The gentlemans exercise Or an exquisite practise, as well for drawing all manner of beasts in their true portraitures: as also the making of all kinds of colours, to be vsed in lymming, painting, tricking, and blason of coates, and armes, with diuers others most delightfull and pleasurable obseruations, for all yong gentlemen and others. As also seruing for the necessarie vse and generall benefite of diuers trades-men and artificers, as namly painters, ioyners, free-masons, cutters and caruers, &c. for the farther gracing, beautifying, and garnishing of all their absolute and worthie peeces, either for borders, architecks, or columnes, &c. By Henrie Peacham Master of Artes. Graphice Peacham, Henry, 1576?-1643? 1612 Approx. 274 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 92 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2003-01 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). 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A09198) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 14733) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 1078:8) The gentlemans exercise Or an exquisite practise, as well for drawing all manner of beasts in their true portraitures: as also the making of all kinds of colours, to be vsed in lymming, painting, tricking, and blason of coates, and armes, with diuers others most delightfull and pleasurable obseruations, for all yong gentlemen and others. As also seruing for the necessarie vse and generall benefite of diuers trades-men and artificers, as namly painters, ioyners, free-masons, cutters and caruers, &c. for the farther gracing, beautifying, and garnishing of all their absolute and worthie peeces, either for borders, architecks, or columnes, &c. By Henrie Peacham Master of Artes. Graphice Peacham, Henry, 1576?-1643? [10], 115, 120-121, [1], 121-174, [2] p. : ill. (woodcut) Printed for Iohn Browne, and are to be sold at his shop in Fleet-street in Saint Dunstanes Church-yard, London : 1612. The page after first 121 is numbered 118. Includes index. With a final errata leaf. A reissue, with cancel title page, of: Graphice. Also published as part 2 of: The compleat gentleman, 1634. Reproduction of the original in the Bodleian Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). 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Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Drawing -- 17th century. 2002-02 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2002-03 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2002-04 TCP Staff (Michigan) Sampled and proofread 2002-04 Olivia Bottum Text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-05 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion The Gentlemans Exercise . Or An exquisite practise , as well for drawing all manner of Beasts in their true Portraittures : as also the making of all kinds of colours , to be vsed in Lymming , Painting , Tricking , and Blason of Coates , and Armes , with diuers others most delightfull and pleasurable obseruations , for all yong Gentlemen and others . As also Seruing for the necessarie vse and generall benefite of diuers Trades-men and Artificers , as namly Painters , Ioyners , Free-masons , Cutters and Caruers , &c. for the farther gracing , beautifying , and garnishing of all their absolute and worthie peeces , either for Borders , Architecks , or Columnes , &c. By HENRIE PEACHAM Master of Artes. LONDON , Printed for Iohn Browne , and are to be sold at his shop in Fleet-street in Saint Dunstanes Church-yard . 1612. TO THE RIGHT VVORSHIPFVL AND VVORTHIEST PATRONE OF ALL Learning and Excellencie , Sir EDMVND ASHFIELD Knight , one of his Maiesties d●putie Lieutenants o● the Countie of BVCKINGHAM . SIR , as to be excellent in anie skill is very rare , so the fauorers of excellencie are not euerie where to bee found , whom when by our good happe we find ; I know not by what Sympathy we are drawne to admire and honour them aboue all other creatures , as the Saints and Soueraignes of our affections and deuices : few they are I confesse , and so few , that if by euents fore-past we may iudge of things to come , I feare me ere many yeares , euen the most necessary Artes to our posterity erun● pos●liminio reuocandae , so great a coldnesse hath benummed our times . I cannot much blame the Italian , though he accounts vs ●ull , and other nations , that haue the wit to worke vpon our idlenesse , which I can impute to none other cause , then the want of incouragement from the better sort . Our countrymen being as happy in their inuention as the best stranger of them all . For mine owne part , I hope I shall not be imagined to speake as Demetrius did for his siluer Images , as gaining ought heereby , since by profession I am a Scholler . Onely I am sory that our courtiers and great personages must seeke farre and neere for some Dutchman or Italian to draw their pictures , and inuent their deuises , our Englishmen being held for Vaunients . To which end as wel for their sakes who are as yet yong practitioners , as in regard of many yong Gentlemen in this Kingdome , who being naturally inclined hereunto , want fit directions to the attaining of this commendable skill , so many waies necessarie , ( fauoured in times past of the greatest Monarches , and of late daies practised euen by Princes , and the greatest personages themselues , as Francis the first , king of France , Charl●s Emanuel Duke of Sauoy , with many others who are reported to haue beene excellent with the pencill ) I haue drawne and collected together the most true and easie grounds of drawing , mingling and ordering all maner of water colours for limming , certaine obseruatiōs for perspectiue and the light , the manner of annealing in glasse &c. together with a short discourse of Armory , all which togither with my selfe ( in regard as wel of that dutie I owed to your selfe for many fauours towards me at your Chesham , as that you are generally known to be a principall fauourer of all skil and scholership ) I offer vp vnto your censure , of whom most humbly I take my leaue from Richmond . Who is most affectionately deuoted vnto your Worship , HENRY P●ACHAM . To the Reader . IT is now three yeares since ( friendly Reader ) I published this short discourse of the Art of drawing , for the benefit of many young Gentl●men , who were my Schollers for the Latine and Greek tongues , which when I saw it found some sauour generally with the world , being since quite worne out of presse , I was encouraged to take some further paines in the same , not with any desire of Title in this age of blotting papers , since I affect nothing more then silence , and desire nothing lesse then ●he censure of the vulgar . But that I might hanc ornare Spartam , and finish with a more polished hand the modell , which before I had so rawly begun , I haue ( it is true ) bestowed many idle howres in this well-busied Art , which perhaps might haue beene worse spent , yet in my iudgement I was neuer so wedded vnto it , as to make it my profession , but rather allowed it the place inter splendidas nugas , and those things of accomplement required in a Scholler or Gentleman . I speake not any whit to the disgrace of so worthy a skil , or to discommend the true and necessarie vse thereof , but to giue my scholler an It●m , that like a simple woer he should neu●r leaue the Mist●esse to court the maid , but esteeme himselfe better graced by propounding at the table Aliquid Cedro dignum ( as King Alphonsus of Arragon was wont merily to say ) or making good an argument in Diuini●ie or Philosophy , then by intimating his skill with th● pencill or insight in the Chordes of Musicke , which perhaps he that holds his trencher can excell him in . Quintus Fabius could draw and paint , yet he was a graue Counsell●r . Epaminondas could play or sing excellently to his harpe or Viols , but Iustine ( which was his true glory ) addeth that hee was a man endued with such learning , and so great experience in Militarie affaires , that in him alone , and at once , sprang vp , and died the glory of the Thebanes . Socrates being aboue three score yeares of age , spent one houre in a day with Conus a Musitian in playing vpon the Organs , if he had spent aboue , I thinke we had not knowne him by the name of Philosophorum Parens . And whereas Aristotle designing foure principall exercises , wherein he wou●d haue all children in a well gouerned Citie or Commonwealth , brought vp and t●ught , as namely Grammatice or Grammar , Gymnastice , or exercising the bodie by wrastling , running , riding , &c. Graphice or vse of the Pen in writing faire , drawing , painting , and the like ; lastly , Musicke , his meaning is , Vt ad seria magis studia capessenda idonei reddantur . The same vse and none other I wish to be made of drawing . Concerning th●se directons I haue giuen , they are such as I thought , in respect of their breuitie and plainen●●se , fit for the cap●citie of the young learner , for whom th●y were first and principally intended , they are mine owne , not borrowed out of the shops , but the very same Nature acquainted me withall from a child , and such as in practise I haue euer found most easie and t●ue . I may perhaps be snar●●dat by some few obscure Artizans , that affect th●ir base priuate gaine before a generall commoditie : but if any thing herein ( Reader ) shall content thee , I care not what the other say : the worst hurt they can do me is to draw my pic●ure ilfauoredl● : and perhaps I could requite them as Hipponax the Satyrist did : But knowing enuie to rest in none but the most base and degenerate mind●s , I hope of thy kinde acceptance of what I heere of●er thee , since it proceedeth from no priuate respect , but from a willing and free mind , either to pleasure or to profit thee . The most assured friend to all that loue or learne this Art , Henry Peacham . Authoris ad Zoilum Epigramma . ZOile , vicat●m dum Criticus ●mnia lustras , Blattaque li●ents dente aliena voras , Vsque licet nostrum ieiunus rode libellum Qui tibi , ( ni fallor ) * mille venen● dabit . Eiusdem de multiplici picturae vsu ad ingenuos adolescentes . QVisquis es , antiquam quem discere iunerit artem , Mentiri e●figies r●rum nitidóque colore ; Non te poenite at nostrum triuisse libellum . Seu te delectet diuinilectio verbi , N●sse locos , vbi prima dedit fundamina mundi Conditor omnipotens , regni quis limes Ede●● ; Structura ingentis templ● , q●●lesque fu●ssent Illius ornatus , Sanctiquae foederis arca , Indignumque solun● recut●tae visere gentis , Quasuè redux coelo , te●ras c●lcauit I●sus . Seu cup●● herbarum Medicus cognoscere formas , Fructuum & ignotas species , quas Indica tellus Gignit , & ad nostras toties aduexerit or as : Siue doces stellas radio , coelique mea●us , Quà micet Andromedae igniculus , quà frigidus Axis : Quaque patent Hyades rutilae , ●●mb●sus Orion , Candid● quo proper●t nitidoue Galaxia flexu . Aut mu●t Occanum , fi●● tent●sse carina , Littora v●surus , tot Persi●●●oeta ●oeta l●pillis : Quaeue stupenda vomant s●pic●●fl●a flumina Nili ; Africa & horrendis enixa est monstra figuris : Infames scopulos , immania sc●ptra profundi , Quae fuerit Troiae facies , vbi Pergama quondam , Quis Romae antiquae locus , & Carthaginis altae , Laurifer● cingant qui colles Thessala Tempe . Hinc numerosa tibi contingant stemmata , longè Ductaque ad ignotos olim ventura nepotes , Pignora non ingrata , animi ac virtutis auîtae , Oráue dehi●c cupias Dominae gestare decorae , Cum qua nec forma , certet Priameia virgo , A●t fidi amissos vultus lugebis amici , Cui dabis amplex●s frustra , frustrà oscula figes , Ingemis at que animum specie dum pascis inani , H●c PICTVRA tuis vel singula reddet ocellis . Ad D. Henricum Peachamum amicum singularem , & in pictura exercitatissimum . GRammaticus , Pictor , dum Music●● , esq Poeta , His cunctis mira dexteritate vale●s : Instruis atque alios his cunctis , nemo meretur , De patria meliùs , iudice Aristotele . Ioannes Thorpe . H P ICH DIEN THE FIRST BOOKE of Drawing and Limming . CHAP. I. The excellency , and antiqu●tie of Painting , the manifold vses , and necessitie of the sam● . PAinting in generall called in Latine Pictura , in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , is an Art , which eyther by draught of bare lines , liuely colours , cutting out or embossing , expresseth any thing the like by the same : which we may finde in the holy Scripture both allowed and highly commended by the mouth of God himselfe , where he calleth Bezaleel and Aholia , men whom he hath filled with the spirit o● God in wisedome and vnderstanding , and in knowledge , and in all workmanship , to finde out curious works , to worke in gold , and in siluer , and in brasse , also in the art to set stones , and to carue in timber , &c. There plainly shewing , as all other good Arts , so caruing or drawing to be an especiall gift of Gods Spirit . In another place he goeth farther , and as it were challengeth solely to himselfe the mastership of the companie in that his Maiestique Erotema in Iob in these words . Hast thou giuen the pleasant wings vnto the Peacocks ? and wings and feathers vnto the Ostrich ? whereas disabling the wit and skill of man by his owne excellency , he giueth vs to admire that ad●irable wisdom of his in distinguishing so many beautifull colours from the wings of the proud Peacocke and Ostrich , euē vnto the poore Butterflie , so that astonished with Aristotle , I may say euen in these little painted creatur●s there is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , some wonder or other , and in the very border of one of their wings an euident ●aste of the diuine omnipotencie . But as Picture hath beene allowed of God , so it hath aswell among the Christians as heathen beene honoured from all antiquitie , and euer found fauour with the greatest wits & mightiest Monarches of the world , insomuch as Aristotle in his Poli●iques accounteth it amongst those liberalia Paideumata , and counselleth it as an especiall thing to be taught vnto children , and not long after by the authoritie and labour of Eupompus a learned Geometrician , it was taught in all Schooles throughout Greece . But some wil tell me Mechanical arts , and those wrought with the hand are for the most part base , and vnworthy the practise of great personages , and Gentlemen : I confesse Diuine D● Bartas hath said of such L'e●r esprit ●e'n ●uit a● bout des doigts . But for as much as their ends are honest , and themselues but the exercises of pregnant and the finest wits , I see no reason ( as one saith ) why nature should be so much wronged in her intention , as not to produce at her pleasure that into action whereto she is well inclined . And surely it can bee no more disgrace to a great Lord to draw a faire Picture , then to cut his Ha●kes meat , or play at Tennis with his Page . Achilles thought it no scorne to be so cunning in cookery , that when certaine Embassadors came vnto him , he with his owne handes dressed them a great and royall Supper . And Homer to no small commendation of his Vlysses ( vnder whose person he ma●keth an absolute wise man ) reporteth , that he could make his ships himselfe . Qu●nt●s Fabius ( whose familie was one of the noblest in Rome , and after had the sirname of Pictores ) with his owne hands painted the wals of the Temple of Salus , and wrote his name vnder his owne worke . Pomponius Atticus a man of singular wisedome , and so much beloued of Cicero , after he had composed a Poeme of sundrie deuises , beautified the same with pictures of his owne drawing . The Emperour Constantine got his liuing a long time by painting , and in Plinies times certaine festiuall daies were yearely appointed at Corinth for the exercise of picture for great prizes & wagers . Since Painting then hath beene so well esteemed , and of it owne nature is so linked with the other Artes , as many of them can hardly stand without it , I thinke it not for pleasure onely , but of necessitie most needfull to be practised of all such , that eyther studie the Mathematikes , the art Militarie , or purpose to trauell for the benefit of their friends and countrey . I haue heard many excellent Captaines and Schollers lament so great a want in themselues , otherwise being most absolute . My Scholler then I would make choise of , should be a young Gentlman , if it might be , naturally inclined to drawing , at least a welwiller and louer of it . And I would haue in him , as Tully wisheth in his Orator , aliquid redundans & quod amputem , A prety ●antasticall head , and something , as chippes from the sound timber to be pared off , to which commonly the best wits are subiect , withall daily and contnuall practise , were it but Apelles his vnica linea , without which it is impossible for him to attaine to ready draught , much lesse to excellency in generall . The beginning and progresse of Painting . CHAP. II. A comparison betweene the Painters of old times , and the latter , the great value and prizes of Pictures , &c. AElian saith , Painters at the first were such bunglers , and so rude , that when they drew a Cow or a Hog , they were faine to write ouer the head what it was , otherwise the beholder knew not what to make of it ; but in short time they grew to that excellency , that they were honoured welnigh as Gods , as Metrodor●s the Athenian , of whom , as of some other that were the most famous in their times I will speake a word or two , as well for methode , as the recreation of my Reader . Apollodorus among the Athenians was the first that did expresse the life with colours . Euphranor hath attributed vnto him the inuention of Emblemes , Impr●sa's , and the like heroicall deuises , and was the first obseruer of Simetry , whereof he wrote many volumes . Parrhasius most of all excelled in blacke and white . Pyreicus ( as Volaterane saith ) was onely famous for counterfaiting all base things , as earthen pitchers a scullery , Rogues together by the eares , swine tumbling in the mire , &c. whereupon he was sirnamed Rupographus . Aristides was the most excellent of his time for expressing sence and passion , as in that peece of his , of a mother deadly wounded , and giuing her child sucke , in whose face he expressed a deadly feare , as loath to denie it foode , and vnwilling to giue it the teate for feare of killing it with her bloud , which with the milke issued forth in great abundance . This Table Alexander caried with him to Pella . Protogenes was the first that could lay his colours so artificially , that one being worne off , a fresh should succeede to the number of foure or fiue , when hee would vndertake any excellent peece , he vsed to di●t himselfe with pease , lupines , and the like , that his inuention might be the more quicke and refined . Amongst his works his Ialysus or Bacchus was the chiefe taken at the Rhodes by Demetrius Poliorcetes ; which he so esteemed , that ( as Plutarch reports ) hee sware he had rather loose all his fathers Images then that Table , AElian saith it was seuen yea●es in making . Ap●lles who liued in the 1012. Olympiade● excelled all the rest , yet for action he gaue place to Amphion : Among his peeces , the picture of Alexander at Ephesus , and his Venus which he left at his death vnperfect in Chios were the chiefest . I will passe ouer the artificiall peeces of Zeuxis , L. Manlius , Pacuuius a Tragedian Poet , Metrodorus before named , an excellent Painter , and withall a great Philosopher , who when Lucius Paulus a great man in Rome wrote vnto the Vniuersitie of Athens to prouide him a graue and learned Schoolemaster for his sonnes , was chosen by the generall consent of the whole Vniuersity , as the fittest man both to bring vp his children , and to adorne his triumphes . Nothing inferiour to these rare Artistes ( in my iudgement ) haue beene our painters of late time , and many now liuing in sundrie parts of Europe , who if they could finde an Alexander or another Demetrius , would remaine as famous to posteritie , as Apelles , or the best of them all haue done to vs , neither do I suppose euery thing to haue beene excellent , which ouer credulous Authors haue writ , and ignorant antiquitie admired , the best artes being then in their in●ancie , whose perfection is not distilled to the puritie , vntill it hath runne through many ages : what times shall not euer admire that excellent peece of Raphael Vrbine in the Church of S. Victore in Millane : the workmanship of Michael Angelo of the last iudgement in the Popes Chappell in Rome , Her●ole di Ferrara , and his notable art seene at this day in Bononia Pisanello , who so beauti●ied ●he Church of Laterane in Rome , Bellino the Ven●tian , whom the Turke so royally rewarded , what Apelles could excell Petro de Burgo for perspectiue , Albert Durer for drapery , Michael Angelo for action , Goldzius for good standing , and bold action , Hans Holben for sence and the life , Marcus de Siena for Sandtschap , with infinite others , as Titianus , Antonio de Corregio , Caesar Sestius , Zenale Triuiliano , Francesco Melzi , nor must I be ingratefully vnmindfull of mine owne counrriemen , who haue beene , and are able to equal the best , if occasion serued , as old Mr. Hiliard , Mr. Isaac Oliuer inferiour to none in Christendome for the countenance in small , my good friend Mr. Peake and Mr. Marqu●s for oyle colours , with many more vnknowne vnto me . Neither doth our countrey want her Patrone● and fauourers of this worthy skil , as first the Kings most excellent Maiestie , Noble Prince Henry , to whom I presented not long since his fathers Basilicon Doron , which I had turned a little before throughout into Latine verse● And Emblemes limmed in liuely colours , which he gratiously accepted . The Right Honourable Robert Earle of Salisburie , and Lord high Treasurer of England , who as he fauoureth all learning and excellencie , so he is a principall patrone of this art , hauing lately imployed Mr. Butler and many other excellent Artistes for the beautifying of his houses , especially his Chappell at Hatfield . The right Honourable the Earles of Arundell , Worcester , South-hampton , Pembrooke , Suffolke , and Northampton , with many Knights and Gentlemen , to whom our masters are daily beholden . Now least you should esteeme ouer basely of this art , and disdaine to haue your picture , because you may haue it for a trifle ( which I account a fault in many of our good workemen ) I will tell you the prices of some peeces of note aswell in ancient times , as of late daies . Caesar the Dictator redeemed the tables of Ai●x and Medaea for eightie talents , which amount to 24000 French crownes : I speake with the least , because take the lesser Athenian talent ( for generally where you finde this word Talentum in any Latine Author , as in Tullie his Oration pro C. Rabirio Postumo , and in Act : in verrem , and some other places , where you shall finde it oftenest , you must vnderstand the Athenian talent , except you haue the addition of AEgineum , Syrium , Babylonium , &c. ) the greater ( as Budaeus saith ) was bigger by a third part . King Attalus paid for one of Aristides peeces an hundred talents . Hortensius the Orator gaue for a table of the Argonauts 144. talents . Mnason paid to Asclepiodorus for the twelue Gods after three hundred pounds sterling a peece . Candaules King of Lydia gaue to Bularchus for a peece of his , the weight of the same in gold . The Duke of Millane rewarded Raphael Vrbine as many ducats as couered the picture of a great breadth which he had made for him . Pope Innocent the eight , a worthy louer of all learning , and ingenious artes , bestowed vpon Andrea Mantega his painter in the Beluedere of Rome two thousand ducats for a monthes paines . I haue also heard what a round summe was offered by strangers for the Altar cloth of St. Magnus in London ; sundrie other examples I might alledge , but I haue said enough to shew that art hath euer beene well paid her hire , and the professors thereof beene had in esteeme with the worthiest and wisest men . CHAP. III. A Painter not priuiledged to draw what he list , the manifold abuses of painting : whether the picture of the Trinitie , of our Sauiour Christ , according to his humanitie , the Images of the Saints and their passions : The signe of the Crosse may be lawfully drawne or not , &c. AS I would haue my young Scholler take his pleasure , so I would not haue him to buy it at ouer deare a rate , either with losse of ouer much time in the maine profession , or of his eares for a libeller , neither to thinke with Horace , he may quidlibet audere , for there be many things which as well Nature or Religion would haue freed from the pencill ; what hurt hath that beastly booke of Aretines done abroad in the world , and what lewde art is there showne in many printes and peeces that are daily brought ouer out of Italy , Flanders , and other places , which are oftner enquired after in the shops then any other , little vse else is there of most of the wax pictures of Curtizans in Rome and Venice being drawne naked , and sold vp and downe as Libidinis Fomenta , surely I cannot but commend art in them , as many times there is excellent good , but verily doe hate their wicked makers and abhominable ends . Touching the picture of the Trinitie , as commonmonly it is drawne , first God the Father like an olde man , betweene his knees Christ vpon the Crosse , and ouer his head a Doue resembling the holy ghost , I hold it basphemous , and vtterly vnlawfull , and whatsoe●er the Romane Catholickes thinke of it , both the Scripture , Councels , and fathers , nay many of the best Diuines of their owne side are either vtterly against it , by Bellarmines owne con●ession , or speake very slende●ly , for it as tolerable by the Church , but no waies allowable by the word of God : as namely , Abulensis , Durandus , Peresius , and many others , though in plainest termes : Lorichius a man of great learning and sound iudgement amongest them , vtterly condemnes the same in these words . Est praeterea abusus imaginum , quod sanctam Trinitat●m praesumpsimus exprimere , quod haeresis est pestilentissima , quid enim magis sanctae Trinitati aduersum , atque Patrem effingere senis silicernij effigie , filium iuuenis formam habentem , Spiritum Sanctum alitis speciem volitantis referentem ? Quid Idiotae ex tali libro didicisse poterint ? errorem sane & Haeresim . Wherein Caluin and our Protestant writers do agree strongly and truly maintaining the contrary by these places of Scripture , Exod. 20. Deut. 4. Esay . 40. and 46 lastly . Act. 17. To these places it is againe answered by Bell●rmine , Cardinall C●ietanus , Catharinus , Diegus , Pay●ia , and others , that it is lawfull to expresse the Trinitie or the picture of God the Father , in such forme as he visibly appeared , sometime like a man , and sometimes like an Angell , the places they alledge are . Gen. 1. Gen. 3. Gen. 28. Exod. 33. Isaiae . 6. Micheae . 3. Regum . vlt● Amos. 9. Daniel .7 . Moreouer they alledge Saint Augustine , who thought that the Trinitie appeared vnto Abraham . Gen. 18. But howsoeuer these and other places do seeme to make for the lawfulnes of it we are to hold it an impious thing , & not to be tolerated , as being expresly forbidden by the word of God , and giuing occasion of the infinite errors in the Church . Va●ro in his time , said that the Images of the Gods , tooke away the feare of them , and increased error . Of the Pictures of our Sauiour Christ , the Apostles and Martyrs . NEither by any meanes may the pic●ure of our Sauiour , the Apostles and Martyrs of the Church be drawne to an Idolatrous vse , or be set vp in Churches to be worshipped . Saith the Elibertine Councell : Placuit in templis non haberi picturas , ne quod colitur , vel adoratur , in parietibus depingatur : which is , It hath pleased vs ( saith the Coūcel ) that pictures be not set vp in Churches , nor any thing be painted vpon the walles , which is reuerenced or worshipped . Epiphanius moreouer in an Epistle to Iohn Bishop of Ierusalem , saith it is against the authoritie of the Scripture , that an Image be hanged vp in a Church , there speaking of the Image of Christ , or some other Saint which he found painted vpon a cloth . Adrian the Emperour caused Churches to be built for the Christians without Images . Beside the holy Scripture , these with many other be the arguments of our writers : whom Bellarmine after his manner answereth seuerally . That pictures of these kindes may be drawne , and set vp to draw the beholder ad Histo●icum vsum , and not ad cultum , I hold them very lawfull and tolerable in the windowes of Churches and the priuate houses , and deseruing not to bee beaten downe with that violence and furie as they haue beene by our Puritanes in many places . Touching the picture of Christ according to his humanity I would scarce change it for the best Iewel in the world , if I had it truly drawne , neither of the lawfulnesse thereof I thinke any wise man will make question . Tertullian who hath liued within the first fiue hundred yeares reporteth that the picture of Christ was engrauen vpon the communion Cup carrying the lost sheepe vpon his shoulder . Gregory Nyss●nus in his Oration for Theodorus the Emperour , saith , the Emperour was delighted when he saw the Temple of God beautified with stately buildings , & with sundrie ornaments within , where the pain●er had shewed the excellency of his art in setting forth the valiant sufferings of the Matyrs , their torments , the cruell countenances of Tyrantes their violence , the fiery furnace , the blessed ende of those valiant champions . &c. Zozomen and Nicephorus write that in the time of Iulian the Apostata , the Image of Christ , which was at Panneades , was brought by the Christians into one of their Churches and there preserued . Nazianzen grieued much that a Citie of Dioecesaria was to bee razed and destroyed , wherein was a Temple , which himselfe had adorned with sundrie statues . Of the Crosse. THough the crosse be of the same nature with the other forenamed , I am moued to say something particularly of the same , since being lately in company of a Gentlemā of this land wholy deuoted to Puritani●me , a reasonable good Scholler , & one , who , as he told me in his time had beene a burgesse of the Parliament house , we had a discourse of the Crosse , I affirming that it was an ancient and honourable bearing in armes , naming many of our Nobility and Gentrie that bare it : yea but ( quoth he ) our heralds in former times were to blame , for giuing allowance to such relikes of Idolatrie , and suffering them so publikely to be carried vp and downe vpon Coaches . But leauing such pure iudgements to their singularitie , we are satisfied , since we know from time to time● it hath beene allowed by the Church , not to any superstitious vse , but because the ancient Christians thought that their glory wherewith the Gentiles had so long scorned and di●graced therewithall Constantine the Emperour gaue the Crosse in his standard , as Eusebius witnesseth , who also hauing ouercome Max●ntius , erected a Crosse in the chiefest place in all Rome with these words , hoc salutare signum . Moreouer he caused his statue to be made with a Crosse in his hand . Theodosius forbad it should be painted vpon the ground . Arcadius his sonne caused it the first to be stamped vpon his coyne in gold , ( which kinde of Crosse I make no question but of all sortes is loued well enough ) as Prosperus writ●th , de praedict . & promis . part . 3. cap. 34. Tiberius , when he saw the Crosse cut in Marble , and lying vpon the ground , caused it to be digged vp , and set vpright , saying , wee ought to signe our forehead and brest with the Crosse of the Lord , and we ●read it vnder our feete . Chrysostome saith , that in his time ( beside the Ceremonie of vsing it in Baptisme and the Lords Supper ) it was painted vpon beds , Armour , Ships , &c. Touching the Ceremony of signing with the same , as we vse it in Baptisme to say any thing thereof , were beside my subiect , neither were it needfull since the meanest diuine can tell , that it hath anciently beene vsed and allowed by the Fathers , as Basil ( who affirmes it to be one of the Apostolicall traditions ) Cyrill , Tertullian , St. Cyprian , and lastly , Saint Augustine , who saith , that except the foreheads of the beleeuers ( as childrē baptized ) be signed with the sign● of the crosse , the forme of baptisme is not as it ought to be , but enough if not so much of this subiect . CHAP. IIII. Pencils and other Instruments necessarie for drawing . MAny waies I know there haue beene deuised to teach draught , as namely , by crossing the patterne , then your owne papers with equall spaces , filling the same as you finde in your example : also drawing vpon a lanterne horne with a paper blackt with a torch , and such like : neither do I mislike any such conuenient help to a yong learners furtherance ; but to learne to the purpose , and to grow cunning in short time , you should rather fall to it onely by your owne conceit and iudgement , and let those toyes goe , you must first get you blacke lead sharpned finely : and put fast into quils , for your rude and first draught , some ten or twelue . Moreouer you must not be without as many Sallow coales , sharpned at the endes : you shall chuse them thus , they are more blew and finer grained then the other coales , smooth ( being broken ) like satten : you shal sharpen them vpon one of your ●ingers , as also your blacke lead ; other coales will quickly breake , and neuer point sharpe . Get you also a small paire of brazen compasses and fine rule , for taking the distance , if you follow a print ; and be not without the crums of fine manchet or white bread , to rubbe out your lead or coale , when you haue done amisse , or finished your worke . Scriueners and writing Schoolemasters in the countrey that teach to write , haue diuers small pensils of broome , with which they shadow great letters with common Inke in coppy bookes very pretily : they are made in this manner , take a broome stalke about the bignesse of a spoone ●andle , and cut it euen at the end , when you haue done , chew it betweene your teeth till it bee fine and grow heary at the end like a pensill , but I care not how little you vse them , because your pen shall do better , and shew more art . For your drawing pennes , neuer be without twentie or thirtie at a time , made of Rauens and goose quils ; your Rauens quilles are the best of all other , to write faire , or shadow fine , your goose quils serue for the bigger or ruder lines . To draw with drie colours , you may make long pastils , which you shall doe by grinding red lead , or any other colour with strong wort , and so roule them vp into long roules like pensils drying them in the Sun , some put heereto a little new milke . CHAP. V. The first Practise . I will giue you another example of a goblet or cup. First I make a halfe or semicircle for the bowle , downe the midst of which ( as low as I would haue the foote to come ) I draw my Diameter or straight line , which being done , the worst is past : you must now marke : I am not tied to make my bowle as round as the circle , but long or what fashion I list , no other vse hath the Circle there then to guide me euen on either side , whether I make it broad or narrow , long or short , embosse it , or how , soeuer , the other part of the line causeth me to make the foote euen as you see . In these and such like , you may at your pleasure finde infinite varietie to ●set your selfe a worke with , till you are able to fall to worke by your owne iudgement ; which you shall doe in your next and second practise . CHAP. VI. The second practise . YOu shall , next after your hand is growne readie in the foresaid proportions , practise to draw small and easie things , comming as neere your former examples as may be , by your conceipt onely : as a cherry with the leafe , the shaft of a steeple , a single or canker Rose , &c. wherein you shall begin to take some delight , and finde no great difficulty . But in drawing these and whatsoeuer else , I must not forget to tell you ; that you must be perfect and quicke in the generall or outward lines , and giue them a reasonable good proportion , ere you fall to shadowing or tricking your worke within : wherefore I would haue you make an assey sixe or seuen times at the least for the generall proportion onely : if at first it be not to your minde , as for example in drawing of a Rose , be sure that the compasse of it be not faulty , ere you cast out the leaues by fiue equall lines , or in making a womans ruffe , that you score it out first narrow in the necke , then wider from the cheekes , and narrow againe vnder the chin very truly , ere you add● the lace of setting , a●l which is done with one line , which I call the g●nerall or extreme . For those formes that are mixed and vncertaine , and where your circle and square can doe you no good ( being left only to your Idea ) as in a Lion , a horse or such like : you must worke altogether by your owne iudgement , and winne the proportion by daily practise , which will seeme very harsh and strange vnto you at the first , but to helpe your selfe herein you shal doe thus : hauing the generall notion or shape of the thing in your minde you meane to draw ( which I doubt not but you may conceiue and remember as well as the best painter in the world , though not expresse according to the rules of art ) draw it with your lead or coale after your owne fashion , though neuer so badly , and lay it from you for a day : the next day peruse it well , bethinke your selfe where you haue erred , and mend it according to that Idea you carry in your mind , in the generall proportion : when you haue thus done , lay it by again till the next day , & so continue for fiue or six daies together , correcting by degrees the other parts euē so ●mal vains as your discretion wil serue you , this may you do with fortie papers at once , of seueral things , hauing done what you can ( though not to your liking ) confer it by the like , some excellent print or patterne of the same , vsing no rule or compasse at all but your owne iudgement in mending euery fault lightly , and with a quicke hand , giuing euery place his due ; whereby you shall of all sides meete with your errors , and finde an incredible furtherance to your practise : though hereunto is required I must confesse , a strong imagination , and a good memory , ●hich are the midwiues to this art and practise as in all things else , the nurse that brings it to full growth and perfection . CHAP. VII . Of drawing the face or countenance of a man. SInce a man is the worthiest of all creatures , and such pleasing varietie in countenances so disposed of by the diuine prouidence , that among tenne thousand you shall not see one like another ( as well for breeding delight , as for obseruing a methode after you haue practised according to your former directions in other things ) you shall beginne to draw a mans face , in which as in all other creatures you must take your beginning at the forehead , and so draw downward till yo● haue finished . The visage or countenance is ( for the most part ) drawn but three manner of waies , the first is full faced , as commonly we see King Henry the 8 drawne : And be carefull to giue as precise an euennesse to one side as to the other ; causing both your lines to meete at the tip of the chin : your Diameter guideth you for the euen placing ( as I said ) of nose and mouth , your other line for the iust opposition of the eyes betweene which in distance for the nose , alwaies leaue the space of an eye . The end of the nose in ordinary proportion must be brought no lower then the middle of the cheeke , from whence to the chin is for the most part as farre , as from thence vpward to the eye-browes . The nose of a full face must not be expressed with apparant lines , but with a very fine shadow on each side , as you see . To make an angrie or sterne countenance , let your brow bend so , that it may almost seeme to touch the ball of the ey ; at what time you must also giue the forehead a fine wrinckle or two , and withall the vpper part of the nose betweene the eyes . A great conceipt is required in making the eye which either by the dulnesse or liuely quicknesse thereof giueth a great taste of the spirit and disposition of the minde , ( which many times I will not denie may be aswell perceiued by the mouth , and motion of the bodie , ) as in drawing a foole or idiot , by making his eies narrow , and his temples wrinkled with laughter , wide mouthed , or shewing his teeth &c. A graue or reuerend father by giuing him a demisse and lowly countenance , his eie beholding you with a sober cast , which is caused by the vpper ey●lid couering a great part of the ball , and is an especiall marke of a sober and staied braine within . Nazianzen when he beheld a Iu●ian ( long time before he was Emperour , at Athen● , at the very fi●st sight of his countenance , ( Presaging his future disposition ) burst forth into these words ; Deus bone , quantum malum souet Romanum imperium : for ( as he witnesseth himselfe ) there was not any signe of goodnes or towardnes in him , his eies ●owled in his head , wandring and turning fearefully now this , now that way ; sparkling with furie & anger , his nose was growne wrinckled with scoffing and deriding , the rest of his countenance tending to mockery , his laughter so immoderate , that his whole bodie would shake therewith , his shoulders shrinking to and fro , to his necke : his legs and feete seldome standing still ; his questions and answeres supitious , rash , and often interrupted by short fetching his breath ; by which signes the good man foresaw his inbred tyranny and vile disposition , which after burst forth into an horrible persecution and open rebellion against God and his Church . A Graecian Captaine in like manner noting very often the cast of the eye and countenance of Scylla , together with his gesture and motion of body , vsed these words : it is impossible but this Gentlemen one day should prooue a great commaunder , and I maruaile that he is not aduāced al this while . D●gonius an Earl of Flanders , when he should haue bene put to death by the Turke , a Phisiognomer wisht that he might not die by any meanes , because if he liued he would sow much dissention among the Christians , which after fell out to be true , by which examples and the like , I proue that there is a certaine Indictum , or notice of the minds disposition inly imprinted by nature euen in the countenance , and many times in the eie or mouth , which ( as I haue said ) you must be carefull , as you shall haue occasion , warily to obserue . Now for the mouth ( though least of all other any generall rule may be giuen for it , ) it consisteth principally of two lines , whereof one expresseth the mouth it selfe , the other the neather lip : the ouerlip is best showne by a shadow cast ouer the crosse line as you see ; which shadow and crosse line if you draw by the life must be hit at an haires breadth , and if your picture be little , you cannot thinke so small a thing as giueth or quite taketh away the touch and resemblance of the mouth : and to say truly● it will be the hardest peece of cunning that euer you shal meet withall : therefore you had neede cause the partie whom you will draw , to sit as we say , Vultu composito , without stirring or altering the mouth were it neuer so little : I haue many times beene much troubled about expressing the mouth as it ought , wherein you shall finde great difficultie , wherefore you shall best take it when the partie mindes you not , and to say the truth it is the best time of taking a picture . I haue neuer drawne any more truly , then when they haue beene busie in talking , at dinner , viewing some thing or other , and in this manner I haue often taken his Maiesties , sitting at dinner , or talking with some of his followers . I haue m●ny times wondred why I could among so many neuer finde any true picture of his Maiestie , or that did any thing neere resemblie him : I know not , but generally in his picture I ●inde two principall errors , the one in the complexion and haire , the other is in the mouth , which commonly they draw with a full and great nether-lip very apparant , wherein they commit the chiefest error , which good obseruatiō hauing auoided , I haue drawne him often with my Pen and Inke only vpon a faire peece of paper in an houre , more truly and like then the best peeces in oyle about the towne . CHAP. VIII . Of expressing passion in the countenance THe passions of the mind being diuers as loue , feare , ioy , anger , hatred , dispaire , desire , boldnesse , &c. must be expressed with great iudgement & discretion , though you shal better expresse them in liuely colours then with the pen , because palenesse rednesse , fiery eies &c. are adiuncts to the same . You shall expresse loue by making vultum sere●um , faire and pleasant , no where clouded with wrinckles , or furrowed with vnpleasing bendings , which are commonly effects of care , melancholy , anger , dispaire , and the like : first you are to giue the forehead a Maiesticke grace and height , a full eie which you shal make very pleasing by shadowing it , with a fine shadow at the bottome of the eye lid , and a little at the corner , a small & proportionable nose , the nosethrils not too wide , a cleere cheeke which you shall make by shadowing the same on one side , the mouth smiling which you shall doe by making a thinne vpper lippe , and shadowing the mouth line a little at the corners , and for as much as the kindes of beauties are infinite , if you would draw some rare peece for beauty , you should as Apelles was wont , frequent the Court or Citie , and imitate some excellent beautie or other . I was not long since extremely troubled with a peece of the Sea Nymp●es being all sisters , in whose faces I was to expresse a singuler and seuerall beautie , yet so like one another , that they might be knowne to be sisters , the historie is in the second of Ouids Metamorphosis . And Vi●gil describing the countenance of AEneas , express●●h with singular art the beautie and comelinesse which his mother Venus had bestowed vpon him in this manner . Os humerosque D●o similis , namque ipsa decoram Caesariem gnato genetrix , lumenque●uuentae , Purpureum , & laetos o●ulis afflarat honores . You shall shew ●eare in the countenance , by making of the eies to looke hollow , heauily and downeward , the cheekes fallen , the mouth close , the haire staring or hanging carelesly about the eares , I saw an excellent peece of this kinde done by Leonard Vincentio , done to the imitation of an ancient painter , which was a company of young men swimming , and vpon the sodaine surprized by the enemie , where you might see one putting his head into his shirt sleeue for hast , another running away halfe naked . Feare is described by our excellent Spencer to ride in armour , at the clashing whereof he lookes deadly pale , as afeard of himselfe . The like obseruations you are to keepe in the rest which you shall naturally finde described by our Poets , by Lomazius , and lastly in mine Emblems , so that it were needlesse for me heere to re●terate the same . CHAP. IX . Of the whole bodie . WHen you are growne something perfect in the face , and can draw the head indifferent well , you must be carefull to proportion the bodie thereafter , then the error of which , no one fault is more common with the most Painters : for you shall scarce see one among twentie but will draw the head too big , which if you obserue , you shall find in most pictures : helpe your selfe herein by ●e●ting a boy before you , causing him to stand which way you list , and so to wont your iudgement to the proportion by little & little : hauing finished the head , draw the necke , beginning it with one line from about the tip of the eare , then draw the other downe from the ball of the cheeke ( which is lessened on the other side ) as farre as you thinke good to the shoulder , where stay , till you haue shadowed it : the shadowes of the neck in a child or young woman are very sine , rare and scarely seene , but in a man the sinewes must be expressed , with the veines , by shadowing the rest of the necke , and leauing them white . For the proportion of the other parts ( because Lomazius hath preuented mee : whose booke though it be somewhat obscure● in any case I would haue you to buy , after you are well entred ) I will omit and shew you onely such eminences which by shadow must be necessarily expressed : after you haue done the neck : you are to expresse the wing or vpper part of the shoulder by shadowing it vnderneath , the brawne of the arme must appeare full , shadowed on one side , then shew the w●i●t bone therof , & the meeting of the veines in that place , the veines of the backe of the hand , & the knuckles , are made with two or three haire strokes with a fine touch of your p●●● the pappes of a man are showne by two of three fine strokes giuen vnderneath , in a woman , with a circular shadow well deepned , the ribs are so ●o be shadowed , as you doubt whether they appeare or no : except your man were starued , or you should draw death himselfe : the bellie shall be eminent by shadowing the flanke , and vnder the breast bone : the brawne of the thigh shall appeare , by drawing small haire strokes from the hip to the knee , shadowed againe ouertwhartly : the knee pan must be showne with the knitting thereof by a fine shadow vnderneath the ioynt ; the shinbone from the knee to the instep , is made by shadowing one halfe of the leg with a single shadow , the ankle bone wil shew it selfe by a shadow giuen vnderneath as the knee ; the sinewes must seeme to take their beginning from the midst of the foote , and to grow bigger the neerer they are to the toes . There is a great art in making the foote , wherein your shadowes must take place as occasion serueth , and to say the truth , so they must in the other parts , but naturally they fal as I haue said ; for teaching you the true shadowing of a naked bodie ; Goltzius is one of the best , whose prints aboue any other I wish you to imitate . CHAP. X. Of shadowing and obseruing the light according to the rules and infallible principles of perspectiue . A Shadow is nothing else but a diminution of the first and second light . The first light I call that which proceedeth immediately from a lightned bodie , as the beames of the sunne . The second is an accidental light dispreading it selfe into the aire or medium , proceeding from the other . Vnder this diuision are comprehended the other lights , as the light of glory is referred in the first . The light of all manner of reflexions to the second . Shadowes are threefold : the first is a single shadow , and the least of all other , and is proper to the plaine Superficies , where it is not wholy possessed of the light ; as for example . Generall rules for sh●dowing . YOu must alwaies cast your shadow one way , that is , on which side of the bodie you beginne your shadow , you must continue it till your worke be done : as if I would draw a man , I beginne ●o shadow his left cheeke the l●ft part of his n●●ke , the le●t side of the left arme , the left side of the left thigh , &c. leauing the other to the light , except the light side be darkned by the opposition of a●ot●er bodie , as if three bowles should stand together , that in the mi●st must receiue a shadow on both sides . 2 All circular and round bodies that receiue a concentration of the light , as the light of a burning glasse , when it doth gath●r it ●elfe into a small center , must be shadowed in circul●r manner as thus : 4. Where contrary shadowes concurre and striue ( as those crosse winds about AE●eas his ●●●ip ) for sup●riority , let the nearest and most solide body be first se●ued . In the double and treble shadowes , let your first strokes be very drie for fe●re o● blotting e●e you crosse them . 5. It will seeme a hard matter to shadow a gemme or well pointed D●●●●n●●●hat hath many sides and sq●●●●s , and 〈…〉 ought : but if you 〈…〉 giue you , y●● 〈◊〉 easil● do it without 〈◊〉 . 6. All the 〈◊〉 pa●ticipate in the mediu● according to the grea●n●●●e or ●●akn●sse o● the light . ● . No bodie between the light , and our sight can ef●ect an absolute da●knes , wher●●re ● said a ●hado● was but a diminution of the light , and it is a great question whether there be any dar●nesse in the wo●ld or not . Bu● beca●se all manner of shadowes depend vpon the light ; I will briefely for your memory teach you by generall propositions what you are to obserue in the nature of the same , it being a matter of the greatest moment in picture , and wherein you shall exercise your iudgement with an incredible pleasure , it being one of the most delightfull secrets in nature . 1 Proposition . All light doth disperse it selfe vpon the obiect circularly , and againe the obiect enlightned affecteth the aire or medium in the same maner , th● reason is , because the round or Sphaericall figure as to all heauenly bodies , so it agreeth naturally to light , as the most absolute , the most perfect , and conseruatiue of all others , we finde this to be true if w●● but view the light through a hole or cre●ise in a sunshine morning , or about the ●●ame of a candle , hence you must learne in shadowing all circula● bodies to giue a circular light , except by some accident you are compelled to the contrary . 2 Prop●sition . Euery greater light dimmes and diminisheth the lesser , as for example the stars shine in the day time , yet we perceiue not their light , by reason of the great●r light of the Sunne , yet if you stand in the bottome of a well , you shal easily perceiue them and their motion , the reason is the light or beame of the starre being perpendicular or direct ouer your head , is of greater force then the beames of the Sunne comming oblikely or sideway ( for you must take it for a generall rule , that all beames or reflexions from the p●rpendicular are o● more force then the other broken & oblique , for example a ball being strucken hard downe with your hand , reboundeth backe in the same line with greater force then when it flieth sidewaies , so doth an arrow shot against the stone wall . ) Moreouer in an euening at a bonefire in the streete you shall hardly discerne any thing beyond the ●ire being your light hindered by the light thereof which otherwise you might well doe . 3 Proposition . Bodies lighted by night by ●ire , must haue a brighter ●ustre giuen them then by day , as I haue seene many excellent peeces of that nature , as the taking of Christ by night , sacking of Cities , bat●owling and t●e like , the reason is , because ●ire in the n●ght being compassed about with darknesse , enlightens the med●um more forceably and neerly . 4 Proposition . According to the diuersitie ( or as the Logicians terme it ) the intention and remission of the light , the colours of bodies are changed , as the ●eathers of birdes wings , cloth of sundrie colours , the Sea at morning and euen , and the like . 5 Proposition . Lightes neuer mingle in their Medium , as wee prooue by the shadow of many candles lighted once . 6 Proposition . In all concaue and hollow bodies that are capable of light as siluer basens , bowles , and the like , the light must be strongest and brightest in the center , the reason is from euery point of the concauity , the perpendicular lines meete and ioyne together in the Center . 7 Proposition . Euery Sphaericall bodie that giueth light , enlightens a lesser Sphaericall bodie according to the quantitie of his Diamete● : for example , by how much the Diameter of the Sunne is broder then the Diameter of the earth● by so much the earth is enlightned beyond his Diameter or middle . Alhacen and Vitellio haue taught the making of artificiall instruments for taking of the light which with the manner of making Albert Durers gl●sse , I will teach you in a discourse of perspectiue I will shortly publish . 8 Proposition . If the light penetrateth any cleare bodie ( which we call Di●phanon ) that is coloured as painted glas●e Amber , Cristall , faire water , a glasse of Claret wine , and the like , you must remember to giue the light the same colour that his Medium is of , as if we looke through red or blew glasse , euerie thing without appeareth red or blew to our sight . 9 Proposition . Euery beame direct reflected or broken is so much the more weake in the lightning or burning , by how much the lesse time it stayeth vpon the obiect : this is proued if we drie a thing in a paper ouer a ca●dle which we do a great while without burning , or by the swift motion of riuers , who take not the heate of the Sun so much as standing waters : wherefore those countries vnder the Equinoctiall , by reason of the equall presence and absence of the Sunne are ve●y temperate , whereas on the contrary in Lituania and thereabouts , where it is in a manner day continually , they haue extreme hot Summers , and most bit●er cold Winters . Of Foreshortning . The chie●e vse of perspectiue you haue in fore-shortning which is when by art the whole is concluded into one p●rt , which onely shall appeare to the sight● as i● I sho●ld paint a ship vpon ●he Sea , yet the●e should appeare vnto you but her fore part , the rest imagined hid , or likewise an ho●se with his breast and head looking full in my face , I must of necessitie fo●eshorten him behind● because his sides and ●lanks appeare not vnto me : this kinde of draught is willingly ouerslipt by ordinary painters for want of cunning and skill to performe it ; and you shall see not one thing among an hundred among them drawne in this manner , but after the ordinarie fashion side waies , and that but lamely neither . The vse of it is to expresse all manner of action in man or beast , to represent many things in a little roome , to giue or shew sundrie sides of Cities , Castles , Forts , &c. at one time . CHAP. XI . Certaine Questions of the manifold deceptions of the sight by perspectiue . ALL errors of the sight proceede from a three-fold cause , the fi●st exterior , or being as I may say in the false apprehension of distance opposition , proportion or the like , the second from an inward cause , as the weaknesse of the eye it selfe , or the decaying of the Spirits , the third from the aff●ction of the eye from some outward humour of hurt , but we are onely to intreate of the ●irst . 1. Why the Horizon appeareth to our sight bigger th●n any part else of the Hemisphere . All quantitie of distance is knowne by bodies interposed , but betweene our eie and the vertical point of heauen ouer our heads we perceiue nothing , betweene our sight and the horizon , there appeareth the breadth of the earth , the space therefore seemeth greater . 2. Why in round and Sphaericall glasses euery thing appeareth crooked to the eye . In all glasses the forme of the figure seene , followeth the forme of the figure reflecting , but the reflection from the superficies or outside , is after the forme of the Superficies which is crooked , therefore must the thing seene needs appeare crooked . 3. Why in the said Round glasses all things appeare lesse then in plaine glasses . Because the concourse or meeting of the beames , with the perpendicular line in orbicular glasses is neerer to the eye then in plaine glasses : Euclide giues another reason which is this . Because ( saith he ) in plaine glasses , the reflexion is greater & more forceable then in the round , for as I said the Idolon or Image is of the nature of the Superficies reflecting the same . 4 Why in a glasse broken to peeces , in euery peece you see a seuerall face , and but one , if you ioyne them together . The reason is the diuersitie of position or situation , which may be gathered by a concaue or hollow glasse , wherein you shall see your face in sundrie places at once there being a reflexion from euery part of the glasse . Heereupon in vneuen glasses , your face will appeare to be monstrous . 5 Why square things by distance seeme vnto vs to be long as Courts , the roofes of Churches & houses , &c. Because the excesse or multitude of beames falling vpon the sides of the square bodie indirectly presented to the eye , is not proportionate with a sensible proportion to those beames that fal vpon the side directly against the eye by comparison with the whole distance . Besides sight is not able to discerne the obliquitie of the sides , because it is seene sidewaies vnder longer beames , and a lesser angle . 6 Why the Sunne and Moone appeare bigger at their rising or setting , then when they are in our verticall point . One reason is , because as I said before , any thing that hath a relation to a greater space , is imagined greater , the other is the corruption ( as I may say ) of the ayre or medium being at morning , and ●uening more subiect to vapors and exhalations then at any other time , the same reason may be giuen ; an apple in the water , of birds and stakes vpon the Sea sands , which being foure or fiue miles off appeare bigger vnto you , then neere hand , the like of trees that appeare twice as bigge in a mistie or rimie morning then indeed they are , hereupon a friend of mine was notably cosened in a bargaine of timber hee bought by the great , in a mistie morrning , but I feare me within these few yeares , the mistes will be so thicke , we shall see no timber at all . 7 Why a burning glasse causeth fire . The reason is the concurse and concentration of the broken beames with the perpendicular in the midst of the glasse being round and thicke . 8 Why all things appeare downward in the water . Euery thing seemeth downward in the water by reason of the fall of the other beames in the Catheton or perpendicular . CHAP. XI . Of Lant-skip . LAndtskip is a Dutch word , and it is as much as we should say in English landship , or expressing of the land by hilles , woods , Castles , Seas , vallies , ruines , hanging rockes , Cities , Townes , &c. as farre as may be shewed within our Horizon . If it be not drawne by it selfe or for the owne sake , but in respect , and for the sake of some thing else : it falleth out among those things which we call Parerga , which are additions or adiuncts rather of ornament , then otherwise necessarie . Generall rules for Landtskip . YOV shall alwaies in your● Landtskip shew a faire Horizon , and expresse the heauen more or lesse eyther ouercast by clouds , or with a cleere skie , shewing the Sunne rising or setting ouer some hill or other : you shall seldome , except vpon necessitie , shew the Moone or Starres , because we imagine all things to be seene by day . 2 If you shew the Sunne , let all the light of your trees , hilles , rockes , buildings , &c. be giuen thitherward : shadow also your clouds from the sunne : and you must be verie daintie in lessening your bodies by their distance , and haue a regard , the farther your Landtskip goeth to those vniuersalia , which as Aristotle saith ( in respect of their particulars concealed from our sences ) are notiora : as in discerning a building tenne or twelue miles off , I I cannot tell whether it be Church , Castle , House , or the like : So that in drawing of it , I must expresse no particular signe as Bell , Portculleis , &c. but shew it as weakly and as faintly as mine eye iudgeth of it , because all those particulars are taken away by the greatnesse of the distance . I haue seene a man painted comming downe a hill some mile and a halfe from mee , as I iudged by the Landskip , yet might you haue told all the buttons of his dublet : whether the painter had a quicke inu●ntion , or the Gentlemans buttons were as big as those in fashion , when Mounseur came into England , I will leaue it to my readers iudgement . If you lay you Lantskip in colours , the farther you goe , the more you must lighten it with a thinne and ayerie blew , to make it seeme farre off , beginning it first with a darke greene , so driuing it by degrees into a blew , which the densitie of the ayre betweene our sight , and that place doth ( onely imaginarily ) effect . Of the fairest and most beautifull Landtskips in the world . Of Landtskips by land the fairest may be taken vpon mount Libanus neere Hierusalem , whence you may discerne all those holy places where our Sauiour liued , and in a manner all ouer the holy Land , moreouer you may plainely view all the townes vpon the Sea coast , and into the Sea , as farre as Cyprus , being distant from Ioppa , or Iaffa ( the first entrie or landing place within the holy land ) two hundred and fiftie miles . At Constantinople you haue as faire a Landtskip as any where else in the world , as well in regard o● the beautifull places behinde , as the goodly prospect into bo●h Seas . Vpon the mount Ida in Candie called by the Inhabitants Psilloritie , where you shall see vnderneath you the most goodly countrey of the world affording all manner of delight Nature can affoord , shadie woods of all manner of trees bearing fruit as Oliues Orengies , and Figtrees , Cedars , Sis●is . ( that beareth that excellent gumme Ladanum being made of the dew of heauen falling vpon the leaues ) vallies , tapistry with innumerable sorts of flowers great store of rockes , and little hilles whereon grow most fruitfull wines in great plentie , yeelding that excellent wine we call Malmseie , and from whence discend a tho●sand small riuers that water the whole country , none of them so bigge as they are able to ca●ry a boate . The chiefe townes of the whole Iland Candia ( being the chiefe , and scituate at the foote of the said mount Ida , ) Cania Sit●io and Rethymo , and the faire hauen of Meleca , into the Sea Eastward toward the Cape Solomone , you haue in your view the gulfe Satellia or Siriatica , westward a goodly prospect from the Adiatique Sea , to the North the Archipelago , and to the South the Sea of Carthage . The fairest prospects of Italy are about Naples , Millane , Lago d● Como , and di ●uarda neere Peschera , also vpō Monte d● Santa Croce , as you come from Genoa , vpon the Appenines ( being the ridge or backe bone of the countrey ) and vpon those Alpes that are adioyning to Piemont . In Spaine if you would trie your skill in Landtskip , or perfect an excellent peece in this kinde , I would send you to the magnificent Escuriall . About Valledolid , and toward the Sea side neere Cartagena . In France about the Constables house ten miles off from Paris , Amiens , A●ignon ( belonging to the Pope ) Fontainee-bleau many places in Normandie , Burdeaux , and Rochell . In Germanie you haue no fairer prospeects then vpon the banke of the Rhine . In England I like best at Windsore and the countrey there abouts , the prospect which you take of the Citie of London vpon high gate all the countrey about Roiston with many other places . Of the Graces of Landtskip . Though inuention and imitation in this kind are infinite , you must haue a care to worke with a sound iudgemēt , that your work become not ridiculous to the beholders eye as well for true obseruation of the di●tance as absurditie of accident : that is , though your Landtship be good and true in generall , yet some particular error ouerslips your iudgement eyther in mistaking or not ob●eruing the time and season of the yeare , the true shadow of your wo●ke with the light of the Sunne , the bending of trees in winds and tempests , the naturall course of riuer and such like . To settle therfore your iudgment in these and the like , I wish you first to imitate the abstract or labour of euery month . Not as a foolish Painter vndertaking the like , and beginning with Ianuary , drew him sitting in wicker chaire like an old man , with three or foure night caps on his head , by the fire his slip shoes by and one foote vpon the tongues within the chimney , & without doores hay●ocks , greene trees , and as if it had beene in the midst of Iuly . Wherefore I say such a winter peece should be graced and beautified with all manner of workes and exercises of winter , as foot ball , ●elling of wood , sliding vpon the yce , ba●fowling by night , hunting the beares , or foxe in the snow , making you trees euery where bare or laden with snow , the earth without flowers , and catell the ayre thicke with clouds , riuers and lakes frozen , which you may shew by cartes passing ouer , or boyes playing vpon the same , and a thousand the like . The same methode obserue in the other seasons . If you draw your Landskip according to your inuention , you shall please very well , if you shew in the same , the faire side of some goodly Citie , hauen , forrest , stately house with gardens , I euer tooke delight in those peeces that shewed to the like a countrey village , faire or market , Bergamas●as cookerie , Morrice dancing , peasants together by the eares , and the like . For your Parergas or needlesse graces , you may set forth the same with farme houses , water milles , pilgrimes trauelling through the woods , the ruines of Churches , Castles , &c. but you shall finde your conceipt seconded with a thousand inuentions . CHAP. XIII . Of Draperie . DRapery ( so called of the French word Drap , which is cloth ) principally consisteth in the true making and folding your garment , giuing to euery fold his proper naturall doubling and shadow ; which is a great skill , and scarce attained vnto by any of our countrey and ordinarie painters : insomuch that if I would make triall of a good workeman ; I would finde him quickly by the folding of a garment , or the shadowing of a gowne , sheete , or such like . The method now to be obserued in Draperie , is to draw first the outmost or extreme lines of your garment , as you will , full of narrow , and leaue wide and spare places , where you think you shall haue neede of foldes ; draw your greater foldes alwaies first , not letting any line touch , or directly crosse another , for then shall you bring an irrecouerable confusion into your worke : when you haue so done , breake your greater foldes vnto lesse , which shall be contained within them : I would giue you an example , but euery print will shew you the like ; all your foldes consistes of two lines and no more , which you may turne with the garment at your pleasure : beginne your maine and greatest foldes , from the skirt vpward , and the closer the garments sit , the narrower you must make them : for the shadowing of euery seuerall fold , obserue the first rule I gaue you in the Chapter of shadowing , and spare not to shadow your foldes , ( be they neuer so curiously contriued ) if they fall inward from the light , with a double or treble shadow ; as you shall s●● occasion : for the shadow take his place in one and the same manner aswell in folding as without : some haue vsed to draw the bodie naked first , and after to haue put on the apparrell , but I hold it as an idle conceit , and to small purpose . I would herein aboue all other haue you to imitate Albert Du●er , if you can get his peeces , if not Goltzius or some other . Generall obseruations and rul●s for Drapery . 1 Your greater folds must be continued throughout the whole garment , the lesser you may breake and shorten at your pleasure . 2 The shadowes of all manner of silkes , and fine linnen are very thicke , and fine , so that your foldes must not onely be little , but their shadow or deepening very light , and rare , which commonly at the most is but a double shadow giuen with a new , and the finest pen. 3 You must not vse much folding where the garments ought to sit close , or any eminency appeare , as commonly there doth in the breasts of a woman , the armes , belly , thighes , legs , &c. but to shew art , you shall leaue the forme of the breast , legge . &c. to appeare thorough , which you may doe by sha●dowing the brest or legge , ( after you draw it ) on one or either side , leauing it white . 4 As I told before of the light , so must you in your draperie haue a care of the winde and motion of the ayre , for driuing your loose apparrell all one way , as Ouid describes the garments of Europa , when she by Iupiter carried ouer the Sea : The best drapery in the world is held to be , that done by Michael Angelo in the Popes Chappell in Rome : and that by Raphael Vrbane in Millane in the Church of St. Victor at Nostre Dame in Amiens , and many other places . CHAP. XIIII . Of Diapering . DIapering is deriued ( as I take it of the Greeke verbe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is , traij●io or transeo , in English to pass● or cast ouer , and it is nothing else but a light tracing or running ouer with your pen ( in Damaske branches , and such like ) your other worke when you haue quite done ( I meane foldes , shadowing and all ) it chiefely serueth to counterfeite cloth of Gold , Siluer , Damask brancht , Veluet , Chamlet , &c. with what branch , and in what fashion you list . If you diaper vpon folds , let your worke be broken , and taken as it were by the halfe : for reason telleth you that your fold must couer somewhat vnseene , which being drawne forth at length and laid plaine , sheweth all faire and perfect : as Ouid saith of tapistry . Sic vbi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris , Surgere signa solent , primumque ostendere vultus : Caetera paulatim placidoque educta tenore , Tota patent — You must moreouer in diapering , let your worke fall out so , that there may be an affinitie , one part with the other , maintaining one branch or the same worke throughout , setting the fairest in the most eminent place , and causing it to runne vpward : otherwise one might imagine some foolish Tailor had cut out his Ladies gowne the wrong way . To make a chamlet , you shall draw but fiue lines waued ouerthwart , if your diapering consist of a double line ; you may either shadow the ground , and leaue it white , or shadow your worke , and leaue the ground white : as you shall thinke good , in this kind your filling may be with small pricks of your pens end , which will shew faire . CHAP. XV. Of Antique . ANtique so called ab antes , which are butteresses , whereon the building is staied , also the outmost ranges of vines , not ab antiquitate as some would haue it : the Italian calleth it L'antica , it hath the principall vse in forefronts of houses , in all maner of compartments , curious Architecture , Armour , Plate , Iewels , Columnes , &c. though you shal seldome haue any great vse of it , yet I would haue you know what it is , and what to obserue in it : The forme of it is a generall , and ( as I may say ) an vnnaturall or vnorderly composition for delight sake , of men , beasts , birds , fi●hes , ●lowres , &c. without ( as we say ) Rime or reason , for the greater variety you shew in your inuention , the more you please , but remembring to obserue a methode or continuation of one and the same thing throughout your whole worke without change or altering . You may , if you list , draw naked boyes riding and playing with their paper-mils or bubble-shels vpon Goates , Eagles , Dolphins &c. the bones of a Rams head hung with strings of beads and Ribands , Satyres , Tritons , Apes , Cornu-copia's , Dogs yoakt , &c. drawing Cowcumbers , Cherries , and any kind of wild traile or vinet after your owne inuention , with a thousand more such idle toyes , so that herein you cannot be too fantastical . The late Dutch peers in this kinde excell all others , and certainly I know not by what destinie the Germanes haue won●e vnto them ( aboue other nations ) the glory of inuention , generally in picture : for except it be a Dutch peece , you shall haue it either lame , ill cut , false shadowed or subiect to some such grosse error . Where●ore , not without reason , Bodine calleth the country officinam hominum a shoppe of men , as from whence a man might be had for all turnes , either Diuine , Phisitian , Souldier , Painter , &c. Though much I confesse may be imputed to the industrie of that Nation : ( for none in the world are more painfull then they ) yet without question the people of themselues , as they are ingenious and capable of all other arts , so naturally they are inclined to this of Painting : Since the greatest persons among them as Duke● , E●rle● , and in a manner all the Gentlemen doe beare an inbr●d loue of drawing , and of themselues by their owne practise grow many times wonderfull expert herein : yet none at this day , who fauoureth a good picture , or any excellency in that kinde , more then Rodulph the Emperour now liuing . CHAP. XVI . Of Drawing beasts , birds , flowers , &c. YOV shall finde among beasts some more harder to be drawne then others , for two respects , one is for a cleane making and shape , together with finenesse of the cote or skin : the other for their nimblenesse and much action , both which you may for example see to fall out in a horse , whose lineaments are both passing curious , and coate so fine , that many sinewes , yea and the smallest veines must be showne in him , besides whose action is so diuers , that for hardnesse of draught I know not any one beast may be compared to the horse ; for sometime you must draw him in his carreer with his manage , and turne , doing the Cor●etto , leaping● &c. which you shall not finde in the Elephant , Cow , Beare , or Hog , as being beasts heauie and sloathfull by nature : Moreouer wanting that finenesse of coate or hide , so that you shall escape a great trouble in shewing veines , knitting of ioynts , with the eminency almost of euery bone in them which you haue in a horse & greyhound . Now for the manner of drawing these or any other beast whatsoeuer ; begin with your lead or coale ( as before I told you , and gaue you a generall rule ) at the forehead , drawing downward the nose , mouth , vpper and nether chap , ending your line at the throat , then searching it againe where you began , from the forehead ouer the head , eares , and necke : continuing it till you haue giuen the full compasse of the buttocke , but I will giue you an example . I begin in this Lion my first stroke at A , bringing it downe to B , making the nose , mouth , and nether chap w th one line , as you s●e there I rest : then fetch I that line forward behind by C. making the compasse o● his mane by prickes with my penne ( because if I should make a line , I could not make it iagged ) then bring I the backe downe to the taile or D , leauing a little space for it , I continue my line from thence to E , or the heele , where I rest : then beginne I againe at B , and making the breast with the eminency thereof I stay at F , bringing out his neere sore foote , which I finish : then beginne I at G , not stirring my hand till I come to the foote or paw at H , where I finish it quite at E , or the heele . I next draw from his belly two strokes at I and K : I make the other legge behinde , then the right fore foote issuing from the breast : then I finish the taile , pawes , tongue , teeth , beard , and last of all the shadowing : which methode you shall obserue in all beastes howsoeuer they stand . Obseruations of the shadowing . YOu see him shadowed on the backe side from CD , vnto E , the reason is the light beateth on his fore part , wherefore of necessitie the shadow must be in euerie part behinde , eare , mane , backe , hinder legge , &c. But you may say , how happeneth it then , that his nether chap & some part of his throate and belly are shadowed being both with the light ? I answere the light of it owne nature can n●uer fall vnder , but take the place aboue or the vpper part , which place is heere prepossessed by the vpper and nether chappe , which as you see fall in betweene , as likewise the fore foote to the belly , which cause a shadow in eyther of those places . The treble shadow as it ought , is giuen to the most inward places : if your beast be not in charge , that is , not in armes , and you arme to shew the ground vnder his feet ; you must make his farther feet on the other side somewhat shorter then those next you : the reason is , that distance of earth between thē deceiueth the sight , causing the neerer to seeme longest : as you may see by opening or stretching your fore and middle finger like a paire of compasses long waies from you , vpon a boord or table , drawing them with your pen as they stand , and obseruing the space betweene . Beasts more hard to be drawne for their shape and action . The Lion. The Horse . The Rhinoceros . The Vnicorne . The Stagge . The Lucirne . The Grey-hound . The Hiena . The Leopard . The Ownce . The Tiger . The Panther . The Ape , &c. Others more easie . The Elephant . The Dromedarie . The Camel. The Beare . The Asse . The Hogge . The Sheepe . The Badger . The Porc-●spine . The Wolfe . The Foxe . The Cow. The Ottar . The Hare . The Coney . The Al maner of rough & shag hair dogs . In drawing these and all other beasts , the better you obserue their shape and action , the better shall you please , and your iudgement be commended● wherefore a Painter had need to be well seene in naturall Philosophie . The meanest workman can draw the ordinary shape of a Lion , when scarce the best of them all know , that his hinder parts are so small , that there is in a manner a disproportion betweene his forepart and them : so that if I should draw him in this manner among our ordinary painters , my work would be condemned as lame , when I deserued most commendation . Moreouer if you aske a countrey painter whether he could draw a Crocodile or no , he will make no question of it , when as except he trauelled through AEgypt , or met with Aristotle in English , all the wit he had , could not so much as set the chaps right , or giue the suture truly in the head , to s●ew the motion of his vpper chap , which no other creature in the world moueth , saue onely hee . If you draw your beast in an Embleme or such like , you shall sometime shew a Landtskip ( as it is ordinarily obserued by iudicious workmen ) of the countrey naturall to that beast , as to the Rhinoceros an East-Indian Landtskip , the Crocodile an AEgyptian , by laying the ground low without hils , many woods of Palme trees , heere and there the ruine of a Pyramis , and so forth of the rest . Of Birdes . There is lesse difficulty in drawing birdes then beasts , and least of all in flowers , yet art and needfull directions to be obserued in all of them : begin your draught in a bird , as I said , at the head , and beware of making it too big : Van Londerseet's peeces are much to blame for this fault , for in most of them the heads of all his birds are too great by a third part , neither is that fault proper to him alone , but to many good workemen else . You shall best remedie that by causing a bird to be held or tied before you , where you shall take with your compasses a true proportion , which afterwards you may conclude into as small a forme as you list : there is not the same reason of proportion ( it is true ) in the heads and bodies of all birds alike , but hereby you shall euer after be acquainted with a reasonable proportion , which though you hit not iustly , you shal come very neere : hauing drawne the head , bring from vnder throat , the breast line downe to the legs ; there stay : and begin at the pineon to make the wing , which being ioyned with the backe line is presently finished : the eye , legs , and traine must be at last , and ( as I tolde you before in beasts ) let the farther leg euer be shortest , the feathers as the hair● in beasts , must take their beginning at the head very small , and in fiue rankes fall one way backward greater and greater , as this your example sheweth . For flowers , flies , and such like , I will leaue them ( being things of small moment ) to your owne discretion , counselling you a● your leasure , when you walke abroad into the fields , to gather & keepe them in little boxes vntill you shall haue occasion to vse them . To draw a flower , begin it ab vmbone , or the bosse in the midst : as in a Rose , or Marigold , there is a yealow tuft , which being first made , draw your lines equally diuided , from thence to the line of your compasse , which you are the first to giue , and then the worst is past . You may shew your flower , either open and faire in the bud , laden with deaw and wet , worme-eaten , the leaues dropt away with ouer ripenesse , &c. and as your flower , so first draw rudely your leaues , making them plaine with your coale or lead , before you giue them their veines or iaggednesse . For butterfli●s , bees , waspes , grashoppers , and such like , which we call Insecta , some of them are easie to be drawne , and not hard to be laid in colours : because the colours are simple , and without compositiō , as perfect red , black , blew , yellow , &c. which euery ordinary painter may lay , who if they should be put ( by mixture of many colours ) to make that purple of a pigeons necke , or giue the perfect colour but of a flesh-flie or mallards wing , you should see them at their wits end . In the monethes of Iune and Iuly I was woont at my leasure to walke into the fields , and get all manner of flies , flowers , herbs , &c. which I either put presently into colours , or kept preserued all the yeare to imitate at my pleasure in close boxes . CHAP. XVII . The most notable absurdities that our Painters ordinarily commit . THE first absurditie is of proportion naturall , commonly called lamenesse , 1 that is , when any part or member is disproportionable to the whole body , or ●eemeth through the ignorance of the Painter , to bee wrested from his naturall place and motion : As in Peter-brough Minster , you may see Saint Peter painted , his head very neere , or altogether as bigge as his middle : and it is ordinary in countrey houses to see horsemen painted , and the rider a great deale bigger then his horse . 2 The second is of Landtskip , or Locall distance , as I haue seene painted a Church , and some halfe a mile beyond it the ●icaredge ; yet the Vicars chimney strawne bigger thē the steeple by a third part , which being lesse o● it selfe , ought also to be much more abated by the distance . 3 The third absurditie is of accident of time , that is , when we fashion or attribute the proprieties of ancient times to those of ours , or ours to theirs : As not long since I found painted in an Inne Bethulia besieged by Holophernes , where the painter , as if it had beene at Ostend , made his East and West batteries , with great ordinance and small shot playing from the wals , when you know that ordinance was not inuented of two thousand yeares after . The fourth is in expressing passion or the disposition of the mind , 4 as to draw Mars like a yong Hippolitus with an effeminate countenance , Venus like an Amazon , or that same hotspurd H●rpalice in Virgil , this proceedeth of a sencelesse & ouercold a iudgement . The fift is of Drapery or attire , 5 in not obs●ruing a decorum in garments proper to euery seuerall condition and calling , as not giuing to a king his Robes of estate , with their proper furres and linings : To religious persons an habite fitting with humilitie and contempt of the world ; A notable example of this kind I found in a Gentlemans hall , which was King Salomon sitting in his throne with a deepe lac'd gentlewomans Ruffe , and a Rebato● about his necke , vpon his head a black veluet cap with a white feather ; the Queene of Sheba kneeling before him in a loose bodied gowne , and a French hood . The sixt of shadowing , 6 as I haue seene painted the flame of a candle , and the light thereof on one side shadowed three parts , when there ought to haue beene none at all , because it is corpus luminosum , which may cause a shadow but take none . The seuenth of motion as a certaine painter absurdly made trees bend with the wind one way , and the feathers of the Swanne , vpon which an Eagle was praying to flie an other Albert Durer was very curious in this kind , as in the hayre of S. Hieroms Lion , and S. Sebastians Dog. CHAP. XVIII . Of the Sence of seeing , and of the Eye . NOw before I come to entreate particularly of colours , it ●hall not be amisse as well for methode as for pleasure , to speake somewhat of that sensitiue part of the soule which we call sight , without which it were in vaine for mee to discourse of colours , or you to read what I haue written concerning the same , therefore in briefe I will declare the worthinesse of this sence , and of the Eye the Organe or instrument thereof . To begin with the definition , the Sence of seeing is a facultie of the sensible soule , whose Organe is the Eye , and obiect is whatsoeuer may be seene . Now since the soule is farre more worth then the bodie , I must of necessitie first speake of this most ex●ellent sence before I come to the baser and corruptible instrument , or the obiect thereof . It hath beene a great and ancient controuersie amongst the best Philosophers , I mean Plato , Aristotle the Stoicks , and Academicks , whether visus fieret , extra vel intra mittendo , that is , whether we receiue the obiect or that which we see into our eye , or whether our eye by a secret facultie of the soule casts and sendeth forth certaine beames to apprehend that which we looke vpon , which question as it is hard to decide , so it is most pleasant and not beside our purpose to bee resolued in the same . Heare I pray you the varietie of opinions among excellent men . Plato thought that the sight was caused by Emission or casting forth beames against the obiect . The Mathematicians in Aristotles time agreeing also with Plato , affirmed visum fieri extrami●tendo , by sending forth from the eye : and all sight to stretch it selfe forth in the forme of a Pyramis , the Conus or point whereof was in the eye ball , and the Basis dispersed vpon the obiect . Empedocles ( as also Plato ) thought there was in the eye a certaine little fire not burning , but which yeelded as it were a light , the beames whereof , meeting with the beames of the ayre or medium , grew vnited , and more strong betweene both which beames the sight was effected . Democritus said ( the truest ) that it proceeded of water , but he is taxed of Aristotle , because he though , visionem in rei spectabilis simulachro tantum consistere : Others thought that it cast forth a certaine animall spirit with the beame . Others againe supposed that that s●●e 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 stretching it selfe vnto the obiect , and beaten backe to be possessed of the same forme , and afterward the soule as it were stirred vp to perceiue the formes of things by meanes of that secret facultie it sent forth . Neither did the Platonicks and Stoicks want arguments of strength and probability as they thought to maintaine the same against Aristotle : I will propound some , and after answere them letting or receiuing . 1 First say they , if sight be caused by emission , then the neerer and closer the obiect is to the eye , the more perfectly it is perceiued , but this is false . 2 Secondly , if sight be caused by intromission or receiuing in the forme of that which is seene , contrarie Species , or formes should be receiued confusedly together , and at the same instant , as white and black , which thing how absurd it is , Aristotle shewes in his Metaphisickes and other places . 3 Thirdly , the eye is easily wearied with beholding , therefore something proceedeth forth from the same . 4 Fourthly , how can that Pyramis , whose point is in the superficies of the eye , be carried and drawne forth with a smaller sharpnesse . 5 Fiftly , we find by experience , that a menstruous woman infecteth with her sight a looking glasse , causing the same to become faint and dimme , therefore of necessitie something must needes proceede out of her eyes . This Aristotle himselfe confesseth , Lib. de somnijs . 6 Sixtly , a Basiliske killeth with his sight . 7 Seuenthly and lastly : Cats , Wolues , Owles , and other creatures , see best in the night to runne and catch their prey , which they discerne most perfectly , they cannot see by intromission or receiuing inward the forme of their prey be it mouse , hare , or whatsoeuer , because light ( by meanes of which onely the obiect is receiued into the eye ) is wanting , Ergo● their eyes send ●orth the beames , and Aristotles opinion is vtterly false . To the ●irst argument I answere out of Plato , as also out of Aristotle , that to the affecting of the sight , there must be medium illustratum , a clee●e medium , that is , such a distāce that there may be light enough betweene the eye and the obiect , which there is not , if you lay your eye close to the same . To the second I answere , that species or formes be not contrarie , for were that granted , the medium should haue in it infinite contrarieties from euerie part of the ayre compassing it about , and continually multiplying the formes of things . To the third , the sence of seeing is so farre forth weakened and made faint● as the eye , the Organe or Instrument therof becommeth vnable to endure beholding , for the power of the sight suffereth not , nor groweth old , as were an old mans eyes young , his sight would not faile him . To the fourth argument I answere , that distance being not perceiued by the eye , but by the common sence , the point of the Pyramis is not lesser to mine eye , by remouing or going backe , but alwaies one and the selfe same . To the fift , it is not the sight of the woman that infecteth the glasse , but certaine grosse and putrefacted vapors , that issue from the eies , as we see in those that doe laborare opthalmia . To the sixt , of the Basiliske , I answere the most haue held it fabulous , yet suppose it to be true , the best authors haue written that infection proceedeth from his breath not his eyes . To the seuenth and last , it is replied , that cats and wolues retaine a certaine naturall light in N●ruo optico , which serueth them as a Medium to ●iscerne plainly any thing by night . To conclude to these and all other obiections for emission of the sight , in briefe I answere with this dilemma vnanswerable . If any thing be sent out from the eye it is either corporeal or incorporeal , if corporeal , it hath motū localē , or mouing in place and time , which motion seemeth to be swifter then the motiō of the heauen , for the eye in a minute can discerne from one part of the heauen to the other , which were repugnant to truth and all Philosophie . Say it were light and no corporall substance , it followed , though that a sensitiue part of the soule went forth with the same , and that an accident should become the subiect of the soule , nothing can be granted more absurd . If incorporeall , as Metaphysicall , it cannot mooue the sence : Now it remaineth , that according to Aristotle and the truth , wee decide this controuersie concerning the sight , wherein so many famous Philosophe●s haue beene blind . How sight is caused according to Aristotle . Aristotle saith , that the motion which passeth or commeth betweene the eye , and the obiect , whether it be the light or ayre , is the efficient cause of sight , his words bee , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . To explaine his meaning better , there concurreth to sight a double motion one from the obiect into the medium , the other from the medium ( ayre or ●ight ) to the eye , so that I may say the eye receiues the forme of the obiect at a second hand , as it were from the medium , being conueyed as it were halfe the way by a former motion . For Aristotle in his second de anima , strongly proueth against Democritus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 non pati ab obiecto sed à medio . So that sight is caused by receiuing the colour or obiect into the eye by a second motion against Plato , Empedocles , the Stoicks , and all other that haue held the contrary . Of the eye , the Organ or Instrument of sight . Some and amongest those before named , Empedocles haue supposed the eye to haue beene fierie , Aristotle as I remember alledgeth one of his arguments , which was this , the eye being ruled or hauing receiued a blow seemeth as it were to sparkle with fire , the ●est are of like force , whom after hee hath confuted with two good reasons , the one is , that if the eye were fierie ; it should see it selfe ; the second , it should see clearly in the darke , as a candle in a lanthorne , he determines the question , and affirmes it to be of a watery substance . The Phisitions also cold , and of the nature of the braine . The parts and wonder●ull composition of the eye . The eye being the most excellent Organ of the noblest sence , & the tend●est part of the body , is by nature as it were a pearle shut vp within a four fold casket , that it might the better be preserued from iniury as the most precious Iewell and sole treasure of the bodie , for it is defended with foure coates or skinnes , the fir●t whereof is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is adnata , or close-bred by this , the eye is fastened and ioyned , the second is ca●led 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or cornea , as it were of horne , compassing the eye round , it is transparen● : this de●endeth the humour and water of the eye , and is placed about the ball , least the outward light meeti●g with the Cristaline humour should dazell and o●fend the sight , & to keepe this humour from drying Tunica v●●e , or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 compasseth it about , this againe doth compasse another coate like a cob-web of bl●cke colour called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Arachne , vnder which lies a moisture like molten glasse , which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and it is thicke , within this remaineth a little pearle ( as in the center vnmoued ) most hard , rese●bling yce or Cristall , whereon it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , it is round , but more flat towards the ball of the eye , that it might giue the watrie humour a better lustre , and defend it from iniurie . The ball of the eye is fat and thicke , neither hath that fat of it selfe any heate in it , but warmeth by the force of heate it receiueth from the muscles that serue the eye , who also are couered with fatnesse , hence the eie neuer freezeth . Thus much of the sence of seeing , and of the eye . CHAP. XIX . Co●our what it is , of the obiect of the sight , and the diuision thereof . COlour according to Scaliger is a qualitie compounded of the element● and the light , so farre forth as it is the light Auerrois & Auenpa●e , said it was actus corporis terminati , others a bare superficies . Aristotle called it corp●ris extremitatem , the extremitie or ou●most of a bodie . The obiect of the sight is any thing whatsoeuer may be visible , Plato deuideth visible thinges into three heades , which are Equall . are Greater . are Lesse . Equall are all transparent things , which let the sight through , and are not properly said to be seene as the ayre , water , yce , cristall , and the like . Greater , which he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which spread or scatter the sight by that meanes , hurting the same as all white things . The lesse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which gather the sight together , and which are improper , or rather no obiectes at all , as all blacknesse . Whether all colours be compou●ded of white and blacke or no. Theophrastus hath long since laboured to prooue blacke to be no colour at all , his reason is , because that colour is proper to none of the elements , for saith he , water , ayre and earth are white , and the fire is yellow , but rather would fetch it from white and yealow , whereto Scaliger leauing Aristotle , perhaps for singularitie sake , seemeth to giue consent , who sets downe foure primarie or first colours , viz. White in the drie bodie as the earth . Greene in thicke and moist as the water . Blew in the thin and moyst as the ayre . Yealow in the hot as the fire . Yet not without reason , for Aristotle affirmed that black was the priuation of white , as darknesse of light , to whom Scaliger replies , that nothing can be made of priuation and habit , but we will leaue their arguments , and proceede to the species and seuerall kindes of colours , shewing by their Etymologies , their seuerall nature , and af●er declare the manner of their mixture and composition . CHAP. XX. Of the choyce of your grinding stone , Mullar , Penc●ls , making your gummes , gylding , &c. HAuing hitherto as plainely as I could , giuen you those directions , I haue thought most necessarie for drawing with the pen : I will shew you next the right mingling and ordering of your colours , that after you can draw indifferent well ( for before I would not haue you know what colours meaneth ) you may with more delight apparrell your wo●k with the liuely and naturall beautie : and first of the choice of your grinding stone and pencils . I like best the porphytie , white or greene Marble , with a muller or vpper stone of the same , cut verie euen without flawes or holes : you may buy them in London , of those that make toombes , they will last you your life time , wearing very little or nothing : some vse glasse , but many times they gather vp their colours on the ground : others slates , but they with wearing ( though neuer so hard at the first ) will kill all colours : you may also make you a mullar of a flat pibble , by grinding it smooth at a grindstone , if you doe it handsomely , it is as good as the best● your great muscle shelles commonly called horse muscles are the best for keeping colours , you may gather them in Iuly about riuers sides , the next to ●hese are the small muscle shelles washt and kept very cleane . Chuse your pencels by their fastnesse in the quils , and their sharpe points , after you haue drawne and whetted them in your mouth ; you shal buy them one after another for eight or tenne pence a dozen at the Apothecaries . CHAP. XXI . Of the seuerall Gummes that are vsed in grinding of water colours . Gumme Arabicke . THE first and principall is Gumme Arabicke , choose it by the whitenesse , cleerenesse , & the brittlenesse of it being broken betweene your teeth : for then it is good , take it and lay it in very faire water , vntill it be quite resolued , and with it grinde your colours : you may make it thinne or thicke , as all other Gummes , at your pleasure , by adding and taking away the water you put to it . 2. Gumme Hederae , or of the Iuie . There is another very excellent gumme that proceedeth from the Iuie , which you shall get in this manner : finde out first an Oke , or house that hath a great branch of Iuie climing vp by it , and with an axe cut it a sunder in the midst , and then with your axe he●d bruise both ends , and let it sta●d a moneth or thereabouts , at what time you shal●●●ke from it a pure and fine gumme , like an oyle , w●●ch issueth out of the ends : take it off handsomely with a knife or spoone , and keepe it in a viall ; it is good to put into your gold size and other colours for three respectes , first it allaies the smell of the size , secondly , it taketh away the bubbles that arise vpon your gold size , & other colours , lastly it taketh away the clamminesse , and fatnesse from your other colours : there is moreouer great vse of it in the confection of pomander . 3 Gumme lake . Gumme lake is made with the glaire of egs , strained often and very short , about March or Aprill : to which about the qua●tity of a pinte you must put two spoonfull of honey , and as much of Gumma Hederae as a hasell nut , and foure good spoonefuls of the strongest woort you can come by : then straine them againe with a sponge , or peece of wooll , so fine as you can , and so long , till that you see them runne like a fine and cleare oyle , keepe it then in a cleane glasse , it will grow hard , but you may resolue it againe with a little cleare water , as you doe gumme Arabicke : it is moreouer an excellent vernish for any picture . 4 Gumme Armoniacke . Take Gumme Armoniacke , and grinde it with the iuyce of Garlicke so fine as may be , to which put two or three drops of weake Gumme Arabicke water , and temper it so , that it be not too thicke , but that it may runne well out of your penne , and write therewith what you will , and let it drie , and when you mean to gyld vpon it , cut your gold or siluer according to the bignesse of the size you haue laid ; and then se● it with a peece of wooll in this manner : first breath vpon the size , and then lay on your gold vpon it gently taken vp , which presse downe hard with your peece of wooll , and then let it well drie , being dried , with a fine linnen cloath strike off finely the loose gold : then shall you finde all that you drew very faire gold , and cleane as you haue drawne it , though i● were as small as any heire : it is called gold Armoniack , & is taken many times for liquid gold . CHAP. XXII . Of gylding or the ordering of gold and siluer in water colours . YOV may gyld onely with gumme water , as I will shew you , make your water good and stiffe , and lay it on with your pencel , where you would gyld , then take a cushion that hath smooth leather , and turne the bottome vpward , vpon th●t cut your gold with a sharpe knife ; in what quantitie you will , and to take it vp , draw the edge of your knife finely vpon your tongue that it may be onely wet : with which doe but touch the very edge of your gold , it will come vp , and you may lay it as you list : but before you lay it on , let your gumme be almost drie , otherwise it wil drowne your gold : and being laid , presse it downe hard with the skut of an haire , afterward burnish it with a dogs tooth . I call burnisht gold , that manner of gylding which we ordinarily see in old parchment & Masse bookes ( done by Monkes and Priests who were very expert herein , as also in laying of colours , that in bookes of an hundred or two hundred yeares old you may see the colours as beautiful and as fresh as if they were done but yesterday . ) A very faire manuscript of this kind Sir Robert Cotton my worshipfull friend had of me , which was King Edward the fourthes , compiled by Anthony Earle Riuers , and as Master Cambden told me , it was the first booke that euer was printed in England : it lieth commonly embos●ed that you may feele it , by reason of the thicknesse of the ground or size , which size is made in this manner . Take three parts of Bole Armoniacke , and foure of fine chalke , grinde them together as small as you can with cleane water , three or foure times , & euery time let it drie , and see it be cleane without grauel or girt , and then let it be throughly drie , then take the glaire of egges and straine it as short as water ; grind then your bole , and chalke therewith , and in the grinding put to a little gumme Haederae , and a little eare waxe , to the quantie of a fitch , and fiue or sixe shiues of saffron , which grinde together as small as you can possible , and then put it into an oxe horne , and couered close , let it rot in hot horse dung , or in the earth , for the space of fiue or sixe weekes , then take it vp and lay it in the ayre , ( for it will haue an ill sauour ) and vse it at your pleasure . To set gold or siluer . Take a peece of your Gumme , and resolue it into a stiffe water , then grinde a shiue of saffron therewith , and you shall haue a faire gold : when you haue set it , and you see that it is thorowly drie , rub or burnish it with a dogs tooth . To make liquid gold or siluer . Take fiue or sixe leaues of gold or siluer , and lay it vpon a cleane Porphiry , marble stone , or pane of glasse , and grinde it with strong water of gumme Lake , and a prettie quantitie of great salt , as small as you can , and then put it into a cleane vessell , or viall that is well glazed : and put thereto as much faire water as will fill the glasse or vessell , to the end it may dissolue the stiffe water you ground with it , and that the gold may haue roome to goe to the bottome , let it stand so three or foure houres , then powre out that water , and put in more , vntil you see the gold cleane washed : after that take cleane water , which put thereto with a little Sal Armoniacke and great salt , so let it stand three or foure daies in some close place : then must you distil it in this maner , take a peece of glouers leather , that is very thinne , and picke away the skinny side , and put your gold therein binding it close , then hanging it vp , the Sal Armoniacke will fret away , and the gold remaine behinde , which take , and when you will vse it , haue a little glaire water in a shell by you , wherein dip your pensill , taking vp no more gold then you shall vse . CHAP. XXIII . The Etymologie and true mixture of colours . Of Blacke . BLacke is so called from the Saxon word black , in French No●r , in Italian Nero , in Spanish Negro , from the Latine Niger , and from the Greeke , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth Dead because all dead and corrupted things are properly of this colour , the reasō why they are so , Aristotle plainly sheweth where he saith : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is , blacknesse doth accompany the elements , confounded or commixed one with another , as for example of aire & water mixed together , and consumed with fire is made a black colour , as we may see in charcoales , oyle , pitch , linkes , and such like fattie substances , the smoke whereof is most blacke , as also in stones and timber , that haue laine long vnder water , which when the water is dried vp , they lie open to the sunne and aire , & become presently of the same colour : these be the blacks which you most commonly vse in painting , this colour is simple of it selfe . Harts horne burned . Ordinarie lampe blacke● Date stones burned . Iuory burned . Manchet or white bread burned . The blacke of walnut shels . The making of ordinary lamp blacke . Take a torch or linke , and hold it vnder the bottome of a latten basen , and as it groweth to be furd and blacke within , strike it with a feather into some shell or other , and grind it with gumme water . Of White . This word white in English commeth from the low Dutch word wit , in high Dutch Weif , which is deriued from W●sser , that is , water which by nature is white , yea thickned or condensate , most white , as it appeareth by haile and snow which are compounded of water hardned by the coldnesse of the ayre in Italian it is called Bianco , in French Blanc , if we may beleeue Scaliger , from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which as he takes it , signifies faint or weake : wherein happily he agreeth with Theophrastus who affirmeth omnia candida esse imbecilliora , that all white things are faint and weake , hence I beleeue it is called in Latine Candidus , from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , i. confundo , because whitenesse confoundeth or dazeleth the sight as we find when we ride forth in a snow in winter . It is called also albus of that old Greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the same , hence had the Alpes their Etymon , because of their continual whitenesse with snow . The Grecians call this colour 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , video , that is , to see , because , whitenesse is the most proper obiect of our sight according to Aristotle saying , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , whitenesse , or the obiect or sight , whitenesse proceedeth from the water , aire , and earth , which by nature is also white , as we proue by ashes of all ea●th●y matter burnt , though to our sight it seemeth blacke , brownish , and of other colours , by reason of the intincture and commix●ure of other elements with the same : the principal whites in painting and limming are these . viz. Ceruse . White l●●d . Spanish white . Of whites and their temp●ring Venice Ceruse . Your principall white is Ceruse , called in Latine Cerussa , by the Italian B●acea . Vitr●ui●s teacheth the making of it , which is in this manner . The Rhodians ( saith he ) vse to take the paring of vines , or any other chips , and lay them in the bottoms of pipes or hogsheads , vpō which they powre great store of vinegar , and then lay aboue many sheets of lead , and so still one aboue another by rankes till the hogsheads are full , then stop they vp againe the hogsheads close , that no aire may enter : which againe after a certaine time being opened , they finde betweene the lead and chips great store of Ceruse : it hath beene much vsed ( as it is al●o now adaies● by women in painting their faces , whom Martial in his merry vaine skoffeth , saying , Cerussata timet Sabella sol●m . AEtius saith it being throughly burnt , it turneth into a faire red , which he calleth Syricum , grinde it with the glaire of egs , that hath lien rotting a month or two vnder the ground , and it will make a most perfect white . White Lead . White Lead is in a manner the same that Ceruse is , saue that the Ceruce is refined and made more pure , you shall grinde it with a weake water of gumme Lake , and let it stand three or foure daies , Roset and Vermelion maketh it a faire Carnation . Spanish white . There is another white called Spanish white , which you may make your selfe in this manner , take fine chalke and grind it , with the third part of Alome in faire water , till it be thicke like pap , then roule it vp into balles , letting it lie till it be drie , when it is drie , put it into the fire , and let it remaine till it bee red hote like a bu●ning coale , and then take it out , and let it coole : it is the best white of all others to lace or garnish , being ground with a weake gumme water . Of Yealow . Yealow is so called from the Italian word Giallo , which signifieth the same Giallo , hath his Etymologie from Geel the high Dutch , which signifieth lucere , to shine , and also hence commeth Gelt , and our English word Gold , in French Iaulne , in Spani●h Ialde , or Am ●illo , in Latine Fla●us luteus , of● lutum , in Greeke , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is Homers Epithite for Menalaus , where he cals him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and Silius imitating him , attributes the same to the Hollander whom he calles Flauicomus Batau●s , by reason of his yealow lockes , it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a flower as if he should say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a beautifull head of haire , which in times past was accounted the bright yealow , which H●rod●an so commendeth in the Emperour Commo●u● , & the Romans supposed in the same aliquid numinis ●esse : And it seemes AEneas his haire in Virgil , which his mother Venus bestowed vpon him for a more maiestical beauty to haue beene of the same colour , or it may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , haire worthing the kembing , but I dare not be too busie in Etymologies , least catching at the shadow I leaue the substāce , yelow hath his primary beginning from the Element of fire , or Sun-beames , Aristotles reason is , because all liquid things concocted by heate become yealow as lie , wort vrine , ripe fruit , brimstone , &c. so that blacke , white , and yealow according to Aristotle are the foure primary or principall colours as immediately proceeding from the elements , and from those all other colours haue their beginning . Your principall yealowe be these . Orpiment . Masticot . Saffron . Pinke yealow . Oker de Luce. Vmber . Orpiment . Orpiment called in Latine Arsenicum , or Auripigmentum , ( because being broken , it resembleth God for shining and colour ) is best ground with a stiffe water of Gumme Lake , and with nothing else : because it is the best colour of it selfe , it will lie vpon no greene : for all greenes , white lead , red lead , and Ceruse staine it : wherefore you must deepen your colours so , that the Orpiment may be the highest , in which manner it may agree with all colours : it is said that Caius a certaine couetous Prince caused great store of it to be burned , and tried for gold , of which he found some , and that very good ; but so small a quantitie , that it would not quite the cost in refining . Mas●icot or Generall . Grinde your Masticot with a small quantitie of Saffron in Gumme water , and neuer make it lighter then it is ; it will endure and lie vpon all colours and mettals . Pinke yealow . You must grinde your Pinke , if you will haue it sad coloured , with ●affron ; if light , with Ceruse : temper it with weake gumme water , and so vse it . Oker de Luke . The fine Oker de Luke , or Luce , and grind it with a pure brasil water : it maketh a passing haire-colour , and is a naturall shadow for gold . Vmber . Vmber is a more sad colour , you may grinde it with Gumme water or Gumme lake : and lighten it at your pleasure with a little Ceruse , and a shiue of saffron . Of Greene. Our English word greene is fetched from the high Dutch ●●un , in the Belgick Groen , in French it is called Coleur verde , in Italian and Spanish Verde , from the Latine Vi●●ais , and that from vires , quia viribus maxime pollent in virente aetate vigentia , in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , grasse or the greene herbe , which is of this colour , why the earth hath this colour aboue others Aristotle sheweth which is by reason of the much and often falling of raine , and setting vpon the same , for saith hee , all water or moisture that standeth long , and receiueth the beames of the Sun at the fi●st groweth greenish , afterward more blacke , after that receiuing as it were another g●●ene , they become of a grasse colour , for all moisture dried vp of it selfe becommeth blacke , as we see in old wels and cesternes , and if any thing hath lien long vnder water , and afterwards lying drie , may receiue the heate of the Sunne ( the moisture being exhaled and drawne away ) it becommeth greene , because that yealow proceeding from the Sunne beames mixed with black doe turne into a greene , for where the moisture doth not participate with the beames of the Sunne , there remaines whitenesse , as wee see in most rootes and stalkes of herbes , which grow neere or within the earth , now when t●● moisture hath spent it selfe farre in the stalke , leafe , and flower , that it cannot ouercome the heat of the ayre and Sunne , it changeth and giueth place to yealow , which heat afterward being well concocted turned into seuerall colours as we see in flowers , mellow apples , peares , plummes , and the like , the greene we commonly vse , are these . Greene bice . Vert greece . Verditure . Sapgreene . Of the blew and yealow proceedeth the greene . Greene Bice . Take greene Bice , and order it as you doe your blew bice , and in the self same manner : when it is moist and not through drie , you may diaper vpon it with the water of deepe greene . Vert-greece . Vertgreece is nothing else but the rust of brass●● which in time being consumed and eaten with Tal●low , turneth into green , as you may see many times vpon foule candlestickes that haue not beene often made cleane , wherefore it hath the name in Latine AErugo , in French Vert de gris , or the hoary gr●ene : to temper it as you ought , you must grinde it with the iuice of Rue , & a little weake gumme water , and you shall haue the purest greene that is ; if you will diaper with it , grinde it with the lie of Rue , ( that is , the water wherein you haue sod your rue or herbgrace ) and you shall haue an hoary greene : you shall diaper or damaske vpon your vert-greece greene , with the water of sapgreene . Verditure Take yo●r verditure , and grinde it with a weake Gumme Arabick water , it is the faintest and palest greene that is , but it is good to veluet vpon blacke in any manner of drapery . Sappe greene . Take Sappe greene , and lay it in sharpe vineger all night , put into it a little Alome to raise his colour , and you shall haue a good greene to diaper vpon all other greenes . Of Blew . Blew hath his Etymon from the high Dutch , Blaw , from whence he calleth Himmel-blaw , that which we call skie colour or heauens-blew , in Spanish it is called Blao or Azul , in Italian Azurro , in French Azur of Lazur an Arabian word , which is the name of a stone , whereof it is made , called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , from whence it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and in Latine Cyaneus a stone , as Dioscorides saith , or sandie matter found in minerals in the earth , of a most pure and perfect blew , whether it be our bice or no , I know not for a certaine , but I remember Homer calleth a table , whose seete were painted with bice 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , but howsoeuer I will not striue , since I am perswaded many of those colours , which were in vse with those excellent Grecian painters in old time are vtterly vnknowne to vs. The principall blewes with vs in vse are . Blew bice . Smalt . Litmose blew . Inde baudias . Florey blew . Korck or Orchall . Blew Bice . Take fine Bice and grinde it vpon a cleane stone , first with cleane water as small as you can , then put it into an horne and wash it on this manner : put vnto it as much faire water as wil fill vp your horne , and stirre it well , then let it stand the space of an houre , and all the bice shall fall to the bottome , and the corruptiō will fleet aboue the water , then powre away the corrupt water , and put in more cleane water , and so vse it foure or fiue times , at the last powre away all the water , and put in cleane water of Gumme Arabick not too stiffe , but somewhat weak , that the bice may fall to the bottome , then powre away the Gumme water cleane from the bice ; and put to another cleane water , and so wash it vp , and if you would haue it rise of the same colour it is of , when it is drie , temper it with a weake gum water , which also wil cause it to rise and swell in the drying , if a most perfect blew , and of the same colour it is being wet , temper it with a stiffe water of gumme lake , if you would haue it light , grinde it with a little Cer●se , or the muting of an hawke that is white , if you will haue it a most deepe blew , put thereto the water of litmose . Litmose blew . Take fine litmose , and grinde it with Ceruse , and if you put to ouermuch Litmos , it maketh a deepe blew : if ouermuch Ceruse and lesse litmos , it maketh a light blew : you must grinde it with weake water of gumme Arabeck . Indebaudias . Take Indebaudias and grinde it with the water of Litmose , if you will haue it deepe , but if light , grind it with fine Ceruse , and with a weake water of gum Arabe●k , you shall also grinde your Engli●h Indeba●d●●●● after the same manner , which is not fully so good a colour as your Indebaud●●● is : you must Diaper light and deepe vpon it , wi●● a good litmose water . ●l●rey Blew . Take Florey blew , and grinde it with a little fine Rose● , and it will make a deepe violet , and by putting in a quantitie of Ceruse it will make a light violet : with two partes of Ceru●e , and one of red lead , it maketh a perfect Crane colour . Korke or Orchall . Take fine Orchall and grinde it with vnslekt lime and vrine , it maketh a pure violet : by putting to more or lesse lime , you may make your violet light or deep as you will. To make a blew water to diaper vpon all other blewes● Take fine litmos and cut it in peeces , when you haue done , lay it in weake water of Gumme Lake , and let it lie 24. houres therein , and you shall haue a water of a most perfect azure , with which water you may diaper and dammaske vpon all other blewes , and sanguines to make them shew more fai●e and beautifull : if it beginne to dr●e in your shell , moysten it with a little more water , and it will be as good as at the first . Of Red. Red , from the old Saxon Rud , as the towne of Hertford , as my worshipfull friend Master Camden in his Britannia noteth , first was called by the Saxons Herudford , as much as to say , the Rud ford , or the red ford● or water , the like of many other places in England , in high Dutch it is called Rot , in low Dutch Root , without doub● from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is the same , in French Rouge , in Italian Rubro , from the Latine Ruber , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à corticibus vel grauis mali punici , from the rindes or seedes ( as Scaliger●aith ●aith ) of a Pomegranate , which are of this colour . In Spanish it is called Vermeio , of Minium which is Vermilion . The sorts of Red are these . Vermilion . Synaper lake . Synaper tops . Red lead . Roset . Turnsoile . Browne of Spaine . Bole Armoniack . Of Vermilion . Your fairest and most principall Red is Vermilion , called in Latine Minium , it is a poyson , and found where great store of quicksiluer is : you must grinde it with the glaire of an egge , and in the grinding put to a little clarified hony , and make his colour bright and perfect . Sinaper lake . Sinaper in Latine is called Cinnabaris , it hath the name Lake of Lacca , a red berry , whereof it is made growing in China and those places in the East Indies , as Master Gerrard shewed me out of his herbal , it maketh a deepe & beautifull red , or rather purple , almost like vnto a red Rose : the best was wont to be made , as Dioscorides saith , in L●bia of brimstone and quicksiluer burnt a long time to a smal quantity : and not of the bloud of the Elephant and Dragon , as Pl●nie supposed : you shall grinde i● with gumme Lake , and Turnsoile water , if you will haue it light , put to a little Ceruse , and it will make a bright crimson , if to diaper , put to onely Turnsoile water . Sinaper Tops . Grinde your Tops after the same manner you do your lake , they are both of one nature . Red Lead . Red Lead , in Latine is called Syricum , it was wont to be made of Ceruse burnt ; which grinde with a quantitie of Saffron , and stiffe gumme lake : ●or your Saffron will make it orient , and of a Marigold colour . Turneso●le . Turnesoile is made of old linnen ragges died , you shall v●e it after this manner : lay it in a ●aucer of vineger , and set it ouer a chasing dish of coales , and let it boyle , then take it off , and wring it into a shell , a●d put vnto it a little gumme Arabeck , letting it st●nd three or foure houres , till it be dissolued : it is good to shadow carnations , and all yealowes . Ros●t . You shall grind your Roset with Brasill water , and it wi●l make you a deepe and a faire purple , if you p●t Ce●use to it , it maketh a lighter , if you grinde it with Litmose , it maketh a ●aire violet . Browne of Spayne . Grind your Browne of Spayne with Brasill water , and if you mingle it with Ceruse , it maketh an horse flesh colour . ●ole Armoniack . Bole Armoni●ck is but a faint colour , the chiefest vse of it , is , as I haue said , in making a size for burnisht gold . CHAP. XXIIII . O● composed colours , Scarlet colour . IN French coleur d'●scarlite , Italicè , color Scarlatino ● porposi●o , H●sp . color de grana , Belg●●è Kermesin of Scharlacken root , T●utonice Rosinfa●b , Carmasinsarb Latine Coccineus color , Graec. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the seed of Kernel of a Pomgra●●e , with which in times past they did vse to 〈…〉 colour : Aristophanes saith , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for to picke out the graines of kernels of a Po●gra●ate . The Arabians call this colour Che●meb , from whence commeth our Crimson , as Scaliger saith , two parts of verme●ion , and one of lake make a perfect Scarlet . A bright Mur●e● . In Latine Mur●hinus col●r , Gra●●● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , is a wonderfull beautifull colour , computed of purple and white , resembling the colour o● a precious stone of that name , which besides the ●a●e colour yeelde●h a maruellous odoriferous and s●eete smell : it is found in the Easterne parts of the world , the best among the Par●hians , being all ouer ●potted with Rosie coloured , and milke white spots yeelding a glosse like changeable silke of this colour : of the incredible price of these stone● Plinie writeth , Lib. 37. Martial . in like mann●r also seemeth to number them among the precious things that were brought to Rome where he saith . Surrentinabibis ? n●● murrhina picta nec aurum Posce , dabunt calices haec tibi vina snos . Some haue mistaken and thought that colour which we call Murinus colour to bee this murrey which is properly the colour of a mo●se or as some will haue it an asse colour . Others that colour which we call Morellus , the French Morea● a Moris as some would haue it , but in my opinion they are much deceiued . Lake Sinast with a quantity of white lead make a murrey colour , one part of white lead , and two of each of the other . A Glassie Gray . The word Glasse it selfe cometh from the Belgick and high Dutch : Glasse from the verbe Glansen , which signifieth amongst them to shine , from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the same , or perhaps from glacies in the Latine , which is Ice , whose colour it resembleth , in French it is called Coleur de voir , in Italian v●●reo color di vetro , in high Dutch Glasgrum , in Spanish Color vidrial , in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is moist , and that from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , pluere , to raine , from whence also proceed those words in Latine , humus , vdus , &c. It is an aiery and and greenish white , it serueth to imitate at sometimes the skie glasses of all sorts , fountaines and the like : To make this , mingle white lead or Ceruse with a little azure . A Browne . Browne is called in high Dutch Braun of the Netherlands Bruyn , in French Coleur brune , in Italian Bruno , in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , from colour of the AEthiopians , for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , is to burne , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a face , for some haue imagined that blacknesse or swarthinesse in their faces is procured through the forcible heate of the Sunbeames . In Latine it is called fuscus quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , from darkening or ouershadowing the light , or of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is to burne or scorch , in which sense I haue often read it in Hippocrates : this colour in the ayre is called by the learned 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is sold as much as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , terminus lu●is , and indeed it is taken properly for that duskie rednesse that appeareth in the morning either before the Sunrising , or after the same set . A bay colour . In Latine it is called Ba●us aut castancu● color , A bay or a Chesnut colour , of all others it is most to bee commended in horses , it commeth from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is a sl●p of the date tree pulled off with the fruit , which is of this colour , in French Bay , Ba●ard , in Italian Ba●o , in high Dutch Kesten-braune that is Chesnut browne , it is also called of some Phoenicius colour from Dates , which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , but as I take it improperly , for colour Phoeniceus , is either the colour of bright purple , or of the rednesse of a Summer morning according to Aristotle , of vermilion , Spanish browne and blacke you shall make a perfect bay . A deepe purple . From the Dutch purple , in French Purpurin , in Italian Porporeo , in the Spanish and Portugall Purpureo , in Latine Purpurus , in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a kind of shelfish that yeeldeth a liquor of this color , wherwith in old times they died this colour , it is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , as much as to say , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the worke of the Sea , whereupon Plato taketh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be of a deepe red mixed with blacke and some white , and so it is taken also of Aristotle and Lucian , it is made , saith Aristotle by the weaker beames of the Sunne mixed with a little white , and a dusky blacke , which is the reason that the morning and euening is for the most part of this colour . Ash colour or gray . In Latine col●r Cinereus in French ●●l●ur cen●ree , ou ●ris● , Ital. Griso ber●tino , German . Asch●n fra● , Hispan . color decen●z ●s , In Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is ashes , it is made by equally mixing white and blacke , white with Synaper Indico , on● blacke make an ash colour . A fiery or bright purple . A fiery or bright purple is called in Latine ●uniceus colour , in French Purpurni ●elnissante , Ital. Rosso di Phoenice , in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , it is made as I said before of blacke enlightned with the fire or beames o● the Suune : the words of Aristotle be these : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . It seemeth by Virgil to be the same colour of which Roses are , or ve●y neere it , for he saith , Puniceis humilis quantum ●a●unca Roseti● , and againe in his AEneid●s to be that colour in the morning , Puniceis iniecta rotis Aurora rubebat , and the Poet Lucretius calleth that colour on the side of ripe crabs p●niceum : where hee saith , Matura colore arbuta puniceo . A grassy or yealowish greene . In high Dutch Grassgrun , in Belgick Gersgroe● , Gall. ver messeè de iaulne , Italicè verde de giallo , Hispanecè verde qui tiene pocode Rurio , in Latine prassinus , in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is Leeke , a whose colour it resembleth , there is also a precious stone called prasites of the same colour . This colour ●s made g●●n●ing Ceruse with Pinke , or adding a little verditure wi●h the ●u●ce of Rue or herbe Grace . A S●●●ron colour . Germanice S●ffr●n-gerb ; B●lg . Saff●●n-geel , Gall. Iau●ne , c●me S●●fran . Itali●e croceo , color di Saffrano , H●spanice color d● a●●sran from the Arabian word Za●r●n● Lat●n● Croc●●● c●●or , G●●●● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , Saffron , the Etymon of that name in is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from florishing in the cold , for in frost and snow the Saffron ●lower , sheweth the fairest , and th●iueth best , the colour in washing is made of S●ff●on it selfe by s●eeping it . A 〈◊〉 colour . In high Dutch it is cal●ed Sewe●t●ro as you would say in English fire red , in the Belgick or low Dutch vier-root , glinsterich ro●t , in Fre●ch Rouge come feu , resplendissante , In Italian color d●●uoco , Hispan . color de ●uego Latine rutilus aut igneus , in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is fire : it is made of vermelion and orpiment mixed deepe or light at your pleasure . A Violet c●lour . In French col●ur Violette , Ital. Violato color di viola , Hisp. color de violet ●s , T●utonice viol bra●n , Latin. violaceus , à viola , which is a violet so called of vitula , as some imagine , in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a violet it hath the Etymon from Io the virgin transformed into a bullock , who grazed as the Poets fayine vpon no other herbes then violets , Roset , Ceruse , and Litmose of equall partes . A Lead colour . In the Belgicke Loot-verbe , Gallice coleur de plomb . Ital. color piombo , color liuide , Teutonicè bley-farb . Hispan . color catdenno , O color de plomo , Latinè liuidus of liu●r , which is taken for enuie , because this colour is most of all ascribed to enuious persons it is deriued from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . CHAP. XXV . How to prepare your tablet for a picture in small . TAke of the fairest and smothest pastboord you can get , which with a sleeke stone rubbe as smooth , and as euen as you can , that done , take the ●ine skin of an Abortiue , which you may buy in Pater no●ter row , and other places , ( it being the ●inest parchment that is ) and with starch thinne laid on , and the skinne well stretched and smoth pressed within some booke or the like , prepare your ground or tablet , then according to the general complexion of the face you are to draw , lay on a weake colour , that done , trace out the ●ies , nose , mouth , and eare , with lake or red Lead , and if the complexion be swarthy , adde either of sea coale , lampe blacke to deepen and shadow it , when you haue thus done , lay it by for a day , or till it be well drie , then by little and little , worke it with a curious hand with the liuely colour , till you haue brought it to perf●ction : but I will lay before you the practise of a rare Article in stead of many , that you may imagine you saw it done before you . CHAP. XXV . The practise of that famous Li●mer Hippolito Donato y●t liuing in Rome , in a small picture of Christ. FIrst hee tooke a Card or smooth peece o● past boo●d , which after he had well rubbed with a Sleeke stone , hee with starch finely layed on , pasted an aborti●e skinne vpon the same , which when it was through drie , smoothed , pressed and prepared hee did draw the forme of the face with lines of lake then on the complexion , which he composed according to the life of white and redde lead , adding therto as occasion serued , a little Lake , Vermilion , &c. Then hee came ouer the face with a little red Leade an● Lake . Th●t done and dry he mixed for the shadow vnder the eies , eie-browes and face redde leade lake like a little ●oote with a smal quantity of Lamp blacke . For the haire he laid on first yealow oker very thinne and after deepened with ●oot a little lamp blacke a●d his owne . For the lips vsed a little vermillion with lake for the shadow and the mouth stroke . For the hands hee vsed redde leade and lake with which he mingled a little lampe blacke and soote . For the Drape●y which hee termed Per panneare , he laied on first lake very thinne , which beeing drie , hee deepened it with the same , which also he obserued in ●is blew . Although most co●monly it is deep●ed with Indice or Turnsoile . O● mingling Colou●s ●or all manner o● G●●ments and Drapery . FOr a Garment of yellow , take Masti●o● , deepned with browne oker and red leade . For Crimson , lay on your Lake very thinne , and deepen with the same . For Blew , vse Azure deepned with I●die blew , or lake heightened with whi●e . For Cloth of Gold , take browne Oker and liquid Gold water , and heighten vpon the same with small strokes of Gold. For changeable silke , the water of Masticot and redde leade for the heightning , deepen the same with sappe greene . A light blew , heightned with white , and deepned with Lake . For a straw cullour , Masticot and white heigh●ned with Masticot , and deepened with Pinke . Another , red leade deepened with Lake . For yellowish garments , thinne pinke and deepned with pinke and greene . Another verditure deepned with sappe green and heightned about the edges with gold . For a Sca●let , vermillion deepned with Lake , and heightned with touches of Ma●ticot . For a blacke Veluet , lay first your garment ouer with Iuory blacke , then heighten it with Cheristone blacke and a little white . For a blacke satten , vse Cheristone blacke and white steepened againe wi●h Cheristone blacke , lastly with Iuory black as Elephants tooth burned &c. Another , a faire blew deepned with lake and pursled ●ith liquid gold . For a white S●tten , fi●st very fine Ceruse , which d●epen with Cheristone blacke , which height●n againe wit● Ceruse and fine touches where the light falleth . For a russet satten● Indie blew and lake first thinne after deepened with Indie againe . To shaddow russet , take Cheristone blacke , and white for the russet lay a light russet then shadow it with white . For purples , grinde lake and smalt together , you may also make them of blew bice , red lead and white light or da●ke as you will. For an orient violet , grind Litmose blew Smalt , somwhat light Ceruse ground heerewith maketh an orient colour for violets , Colombines and the like , but in their mixture let the blew haue the vpper hand . To m●ke a most pure green , take Verdigrease , and bruise it in a linnen cloth , and steepe it in Muscadine or Malmesie for twelue houres , or somewhat more , then straine it into a shell , and put therein a little sappe greene , and it will be perfect , but put ( I wish you ) no gumme at all heerein . To make a carnation or flesh colour , grind Ceruse well washed with red lead , or Ceruse and vermillion Lake is not so good . Out of Masticot , Vmber , yealow Oker , Ceruse Oker de Rous and Sea coale are made for the most part all manner of haire colours . With a perfect and faire green mingled with Masticot is made a Popingaie greene . For a skie colour Venice Ceruse and blew bice . A darke skie colour you shall make of stone blew and white , orpiment burned maketh a marigold colour . For a peach colour take Brasill water , L●gwood water , and Ceruse . To make a Craine colour , mingle Ceruse with Indie blew . For a darke skie colour as in a thicke foggie and cloudy day mixe stone blew and white . To make a light purple mingle Ceruse with logwood water . You may moreouer take Turnsoile with a little Lake : mingled together with Smalt or bice . Take Ceruse and Sa●fron , it maketh a deeper shaw colour . Redde lead thinly laid and shadowed with brown of Spaine , maketh a walnut colour . There be certaine berries to be bought at the Apothecaries called Venice berries , bruise them and put them into a shell with Alome , then put into a little faire water , and within an hower it will bee a faire yealow to wash withall . In grinding lampe black put into it a little sugar , and into the rest if you will excepting blew and greene . Grind your blew verditure but lightly . Your stone blew steepe onely in water , and it will bee sufficient . To make your saf●ron shew fair steep it either in faire water or vineger . White is shadowed with blacke and so on the contra●y . Yellow is shadowed with vmber and the okers . Vermillion with Lake . Blew bice with Indie . Blacke coale with Roset , &c. Other instructions for the colouring of some other bodies . To resemble the fier take Masticot and deepen it with Masticot for the flame . For a tree take Vmber and white wrought with vmber and deepened wi●h blacke . For the leaues , Sap green & green bice , the heightning verditure and white , or Masticot and white . For water , blew and white , deepened with blew and heightned with white . For bankes , thin vmber , deepened with vmber and blacke . For a feather Lake , ●rizeled with red lead : and so by your discretion you may iudge of the rest : but I wish you euery day to doe somwhat in practise , but first to buy some faire prints to exercise your pencill withall . CHAP. XXVI . The manner of Annealing and Painting vpon glasse . THere be sixe principall colours in glasse , which are Or , or yealow Argent , or white , Sables , Azure , Gules , and Ver● , blacke , blew , red , and greene . How to make your Or , or yealow vpon glasse . Your yealow is made in this manner , take an old groate , or other peece of the purest and best refined siluer , that you can get , then take a good quantity of Brimstone , and melt it , when ye haue done , put your ●●luer into the Brimstone melted , and take it forth , gaine with a paire of pliers or small tongues , and light it at the fire , holding it in your tongues vntil it leaue burning : then beate your siluer in a brazen Morter to dust , which dust take out of the Morter , & laying it on your Marble stone , grinde it ( adding vnto it a small quantitie of yealow Oker ) with gum Arabeck water , and when you haue drawne with your pencell what you will , let it of it selfe throughly drie vpon the glasse . Another faire Gold or yealow vpon Glasse . Take a quantitie of good siluer , and cut it in small peeces : Antemonium beat to powder , and put them together in a crucible or melting cruse , and set them on the fire , well couered round about , with coales for the space of an houre : then take it out of the fire , and cast it into the bottome of a candlesticke , after that beat it small into powder , and so grinde it . Note when as you take your siluer , as much as you meane to burne , remember to waye against ●it sixe times as much yealow oaker as it waieth , and seuen times as much of the old earth , that hath beene scraped of the annealed worke , as your siluer waieth : which after it is wel groūd , put altogether into a pot , and stir it well , and so vse it , this is the best yealow . Argent or white . Argent or siluer , is the glasse it selfe , and needeth no other colour , yet you may diaper vpon it with other Glasse or Christall beaten to powder and ground . S●bles . Take let , and the scales of Iron , and with a wet fether when the Smith hath taken an hea● , take vp the scales that ●lie from the Iron , which you may doe by laying the feather on them , and those scales that come vp with the feather , you shall grind vpon your painters stone , with the let and Gumme water , so vse it as your gold aboue written . Azure , Gules , and Vert. These three colours are to be vsed after one manner , you may buy or speake vnto some merchant you are acquainted withall , to procure you what coloured beads you will , as for example , the most and perfectest red beads , that can be come by , to make you a faire red , beat thē into powder , in a brazen Mortar , then buy the Goldsmiths red Ammell , which in any case let be very transparent & through-shining , take off the beads two pearles , & of the Ammell one part , and grinde them together as you did your siluer , in the like sort may you vse all the other colours . Another faire red vpon Glasse . Take a quantity of Dragons bloud , called in Latine Sanguis Draconis , beate it into fine powder in a Mortar , and put it in a linnen cloth , and put thereto strong Aquauitae , and straine them together in a pot , and vse them when you need . Another excellent greene vpon Glasse . Take a quantity of vert grease , and grinde it very with Turpentine , when you haue done , put it into a pot , and as often as you vse it warme it on the fire . To make a faire Carnation vpon a Glasse . Take an ounce of Tinne-glasse , one quarter of gum , of Iet three ounces , of red Oker fiue ounces , and grind them together . Another blacke . Take a quantity of yron scales , and so many copper scales , and waie them one against another , and halfe as much Iet , and mixe them well together . Before you occupie your scales , let them be stamped small , and put them into a cleane fire shouell , and set them vpon the fire till they be red hote , and they will be the better . Another Carnation . Take a quantitie of I●t , and halfe as much siluer , scumme , or glasse tinne● and halfe as much of Iron scales , a quar●er as much of gumme , and so much red chalke as all these do waie , and grind it . The manner of annealing your glasse , after you haue laid on your colours . Take brickes , and therewith make an Ouen foure square , one ●oote and a halfe high in this manner : and raise it a ●oot and a halfe high● when you haue done , lay little barres of Iron ouerthwart it thus : three or foure , or as many as will●serue , then raise it aboue the barres one foote , and a halfe more , then is it high enough : when you purpose to anneale , take a plate of Iron made fit for the aforesaid O●en , or for want thereof , take a blew stone , such as they make Hauer or Oten cakes , vpon which being made fit for the aforesaid Ouen , lay it vpon the crosse barres of Iron : that done , take sleekt lime , and fift it through a fine ●iue into the Ouen , open the plate or stone , and make a bed of lime , then lay your glasse which you haue wrought and drawne before , vpon the said bed of lime , then ●ift vpon the said glasse , another bed of ●ime , and vpon that bed lay other glasse , and so by beddes you may lay as much glasse as the Ouen will containe : prouiding alwaies , that one glasse touch not another . Then make a ●o●t ●ire vnder your glasse , and let it burne till ●t be ●u●●iciently annealed : it may haue ( you must note ) too much or too little of the fire , but to prouide , that it shall be well , you shall doe as followeth . To know when your glasse is well anne●l●d . Take so many peeces of glasse , as you purpose to lay beds of glasse in your Ouen or furnace , and dra● in colours what y●u will vpon the said peeces , or if you wipe them ●uer with ●o●e colour , with your finger onely it is e●ough : and lay with e●ery bed of your wrought & drawne glasse one of the said peeces of glasse , which are called watches , and when you thinke that they are sufficiently annealed with a paire of pliers or tongs , take out of the first watch which is the lowest , and next to the fire , & lay it vpon aboord vntill it be cold : then scrape it good and hard with a knife , and if the colour goeth off , it hath not enough of the fire , and if it hold it is well annealed . VVhen you would occupie any oyled colour i● glasse , you shall once grinde it with gum water , and then temper it with Spanish Turpentine , and let it drie as neere the fire as may be , then it is perfect . THE SECOND BOOKE of Drawing and Limning . CHAP. I. Teaching how , according to truth to purtract and expresse , Eternitie , Hope , Victorie , Pietie , Prouid●nce , Ve●●●e , Time , Peace , Concord , Fame , Common Safetie , Clemen●ie , Fat● , &c. as they haue beene by Antiquitie described either in Comes , Statues , or other the like Publike Monuments . Eternitie . THE most ancient picture of Eternitie , was expressed in the forme of a faire Lady , hauing three heads , signi●ying those three parts of time , viz. Time past , Present , and to come , in her le●t hand a Circle pointing with her right fore-finger vp to heauen , the Circle shewes she hath neither beginning nor end , and those three heads not altogether vnproper to her , ●or saith Petr. Non haura luogo , fu , Sara , ne era Ma è solo in presente , et hora et hoggi Et sola eternita racolta , è vera . In the Meddals of Traia● and Domitian , she is figured sitting vpon a Sphere , in one hand the Sunne , in the other the Moone , by her sitting is signified her perpetuall constancie . August●s Caesar caused her to be stamped in his coine in the forme of a Ladie with two heads crowned vnder her feete , written AEternitas Augusti , and these letters S C. In the Meddals of Faustina , she is drawne with a vaile , and in her right hand the Globe of the world . In another ancient Meddall I haue seene her drawne in greene , with a speare in her left hand , with her right hand reaching for●h w●th th●se letters . Clod. Sept. Alb. Aug. Hope . Hope by the Ancients was drawne in the forme of a sweete and beautiful child in a long Roabe hanging loose , standing vpon the tip●toes , & a treyfoile or three leaued grasse in the hand . Hope hath her infancie and encrease , the amiable countenance , the pleasure & delight she bringeth the loose garment shewes she neuer pincheth or bindeth , truth , but alloweth the largest scope , the treyfoile of all other herbs first appeareth greene , h●r standing on tiptoe , shewes she neuer standeth ●irme and certaine . In the Meddals of Gold of the Emperour Adrian and Claudius , she is is draw like a Ladie all in greene , with one hand holding vp th● skirt of her garment , in the other a goblet with a Lilly in the ●ame , and these leters R. P. Elsewhere shee is drawne in yellow with a flowry plant in her hand , her garment also embroydered with sundry flowers as Roses , Vi●lets , Daffadils &c. in her l●ft hand an Anchor . Shee is al●o expressed all in greene with a Garland of sundry flo●●rs vpon her head gi●ing a Cupid , or Loue suck , for indeede she is the ●ood of loue . Amor sinespe , non attin●t ●inem desider● , saith S. Augustine . Victory . Victory ( as ●●liodorus reports ) was expressed by the ancients in the forme of a Lady , ●lad all in Gold , in one hand a Helmet in the other a pomgranate , by the h●lmet was meant force & strength of the body by the pomgranate vnity of wit and counsell , in the Meddals of Octauius she is portra●tured with wings standing vpon a base , in one hand a Palme , in the other a Crowne of Gold , with these words , Asia re●epta . The sea victory of Vespasian , was a Ladie holding a Palme in her hand , at her foote the prow of a ship . The same Vespasian caused also a Columne to bee erected in Rome , vpon whose toppe there was the prow of a ship , which being called in Latine Rostrum gaue the name to the common pulpit or pleading place in Rome , where those excellent Orations of Tullius ●orte●sius and others were made beeing framed and built of the prowe of those ships of Anti●m which the Romanes ouerthrew and tooke in the riuer of Tiber in memory of so notable a victory . The victory by land of Vespasian was a Lady winged writing these words in a shield ( neere a palm● tree ) Iudaea Capta . Titus his sonne gaue her without wings , ( as Pa●●sanias reports the Athenians did , who drew ( her p●●●iond● because she could not slie awa●e but euer ●●●maine with him . Augustus would haue her with wings ready to fl●● standing vpon a Globe , with a Garland of b●●es , in one hand , in the other the Corne● of ●he Emperour with this word Imperator Caesar. Luc●us Verus drew Victory in the forme of a tall Souldier a helmet vpon his head , in his right hand a speare , in his left hand a Trophey laden with the spoiles of the enemy . Domitian deuised after his Germane Conquest Victory in forme of a Lady writing within a shield hanging vpon a tree , neere whome sate a comely virgine mourning and leaning with her cheek vpon one hand . Piety . Piety is drawne like a Lady of Solemne chear , and a ●ober countenance , in her left hand a storke , her right arme stretched ouer an Alter with a sword in her hand , by her side an Elephant and a child . The Storke is so called o● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is the naturall or reciprocall loue the child beareth to the parent , or the parent to the childe , of which this bird hath euer beene an Embleme for the loue and care she hath of her parents being old . The sword and Alter declares her readinesse in offering her selfe for the defence of Religion . The El●phant aboue all beasts is thought to haue a secret and naturall instinct of pity , Plutarch and AElian affirme that they adore and worship the Sun at the rising , Pliny addeth the new Moone : AElian moreouer reporteth that they haue a care of inter●ing their dead , and that if they ●inde one dead , they will doe their best to couer him with earth , and no meruaile , if it be true , which Oppian writeth of them that they can prophecie , and which is more as Dion saith , that they haue knowledge of what is done in Heauen . The AEgiptians resembled P●ety by B●tonis and Cleobis , drawing by the neck● their mother in a chariot to the Temple of Iuno . A●t●n●●s P●us gaue her in his money , like a Lady with a Censer before an Altar . P●a●e . Peace ( as I haue yet to shew in an ancient peece of coine stamped about Augustus Caesars time ) is drawne like a Lady , in her right hand holding a Caduceus downward toward the earth , where lieth an hideous serpent of sundry colours , with her other hand couering her face with a vaile , as loth to behold the serpent : the word vnder is Pax Orb. Terr . Aug. It being the time of the birth of our blessed Sauiour Iesus Christ , when there was a generall peace ouer the whole world . Caduceus among the Romanes was the name of a wand so called a Cad●ndo , because at the sight thereof presently all quarrels and discord ceased , and it was carried by their Herralds and embassadors , as an ensigne of peace . Traian gaue a Lady in her right hand an Oliue branch , in her left a Cornucopia . The Oliue is giuen as the Embleme of Peace , because of all other trees if it may grow free from annoiance as in times of peace it becommeth the most fruitfull . In certaine peeces also of Sergius Galba , shee is resembled by a faire Lady sitting with an Oliue bow in one hand , and a Club in the other , vnderneath Pax Aug●st . Et S. C. Her beauty and sitting signifie the quiet of the mind in times of peace , by her Club is meant bodily strength . In the Medals o● Titus shee is figured like a Lady in one hand , an Oliue branch with the other , leading a lambe and a woolfe coupled by the necks in one yoke . Vertue . Vertue in most of the olde Romane statues and coines ( as in those of Maximinus , Geta , Traian ) was represented by Hercules , naked with his Lions skin , and knotted Clubbe , performing some one of his labours ( as at this day hee is seene in a goodly statue in the pallace of Cardinall Farness in Roome ) Hercules being nothing else : but Vertue hath his name in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iunonis gloria vel quia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Celebrat aut commemorat Heroas , which is the property of Vertue , hee is drawne naked to shew the simplicity of Vertue , being as the common saying is nudo homine cortenta . In the pe●ces of Geta hee is drawne offering to strike a Dragon keeping an Apple ●ree , by the Dragon are meant all manner of ●●●●s , by his Lions skin magnanimity , by his oken Club is signified Reason ruling the Appetite , the knottines thereof , the difficulty they haue , that seeke after Vertue . In the Capitol in Rome he was framed in a goodly stature guilt al ouer , in his hand three golden Apples designing the three Heroicall v●rtues , which are 1. Moderation of Anger , 2. Tempera●ce in Couetousnesse 3. The despising of pleasures . Domitian Gal●●nus and Galba gaue her like an Amazon with a sheeld and sword holding a lance , setting one foote vpon the World. Lucius Verus a Bellephoron , & the Chimaera taken by Alciate for the Embleme of vertue and Heroicall Fortitude . Prouidence . A Lady lifting vp both her hands to Heauen with this worde Prouidentia Deorum . In the Meddals of Probus a Lady in a Robe in her right hand a Scepter , in her left a Cornucopia , a Globe at her feete . Of Maximinus carrying a bundle of Corne , with a speare in one hand . Time. I haue seene time drawne by a painter standing vpon an old ruine , winged , and with Iron teeth . But I rather allow his deuise that drew him an old man in a garment of starres , vpon his head a Garland land of Roses , eares of Corne and dry stickes , standing vpō the Zodiack ( for he hath his strength from heauen ) holding a looking glasse in his hand , as beholding onely the present time ) two children at his feete , one fat , and well liking , the other leane , writing both in one booke vpon the heade of one , the sunne vpon the other , the Moone . Hee is commonly drawne vpon tombes in Gardens , and other places an olde man bald , winged with a Sith and an hower glasse . Concord . Concord was drawne sitting in her right hand a charger , or platter ●or sacrifice in her selfe , a Cornucopia , the word Concordia Augg. Et. S.C. Concordia Militaris Neruae Imp. A Lady in her right hand the beake of a shippe , vpon which standeth a flagge about the middle of the staffe of the same , two hands ioyned , the word Concordia Exercituum . Pierius Valerianus out of Democritus would haue Concord like a faire Virgin holding in one hand a pomgranate , in the other a bundle of Mirtle , for such is the nature of these trees , that if they bee planted , though a good space one from the other , they will meet , and with twining one embrace the other . In Faustinas meddals she is represented by crows , as may bee seene in Alciates Emblems . In another place s●e is shewed with a Scepter , hauing flowers bound to the toppe of the same , and in her arme a bundle of greene rods . Fame . A Lady clad in a thinne and light Garment , open to the middle thigh , that ●he might runne the ●aster , two exceeding large wings , her garments embroydered with eies and eares , blowing of a trumpet● as shee is described by the Poet Virgill . Captiu● Fame . A Lady in a long blacke robe painted with Puttines , or little Images with blacke wings a trumpet in her hand . Salus publica , or common s●fe●y . A faire childe holding a goblet in the right hand , offering the same to a serpent , in the other hand a wand , the word Salus . Pub. August● . Clemenc●e . A Lady sitting vpon a Lion , holding in one hand a speare , in the other an arrow , which shee seemeth to cast away from her with these words , Indulgentia Aug. Incar . Among the Meddals of Nitellius she is expressed sitting with a bay branch in her hand , and a staffe lying by her . Fate . Fate is drawne like a man in a faire long flaxen robe looking vpward to certain bright starres compassed about with thicke clouds , from whence there shall hang a golden chaine , as it is described by Homer in the eight of his Illiades , which chaine signifieth nothing else but the coniunction of diuine with humane things on which they depend as on their cause Plato holds this chaine to be the power of the diuine spirit & his heate Flax was the hieroglyphick of Fate among the AEgiptians , as Pierius Valerianus noteth . Felicity Lulia Mamme● gaue Felicity like a Lady sitting in an imperi●ll throne , in one hand a Caduceus , in the other a Cornucopia . ●ecundity . Among the M●dd●●les of ●austina shee is described in the forme of a Lady sitting vpon a bedde , two little infants hanging about her ne●ke . Security . Is expressed among the Meddailes of Gordianus by a Lady lea●ing against a pillar , a scepter in her hand before an Altar . Mon●y . Was among the Graeci●ns represented by a Lady , in a garment of white , yellow , ●nd tawny or copper color , in her hand sundry stamps by her side a Ciuet cat which was stamped in the Grecian coin , and was ( as Plutarch saith ) the A●ms of the Athenians . Dissimul●tion . A lady wearing a vizard of two faces , in a long Robe of changeable colour , in her right hand a Magpie , the Poet Spenc●r described her looking through a lattice . Equality . A Lady lighting two torches at once . Matrimony . A young man standing vpon his shoulder a double yoke , his legges fast in a pair of stocks , in his hand a Q●ince , in token of ●ruitfulnesse , which by the laws of Solon was giuen to the Brides of Athens vpon the day of their Marriage , for further variety of these and the like deuises , I referre you to my Emblemes Dedicated to Prince Henry . CHAP. II. The manner o● expressing and figuring ●louds , Riuers , all so●ts of Nymphes : The M●●●s , Pl●nts , ●indes , Faun●s , and Satyres , the Sea●ons and M●nth●s of the yeare , &c. Of Flouds and Riuers . IN describing Flouds and Riuers , you must principally obse●ue the adiuncts ●nd properties of the same , which consist either in some notable accident done neere them : Some famous Citie situate vpon their bankes , trees , fruits , or reeds , by shew of some fish proper to their streames onely , their heads or fi●st fountaines , their windings and turning noise in th●ir ●alles , &c you shall best place the Citie vpon their heads , their fruits in a Cornucopia , reeds , flowers and branches of trees in their garlands , as for example . The Riuer Tiber. The riuer Tiber is seene expressed in many places in Rome , but especially in the Vaticane , in a goodly statue of Marble lying along ( for so you must ●emember to draw them to expresse their leuelnesse with the eateh ) holding vnder his right arme a shee-wolfe with two little infants sucking at her teates leaning vpon an vrne or pitcher , out of the which issueth his streame , in his left a Cornu-copia with all manner of delicate fruits , with a graue countenance , and long beard , a garland of sundrie sweete flowers vpon his head , resting his right leg vpon an Oare , to shew it was nauigable and commodious for tra●●ike . The Riuer Arnus Arnus is another famous riuer of Italy , and is drawne like an old man , leaning vpon his pitcher , powring forth water vpon his head , a ga●land of beech , by his right side a Lion holding forth in his right paw a red Lilly or flower De luce , each b●ing the ancient armes of the chiefe Citie of Toscanie , through the which this riuer passeth : by his beechen garland is signified the great plenty of beech trees , which grow about Fasterona in the Appenines , where Arnus hath his head . The Riuer Po , or Padus . Po is drawne with the ●ace of an Oxe a garland of reedes vpon his head , or rather of Poplar as well for the great abundance of those trees vpon his bankes , as in regard of the fable of the sister of Phaeton , whom the Poets faine strucken with lightning from heauen , to haue beene drowned in the riuer , he hath the head of an Oxe , because of the horrible noise and roring , he maketh his crooked bankes resembling the hornes , as Serui●s and Probus writes . The Riuer Nilus . Nilus at this day is seene in the Vaticane in Rome , cut out in white marble , with a garland of sundrie fruits and flowers , leaning with his left arme vpon a Sphinx from vnder his bodie issueth his streame , in his left arme a Cornu-cop●● full of fruits and flowers on one side , a Crocodile on the other , six●●ene little children smiling and pointing to the floud . The Sphinx was sometime a famous monster in AEgypt , that rem●ined by conioyned Nilus , hauing the face of a Virgin , and the bodie of a Lion , resembling bodily str●ngth and wisedome . The Crocodile , the most famous S●rpent of AEgypt , who hath his name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the fe●re he hath of S●●●ron , which hee cannot endure , wherefore those in AEgypt that keepe Bees set great store of Saffron about the hiues , which when hee seeth , hee presently depa●teth without doing any harme . The sixteene children resemble the sixteene cubits of height , being the vtmost of height of the flowing of Nilus , their smiling countenances , the commoditie it bringeth , gladding the hearts of the drie and poore sunburnt inhabita●ts . The Riuer Tigris . Tigris ( as appeareth in the Meddals of Traian , ) was drawne like an old man as the rest , and by his side a Tyger . This beast was giuen him aswell in regard of his swiftnesse , as of the place which he passeth , where are said to be great store of Tigers . This riuer hath his head or beginning in Armenia the greater , in a large plaine named Elongosin , and winding through many countries , at the least with ten branches or st●eams disburthens himselfe within the Persian Sea. The Riuer Danubius , or the Donow Danubius among the ancient Meddals of Traian the Emperour afore●aid , is represented with his head couered with a veile . He is so drawne , because his beginning or head is vnknowne , whereupon as I remember A●sonius saith , Danubius perijt caput occultatus in ore . The Riuer Achelous . Achelous is described by Ouid to bee crowned with willow , reeds , &c. hee hath two vrnes or pitchers , the one pow●ing out water , the other emptie , with a horne vpon one side of his head , vpon the other the appearance of another broken description being grounded vpon that sable of Hercules , who for Deianiras sake turned both his streames into one shadowed in his combating him in the likenesse of a Bull , and breaking off one of his hornes : Whereupon one of his vrnes are emptie . This riuer is one of the most famous of al Greece , diuiding AEtolia from Arcadia , and so falling into the Sea. The Riuer Ganges . I haue seene this riuer with wonderfull art cut out in white Marble , bearing the shape of a rude and barbarous sauage , with bended browes of a fierce and cruel countenance , crowned with Palme , hauing ( as other flouds ) his pitcher , and by his sides a Rhinoceros . His crabbed lookes signifie the sauage vnciuility of the people in those par●s being for the most part cruell , runnagates , and notorious theeues . This riuer runneth through India , and hath his head from a fountaine in Paradise . The Riuer Indus . Indus is co●only described with a graue and Ioniall aspect , with a garland of his countrey flowers by his side a Camell , the beast hath his name from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , on the ground he is represented pleasantly graue , because the East Indians are held to bee the most politique peop●e of t●e world , as our countrymen haue had good experience among those of China , Iaua , Bantam , and in other places in those Easterne parts . This is the great●st riuer in the world , receiuing into his channell threescore other mightie and famous riuers , and aboue an hundred lesser . The Riuer Niger . This riuer is pourtracted like a tawney or blacke Moore , with a coronet of Sunbeames ●esting vpon his vrne by his side a Lion. The Sunbeames represent the exceeding heat of that clime lying vnder the burning Zone whose Inhabitants are the Moores . The Lion is proper to M●●ritania and Barbarie , where are bred the fie●cest in the world . Thus haue I broken the Ice to inuention , for the apt description and liuely representation of flouds and riuers necessary for our Painters and Poets in their pictures , poems , comedies , maskes , and the like publike shewes , which many times are expressed ●or want of iudgement very grosly and rudely . CHAP. III. The N●mp●es i● gen●r●ll . THis word N●mphe in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 properly signifieth a bride hauing the et●mon from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because she appeareth to the world , as it were a fresh & new creature , hēce those virgin goddesses of the woods , & waters had the name of Nymphes , or as some will from water , Nympha quasi lympha by changing L. into N. after the dorick dialect which may very well be , since by this word Nymphe is meant nothing else but by allegory the veget●tiue humour or mo●●ture that quickneth and giueth life to trees , plants , h●rbs and flowers , whereby they grow and increase , wherefore they are samed to bee the daughters of the Ocean , the mothers of flouds , the nurses of B●cchus , goddesses of Fields , who haue the protection and charge of Mountaines , feeding of heards , woods , medowes , trees , and in generall the whole life of man. Nap●●e or Nymphes o● the mountains . They are called of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is the top of an hill or wooddy valley , they would be drawne of a sweete and gracious aspect in mantles of greene girded about them vpon their heads garlands of hunnisuckles , woodbine , wild roses , sweet Marioram and the like . Their action should be dancing in a ring , composing a ga●land or gathering flowers . Dryades and ●am●d●yad●s , Nymph● o● the 〈◊〉 . They haue their name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an Oake , these must be drawne not of ●o faire a hew , but of a browne o● tawny complexion , no o●nament vpon their heads , their haire thicke like mos●e , their attire of darke greene , of the colour of the ba●ke of trees . They are called Hamadryades , because as they haue their birth and beginning with the trees , so ( saith Appolloniu● ) they die together with them . N●●iades or the Nymphes of f●ouds . You shall make them very beautifull with armes and legs naked , their haire cleare as Cristall , vpon their heads garlands of water-cresses , and their red leaues with pitchers powring out water . They haue their names from Nao to flow or bubble as the water doth from a fountaine . Dianas Nymphes would be arraid in white , in signe of their virginity , their garments gyrt close a●bout them , as Virgil & Claudian describe them , their armes and shoulders naked , bowes in their hands , and quiuers by their sides . Diana hath her name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to moysten which is proper to the Moone , being by nature cold and moist , a●d is fained to be a goddesse huntresse● because they thought in times past the night to be fittest time for that sport , whereupon Horace perhaps thought hunters wiues had wrong lying many a cold night without their husbands . CHAP. IIII. The Ocean● HE is represented like a surley old fellow with a thicke beard , long and vnkembed lockes , quite naked , saue gyrt ab●ut the middle with a Seales skinn● or ships ●aile laying his legge ouer a Dolphins backe , in his hand the sterne of a ship , Anker , Oare , or the like . He is painted old , because he is of equall age with our common mother the earth , of fearefull and fower aspect , by reason of his often commotion and raging , he hath his name from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is swift , and suddenly violent . Thetis . A Ladie of something a browne complexion , her hei●e d●sheueld about her shoulders , vpon her head a Coronet of Periwinckle and Escallop shelles in a mantle of Sea●water greene about her necke and armes , chaines and bracelets of Amber , in her hand a branch of red Corrall . Her name importes a nurse , because she giues moisture to euery thing , her complexion agreeth with the colour of the Sea , being many times at the Sunne rising and setting , as Aristotle saith , of a dark red or purple colour Galatea . A most beautifull young Virgin , her hayre with a careles grace fal●ing ●bout her shou●ders like threds o● si●uer , at each ea●e a faire pea●l ●anging , of which al●o s●e shall haue a chaine many times doubled about her n●●ke and left arm , a M●●t●e of most pure , thinne and ●ine white , wa●ing as it were by the gentle brething of the a●r , viewing in her hand a spunge being made of the ●●oth of the Sea. S●ee hath her name from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is milke , as bei●g of the ●●llour of the same f●oth . Ir●●●r the Rain●bow . A Nymphe with large wings dispred in the forme of a semi-circle , the feathers set in ranckes of sundry colours , as purple yellow , greene , redde , &c. Her haire hanging before her eies , her breast in form of a cloud , drops of water falling from her body , standing if it ●ay bee so deuised in a iust or thicke cloud in her hand , Iris or the flower deluce , some giue her wings to her feete agree●ble to Homers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 she is said to be the messenger of the Gods , Virgil often makes her the Messenger of Iuno , allegorically taken for the aire , when he saith . Irin de coelo m●sit Saturnia Iuno . Aurora or the Morning . Aurora i● drawne like a young maide with carnation wings , in a mantle of yellow , in her forehead a starre with the appe●r●nce of certaine golden sun-beames from the crowne of her head r●ding vpon Pegasus some giue her a light in her hand , but in●stead of that I rather allow her a Viol of deaw , which with sundry flowers she scattereth about the earth . Her dressing agreeth well with those Epistles of Homer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and o● Vi●gil Croc●o velamine sulgens . Her Carnation wings with her Epithite of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or the rosie fingred Morne . Her riding vpon Pegasus sheweth her swiftnes , & how shee is a friend to all studies especially to poe●trie and all ingenious and pleasant inuentions . CHAP. V. The Nine Muses . THe Muses in auncient time were repr●sented by nine faire , young , and gratious Virgins , they had the name of Muses , as Eusebius saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to instruct , because they instruct & teach the most honest and commendable disciplines and Orpheus in his himnes declareth how they first taught religion and ciuility amongst men . Clio. Clio the first hath her name from praise or glory and is drawne with a Garland of baies in her right hand and a Trumpet in her left , a book , vpon whose outside may be written , Thucidides or the name of some other famous Historian . ●ut●rpe . Euterpe is crowned with a wr●ath 〈◊〉 sweet ●lowers , h●lding in each hand sundry wind instruments , she hath ●●r name ●●om giui●g delight , Dio●o●us attribute● vnto ●er all kind of lea●ning . T●●lia . Th●li● should be drawne with a wanton and s●●●ling cou●tenanc● vpon h●●●ead a Garland o● Iuy● in her le●t ha●d a ●●zard on a ro●e of Ca●nation embroydered with light siluer twist , and Gold spangles : ●er my shewes her prerogatiue ouer Comical Poe●sie : her maske Man●●e and pum●es are ornaments belonging to the stage . Melpo●●ne . Melpomene would bee ●epresented like a Virago or manly Lady , with a Maiesticke & graue countenance vpon her head a most rich dressing of Pearle , D●amonds● & Rubies holding in her le●t hand scepte●s with crowne● vpon them other crowns & scepters lying at her feete , in her right hand a naked poniard , in a pall or mantle of changeable Crimson , & black bu●kins of siluer , with Carnation blac●e and white Ribands , o● her feete her high Cothurn or Tragicke pantofles of redde Veluet and gold beset with pearles and sparkes of Rubies , her grauity be●itteth Tragike Poesie , her pall and pantofles were inuented for the stage by the Greeke Poet● AEschilus , as Horace t●stifyeth . Polymnia . Polymnia shall bee drawne as it were acting her speech with her forefinger all in white , her hair hanging loose about her shoulders , resembling wie●y gold , vpon her he●d a Coronet of the richest and rarest iewels en●ermixt with sweet flowers , in her le●t hand a booke , vpon whose outside shall bee written Suad●r● . To this Muse al Rhetorician● are beholden , whose patron is the Coronet of pretiou , stones signif●ing those rare gifts which ought to bee i● a Rhetorici●n viz : Inuention , Disp●sition , M●mory , and Pronuntiation , her white habite declares the sinceri●y which ought to be in Orators , her name imports much Memory . Erato . Erato hath her name of Eros which is Loue , draw her with a sweete and louely counten●nce , h●r temples gy●● with Mirtle and roses ( both of aunci●nt time Dedicated to Venus ) bearing a heart with an Iuory key , by her side a prety Cupid or Amorino winged with a Torch lighted in her hand , at his backe , his bow and qui●er . Terpsichore . Terpsichore would bee expressed with a merry countenance playing vpon some instrument , vppon her head a coronet of feathers of sundry colours , but especially those greene feathers of the Poppiniaie , in token of that victory , which the Muses got of the Syrenes , and the daughters of Pieri●s and Euripus , by singing ( as P●usanias reports ) who after were turned into poppini●es or wood peckers as Ouid writes . Vrania . Let Vrania bee showne in a robe of Azure , imitating t●e Heauen vpon her head a Coronet of bright starres , in her hand a Globe rep●esenting the c●l●stiall spheres . Her name imports as much as heauenly , for it is her office to describe heuen , and the spheres , vrania ●oeli motus scrutatur et Astra . Calliope . Calliope would bee painted richest of all the rest , vpon her head a Coronet of gold as queene of her fellowes howsoeuer we heere giue her the last place vpon her left arme , many garlands of bay in store for the reward of Poets , in her right hand three bookes , whose titles may be Illiadoes , Odysseos , and AEneidos , as the worthiest of Poetry . I haue thus briefly giuen you the draught of this faire company , as Fulu●us Vrsinus reports they are described in the Middals of the auncient family of Pomponia , the rather because their description agreeth with the inuention of Virgil , and the rest of the auncient Poets . CHAP. VI. Pan and the Satires . THis word Pan in Greeke signifieth All , or the V●iuersall , and indeede he is nothing else but an Allegoricall fiction of the World , hee is painted with a Goates face , red blowen cheekes , vpon his head two hornes standing vpright , about his shoulders a panthers skinne , in one hand a crooked sheepehooke , in the other a pipe of seauen reedes , compact with waxe together : from the middle downewards hee beareth the shape of a Goate , in this manner hee is expressed by Boccace and Silius Italicus . His hornes signifie the sunne and Moone . His redde and fiery face the Element of burning fire . His long bearde noteth the aire and fire , the two Masculine Elements , exercising their operation vpon Nature being the Feminine . His Panthers skinne represents the eight sphere or starry firmament , being the highest sensible Orbe couering the earth . The rodde shewes the soueraignty of Nature , guiding and destining each creature to his proper office and end : his pipe , how that hee was the first i●uentor of Country Musicke according to Virgill , P●n primu● calamos , &c. His nether parts of a Goate declare the inequality of the earth beeing rough and ●hagged as it were with trees plant● hills , &c. The Satyres haue their names from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and as Pliny testifieth were found in times past in the Easterne mountaines of India Lib. 7. cap. 2. S. Hierom in the life of S. Anthony reporteth , ●hat he saw one of these in his time : vid● homunculum ( inquit ) aduncis ●aribus , et fronte cornibus aspera cui extrem● corporis in caprarum pelles desinebant &c. but the truth hereof I will not rashly impugne , or ouerboldly affirme . The 4 Winds . Eurus or the E●st wind . Eurus as all the other Winds must be drawn with puffed and blowne cheekes , wings vppon his shoulders , his body the colour of the tawny Moore , vpon his head a red sunne . The Moorish colour shewes his habitation to be in the East , the redde sunne , an effect of his blowing . Zephyrus or the West wind . Zephorus you shall shew a youth with a merry cou●tenance , holding in his hand a swan with wings displaied , as about to sing , because when this wind bloweth , the swan singeth sweetliest , vpon his head a Garland of all manner of sweete flowers of the spring : thus he is described by Philostratu● , for with his gentle and warme breath , hee bringeth them forth , which Petrarch as liuely depain●eth in that sonnet of his , which with Gironimo Conuersi and many mo excellent Musitians I haue lastly chosen f●r a ditty in my songs of 4. and 5. parts being a subiect farre fitter then foolish and vaine loue , to which our excellent Musitians are ouermuch addicted . Zephiro torna e'l bel temporimena Ei fi●ri , e'l he● be sua dolce famiglia E●g●oir pr●gne , ●pianger Filomena E●primauera cand●d● è vermiglia , &c. Zephyrus is so called of the Grecians , qu●si 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bringing life , because as I said , it cherisheth and quickneth all things . Boreas , or the North winde . Boreas is drawne like an old man with a horrid and terrible countenance , his heire and beard quite couered with snow , or frozen with Iseickles , with the feete and taile of a Serpent , as hee is described by Ouid in his Metamorphosis . Auster or the South wind . Auster is drawne with head and winges wet , a pot or vrne powring forth water with the which shall discend ●rogs , grashoppers , caterpillers , and the like creatures as are bred by much moisture . The South wind of his owne nature is cold and drie , and passing through the burning Zone ere it commeth to vs , it receiueth heate and moisture from the abundance of raine , thus the nature of it being changed , it commeth vnto vs hot and moist , and with heate it openeth the earth , whereby the moisture multiplied causeth clouds and raine . CHAP. VII . The tw●lue moneths of the ●eare . March. MArch is drawne in tawny with a ●ierce aspect , a helmet vpon his head to shew this moneth was dedicated to Mars his father , the signe Aries in his right hand , leaning vpon a spade , in his left hand Almond blossomes and scients vpon his arme and basket of garden seeds . The Spring beginneth in the signe , wherupon saith Arios●o . Ma poi che il sol uell animal discreto Che porto Phrisio illumio la ssera & . Aprill . Aprill a young man in Greene with a garland of Mirtle , and hawthorne buds winged ( as all the rest of the moneths ) in one hand Primroses and Violets , in the other the signe Taurus , this moneth hath the name ab aper●endo saith Varro , because now the earth beginnes to lay forth her trea●ures to the world . May. May must be drawne with a sweete and ami●ble countenance , clad in a Robe of white a●d greene , embra●dered with D●ff●dilles , Hawtho●ne , blew-bottels , vpon his head a garland of whi●e dama●k● & red Roses , in one hand a Lute , vpon the forefinger of the other a N●ghtinga●e , with the signe G●mini : it was called Maius à maioribus , for Romulus hauing deuided the people of Rome into two parts , Maiores & Minores , whereof the younger were appointed to defend their countrey by strength , the elder by counsell : May so called in the honour of one , and Iune of the other , whereto Ouid agreeth saying : Hinc suae maiores tribu●re vocabula Maio , Iunius à Iuuenum nomine dictus adest . Iune . Iune in a mantle of darke grasse greene , vpon his head a garland of bents , king-cups , and maidens haire , in his left hand an angle with a boxe of Cantharides , in his right the signe Cancer , vpon his arme a basket of the fruits of his season , it hath the name , either à Iuuenibus , as I said , or of Iunius Brutus . Iuly . Iuly I would haue drawne in a Iacket of light yealow , eating cherries with his face and bosome Sunburnt , on his head a wreath of Centaurie and wild time , a sith on his shoulder , and a bottle at his girdle carrying the signe Leo. This month was called Iuly in the honour of Iulius Caesar the Dictator , being before called Quintili● or the fifth month , for the Romanes began with March. August . August shall beare the forme of a young man of a fierce and cholericke aspect in a flame colored garment , vpon his head a garland of wheat and Rie , vpon his arme a basket of all manner of ripe fruites , as peares , plummes , apples , gooseberies : at his belt ( as our Spence● describeth him ) a sickle , bearing the signe Virgo . This month was dedicated to the honour of Augustus Caesar by the Senate , because in the same moneth he was the first time created Consull , thrice triumpher in Rome , subdued AEgypt to the Romane Empirer and made an end of ●●uill warres , being before named Sextilis , or the sixt from March. September . September with a merry and cheerefull countenance , in a purple roabe vpon his head , a wreath of white and purple grapes : in his left hand a handfull of Millet● Oates , and Panicle , withall carrying a Cornu-copia of ripe Peaches , Peares , Pomgranates , and other fruits of his season , in his right hand the signe Libra . His purple Roabe sheweth how he raigneth like a king aboue other monthes , abounding with plenty of things necessary for mans life . The signe Libra is now ( as Sir Philip Sidney saith ) an indifferent arbiter betweene the day and night , peizing to each his equall howers according to Virgil. Libra dies , somnique pares vbi fecerit hor●s . This hath the name as being the seuenth moneth from March. October . In a garment of yealow and carnation vpon his head a garland of Oake leaues with the Akornes , in his right hand the signe Scorpio , in his left a basket of Seruises Medlers and Chestnuts and other fruits , that ripen at the latter time of the yeare , his robe is of the colour of the leaues and flowers decaying . This month was called Domitianus in the time of Domitian by his edict and commandement , but after his death by the decree of the Senate it tooke the name of October , euery one hating the name and memory of so detestable a Tyrant . Nouember . Nouember in a Garment of changeable greene and blacke vpon his head a garland of Oliues with the fruit in his left hand bunches of parseneps , and turneps , in his right the signe Sagittarius . D●cember . December must bee expressed with a horrid and fearefull aspect , as also Ianua●y following , cladde in Irish rugge , or course freeze , gyrt vnto him , vpon his head no Garland but three or foure nightcaps , and ouer them a Tu●kish Tu●bant , his nose redde , his mouth and beard clogd with Iseckles , at his backe a bundle of holly Iuy or Misletoe , holding in furd mittens the signe Caprico●nus . Ianua●y . Ianuary would bee clad all in white , like the colour of the earth at this time blowing his nailes , in hi● le●t arme a billet , the signe Aquarius standing by his side . This Moneth and the next were added to the yea●e by Numa Pompilius , and had the name from Ianus a Romane God painted with two faces ( signifying prouidence or wisedome ) iudging by things past of things to come . Februarie . February shall be clothed in a darke skie colour , carrying in his right hand with a faire grace the signe Pisces . Numa Pompilius gaue February his name either a Febribus from Agues , to which this time is much subiect , or from Febr●● , which were sacrifices offered for the purgation of the soules of the dead , for Februo was an old verbe , and signified to purge . You shall rather giue euery moneth his instruments of husbandrie , which because they do differ , according to the custome ( with the time also ) in sundrie countries , I haue willingly omitted , what ours are heere in England Tusser will tell you . Moreouer you ●ust be sure to giue euery month his proper and naturall Landtskip , not making ( as a Painter of my acquaintance did in seuerall tables of the monthes for a Noble man of this land ) blossomes vpon the trees in December , and Schoole-boyes , playing at nine pinnes vpon the yce in Iuly . THE THIRD AND LAST BOOKE , CONTAIning by way of Dialogue , a Discourse tending to the Blazon of Armes , with a more Philosophicall and p●rticular examination of the causes of Colours and their p●rticipation , with the light , according to the opinions as well o● Ancient as late writers . The speakers . Cosmopolites , E●daemon . Cosm EVDAEMON well met : what make you hee●e so solitarie all alone , Come , you haue some point of Musicke in your head , or inuenting some Impresa or other ; this B●●se was neuer built to studie in . Eud. To tell you troth , I was thinking how Luc●an could make ●is opinion good , concerning the s●u●es of wealthie vsurers , and couetous pe●sons , whom after their death he verily beleeues , and affirmes to be Metemphychosed , or translat●d into the bodies of Asses , and there to remaine certaine thousands of yeares , for poore men to take their p●niworth out of their bones and sides with the cudgell and spu●re . Cosm. There is no better physicke for melancholy then ●ither Lucian of the heathen● or of eternall memorie . Sir Thomas Moore among the Christians for wittie conceit and inuention , neither thinke I euer shal we s●e their like . But what book haue you there ? Eud. It is a part of Giouan de Ramellis , one of the best enginers in Europe . Cosm. I haue no skill that way , but what thinke you of this worke ? Eud. Surely an ●ffect of Magnisicence her selfe . Cosm. Haue you beene aboue . Eud. Yes , but I bought nothing . Cosm. Such a customer the Epigrammatist Martiall meetes withall , one who after he had walked through the fairest street twice or thrice cheapening Iewels , Plate , rich hangings , came away with a wodden dish : well since we are met so fitly together , I will now challenge you of your promise which was , to giue me cer●aine rules as the principles of Blazonrie , it being a skill I haue long desired , and as I imagine quickly learned . Eud. VVith all my heart , yet I am loath to thrust my sickle into another mans corne , since it is in a manner beside my subiect ( which Plinie wisheth a writer alwaies to beare in minde ) and which is more , it hath so plentifully beene written of already ( especially of late , by that worthy and honest Gentleman Master Guillim ) that little or nothing remaineth to be spoken heereof , notwithstanding rather then I will deny so reasonable a request , I will say somewhat heereof in generall , what I imagine , it is fitt●st for you to know for farther skill I re●erre you to the pro●essors he●reof . Cosm. Faith● the principall vse I would make of thi● skill is , that when I come into an old decaied Church or Monastery ( as wee haue plenty in Engl●●d ) or Gentlemans house , I might rather busie my selfe in viewing Armes , and matches of Houses in the windowes or walls , then lie bootes and spurres vpon my bedde in mine Inne , or ou●r-looke mine Hostes shou●der at Irish. Moreouer beeing a Gentlem●n ●y selfe , I haue beene many times asked my Coate , and except I should haue shewed them my ier●i● , I knew n●t what to say . Eud. Very likely , many of our English Gentlemen are in your predicament , but to say the truth , I must i●ge●i●usly confesse , it hath the most necessary vse to the knowledge and imitation of the vertues and atchieuements of our Ancestors , it beeing besides a most gentlemanly ornament to our selues , when occasion of discourse hee●eof shall be offered . Cosm. But first I pray you concerning the word Herald , let me vnde●stand what it signifieth . Eud. It hath the Etymon from the Dutch or Saxon heere , which is a Lord or a principall man , for in times past they were among the Romanes in great reputati●n , being by their office priests , created at the first by Numa Pompilius king of the Romanes appointed to denounce war against the enemy , by striking a spear● into the ground at what time they wore Garlands or wreaths of Ver●en , concerning the beginning and Antiquity of bearing Armes , and the first inuentors heereof , I will say nothing , at all , since so much hath beene saide already by Leigh , Sir Iohn Ferne , and others , to whose labours I referre you . Cosm. Acquaint me I pray you with an Escotcheon , and if it please you , with the sundry formes of shields , since I haue seene many differing , seuer●ll one from the o●her , as the Italian giues his Armes in an Ouall forme . Eud. Very willingly : this worde Escocheon is a French word deriued from the Latine Scutum , and th●t from the Gre●ke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is leather & hence commeth our English word Buckler , Lere in the old Saxon , signisying Leather , and Buck or Bock , a bucke or stagge of whose skins quilted close together with horne or hard wood , the auncient Britaines made their shields , of which sort it seemed the shield o● Nennius to haue beene , wherein Iulius Caesa●s sword stucke so fast , that Nennius had taken of his head , had not Labienus the Tribune , stepped happily betweene them in the meane time and rescued his maister . But of shields the first and most auncient was that same among the Romanes , w●ich they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , an elbow , where it was worne , or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which signifieth a remedy because it was a great r●medy and also a helpe to that grieuous pestilence in Rome , falling downe ●rom Heauen into the Citty in the time of Numa Pompi●ius , wherwith a voice was herd saying , in what City so●uer that shield should remai●e , the same should become the most mighty of the falling downe of this shield , I remember this of Ouid when I was a Grammar scholler . Ecce leui Scutum versatum leniter aura Decidit , a populo clamor ad astra venit . The forme of i● was long , and round at the ends , without any corner , as Ouid shew●th in another place . Atque ancil● vo●ant q●o● ab omni part● r●●●●um est , Quaque oculis sp●●les ●ngulus omnis abest : A second kind was that which Suid●● calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , in Latine Parma , so called ( as Varro saith ) quod par in omnes partes esset , meaning , that it was round , and ●quall from the vm●e●iqu● or middle point , to eu●ry side this shield was vsed most by the Troians as Virgil testifieth . Ense leuis nudo parmaque in glorius alba . A third kind was a short Target made in forme of a cressant or halfe Moone , called in Latine Pelta , vsed by the Amazons , as the same Virgil noteth , where he saith : Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis Penthesilea furens — It was also in great vse among the olde Romane Souldiers , as L●uy testifi●th . A fourth kind was called cetra , vsed by the African Moores and the Spaniards , in Caesars time who in his Commentaries calleth those Legions Vlterioris Hispaniae , cetratas . Some other kinds there haue been which for breuity , and your memory sake I omit , I will proceed to ●olours , and then to variety of charges . Cosm. How many colours be there in Armes ? Eud. Sixe principall , ( of which two viz. yealow and white , Or , & Argent , are termed mettals : that is , Gold and Siluer , viz. Or Azure and Vert. that is , yealow , white , redde , blacke , blew , and greene . Argent Azure and Vert. that is , yealow , white , redde , blacke , blew , and greene . Gules Azure and Vert. that is , yealow , white , redde , blacke , blew , and greene . Sables . Azure and Vert. that is , yealow , white , redde , blacke , blew , and greene . Gold is the most pretious and dearest of all mettals , the reason is , it remaineth longest vncorrupted , and without rust , and since man by nature desireth immortality , and to preserue his Memory , hee holdeth so this mettall , as most worthy of his loue and respect , I haue seene the monies of Augustus Caesar , ( who was Emperor of Rome , when Christ was born ) as fr●sh and as faire as if they had beene stamped in the Tower of London but yesterday , as also of Nero Domitian , Const●ntine and the rest , it is begotten by the heate of the sunne vpon the purest earth . It is called Gold in our English tongue , either of Geel ( as Scaliger saith , ) which is in Dutch to shine , or of an other Dutch word , which is Gelten , and signifieth in Latine Valere , in English to be of price or value : and hence commeth their ordinary word Gelt , for money Gold was of such ●stimation and price among the Romanes , that it was prouided by a Law , that it should be worne of none , but of the greatest persons , and of them but at certaine times . Cosm. I would the like laws were amongst vs heer in England , where if those infinite summes and expences which are consumed in gold lace and fringe vpon petticotes and garters , were bestowed in iron and steele , great horses , or poore schollers , it were better for our common wealth . Nay so ordinary is excesse in this kinde , that euen shoppe keepers , and which is more , their apprentices , with seruingmen , and chamber maids thinke themselues fowly disgraced if they be not in the fashion . I haue my selfe met an ordinary tapster in his silke stockins , garters deep ●●nged with gold lace , the rest of his apparell suteable with cloake lined with veluet , who tooke it in some scorne I should take the wall of him , as I went along in the streete , what shall now our Courtiers and gentlemen thinke of themselues ? Eud. It is a fault in the Magistrate , that so good Laws ●s we haue ( God be thanked ) in this land be so ill executed , I verily beleeue if this fellow had liued in the time of Cato Censor in Rome , hee would haue beene followed as a monster , and for his punishment haue been confinde to the bottom of a Sellar during his life . Cosm. But I pray you proceed to say somthing of Siluer . Eud. Silu●r next vnto Gold , is of greatest account beeing called in Gre●ke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , in Italian Argento , in French Argent , of the Latin Argentum , in Spanish it is called Plata of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ● by reason of the beating of it into broad peeces or Ingots , our English word siluer without doubt proceedeth of the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to shine , it is the second Mettall , and signifieth purity , innocency , and chastity , among the planets it holdeth with Luna , among pretious stones with the Margarite or pear●e . Gold signifieth to the bearer Riches , Honor and preheminence , among planets it holdeth with the sunne among stones with the Tapasion . They are called Mettals because they fall among metallica corpora which are numbred by Aristotle , compound the pur●st part of the earth growing one neere to another according to the Etymon of the worde met●lla which is qu●si 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for one veine or mine being found another is vnderneath it farre off , or as some would haue it ●rom 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is to search diligently as those doe that search for mines , and because their shining not as colours but as bright mettals are mingled wi●h the other colours they might the farthe● be discerned either by day or night in the field : for of themselues either doth confound the sight , and had need to bee allaied wi●h colour , which on the other side without any of these colours , is as much displeasing and o●fensiue to the sight being as it were a body without a soule , & take it for a general rule there is no coate without a mettell , or any without colour one onely excepted , which is the same of Godfrey of Bulloigne , it beeing a crosse Hierusalem or in a field siluer which you must not take as a president it being giuen him as a singular marke of honour as if some one atturney at the common Law should bee priuiledged by● both the Vniuersities to speake false Latine , ●nd his to be held for most pure and good , that of the rest most absurd and barbarous . Cosm. But I pray you what is the reason that I may not , notwithstanding call them by the names of yealow and white . Eud. Because those colours of the mettals are certain bright splendors begotten of a singular and one onely reflection from an outmost an● continuate superficies , as in leade , tinne , quickesi●uer , &c. the whitenesse of colour proceede●h ●rom a light often reflected and pen●t●ating many small cleare and transparent bodies as we ●ee in salt , I●e beaten small the foame of the sea and the like , for this is a generall rule that euery transparent body which wee call Diaphanon beaten and diuided into small parts or peeces yeeldeth a white colour as snow , which white is a continuate body in raine or water is transparent but being diuided by the cold ai●e in the falling downe into discreete parts , it forthwith turneth white , the like we may see in the shauings of horne , which the finer you cut them the whiter they appear so t●at in these & the like bodi●s the cause of whiten●sse is nothing else ( as I said ) then an o●t r●flection of the light possessing our ●ies and the aire or medium with many beames reflecte● . Cosm. I pray you now proceed to Blacke , which I thinke to be the next colour . Eud. You say true , this colour in Armes is called Sables , which is a most rich ●urre worne of Princes and great personages , it is brought out of Russia and Muscouia , it is the furre of a little beast of that name esteemed for the perfectnesse of the colour of the haires , which are in summitate nigerrimi . In Armes it denoteth sadnesse , grie●e and constancy , among the planets it hath Melancholy Saturne , among pretious stones the Diamond . Cosm. But mee thinks now you are contrary to your selfe , for euen now you saide that those cleare and transparent bodies , as Diamonds , Glasse , water , ice and the like were the subiects , rather of whitenesse then blacknesse as beeing most capable of light . Eud. It is true I said so , but you must know t●at these cleare bodies , as Cristall , Ice , the Diamond &c are subiects of both , for as white proceedeth from a cleare and transparent bodie , deuided into many parts , as in snow , so blacke is caused in the same body by a shadow dispersed into the smallest bodies beyond the light , or whether the light cānot come . For the light only possessing the one halfe of the superficies , draws it selfe with the broken beams into a center , which when it possesseth the eye with stronger & more forcible b●ames , the other on the sides pos●essing the sight with weker & fainter , can ha●dly be discerned : so that black color in these bodies is no thing else then a certain priuation of the light , by ouer shadowing , and heerin differeth darkenesse ●rom blacke : da●kness● is not bounded and circumscribed , ( as we say ) by other obiects enlightned , whereby it appea●eth of lesse blacknesse then blacke colour for contrarium contrarto oppositum m●gis clucescit . So that heerein it is worthy consideration , to see how as somtime contrary causes produce the like effects so euen the same to proceed from black and white , for the cleare and perspicuous body effecteth white , and that white a blacke , againe with contrary affections they beget like effects , for the cleare body broken to small peeces ( as I said ) produceth white , and becommeth most black , while it is continuate and vndiuided , as we see in deepe waters , ( which are euer blackest ) thicke glasses and the like . It is the opinion of some , that contrary to Aristotle , that the colour white doth gathe● the beames of the sight together ( as I said in my former booke ) and that black doth onely dispe●se and scatt●r them , as for example , if one beholde●h ●he light , or some very whit● ob●ect , he vieweth it win●●●gly , as we see those do , that are purblind● but if any thing that is blacke , he looketh vpon it with a broad and a full eye , and we see by experience in a Cat , so long as ●he beholdeth the light she doth , contrahere pupillam , draw the ball o● her eie small and long ( being couered ouer with a greene skin ) and let it forth or dilate at her pleasure . Now as Cristall , Ice , &c. by reason of their perspiscuitie , are the subiects of whitenesse , so are quicksiluer , silu●r , lead , steele , Iron● tin , and the like , by reason of their opacitie of blacknesse , as we see in their dust , and in the blacking o● our hands with much handling the same . And that they are the most shadowie bodies , we know by experience , for if the thinnest lea●e of tinne , laid ouer with quicksiluer be laid vpon a Glasse or Cristalline superficies , it hinders the light so much from passing through , that it is constrained to reflect it selfe to the aduerse part , which other bodies though of a farre greater thicknesse cannot doe , and hence at first came the inuention o● looking glasses . Cosm. I am well satisfied in these three colours , viz. or , Argent , and Sable , what I pray you is the next . Eud. Mar● , Azure , Guiles , and Vert , which I will passe ouer with as much hast as I can , because I will come to our matter . Azure is a faire light blew so named from the Arabian word Lazul , which is the same , it betokeneth to the bearer a zealous mind , it is also proper to them as Dauid saith that occupie their businesse in great wate●s , as trauellers by Sea and the like of the planets it holdeth with Mercury , among pretious stones with the Saphyre . This colour blew doth participate lesse of the light then the white colour , for striking it selfe vpon this colour it is rarified and dispersed , as on the contrarie it is thickned and more condensate in red , as by a most pleasant and delightfull experiment wee may perceiue in a three square cristal prisme , wherin you shal perceiue the blew to be outmost next to that the red , the reason is , that the extreme parts of a perspicuous bodie shine and yeelde a more faint light then the middle as appeareth by Opticke , and the light is receiued by fewer beames in the outmost edges then into the midst , so that yee perceiue first while in the middest then red and blew in the extremes seene . This againe is most manifest by the light of the Sun , through a thicke cloud which then appeareth red , and by the higher parts of the ayre which b●●ause they are more rarified and pure , then the nether appeare to be most blew which Theophrastus in his booke of colours witnesseth saying . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Againe while a candle , oyle , wood , or any thing that consisteth o● fatnesse burneth , the flame next to the candle it selfe at the nether end of the weeke appeareth blew , bec●use there is but a thinne and a weake light ioyned with a thinne , weake , and ae●ic moisture , the top of the ●lame is red , because it there adh●reth to a smoakie and thicke , earthy bodie , whereupon all earthy and sooty flames are red , the ●l●me of Aqu●vil● is most blew , because it is so rare and thinne that it is scarce able to burne , but heate i● coales , Iron , and the li●e is most red , because it is contained in thi●ke , drossie , and ea●thie bodies . Red is named in ' Armory Geules , it signifieth a warlike disposition , a haughtie courage , dreadlesse of dangers among planets it is attributed to Mars , among stones to the Rubie . Cosm. Proceed ( I pray you ) to greene , and then I thinke we haue done with those colours proper to Armes . Greene is termed by the name of Vert , and it is composed of white a thinne red : and lastly blew , for if you mingle blew with a little yealow you shal haue a Poppingay gree●e , if with much blew and yealow a sad or blacke greene if but a little more blew then yealow a Seawater greene , &c. It is called Vert of the Latine word viridis , contracted into the French , it signifieth hope and youth , it appertaineth to Venus among stones to be emerald . There the also other colours borne in armes , in number three , viz. tenne or tawney sanguine and pupre very ordinarie in French coates ( but not in such vse though honourable bearings with vs he●re in England . Now you haue done with the coulours , I pray you proceede to those things that are borne . You meane the charge for so is that termed which is borne vpon th● colour , except it be a coat diuided only by partition , falling in among those honorable ordinaries wherof the accidence of armory speaketh : which are in number ( as Leigh reckoneth thē ) nine . viz. The Crosse containing the fifth part of the Escotcheon being charged the three . The chiefe containing a third part . The Pale also a third part . The Bend a fifth part . The Fesse a third part . The Escotcheon a fifth part . The Cheueron a fifth part . The Salteir a fifth part vncharged . The Barre a fifth part . The Crosse is called in Latine Crux , à cruciando , for it was nothing else then an Instrument of execution among the old Romanes , it hath beene a very ancient bearing , yea euen before the birth of our Sauiour Christ among the Paynims themselues . Though they knew it not but in their blazon , they made the field gules , and called the charge foure cautions , bilfets or cantonez , touching the dignity of the Crosse , and the worthinesse of the bearing , I will , wanting words to expresse the same , referre my selfe to the ancient Fathers , who haue had this signe in such estimation and reuerence , That one may serue in stead of many , I will as farre as I can remember , report vnto you the words of Chrysostome in a Sermon of his : The Crosse ( saith he ) which was wont to be reputed the onely signe of disgrace , is now become the glory and boasting of vs Christians , insomuch as the most noble part of our bodie is signed therewith in our baptisme , we vse it in our praiers , in diuine seruice , we set it vp in our houses , yea at our beds heads , brides and bride groomes are adorned therewith , souldiers when they goe to the warres , marriners carry it on the tops of their ships , yea the bodies of bruite beasts ill affected are marked herewith , so that I cannot imagine ( these being the words of a deuout and most learned father of the Greeke Church , and Archbishop of Constantinople who liued twelue hundred yeares since ) that the signe of the crosse is so perilous a thing as most Puritanes would make it . I should fill more sheetes of paper then they would be willing to read , or my selfe to write , if I should report what hath bene said by Saint Augustine , Athanasius , Saint Hierome , and others in defence of lawfulnesse of the same . But I remember that I am writing of Heraldrie , not of those things that cōcerne controuersies in diuinity . Cosm. Be there no more crosses then one borne in armes ? Eud. Yes sir. Cosm. I pray you onely name them . I will learne them out hereafter of my selfe out of the Accidence of Armory ; The honor of armes or some where else . Eud. The most ordinary are these . A crosse Pateè . Potenc●è . Cro●seè . Fleuroncè . Composeè . Vair cōtre vaire . Nelle or Nylle . Bourdonncè . de 4. hermines . B●santie . Florenceè . Fretteè . Lozangcè . Pommeè . Fitcheè and some few others which I remēber not . Cosm. I pray you proceede to the chiefe , and why it is so called . Eud. The chiefe is so called of the French word Chief , and that from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is the head or vpper part , this possesseth the vpper third part of the Schocheon , and is diuided by one line in this manner . Cosm. I vnderstand this verie well , proceede , I pray to the pale . Of the Pale . Eud. The Pale is the third middle part of the Scocheon , being diuided from the chiefe to the base , or nether part of the Scotcheon with two lines as thus : Is called from the Latine palus , which is a Pale or peece of woode , wherewith wee fence about Gardens , Parks , Fields and such like . This in ancient time was called a tierce , and you should then haue blazed it thus , hee beares a fierce Sables betweene two fierces , or which will seeme strange to some of our Heralds . Of the Bende . The French Heralds call this Bande , it resembleth a kinde of Baudricke or girdle , which knights wore in times past ouer the right shoulder , and vnder the left , whereat their swords hung . Some vnknowne Godfather long since hath named it in Latine Bend● , it hath a fift part of the Escotcheon , beginning from the dexter part , or the right corner of the l●ft , the Species or kindes it containeth , are bendlets which are , if there be many , a Cotize , which is the third part of the bend , and a b●ston , which is like , and the same with a Cotize , saue that it must not touch the Scotcheon at both the ends , this is reserued for a difference of kindred or alliance among Princes , as it is to be seene in the house of Burbon in France . Cosm. I haue heard say that a bend sinister is the marke of a bastard , it hath beene taken so , but I hope you will not make that proposition , conuertibilis : For I haue knowne it borne by some lawfully borne , whose ancestors before them were legitimate . Eud. Here is a bend sinister . Cosm. If it had bene brought then from the other side , it had beene dexter and right . Eud. Very true . Cosm. Proceed I pray to the fesse . Of the F●sse . Eud. The fesse is so called of the Latine word fascia a band or girdle , possessing the third part of the Scotcheon ouer the middle , as thus , If there bee aboue one , you must call them barres , if the field with there be odde peeces , as seuen or nine● then you must name the field , and say so many ba●●es , if euen , as sixe , eight , or ten , you must say barwise or barry of sixe , eight , or ten , as the King of Hungary beares Arg. and gules barry of eight : marke this coate , how would you blaze it ? Cosm. To tell you true , I know not . Eud. I will tel you : he bears barry , counterbarrie of eight , Or and gules . You see heere an euen number of peeces . Cosm. I pray you proceed , I shall carry this in minde , and thinke of those odde and euen peeces . The next is a Ch●ueron called in Latine Tignum , or the ra●ter of an house . Howbeit it be a ve●y honorable bearing , yet it is neuer see●e in the coate of a King or Prince , because it pertaineth to a Mechanicall prof●ssion : none of which kind may touch the coate of a Prince . For nothing may touch the coat of a Prince saue a border a sable or a baston . If there be many , you must call them by the diminutiue cheueronelles . Heere is a cheueron . Of the Salteir . A Salteir is made in the forme of a Saint Andr●ws crosse , and by some is taken to be an engine to take wild beasts with all : In French it is called vn sautoir , it is an honourable bearing , it is borne in England by that most honourable familie of the Neuels : amongst whom I must neuer forget my dutie towards that noble and worthy-minded Gentleman , Master Doctor Neuell our master of Trinitie Colledge in Cambridge , who hath euer retained and shewed in all his life tho●e , Igniculos vertutis au●tae● as a Poet speaketh , and Homer auerreth to be a thing incident to those that are descended of generous and noble houses . The S●ltier is drawne in this manner . But one thing I must remember to tell you of these nine honourable bearings● Foure are neuer borne , but single , and by themselues , viz. the Crosse , Chiefe and Salteir ; the rest are borne in many peeces , as the Bend , F●sse , Barre , Cheueron , and Gyron . Of the Gyron or Guy●on . The Gyron is a point of triangular forme , whose basis on euery side of the Escotcheon and point or comes in vmbelico or the midst , they are commonly borne in the number of the eight peeces , as in the ancient coate of Bassing●orne , which by chance I found in a window at the Vicaredge in Fulham . O● the partit●ons . There is a diuision or partition by all these aforesaid places , which is drawne in the Sco●cheon with onely one line , as for example , party per bend is when the field is deuided into two colours by a single line drawne as the bend from the point , Dexter to the sinister in base , so likewi●e is the partition per pale , per Cheueron , Saltier and the rest . Cosm. The single line is sometime indented enuecky wauey embatteled &c. I pray you now acquaint with the furres , which are giuen in Armes , I haue heard great discourse of the same , but vnderstood not wel what they meane . Eud. I will tell you what they are , and how many , there be in number nine , whereof there bee fiue kinds of Ermines , the sixt is the Escotcheon plaine white , the other three vaires or of varry , the first ordinary and naturall beeing compounded of Argent and Azure , which is the coate of Beauchamp of Hach in the county of Somerset , and now quartered by the Right Honourable , the Earle of Hartford , the other two compounded of other colours , it is drawne in this manner . Cosm. I pray you what is Ermines . Eud. It is the furre of a little beast about the bignesse of a Weasell , called in Latine Armenius● for they are found in Armenia it is not Mus Ponticus , as some haue written , who though it be all white , and somewhat like it , the furre is nothing so white and fine , neither hath it that spot at the tip or end of the taile , which is that which we doe call Ermines , many of them being set together , it is held of all furres in nature the most precious , because they write , that when this beast is hunted , rather then he will runne ouer a puddle , or any dirtie place , where his skin may be endāgered to be spotted with mire , he will stay there , and be torne in peeces with the dogs : which gaue me an occasion of an Embleme ( what time I turned his Maiesties ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΝ ΔΩΡΟΝ● into Emble●e● and Latine verses , presenting the same after to Prince Henrie . The word was cui candor morte redemptus , the v●rses . Quod maculae impatiens flammasque agitere per vndas , Candidulae i●sano pellis amore , fera , Hoc Tyrio Heroas superâris murice tinc●os , Vos , quibus aut mens est laesaue fama , fides . None may weare this furre but Princes , and there is a certaine number of rankes allowed to Dukes , Marquesses , Earles , which they must not exceede in lining their caps therewith , in the time of Charles the Great , and long since the whole furres in the t●iles dependant , but now that fashion is left , and the spots onely worne without the tailes . There be now certaine compositions or mixtures of the field , wherewith I would haue you acquainted ere we proceed further , which are called Checky , M●sculy , Fusile , Nebule , Lozengeé . Checky is called of the French Eschiquette , resembling the chesse bord , in Latine it may be called Scacc●atum of Scaccia , the play at chesse , the squares thereof in a coate must not amount aboue the number of fiue and twentie , or sixe and twentie , as also Lozenges and Fusils . Masculy is termed so from the dutch word Masch●n , it is nothing else , but the resemblance of the mashes of a net , they are borne commonly pierced . Fusilee is like vnto Masculi , but your fusile must be made long , and small in the middle , they are seene in the ancient coate of Mountague , who beareth arg . three fusils in fesse gules . A fusill is so called of fusus , a spindle , whose forme it resembleth . Nebulee is so called from nebula a cloud , and that from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the same , because it resembleth the clouds . It is borne in the ancient coate of Blondus or Blouut . Lozengee , so called of Lozenges certaine cordials made by the Apothecaries , and giuen in Phisicke . They are like vnto the Mascles , but somewhat broder they are giuen round in the coate of the familie de Medices , Dukes of Florence . If there be aboue the number as I said of fiue and twentie or sixe and twentie , you must say Semi-lozengie . Remember to make your Lozenges more high then broad , they are giuen for the most part in bend or in fesse , saith Bara the French Herald . There be certaine rondles giuen in armes , which haue their names according to their seueral colours . If they be Or , they are beasantes ; if siluer , plates ; if Gules , Tortoixes ; if Sables , Pellets , if Azure , Ogoesses ; if greene , Emeralds , if purpure , Pommes , if Tenne , Oranges ; if sanguine , Gules . There is seldome borne aboue nine in an Eschotcheon that must be numbred , if there be aboue , you must call them semie or besantie . Cosm. I haue seene sometimes staples of doores , nailes , and the like borne . How can they be honourable to the bearer ? Eud. Yes very honourable and ancient . As the Crosse Moline ( giuen by the worshipfull familie of Molineux ) Mil peckes , and most yrons appertaining to the mill , nailes , keies , lockes , buckles , cabassets or morians , helmets , and the like . Cosm. VVhat is that you call a labell or lambeaux ? Eud. It is a kinde of fillet ( some haue taken labels for candels or lights ) it is the difference of the elder brother , the father being aliue , it is drawne of two , three , foure , and fiue pendants , not commonly aboue . You may in Master Guillims booke an ong the difference of brothers read more of this subiect . A border in French called vn bordure , in Latine , ●●mbria , hath his place within the Escotcheon round about the same , it must containe the sixth part of the Scotcheon . An Orle is much like a border saue that it standeth quite within the Scotcheon , the field being seene on either side . A Fillet the fourth of an Orle. Cosm. I pray you be there not trees and herbes , sometimes giuen for good Armorie ? Eud. VVhy not ? What Herbes are most commonly borne in Armes . Of herbs you shall find commonly borne the Cinquefoile but most often pierced the field , the Treyfoile , Mallowes , Rue , Sparage , Fennell , the white Ellebore , Pie de Lion , with many others . What Trees are giuen vsually in armes . Of trees you shall haue the Palme , the Oliue , Sicamore , Apple and Peare tree , the Pine , Ash , the white thorne , Pomgranate , Orange , Quince , Nut-tree , the Oake with some others . You haue Times rootes , as the Mandragoras , Burgony , L●vesse , and such like . What Flowers . Of Flowers you haue Roses , Gilliflowers , Violets , Nenuphar , Lilly , Saffran , Columbine , Borage , Line , Buglosse , Alleluia with others . What Serpents and creeping things . Of Serpents you haue the Crocodile , who hath his name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the feare he hath of Saffron which he cannot endure , wherfore nere Nilus , they plant it much in their gardēs , & nere their Bees , which the Crocodile continually lieth in waite for . For he loueth honie aboue measure . Otho Duke of Millane in the yeare 1099. tooke from a Sarazen his armes : which was a Serpent , a child issuing out of the mouth of the same , which to this day is yet the armes of Millane . The Scorpion , the L●zard , yea the old Armes of France were the three Toades or Crapauds , Crabs , Creuisses , Frogs , Snailes , and such like . I haue seene in an ancient coate three Grashoppers , but the owner I could neuer learne . The Grashopper is called in Latine Cicada , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from singing , with a little skin vpon his side , against the which he rubs the thicke part of his leg , and so makes that noise , wherewith hee so disturbs the sleepy hay-makers . When I found this Etymology first , I would needes make triall : which I found very true ; so significant , and wittie were the Grecians at first , inuenting names to all things from their nature . Of fishes you shall find in Armes the VVhale , the Dolphin , the Salmon , the Trout , Barbel , Turbot , Herring , Roach , Remora Escallop shels . Cosm. VVhat meaneth the bearing of Escallop shels ? Eud. It betokeneth vnitie and friendly loue , for as they close so neerely they can hardly be separated , so should friendes and true louers : whereupon it is wor●e in the colours of the knights of the order of Saint Michael . You must be very heedful in the blazoning of fishes , by reason of the variety of their natures . Of those birds that are born in Armes . Of all bearings among these winged creatures , the Griffon is the most ancient , and yet to this day in Pomerania , of great esteeme . But since the AEgle hath got the soueraignty , and is held for a farre more honourable bearing , it being the armes of the Empire and of many other kingdomes . Cosm. I pray what is the reason the Emperour giueth in his Arms an Eagle with two neckes , which is against nature . Eud. So is a Lion with two tailes : yet they haue their reason . The cause why it is giuen by the Emperour was this . The kingdome of Romania beeing vnited vnto the Empire gaue an Eagle Sables displaid , and the Emperor giuing the same likewise , vnited them into one , giuing that two necks as you see . Cosm. This is very pretty and more then I knew before , but is the Eagle of such antiquity among the Romanes ? Eud. Yes before the time of Iulius Caesar ; do you not remember since you were a scholler that verse of Lucane writing of the ciuill warres betweene Caesar and Pompey , Signa pares aquilas et pila minantia pilis . The Pellican is more commonly borne with vs here in England then in other countries . Other birds that are vsually borne are the Swan , the Rauen , the Cormorant , Heron , Faulcon , Cocke , Pigeon , Lapwing , Swallowes , Martle●s , Cornish choughes , Spar-hauke , Larkes with some others . The Spar-hauke Crowned was the Armes of Attilas King of the Hunnes , and fiue Larkes were found depainted in an olde Troian shield . You must note then that seldome or neuer the female o● any thing is giuen in Armes . Cosm. I remember I think a rule for 't in mine Accidence , not of Armory but of Lillies english rules , where note that the Masculine gender is more worthy then the Feminine &c. Eud. Indeed it is the reason because the Masculine gender is the worthiest . One rule is worthy the obse●uation , that fishes birds and diuers beasts haue beene giuen to bearers for the names sake , to preserue it either really or by accident : really or immediately as Heron giues the Heron , Foxe the ●oxe heads , which was the coate of Bishop Foxe , Bullock of Barkshire the bullocks head , Herring , and Her●ingham a coate quartered by the Ea●les of Bed●ord , the three herrings , Roch the Roches , Troutbeck the three Trouts braced , quartered by the right Worshipfull and that worthy Gentleman so well deseruing and beloued of his Country Sir Ralphe Conn●ngsb●● Knight o● Northmims in the county of Hertford , Lucie tres lucios pisces or three pikes , quartered by the Earles of Northumberland , and the coate of that noble Gentleman Sir Thomas Lucey of Warwickshire knight , B●rrisford the Beare with infinite the like some haue their names accidentally from the property of the bird or beast , or by an Onomatopoea , or allusion of the voice to the name , as Terwhit giues the three Lapwings who in a manner expresse the ve●y same ( neither is it any disparagement to the bearer , since there bee of these very Honorable and ancient : ) and Chanteur a French Gentleman very well d●scended who gaue the three Nightingales . Excellent haue beene the conceipt of some Citizens , who wanting Armes , haue coined themselues certaine deuises as neere as may be alluding to their names , which wee call Rebus . Master Iugge the printer , ( as you may see in many of his bookes ) tooke to expresse his name , a Nightingale sitting in a bush with a scrole in her mouth , wherein was written Iugge Iugge Iugge . Master Bishoppe caused to be painted in his glasse windowes the picture of a Bishop in his Rochet , his square cappe on his head , by which was written his Christen name George . One Foxe-craft caused to be painted in his Hall & Parlour a Foxe , counterfeiting himselfe dead vppon the Ice , among a company of ducks and Goslings . Euery scholler can shew you in the first page of his Grammer Harrisons name , expressed by a Hare sitting in a shea●e of Rie , and vpon that the Sunne : al which made Harrison . One Master Gutteridge drew for himselfe a Giant standing in a gutter , ●nd looking ouer the ridge of a house , which could not chuse but make Gutteridge . There was not long since a Grocer in London his name I haue quite forgot , but I am sure for an allusion thereto he gaue for his Rebus a Sugar lofe standing vpon a flat steeple , and I think it was Pauls . A Church warden who shall be nameles , of Saint Martins in the fields , I remember when I was in that parish , to expresse Saint Martins in the fields caused to be engrauen a Martin ( a bird like a swallow ) sitting vppon a Molehill betweene two trees , which was Saint Martins in the fields . It is there yet to be seene , vpon the Communion Cuppe : These and a thousand the like , if you bee a diligent obseruer you shall ●i●de both in City and Country , especially in Towne halls , Churchwalls , and VVindowes , olde Monasteries and such places , which many a time and often I haue enquired after as the best receipt against Melancholy , wher●to I am much addicted . Cosm. I thinke it the best Phisicke you could take , for euen these conceipts and passages of mi●th haue their times and seasons as well as the most graue discourses . I remember the Poet Martiall spe●king to his booke of Epigrams saith , there is a time , Cum te vel rigidi legant Ca●ones . But leauing these Parerga I pray you proceed vnto those beasts that are giuen in Armes , and as neere as you can , teach mee what I ought to obserue in their blazon . Eud. The beasts that are borne in Armes are very many , whereof the Lion is esteemed the most nob●e , and worthiest bearing● next the Vnicorne , the ●art , the Horse , the Beare , the Bull , the VVolfe , the Greyhound , the Antelop , the Porcespine , the Hare the Coney , the Squirrel with many others which I cannot vpon the sodaine remember : Cosm. VVhat must I obserue in the blazon of beasts , because I take it they are somewhat harder then birds to be described ? Eud. So they are : You shall ●irst begin with the Lion , who is borne these waies , Rampant , Passant , Saliant , Seisant or couchant . Rampant is said when the Lion is arreared vp in the Scotcheon as it were ready to combat with his enemy being drawne in this manner : his right fore-foot must directly stand against the dexter point of the Escotcheon , Saliant downe Lower . Saliant is when the Lion is sporting himselfe and taking his pleasure . Passant is drawne as if he were going . Seisant is sitting . Couchant couching or lying downe close with his head betweene his legges like a dogge . A Lion is giuen sometimes but ha●fe , then you must call it a demi-Lion . Sometime but his head only , which is neu●r born but side-waies , and with one eie , the Leopards heads alwaies with the full face , as in the Armes of Cantelupe with both the eies . The Elephant is seldome borne , yet saith ●ierom de Bara , a Troian Captaine gaue an Elephants Trunk in his shield . Cosm. I neuer heard of any that gaue the Ape . Eud. Yes the Ape hath beene a very auncient bearing & so hath the wild cat , which being Herisonne was the auncient Armes of the Kings of Burgundy . Bucks , Goates and the like are said to bee tripping or saliant , that is , going or leaping . You shall say rampant and saliant but of those which are Bestes du proy , and those of the bigger sort . The heads of birds for the most part are giu●n erazed , that is , plucked off ; of beasts , Coup●è or erased , that is cut or pluckt off . You shall know them one from the other because the head that is Coupè is euen vnderneath ; erazed hath three tuftes of feathers , or haire hanging downe . The tong●e and nailes of a beast are alwaies different from the colour of the beast as if the beast bee of a colour , they are of a mettall , if the beast be of a mettall , they are of a colour : so likewise in birdes , you must say of a beast armed & langued , of a bird membred . Thus you see I giue you a tast of euery thing . For further knowledge I referre you to those learned bookes that haue lately beene written of Armory , neither do I wish you as Aulus Gellius said , ingurgitare in i●ta scientia sed tantum delibare , to know something rather then nothing . Cosm. It was my desire onely to learn but the first grounds , and as I euer had a desire to haue an insight in all a●tes and sciences , so more especially in this because nothing more beseemes a Gentleman then the knowledge of Armes . Eud. You say well , I hope you are not vnmindful of that old prouerb Chi tutti abbracci● , and it hath my fault to entertaine too many such guests at once of which I cannot so soone be rid off● For. Turpius eticitur quam non admittitur hospes . Cosm. I pray resolue mee of one thing of which I haue long doubted . Eud. VVhat 's that ? Cosm. Are the same lawes and rules obserued in Armes among other nations , with those which wee haue heere in England ? Eud. Yes doubtlesse , and more strictly : only they d●ffer in ●ome small particulars ; as some vse staines as much as colours , some charge their Scotcheons after a strange maner with diaper as the french : some vse round Scotcheons as the Italian , and such like : otherwise t is all one , as you may see by the Armes of euery kingdom . Cosm. I pray let me request one thing more since you speake of kingdomes● that is , to acquaint mee if your leasure ser●e , with the Armes of euery kingdome in Christendome : which I thinke are about ●●ue and twenty . Eud. Yes if you count those kingdomes in Spaine as Leon , Aragon , Castile , and the rest , I will ; but to no end : you are so young a scholler in Heraldry you will ●ca●ce vnderstand mee . Cosm. So I thinke : but these beeing most eminent coates , I shall ma●ke and remember them the better , but now I remember me , I haue a paire of tables . Eud. The first is the Armes of the Emperour of G●rmanie , which hath vpon it a crowne imperiall ( the difference of Crownes I will tell you anone ) the Emperour bear●th Or , an Eagle displaied with two necks membred Gules . The King of the Romanes bare Or , an Eagle displaied Sables . The king of Hungary beares barry of eight , Argent and Gules . The king of Polonia beares Gules , an Eagle displaied , membred and crowned Or. The King of Bohemia ●eares Gules , a Lion double Queue● Armes langued and crown●d Or. Arragon beareth Or , 4. pales ●ules . Sclauonia beareth Sables a Cardinals hat Argent , stringed and tasselled Or. Sueuia beareth Azure three Crownes Or. Dalmatia beareth Azure three kings heads proper crowned Or. Morauia beareth Azure an Eagle eschecky , Or and Gules , membred of the same . Castile beareth Gules , a Castle triple towred Or. France beareth Azure three flower delices , Or. England beareth Gules three Lions Pass●nt , Gardant , Armed and langued Azure . Nauarre beares Gules , an Escarboucle Accolled and pometted Or. Scotland beareth Or , a Lion enclosed with a double tressure fleurty and counter fleurty Gules . Sicilie beareth party per Salteir , the point and chief , Arragon the other two Argent , in each , an Eagle displaied Sable , membred Gules . Denmarke beareth Or Semie de cuers or hartes , Gules three Lions passant armed and langued of the second ( or as some will haue it nine Hearts . ) Portugall beareth Argent 5. Escotcheons Azure : charged with fiue plates in salteir ( in remembrance of fiue deadly wounds a certaine King of Portugall receiued in the field whereof he was cured , or of the fiue wounds of Christ which they say appeared vnto him ) in a border Gules seuen towers Or. Legion or Leon beareth Argent a Lion Rampant Sable crowned Or , armed and langued Gules . Ireland beareth Azure , an harpe Or , ( though the a●ncient coate of Ireland bare the field Sables a king sitting crosseleggd in his throne in his right hand a Scepter Or. ) Toledo beareth Gules a crowne imperiall Or● Naples beareth Azure semie flower delices or a lambeaux of foure Argent . Galizia beareth Azure semi crosses fitche és Argent , a couered cup Or. Granado beares Argent a Pomgranat with the stalke and leafes proper . Norway beares Gules , a Lion Rampant Argent : crowned Or , holding a battell Axe of the second . I haue thus briefly giuen you the blazon of the coates of al the kingdomes in Christendome . Now because we will not Altum Sapere , I will oppose you in the blazon of some few coates to try your cunning , and to see what you haue profited by your master : heere is a coate , what say you to this ? Cos. I should blaze it thus . He beares Azure a starre Or between 3. crescents Argent . Eud. Very well , you must take heed● that you take not a starre for a mullet and the contrary , for a mullet is the rowell of a spurre , and hath neuer but fiue points ; a star hath sixe and some times 8. beside , the mullet is often pierced of the field and the mullet neuer . Cosm. Whose coate I pray you is this ? Eu. It did belong to the Abbot of Tame , whose name was Thorpe , and now borne of Master Iohn Thorpe of the parish of Saint Martins in the field , my especiall friend , and excellent Geometrician and Surueiour , whom the rather I remember , because he is not onely learned and ingenuous himselfe , but a furtherer & fauorer of all excellency whatsoeuer , of whom our age findeth too few . Nor must I heere be vnmindfull since now I speake of that great and honourable parish ( hauing as many , and as substan●iall parishione●s in the same as any else beside in England ) of the friendship that I haue euer found at the hands of three especially in that parish , to whom aboue all the rest I haue beene most beholden , as well in regard of my selfe in particular , as that they are louers of learning , and all vertue , viz. Master Christopher Collard ( whose sonne my Scholler is now of Magdalen Colledge in Oxford ) Master Simon Greene Purueyor of his Maiesties stable : And lastly the aforenamed Master Iohn Thorpe his sonne , to whom I can in words neuer be sufficiently thankfull . Cosm. Herein you doe wel . There is no vice more hatefull to God and Man , then ingratitude : whereupon it is well said of one . — Gratis seruire libertas . Eud. VVell I must now thinke my paines not ill bestowed , for , est aliquid prodire tenus● si non datur vltra . I am inuited to dinner heere ouer the way , and I thinke it almost twelue a clocke : wherefore I am constrained abruptly to breake off this discourse which willingly I would haue continued , but Time is moderator betwix● vs , and we can go no further then he permits . If it shal please you to take the pains to walke with me : I know you shall be heartily welcome , and the rather , because you are a Scholler . Cosm. Sir a thousand thankes : I cannot , I haue some businesse with a Dutch Merchant , who hath staied all this fore noone of purpose for me at home , I am to receiue money of him by a bill of Exchange , and I dare not deceiue his expectation . Eud. Marry Sir , I pray you take the benefit of so good an opportunitie : Adieu good Sir. FINIS . The Author to the Reader . LEt me intreate thee ( Iudi●ious Reader ) to amend eithe● in thy reading , or with thy Penne the faults ensuing , which by reason of my often absence ( hauing ha● extraordinary businesse ) haue escaped the Presse , they are these that follow . In my Latine verses at the beginning : for regni quis l●mes Edeni , read , ●egui qu●s limes Ed●n● . Pag. ● . ●or A●olia , r. A●oliab . p. 7. for Sandscape , r. Landscape . p 47. for . ●iue lines , r. fiu● : lines . p 50. for Dutch peers , r. Dutch peeces . p. 56 for Birds of Prag . Birds of praie . p 62. lin . ● . for ●mission , r. intromission . p. 89. for chermeb , r. chermes . p. 125. r. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . p. 126. for , those Epistles Homer , r. those Epi●hites of Homer . p. 129. for Illiadoes , r. Illiados . p. 130. for the red , r. the rodde . p. 131. for Zephorus , r. Zepbyrus . p. 133● for illumi●●a S●era in those verses of Ariosto , r. illumino la S●era Ibid. for vel animal , r. n●l animal . p 140. r. through the fairest st●ee●e in Rome . p. 146. for Tapasian , r. Topazion . p. 151. r. to the Emerald . p 156. for sable , r. labell . p. 157. for Neuell , r. Neuil . If Reader thou meetest any where else with the like , let me entreate thee to correct them . Vale , hijs f●uere , meliora expecta . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A09198-e230 Fidibus praeclare cecinisse dicitur . Tusc. Quaest. lib. 1. Xenophon lib. vlt. rerum Graec. Arist. Politic 8. Notes for div A09198-e530 * Pigmenta fere omnia venena . Notes for div A09198-e1210 Exodus 31. Iob. 39.16 . ●ar●as . Semaine . 1. E●am . de Ingen●● . Ru●ilius in vitae Quint. Fab●● pic●or●● . Sigebert in Chronicis . Cic●ro 1. de Orator● . AElian de varia Historia . lib. 10. That is Painter of base things . Plutarch in Demetr . De quo Cicero lib. 1. de Oratore . ●udaeus in Asse . Abulensis in 4. cap. Deutero . Qu●st . 5. Durand . in d●st . quaest . 9. Pe●esiu● de traditionibus part 3 Lorichius Cathol . Institut . in praecept . 1. Caluin Ins●it . 1. - Places o● scripture against the painting or e●pressing of the T●inity . Ca●●tan . in 3. pot . quaest 25. a●t 3. Catharinus in cult● Imag. Pay●● co●●r● K●m●●t●um . B●lla●m l●b . 8. de Im●g . August . de Ciuit●t● D●i . lib. 4. cap. 19. Co●cil . Eli●e●t . Canon . 36. Bishop I●w●l against Harding . AElius Lampridi u● in vita Alex. Tertul. in lib. de pudic●tia . ●●zom●● . lib. 5. cap. ●0 . N●zianz●n . Epist . 49. ad Olympium . Euseb● lib. ● . de vita Const●nt . Z●zomen . lib. 1. c●p . 8. August . ser. 18. de v●rbis Domini . Paulus Diaconus lib. 18. In Honcil . quod Christus sit Deus . August . Tractat. in Ioan. 118. Nihil corum rite per●icitur . Blacke lead in quils . Sallow coales . Rule and compasse . Broome pencils . A strong imagina●ion required in a good painter . How to helpe you in your Idea . The full ●ace . The space of an other eie to be le●t betweene the eies . Great difficultie in the eie . Nic●phor lib. 10. cap 3.7 . in● . auect . contra Iulianum . Brusoni●s . lib. 7. cap. 20. The mouth . AEn●●d .1 . In hi● Fa●ry Queene . Making the head too big , a common fault The necke . The s●oulder . The arme . ●he w●ist . The knuck●e● . The paps . The ribs . The be●ly . The thigh . The knee . The legge . The foote . What Method is to be obserued in drapery The forme of Anticke . Ge●m●nie a 〈◊〉 of men . The ignorance o● 〈◊〉 common pa●nte●s . A Landtskip must be giuen to euery beast according to his countrey . 1 Of lamenesse . 2 Of locall distance . 3 Accidents of time . Iud. 7. 4 In ex●●essing th● passi●n or disposition of the mind , Q●ali● equos Th●●issa ●atiga● H●rpalice . AE●●id . 1. 5 Of drapery 6 Of shadowing . In Tim●● . The opinion of the old Mathematicians . Plato v●●ius ●emper & v●e si●i constans . Why the eye ●euer fre●●eth . The choice of your grinding stone and mullar . Discorides lib. 5. cap. 106. Hom. Ili . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Yellow . Crimson . Blew . Cloth of gold . Changeable silke . Of other sorts . Straw colour . Scar●et . Blacke V●luet . Blacke Satten . White Satten . Russet Satten . Purple . An orient violet . Th● most excellent . Notes for div A09198-e16040 In Trion●i . Notes for div A09198-e21800 Chrysost. in serm . quod Christus sit De●s . That is leaping at his prey .