,
               and
               putting
               a
               stop
               to
               so
               unhappy
               a
               War
               ,
               and
               to
               assure
               him
               that
               they
               would
               imploy
               their
               utmost
               Interest
               with
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               to
               dispose
               him
               thereto
               ,
               and
               to
               that
               purpose
               had
               already
               sent
               a
               Gentleman
               to
               Him.
               And
               that
               if
               this
               their
               tendred
               Mediation
               were
               accepted
               ,
               they
               would
               in
               the
               management
               thereof
               deal
               impartially
               ,
               and
               endeavour
               that
               the
               Peace
               once
               reestablished
               might
               for
               the
               future
               be
               inviolably
               observed
               .
            
             
               To
               this
               Proposal
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               returned
               Answer
               in
               writing
               under
               his
               Seal
               and
               Signature
               ,
               bearing
               date
               September
               the
               twenty
               fifth
               ,
               1657.
               
               Declaring
               that
               the
               care
               of
               England
               
               for
               the
               tranquillity
               of
               his
               Kingdoms
               ,
               the
               freedom
               of
               public
               commerce
               ,
               and
               quieting
               all
               differences
               ,
               was
               gratefully
               accepted
               by
               him
               .
               And
               that
               he
               was
               ready
               to
               enter
               upon
               a
               Treaty
               of
               a
               sure
               and
               Honourable
               Peace
               under
               the
               mediation
               of
               England
               .
               And
               so
               soon
               as
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               should
               testifie
               a
               suitable
               concurrence
               on
               his
               part
               ,
               he
               would
               further
               declare
               himself
               as
               to
               time
               ,
               place
               and
               other
               the
               Preliminaries
               to
               an
               ensuing
               Treaty
               .
            
             
               This
               Declaration
               was
               transmitted
               to
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               with
               all
               possible
               diligence
               ,
               and
               drew
               from
               him
               a
               Reply
               dated
               at
               
                 Wismar
                 ,
                 October
              
               the
               nineteenth
               ,
               1657
               In
               which
               after
               many
               Expostulations
               
               how
               injuriously
               he
               had
               been
               dealt
               with
               by
               the
               Dane
               ,
               intermixed
               with
               some
               language
               which
               the
               Dane
               resented
               as
               reproachful
               ,
               he
               declares
               likewise
               his
               consent
               to
               enter
               upon
               a
               Treaty
               under
               the
               mediation
               of
               France
               and
               England
               .
               And
               that
               the
               Preliminaries
               as
               to
               place
               of
               Treating
               ,
               number
               of
               Commissioners
               ,
               safe
               Conducts
               ,
               &c.
               should
               be
               adjusted
               according
               to
               the
               transaction
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Crowns
               in
               the
               year
               1644.
               
               Provided
               that
               safe
               conducts
               in
               due
               form
               be
               without
               delay
               delivered
               to
               the
               Mediators
               ,
               and
               a
               reasonable
               time
               prefixed
               by
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               for
               meeting
               of
               the
               Commissioners
               .
            
             
               This
               Reply
               of
               the
               Suede
               being
               
               communicated
               to
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               ,
               produced
               from
               him
               another
               Declaration
               of
               the
               third
               of
               November
               ,
               1657.
               
               That
               he
               also
               consents
               to
               the
               Transactions
               in
               forty
               four
               ,
               only
               as
               to
               the
               place
               of
               the
               future
               Treaty
               he
               conceives
               Lubec
               or
               some
               other
               Town
               in
               that
               Neighbourhood
               to
               be
               most
               commodious
               .
               That
               the
               Treaty
               commence
               under
               the
               mediation
               of
               England
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               States
               General
               of
               the
               
                 United
                 Provinces
              
               .
               And
               so
               soon
               as
               France
               should
               Offer
               him
               their
               mediation
               ,
               he
               would
               accept
               thereof
               .
               And
               that
               the
               designed
               Peace
               be
               not
               restrained
               to
               the
               two
               Crowns
               of
               Denmark
               and
               Sueden
               ,
               but
               the
               King
               of
               Poland
               and
               Elector
               of
               Brandenburg
               be
               comprehended
               in
               
               the
               same
               .
               These
               things
               being
               first
               accorded
               by
               His
               Majesty
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               that
               he
               was
               ready
               to
               deliver
               his
               safe
               conducts
               into
               the
               hands
               of
               the
               Mediators
               .
            
             
               It
               was
               easie
               to
               foresee
               how
               this
               comprehension
               of
               the
               Pole
               insisted
               on
               by
               the
               Dane
               would
               trouble
               the
               whole
               scene
               of
               Affairs
               ,
               which
               consideration
               put
               the
               English
               Mediator
               upon
               excepting
               against
               it
               as
               a
               new
               proposal
               forrain
               to
               the
               present
               question
               .
               How
               that
               the
               mediation
               of
               England
               was
               offered
               only
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Crowns
               ,
               and
               so
               accepted
               by
               his
               Majesty
               of
               Denmark
               without
               any
               mention
               of
               Poland
               .
               How
               that
               this
               would
               render
               the
               so
               much
               desired
               Peace
               tedious
               and
               difficult
               ,
               if
               not
               impossible
               ,
               
               for
               that
               the
               differences
               betwixt
               Sueden
               and
               Denmark
               were
               a
               sudden
               distemper
               easily
               cured
               if
               taken
               in
               time
               ,
               but
               those
               betwixt
               Sueden
               and
               Poland
               were
               in
               the
               nature
               of
               an
               inveterate
               malady
               ,
               harder
               by
               much
               to
               be
               eradicated
               .
               That
               the
               Great
               Seal
               of
               Poland
               by
               which
               the
               Ministers
               of
               that
               Crown
               must
               be
               Commissionated
               as
               Plenipotentiaries
               for
               a
               Treaty
               ,
               was
               engraven
               with
               the
               Arms
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               which
               that
               King
               would
               never
               admit
               of
               .
            
             
               However
               this
               second
               Declaration
               of
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               of
               the
               third
               of
               November
               was
               sent
               to
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               and
               begat
               another
               from
               him
               of
               the
               seventh
               of
               December
               dated
               at
               Wismar
               ,
               wherein
               he
               declares
               himself
               not
               
               satisfied
               with
               the
               nomination
               of
               Lubec
               for
               the
               place
               of
               Treaty
               ,
               as
               being
               a
               recession
               from
               the
               Customs
               anciently
               practised
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Kingdoms
               ,
               and
               the
               regulation
               agreed
               on
               in
               the
               year
               1644.
               that
               when
               occasional
               differences
               arose
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Crowns
               ,
               the
               Commissioners
               of
               both
               sides
               should
               meet
               upon
               the
               Frontiers
               for
               adjusting
               thereof
               with
               the
               more
               speed
               .
               Moreover
               He
               takes
               notice
               of
               the
               conquisite
               delays
               and
               difficulties
               made
               by
               the
               Dane
               in
               intermixing
               other
               controversies
               with
               his
               own
               ,
               and
               which
               have
               no
               reference
               to
               the
               Danish
               War.
               Yet
               notwithstanding
               he
               was
               willing
               to
               grant
               safe
               conducts
               to
               such
               Confederates
               of
               the
               Dane
               ,
               as
               should
               testifie
               a
               
               desire
               of
               being
               present
               at
               a
               Treaty
               in
               any
               place
               of
               the
               confines
               .
               And
               as
               for
               the
               States
               General
               ,
               after
               their
               ratification
               of
               the
               Treaty
               made
               by
               their
               own
               Ambassadors
               at
               Elbing
               ,
               whereby
               the
               friendship
               betwixt
               Sueden
               and
               them
               is
               renewed
               ;
               He
               would
               so
               declare
               himself
               on
               their
               behalf
               ,
               in
               case
               they
               offer
               him
               their
               mediation
               for
               composing
               this
               War
               ,
               as
               should
               sufficiently
               prevent
               any
               just
               occasion
               of
               complaint
               .
            
             
               To
               this
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               rejoyn'd
               another
               Answer
               of
               the
               twenty
               seventh
               of
               Decemb.
               1657.
               insisting
               upon
               the
               immediate
               admission
               of
               the
               States
               General
               to
               the
               mediation
               ,
               without
               suspending
               it
               upon
               the
               previous
               Act
               of
               first
               ratifying
               the
               Elbing
               
               Treaty
               ,
               a
               point
               which
               had
               been
               depending
               twelve
               months
               ,
               and
               was
               like
               to
               be
               longer
               .
               Adheres
               to
               the
               place
               formerly
               nominated
               by
               him
               for
               assembling
               the
               Commissioners
               .
               And
               that
               the
               Pole
               and
               Brandenburger
               should
               not
               only
               have
               a
               bare
               license
               of
               being
               present
               at
               the
               Treaty
               ,
               but
               that
               the
               respective
               Treaties
               to
               be
               had
               with
               them
               as
               Confederates
               and
               Principals
               with
               the
               Dane
               in
               the
               same
               War
               ,
               should
               proceed
               by
               the
               same
               gradations
               and
               measures
               as
               that
               with
               Denmark
               .
            
             
               The
               truth
               is
               ,
               in
               the
               reasoning
               and
               debate
               concerning
               the
               place
               of
               meeting
               there
               was
               a
               secret
               drift
               on
               both
               sides
               ,
               unexpressed
               by
               either
               .
               The
               Dane
               would
               have
               it
               at
               Lubec
               or
               any
               other
               neutral
               
               place
               in
               Germany
               ,
               convenient
               for
               the
               Pole
               and
               Brandenburger
               to
               be
               there
               present
               as
               parties
               with
               him
               ,
               whereby
               to
               have
               the
               opportunity
               of
               strengthning
               each
               the
               others
               hand
               by
               a
               communication
               of
               Councils
               ,
               and
               concerting
               of
               Affairs
               to
               the
               promoting
               of
               a
               common
               Interest
               .
               On
               the
               other
               hand
               the
               Suede
               would
               have
               it
               on
               the
               frontiers
               over
               the
               Baltic
               ,
               whither
               the
               Pole
               and
               Brandenburger
               could
               not
               with
               any
               reasonable
               convenience
               come
               ,
               designing
               thereby
               to
               disunite
               the
               Confederates
               by
               the
               jealousie
               of
               a
               separate
               Treaty
               .
               And
               perhaps
               might
               at
               the
               same
               time
               have
               treated
               openly
               with
               the
               Dane
               ,
               and
               underhand
               with
               the
               Pole
               ,
               and
               they
               two
               striving
               to
               prevent
               
               each
               other
               in
               the
               Peace
               ,
               for
               fear
               of
               being
               deserted
               each
               by
               other
               in
               the
               War
               ,
               where
               he
               found
               most
               advantagious
               conditions
               granted
               him
               ,
               there
               conclude
               Peace
               and
               prosecute
               the
               War
               against
               the
               other
               .
            
             
               To
               prevent
               this
               the
               English
               Mediator
               endeavoured
               to
               draw
               from
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               a
               previous
               intimation
               on
               what
               terms
               and
               conditions
               he
               would
               rest
               satisfied
               ,
               in
               case
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               would
               condescend
               to
               a
               separate
               Treaty
               ;
               That
               so
               when
               the
               Commissioners
               came
               to
               meet
               they
               might
               have
               nothing
               more
               to
               doe
               then
               to
               digest
               the
               several
               Articles
               into
               form
               to
               be
               signed
               and
               sealed
               ,
               and
               so
               the
               business
               effected
               before
               the
               rumor
               of
               a
               
               Treaty
               divulged
               ;
               And
               likewise
               partly
               to
               facilitate
               the
               way
               of
               an
               Agreement
               ,
               and
               partly
               to
               foretaste
               the
               temper
               of
               Affairs
               ,
               some
               Conditions
               were
               insinuated
               of
               the
               following
               nature
               .
            
             
               A
               general
               Amnesty
               of
               what
               was
               past
               .
               Restitution
               of
               places
               taken
               each
               upon
               other
               .
               A
               solemn
               Renewal
               under
               good
               Garranties
               of
               the
               Treaty
               in
               1644.
               
               A
               redress
               of
               Grievances
               relating
               to
               Trade
               .
               And
               a
               way
               ascertained
               for
               better
               prevention
               of
               all
               defraudations
               in
               the
               Sound
               ,
               the
               pretended
               cause
               of
               the
               War
               on
               the
               Danish
               part
               .
            
             
               And
               to
               incline
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               to
               disjoin
               his
               Interests
               from
               Poland
               ,
               it
               was
               represented
               by
               the
               Mediator
               ,
               what
               a
               broken
               reed
               Poland
               had
               hitherto
               proved
               
               to
               him
               .
               Sometimes
               making
               proffer
               to
               pass
               their
               forces
               over
               the
               Oder
               ,
               then
               presently
               retreating
               upon
               pretence
               of
               joining
               the
               Austrian
               foot
               ,
               not
               so
               much
               as
               entring
               Pomeren
               all
               this
               while
               to
               give
               the
               Suedish
               Army
               a
               diversion
               ,
               who
               lay
               securely
               quartered
               in
               Holstein
               and
               Jutland
               .
               That
               the
               Conditions
               of
               the
               Alliance
               were
               mutual
               and
               reciprocal
               ,
               which
               not
               being
               performed
               on
               the
               Polish
               part
               ,
               His
               Majesty
               of
               Denmark
               was
               no
               longer
               obliged
               .
               That
               Confederacies
               were
               for
               mutual
               safety
               ,
               and
               not
               intended
               to
               oblige
               Princes
               to
               their
               Ruine
               ,
               either
               singly
               or
               in
               company
               with
               others
               .
               That
               he
               had
               the
               fresh
               Example
               of
               his
               Heroic
               Father
               of
               happy
               memory
               ,
               who
               
               though
               he
               had
               entred
               into
               an
               Alliance
               with
               the
               Protestant
               Princes
               of
               Germany
               ,
               yet
               the
               necessity
               of
               his
               Affairs
               to
               recover
               what
               was
               lost
               ,
               and
               secure
               what
               was
               left
               ,
               constrained
               him
               to
               make
               a
               Peace
               with
               the
               Emperor
               in
               the
               year
               1629.
               exclusive
               of
               his
               Allies
               .
            
             
               But
               neither
               did
               these
               Reasons
               prevail
               with
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               to
               depart
               from
               his
               Alliance
               with
               the
               Pole
               ,
               till
               a
               more
               cogent
               necessity
               extorted
               afterwards
               from
               him
               a
               separate
               Treaty
               .
               Nor
               was
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               willing
               to
               anticipate
               the
               business
               of
               his
               Commissioners
               by
               precedaneous
               intimations
               of
               his
               Demands
               .
               Nor
               to
               content
               himself
               as
               to
               the
               terms
               and
               conditions
               
               of
               the
               Peace
               with
               less
               then
               an
               honourable
               amends
               for
               the
               wrong
               done
               him
               .
               But
               in
               his
               jolly
               way
               of
               expression
               ,
               since
               the
               Dane
               had
               led
               him
               so
               long
               a
               dance
               from
               Poland
               to
               Jutland
               ,
               he
               was
               resolved
               ,
               at
               least
               to
               make
               him
               pay
               the
               fidlers
               .
            
             
               Thus
               the
               War
               of
               the
               Cabinet
               was
               managed
               by
               missives
               and
               memorials
               ,
               but
               that
               of
               the
               field
               was
               carried
               on
               in
               a
               smarter
               manner
               .
               The
               extraordinary
               violent
               frost
               was
               by
               this
               time
               encreased
               to
               such
               a
               degree
               ,
               that
               the
               little
               Belt
               which
               divides
               Jutland
               from
               the
               Isle
               of
               Funen
               was
               so
               intensely
               frozen
               ,
               as
               suggested
               to
               the
               Suedish
               King
               an
               Enterprize
               (
               full
               of
               hazard
               but
               not
               disagreeable
               to
               a
               fearless
               mind
               edg'd
               with
               Ambition
               )
               
               of
               marching
               over
               the
               ice
               into
               Funen
               ,
               with
               horse
               ,
               foot
               and
               Cannon
               .
               Some
               little
               skirmishings
               there
               were
               upon
               the
               shoar
               of
               the
               Island
               ,
               if
               it
               may
               be
               called
               a
               shoar
               where
               there
               was
               no
               longer
               Sea
               ,
               and
               the
               Dane
               had
               in
               the
               most
               commodious
               landing
               places
               made
               large
               cuts
               in
               the
               Ice
               ,
               which
               were
               soon
               congeled
               again
               though
               with
               a
               softer
               crust
               .
               Into
               one
               of
               these
               a
               small
               division
               of
               about
               forty
               Suedish
               Horse
               with
               a
               Cornet
               unwarily
               fell
               ,
               and
               were
               there
               swallowed
               up
               .
               Major
               General
               Henderson
               a
               Scotch
               man
               was
               posted
               at
               Middlefar
               with
               a
               Body
               of
               men
               ,
               but
               upon
               the
               Suedes
               approach
               deserted
               his
               station
               ,
               for
               which
               he
               was
               after
               in
               great
               danger
               of
               a
               Council
               of
               
               War
               ,
               had
               not
               the
               English
               Minister
               seasonably
               interposed
               for
               his
               rescue
               .
               The
               Dane
               had
               about
               three
               or
               four
               thousand
               foot
               and
               two
               thousand
               Horse
               upon
               the
               Isle
               ,
               who
               were
               all
               of
               them
               defeated
               and
               taken
               :
               and
               some
               of
               them
               being
               Germans
               took
               party
               with
               the
               Suede
               invited
               by
               the
               hopes
               of
               good
               booty
               the
               plunder
               of
               a
               fertil
               and
               well
               peopled
               Island
               .
               The
               Suede
               marched
               directly
               to
               Odensea
               the
               capital
               Town
               ,
               spacious
               and
               well
               built
               ,
               which
               they
               entred
               without
               resistance
               .
               For
               as
               well
               Funen
               as
               the
               other
               Danish
               Isles
               are
               all
               open
               and
               unfortified
               ,
               and
               have
               no
               defensible
               places
               except
               Copenhagen
               and
               Cronenburg
               ,
               both
               upon
               the
               Isle
               of
               Zeland
               ,
               having
               been
               ever
               
               esteemed
               sufficiently
               fortified
               by
               being
               Islands
               ,
               and
               the
               Kings
               of
               Denmark
               having
               been
               alwaies
               Masters
               of
               a
               considerable
               Naval
               strength
               .
               But
               now
               being
               no
               longer
               considered
               as
               such
               ,
               but
               as
               contiguous
               and
               fastned
               with
               the
               continent
               ,
               they
               were
               exposed
               an
               easie
               prey
               to
               an
               adventurous
               and
               forward
               Enemy
               .
            
             
               'T
               is
               observable
               that
               this
               miraculous
               march
               over
               a
               breadth
               of
               the
               Sea
               of
               more
               than
               twenty
               English
               miles
               ,
               for
               such
               is
               the
               distance
               betwixt
               Funen
               and
               Zeland
               the
               way
               the
               Army
               marched
               ,
               was
               the
               resolve
               of
               the
               King
               himself
               contrary
               to
               the
               sense
               of
               Wrangel
               and
               the
               principal
               Officers
               of
               his
               Army
               ,
               and
               't
               is
               but
               just
               he
               should
               have
               the
               glory
               of
               
               the
               success
               ,
               who
               had
               he
               miscarried
               could
               not
               have
               avoided
               the
               imputation
               of
               temerity
               .
            
             
               The
               News
               of
               the
               loss
               of
               Funen
               being
               arrived
               at
               Copenhagen
               brought
               the
               more
               terror
               with
               it
               ,
               because
               besides
               the
               loss
               of
               so
               important
               an
               Isle
               ,
               it
               awakened
               the
               apprehension
               that
               the
               same
               Bridge
               which
               had
               let
               the
               Suede
               over
               the
               little
               Belt
               into
               Funen
               ,
               might
               do
               the
               like
               over
               the
               great
               Belt
               into
               Zeland
               .
               Whereupon
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               sends
               in
               haste
               to
               the
               English
               mediator
               ,
               desiring
               him
               to
               renew
               with
               all
               diligence
               the
               former
               proposal
               of
               a
               separate
               Treaty
               which
               had
               been
               for
               some
               time
               interrupted
               ,
               and
               to
               set
               it
               on
               foot
               with
               all
               possible
               Expedition
               .
               The
               Mediator
               being
               
               assured
               of
               the
               reality
               of
               the
               King's
               Intentions
               ,
               dispatches
               forthwith
               an
               Express
               to
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               with
               a
               Letter
               ,
               the
               Contents
               whereof
               I
               shall
               insert
               ,
               as
               being
               that
               upon
               which
               the
               following
               business
               turned
               .
               It
               acquainted
               him
               that
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               had
               already
               nominated
               and
               authorised
               the
               Lords
               
                 Joachin
                 Gersdorf
              
               Rix
               Hofmaster
               ,
               and
               
                 Christian
                 Scheel
              
               ,
               both
               Senatours
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               his
               Commissioners
               and
               Plenipotentiaries
               to
               meet
               ,
               treat
               and
               conclude
               with
               like
               Commissioners
               from
               him
               at
               such
               time
               and
               place
               as
               he
               his
               Majesty
               of
               Sueden
               should
               please
               to
               appoint
               .
               It
               requested
               him
               on
               the
               part
               and
               at
               the
               Instance
               of
               England
               ,
               to
               depute
               in
               like
               manner
               
               his
               Commissioners
               ,
               to
               prefix
               a
               time
               and
               place
               for
               meeting
               ,
               to
               send
               safe
               Conducts
               for
               him
               the
               Mediator
               and
               the
               Danish
               Commissioners
               .
               Adding
               moreover
               ,
               that
               his
               Majesty
               of
               Sueden
               being
               as
               it
               were
               in
               possession
               ,
               or
               at
               least
               in
               assurance
               of
               an
               Honourable
               Peace
               ,
               if
               he
               would
               Please
               henceforward
               to
               suspend
               Hostility
               ,
               testifying
               thereby
               the
               moderation
               and
               temper
               wherewith
               he
               Governed
               his
               Prosperity
               and
               success
               ,
               he
               would
               perform
               a
               work
               worthy
               the
               greatness
               of
               his
               Name
               ,
               gratify
               the
               neighbouring
               Princes
               and
               States
               ,
               and
               more
               especially
               oblige
               England
               by
               doing
               it
               in
               favour
               of
               a
               particular
               request
               .
            
             
               This
               Letter
               bore
               date
               from
               
               
                 Copenhagen
                 February
              
               the
               third
               ,
               1657.
               
               To
               which
               the
               King
               returned
               Answer
               by
               the
               same
               messenger
               from
               Newberg
               in
               
                 Funen
                 ,
                 February
              
               the
               fifth
               ,
               so
               quick
               was
               the
               dispatch
               at
               a
               distance
               of
               fourscore
               miles
               English.
               The
               King's
               Answer
               was
               as
               followeth
               ;
               To
               thank
               him
               the
               Mediator
               for
               his
               diligence
               in
               promoting
               the
               concerns
               of
               a
               Peace
               ,
               which
               the
               Dane
               had
               hitherto
               so
               obstinately
               opposed
               :
               That
               he
               was
               willing
               to
               enter
               immediately
               upon
               a
               Treaty
               with
               Denmark
               under
               the
               respective
               mediations
               of
               France
               and
               England
               .
               And
               since
               it
               was
               left
               to
               him
               to
               appoint
               the
               place
               and
               time
               ,
               he
               gave
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               the
               choice
               either
               of
               the
               Isle
               of
               Sproo
               or
               of
               Rudkoping
               in
               
               Langland
               for
               the
               Commissioners
               sufficiently
               Authorised
               on
               both
               sides
               to
               meet
               at
               ,
               within
               eight
               days
               after
               the
               date
               of
               this
               his
               Letter
               .
               That
               together
               with
               this
               Letter
               he
               had
               sent
               safe
               Conducts
               in
               due
               form
               for
               him
               the
               said
               English
               Mediator
               and
               for
               the
               Danish
               Commissioners
               ,
               to
               come
               stay
               and
               return
               at
               pleasure
               .
               That
               the
               business
               required
               the
               greater
               haste
               because
               he
               could
               promise
               himself
               no
               security
               in
               a
               suspension
               of
               Arms.
               
            
             
               This
               Answer
               was
               a
               full
               concession
               of
               the
               desired
               Treaty
               ,
               but
               the
               King
               would
               not
               be
               complimented
               out
               of
               his
               advantages
               into
               a
               cessation
               of
               Arms
               ,
               well
               knowing
               the
               powerful
               effects
               of
               panic
               fears
               from
               the
               suddenness
               
               of
               a
               successful
               Invasion
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               only
               way
               to
               profit
               by
               them
               is
               to
               give
               no
               respit
               for
               recollecting
               .
               The
               Suedish
               King
               contiues
               his
               march
               with
               all
               possible
               diligence
               :
               His
               nearest
               way
               to
               Zeland
               had
               been
               over
               the
               great
               Belt
               from
               Neuburg
               to
               Corsure
               about
               sixteen
               miles
               English
               ,
               but
               he
               chuses
               rather
               the
               way
               of
               Langland
               so
               to
               Laland
               &
               Falster
               ,
               which
               though
               the
               farther
               was
               the
               safer
               ,
               because
               the
               traject
               from
               Island
               to
               Island
               was
               no
               where
               so
               broad
               as
               it
               was
               in
               the
               Channel
               of
               the
               Belt
               betwixt
               Neuburg
               and
               Corsure
               .
            
             
               The
               forementioned
               dispatch
               with
               the
               safe
               Conducts
               from
               the
               
                 King
              
               of
               Sueden
               being
               arrived
               at
               
                 Copenhagen
              
               ,
               the
               Danish
               Commissioners
               accompanied
               with
               the
               
               English
               Mediator
               ,
               put
               themselves
               without
               delay
               upon
               their
               journey
               towards
               Rudcoping
               in
               the
               Isle
               of
               Langland
               ,
               the
               place
               appointed
               for
               the
               Treaty
               .
               They
               had
               travailed
               little
               more
               than
               sixty
               miles
               English
               ,
               when
               not
               far
               from
               Wardinburg
               the
               first
               Town
               from
               the
               Sea
               upon
               Zealand
               ,
               they
               met
               with
               the
               avant-curriers
               and
               scouts
               of
               the
               Suedish
               Army
               ,
               by
               whom
               they
               were
               advertised
               the
               King
               was
               newly
               entred
               upon
               Zeland
               ,
               and
               not
               far
               behind
               .
               This
               incredible
               diligence
               was
               an
               astonishing
               surprise
               to
               the
               Danish
               Commissioners
               ,
               whom
               in
               their
               journey
               from
               Copenhagen
               to
               Rudcoping
               the
               King
               met
               at
               half
               way
               .
               Passing
               by
               the
               Scouts
               unmolested
               under
               the
               security
               of
               the
               safe
               conducts
               ,
               
               they
               soon
               after
               met
               the
               King
               himself
               riding
               in
               a
               slide
               (
               after
               the
               manner
               of
               the
               Northern
               Countries
               when
               the
               Snows
               are
               deep
               )
               at
               the
               head
               of
               about
               two
               hundred
               Finnish
               Horse
               .
               All
               alighting
               to
               salute
               the
               King
               ,
               and
               he
               the
               same
               to
               resalute
               them
               ,
               he
               willed
               them
               to
               pass
               on
               to
               the
               neighbouring
               Town
               ,
               where
               he
               would
               speedily
               be
               with
               them
               ,
               for
               that
               he
               was
               going
               only
               to
               view
               a
               ground
               where
               conveniently
               he
               might
               draw
               up
               his
               Army
               in
               Battalia
               .
            
             
               To
               Wardinburg
               they
               went
               and
               there
               made
               the
               first
               entry
               upon
               the
               Treaty
               ,
               and
               met
               there
               the
               Chevalier
               Terlon
               Ambassador
               of
               France
               ,
               who
               came
               out
               of
               Germany
               in
               Company
               with
               the
               Suedish
               
               King.
               The
               Commissioners
               for
               the
               Treaty
               on
               the
               part
               of
               Sueden
               were
               Count
               Ulefeldt
               ,
               who
               though
               a
               Dane
               ,
               yet
               having
               received
               great
               disobligations
               from
               his
               native
               Countrey
               after
               many
               services
               ,
               turned
               malecontent
               ,
               and
               had
               for
               some
               time
               refug'd
               himself
               with
               the
               Suede
               .
               He
               being
               a
               person
               of
               Excellent
               endowments
               and
               withal
               of
               a
               haughty
               and
               vindicative
               nature
               ,
               was
               made
               use
               of
               as
               a
               fit
               Instrument
               upon
               this
               occasion
               against
               the
               Danish
               Court.
               The
               English
               Mediator
               at
               the
               instance
               of
               the
               Dane
               had
               privately
               moved
               the
               Suedish
               King
               to
               change
               him
               for
               some
               more
               grateful
               person
               ,
               but
               it
               would
               not
               be
               granted
               .
               The
               other
               Commissioner
               was
               the
               Baron
               
                 Steno
                 Bielk
              
               a
               Senator
               
               of
               Sueden
               .
               But
               Monsieur
               Coyet
               and
               Secretary
               Ernstein
               though
               neither
               of
               them
               Commissioners
               ,
               because
               not
               being
               Senators
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               their
               Character
               was
               inferior
               to
               that
               of
               the
               Danes
               ,
               yet
               being
               persons
               of
               mature
               knowledg
               in
               affairs
               of
               State
               were
               made
               use
               of
               as
               principal
               Instruments
               in
               the
               negotiating
               part
               .
            
             
               The
               Suedish
               King
               staid
               no
               longer
               at
               Wardinburg
               then
               was
               necessary
               for
               drawing
               over
               his
               Army
               from
               the
               Isle
               of
               Falster
               ,
               and
               then
               ranging
               them
               in
               Battalia
               with
               a
               large
               extended
               front
               ,
               in
               view
               of
               the
               Danish
               Commissioners
               and
               their
               retinue
               ,
               to
               oftentate
               their
               numbers
               and
               make
               them
               greater
               in
               appearance
               than
               they
               were
               in
               truth
               ,
               at
               
               length
               filed
               into
               a
               march
               the
               direct
               way
               to
               Copenhagen
               .
               There
               was
               little
               comfort
               in
               Treating
               whilst
               the
               King
               was
               marching
               ,
               and
               the
               Mediators
               and
               Danish
               Commissioners
               whose
               persons
               might
               in
               so
               dangerous
               a
               crisis
               be
               needful
               nearer
               their
               own
               King
               ,
               not
               being
               satisfied
               to
               be
               left
               behind
               the
               Army
               ,
               adjourned
               the
               Treaty
               and
               breaking
               up
               from
               Wardinburg
               overtook
               the
               Suedish
               King
               at
               a
               Town
               called
               Keug
               four
               leagues
               from
               Copenhagen
               .
               The
               next
               morning
               he
               drew
               up
               in
               Battalia
               again
               ,
               and
               then
               fell
               off
               as
               before
               into
               an
               orderly
               march
               after
               a
               division
               of
               Polish
               Horse
               upon
               the
               forlorn
               .
               His
               number
               about
               seven
               or
               eight
               thousand
               men
               well
               disciplin'd
               
               and
               enured
               to
               hardships
               ,
               whereof
               one
               half
               were
               Horse
               ,
               and
               a
               small
               train
               of
               Artillery
               of
               eight
               or
               ten
               field-pieces
               .
               Some
               were
               left
               behind
               to
               guard
               the
               conquered
               places
               besides
               the
               garrison
               of
               Fredericsode
               .
               That
               night
               he
               took
               up
               his
               head
               quarters
               at
               a
               village
               within
               a
               league
               and
               half
               of
               Copenhagen
               ,
               and
               within
               sight
               of
               it
               ,
               of
               which
               he
               would
               sportingly
               say
               she
               was
               a
               fair
               Lady
               and
               deserved
               dancing
               for
               .
               And
               he
               had
               reason
               to
               say
               so
               ,
               for
               had
               he
               won
               her
               as
               he
               wood
               her
               ,
               she
               had
               brought
               him
               for
               her
               dower
               all
               Denmark
               and
               Norway
               ,
               and
               then
               without
               the
               tedious
               enumeration
               of
               all
               his
               particular
               Principalities
               ,
               he
               might
               have
               shortned
               his
               Imperial
               Style
               and
               
               Title
               into
               that
               of
               
                 King
                 of
                 the
                 North.
              
               
            
             
               The
               Mediators
               and
               Commissioners
               went
               to
               Torstrup
               a
               near
               adjoyning
               village
               there
               to
               draw
               up
               the
               concept
               or
               minutes
               of
               a
               Treaty
               ,
               which
               when
               mutually
               agreed
               on
               ,
               all
               Hostilities
               were
               immediately
               to
               cease
               ,
               though
               it
               would
               require
               longer
               time
               to
               deduce
               those
               minutes
               into
               a
               larger
               form
               fit
               for
               the
               ratification
               of
               both
               Kings
               .
               Let
               us
               leave
               them
               a
               while
               at
               their
               work
               and
               take
               a
               short
               view
               of
               the
               posture
               and
               condition
               of
               those
               in
               Copenhagen
               .
            
             
               The
               Portifications
               of
               the
               City
               were
               much
               decayed
               ,
               partly
               through
               long
               security
               not
               having
               ,
               seen
               an
               Enemy
               for
               many
               Ages
               ,
               
               partly
               through
               parsimony
               ,
               to
               avoid
               an
               expence
               supposed
               needless
               .
               Besides
               great
               Trading
               Towns
               are
               not
               willing
               to
               be
               fettered
               up
               with
               walls
               and
               bastions
               ,
               and
               perhaps
               in
               this
               case
               the
               Danish
               Nobility
               were
               as
               little
               willing
               as
               the
               Citizens
               ,
               fearing
               the
               strength
               of
               the
               Town
               might
               make
               the
               Burgers
               heady
               :
               The
               Walls
               being
               only
               of
               earth
               and
               not
               revested
               or
               faced
               with
               brick
               or
               stone
               ,
               were
               much
               crumbled
               down
               with
               the
               frost
               ,
               and
               easie
               to
               be
               climb'd
               without
               the
               help
               of
               scaling
               ladders
               ;
               and
               the
               earth
               so
               petrified
               that
               spade
               or
               mattock
               could
               not
               be
               made
               use
               of
               for
               present
               repair
               .
               The
               spring
               waters
               began
               to
               fail
               ,
               and
               some
               being
               long
               frozen
               were
               corrupted
               for
               
               want
               of
               air
               and
               motion
               .
               There
               was
               not
               one
               piece
               of
               Cannon
               upon
               the
               Walls
               when
               the
               Commissioners
               parted
               thence
               ,
               but
               by
               this
               time
               good
               store
               were
               hastily
               drawn
               from
               the
               Arsenal
               and
               ships
               in
               the
               Harbour
               ,
               and
               mounted
               upon
               ship-carriages
               .
               There
               was
               no
               provision
               of
               food
               or
               fewel
               for
               a
               siege
               ,
               no
               garrison
               more
               than
               the
               Burgers
               ,
               only
               upon
               this
               Alarm
               a
               body
               of
               five
               or
               six
               hundred
               horse
               and
               some
               few
               foot
               were
               drawn
               from
               Sconen
               ,
               and
               passed
               over
               the
               Sound
               upon
               the
               Ice
               into
               the
               City
               .
               But
               the
               horse
               would
               soon
               have
               wanted
               forrage
               ,
               and
               being
               most
               of
               them
               Germans
               ,
               the
               least
               disorder
               might
               not
               improbably
               have
               seduced
               them
               over
               to
               others
               of
               their
               Country-men
               
               in
               the
               Suedish
               Army
               ,
               in
               hopes
               to
               have
               shared
               in
               the
               promised
               harvest
               of
               rich
               plunder
               .
               Besides
               the
               Dane
               quitting
               the
               field
               in
               Sconen
               ,
               the
               Suedish
               Feldtheer
               Steinboch
               was
               ready
               on
               that
               side
               with
               five
               or
               six
               thousand
               men
               to
               have
               passed
               the
               Ice
               and
               joined
               his
               Master
               in
               Zeland
               .
               But
               nothing
               so
               much
               dismaied
               the
               Dane
               as
               the
               consideration
               how
               none
               of
               his
               Confederates
               was
               in
               possible
               capacity
               of
               relieving
               him
               in
               this
               utmost
               extremity
               .
               The
               Pole
               and
               Brandenburger
               were
               remote
               as
               in
               another
               world
               ,
               and
               seem'd
               glad
               that
               the
               storm
               had
               passed
               over
               their
               heads
               and
               fallen
               in
               another
               quarter
               .
               The
               Ice
               which
               was
               a
               bridge
               to
               the
               Suede
               ,
               was
               a
               bar
               to
               the
               Hollander
               .
               And
               
               so
               wonderful
               was
               that
               year
               ,
               the
               Seas
               were
               not
               open
               for
               above
               three
               months
               after
               .
               On
               the
               first
               of
               May
               following
               ,
               a
               ship
               at
               an
               Anchor
               in
               the
               Road
               before
               Copenhagen
               had
               her
               Cable
               of
               sixteen
               Inches
               circumference
               cut
               by
               a
               shoal
               of
               Ice
               .
               Add
               to
               this
               the
               temper
               of
               the
               people
               ,
               some
               murmuring
               (
               as
               is
               usual
               in
               such
               occasions
               )
               against
               the
               conduct
               of
               their
               Governours
               ,
               others
               exclaiming
               they
               were
               betrayed
               ,
               all
               affrighted
               and
               looking
               on
               their
               condition
               as
               desperate
               .
               As
               a
               Testimony
               whereof
               let
               me
               add
               this
               one
               instance
               ,
               the
               English
               Mediator
               returning
               upon
               some
               occasions
               from
               the
               Camp
               into
               the
               City
               ,
               found
               his
               house
               well
               fraught
               with
               rich
               goods
               ,
               which
               the
               best
               
               of
               the
               Inhabitants
               had
               conveyed
               thither
               as
               to
               a
               sanctuary
               against
               the
               plundering
               Suede
               .
               And
               yet
               this
               testimony
               is
               due
               to
               the
               person
               of
               the
               Danish
               King
               ,
               that
               he
               comported
               himself
               with
               a
               magnanimous
               constancy
               and
               firmness
               amidst
               all
               these
               misfortunes
               .
            
             
               'T
               is
               not
               irrational
               to
               suppose
               that
               if
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               had
               been
               truly
               informed
               of
               the
               state
               of
               the
               Town
               ,
               he
               would
               not
               have
               slipped
               the
               most
               advantagious
               opportunity
               he
               ever
               had
               of
               taking
               Copenhagen
               .
               But
               though
               he
               knew
               all
               was
               not
               well
               with
               the
               Dane
               ,
               yet
               he
               did
               not
               know
               the
               worst
               ,
               and
               being
               already
               laden
               with
               a
               heap
               of
               prosperities
               crowded
               beyond
               expectation
               upon
               him
               ,
               
                 esteemed
              
               it
               more
               prudential
               to
               
               lay
               hold
               on
               those
               eminent
               and
               securer
               advantages
               offered
               him
               by
               Treaty
               ,
               than
               to
               depend
               upon
               the
               issues
               of
               War
               subject
               to
               vicissitudes
               .
               Yea
               't
               is
               not
               irrational
               to
               believe
               that
               some
               of
               the
               wiser
               heads
               in
               the
               Suedish
               Court
               did
               not
               heartily
               desire
               to
               see
               their
               King
               Master
               of
               Copenhagen
               ,
               lest
               the
               commodiousness
               of
               the
               situation
               preferable
               to
               that
               of
               Stockholm
               should
               invite
               either
               him
               or
               his
               Successor
               to
               make
               that
               the
               capital
               seat
               of
               the
               Monarchy
               ,
               whereby
               Sueden
               should
               in
               process
               of
               time
               have
               insensibly
               degenerated
               from
               a
               Kingdom
               to
               a
               Province
               .
            
             
               The
               minutes
               of
               the
               Treaty
               were
               in
               few
               days
               concluded
               at
               Torstrup
               ,
               upon
               which
               a
               cessation
               
               of
               Arms
               immediately
               followed
               :
               And
               from
               thence
               the
               Mediators
               and
               Commissioners
               removed
               to
               Roschild
               ,
               to
               digest
               more
               at
               leisure
               those
               summary
               Articles
               into
               the
               body
               of
               a
               Treaty
               .
               Ten
               days
               were
               spent
               upon
               that
               Affair
               ,
               till
               the
               whole
               was
               fully
               perfected
               and
               finished
               .
               And
               then
               the
               respective
               Instruments
               were
               in
               solemn
               form
               signed
               and
               sealed
               by
               the
               Mediators
               and
               Commissioners
               on
               both
               sides
               ,
               and
               interchangeably
               delivered
               each
               to
               other
               .
               Which
               from
               the
               place
               where
               it
               was
               finally
               concluded
               ,
               though
               begun
               at
               Wardinburg
               ,
               agreed
               at
               Torstrup
               ,
               yet
               finished
               here
               ,
               was
               denominated
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               .
            
             
               By
               this
               Treaty
               the
               King
               of
               
               Denmark
               was
               a
               great
               loser
               if
               we
               consider
               what
               he
               quitted
               ,
               but
               it
               may
               as
               well
               be
               said
               he
               was
               a
               great
               saver
               if
               we
               consider
               what
               he
               kept
               .
               For
               he
               who
               had
               lost
               all
               in
               the
               field
               could
               not
               reasonably
               expect
               to
               regain
               it
               in
               the
               cabinet
               ;
               And
               though
               some
               of
               his
               principal
               branches
               were
               lopt
               off
               ,
               which
               in
               time
               might
               grow
               again
               ,
               yet
               the
               root
               was
               preserved
               which
               else
               had
               been
               lost
               without
               resource
               .
               So
               that
               it
               was
               but
               an
               expression
               of
               tenderness
               to
               his
               King
               and
               Countrey
               what
               the
               Danish
               Rix
               Hofmaster
               (
               a
               right
               worthy
               person
               )
               whisperd
               into
               the
               ear
               of
               the
               English
               Mediator
               ,
               
                 Utinam
                 nescirem
                 literas
              
               .
               The
               lands
               and
               Territories
               which
               by
               this
               Treaty
               were
               
               alienated
               and
               transferred
               from
               Denmark
               to
               the
               Crown
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               were
               the
               Provinces
               of
               Sconen
               and
               Bleking
               (
               as
               for
               Halland
               I
               reckon
               the
               Suede
               had
               that
               before
               )
               likewise
               the
               Isle
               of
               Bornholm
               and
               the
               two
               Governments
               of
               Bahuys
               and
               Drontheim
               in
               Norway
               .
            
             
               The
               English
               Mediator
               had
               two
               parts
               to
               act
               in
               this
               Scene
               ;
               one
               was
               to
               moderate
               the
               Demands
               as
               far
               as
               he
               could
               in
               favour
               of
               the
               Sufferer
               ,
               without
               disobliging
               the
               Suede
               by
               a
               too
               notorious
               partiality
               .
               The
               other
               was
               to
               watch
               lest
               any
               thing
               be
               stipulated
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Kings
               prejudicial
               to
               the
               Interests
               of
               England
               .
               It
               was
               moved
               that
               the
               whole
               Kingdom
               of
               Norway
               should
               be
               rent
               off
               from
               Denmark
               
               and
               united
               to
               Sueden
               ,
               with
               which
               it
               lay
               contiguous
               :
               This
               intrenched
               upon
               England
               as
               giving
               the
               Suede
               the
               sole
               and
               entire
               possession
               of
               the
               chief
               materials
               ,
               as
               Masts
               ,
               Deals
               ,
               Pitch
               ,
               Tar
               ,
               Copper
               ,
               Iron
               ,
               &c.
               needful
               for
               the
               apparel
               and
               equipage
               of
               our
               ships
               ,
               too
               great
               a
               Treasure
               to
               be
               intrusted
               in
               one
               hand
               .
               The
               Mediator
               in
               avoidance
               of
               this
               was
               the
               first
               who
               insinuated
               the
               Proposal
               of
               rendring
               Sconen
               and
               Bleking
               to
               the
               Suede
               ,
               which
               would
               cut
               off
               that
               unnecessary
               charge
               both
               Crowns
               sustained
               in
               garrisoning
               a
               Frontier
               each
               against
               other
               ,
               by
               enlarging
               the
               Suedish
               Dominions
               to
               the
               bank
               of
               the
               Sound
               ,
               the
               ancient
               and
               natural
               boundary
               of
               Sueden
               .
               This
               though
               
               uneasie
               to
               the
               Dane
               because
               of
               the
               vicinity
               of
               those
               Provinces
               to
               Copenhagen
               the
               Metropolis
               ,
               yet
               was
               safe
               for
               England
               ,
               because
               by
               this
               means
               the
               Suede
               is
               become
               Master
               of
               one
               Bank
               of
               the
               Sound
               as
               the
               Dane
               is
               of
               the
               other
               ,
               though
               the
               accustomed
               Duty
               of
               passage
               ,
               (
               the
               best
               flower
               in
               the
               Danish
               Garland
               )
               was
               by
               this
               Treaty
               reserved
               wholly
               to
               the
               Dane
               .
               Thus
               the
               Power
               over
               that
               narrow
               entry
               into
               the
               Baltic
               being
               balanced
               betwixt
               two
               emulous
               Crowns
               ,
               will
               be
               an
               effectual
               preventive
               of
               any
               new
               exactions
               or
               usurpations
               in
               the
               Sound
               ,
               which
               occasioned
               a
               fierce
               War
               betwixt
               them
               in
               the
               year
               1643.
               
               In
               which
               the
               States
               General
               judged
               themselves
               so
               nearly
               
               concerned
               (
               England
               being
               at
               that
               time
               most
               unhappily
               embroild
               with
               Intestine
               Commotions
               ,
               and
               not
               in
               condition
               to
               look
               after
               her
               concerns
               abroad
               )
               that
               they
               sent
               a
               considerable
               Fleet
               of
               War
               to
               the
               assistance
               of
               the
               Suede
               ,
               by
               help
               whereof
               the
               Dane
               was
               beaten
               and
               forced
               to
               a
               dishonourable
               Treaty
               at
               Broomsborow
               ,
               as
               was
               before
               mentioned
               .
               And
               the
               Duties
               payable
               in
               the
               Sound
               were
               from
               that
               time
               regulated
               as
               they
               now
               stand
               at
               this
               day
               .
            
             
               An
               Article
               had
               been
               framed
               obliging
               both
               Kings
               to
               hinder
               the
               passage
               of
               any
               forrain
               Fleet
               of
               War
               into
               the
               Baltic
               ,
               which
               though
               directly
               and
               immediately
               levelled
               against
               Holland
               ,
               yet
               obliquely
               and
               remotely
               reflected
               
               upon
               England
               ,
               with
               which
               the
               English
               Mediator
               not
               being
               satisfied
               ,
               caused
               the
               word
               inimica
               to
               be
               inserted
               ,
               and
               then
               the
               sense
               was
               this
               ,
               that
               both
               Kings
               to
               their
               power
               should
               endeavour
               to
               impede
               the
               passage
               of
               any
               forrain
               Fleet
               of
               War
               Enemy
               of
               both
               Crowns
               .
               By
               which
               the
               edge
               of
               the
               Article
               was
               rebated
               ,
               and
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               displeased
               thereat
               ,
               after
               acquiesced
               .
            
             
               This
               Roschild
               Treaty
               thus
               concluded
               bears
               date
               ,
               February
               the
               twenty
               sixth
               ,
               1658.
               or
               as
               we
               in
               England
               write
               1657.
               and
               was
               ratified
               by
               both
               Kings
               under
               their
               Royal
               Seals
               and
               signatures
               ,
               together
               with
               the
               seals
               and
               subscriptions
               of
               the
               Senators
               of
               both
               Kingdoms
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               time
               
               and
               manner
               prescribed
               by
               the
               Articles
               .
               The
               next
               thing
               which
               in
               order
               followed
               ,
               was
               the
               solemn
               interview
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Kings
               at
               Frederiosburg
               ,
               a
               Palace
               of
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               about
               four
               leagues
               from
               Copenhagen
               ,
               the
               most
               magnificent
               of
               any
               in
               the
               North.
               Thither
               both
               of
               them
               went
               and
               which
               is
               remarqueable
               ,
               without
               any
               previous
               stipulations
               concerning
               Guards
               or
               number
               of
               Followers
               usually
               practised
               betwixt
               doubtful
               Friends
               ,
               but
               with
               a
               frank
               and
               Northern
               simplicity
               ,
               without
               any
               seeming
               distrust
               each
               of
               other
               :
               Yet
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               had
               at
               least
               five
               hundred
               horse
               with
               him
               ,
               being
               those
               who
               were
               formerly
               drawn
               out
               of
               Schonen
               
               besides
               his
               ordinary
               Foot-Guards
               in
               Livery
               ,
               and
               the
               several
               Gentlemen
               and
               Officers
               of
               his
               Court
               ;
               The
               King
               of
               Sueden
               had
               not
               above
               four
               hundred
               and
               those
               not
               so
               well
               mounted
               or
               armed
               as
               the
               other
               .
            
             
               The
               Danish
               King
               set
               forwards
               from
               his
               House
               about
               two
               English
               miles
               or
               more
               to
               meet
               the
               Suede
               upon
               his
               way
               from
               Poschild
               .
               Both
               Kings
               at
               a
               competent
               distance
               alighted
               at
               the
               same
               time
               out
               of
               their
               Coaches
               and
               saluted
               by
               joyning
               their
               right
               hands
               ,
               then
               both
               entred
               the
               Danish
               Coach
               ,
               the
               Suede
               going
               first
               ,
               then
               the
               Dane
               ,
               accompanied
               by
               the
               English
               Mediator
               and
               Duke
               
                 Ernest
                 Gunther
              
               of
               
                 Holstein
                 Sunderburg
              
               .
               The
               French
               Ambassador
               
               was
               not
               present
               at
               this
               Entertainment
               :
               The
               same
               Order
               was
               afterwards
               observ'd
               ,
               only
               at
               the
               Table
               ,
               the
               Queen
               of
               Denmark
               sat
               at
               the
               end
               ,
               on
               the
               Queens
               right
               hand
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               next
               below
               him
               on
               the
               same
               side
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               .
               On
               the
               Queens
               left
               hand
               the
               Dutchess
               of
               Holstein
               and
               the
               Mediator
               ;
               at
               some
               distance
               the
               Senators
               of
               both
               Kingdoms
               and
               principal
               Officers
               of
               the
               Army
               .
               Let
               it
               suffice
               to
               say
               the
               Entertainment
               was
               magnificent
               and
               such
               as
               became
               so
               unusual
               a
               Solemnity
               ,
               for
               two
               Kings
               but
               now
               in
               War
               ,
               to
               go
               together
               from
               the
               Field
               to
               the
               Table
               .
               The
               Solemnity
               continued
               from
               Thursday
               to
               Saturday
               ,
               both
               Kings
               for
               two
               
               Nights
               lodging
               under
               the
               same
               Roof
               .
               At
               parting
               they
               exchang'd
               Horses
               and
               other
               friendly
               Presents
               ,
               and
               those
               Officers
               of
               the
               Danish
               Court
               who
               were
               appointed
               to
               attend
               the
               Person
               of
               the
               Suedish
               King
               were
               Nobly
               regaled
               by
               him
               .
               On
               Saturday
               he
               took
               his
               leave
               and
               went
               to
               Elsinore
               ,
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               accompanying
               him
               part
               of
               the
               way
               ,
               from
               thence
               he
               crossed
               the
               Sound
               to
               take
               possession
               of
               his
               new
               Conquests
               in
               Sconen
               ,
               the
               two
               Castles
               of
               Cronenbnrg
               and
               Elsenburg
               (
               the
               latter
               now
               his
               own
               )
               thundring
               out
               their
               Salutations
               during
               his
               passage
               .
               From
               thence
               he
               went
               to
               Gottenburg
               where
               his
               Queen
               met
               him
               ,
               the
               first
               time
               she
               had
               seen
               him
               since
               his
               first
               enterprize
               
               upon
               Poland
               ,
               and
               there
               an
               assembly
               of
               the
               States
               of
               his
               Kingdom
               was
               celebrated
               .
            
             
               The
               Mediators
               went
               to
               Copenhagen
               to
               meet
               the
               Commissioners
               newly
               arrived
               from
               the
               Duke
               of
               
                 Holstein
                 Gottorp
              
               ,
               Father
               in
               law
               to
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               for
               adjusting
               the
               satisfaction
               due
               to
               that
               Duke
               ,
               who
               had
               been
               a
               great
               sufferer
               by
               the
               War
               ,
               in
               pursuance
               of
               the
               twenty
               second
               Article
               of
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               .
               The
               English
               Mediator
               received
               several
               Letters
               from
               the
               Duke
               requesting
               him
               to
               expedite
               that
               affair
               ,
               which
               by
               the
               said
               Article
               was
               to
               be
               terminated
               by
               the
               second
               of
               May.
               Besides
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               though
               he
               had
               already
               quitted
               Zeland
               ,
               yet
               he
               was
               resolv'd
               
               not
               to
               dislodge
               his
               Troops
               from
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               Danish
               Dominions
               till
               his
               Father-in-law
               had
               received
               an
               equitable
               satisfaction
               .
               This
               Business
               met
               with
               more
               difficulties
               than
               was
               expected
               ,
               and
               grew
               so
               high
               ,
               that
               the
               Danish
               Commissioners
               entred
               a
               solemn
               Protestation
               in
               writing
               into
               the
               hands
               of
               the
               Mediators
               ,
               protesting
               that
               the
               impediment
               was
               not
               on
               their
               part
               ,
               if
               all
               things
               were
               not
               accorded
               betwixt
               the
               Royal
               and
               Ducal
               Houses
               before
               the
               Expiration
               of
               the
               time
               prefixed
               ,
               they
               having
               already
               condescended
               to
               all
               equitable
               Demands
               .
               At
               last
               this
               Affair
               was
               ended
               also
               by
               Grant
               of
               the
               Bailywick
               of
               Suabsted
               and
               Release
               of
               the
               Vassallage
               of
               the
               Dutchy
               of
               
               Slesvic
               a
               sief-of
               the
               Crown
               of
               Denmark
               ,
               and
               the
               concept
               of
               Articles
               was
               signed
               and
               sealed
               by
               the
               Mediators
               and
               respective
               Commissioners
               ,
               and
               afterwards
               ratified
               by
               the
               King
               and
               Duke
               .
            
             
               As
               to
               the
               Dutchy
               of
               Slesvic
               't
               is
               to
               be
               noted
               ,
               that
               the
               Dukes
               thereof
               ow
               Fealty
               to
               the
               Crown
               of
               Denmark
               ,
               and
               consequently
               are
               liable
               to
               the
               forfeiture
               of
               their
               Fee
               in
               case
               of
               disloyalty
               .
               But
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               is
               likewise
               Duke
               of
               Slesvic
               and
               moreover
               ,
               Hereditary
               in
               Slesvic
               and
               but
               Elective
               in
               Denmark
               ,
               so
               that
               by
               Release
               of
               the
               Vassallage
               the
               Crown
               of
               Denmark
               was
               a
               loser
               ,
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               a
               gainer
               .
               The
               Royal
               House
               of
               Denmark
               
               and
               the
               Ducal
               House
               of
               Gottorp
               are
               extracted
               from
               two
               brothers
               ,
               whose
               descendants
               are
               equally
               and
               in
               common
               sovereign
               Dukes
               of
               Holstein
               and
               Slesvic
               .
               All
               Contributions
               ,
               Imposts
               and
               public
               Revenues
               are
               put
               into
               a
               common
               Coffer
               to
               be
               equally
               divided
               betwixt
               both
               ,
               and
               all
               charges
               and
               expences
               of
               the
               Government
               to
               be
               ratably
               allowed
               out
               of
               the
               public
               Stock
               .
               And
               yet
               they
               have
               their
               Bailywicks
               ,
               Lands
               and
               Possessions
               apart
               .
               But
               the
               Prelates
               ,
               Nobility
               and
               Towns
               of
               both
               Dutchies
               remain
               undivided
               and
               do
               Fealty
               to
               both
               Princes
               ,
               who
               govern
               alternatively
               and
               change
               turns
               every
               year
               .
               It
               had
               been
               urged
               on
               the
               part
               of
               the
               Duke
               that
               there
               should
               be
               an
               abolition
               
               of
               this
               alternative
               communion
               ,
               whereby
               the
               Government
               and
               public
               Justice
               within
               both
               Dutchies
               is
               one
               year
               in
               the
               King
               and
               another
               in
               the
               Duke
               .
               But
               the
               States
               of
               Holstein
               would
               not
               consent
               to
               this
               ,
               and
               so
               't
               was
               laid
               aside
               ,
               because
               those
               Holsteiners
               who
               upon
               the
               Division
               of
               the
               Government
               should
               have
               fallen
               under
               the
               repartition
               and
               share
               of
               the
               Duke
               ,
               should
               have
               been
               no
               longer
               subjects
               to
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               ,
               to
               the
               great
               hindrance
               and
               prejudice
               of
               those
               Noblemen
               who
               find
               better
               preferments
               in
               the
               Court
               at
               Copenhagen
               than
               can
               be
               expected
               from
               that
               at
               Gottorp
               .
               Besides
               having
               two
               Masters
               successively
               ,
               when
               Justice
               is
               delaied
               them
               by
               one
               ,
               they
               can
               have
               recourse
               
               to
               the
               other
               ,
               as
               the
               Government
               comes
               to
               his
               turn
               ,
               which
               they
               of
               Holstein
               esteem
               a
               privilege
               .
            
             
               Thus
               I
               have
               continued
               the
               Series
               of
               the
               principal
               affairs
               Military
               and
               Civil
               down
               to
               the
               Pacification
               of
               Roschild
               ,
               and
               should
               have
               ended
               here
               ,
               but
               that
               the
               War
               breaking
               out
               again
               and
               the
               new-made
               Peace
               soon
               after
               violated
               ,
               oblige
               me
               ,
               though
               unwilling
               ,
               to
               proceed
               .
            
             
               Two
               Ambassadors
               were
               sent
               from
               Sueden
               to
               the
               Danish
               Court
               ,
               the
               Baron
               Bielk
               and
               Monsieur
               Coyet
               ,
               partly
               to
               Negotiate
               such
               things
               as
               appertained
               to
               the
               execution
               of
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               partly
               to
               make
               the
               Overture
               of
               a
               strict
               and
               intimate
               Alliance
               betwixt
               
               the
               two
               Crowns
               ,
               by
               a
               League
               mutually
               Defensive
               .
               For
               it
               greatly
               imported
               the
               Suedish
               King
               ,
               having
               many
               Enemies
               still
               before
               him
               ,
               to
               double
               bolt
               ,
               and
               by
               all
               possible
               means
               secure
               the
               back-door
               of
               Denmark
               .
               At
               leastwise
               not
               to
               leave
               Denmark
               like
               a
               smoaking
               torch
               ,
               though
               the
               flame
               of
               War
               was
               extinguished
               ,
               ready
               to
               take
               fire
               again
               upon
               every
               agitation
               .
               But
               things
               fell
               out
               quite
               otherwise
               .
               The
               Dane
               was
               more
               intent
               how
               to
               free
               his
               Country
               from
               the
               burdensome
               company
               of
               the
               Suede
               ,
               than
               desirous
               to
               entertain
               with
               him
               any
               stricter
               alliance
               of
               Amity
               .
               And
               the
               Suede
               found
               it
               true
               that
               Treaties
               extorted
               by
               necessity
               upon
               unequal
               and
               disproportionate
               
               conditions
               are
               no
               longer
               durable
               than
               that
               force
               continues
               which
               first
               made
               them
               .
            
             
               After
               the
               Suedish
               Army
               had
               quitted
               Zeland
               and
               the
               relenting
               Ice
               was
               no
               longer
               repassable
               ,
               some
               in
               the
               Danish
               Court
               whose
               Zeal
               and
               Affection
               to
               their
               King
               and
               Countrey
               was
               otherwise
               commendable
               ,
               were
               too
               free
               and
               open
               in
               Censuring
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               ,
               as
               if
               their
               Affaits
               had
               not
               been
               reduced
               to
               such
               extremity
               as
               to
               constrain
               them
               to
               so
               dishonourable
               conditions
               .
               Thus
               when
               the
               danger
               is
               passed
               and
               the
               confternation
               over
               ,
               all
               will
               seek
               to
               appear
               valiant
               and
               wise
               ,
               and
               he
               who
               in
               a
               wrack
               thinks
               himself
               happy
               in
               a
               plank
               to
               save
               his
               life
               ,
               is
               no
               sooner
               
               ashoar
               ,
               but
               grows
               dissatisfied
               with
               himself
               for
               not
               securing
               his
               goods
               .
               
                 Van
                 Beuning
              
               the
               Dutch
               Ambassador
               at
               Copenhagen
               was
               busie
               with
               Intrigues
               amongst
               the
               great
               persons
               of
               the
               Danish
               Court
               ,
               and
               suspected
               by
               the
               jealous
               and
               watchful
               Suede
               .
               A
               great
               debate
               fell
               out
               betwixt
               the
               Suedish
               Ambassadors
               and
               Danish
               Commissioners
               concerning
               the
               property
               of
               the
               Isle
               of
               Hueen
               ,
               which
               not
               being
               expressly
               transferred
               to
               Sueden
               in
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               ,
               the
               Suede
               to
               salve
               that
               omission
               challenged
               it
               as
               an
               appendix
               and
               accessary
               of
               Sconen
               ,
               but
               the
               Dane
               reclaim'd
               it
               as
               an
               appurtenance
               of
               Zeland
               .
               The
               truth
               is
               ,
               the
               Isle
               of
               it self
               without
               any
               relative
               consideration
               was
               
               of
               little
               or
               no
               value
               ,
               but
               had
               it
               remained
               in
               Danish
               hands
               they
               might
               have
               built
               a
               Fort
               upon
               it
               to
               command
               the
               entry
               of
               Landscroon
               ,
               by
               which
               the
               onely
               or
               most
               considerable
               Port
               which
               the
               Suede
               had
               in
               Sconen
               would
               have
               been
               rendred
               useless
               .
               And
               therefore
               they
               were
               resolved
               at
               any
               rate
               to
               have
               it
               ,
               and
               if
               by
               no
               other
               right
               ,
               at
               least
               by
               that
               new
               devised
               one
               which
               we
               in
               old
               English
               have
               no
               word
               for
               ,
               but
               the
               French
               call
               it
               
                 Le
                 Droit
                 de
                 bienseance
              
               .
               Other
               Controversies
               arose
               of
               the
               like
               nature
               ,
               which
               the
               Suede
               though
               seemingly
               offended
               at
               ,
               yet
               profited
               upon
               ,
               making
               them
               the
               pretence
               for
               continuing
               their
               forces
               in
               
                 Funen
                 ,
                 Jutland
              
               ,
               and
               other
               the
               Danish
               Dominions
               ,
               
               which
               by
               the
               sixteenth
               Article
               of
               the
               Treaty
               they
               were
               to
               have
               quitted
               by
               the
               first
               of
               May.
               
            
             
               1658.
               
               Summer
               was
               now
               approaching
               and
               yet
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               was
               still
               at
               Gottenburg
               ,
               ordering
               the
               affairs
               of
               his
               Kingdome
               ,
               setling
               himself
               in
               his
               new
               acquired
               Estates
               ,
               and
               attending
               the
               Issue
               of
               his
               Ambassadors
               Negotiation
               at
               Copenhagen
               .
               In
               June
               he
               parted
               thence
               and
               arrived
               at
               Fredericsode
               ,
               stopped
               some
               time
               at
               Flensburg
               ,
               and
               from
               thence
               went
               to
               his
               Father-in-law
               at
               Gottorp
               .
               Four
               Ambassadors
               met
               him
               from
               the
               Electoral
               College
               ,
               for
               there
               was
               at
               that
               time
               a
               vacancy
               in
               the
               Empire
               ,
               and
               the
               Electors
               were
               assembled
               at
               Francfort
               upon
               choice
               of
               a
               new
               Emperour
               .
               The
               
               business
               of
               the
               Ambassadors
               was
               to
               proffer
               all
               friendly
               offices
               for
               composing
               the
               War
               betwixt
               him
               and
               Poland
               ,
               and
               accommoding
               all
               differences
               betwixt
               him
               and
               the
               King
               of
               Hungary
               ,
               soon
               after
               chosen
               King
               of
               the
               Romans
               and
               Emperour
               .
               As
               also
               to
               desire
               and
               forewarn
               him
               to
               abstain
               from
               marching
               with
               his
               Army
               upon
               the
               Territories
               of
               the
               Empire
               .
               The
               Ambassadors
               had
               an
               unwelcome
               reception
               ,
               the
               King
               reproaching
               them
               with
               their
               Masters
               non-performance
               of
               the
               Garrantie
               of
               the
               Munster
               Treaty
               upon
               the
               Danish
               Invasion
               of
               the
               Bishoprick
               of
               Bremen
               .
               Two
               Ministers
               came
               to
               him
               in
               particular
               from
               the
               Elector
               of
               Brandenburg
               ,
               but
               were
               not
               admitted
               
               to
               Audience
               ,
               the
               King
               requiring
               a
               previous
               satisfaction
               from
               that
               Elector
               for
               deserting
               his
               Alliance
               and
               confederating
               himself
               with
               his
               declared
               Enemy
               the
               Pole.
               The
               Brandenburg
               Ministers
               were
               treated
               the
               more
               roughly
               ,
               the
               better
               to
               disguise
               a
               following
               design
               ,
               and
               to
               induce
               a
               general
               belief
               that
               the
               Dominions
               of
               their
               Master
               were
               forthwith
               to
               be
               invaded
               .
               The
               English
               Mediator
               had
               been
               recalled
               from
               the
               Court
               of
               Denmark
               as
               supposing
               all
               quiet
               there
               ,
               and
               placed
               in
               that
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               and
               was
               now
               in
               Germany
               setting
               on
               foot
               a
               new
               mediation
               betwixt
               that
               King
               ,
               the
               Pole
               and
               Brandenburger
               .
               The
               Armies
               of
               which
               two
               last
               subsisted
               all
               this
               while
               at
               the
               charge
               
               of
               their
               own
               Countries
               ,
               but
               that
               of
               Sueden
               made
               good
               chear
               at
               the
               cost
               of
               Denmark
               ,
               whiles
               the
               Suedish
               Ambassadors
               and
               Danish
               Commissioners
               were
               debating
               at
               Copenhagen
               .
               The
               truth
               is
               ,
               the
               Suede
               was
               glad
               of
               a
               pretext
               for
               continuing
               in
               his
               old
               quarters
               contrary
               to
               the
               Treaty
               ,
               being
               at
               at
               a
               loss
               what
               to
               do
               with
               his
               Army
               .
               To
               disband
               was
               not
               reasonable
               ,
               because
               he
               had
               the
               Pole
               with
               the
               Brandenburger
               his
               new
               Allie
               ,
               Enemies
               before
               him
               ,
               and
               not
               well
               assured
               of
               the
               Dane
               behind
               .
               To
               have
               removed
               his
               Quarters
               into
               Pomeren
               in
               the
               Neighbourhood
               of
               Brandenburg
               ,
               had
               been
               to
               eat
               up
               his
               own
               Country
               ,
               and
               which
               was
               more
               ,
               would
               certainly
               have
               drawn
               together
               
               a
               confederacy
               in
               the
               Empire
               against
               him
               as
               a
               disturber
               of
               the
               Peace
               thereof
               .
            
             
               The
               Suede
               thinking
               it
               now
               time
               to
               begin
               his
               Campagne
               ,
               which
               the
               Dane
               had
               long
               expected
               ,
               hoping
               to
               be
               rid
               of
               his
               troublesome
               Guests
               ,
               Ordered
               the
               Rendesvouz
               of
               his
               Army
               at
               Kiel
               a
               Maritim
               Town
               in
               Holstein
               ,
               with
               a
               Fleet
               of
               about
               sixty
               sail
               to
               be
               ready
               in
               the
               Harbour
               ,
               most
               of
               them
               vessels
               of
               burden
               ,
               the
               rest
               good
               men
               of
               War.
               From
               Kiel
               he
               marched
               at
               the
               head
               of
               some
               selected
               Troops
               to
               Wismar
               ,
               making
               semblance
               as
               if
               the
               gross
               of
               his
               Army
               should
               follow
               .
               But
               the
               Cabinet
               at
               Gottenburg
               had
               otherwise
               determined
               it
               ,
               for
               there
               I
               persuade
               my self
               the
               design
               
               was
               first
               hatched
               and
               cherished
               with
               all
               imaginable
               secrecy
               .
               It
               was
               thought
               not
               advisable
               for
               the
               Suede
               to
               stir
               in
               Germany
               ,
               not
               being
               assisted
               by
               any
               powerful
               Allie
               .
               France
               at
               that
               time
               faced
               towards
               a
               marriage
               and
               consequently
               a
               Peace
               with
               
                 Spain
                 .
                 England
              
               was
               a
               Chaos
               of
               confusion
               and
               disorder
               .
               A
               War
               with
               Poland
               was
               remote
               and
               unprofitable
               ,
               and
               had
               already
               consumed
               him
               to
               no
               purpose
               ,
               one
               nearer
               home
               would
               be
               of
               more
               safety
               and
               advantage
               .
               The
               Dane
               would
               never
               want
               a
               will
               so
               long
               as
               he
               wanted
               not
               a
               power
               to
               hurt
               Sueden
               ;
               It
               was
               judged
               easier
               to
               conquer
               him
               than
               reconcile
               him
               .
            
             
               The
               King
               staid
               but
               a
               little
               
               time
               at
               Wismar
               with
               his
               Queen
               ,
               and
               then
               privately
               imbarqued
               himself
               upon
               a
               Dutch
               Boyer
               in
               the
               River
               ,
               and
               arrived
               at
               Kiel
               .
               All
               hands
               were
               now
               busie
               in
               putting
               the
               Army
               ,
               Horse
               and
               Foot
               aboard
               ,
               which
               done
               ,
               the
               King
               went
               also
               aboard
               a
               man
               of
               War
               :
               The
               French
               Ambassador
               went
               with
               him
               ,
               the
               English
               Minister
               though
               invited
               refused
               to
               go
               ,
               not
               being
               satisfied
               whether
               the
               design
               was
               upon
               Prussia
               or
               Denmark
               ,
               however
               would
               in
               neither
               case
               put
               himself
               as
               party
               in
               Company
               of
               an
               Enemy
               ,
               whose
               office
               had
               been
               and
               was
               still
               to
               be
               a
               Mediator
               .
               The
               Fleet
               set
               sail
               with
               a
               fair
               wind
               and
               not
               many
               hours
               after
               arrived
               at
               Corsure
               upon
               the
               Isle
               of
               Zeland
               ,
               
               this
               was
               in
               August
               ,
               and
               the
               Peace
               had
               been
               concluded
               but
               in
               February
               before
               .
               No
               longer
               time
               was
               spent
               at
               Corsure
               then
               what
               was
               necessary
               for
               landing
               the
               Army
               ,
               which
               consisting
               of
               near
               four
               thousand
               Horse
               ,
               besides
               several
               Regiments
               of
               Foot
               to
               be
               transported
               from
               Funen
               and
               joyned
               with
               those
               already
               brought
               from
               Kiel
               ,
               would
               unavoidably
               require
               some
               time
               to
               disembark
               ,
               which
               together
               with
               a
               march
               of
               about
               sixty
               miles
               English
               from
               Corsure
               to
               Copenhagen
               ,
               was
               all
               the
               warning
               the
               Dauc
               had
               to
               prepare
               an
               Entertainment
               for
               their
               unexpected
               Guest
               .
               The
               King
               had
               prepared
               no
               Manifest
               to
               declare
               the
               grounds
               and
               reasons
               of
               this
               enterprise
               ,
               because
               he
               
               doubted
               not
               to
               carry
               all
               before
               him
               by
               the
               suddenness
               of
               the
               surprize
               ,
               and
               the
               success
               had
               been
               the
               best
               argument
               for
               justification
               of
               his
               Arms.
               The
               Danish
               King
               sent
               to
               know
               of
               him
               the
               Reasons
               of
               this
               sudden
               Invasion
               after
               a
               Peace
               so
               lately
               concluded
               ,
               and
               so
               dearly
               bought
               ,
               and
               by
               what
               just
               ways
               and
               means
               he
               might
               allay
               and
               pacifie
               any
               conceived
               displeasure
               .
               But
               all
               was
               now
               too
               late
               ,
               the
               great
               Belt
               was
               behind
               him
               and
               Copenhagen
               before
               him
               ;
               he
               was
               over
               Rubicon
               and
               would
               to
               Rome
               .
            
             
               The
               two
               defensible
               places
               upon
               Zeland
               being
               Copenhagen
               and
               Cronenburg
               ,
               the
               Suedish
               Army
               divided
               ,
               part
               under
               General
               Wrangel
               besieged
               Cronenburg
               ,
               
               whilst
               the
               King
               with
               the
               greater
               part
               invested
               Copenhagen
               .
               It
               would
               neither
               be
               profitable
               nor
               delightful
               minutely
               to
               recount
               the
               particulars
               of
               a
               long
               siege
               ,
               but
               it
               was
               soon
               made
               evident
               that
               the
               same
               prosperous
               direction
               which
               had
               guided
               the
               Suedish
               Arms
               in
               the
               former
               War
               did
               not
               accompany
               them
               in
               this
               ,
               as
               indeed
               the
               state
               of
               the
               case
               was
               much
               varied
               ,
               and
               the
               justice
               of
               the
               quarrel
               more
               questionable
               ,
               it
               being
               clear
               that
               in
               the
               first
               War
               the
               Dane
               had
               been
               the
               Aggressor
               .
               Cronenburg
               made
               but
               a
               faint
               resistance
               ,
               and
               cowardly
               yielded
               after
               about
               three
               weeks
               siege
               ,
               which
               supplied
               the
               Suede
               with
               a
               mighty
               store
               of
               ammunition
               of
               all
               sorts
               ,
               besides
               several
               
               brass
               Guns
               of
               an
               immense
               weight
               purposely
               cast
               and
               planted
               there
               to
               command
               the
               passage
               of
               the
               Sound
               .
               At
               Copenhagen
               it
               was
               quite
               otherwise
               ,
               there
               was
               a
               considerable
               Garrison
               of
               Soldiers
               in
               it
               with
               good
               Officers
               ,
               besides
               several
               Companies
               of
               stour
               and
               well
               resolved
               Burgers
               .
               The
               Danish
               King
               considering
               the
               Town
               no
               longer
               as
               seated
               in
               the
               Heart
               of
               his
               Dominions
               ,
               but
               become
               Frontier
               by
               the
               loss
               of
               Sconen
               within
               view
               of
               Copenhagen
               ,
               had
               employed
               many
               hands
               during
               the
               Summer
               in
               fortifying
               and
               repairing
               the
               works
               ,
               regular
               enough
               before
               ,
               but
               much
               decayed
               .
               The
               waters
               being
               all
               open
               ,
               the
               Marishes
               ,
               Lakes
               and
               false
               grounds
               about
               the
               Town
               
               had
               rendred
               it
               in
               great
               part
               inaccessible
               .
               These
               in
               the
               former
               War
               were
               all
               frozen
               ,
               and
               as
               if
               communicating
               with
               the
               rigour
               of
               the
               Season
               ,
               the
               bloud
               and
               spirits
               of
               the
               Inhabitants
               were
               congealed
               also
               .
               But
               now
               all
               flowed
               again
               ,
               Anger
               and
               Indignation
               against
               the
               Perfidie
               ,
               as
               they
               deem'd
               it
               ,
               and
               insatiate
               Avarice
               of
               the
               Suede
               ,
               inspired
               the
               Dane
               with
               Courage
               .
               But
               nothing
               held
               up
               their
               spirits
               more
               than
               the
               infallible
               assurance
               Monsieur
               Beuning
               the
               Dutch
               Ambassador
               gave
               them
               ,
               (
               who
               upon
               the
               first
               Intelligence
               of
               the
               Suedes
               landing
               posted
               home
               to
               advertise
               his
               Superiors
               thereof
               )
               that
               the
               States
               General
               would
               in
               few
               weeks
               send
               them
               Relief
               ,
               Neither
               could
               
               they
               have
               weathered
               out
               so
               outragious
               a
               storm
               had
               the
               Sheat-Anchor
               of
               Holland
               failed
               them
               .
            
             
               The
               Suede
               finding
               the
               Town
               in
               too
               good
               a
               condition
               to
               be
               carried
               by
               Assault
               ,
               was
               constrained
               to
               a
               formal
               siege
               by
               way
               of
               approach
               .
               The
               Fleet
               had
               blocked
               up
               the
               Harbour
               ,
               as
               the
               Army
               had
               on
               Zeland
               side
               begirt
               the
               Town
               ,
               but
               it
               was
               still
               open
               to
               the
               Ammak
               ;
               which
               I
               cannot
               call
               an
               omission
               ,
               because
               to
               have
               planted
               a
               Leaguer
               on
               that
               side
               would
               have
               required
               another
               Army
               .
               For
               this
               little
               Isle
               though
               united
               to
               Copenhagen
               by
               a
               long
               bridge
               ,
               is
               disjoyned
               from
               the
               rest
               of
               Zeland
               by
               broad
               flats
               covered
               with
               water
               and
               a
               deep
               Channel
               in
               the
               midst
               ,
               so
               
               that
               a
               Leaguer
               on
               the
               Ammak
               could
               have
               had
               no
               communication
               with
               that
               on
               Zeland
               .
               In
               the
               Winter
               ensuing
               when
               the
               waters
               upon
               the
               flats
               were
               frozen
               ,
               the
               the
               Suede
               by
               the
               benefit
               of
               the
               Ice
               often
               visited
               that
               Quarter
               ,
               where
               a
               Party
               of
               Danes
               being
               abroad
               and
               the
               Prince
               of
               Homberg
               advancing
               with
               a
               Squadron
               of
               Cavalry
               to
               repel
               them
               ,
               but
               pressing
               too
               forward
               upon
               the
               Danish
               Rear
               had
               his
               Leg
               struck
               off
               with
               a
               Cannon
               shot
               .
               To
               be
               short
               ,
               the
               Danes
               defended
               themselves
               with
               great
               Gallantry
               and
               Loyalty
               ,
               their
               King
               animating
               them
               with
               his
               presence
               ,
               and
               pitching
               his
               Tent
               upon
               the
               Rampart
               bid
               his
               fellow-soldiers
               
               Caesar-like
               ,
               not
               Go
               but
               Come
               .
               The
               Cannon
               ,
               of
               
               which
               they
               had
               some
               hundreds
               upon
               the
               walls
               ,
               plaid
               freely
               upon
               the
               besiegers
               ,
               not
               without
               considerable
               execution
               .
               But
               not
               content
               with
               this
               ,
               they
               made
               several
               brisk
               sallies
               into
               the
               Suedish
               Trenches
               with
               such
               success
               ,
               that
               they
               began
               at
               length
               to
               despise
               that
               Enemy
               whom
               so
               lately
               they
               had
               feared
               .
               The
               Suede
               lost
               many
               good
               Officers
               and
               Soldiers
               ,
               amongst
               whom
               Count
               
                 Jacob
                 de
                 la
                 Gardie
              
               ,
               Lieutetenant
               of
               the
               Infantry
               was
               slain
               by
               a
               Granade
               .
            
             
               During
               this
               time
               the
               Elector
               of
               Brandenburg
               was
               entred
               Holstein
               and
               Jutland
               with
               a
               gallant
               Army
               ,
               of
               which
               the
               Elector
               was
               Generalissimo
               for
               the
               Emperour
               as
               King
               of
               Hungary
               ,
               but
               the
               Imperial
               
               Troups
               were
               Commanded
               by
               Montecuculi
               ,
               and
               a
               great
               Body
               of
               Polish
               Horse
               by
               old
               Zarnetsky
               .
               Prince
               Palatine
               Sultsbach
               who
               Commanded
               in
               those
               parts
               for
               the
               Suede
               ,
               being
               too
               weak
               to
               appear
               before
               so
               potent
               an
               Enemy
               retired
               first
               into
               the
               fastness
               of
               Ditmarsh
               ,
               afterwards
               into
               Fredericsode
               :
               Which
               the
               Suede
               soon
               after
               demolished
               as
               requiring
               greater
               numbers
               of
               men
               than
               he
               could
               well
               spare
               ,
               thence
               transporting
               himself
               into
               Funen
               ,
               lay
               intrenched
               in
               those
               Islands
               whither
               the
               Confederates
               for
               want
               of
               shipping
               could
               not
               follow
               him
               .
               The
               Elector
               summoned
               and
               took
               the
               Castle
               at
               Gottorp
               ,
               the
               Mansion
               and
               Residence
               of
               the
               Duke
               of
               Holstein
               ,
               who
               though
               
               he
               Honoured
               his
               .
               Family
               by
               matching
               his
               excellent
               and
               most
               deserving
               Daughter
               to
               a
               great
               King
               ,
               yet
               his
               active
               Son
               in
               Law
               involv'd
               the
               good
               old
               Duke
               in
               many
               troubles
               unwelcome
               to
               his
               age
               and
               humor
               .
               He
               himself
               was
               retired
               to
               Tonning
               a
               strong
               Town
               of
               his
               own
               ,
               and
               not
               long
               after
               died
               .
            
             
               One
               thing
               I
               had
               almost
               forgot
               ,
               the
               more
               considerable
               because
               both
               Kings
               were
               personally
               engaged
               in
               the
               Action
               .
               The
               Suede
               observing
               that
               the
               Dane
               daily
               fetched
               provisions
               from
               the
               aforementioned
               Isle
               the
               Ammak
               ,
               which
               contained
               four
               or
               five
               villages
               ,
               and
               was
               about
               so
               many
               English
               miles
               in
               length
               ,
               was
               resolv'd
               to
               make
               a
               descent
               in
               order
               
               to
               burn
               the
               Villages
               and
               destroy
               whatever
               might
               afford
               sustenance
               or
               relief
               to
               the
               besieged
               .
               For
               which
               purpose
               he
               put
               aboard
               about
               twelve
               hundred
               foot
               and
               four
               hundred
               horse
               ,
               and
               the
               King
               himself
               would
               needs
               be
               of
               the
               party
               ,
               thinking
               nothing
               so
               well
               done
               as
               where
               he
               was
               present
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               naturally
               ambitious
               of
               sharing
               personally
               in
               the
               Glory
               of
               every
               brave
               Action
               ,
               Coming
               to
               the
               height
               of
               the
               Draker
               he
               forced
               his
               landing
               upon
               the
               point
               of
               the
               Isle
               ,
               and
               constrain'd
               them
               upon
               the
               Guard
               to
               abandon
               their
               Post.
               He
               marches
               up
               the
               Isle
               and
               destroys
               all
               before
               him
               ,
               and
               the
               Dane
               fearing
               he
               came
               to
               fortifie
               some
               Post
               on
               that
               side
               ,
               set
               fire
               to
               the
               Village
               
               next
               adjacent
               to
               the
               Town
               ,
               as
               the
               Suede
               had
               done
               to
               the
               rest
               .
               Having
               done
               his
               Work
               ,
               the
               Suede
               retreats
               to
               his
               boats
               too
               securely
               ,
               some
               scattered
               from
               the
               Body
               ,
               others
               encombred
               with
               plunder
               ;
               mean
               while
               the
               Danish
               King
               sallies
               out
               in
               person
               with
               three
               hundred
               horse
               and
               two
               hundred
               dragoons
               ,
               besides
               some
               few
               commanded
               foot
               mounted
               behind
               ,
               falls
               in
               upon
               the
               Suedish
               Rear
               ,
               slew
               several
               of
               them
               and
               put
               the
               rest
               in
               disorder
               .
               The
               Suedish
               King
               mounted
               upon
               an
               unruly
               Horse
               bounding
               and
               curvetting
               with
               him
               ran
               great
               hazard
               of
               falling
               that
               day
               into
               Danish
               hands
               .
               But
               the
               Dane
               either
               not
               knowing
               all
               his
               advantages
               ,
               or
               not
               willing
               to
               be
               drawn
               too
               far
               from
               his
               
               Town
               by
               an
               over-eager
               pressing
               upon
               an
               Enemy
               who
               out
               numbred
               him
               ,
               sounded
               a
               seasonable
               Retreat
               .
               The
               same
               King
               not
               long
               before
               narrowly
               escaped
               another
               danger
               ,
               passing
               in
               a
               small
               boat
               a
               head
               of
               a
               Galliot
               under
               sail
               in
               a
               strong
               Current
               ,
               the
               Galliot
               overset
               the
               boat
               ,
               the
               Steers-man
               was
               drowned
               ,
               but
               the
               King
               saved
               upon
               the
               Galliot
               .
            
             
               It
               was
               now
               October
               ,
               1658
               ,
               when
               the
               much
               expected
               Dutch
               Fleet
               began
               to
               appear
               ,
               consisting
               of
               thirty
               eight
               men
               of
               War
               ,
               six
               Fire-ships
               ,
               about
               three
               score
               Fluits
               ,
               Galliots
               and
               other
               Vessels
               ,
               with
               betwixt
               three
               and
               four
               thousand
               Auxiliary
               Foot
               ,
               and
               
               all
               sorts
               of
               Provisions
               for
               the
               relief
               of
               Copenhagen
               .
               The
               Fleet
               was
               Commanded
               by
               General
               Opdam
               ,
               who
               came
               to
               an
               Anchor
               off
               the
               Lapsand
               about
               half
               a
               League
               below
               Cronenburg
               .
               The
               Suedish
               Fleet
               was
               forty
               two
               sail
               ;
               some
               of
               them
               stout
               Ships
               ,
               Commanded
               by
               General
               Wrangel
               who
               was
               High
               Admiral
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               and
               posted
               in
               four
               Squadrons
               a
               little
               above
               Cronenburg
               ,
               both
               Fleets
               within
               a
               League
               each
               of
               other
               .
               Some
               were
               of
               Opinion
               that
               the
               Suedish
               Fleet
               ought
               to
               Encounter
               the
               other
               in
               the
               Lap
               whiles
               the
               Winds
               were
               contrary
               from
               Copenhagen
               ,
               and
               so
               the
               Dutch
               Fleet
               unbefriended
               of
               a
               Port
               ,
               whereas
               the
               Suede
               was
               Master
               of
               both
               Shoars
               ,
               and
               had
               
               several
               Ports
               near
               at
               hand
               .
               This
               in
               some
               respects
               was
               the
               better
               ,
               and
               that
               King
               inclinable
               to
               it
               :
               But
               he
               deferring
               to
               his
               Council
               in
               so
               weighty
               a
               Concern
               ,
               most
               of
               them
               opined
               otherwise
               .
               That
               they
               had
               too
               many
               Enemies
               already
               to
               make
               themselves
               Aggressors
               in
               a
               new
               War.
               That
               this
               would
               heighten
               and
               exasperate
               things
               betwixt
               them
               and
               the
               Dutch
               beyond
               hopes
               of
               a
               reconciliation
               .
               That
               Holland
               in
               case
               of
               any
               disaster
               could
               furnish
               one
               Fleet
               after
               another
               ,
               but
               Sueden
               adventured
               their
               All.
               That
               it
               would
               be
               more
               justifiable
               to
               Forrain
               Princes
               and
               States
               in
               Amity
               with
               them
               ,
               if
               putting
               themselves
               upon
               the
               defensive
               ,
               they
               did
               only
               endeavour
               to
               impede
               
               the
               passage
               of
               those
               who
               would
               relieve
               a
               besieged
               Enemy
               .
               Such
               considerations
               prevailed
               ,
               whiles
               both
               Fleets
               lay
               for
               some
               days
               at
               an
               Anchor
               .
            
             
               At
               length
               the
               Wind
               coming
               fair
               at
               North-west
               with
               a
               fresh
               Gale
               ,
               the
               Dutch
               Fleet
               weighed
               and
               set
               sail
               for
               the
               Sound
               .
               Both
               the
               Castles
               of
               Cronenburg
               and
               Elsinburg
               fired
               at
               them
               as
               they
               passed
               the
               narrow
               ,
               some
               of
               the
               Cannon
               carrying
               fifty
               and
               sixty
               pound
               ball
               ,
               but
               to
               no
               other
               effect
               than
               to
               shew
               that
               those
               Castles
               are
               but
               bugbears
               to
               affright
               Merchant-men
               ,
               and
               that
               nothing
               less
               than
               a
               Fleet
               can
               command
               the
               Passage
               of
               the
               Sound
               .
               Both
               Fleets
               were
               Engaged
               so
               close
               together
               by
               reason
               
               of
               the
               Streight
               ,
               but
               a
               League
               over
               ,
               that
               most
               of
               the
               shot
               took
               place
               and
               made
               great
               slaughter
               on
               both
               sides
               ,
               Vice-Admiral
               Wit-Wittensen
               had
               the
               Van
               of
               the
               Dutch
               ,
               who
               coming
               up
               with
               the
               Suedish
               Admiral
               cut
               off
               his
               steerage
               and
               made
               him
               lie
               by
               to
               mend
               ,
               but
               the
               Vice-Admiral
               himself
               was
               slain
               by
               a
               small
               shot
               .
               He
               had
               been
               brave
               and
               bold
               but
               ill
               seconded
               ;
               his
               Ship
               called
               the
               Brederode
               (
               the
               same
               that
               old
               Tromp
               was
               slain
               upon
               in
               the
               English
               Wars
               )
               was
               broken
               in
               pieces
               ,
               and
               running
               a
               ground
               fell
               on
               one
               side
               like
               a
               wrack
               .
               She
               was
               mounted
               with
               fifty
               six
               good
               brass
               Cannon
               ,
               some
               of
               which
               a
               Scotchman
               afterwards
               weighed
               up
               by
               the
               Invention
               of
               a
               Diving-Bell
               .
               
               Opdam
               fought
               well
               ,
               though
               some
               of
               his
               Squadron
               acted
               remisly
               .
               
                 Peter
                 Floriz
              
               the
               Rear-Admiral
               was
               slain
               .
               The
               Suede
               lost
               four
               Ships
               ,
               two
               whereof
               were
               carried
               to
               Copenhagen
               ,
               the
               Dutch
               lost
               two
               ,
               their
               Fire-ships
               spent
               themselves
               in
               vain
               .
               The
               destruction
               of
               men
               was
               greater
               then
               of
               ships
               ,
               the
               fight
               being
               smart
               and
               close
               for
               the
               time
               it
               lasted
               ,
               which
               was
               not
               long
               ,
               for
               the
               Dutch
               never
               tacked
               but
               onely
               fought
               their
               direct
               way
               to
               convoy
               their
               supply
               to
               Copenhagen
               ,
               and
               this
               they
               effected
               to
               the
               great
               joy
               of
               the
               City
               .
            
             
               The
               fight
               was
               no
               sooner
               ended
               ,
               but
               Orders
               were
               islued
               out
               to
               the
               Suedish
               Fleet
               to
               put
               immediately
               into
               the
               Port
               of
               Land
               
               scroon
               ;
               which
               was
               providently
               done
               ,
               for
               the
               next
               morning
               the
               Dane
               having
               joyned
               twelve
               good
               ships
               which
               lay
               ready
               in
               Harbour
               ,
               though
               detained
               from
               the
               fight
               by
               contrary
               winds
               ,
               with
               the
               ablest
               ships
               of
               the
               Dutch
               sailed
               towards
               the
               Sound
               to
               reingage
               the
               Suede
               .
               But
               he
               was
               burrow'd
               in
               Port
               all
               but
               one
               ship
               ,
               which
               being
               disabled
               in
               the
               fight
               could
               not
               make
               so
               much
               hast
               as
               the
               rest
               ,
               and
               upon
               the
               approach
               of
               the
               Enemy
               was
               fired
               by
               her
               own
               men
               .
               Whereupon
               the
               Dane
               and
               Dutch
               turn
               their
               design
               against
               Landscroon
               ,
               the
               mouth
               of
               whose
               channel
               was
               so
               narrow
               ,
               that
               but
               one
               ship
               could
               enter
               at
               a
               time
               ,
               and
               was
               guarded
               by
               four
               Suedish
               ships
               placed
               at
               
               convenient
               distances
               and
               by
               an
               old
               Block-house
               .
               They
               durst
               not
               adventure
               up
               the
               Channel
               but
               sailed
               in
               a
               Line
               athwart
               it
               ,
               and
               so
               every
               ship
               poured
               in
               her
               Broad-side
               with
               huge
               noise
               but
               little
               or
               no
               Execution
               .
               Under
               the
               Covert
               of
               the
               smoke
               they
               sunk
               old
               Ships
               of
               great
               Tunnage
               charged
               with
               stones
               and
               other
               materials
               to
               choak
               the
               mouth
               of
               the
               River
               ,
               but
               this
               was
               frustrated
               by
               the
               depth
               of
               water
               and
               strength
               of
               the
               Current
               .
               Whereupon
               ,
               this
               course
               taking
               no
               effect
               ,
               they
               made
               Trial
               with
               fire-ships
               and
               entred
               the
               Channel
               therewith
               ,
               intending
               to
               grapple
               what
               they
               could
               ;
               or
               at
               least
               to
               turn
               their
               fire-ships
               adrift
               towards
               the
               Suedish
               Fleet.
               
               But
               the
               vigilance
               of
               the
               Suede
               prevented
               this
               ,
               who
               mann'd
               all
               his
               boats
               with
               Mariners
               and
               Soldiers
               ,
               the
               King
               himself
               as
               his
               manner
               was
               ,
               putting
               himself
               upon
               a
               boat
               to
               encourage
               and
               direct
               his
               men
               .
               So
               soon
               as
               a
               fire-ship
               was
               coming
               up
               the
               boats
               rowed
               down
               by
               the
               sides
               of
               the
               Channel
               with
               intention
               to
               get
               beyond
               her
               and
               cut
               off
               her
               Long-boat
               from
               her
               Stern
               .
               The
               fire-ship
               men
               apprehending
               the
               loss
               of
               their
               boat
               as
               their
               life
               ,
               besides
               the
               danger
               of
               being
               boarded
               ,
               set
               fire
               to
               their
               train
               and
               made
               away
               .
               Then
               the
               Suedish
               Mariners
               and
               Soldiers
               with
               Iron
               Hooks
               and
               Chains
               tow'd
               the
               fire-ships
               till
               they
               had
               turned
               them
               a-ground
               ,
               and
               there
               let
               
               them
               burn
               at
               pleasure
               .
               Winter
               coming
               on
               the
               Dane
               returned
               also
               to
               Port.
               
            
             
               The
               State
               of
               things
               being
               thus
               altered
               ,
               the
               Suede
               changed
               his
               measures
               accordingly
               .
               For
               Copenhagen
               being
               relieved
               with
               a
               considerable
               renfort
               of
               well
               commanded
               men
               ,
               the
               Port
               open
               ,
               the
               Dane
               and
               Dutch
               Masters
               at
               Sea
               ,
               Winter
               already
               begun
               ,
               it
               was
               judged
               most
               advisable
               to
               raise
               the
               siege
               and
               convert
               it
               into
               a
               blocade
               .
               To
               this
               purpose
               a
               Camp
               was
               fortified
               upon
               a
               convenient
               ground
               about
               half
               a
               League
               distance
               from
               the
               Town
               ,
               which
               though
               Numerous
               enough
               in
               Foot
               to
               have
               attacked
               the
               Camp
               it self
               ,
               yet
               wanted
               Cavalry
               
               wherewith
               the
               Suede
               abounded
               ,
               and
               there
               was
               a
               fair
               level
               and
               valley
               betwixt
               the
               Camp
               and
               City
               ,
               so
               that
               little
               of
               Action
               passed
               for
               a
               good
               time
               .
               Till
               at
               length
               the
               Suede
               considering
               that
               whatever
               attempt
               could
               be
               made
               against
               Copenhagen
               ought
               to
               be
               done
               that
               Winter
               ,
               because
               the
               Hollander
               would
               certainly
               be
               upon
               him
               in
               the
               Spring
               of
               the
               year
               with
               another
               Fleet
               ;
               that
               it
               was
               evident
               no
               good
               could
               be
               done
               against
               the
               Town
               by
               the
               tedious
               forms
               of
               a
               siege
               ;
               that
               long
               and
               lingring
               services
               in
               Camps
               and
               Trenches
               usually
               consumed
               more
               men
               then
               brisk
               and
               sudden
               Actions
               ;
               that
               the
               rigour
               of
               the
               Winter
               when
               the
               Earth
               was
               covered
               with
               snow
               and
               the
               waters
               
               with
               Ice
               had
               been
               always
               most
               propitious
               to
               his
               greatest
               undertakings
               ,
               and
               might
               also
               favour
               him
               in
               a
               general
               and
               vigorous
               Assault
               of
               Copenhagen
               ;
               that
               the
               Enterprise
               was
               dangerous
               and
               so
               were
               all
               great
               ones
               ,
               but
               if
               atchieved
               ,
               would
               both
               quit
               the
               Cost
               and
               reward
               the
               Service
               .
               It
               was
               then
               resolved
               to
               Storm
               the
               Town
               ,
               for
               which
               purpose
               great
               Recruits
               of
               Foot
               were
               drawn
               from
               Sueden
               ,
               and
               a
               better
               body
               of
               Infantry
               mustered
               upon
               this
               occasion
               ,
               than
               ever
               the
               Suede
               had
               seen
               before
               in
               Zeland
               ,
               and
               many
               hands
               were
               busied
               in
               making
               all
               fitting
               Instruments
               such
               as
               ladders
               of
               all
               sorts
               ,
               spurs
               to
               pass
               the
               Ice
               with
               ,
               boats
               covered
               with
               Hurdles
               and
               Galleries
               ,
               and
               
               sundry
               other
               Engines
               of
               War.
               
            
             
               Three
               Nights
               together
               the
               Suede
               marched
               from
               his
               Camp
               towards
               the
               Town
               ,
               partly
               to
               amuse
               the
               Enemy
               ,
               but
               principally
               to
               handsel
               and
               discipline
               his
               men
               to
               their
               several
               tasks
               and
               services
               ,
               that
               being
               practised
               to
               the
               handling
               and
               carrying
               of
               their
               Engins
               they
               might
               be
               the
               less
               embarassd
               thereby
               when
               they
               had
               occasion
               to
               use
               them
               in
               good
               earnest
               .
               The
               first
               and
               second
               Night
               nothing
               was
               done
               ,
               but
               as
               they
               marched
               out
               of
               the
               Camp
               they
               returned
               orderly
               again
               ,
               the
               Dane
               either
               not
               perceiving
               or
               making
               
               shew
               not
               to
               do
               so
               .
               The
               third
               Night
               the
               Suede
               drew
               out
               as
               before
               ,
               but
               with
               full
               resolution
               
               to
               make
               the
               Attack
               .
               Several
               Troops
               of
               dismounted
               Cavalry
               were
               intermixed
               with
               the
               Foot
               ,
               and
               a
               good
               Body
               of
               Horse
               to
               sustain
               them
               ,
               and
               if
               need
               were
               ,
               secure
               a
               Retreat
               .
               The
               King
               commanded
               in
               Person
               ,
               and
               put
               himself
               under
               the
               Covert
               of
               an
               old
               bank
               ,
               little
               more
               than
               musket-shot
               from
               the
               Town
               ,
               ready
               to
               give
               Orders
               as
               occasion
               required
               .
               The
               Cannon
               of
               the
               Town
               was
               all
               pointed
               low
               to
               flank
               and
               rake
               the
               Ditches
               and
               Counterscarps
               ,
               and
               the
               Dane
               never
               fired
               till
               the
               Enemy
               was
               under
               the
               Works
               and
               ready
               for
               their
               Attack
               .
               But
               then
               plied
               them
               so
               furiously
               with
               great
               and
               small
               shot
               ,
               Cartridges
               ,
               Hand-granades
               ,
               Bombs
               from
               Mortar-pieces
               ,
               
               besides
               others
               rould
               down
               from
               the
               Walls
               ,
               that
               the
               Suede
               was
               repulsed
               with
               great
               slaughter
               ,
               the
               rest
               of
               his
               men
               disordered
               ,
               the
               Engins
               broken
               ,
               and
               the
               whole
               Enterprise
               confounded
               ;
               Which
               the
               King
               perceiving
               commanded
               a
               Retreat
               ,
               and
               sent
               at
               the
               same
               to
               Sir
               
                 William
                 Vavasor
              
               to
               forbear
               the
               Attack
               on
               the
               other
               side
               ,
               but
               the
               Orders
               coming
               too
               late
               found
               him
               dead
               upon
               the
               place
               ,
               with
               many
               of
               his
               followers
               .
               The
               Suede
               lost
               in
               this
               Action
               
                 Erick
                 Steinbock
              
               General
               of
               the
               Artillery
               ,
               with
               many
               brave
               and
               old
               experienced
               Officers
               ,
               both
               Germans
               and
               Suedes
               .
               According
               to
               the
               King's
               List
               taken
               from
               the
               Muster-Roll
               ,
               there
               were
               slain
               five
               hundred
               thirty
               four
               ,
               and
               
               eight
               hundred
               ninty
               five
               Wounded
               ,
               the
               Dane
               reports
               them
               more
               ,
               perhaps
               the
               poor
               innocent
               Boors
               whom
               the
               Suede
               too
               cruelly
               enforced
               to
               help
               carry
               down
               their
               Engins
               and
               Utensils
               ,
               might
               encrease
               the
               number
               of
               the
               slain
               .
            
             
               The
               Suedish
               Arms
               were
               some
               time
               after
               more
               prosperous
               in
               reducing
               the
               Isles
               of
               
                 Langland
                 ,
                 Laland
                 ,
                 Falster
              
               and
               Moenen
               ,
               to
               the
               great
               enlargement
               of
               their
               Quarters
               ,
               and
               Accommodation
               of
               their
               numerous
               Horse
               ,
               who
               in
               some
               places
               began
               to
               be
               straitned
               for
               want
               of
               Forrage
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               Spring
               of
               the
               year
               the
               English
               Fleet
               arrived
               in
               the
               Sound
               under
               General
               
               Mountague
               ,
               not
               with
               any
               intention
               as
               some
               vainly
               
               suggested
               to
               assist
               Sueden
               in
               the
               Conquest
               of
               Denmark
               ;
               That
               had
               been
               impolitic
               and
               irrational
               ,
               for
               't
               is
               evident
               the
               conservation
               of
               Denmark
               is
               the
               common
               Interest
               as
               well
               of
               England
               as
               of
               Holland
               ,
               neither
               was
               there
               at
               that
               time
               the
               least
               fear
               or
               danger
               of
               any
               such
               supposed
               Conquest
               .
               The
               Elector
               had
               an
               Army
               in
               Jutland
               of
               near
               thirty
               thousand
               men
               ,
               
                 Brandenburgers
                 ,
                 Poles
              
               and
               Austrians
               ,
               and
               could
               have
               been
               as
               many
               more
               if
               either
               the
               Countrey
               could
               have
               supported
               their
               numbers
               ,
               or
               the
               service
               required
               them
               .
               
                 De
                 Ruyter
              
               having
               joyned
               Opdam
               with
               another
               Fleet
               of
               forty
               sail
               ,
               the
               Dutch
               besides
               the
               Dane
               were
               near
               fourscore
               men
               of
               War
               in
               those
               Seas
               .
               De
               
               Ruyter
               had
               brought
               upon
               his
               Fleet
               forty
               Companies
               more
               ,
               besides
               the
               thirty
               eight
               Companies
               formerly
               brought
               by
               Opdam
               .
               Had
               the
               War
               been
               mannaged
               in
               good
               earnest
               ,
               and
               not
               by
               Confederates
               who
               have
               different
               Aims
               and
               Interests
               ,
               and
               had
               the
               Army
               in
               Copenhagen
               ,
               for
               so
               I
               may
               now
               call
               it
               ,
               joyned
               with
               that
               of
               Brandenburg
               ,
               a
               thing
               easie
               to
               have
               been
               effected
               by
               such
               Fleets
               ,
               and
               all
               this
               mighty
               force
               united
               under
               one
               Head
               ,
               it
               had
               been
               sufficient
               not
               only
               to
               have
               beat
               the
               Suede
               out
               of
               the
               Danish
               Isles
               and
               Dominions
               ,
               but
               out
               of
               Sueden
               it self
               .
               Besides
               the
               Suede
               was
               at
               that
               time
               involved
               in
               a
               War
               against
               the
               Emperour
               ,
               
                 Pole
                 ,
                 Brandenburger
                 ,
                 Muscovite
                 ,
                 Dane
              
               and
               Hollander
               .
               
               Add
               to
               this
               that
               the
               weak
               side
               of
               Sueden
               is
               towards
               Denmark
               ,
               and
               the
               Suedish
               King
               has
               sometimes
               told-one
               in
               private
               ,
               that
               were
               he
               King
               of
               Denmark
               he
               could
               conquer
               Sueden
               in
               two
               years
               .
               Which
               though
               it
               may
               seem
               to
               have
               something
               of
               the
               Rodomontade
               in
               it
               ,
               may
               yet
               to
               a
               States-man
               be
               of
               some
               Instruction
               .
            
             
               England
               though
               sorry
               for
               this
               second
               repture
               with
               Denmark
               ,
               thought
               it
               not
               their
               Interest
               to
               see
               Sueden
               overset
               and
               sinking
               under
               the
               mighty
               weight
               of
               so
               powerful
               a
               Confederacy
               ,
               but
               to
               buoy
               it
               up
               out
               of
               those
               quick-sands
               it
               was
               fallen
               into
               ,
               as
               being
               the
               most
               proper
               and
               necessary
               counterpoise
               which
               England
               had
               at
               Sea
               against
               the
               combined
               Naval
               
               strength
               of
               Holland
               and
               Denmark
               .
               Without
               which
               Counterpoise
               England
               in
               every
               War
               with
               Holland
               (
               her
               emulous
               and
               Rival
               State
               ,
               and
               that
               which
               stands
               in
               the
               eye
               and
               aim
               of
               all
               her
               Greatness
               and
               Glory
               in
               point
               of
               Trade
               and
               Sea-Dominion
               )
               would
               run
               a
               great
               risque
               of
               being
               excluded
               from
               the
               Baltic
               ,
               and
               by
               that
               means
               shut
               out
               from
               the
               Market
               of
               all
               her
               Naval
               Stores
               .
               The
               old
               King
               of
               
                 Denmark
                 ,
                 Christiern
              
               the
               fourth
               ,
               was
               too
               stomachful
               to
               truckle
               under
               the
               Dutch
               Lee
               ,
               he
               fought
               them
               in
               Person
               when
               weakned
               with
               old
               Age
               ,
               and
               being
               wounded
               by
               a
               splinter
               of
               his
               Ship
               to
               the
               loss
               of
               one
               of
               his
               Eyes
               ,
               his
               cloaths
               besmeared
               with
               blood
               are
               preserved
               
               as
               a
               Relique
               to
               this
               day
               .
               But
               in
               the
               Reign
               of
               his
               Son
               and
               Successor
               the
               now
               Frederic
               the
               third
               ,
               the
               Dane
               considering
               the
               Suede
               ,
               his
               ancient
               and
               hereditary
               Enemy
               ,
               had
               by
               his
               new
               Conquests
               in
               Pomeren
               and
               Liefland
               ,
               invested
               himself
               in
               so
               many
               considerable
               Ports
               of
               the
               Baltic
               ,
               he
               twisted
               his
               Interest
               too
               weak
               ,
               of
               it self
               to
               hold
               against
               the
               Suede
               ,
               with
               that
               of
               Holland
               ;
               who
               having
               a
               concentric
               Interest
               with
               that
               of
               the
               Dane
               in
               regard
               of
               their
               East-land
               Trade
               ,
               both
               States
               drawing
               together
               by
               a
               mutual
               Cooperation
               ,
               tied
               the
               fast
               knot
               of
               a
               strict
               Alliance
               .
               And
               from
               that
               time
               forward
               the
               
                 Danish
              
               Court
               ,
               which
               in
               the
               old
               Kings
               time
               was
               used
               to
               lofty
               Danish
               ,
               
               spoke
               nothing
               now
               but
               Low
               Dutch
               ;
               Yea
               so
               prevalent
               were
               the
               Dutch
               Councils
               at
               Copenhagen
               ,
               that
               't
               is
               most
               certain
               the
               first
               War
               against
               Sueden
               was
               declared
               and
               denounced
               by
               the
               Dane
               at
               the
               instigation
               of
               the
               Dutch
               ,
               to
               the
               end
               that
               by
               this
               revolution
               they
               might
               better
               open
               and
               secure
               their
               Trade
               with
               Dantzick
               and
               the
               Prussian
               Ports
               ,
               obstructed
               and
               endangered
               by
               that
               formidable
               Impression
               the
               Suede
               had
               made
               upon
               Poland
               .
               How
               well
               the
               Dane
               was
               rewarded
               for
               this
               Service
               ,
               the
               sequel
               of
               this
               Narrative
               will
               declare
               .
            
             
               The
               Design
               of
               the
               English
               Fleet
               was
               to
               advance
               ,
               and
               if
               need
               were
               to
               inforce
               a
               Peace
               upon
               the
               
               dissenting
               King
               ,
               on
               the
               terms
               and
               conditions
               of
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               ,
               pursuant
               to
               what
               the
               English
               Mediator
               (
               who
               upon
               occasion
               of
               this
               second
               War
               followed
               the
               Suede
               out
               of
               Germany
               into
               Denmark
               again
               )
               had
               by
               repeated
               instances
               urged
               upon
               both
               Kings
               .
               Which
               ,
               as
               things
               then
               stood
               ,
               was
               conceived
               the
               most
               proper
               medium
               for
               accommoding
               present
               differences
               ,
               and
               preventing
               future
               inconveniences
               ;
               the
               Business
               requiring
               the
               greater
               
                 haft
              
               ,
               for
               fear
               the
               War
               continuing
               and
               the
               Confederates
               vigorously
               pursuing
               their
               point
               ,
               the
               Suede
               should
               either
               totally
               be
               ruined
               ,
               or
               the
               Dutch
               profiting
               upon
               his
               desperate
               condition
               ,
               should
               capitulate
               from
               
               him
               particular
               advantages
               to
               themselves
               prejudicial
               to
               the
               Interest
               of
               England
               .
               Therefore
               in
               case
               of
               an
               obstinate
               repugnancy
               to
               the
               Peace
               on
               the
               Danish
               part
               upon
               the
               terms
               aforesaid
               ,
               to
               assist
               the
               Suede
               in
               a
               defensive
               way
               under
               certain
               cautions
               and
               restrictions
               .
               In
               which
               case
               of
               Assistance
               ,
               for
               in
               War
               many
               things
               may
               be
               supposed
               and
               provided
               against
               which
               never
               come
               to
               pass
               ,
               the
               Suede
               was
               to
               give
               real
               gages
               and
               pledges
               for
               the
               Garrantie
               of
               his
               Faith.
               To
               which
               end
               the
               English
               Mediator
               had
               often
               and
               closely
               remonstrated
               to
               him
               that
               't
               was
               not
               reasonable
               to
               put
               a
               sword
               into
               anothers
               hand
               without
               a
               previous
               aslurance
               of
               its
               not
               being
               made
               use
               of
               
               against
               ones
               self
               .
               And
               used
               it
               also
               as
               an
               Argument
               to
               dispose
               the
               otherwise
               unwilling
               Suede
               to
               a
               Peace
               with
               the
               Dane
               (
               for
               a
               War
               with
               Denmark
               was
               of
               all
               Wars
               the
               most
               commodious
               for
               him
               )
               because
               he
               was
               not
               to
               expect
               an
               Assistance
               from
               England
               which
               should
               cost
               him
               nothing
               .
               And
               to
               foretast
               the
               temper
               of
               Affairs
               ,
               proceeded
               so
               far
               as
               to
               nominate
               Stade
               upon
               the
               Elb
               ,
               and
               Landscroon
               in
               the
               Sound
               ,
               to
               be
               put
               in
               case
               of
               such
               assistance
               into
               English
               hands
               ;
               which
               taking
               vent
               afterwards
               gave
               occasion
               to
               that
               frivolous
               report
               how
               that
               England
               and
               Sueden
               had
               agreed
               together
               to
               share
               Denmark
               betwixt
               them
               .
            
             
               The
               English
               Fleet
               lay
               all
               the
               Summer
               in
               the
               Sound
               and
               Bel
               
               only
               as
               Spectators
               ,
               to
               see
               fair
               play
               ,
               and
               the
               year
               declining
               returned
               home
               without
               doing
               any
               thing
               ,
               contrary
               to
               the
               sense
               of
               the
               Commissioners
               ,
               who
               some
               time
               before
               ,
               viz.
               in
               July
               ,
               1659.
               arrived
               from
               England
               ,
               and
               would
               have
               had
               the
               Fleet
               continued
               out
               longer
               to
               countenance
               their
               new
               begun
               Mediation
               .
               Which
               new
               Mediation
               upon
               change
               of
               the
               Government
               in
               England
               ,
               was
               begun
               and
               mannaged
               by
               new
               measures
               taken
               from
               Holland
               .
               For
               whereas
               a
               Treaty
               had
               but
               lately
               been
               concluded
               at
               the
               
                 Hague
                 ,
                 viz.
              
               the
               eleventh
               of
               May
               ,
               1659.
               betwixt
               
                 France
                 ,
                 England
              
               ,
               and
               Holland
               ,
               for
               reducing
               the
               two
               Northern
               Kings
               to
               an
               acquiescence
               in
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               ,
               
               they
               in
               England
               upon
               the
               change
               aforesaid
               ,
               to
               gratifie
               the
               Dutch
               and
               ingratiate
               themselves
               ,
               conclude
               another
               Treaty
               with
               them
               at
               the
               Hague
               of
               the
               fourth
               of
               July
               following
               ,
               containing
               a
               recession
               from
               some
               material
               points
               and
               Articles
               in
               the
               said
               Roschild
               Treaty
               .
               And
               moreover
               oblige
               themselves
               to
               obtain
               from
               the
               Suede
               ,
               and
               that
               forcibly
               if
               need
               be
               ,
               in
               favour
               of
               the
               Dutch
               the
               ratification
               of
               the
               Treaty
               made
               at
               Elbing
               betwixt
               Sueden
               and
               the
               
                 States
                 General
              
               ,
               with
               the
               Elucidations
               thereof
               made
               at
               Thoren
               .
               The
               truth
               is
               they
               made
               no
               great
               scruple
               ,
               at
               least
               for
               that
               one
               time
               ,
               to
               come
               under
               the
               Stern
               of
               their
               Neighbouring
               Common-wealth
               ,
               thereby
               to
               
               have
               better
               leisure
               to
               recollect
               and
               refit
               the
               scattered
               planks
               and
               pieces
               of
               their
               own
               broken
               Republic
               .
            
             
               The
               Dutch
               and
               Dane
               riding
               Masters
               at
               Sea
               ,
               the
               English
               Fleet
               return'd
               home
               ,
               and
               the
               Suede
               so
               disproportionably
               out-numbred
               as
               not
               to
               dare
               to
               peep
               out
               of
               his
               Ports
               ,
               the
               next
               Action
               of
               Importance
               was
               the
               descent
               which
               the
               Confederates
               made
               upon
               the
               Isle
               of
               Funen
               .
               The
               strength
               of
               the
               Suede
               had
               hitherto
               consisted
               in
               being
               lodged
               securely
               within
               the
               Danish
               Isles
               ,
               where
               the
               Elector
               of
               Brandenburg
               with
               the
               Army
               of
               the
               Confederates
               could
               not
               reach
               him
               .
               But
               what
               before
               was
               his
               strength
               becomes
               now
               his
               weakness
               ,
               
               for
               the
               Suedish
               Troops
               lay
               disjoyn'd
               upon
               the
               several
               Islands
               ,
               and
               the
               Enemies
               Fleets
               intercepted
               all
               Communication
               betwixt
               them
               of
               passing
               to
               each
               others
               assistance
               as
               occasion
               required
               .
               Besides
               that
               no
               Island
               which
               has
               open
               landing
               places
               is
               defensive
               but
               by
               a
               Fleet
               ,
               and
               such
               a
               one
               as
               is
               able
               to
               keep
               the
               Sea.
               And
               lest
               any
               should
               imagin
               ,
               that
               in
               this
               case
               the
               Suede
               ought
               to
               have
               drawn
               together
               all
               the
               divided
               members
               of
               his
               Army
               ,
               and
               to
               have
               kept
               them
               united
               in
               one
               Body
               upon
               the
               principal
               Isle
               ,
               which
               was
               Zeland
               ,
               it
               ought
               to
               be
               considered
               that
               the
               Countrey
               had
               been
               harass'd
               by
               a
               long
               War
               ,
               and
               one
               Island
               could
               not
               surnish
               a
               subsistence
               to
               all
               the
               
               Troops
               ,
               but
               the
               greater
               part
               must
               necessarily
               have
               perished
               for
               want
               of
               Forrage
               .
            
             
               The
               Suede
               had
               upon
               this
               Isle
               of
               Funen
               about
               fifteen
               hundred
               Foot
               ,
               with
               some
               few
               Companies
               of
               Dragoons
               ,
               and
               about
               twenty
               five
               hundred
               of
               his
               best
               Horse
               .
               Prince
               Palatine
               Sultsbach
               commanded
               in
               Chief
               ,
               assisted
               by
               Field-Marshal
               Steinboch
               .
               Part
               of
               
                 De
                 Ruyter's
              
               Pleet
               transports
               General
               Ebersteyn
               with
               a
               good
               Body
               of
               Horse
               and
               Foot
               from
               the
               Confederate
               Army
               in
               Jutland
               ,
               over
               the
               little
               Belt
               into
               this
               Island
               of
               Funen
               .
               Whiles
               at
               the
               same
               time
               Field-Marshal
               Schack
               ,
               by
               the
               help
               of
               the
               other
               part
               of
               the
               Fleet
               commanded
               in
               Person
               by
               
               
                 De
                 Ruyter
              
               ,
               lands
               upon
               the
               other
               side
               of
               the
               Isle
               by
               the
               way
               of
               the
               great
               Belt.
               Either
               of
               these
               Bodies
               was
               sufficient
               to
               have
               fought
               the
               Prince
               with
               his
               whole
               united
               Force
               ,
               but
               divided
               as
               he
               was
               and
               his
               men
               posted
               in
               several
               the
               most
               suspected
               places
               to
               prevent
               landing
               ,
               he
               was
               much
               too
               weak
               .
               One
               would
               think
               the
               proper
               time
               to
               have
               fought
               the
               Enemy
               had
               been
               at
               landing
               ,
               or
               if
               that
               could
               not
               be
               ,
               because
               the
               Cannon
               favoured
               his
               descent
               ,
               yet
               at
               least-wise
               before
               both
               Bodies
               had
               joyned
               ,
               which
               was
               not
               till
               after
               a
               leisurely
               march
               of
               some
               days
               .
               And
               yet
               he
               did
               neither
               ,
               and
               which
               is
               more
               ,
               gave
               afterwards
               so
               satisfactory
               an
               Accompt
               to
               the
               King
               that
               he
               incurr'd
               
               no
               displeasure
               .
               It
               seems
               all
               he
               could
               do
               was
               to
               reunite
               the
               scattered
               parts
               of
               his
               little
               Army
               ,
               and
               posting
               himself
               in
               the
               most
               advantagious
               ground
               he
               could
               make
               choice
               of
               ,
               there
               attend
               the
               Enemy
               ,
               and
               fight
               it
               out
               for
               Safety
               ,
               if
               not
               for
               Victory
               .
               This
               was
               done
               at
               Newburg
               a
               small
               Town
               upon
               the
               extremities
               of
               Funen
               opposite
               to
               Corsure
               in
               Zeland
               ,
               in
               which
               last
               the
               King
               of
               Sueden
               was
               ,
               almost
               near
               enough
               to
               be
               the
               Spectator
               of
               the
               distress
               and
               calamity
               of
               his
               Troops
               ,
               and
               yet
               too
               far
               to
               help
               them
               ;
               For
               
                 De
                 Ruyter
              
               lay
               with
               his
               Fleet
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Towns.
               The
               Suede
               fought
               it
               valiantly
               having
               also
               the
               advantage
               of
               the
               ground
               ,
               till
               the
               small
               Infantry
               overlaid
               
               by
               numbers
               was
               driven
               from
               it
               .
               For
               the
               Confederates
               had
               not
               less
               than
               six
               thousand
               Foot
               ,
               the
               Suede
               not
               more
               than
               sixteen
               hundred
               .
               As
               for
               Horse
               the
               greatest
               odds
               was
               in
               Courage
               and
               Discipline
               ,
               the
               numbers
               near
               equal
               .
               I
               would
               not
               upon
               this
               occasion
               conceal
               the
               honour
               of
               our
               Country-men
               ,
               I
               mean
               the
               English
               Regiment
               commanded
               by
               Sir
               
                 William
                 Killigrew
              
               ,
               who
               together
               with
               the
               other
               Auxiliary
               Foot
               brought
               from
               Holland
               keeping
               firm
               and
               unshaken
               ,
               gave
               opportunity
               to
               the
               routed
               Troops
               to
               rally
               behind
               them
               ,
               by
               which
               good
               Order
               and
               Resolution
               ,
               they
               in
               great
               measure
               turned
               the
               sometime
               wavering
               fortune
               of
               the
               day
               .
               The
               Suede
               at
               last
               was
               
               broken
               ,
               and
               lost
               Horse
               ,
               Foot
               ,
               and
               Cannon
               ,
               all
               were
               slain
               or
               prisoners
               ,
               none
               escaping
               but
               the
               Prince
               and
               Steinboch
               ,
               who
               by
               the
               favour
               of
               the
               Night
               and
               the
               skill
               and
               labour
               of
               a
               few
               rowers
               passed
               by
               the
               Dutch
               Fleet
               in
               a
               Fisher-boat
               ,
               and
               landing
               at
               Corsure
               brought
               unwelcome
               tidings
               to
               their
               Master
               .
            
             
               This
               was
               the
               greatest
               foil
               that
               King
               had
               ever
               received
               and
               he
               did
               
               not
               long
               survive
               it
               ,
               and
               yet
               't
               is
               not
               easie
               to
               say
               what
               impression
               it
               made
               upon
               him
               ,
               more
               ,
               than
               that
               't
               was
               little
               or
               well
               dissembled
               .
               No
               part
               of
               those
               many
               dispatches
               which
               were
               sent
               upon
               this
               occasion
               
               could
               be
               read
               in
               his
               Countenance
               ,
               having
               besides
               his
               natural
               Courage
               ,
               the
               Art
               of
               concealing
               all
               inward
               emotions
               and
               disturbances
               under
               a
               free
               and
               masculine
               appearance
               ,
               and
               by
               seeming
               to
               fear
               nothing
               deserved
               to
               be
               feared
               .
               Not
               but
               that
               in
               conversation
               he
               would
               often
               testifie
               a
               tender
               resentment
               for
               the
               loss
               of
               so
               many
               brave
               men
               ,
               who
               he
               thought
               deserved
               a
               better
               destiny
               .
            
             
               The
               Prince
               was
               so
               far
               from
               being
               disgraced
               ,
               that
               the
               King
               during
               his
               absence
               made
               him
               Commander
               in
               Chief
               of
               all
               his
               Forces
               in
               Zeland
               .
               For
               the
               Winter
               coming
               on
               ,
               and
               the
               Dutch
               Fleet
               sailing
               towards
               Lubec
               to
               
               Victual
               ,
               and
               soon
               after
               putting
               into
               Port
               ,
               and
               the
               Enemy
               at
               Land
               breaking
               up
               their
               Campagne
               ,
               gave
               the
               King
               leisure
               to
               pass
               over
               into
               Sconen
               and
               so
               to
               Gottenburg
               ,
               where
               he
               held
               a
               Convention
               of
               the
               States
               of
               his
               Kingdome
               ,
               for
               the
               better
               facilitating
               of
               such
               new
               Levies
               of
               men
               ,
               and
               other
               Contributions
               which
               were
               thought
               necessary
               for
               carrying
               on
               his
               many
               Wars
               to
               some
               desirable
               conclusion
               .
               And
               as
               his
               leisure
               permitted
               he
               intended
               to
               make
               an
               Excursion
               to
               Stockholm
               ,
               that
               City
               much
               desiring
               to
               see
               their
               King
               after
               four
               years
               absence
               .
               But
               his
               incessant
               Labours
               ,
               
               Care
               and
               Watchings
               brought
               him
               to
               a
               sharp
               defluxion
               ;
               
               that
               ,
               a
               Feaver
               ;
               and
               that
               ,
               his
               end
               .
            
             
               He
               was
               cut
               off
               in
               the
               strength
               of
               his
               days
               ,
               not
               forty
               years
               of
               Age
               ,
               a
               Prince
               of
               undoubted
               Courage
               and
               unwearied
               Industry
               ,
               low
               of
               stature
               but
               of
               aspiring
               thoughts
               ,
               of
               a
               gross
               and
               heavy
               body
               ,
               of
               a
               quick
               and
               active
               mind
               .
               No
               man
               of
               wit
               or
               courage
               could
               want
               Employment
               in
               his
               Court
               ,
               and
               he
               had
               the
               singular
               advantage
               of
               a
               happy
               judgment
               in
               discerning
               men
               ,
               and
               suiting
               them
               to
               such
               Affairs
               to
               which
               they
               were
               best
               adapted
               ,
               either
               by
               the
               secret
               dispositions
               of
               Nature
               ,
               or
               by
               acquired
               knowledge
               .
               His
               War
               with
               Poland
               covered
               him
               with
               Laurels
               which
               bore
               him
               nothing
               but
               gaudy
               and
               unprofitable
               
               appearances
               ,
               but
               the
               Olive
               of
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               yielded
               him
               nourishing
               and
               strengthning
               fruit
               .
               His
               first
               War
               with
               Denmark
               presented
               him
               the
               fair
               side
               of
               Fortunes
               medal
               ,
               in
               the
               second
               she
               turned
               to
               him
               the
               Reverse
               .
               He
               had
               early
               been
               bred
               a
               Soldier
               under
               General
               Torstenson
               in
               Germany
               ,
               whom
               he
               usually
               called
               his
               Master
               ,
               and
               never
               named
               but
               with
               great
               marks
               of
               Veneration
               .
               He
               passed
               through
               the
               gradations
               of
               the
               Art
               Military
               ,
               from
               a
               Captain
               of
               a
               Troop
               of
               Horse
               to
               Captain
               General
               of
               as
               good
               an
               Army
               perhaps
               as
               this
               Age
               has
               seen
               .
               For
               at
               the
               time
               of
               the
               conclusion
               of
               the
               Peace
               in
               Germany
               by
               the
               Treaties
               of
               Munster
               and
               Osnabrug
               ,
               he
               had
               under
               his
               Command
               of
               
               everal
               Nations
               ,
               fifty
               three
               thoufand
               Foot
               ,
               and
               twenty
               four
               thoufand
               Horse
               in
               Field
               and
               Garrison
               ;
               Besides
               the
               Confederate
               Armies
               of
               Marshal
               Turene
               and
               the
               Landgrave
               of
               Hess
               ,
               who
               acted
               by
               concert
               with
               him
               and
               were
               at
               least
               thirty
               thousand
               more
               .
               He
               kept
               to
               his
               dying
               day
               the
               Muster-Rols
               of
               every
               Regiment
               with
               the
               names
               of
               the
               Officers
               ,
               some
               of
               whom
               when
               disbanded
               upon
               the
               Peace
               ,
               he
               retained
               by
               Pensions
               at
               his
               own
               charge
               ,
               being
               then
               but
               Prince
               ,
               obliging
               them
               thereby
               to
               his
               service
               ,
               and
               foreseeing
               the
               use
               he
               might
               one
               day
               have
               of
               them
               .
               And
               has
               been
               heard
               to
               say
               ,
               that
               he
               thought
               himself
               a
               greater
               man
               when
               Captain
               General
               in
               Germany
               
               than
               he
               was
               now
               when
               King
               of
               Sueden
               .
               He
               would
               bewail
               the
               loss
               of
               so
               many
               good
               places
               which
               Sueden
               demolisht
               or
               surrendred
               ,
               and
               for
               doing
               whereof
               he
               as
               Captain
               General
               was
               also
               constitued
               Plenipotentiary
               at
               the
               Treaty
               at
               Osnabrug
               ,
               amounting
               to
               above
               two
               hundred
               Towns
               ,
               Castles
               and
               Forts
               .
               By
               which
               it
               was
               easie
               to
               perceive
               that
               he
               sided
               in
               opinion
               with
               Chancellour
               Oxenstiern
               ,
               who
               when
               the
               Spanish
               Cabal
               carried
               all
               before
               them
               at
               Stockholm
               ,
               having
               received
               peremptory
               Commands
               from
               that
               Court
               to
               conclude
               the
               Peace
               in
               Germany
               ,
               he
               did
               it
               in
               obedience
               to
               the
               commands
               of
               his
               Superiors
               ,
               but
               with
               such
               regret
               that
               he
               could
               
               not
               forbear
               to
               utter
               those
               words
               ,
               
                 Anima
                 mea
                 non
                 intravit
                 in
                 secretum
                 eorum
                 .
              
               He
               was
               the
               son
               of
               the
               Sister
               of
               the
               great
               
                 Gustaphus
                 Adolphus
              
               so
               famous
               in
               the
               German
               Story
               ,
               and
               upon
               the
               resignation
               of
               his
               Cosin
               Christiana
               ,
               was
               admitted
               to
               the
               Crown
               of
               Sueden
               by
               the
               general
               consent
               of
               all
               the
               Estates
               .
            
             
               This
               King
               thus
               removed
               by
               the
               stroke
               of
               death
               ,
               all
               things
               resolv'd
               into
               a
               disposition
               to
               a
               general
               Peace
               .
               His
               Son
               and
               Successor
               was
               a
               Minor
               of
               five
               or
               six
               years
               of
               Age.
               His
               Queen
               was
               left
               Regent
               during
               the
               minority
               of
               her
               Son
               ,
               a
               mild
               and
               gentle
               Lady
               ,
               deriving
               from
               the
               bloud
               of
               her
               Ancestors
               of
               the
               House
               of
               
               
                 Holstein
                 =
                 Gottorp
              
               and
               Saxe
               ,
               a
               natural
               candor
               and
               benignity
               .
               She
               was
               assisted
               by
               the
               great
               Officers
               of
               the
               Crown
               ,
               who
               were
               willing
               with
               peace
               and
               quietness
               to
               enjoy
               their
               share
               in
               the
               Government
               which
               the
               Laws
               and
               Constitutions
               of
               Sueden
               allowed
               them
               in
               the
               minority
               of
               their
               King.
               The
               Suedes
               themselves
               had
               been
               harassd
               and
               tired
               out
               by
               long
               Wars
               ,
               and
               that
               Martial
               Nation
               almost
               rode
               off
               their
               metal
               by
               a
               more
               Martial
               King.
               So
               that
               all
               things
               conspired
               on
               that
               side
               to
               Peace
               and
               Settlement
               .
               On
               the
               other
               side
               the
               Queen
               of
               Poland
               a
               French
               Lady
               ,
               who
               had
               the
               ascendant
               in
               all
               the
               affairs
               of
               that
               Kingdom
               ,
               was
               wrought
               over
               by
               the
               means
               of
               France
               to
               a
               ready
               
               Concurrence
               in
               a
               Peace
               with
               Sueden
               .
               Besides
               that
               the
               Pole
               was
               of
               himself
               readily
               disposed
               thereto
               ,
               partly
               in
               consideration
               of
               the
               many
               convulsions
               and
               distractions
               of
               that
               Kingdom
               ,
               occasioned
               by
               the
               contrary
               motions
               of
               disagreeing
               factions
               ,
               and
               partly
               in
               regard
               of
               the
               unprofitableness
               of
               a
               War
               with
               Sueden
               ,
               by
               which
               much
               might
               be
               lost
               nothing
               could
               be
               got
               .
               A
               Peace
               is
               therefore
               concluded
               betwixt
               both
               Crowns
               of
               Poland
               and
               Sueden
               ,
               under
               the
               mediation
               of
               France
               at
               a
               place
               called
               Oliva
               ,
               and
               the
               Emperour
               and
               Brandenburger
               who
               were
               but
               accessories
               in
               the
               Polish
               War
               ,
               were
               easily
               comprehended
               in
               the
               Peace
               .
            
             
             
               The
               onely
               difficulty
               was
               for
               Denmark
               ;
               the
               late
               Suedish
               King
               had
               made
               great
               scruple
               of
               admitting
               the
               States
               General
               of
               the
               
                 United
                 Provinces
              
               ,
               as
               Mediators
               for
               composing
               the
               War
               betwixt
               him
               and
               the
               Dane
               ,
               alledging
               and
               declaring
               that
               they
               were
               parties
               with
               the
               Dane
               and
               Enemies
               to
               him
               ,
               and
               that
               they
               ought
               to
               make
               their
               own
               Peace
               first
               before
               they
               could
               be
               in
               capacity
               to
               interpose
               for
               others
               .
               But
               the
               now
               Suedish
               Court
               soon
               surmounts
               this
               difficulty
               ,
               and
               the
               four
               Dutch
               Deputies
               Extraordinary
               who
               arrived
               in
               the
               summer
               and
               went
               two
               of
               them
               to
               the
               Suede
               and
               two
               to
               the
               Dane
               ;
               attended
               with
               a
               splendid
               Retinue
               ,
               I
               mean
               with
               
                 De
                 Ruyter
              
               and
               forty
               
               men
               of
               War
               ,
               were
               now
               accepted
               by
               the
               Suede
               ,
               notwithstanding
               all
               former
               hostilities
               and
               provocations
               ,
               as
               Mediators
               in
               the
               ensuing
               Treaty
               .
               This
               rub
               being
               removed
               ,
               the
               next
               was
               the
               adjusting
               the
               terms
               and
               conditions
               of
               the
               Peace
               .
               For
               the
               Dane
               expected
               his
               Confederates
               should
               have
               assisted
               him
               to
               the
               obtaining
               of
               such
               a
               Peace
               as
               might
               in
               the
               conditions
               thereof
               have
               born
               some
               proportion
               to
               the
               benefits
               which
               they
               had
               received
               by
               the
               War
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               loss
               and
               hazard
               which
               he
               had
               sustained
               .
               For
               this
               War
               of
               Denmark
               had
               drawn
               the
               Suede
               out
               of
               the
               bowels
               of
               Poland
               ,
               had
               delivered
               the
               Brandenburger
               from
               the
               imminent
               danger
               of
               having
               his
               Countrey
               
               made
               the
               seat
               of
               a
               War.
               It
               was
               begun
               by
               the
               Council
               and
               instigation
               of
               the
               States
               ,
               to
               secure
               their
               Dantzick
               trade
               ,
               and
               was
               continued
               and
               prosecuted
               under
               the
               prospect
               and
               assurance
               of
               relief
               from
               them
               .
               Many
               of
               the
               Danish
               Court
               ,
               notwithstanding
               the
               calamities
               they
               suffered
               by
               this
               second
               War
               ,
               were
               not
               heartily
               sorry
               for
               it
               ,
               because
               it
               gave
               them
               an
               opportunity
               of
               bettering
               by
               the
               help
               of
               their
               Allies
               ,
               those
               grievous
               conditions
               which
               necessity
               had
               extorted
               from
               them
               at
               such
               a
               time
               when
               no
               friend
               could
               help
               them
               .
            
             
               The
               States
               General
               indeed
               sent
               them
               Relief
               ,
               but
               such
               as
               served
               their
               own
               turn
               ,
               not
               that
               of
               the
               Danes
               .
               The
               Dane
               expected
               
               no
               less
               than
               to
               be
               reinvested
               in
               all
               those
               Dominions
               and
               Possessions
               which
               the
               former
               War
               had
               wrested
               from
               him
               .
               And
               moreover
               in
               compensation
               and
               satisfaction
               for
               the
               spoil
               and
               ravage
               of
               the
               whole
               Kingdom
               of
               Denmark
               ,
               by
               the
               violation
               of
               a
               Peace
               so
               solemnly
               and
               lately
               established
               ,
               to
               be
               reinstated
               into
               some
               or
               all
               those
               Lands
               and
               Territories
               which
               the
               Broomsborow
               Treaty
               had
               transferred
               to
               the
               Suede
               ,
               assisted
               in
               that
               War
               by
               the
               Hollander
               ,
               that
               so
               both
               Crowns
               might
               return
               again
               to
               their
               former
               limits
               and
               boundaries
               .
               They
               who
               cut
               off
               the
               flower
               of
               the
               Suedish
               Cavalry
               in
               Funen
               ,
               what
               hindred
               but
               that
               they
               might
               have
               landed
               in
               Zeland
               .
               Winter
               
               came
               not
               on
               so
               fast
               ,
               but
               the
               Fleet
               might
               have
               sailed
               four
               Leagues
               ,
               and
               it
               was
               no
               more
               to
               Zeland
               though
               more
               to
               Lubec
               .
               If
               they
               wanted
               Foot
               ,
               Copenhagen
               could
               have
               spared
               them
               five
               thousand
               ,
               and
               they
               might
               have
               had
               ten
               thousand
               more
               for
               fetching
               from
               the
               Confederate
               Army
               in
               Holstein
               and
               Jutland
               .
               But
               this
               needed
               not
               ,
               the
               Suede
               had
               not
               five
               thousand
               Foot
               upon
               Zeland
               ,
               nor
               so
               good
               a
               Body
               of
               Horse
               as
               he
               had
               left
               upon
               Funen
               ,
               besides
               the
               Horse
               of
               the
               Confederates
               was
               better
               then
               before
               ,
               having
               received
               an
               encrease
               of
               strength
               from
               the
               spoils
               of
               their
               Enemy
               .
            
             
               But
               unhappy
               that
               Prince
               who
               wages
               a
               War
               against
               a
               stronger
               than
               himself
               ,
               not
               by
               his
               own
               
               strength
               ,
               but
               by
               that
               of
               his
               Confederates
               ;
               and
               still
               more
               unhappy
               when
               those
               Confederates
               are
               jealous
               and
               distrustful
               of
               his
               future
               growth
               and
               greatness
               .
               The
               Alliances
               of
               States
               are
               Convenience
               not
               Friendship
               ,
               Interest
               not
               Affection
               ,
               a
               reason
               of
               the
               head
               not
               a
               passion
               of
               the
               heart
               .
               The
               poor
               exhausted
               Dane
               ,
               after
               all
               his
               former
               and
               later
               sufferings
               ,
               must
               stoop
               again
               under
               the
               heavy
               yoke
               of
               the
               despised
               Roschild
               Treaty
               .
               The
               dividing
               of
               the
               Banks
               of
               the
               Sound
               betwixt
               the
               two
               Crowns
               accommodated
               Holland
               as
               well
               as
               England
               .
               That
               necessity
               which
               first
               cast
               the
               Dane
               upon
               the
               Dutch
               Alliance
               ,
               if
               removed
               ,
               might
               make
               him
               recoil
               from
               it
               ;
               to
               keep
               him
               poor
               was
               to
               
               keep
               him
               humble
               and
               so
               dependent
               .
               And
               yet
               that
               the
               States
               -
               General
               might
               seem
               to
               do
               something
               more
               than
               the
               bare
               relief
               of
               Copenhagen
               ,
               or
               which
               is
               all
               one
               ,
               more
               then
               the
               bare
               securing
               of
               their
               own
               Trade
               in
               the
               Baltic
               ,
               They
               urge
               and
               obtain
               that
               the
               Government
               of
               Drontheim
               in
               Norway
               be
               restored
               again
               to
               the
               Dane
               ,
               to
               the
               intent
               those
               barren
               mountains
               might
               make
               some
               satisfaction
               and
               amends
               for
               the
               plunder
               and
               spoil
               of
               a
               fertil
               Kingdom
               ,
               much
               more
               exhausted
               and
               more
               cruelly
               harassd
               by
               this
               second
               War
               then
               it
               had
               been
               by
               the
               former
               .
               And
               yet
               't
               is
               worthy
               considering
               whether
               in
               this
               also
               the
               Dutch
               did
               not
               as
               well
               gratifie
               themselves
               as
               the
               Dane
               ,
               partly
               
               because
               Drontheim
               better
               accommodated
               their
               
               Norway-Trade
               whiles
               in
               the
               hand
               of
               the
               Dane
               then
               when
               in
               that
               of
               the
               Suede
               ,
               partly
               in
               regard
               of
               the
               Levies
               of
               men
               which
               the
               Dutch
               usually
               make
               amongst
               the
               Norwegian
               Mariners
               ,
               by
               the
               favour
               of
               the
               Court
               of
               Denmark
               in
               times
               of
               War
               ,
               and
               partly
               for
               better
               recovery
               of
               those
               moneys
               which
               some
               particular
               Companies
               of
               Amsterdam
               had
               advanced
               to
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               upon
               the
               Gage
               and
               Pledge
               of
               the
               dependencies
               of
               Drontheim
               .
               The
               controverted
               Isle
               of
               Hueen
               is
               adjudged
               to
               the
               Suede
               .
               The
               Isle
               of
               Bornholm
               which
               during
               this
               last
               War
               had
               voluntarily
               returned
               to
               the
               obedience
               of
               her
               former
               Master
               ,
               
               must
               be
               restored
               again
               to
               the
               Suede
               after
               the
               expiration
               of
               one
               year
               ,
               or
               else
               exchanged
               for
               an
               equivalent
               .
               In
               all
               the
               other
               material
               points
               ,
               excepting
               that
               of
               Drontheim
               ,
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               is
               renewed
               and
               reconfirmed
               ,
               and
               remains
               to
               this
               day
               the
               standard
               and
               measure
               betwixt
               these
               two
               Northern
               Crowns
               .
            
             
               There
               is
               one
               thing
               more
               observable
               with
               which
               I
               shall
               conclude
               .
               The
               onely
               benefit
               and
               advantage
               which
               Denmark
               has
               received
               by
               this
               last
               War
               amidst
               many
               losses
               and
               sufferances
               was
               occasional
               and
               accidental
               ,
               and
               for
               which
               the
               Dane
               has
               no
               obligation
               to
               any
               of
               his
               Confederates
               ,
               because
               it
               sprang
               meerly
               from
               
               the
               contingencies
               of
               the
               War
               ;
               It
               was
               this
               .
               The
               Crown
               of
               Denmark
               had
               been
               Elective
               for
               above
               two
               hundred
               years
               in
               the
               present
               Oldenburg
               Family
               .
               The
               chief
               Power
               of
               Electing
               being
               in
               the
               Nobility
               ,
               gave
               them
               the
               means
               and
               opportunity
               of
               capitulating
               advantages
               to
               themselves
               ,
               as
               previous
               conditions
               to
               the
               Election
               ,
               with
               every
               succeeding
               King
               ,
               to
               the
               despoiling
               and
               debilitating
               of
               the
               Crown
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               prejudice
               of
               the
               other
               Orders
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               .
               None
               but
               a
               Nobleman
               could
               buy
               or
               possess
               in
               his
               own
               right
               any
               Seignory
               or
               Mannor
               .
               A
               Citizen
               or
               Burgher
               was
               not
               capable
               of
               purchasing
               more
               than
               a
               House
               ,
               and
               it
               may
               be
               a
               Garden
               and
               Orchard
               ,
               
               or
               such
               like
               slender
               curtilage
               .
               The
               Lands
               and
               Revenues
               of
               the
               Crown
               were
               let
               to
               Noblemen
               it
               may
               be
               not
               to
               the
               third
               ,
               sometimes
               not
               to
               the
               fourth
               part
               of
               what
               they
               were
               really
               worth
               ,
               and
               yet
               the
               King
               must
               not
               Enhance
               the
               old
               Rents
               ,
               though
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               the
               Nobles
               rackt
               the
               poor
               under-Tenants
               to
               the
               utmost
               .
               The
               Pesants
               upon
               the
               Danish
               Isles
               were
               Villains
               regardant
               to
               the
               Mannors
               of
               Noblemen
               ,
               such
               as
               the
               Civilians
               call
               
                 ascriptitii
                 glebae
              
               .
               All
               publick
               Offices
               and
               preferments
               were
               appropriated
               to
               the
               Nobility
               ,
               there
               was
               no
               room
               left
               for
               a
               single
               and
               unendowed
               Desert
               .
               Birth
               had
               precluded
               Merit
               ,
               and
               the
               priviledges
               of
               Bloud
               had
               forestall'd
               
               the
               rewards
               of
               Vertue
               .
               By
               which
               constitution
               ,
               Denmark
               ,
               from
               an
               anciently
               glorious
               and
               most
               renowned
               Monarchy
               ,
               had
               in
               a
               succession
               of
               some
               Ages
               dwindled
               and
               degenerated
               to
               that
               State
               and
               condition
               which
               to
               avoid
               offence
               I
               sorbear
               to
               name
               .
               But
               upon
               occasion
               of
               this
               second
               War
               ,
               the
               better
               to
               encourage
               the
               Burgers
               of
               Copenhagen
               to
               stand
               couragiously
               for
               the
               Defence
               of
               their
               King
               and
               Country
               ,
               lest
               the
               hope
               and
               expectancy
               of
               bettering
               their
               condition
               under
               a
               new
               Master
               should
               prompt
               them
               to
               desert
               their
               old
               ,
               great
               privileges
               were
               proposed
               and
               conferred
               upon
               them
               .
               Such
               as
               these
               :
               An
               equal
               admission
               to
               Offices
               and
               Honours
               ,
               as
               they
               and
               
               their
               Children
               should
               render
               themselves
               capable
               and
               deserving
               .
               A
               power
               of
               purchasing
               Lands
               and
               Lordships
               with
               the
               same
               rights
               as
               Nobles
               .
               The
               City
               to
               be
               one
               of
               the
               Estates
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               and
               to
               have
               a
               suffrage
               in
               all
               publick
               Councils
               and
               Resolves
               .
               And
               the
               Crown
               is
               also
               delivered
               out
               of
               the
               Guardianship
               of
               the
               Nobility
               ,
               being
               changed
               from
               Elective
               to
               Hereditary
               .
               So
               that
               now
               in
               Denmark
               there
               is
               a
               more
               healthful
               and
               better
               proportioned
               distribution
               of
               strength
               and
               nourishment
               to
               all
               parts
               of
               the
               Body
               of
               that
               Governwhereby
               the
               whole
               is
               become
               more
               vigorous
               and
               able
               to
               withstand
               for
               the
               future
               such
               rude
               Attacks
               and
               Assaults
               from
               
               without
               ,
               as
               had
               in
               the
               late
               Wars
               endangered
               the
               Life
               thereof
               .
            
          
        
      
       
         
           
             
             
               
                 A
                 VIEW
              
               OF
               THE
               SUEDISH
               AND
               Other
               Affairs
               ,
               as
               they
               now
               stand
               IN
               GERMANY
               This
               present
               Year
               ,
               1675.
               
               WITH
               Relation
               to
               ENGLAND
               .
            
             
               Composed
               in
               the
               Year
               1675.
               when
               the
               Suede
               was
               declared
               Enemy
               of
               the
               Empire
               .
            
             
               LONDON
               :
               Printed
               by
               
                 A.
                 C.
              
               for
               
                 H.
                 Brome
              
               ,
               at
               the
               Gun
               in
               St.
               Paul's
               Church-yard
               .
               M.
               DC
               .
               LXXVII
               .
            
          
           
             
             
             
               A
               VIEW
               OF
               THE
               SUEDISH
               AND
               Other
               Affairs
               ,
               as
               they
               now
               stand
               IN
               GERMANY
               .
            
             
               HE
               who
               duly
               reflects
               upon
               the
               State
               and
               Condition
               of
               Germany
               at
               the
               time
               of
               the
               Munster
               and
               Osnabrug
               Treaties
               concluded
               in
               the
               year
               1648.
               
               How
               the
               Empire
               wearied
               by
               a
               tedious
               War
               with
               earnest
               longings
               
               breath'd
               after
               a
               settlement
               ;
               How
               the
               Suede
               at
               that
               time
               powerful
               in
               Arms
               ,
               was
               courted
               to
               a
               Peace
               by
               the
               proposal
               of
               such
               advantagious
               conditions
               ,
               as
               wanted
               nothing
               but
               the
               name
               of
               a
               Conquest
               ;
               may
               justly
               wonder
               ,
               that
               so
               wise
               a
               Council
               as
               that
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               should
               submit
               all
               their
               great
               Acquisitions
               ,
               of
               which
               for
               many
               years
               they
               have
               been
               in
               the
               quiet
               and
               legal
               possession
               ,
               to
               the
               uncertain
               hazard
               of
               a
               new
               War.
               
            
             
               The
               Osnabrug
               Treaty
               is
               the
               
                 Magna
                 Charta
              
               of
               Germany
               ,
               and
               was
               enacted
               a
               perpetual
               fundamental
               Law
               ,
               and
               pragmatic
               Sanction
               of
               the
               Empire
               .
               But
               the
               Suede
               ,
               upon
               his
               late
               Invasion
               
               of
               the
               Marquisate
               of
               Brandenburg
               ,
               having
               in
               full
               Diet
               been
               declared
               Enemy
               of
               the
               Empire
               ,
               all
               the
               concessions
               in
               that
               Treaty
               respecting
               that
               Crown
               ,
               are
               become
               like
               the
               old
               Charters
               or
               Donations
               of
               Charlemagne
               ,
               sealed
               with
               the
               Pommel
               of
               a
               Sword
               to
               be
               warranted
               by
               the
               Blade
               .
            
             
               The
               Risque
               the
               Suede
               now
               runs
               is
               further
               heightned
               upon
               this
               following
               consideration
               .
               Sueden
               has
               enlarged
               her
               Border
               upon
               all
               the
               neighbouring
               Princes
               .
               Upon
               the
               Pole
               and
               Moscovite
               by
               
                 Liefland
                 ,
                 Esthen
              
               and
               Ingermanland
               .
               Upon
               the
               German
               Empire
               by
               the
               Dukedom
               of
               Pomeren
               ,
               Principality
               of
               Rugen
               ,
               Bishopricks
               of
               Bremen
               and
               Verden
               
               Erected
               upon
               this
               occasion
               into
               Dutchies
               ,
               and
               by
               the
               Lordship
               of
               the
               City
               and
               Port
               of
               Wismar
               .
               Upon
               the
               Dane
               by
               the
               several
               Provinces
               of
               
                 Halland
                 ,
                 Sconen
                 ,
                 Bleking
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               Some
               or
               all
               of
               which
               Princes
               do
               but
               wait
               a
               favourable
               conjuncture
               ,
               wherein
               to
               attempt
               the
               reinstating
               themselves
               into
               those
               Possessions
               ,
               which
               the
               Accidents
               of
               War
               and
               other
               fatalities
               have
               extorted
               from
               them
               .
            
             
               It
               may
               also
               be
               noted
               upon
               this
               occasion
               ,
               that
               by
               vertue
               of
               the
               aforementioned
               Osnabrug
               Treaty
               ,
               some
               of
               the
               then
               Friends
               or
               Allies
               of
               the
               Crown
               of
               Sueden
               were
               devested
               of
               part
               of
               their
               Patrimony
               ,
               the
               better
               to
               accommodate
               
               the
               Suede
               in
               laying
               his
               new
               acquired
               Possessions
               more
               close
               and
               contiguous
               .
               Thus
               the
               Elector
               of
               Brandenburg
               quitted
               Stetin
               and
               other
               Rights
               which
               he
               had
               in
               both
               the
               Pomerens
               .
               The
               Duke
               of
               Mecklenburg
               resigned
               Wismar
               .
               'T
               is
               true
               both
               these
               Princes
               received
               a
               compensatory
               Exchange
               or
               Equivalent
               ,
               such
               as
               the
               necessity
               of
               the
               Public
               Peace
               constrain'd
               them
               to
               acquiesce
               in
               ;
               the
               first
               by
               the
               Bishoprick
               of
               Halberstad
               ,
               the
               latter
               by
               that
               of
               Ratzenburg
               ,
               but
               it
               must
               be
               granted
               too
               that
               the
               Rents
               and
               Revenues
               of
               Inland
               Dominions
               are
               not
               so
               improveable
               as
               those
               arising
               upon
               Sea-Ports
               .
            
             
             
               Now
               if
               we
               impartially
               compare
               the
               circumstances
               of
               Affairs
               in
               this
               present
               year
               1675.
               with
               those
               in
               the
               year
               1648.
               it
               will
               be
               the
               easier
               to
               make
               an
               estimate
               ,
               whether
               Sueden
               could
               rationally
               hope
               to
               better
               the
               conditions
               of
               the
               Osnabrug
               Treaty
               ,
               or
               whether
               their
               future
               expectancies
               can
               in
               any
               just
               proportion
               countervail
               their
               present
               hazard
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               former
               German
               War
               ,
               it
               was
               no
               small
               advantage
               to
               Sueden
               to
               be
               esteemed
               the
               Head
               of
               the
               Protestant
               Cause
               and
               Interest
               in
               Germany
               ;
               this
               brought
               them
               many
               Allies
               and
               Adherents
               ;
               and
               made
               their
               thin
               and
               tattered
               Regiments
               swell
               into
               numerous
               and
               well
               appointed
               Armies
               .
               But
               
               in
               the
               present
               War
               there
               is
               nothing
               of
               Religion
               so
               much
               as
               pretended
               in
               the
               Case
               .
               Nay
               the
               more
               immediate
               quarrel
               that
               Sueden
               now
               has
               ,
               is
               with
               the
               Brandenburger
               ,
               the
               Dane
               and
               Hollander
               ,
               who
               though
               of
               different
               persuasions
               ,
               are
               clasp'd
               together
               with
               the
               Suede
               in
               the
               same
               general
               concerns
               of
               Religion
               .
               Before
               the
               Osnabrug
               Treaty
               ,
               Germany
               was
               crumbled
               into
               many
               Factions
               and
               Interests
               ,
               both
               Religious
               and
               Civil
               .
               Now
               the
               whole
               Body
               of
               the
               Empire
               is
               consolidated
               and
               united
               together
               against
               strangers
               ,
               and
               some
               in
               Germany
               esteem
               the
               Suede
               no
               other
               .
               In
               the
               year
               1648.
               before
               the
               Peace
               ,
               the
               Suede
               had
               more
               than
               two
               hundred
               Garrisons
               in
               Germany
               ,
               
               and
               an
               Army
               in
               Field
               and
               Garrison
               of
               near
               fourscore
               thousand
               men
               ,
               the
               far
               greater
               number
               of
               them
               foreiners
               ,
               but
               all
               Veterans
               exactly
               disciplin'd
               ,
               and
               commanded
               by
               a
               Martial
               Prince
               extracted
               from
               the
               Palatine
               family
               of
               the
               Rhine
               (
               the
               now
               King
               of
               Sueden's
               Father
               )
               who
               upon
               that
               accompt
               was
               the
               more
               acceptable
               to
               the
               German
               Nation
               .
               Now
               their
               Army
               is
               small
               and
               consists
               of
               new
               Levies
               ,
               their
               Garrisons
               few
               ,
               and
               by
               occasion
               of
               a
               long
               Peace
               neither
               so
               well
               fortified
               nor
               otherwise
               provided
               .
               The
               Suede
               had
               then
               many
               Allies
               and
               Confederates
               within
               the
               very
               bowels
               of
               the
               Empire
               .
               The
               Landgrave
               of
               Hess
               had
               a
               considerable
               Army
               in
               the
               Field
               ,
               which
               
               to
               the
               very
               last
               acted
               in
               concert
               with
               Sueden
               ;
               besides
               the
               Army
               of
               France
               under
               Marshal
               Turenne
               in
               Alsace
               .
               Now
               the
               Suede
               has
               no
               other
               visible
               Confederate
               but
               France
               ,
               so
               remote
               ,
               that
               if
               the
               French
               Armies
               should
               by
               the
               Chance
               of
               War
               be
               put
               upon
               the
               Defensive
               ,
               the
               Suede
               may
               be
               lost
               before
               France
               can
               help
               him
               .
               The
               Dane
               who
               then
               stood
               Neutral
               ,
               has
               now
               declared
               against
               Sueden
               .
               The
               
                 States
                 General
              
               then
               in
               War
               with
               Spain
               ,
               now
               confederated
               with
               Spain
               and
               the
               Empire
               against
               France
               ,
               and
               consequently
               against
               Sueden
               .
               I
               need
               add
               no
               more
               to
               encrease
               the
               wonder
               I
               before
               mentioned
               ,
               the
               difficulty
               would
               rather
               be
               to
               salve
               and
               allay
               it
               ,
               were
               it
               any
               thing
               to
               my
               purpose
               ,
               
               who
               pretend
               not
               to
               have
               the
               Key
               of
               the
               Cabinet
               ,
               or
               to
               be
               able
               to
               penetrate
               the
               secret
               of
               the
               Suedish
               Councils
               ;
               only
               this
               is
               obvious
               ,
               if
               a
               lesser
               Crown
               condescends
               to
               become
               the
               Pensioner
               of
               another
               more
               great
               and
               opulent
               than
               its
               self
               ,
               it
               will
               be
               exposed
               to
               temptations
               of
               being
               sometimes
               warped
               from
               her
               proper
               measures
               .
               Besides
               the
               influence
               of
               the
               Example
               ,
               for
               if
               the
               Crown
               receives
               gifts
               the
               Ministers
               will
               be
               less
               modest
               in
               refusing
               them
               ,
               when
               tendred
               .
            
             
               Add
               moreover
               ,
               the
               inlets
               into
               a
               War
               are
               so
               many
               and
               so
               easie
               ,
               but
               the
               outlets
               so
               few
               and
               difficult
               ,
               that
               a
               wise
               Prince
               and
               Council
               obliged
               upon
               remoter
               
               considerations
               to
               a
               shew
               and
               appearance
               of
               Arms
               ,
               may
               insensibly
               and
               unexpectedly
               be
               involv'd
               in
               a
               War
               ,
               which
               they
               never
               in
               good
               earnest
               intended
               .
               And
               he
               who
               proposed
               to
               himself
               to
               advance
               his
               Arms
               to
               such
               a
               Point
               and
               no
               further
               ,
               may
               to
               his
               grief
               find
               the
               unruly
               beast
               of
               War
               so
               ungovernable
               ,
               as
               not
               to
               be
               mannag'd
               to
               certain
               stops
               and
               bounds
               ,
               but
               to
               transgress
               them
               all
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               throw
               the
               Rider
               .
            
             
               And
               as
               a
               Prince
               may
               gradually
               and
               insensibly
               be
               engaged
               in
               a
               War
               which
               at
               first
               he
               intended
               not
               ,
               and
               afterwards
               be
               further
               engaged
               in
               it
               ,
               than
               he
               either
               proposed
               or
               desired
               ;
               So
               
               't
               is
               ordinary
               for
               the
               consequents
               and
               effects
               of
               such
               War
               to
               redound
               to
               the
               prejudice
               of
               other
               Princes
               ,
               who
               had
               no
               participation
               either
               in
               the
               beginning
               or
               the
               progress
               thereof
               .
               Thus
               if
               the
               Suede
               (
               for
               I
               suppose
               't
               is
               no
               offence
               to
               put
               such
               a
               Case
               ,
               because
               what
               's
               laid
               at
               stake
               no
               man
               can
               call
               his
               own
               )
               I
               say
               ,
               if
               the
               Suede
               should
               lose
               all
               in
               Germany
               ,
               and
               be
               turned
               back
               again
               over
               the
               Baltic
               ;
               This
               would
               redound
               greatly
               to
               the
               mischief
               of
               France
               ,
               whose
               Interest
               it
               is
               to
               maintain
               the
               Suede
               in
               Germany
               as
               a
               check
               and
               counterpoise
               upon
               the
               House
               of
               Austria
               ,
               the
               hereditary
               Enemy
               of
               France
               .
               But
               this
               consideration
               reaches
               not
               England
               ,
               because
               that
               House
               has
               in
               this
               last
               Age
               
               been
               under
               so
               sensible
               a
               decadency
               ,
               that
               it
               gives
               no
               longer
               any
               just
               ombrage
               or
               jealousie
               as
               formerly
               ,
               of
               any
               affectation
               of
               an
               Universal
               Monarchy
               .
            
             
               But
               yet
               it
               may
               greatly
               concern
               England
               into
               what
               hands
               the
               Chance
               of
               War
               may
               throw
               those
               places
               the
               Suede
               now
               possesses
               .
               Should
               the
               Elector
               of
               Brandenburg
               invest
               himself
               in
               the
               Ports
               of
               Pomeren
               ,
               and
               by
               that
               means
               erect
               a
               third
               power
               upon
               the
               Baltic
               :
               Nay
               should
               the
               Duke
               of
               Curland
               ,
               whose
               little
               Dutchy
               is
               a
               Fief
               of
               the
               Crown
               of
               Poland
               ,
               and
               who
               of
               later
               years
               has
               affected
               to
               put
               in
               for
               a
               share
               in
               the
               Baltic
               under
               the
               Title
               of
               Admiral
               of
               that
               Crown
               ,
               though
               his
               design
               
               always
               suppressed
               by
               the
               early
               jealousies
               of
               those
               greater
               Powers
               of
               Denmark
               and
               Sueden
               ;
               should
               he
               I
               say
               by
               help
               of
               the
               favour
               and
               consanguinity
               he
               has
               with
               Brandenburg
               (
               for
               that
               House
               married
               a
               Sister
               of
               that
               Elector
               )
               added
               to
               the
               countenance
               and
               assistance
               of
               Poland
               ,
               establish
               a
               fourth
               Power
               upon
               the
               Baltic
               :
               All
               this
               would
               not
               sensibly
               touch
               England
               ,
               for
               a
               Reason
               intimated
               in
               that
               Answer
               ,
               which
               a
               Duke
               of
               Burgundy
               once
               made
               ,
               when
               it
               was
               objected
               to
               him
               how
               he
               was
               no
               Lover
               of
               the
               Kings
               of
               France
               ,
               his
               Reply
               was
               ,
               on
               the
               contrary
               he
               was
               so
               great
               a
               Lover
               of
               them
               ,
               that
               whereas
               there
               was
               one
               King
               of
               France
               he
               wished
               there
               were
               many
               .
            
             
             
               But
               if
               the
               Dane
               should
               seize
               the
               Ports
               of
               Pomeren
               ,
               or
               possess
               himself
               of
               Stade
               and
               Boxtehude
               in
               the
               Dutchy
               of
               Bremen
               ;
               or
               should
               he
               so
               far
               profit
               upon
               the
               present
               Conjuncture
               ,
               as
               to
               reinstate
               himself
               in
               the
               opposite
               Bank
               of
               the
               Sound
               ,
               which
               was
               taken
               from
               him
               in
               the
               year
               1658.
               every
               of
               these
               will
               alter
               the
               Case
               in
               reference
               to
               England
               ;
               For
               't
               is
               evident
               that
               the
               dividing
               the
               Banks
               of
               the
               Sound
               betwixt
               the
               two
               emulous
               Crowns
               ,
               as
               it
               was
               done
               by
               the
               Roschild
               Treaty
               ,
               is
               greatly
               to
               the
               security
               and
               benefit
               of
               England
               .
               To
               our
               security
               in
               time
               of
               War
               ,
               for
               in
               case
               of
               a
               War
               betwixt
               England
               and
               Holland
               ,
               if
               Denmark
               incline
               to
               Holland
               (
               which
               is
               not
               unreasonable
               to
               be
               supposed
               )
               
               England
               ,
               in
               friendship
               with
               Sueden
               whilest
               possessed
               of
               one
               Bank
               of
               the
               Sound
               ,
               will
               in
               despight
               of
               the
               other
               two
               Confederates
               maintain
               the
               Trade
               into
               the
               Baltie
               ,
               and
               fetch
               from
               thence
               those
               materials
               which
               are
               necessary
               for
               the
               apparel
               and
               equippage
               of
               her
               Shipping
               .
               To
               our
               benefit
               in
               time
               of
               Peace
               ,
               and
               that
               in
               reference
               to
               Trade
               and
               Commerce
               .
               For
               't
               is
               a
               Gain
               to
               the
               Dane
               to
               enhance
               the
               duties
               of
               the
               Sound
               ,
               but
               't
               is
               the
               Interest
               ,
               of
               Sueden
               to
               oppose
               it
               ,
               because
               Stockholm
               and
               all
               the
               Ports
               of
               Sueden
               ,
               except
               Gottenburg
               ,
               being
               within
               the
               Baltic
               ,
               whatever
               Duties
               are
               imposed
               upon
               forein
               Ships
               in
               their
               passage
               through
               the
               Sound
               ,
               are
               a
               burden
               upon
               
               the
               Trade
               of
               Sueden
               .
               The
               same
               Reason
               holds
               for
               the
               Elb
               ,
               where
               the
               Dane
               has
               Gluestad
               upon
               the
               one
               Bank
               ,
               the
               
                 Suede
                 Stade
              
               and
               Boxtehude
               upon
               the
               other
               .
               If
               both
               Banks
               should
               come
               into
               Danish
               hands
               ,
               this
               would
               more
               immediately
               concern
               Hamburgh
               ;
               and
               so
               much
               the
               rather
               because
               of
               the
               old
               pretensions
               the
               Kings
               of
               Denmark
               as
               Dukes
               of
               Holstein
               have
               upon
               that
               City
               .
               But
               it
               will
               remotely
               concern
               England
               ,
               for
               it
               will
               be
               in
               the
               power
               of
               the
               Dane
               to
               exclude
               us
               from
               the
               Trade
               of
               the
               Elb
               whenever
               he
               pleases
               .
               Which
               perhaps
               he
               will
               not
               do
               .
               But
               the
               Assurances
               of
               Princes
               are
               not
               to
               be
               founded
               upon
               the
               
                 Will
                 not
              
               ,
               but
               upon
               the
               Cannot
               .
            
             
             
               Add
               to
               all
               this
               ,
               that
               as
               it
               is
               the
               Interest
               of
               France
               to
               maintain
               Sueden
               as
               a
               ballance
               upon
               the
               House
               of
               Austria
               ,
               so
               't
               is
               the
               Interest
               of
               England
               to
               preserve
               Sueden
               as
               her
               proper
               counterpoise
               against
               the
               Confederate
               Naval
               Strength
               of
               Holland
               and
               Denmark
               .
            
             
               The
               case
               thus
               standing
               ,
               and
               Sueden
               having
               changed
               the
               figure
               it
               lately
               made
               ,
               when
               the
               Mediation
               of
               that
               Crown
               was
               proposed
               in
               concert
               with
               England
               ,
               by
               entring
               into
               the
               War
               and
               becoming
               Party
               ;
               There
               is
               no
               Prince
               in
               Europe
               to
               whom
               it
               can
               so
               properly
               appertain
               to
               advance
               the
               great
               work
               of
               a
               Mediation
               ,
               as
               to
               his
               Majesty
               of
               England
               .
               The
               Pope
               not
               so
               fit
               to
               interpose
               in
               these
               German
               Controversies
               ,
               as
               
               upon
               other
               considerations
               ,
               so
               particularly
               upon
               this
               ,
               because
               by
               the
               Munster
               and
               Osnabrug
               Treaties
               ,
               which
               are
               the
               Basis
               of
               the
               Peace
               of
               Germany
               ,
               many
               of
               the
               Lands
               of
               the
               Church
               and
               other
               Ecclesiastical
               Rights
               ,
               were
               Alienated
               and
               made
               Secular
               .
               Which
               the
               Nuncio
               at
               that
               time
               was
               so
               far
               from
               consenting
               to
               ,
               that
               he
               entred
               a
               public
               Protest
               against
               it
               ,
               and
               Innocent
               the
               tenth
               declared
               all
               the
               Articles
               relating
               to
               Religion
               to
               be
               nul
               and
               void
               .
               The
               Venetian
               State
               remote
               ,
               and
               though
               admitted
               Mediator
               in
               the
               Munster
               Treaty
               betwixt
               the
               Empire
               and
               France
               ,
               yet
               was
               not
               so
               in
               the
               Osnabrug
               Treaty
               betwixt
               the
               Empire
               and
               Sueden
               .
               Besides
               the
               Councils
               of
               that
               Republic
               face
               
               most
               to
               the
               Levant
               ,
               neither
               does
               she
               intermeddle
               in
               the
               Affairs
               of
               the
               Western
               Princes
               so
               much
               as
               in
               former
               Ages
               .
            
             
               Whilest
               the
               King
               of
               England
               besides
               his
               Power
               ,
               Interest
               and
               Authority
               ,
               seems
               to
               be
               selected
               by
               a
               coincidence
               of
               several
               Providential
               circumstances
               to
               undertake
               this
               Work
               ,
               not
               only
               Pious
               ,
               but
               Safe
               ,
               Honourable
               and
               Profitable
               .
               Safe
               ,
               because
               all
               the
               Interessed
               Princes
               court
               the
               Friendship
               of
               the
               Mediator
               ;
               Honourable
               because
               the
               mediating
               Prince
               becomes
               the
               Arbiter
               of
               others
               Controversies
               ;
               Profitable
               because
               his
               Ministers
               being
               upon
               the
               place
               ,
               and
               privy
               to
               the
               secrets
               of
               the
               contending
               Parties
               ,
               have
               the
               opportunity
               of
               espying
               advantages
               for
               securing
               
               and
               promoting
               their
               Master's
               Interests
               .
            
             
               But
               as
               in
               Naturals
               so
               in
               Civils
               ,
               't
               is
               Time
               ripens
               all
               things
               :
               And
               't
               is
               the
               Wisdome
               of
               the
               Head
               which
               directs
               the
               diligence
               of
               the
               Hand
               to
               gather
               the
               fruit
               in
               its
               proper
               season
               .
               The
               last
               War
               of
               Germany
               was
               of
               thirty
               years
               continuance
               ,
               and
               the
               Peace
               was
               seven
               years
               in
               treating
               ,
               reckoning
               from
               the
               Preliminaries
               agreed
               at
               Hamburgh
               ,
               to
               the
               conclusion
               of
               the
               Peace
               at
               Munster
               and
               Osnabrug
               .
               This
               according
               to
               humane
               conjectures
               seems
               not
               of
               that
               duration
               .
               But
               mediating
               Princes
               are
               most
               welcome
               and
               successful
               ,
               when
               the
               Parties
               are
               wearied
               with
               the
               War
               ,
               as
               
               those
               Physicians
               are
               most
               happy
               who
               come
               in
               the
               declension
               of
               a
               Disease
               .
            
             
               FINIS
               .
            
          
           
             
               Errata
               .
            
             
               Page
               117.
               for
               revolution
               read
               revulsion
               .
               p.
               124.
               for
               defensive
               read
               defensible
               .
               p.
               143.
               for
               left
               read
               lost
               .
               p.
               151.
               for
               Govern
               read
               Government
               .
            
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A50498-e320
           
             Febr.
             165
             ;
          
           
             1659.
             
          
           
             Nov.
             1659.
             
          
           
             Dec.
             1659.