mv: ‘./input-file.zip’ and ‘./input-file.zip’ are the same file Creating study carrel named subject-evolutionBiology-gutenberg Initializing database Unzipping Archive: input-file.zip creating: ./tmp/input/input-file/ inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16729.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/20818.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/19192.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/20556.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/22764.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29739.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/18521.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/23427.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/27600.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/31316.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/22728.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24648.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/25711.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/15707.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/26260.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2300.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2354.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2009.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/5273.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1043.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/1909.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2923.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2921.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2922.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2924.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2089.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2740.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2739.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2929.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2930.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2925.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2926.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2928.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/6919.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/6882.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/7234.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/6335.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/39910.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/44582.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv caution: excluded filename not matched: *MACOSX* === DIRECTORIES: ./tmp/input === DIRECTORY: ./tmp/input/input-file === metadata file: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv === found metadata file === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named subject-evolutionBiology-gutenberg FILE: cache/18521.txt OUTPUT: txt/18521.txt FILE: cache/19192.txt OUTPUT: txt/19192.txt FILE: cache/22764.txt OUTPUT: txt/22764.txt FILE: cache/16729.txt OUTPUT: txt/16729.txt FILE: cache/22728.txt OUTPUT: txt/22728.txt FILE: cache/20818.txt OUTPUT: txt/20818.txt FILE: cache/24648.txt OUTPUT: txt/24648.txt FILE: cache/25711.txt OUTPUT: txt/25711.txt FILE: cache/2354.txt OUTPUT: txt/2354.txt FILE: cache/31316.txt OUTPUT: txt/31316.txt FILE: cache/2089.txt OUTPUT: txt/2089.txt FILE: cache/26260.txt OUTPUT: txt/26260.txt FILE: cache/20556.txt OUTPUT: txt/20556.txt FILE: cache/29739.txt OUTPUT: txt/29739.txt FILE: cache/2921.txt OUTPUT: txt/2921.txt FILE: cache/2924.txt OUTPUT: txt/2924.txt FILE: cache/2926.txt OUTPUT: txt/2926.txt FILE: cache/6882.txt OUTPUT: txt/6882.txt FILE: cache/2923.txt OUTPUT: txt/2923.txt FILE: cache/2739.txt OUTPUT: txt/2739.txt FILE: cache/2009.txt OUTPUT: txt/2009.txt FILE: cache/1043.txt OUTPUT: txt/1043.txt FILE: cache/2930.txt OUTPUT: txt/2930.txt FILE: cache/2922.txt OUTPUT: txt/2922.txt FILE: cache/2925.txt OUTPUT: txt/2925.txt FILE: cache/2928.txt OUTPUT: txt/2928.txt FILE: cache/2300.txt OUTPUT: txt/2300.txt FILE: cache/23427.txt OUTPUT: txt/23427.txt FILE: cache/15707.txt OUTPUT: txt/15707.txt FILE: cache/5273.txt OUTPUT: txt/5273.txt FILE: cache/27600.txt OUTPUT: txt/27600.txt FILE: cache/2929.txt OUTPUT: txt/2929.txt FILE: cache/44582.txt OUTPUT: txt/44582.txt FILE: cache/2740.txt OUTPUT: txt/2740.txt FILE: cache/39910.txt OUTPUT: txt/39910.txt FILE: cache/6919.txt OUTPUT: txt/6919.txt FILE: cache/6335.txt OUTPUT: txt/6335.txt FILE: cache/7234.txt OUTPUT: txt/7234.txt FILE: cache/1909.txt OUTPUT: txt/1909.txt === file2bib.sh === id: 24648 author: Bowen, Francis title: A Theory of Creation: A Review of 'Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation' date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24648.txt cache: ./cache/24648.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'24648.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 24648 txt/../ent/24648.ent 24648 txt/../wrd/24648.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 24648 txt/../pos/24648.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 25711 author: Haeckel, Ernst title: Freedom in Science and Teaching. from the German of Ernst Haeckel date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/25711.txt cache: ./cache/25711.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'25711.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 18521 txt/../pos/18521.pos 26260 txt/../wrd/26260.wrd 26260 txt/../pos/26260.pos 25711 txt/../wrd/25711.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 25711 txt/../pos/25711.pos 18521 txt/../wrd/18521.wrd 26260 txt/../ent/26260.ent 18521 txt/../ent/18521.ent 25711 txt/../ent/25711.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 18521 author: Laing, S. (Samuel) title: An Expository Outline of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" With a Notice of the Author's "Explanations:" A Sequel to the Vestiges date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/18521.txt cache: ./cache/18521.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'18521.txt' 19192 txt/../pos/19192.pos 29739 txt/../pos/29739.pos 31316 txt/../pos/31316.pos 29739 txt/../wrd/29739.wrd 29739 txt/../ent/29739.ent 19192 txt/../wrd/19192.wrd 31316 txt/../wrd/31316.wrd 2354 txt/../pos/2354.pos 31316 txt/../ent/31316.ent 19192 txt/../ent/19192.ent 2354 txt/../wrd/2354.wrd 2354 txt/../ent/2354.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 26260 author: Day, Clarence title: This Simian World date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/26260.txt cache: ./cache/26260.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'26260.txt' 20818 txt/../pos/20818.pos 22728 txt/../pos/22728.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 19192 author: Hodge, Charles title: What is Darwinism? date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/19192.txt cache: ./cache/19192.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'19192.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 31316 author: Judd, John W. (John Wesley) title: The Coming of Evolution: The Story of a Great Revolution in Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/31316.txt cache: ./cache/31316.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'31316.txt' 22728 txt/../wrd/22728.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 29739 author: nan title: Little Masterpieces of Science: The Naturalist as Interpreter and Seer date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29739.txt cache: ./cache/29739.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'29739.txt' 2922 txt/../pos/2922.pos 20818 txt/../wrd/20818.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 2354 author: Darwin, Charles title: Note on the Resemblances and Differences in the Structure and the Development of the Brain in Man and Apes date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2354.txt cache: ./cache/2354.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'2354.txt' 16729 txt/../pos/16729.pos 23427 txt/../pos/23427.pos 16729 txt/../wrd/16729.wrd 20818 txt/../ent/20818.ent 2923 txt/../pos/2923.pos 2922 txt/../wrd/2922.wrd 22728 txt/../ent/22728.ent 2921 txt/../pos/2921.pos 16729 txt/../ent/16729.ent 2089 txt/../pos/2089.pos 2924 txt/../pos/2924.pos 2923 txt/../wrd/2923.wrd 20556 txt/../pos/20556.pos 2921 txt/../wrd/2921.wrd 2930 txt/../pos/2930.pos 2922 txt/../ent/2922.ent 2923 txt/../ent/2923.ent 23427 txt/../ent/23427.ent 22764 txt/../pos/22764.pos 23427 txt/../wrd/23427.wrd 5273 txt/../pos/5273.pos 2925 txt/../pos/2925.pos 2089 txt/../wrd/2089.wrd 2924 txt/../wrd/2924.wrd 2929 txt/../pos/2929.pos 2928 txt/../pos/2928.pos 2921 txt/../ent/2921.ent 2926 txt/../pos/2926.pos 2924 txt/../ent/2924.ent 2930 txt/../wrd/2930.wrd 2089 txt/../ent/2089.ent 20556 txt/../wrd/20556.wrd 2930 txt/../ent/2930.ent 22764 txt/../wrd/22764.wrd 1043 txt/../pos/1043.pos 2925 txt/../wrd/2925.wrd 5273 txt/../wrd/5273.wrd 2929 txt/../wrd/2929.wrd 6882 txt/../pos/6882.pos 2928 txt/../wrd/2928.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 2929 txt/../ent/2929.ent 2926 txt/../wrd/2926.wrd 2925 txt/../ent/2925.ent 1043 txt/../wrd/1043.wrd 22764 txt/../ent/22764.ent 2928 txt/../ent/2928.ent 2926 txt/../ent/2926.ent 6882 txt/../wrd/6882.wrd 5273 txt/../ent/5273.ent 20556 txt/../ent/20556.ent 1043 txt/../ent/1043.ent 15707 txt/../wrd/15707.wrd 6882 txt/../ent/6882.ent 15707 txt/../pos/15707.pos 39910 txt/../pos/39910.pos 2009 txt/../pos/2009.pos 6919 txt/../pos/6919.pos 2009 txt/../wrd/2009.wrd 39910 txt/../wrd/39910.wrd 44582 txt/../pos/44582.pos 2009 txt/../ent/2009.ent 27600 txt/../pos/27600.pos 27600 txt/../wrd/27600.wrd 15707 txt/../ent/15707.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 22728 author: Darwin, Charles title: The Foundations of the Origin of Species Two Essays written in 1842 and 1844 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/22728.txt cache: ./cache/22728.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 17 resourceName b'22728.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 20818 author: Mivart, St. George Jackson title: On the Genesis of Species date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/20818.txt cache: ./cache/20818.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'20818.txt' 44582 txt/../wrd/44582.wrd 6919 txt/../wrd/6919.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 2923 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Method by Which the Causes of the Present and Past Conditions of Organic Nature Are to Be Discovered; the Origination of Living Beings Lecture III. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2923.txt cache: ./cache/2923.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2923.txt' 6335 txt/../pos/6335.pos 7234 txt/../pos/7234.pos 39910 txt/../ent/39910.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2921 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Present Condition of Organic Nature Lecture I. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2921.txt cache: ./cache/2921.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'2921.txt' 6919 txt/../ent/6919.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2922 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Past Condition of Organic Nature Lecture II. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2922.txt cache: ./cache/2922.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2922.txt' 2739 txt/../pos/2739.pos 1909 txt/../pos/1909.pos 6335 txt/../wrd/6335.wrd 44582 txt/../ent/44582.ent 2300 txt/../pos/2300.pos 2739 txt/../wrd/2739.wrd 1909 txt/../wrd/1909.wrd 2300 txt/../wrd/2300.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 2089 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Reception of the 'Origin of Species' date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2089.txt cache: ./cache/2089.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2089.txt' 7234 txt/../wrd/7234.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 16729 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16729.txt cache: ./cache/16729.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 18 resourceName b'16729.txt' 2740 txt/../pos/2740.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 2924 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Perpetuation of Living Beings, Hereditary Transmission and Variation Lecture IV. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2924.txt cache: ./cache/2924.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2924.txt' 2740 txt/../wrd/2740.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 2930 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Criticisms on "The Origin of Species" From 'The Natural History Review', 1864 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2930.txt cache: ./cache/2930.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'2930.txt' 6335 txt/../ent/6335.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2929 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Origin of Species From 'The Westminster Review', April 1860 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2929.txt cache: ./cache/2929.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2929.txt' 7234 txt/../ent/7234.ent 1909 txt/../ent/1909.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 23427 author: Butler, Samuel title: Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/23427.txt cache: ./cache/23427.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'23427.txt' 27600 txt/../ent/27600.ent 2739 txt/../ent/2739.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2925 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Conditions of Existence as Affecting the Perpetuation of Living Beings Lecture V. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2925.txt cache: ./cache/2925.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2925.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 5273 author: Gray, Asa title: Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/5273.txt cache: ./cache/5273.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'5273.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 2928 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Time and Life: Mr. Darwin's "Origin of Species" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2928.txt cache: ./cache/2928.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'2928.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' === file2bib.sh === id: 2926 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: A Critical Examination of the Position of Mr. Darwin's Work, "On the Origin of Species," in Relation to the Complete Theory of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature Lecture VI. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2926.txt cache: ./cache/2926.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'2926.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 1043 author: McCabe, Joseph title: The Story of Evolution date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1043.txt cache: ./cache/1043.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'1043.txt' 2300 txt/../ent/2300.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 6882 author: Day, Clarence title: This Simian World date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/6882.txt cache: ./cache/6882.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'6882.txt' 2740 txt/../ent/2740.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 20556 author: Packard, A. S. (Alpheus Spring) title: Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/20556.txt cache: ./cache/20556.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 22 resourceName b'20556.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 22764 author: Darwin, Charles title: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. (2nd edition) date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/22764.txt cache: ./cache/22764.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 12 resourceName b'22764.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 39910 author: Gosse, Philip Henry title: Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/39910.txt cache: ./cache/39910.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'39910.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 6919 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Darwiniana : Essays — Volume 02 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/6919.txt cache: ./cache/6919.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'6919.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 15707 author: Darwin, Erasmus title: Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. I date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/15707.txt cache: ./cache/15707.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 12 resourceName b'15707.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 44582 author: Bateson, William title: Problems of Genetics date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/44582.txt cache: ./cache/44582.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'44582.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 6335 author: Lyell, Charles, Sir title: The Antiquity of Man date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/6335.txt cache: ./cache/6335.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'6335.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 2739 author: Darwin, Charles title: More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2739.txt cache: ./cache/2739.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'2739.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 2009 author: Darwin, Charles title: The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 6th Edition date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2009.txt cache: ./cache/2009.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 10 resourceName b'2009.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 27600 author: Darwin, Erasmus title: Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/27600.txt cache: ./cache/27600.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 18 resourceName b'27600.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 7234 author: Vries, Hugo de title: Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/7234.txt cache: ./cache/7234.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'7234.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 2740 author: Darwin, Charles title: More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2740.txt cache: ./cache/2740.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 11 resourceName b'2740.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 1909 author: Seward, A. C. (Albert Charles) title: Darwin and Modern Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/1909.txt cache: ./cache/1909.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 12 resourceName b'1909.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 2300 author: Darwin, Charles title: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2300.txt cache: ./cache/2300.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 14 resourceName b'2300.txt' Done mapping. Reducing subject-evolutionBiology-gutenberg === reduce.pl bib === id = 19192 author = Hodge, Charles title = What is Darwinism? date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 40845 sentences = 2473 flesch = 68 summary = Scriptural doctrine accounts for the spiritual nature of man, and meets his book on "Natural Selection," to prove that the organs of plants and 4. To account for the existence of matter and life, Mr. Darwin admits a As Natural Selection which works so slowly is a main element in Mr. Darwin's theory, it is necessary to understand distinctly what he means by the term Natural Selection, in order to mark its relation to man's variety of structure in plants and animals is due to the law of natural Origin of Species," he says, "that when he first read Mr. Darwin's book, animals below man, maintains that natural selection must, even in their Haeckel says that Darwin's theory of evolution leads inevitably to of God from the works of nature, endangered faith in that great doctrine what Mr. Darwin says natural selection has done. To banish design from nature, as is done by Darwin's theory, is, cache = ./cache/19192.txt txt = ./txt/19192.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 20818 author = Mivart, St. George Jackson title = On the Genesis of Species date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 89507 sentences = 4832 flesch = 61 summary = St. Hilaire.--Professor Burt Wilder.--Foot-wings.--Facts of pathology.--Mr. James Paget.--Dr. William Budd.--The existence of such an internal power of Admitting, then, organic and other evolution, and that new forms of animals a way as to lead men to regard the present organic world as formed, so to The theory of "Natural Selection" supposes that the varied forms and influences and with Natural Selection in the evolution of organic forms. the theory of "Natural Selection" as the sole origin of species. to produce a considerable effect on horses, and instances are given by Mr. Darwin of pony breeds[79] having independently arisen in different parts of like enough for the evolution of all organic forms by "Natural Selection"? of the same organic forms in animals high in the scale of nature. evolution of all organic forms by the exclusive action of mere minute, forces, and forms structures which neither Natural Selection nor any other cache = ./cache/20818.txt txt = ./txt/20818.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 16729 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 108943 sentences = 3985 flesch = 59 summary = Educational Value of the Natural History Sciences," contains a view of seekers after natural knowledge, of the kinds called physical and Now the value of a knowledge of physical science as a means of getting school-life, and to learn, for the first time, that a world of facts nature, or to lay his mind alongside of a physical fact, and try to whole school existence to physical science: in fact, no one would lament ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. Now, so far as we know, there is no natural limit to the existence of time, and, if the like had been done with every animal, the sciences of pre-existing form by the operation of natural causes. series of species has come into existence by the operation of natural explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin cache = ./cache/16729.txt txt = ./txt/16729.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 20556 author = Packard, A. S. (Alpheus Spring) title = Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 132085 sentences = 7627 flesch = 68 summary = efficient causes of organic change, and thus to account for the origin organization of the present Museum of Natural History as it is to-day. But the life-work of Lamarck and his theory of organic evolution, as of course it takes a new form if Lamarck's views, improved by yours, great length of geological time; (2) The continuous existence of animal WHEN DID LAMARCK CHANGE HIS VIEWS REGARDING THE MUTABILITY OF SPECIES? vulgar have generally formed on the nature and origin of living "_It is not the organs, i.e., the nature and form of the parts of the state of organization of the different animals now living! nature has gradually formed the different animals that we know, "It is known that different places change in nature and character by general form, the parts, and the very organization of these animals, "Naturalists having observed that the forms of the parts of animals cache = ./cache/20556.txt txt = ./txt/20556.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 22764 author = Darwin, Charles title = On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. (2nd edition) date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 158252 sentences = 5639 flesch = 56 summary = single species--On Extinction--On simultaneous changes in the forms of life Varieties from one or more Species--Domestic Pigeons, their Differences individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. and plants, and compare them with closely allied species, we generally closely allied natural species--for instance, of the many foxes--inhabiting to the many species of finches, or other large groups of birds, in nature. Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, natural selection cannot do, is to modify the structure of one species, new species in the course of time are formed through natural selection, species, which are already extremely different in character, will generally case in nature; species (A) being more nearly related to B, C, and D, than selection, the extreme amount of difference in character between species large groups of species, has _differed_ considerably in closely-allied So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to cache = ./cache/22764.txt txt = ./txt/22764.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 18521 author = Laing, S. (Samuel) title = An Expository Outline of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" With a Notice of the Author's "Explanations:" A Sequel to the Vestiges date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24258 sentences = 1017 flesch = 57 summary = author the generative process is still in progress, and new worlds are Suppose a planet formed by the author's process, what kind of a body found to enclose remains of the organic beings, plants, and animals, rocks may be thus said to form a kind of history of the organic earliest forms of animated being of which we have any traces as existing existence of certain humbler forms of life, vegetable and animal, for organism, and land plants became a conspicuous part of the new creation. conclusions of the author of the _Vestiges of Creation_ on the origin of at this stage seems formed on a new pattern--plants as well as animals forms of animal life are found in the lowest fossiliferous rocks, and In almost every form of life, whether animal or vegetable, art animal forms appeared. author's hypothesis and the need of successive organic creations by a cache = ./cache/18521.txt txt = ./txt/18521.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29739 author = nan title = Little Masterpieces of Science: The Naturalist as Interpreter and Seer date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 42959 sentences = 1566 flesch = 61 summary = be a law of nature if each species has been independently created no man other species possess differently coloured flowers, than if all allied species, when placed under widely different conditions of life, modification of their descendants, causes the forms of life, after long As species have generally diverged in character during their long course yet distant species occur, doubtful forms and varieties belonging to the species, by the general succession of the forms of life. a distinct species by descent from some lower form, through the laws of of the species, as well as through natural selection in relation to the It is also well known that animals in a state of nature produce white in the colour, form and structure of all animals, has furnished There is a general harmony in nature between the colours of an animal have insects which are formed as well as coloured so as exactly to cache = ./cache/29739.txt txt = ./txt/29739.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 23427 author = Butler, Samuel title = Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 119734 sentences = 5765 flesch = 68 summary = Or the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, addition which I have ventured to make to the theory of Buffon and Dr. Erasmus Darwin--then the wideness of the difference between the Mr. Darwin seems to have followed the one half of Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's "full account of Buffon's conclusions" upon the subject of climate, food, and other changed conditions of life, and that of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, which assigns only an indirect effect to these, while evolution, may be seen from the following passage, taken from Mr. Darwin's 'Origin of Species':-organs of living bodies, all animal and vegetable forms have been study of animals and plants under domestication than Buffon, Dr. Darwin, "Nature changes a plant or animal's surroundings gradually--man Nevertheless, the use of the word "means" here enables Mr. Darwin to speak of Natural Selection as if it were an active cause cache = ./cache/23427.txt txt = ./txt/23427.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 27600 author = Darwin, Erasmus title = Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 238746 sentences = 19379 flesch = 73 summary = heat is produced by the increased action of the absorbents appears from the action of the heart owing to the deficient sensorial power of irritation or The increased arterial action in this sensitive irritated fever is not inflammation, a violent inflammatory fever, with great pain, occurs, vessels of the skin are exposed to great heat, an excess of sensorial power warm skin for a moderate time to cold air increases the action of the stomach into greater action, as appears by their increasing the power of degree of these sensorial powers; increased actions, and consequent sensorial powers in the cold fit produces the increased actions of the hot stomach excite a greater quantity of the sensorial power of association, heart and arteries in fevers with weak pulse increases the action of the with the cold water, and consequently the sensorial power of association, action of the stomach by exciting the sensorial power of association; this cache = ./cache/27600.txt txt = ./txt/27600.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 31316 author = Judd, John W. (John Wesley) title = The Coming of Evolution: The Story of a Great Revolution in Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 41001 sentences = 1902 flesch = 64 summary = Scrope, Wallace, Lyell and Darwin--and, with some of them, I was long on Lyell at a time when he was still unacquainted with Hutton's works, and The most important influence of Lyell's great work is seen, however, in How Lyell's first volume inspired Darwin with his passion for geological referring to it as 'Lyell's grand work on the _Principles of Geology_, All through his life, Darwin, like Lyell, showed a positive Darwin's mind towards the great problem that came to be the work of his from the great work of Lyell' he thought 'some valuable conclusions great influence exercised by Lyell and his works on Darwin--an influence For a time there was hesitation, as Darwin's correspondence with Lyell Both Lyell and Darwin insisted that geology is a work with Lyell at Geological Society, 105; great influence of Lyell's works on Darwin and Evolution, 150; Slavery, views of Lyell and Darwin, 76 cache = ./cache/31316.txt txt = ./txt/31316.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 22728 author = Darwin, Charles title = The Foundations of the Origin of Species Two Essays written in 1842 and 1844 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 92591 sentences = 5505 flesch = 68 summary = THAT SPECIES ARE NATURALLY FORMED RACES, DESCENDED species be produced adapted by exquisite means to prey on one animal or authors probably breeds of dogs are another case of modified species selection on one species: even in case of a plant not capable of and in the case of plants from monstrous changes, that certain organs in species scarcely differ more than breeds of cattle, are probably ON THE VARIATION OF ORGANIC BEINGS IN A WILD STATE; ON THE NATURAL MEANS into a change from the natural conditions of the species [generally it, if species are only races produced by natural selection, that when organic beings in a state of nature; if changes of condition from selecting such individuals until a new race or species was formed. the number of different species on each island), a form transported from The races or new species supposed to be formed would be cache = ./cache/22728.txt txt = ./txt/22728.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 15707 author = Darwin, Erasmus title = Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. I date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 193450 sentences = 10036 flesch = 66 summary = action the sensorial power termed irritation; but also pleasure or pain, retina into animal motion by their stimulus; at the same time that those because the sensation of pleasure or pain frequently continues some time 1. _Animal motion includes stimulus, sensorial power, and contractile power has been for some time increased, and the muscles or organs of sense exertion as to produce sensation, be continued for a certain time, it will For these powerful stimuli excite pain at the same time, that they produce irritation; and this pain not only excites fibrous motions by its stimulus, irritative motions generally induces an increase of pleasure or pain, as in motions are produced by the increased quantity of sensation existing in the great as to excite sensation, it produces greater sensitive actions of the agreeable ideas excite into motion the sensorial power of sensation, and ideas and other motions in consequence of the sensorial power of sensation. cache = ./cache/15707.txt txt = ./txt/15707.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 26260 author = Day, Clarence title = This Simian World date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16069 sentences = 1146 flesch = 82 summary = When we think of these creatures as little men (which is all wrong of A race of civilized beings descended from these great cats would have Like ants and bees, the cat race is nervous. planet of super-cat-men could look down upon ours, they would not know In a world of super-cat-men, I suppose there would have been fewer When great power comes naturally to people, it is used more urbanely. A sudden vision comes to me of one of the first far-away ape-men who Each simian will wish to know more than his head can hold, let such an ambition, yet simians won't like to think it's beyond their primitive simian feelings,--wars, accidents, love affairs, and family (The average simian will imagine he knows without learning.) In a simian civilization, great halls will great cats, simians tend to undervalue the body. as the simians are would naturally have a hard time behaving as though cache = ./cache/26260.txt txt = ./txt/26260.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2300 author = Darwin, Charles title = The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 311799 sentences = 17064 flesch = 69 summary = foregoing, the males and females of some animals differ in structures male differs greatly in colour from the female, as well as from the As the males and females of many animals differ somewhat in habits and The sexes do not generally differ much in colour, but the males are being widely different in the males and females of certain species, In most cases the males and females of distinct species that the males of some species differ widely in colour from the females, females; and yet, when the sexes differ, the males are almost always the the females in comparison with the males cannot be accounted for, as Mr. Wallace believes to be the case with birds, by the greater exposure of When the male differs in colour from the female, he generally exhibits differences of, with those of man; fighting of males for the females; cache = ./cache/2300.txt txt = ./txt/2300.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2354 author = Darwin, Charles title = Note on the Resemblances and Differences in the Structure and the Development of the Brain in Man and Apes date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4048 sentences = 186 flesch = 63 summary = AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN IN MAN AND APES in the structure of the brain in man and the apes, which arose some developed in apes' as in human brains, or even better; and that it is gyri which appear upon the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in man brains of man, the orang, the chimpanzee, the gorilla, in spite of all characters, between the ape's brain and man's: nor any as to the the external perpendicular fissure of Gratiolet, in the human brain for chimpanzee's brains resemble man's, but in which they differ from the difference in the development of the brains of apes and that of the appearance of the sulci and gyri in the foetal human brain is in the posterior sulci appear before the anterior, in the brains of the temporal or frontal sulci, appear, the foetal brain of man presents cache = ./cache/2354.txt txt = ./txt/2354.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2009 author = Darwin, Charles title = The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 6th Edition date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 208990 sentences = 6773 flesch = 52 summary = facts as these, if we suppose that each species of animal and plant, or the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. animals and plants, and compare them with closely allied species, we Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, fact that if any animal or plant in a state of nature be highly useful selection; and in this case the individual differences given by nature, natural selection cannot do, is to modify the structure of one species, SPECIES are crossed the case is reversed, for a plant's own pollen that as new species in the course of time are formed through natural the case in nature; species (A) being more nearly related to B, C, and Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in a species So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance cache = ./cache/2009.txt txt = ./txt/2009.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 5273 author = Gray, Asa title = Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 108327 sentences = 4191 flesch = 56 summary = Views and Definitions of Species--How Darwin's differs from that of Agassiz, Nature to secure Cross-Fertilization of Individuals.-Reference to Mr. Darwin's Development of this View Darwin's "Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection," as a review of In applying his principle of natural selection to the work in hand, Mr. Darwin assumes, as we have seen: i. species and organs through natural agencies, the author means a series of perusal of the new book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural So long as the existing species of plants and animals were thought to have the origination of species through variation and natural selection of such works as the "Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection," the "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the cache = ./cache/5273.txt txt = ./txt/5273.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 1043 author = McCabe, Joseph title = The Story of Evolution date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 107767 sentences = 4673 flesch = 65 summary = of living nature to-day, that for ages the early organisms had no hard life will be, to a great extent, the story of how animals and plants time little one-celled living units appeared in the waters of the earth, Two groups were developed from the primitive fish, which have great age, when large continents, with great inland seas, existed in North types for freer life, and the earth will pass into a new age. advancing life that a new type of organism has its period of triumph, the evolution of the higher types of land-life. Returning to the water, the primitive insects would develop gills, like The remaining land-life of the Coal-forest is confined to worm-like important preparation of the earth for higher land animals and plants. a period of low-lying land, great sea-invasions, and genial climate, Miocene period there is a great development of the horse-like mammals. cache = ./cache/1043.txt txt = ./txt/1043.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 1909 author = Seward, A. C. (Albert Charles) title = Darwin and Modern Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 272565 sentences = 13072 flesch = 60 summary = species, and as Darwin himself pointed out, in many cases the two forms of "The Origin of Species", Darwin stated his view on this point very the only true 'Origin of Species'" ("Life and Habit", London, page publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species", Huxley stated his own views Darwin's immortal work, "The Origin of Species", first shed light for way affects the fact recognised by Darwin, that ear-forms showing the labours for his immortal work, "The Origin of Species", Darwin expresses always bear in mind Darwin's words ("Descent of Man", page 229.) and use that in a given species differently formed organs occur in definite Selection", London, 1875, pages 117-122.) Darwin's original letter Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection", page 214.) Of the fossil forms, this work of Darwin's had an important influence on the Darwinism is to the organs of animal species. Darwin's theory of the origin of species, "it depends upon observation, cache = ./cache/1909.txt txt = ./txt/1909.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2923 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Method by Which the Causes of the Present and Past Conditions of Organic Nature Are to Be Discovered; the Origination of Living Beings Lecture III. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8412 sentences = 269 flesch = 61 summary = ORGANIC NATURE ARE TO BE DISCOVERED.--THE ORIGINATION OF LIVING BEINGS phenomena of Organic Nature, I must now turn to that which constitutes same way, the man of science replies to objections of this kind, by walk to a knowledge of the origin of organic nature, in the same way causes of the phenomena of organic nature, or, at any rate, setting out that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, second general law that you have arrived at in the same way is, that other way than by a man's hand and shoe, the marks in question have been by the natural probabilities of the case, and if you will be kind enough to four forms: one a kind of animal or plant that we know nothing about, same kind of infusion, and left one entirely exposed to the air, and cache = ./cache/2923.txt txt = ./txt/2923.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2921 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Present Condition of Organic Nature Lecture I. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6891 sentences = 219 flesch = 59 summary = matter; we must endeavour to look into the foundations of living Nature, be the upper part of the animal--that great mass of bones that we spoke off by all living beings, in the form of organic matters, are constantly with the plant, of the organic with the inorganic world, which is shown organic life from inorganic matters, and as constant a return of the matter of living bodies to the inorganic world; so that the materials supporting the masses of flesh and the various organs forming the living that you see, this living animal, this horse, begins its existence as to those conditions of inorganic matter in which its substance But, as you know, horses are not the only living creatures in the world; same organs that I have already shown you as forming parts of the Horse. from the inorganic world, but that the forces of that matter are all of cache = ./cache/2921.txt txt = ./txt/2921.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2922 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Past Condition of Organic Nature Lecture II. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6766 sentences = 209 flesch = 60 summary = multiplicity of the forms of animal life, great as that may be, may be deposits itself above it, and forms another layer, and in that way you gradually have layers of mud constantly forming and hardening one above that the different beds shall be older at any particular point or spot question--is this, the sea-bottom on which the deposit takes place is many times, it follows that the thickness of the deposits formed at any mud, and beds, or strata, are being as constantly formed, one above the of limestones in which such fossil remains of existing animals are other animals existing in the sea, the shells of which form exceedingly case, but even when animal remains have been safely imbedded, certain of these orders of animals have lived at a former period of the world's different beds through which I passed the remains of animals which I cache = ./cache/2922.txt txt = ./txt/2922.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2089 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = On the Reception of the 'Origin of Species' date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9279 sentences = 320 flesch = 56 summary = And with respect to that theory of the origin of the forms of life biological sciences are studied, the 'Origin of Species' lights the Evolution were fabricated by Darwin; and the 'Origin of Species' has the new theory respecting the origin of species first became known to allied species, supposing for this purpose a very long period of time." species of animals and plants did originate in that way, as a condition account for the origination of all past and present species of living pithecoid origin of man involved in Lamarck's doctrine, he observes:-Lyell meant natural causation; and I see no reason to doubt (The creation and extinction of species, out of the common course of nature; present day, which has not existed from the time that philosophers the universality of natural causation assumed by the man of science. Newton's 'Principia,' is Darwin's 'Origin of Species.' cache = ./cache/2089.txt txt = ./txt/2089.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2924 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Perpetuation of Living Beings, Hereditary Transmission and Variation Lecture IV. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6512 sentences = 214 flesch = 61 summary = The cases of asexual perpetuation are by no means so common as the cases of sexual perpetuation; and they are by no means so common in This tendency to variation is less marked in that mode of propagation the experiment in each case, the offspring is entirely different in great extent; but this second cause of variation cannot be considered his notice of a variation in the form of a human member, in the person fingers upon each hand, and the like number of toes to each of his feet. the present, I mention only these two cases; but the extent of variation tendency to variation; the third was Andre; he had five fingers and five We have in this case a good example of nature's tendency to the let me now point out what took place in the case of Seth Wright's sheep, variation distinct from the original stock, and make them breed cache = ./cache/2924.txt txt = ./txt/2924.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2739 author = Darwin, Charles title = More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 198292 sentences = 12556 flesch = 76 summary = Joseph Hooker, who has most generously given the original letters to Mr. Darwin's family. February 4th: Began work on Man. February 10th: New edition of "Variation under Domestication." Read Natural History." See "Life and Letters," II., page 31.) I feel sure I be noted that these pages were written before the appearance of Mr. Darwin's book on 'The Origin of Species'--a work which has effected a of such cases, says ("On the Nature of Limbs," pages 39, 40), 'I think "Review of Darwin's Theory on the Origin of Species by means of Natural A passage from Agassiz's review is given by Mr. Huxley in Darwin's "Life and Letters," II., page 184.), but I hope to "Man's Place in Nature," page 110, note, Huxley remarks: "Surely it is in "Life and Letters," Volume II., page 25, but not, we think in the cache = ./cache/2739.txt txt = ./txt/2739.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2930 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Criticisms on "The Origin of Species" From 'The Natural History Review', 1864 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6602 sentences = 307 flesch = 61 summary = In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin's great work have made their appearance. "Darwin," says Professor Kolliker, "is, in the fullest sense of the The teleological general conception adopted by Darwin is a mistaken according to general laws of Nature, and may be either useful, or Darwin's Theory will do for the organic world. conditions in which it is found; for the Darwinian an organism exists Kolliker's conception of Mr. Darwin's hypothesis. "If Darwin is right, it must be demonstrated that forms may be produced "The existence of general laws of Nature explains this harmony, even if explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin endeavours to explain the exact order of organic nature which exists; influence of a general law of development, the germs of organisms which we term the "conditions of existence," is to living organisms. non-existent: and, as Darwin "imagina" natural selection, so Harvey cache = ./cache/2930.txt txt = ./txt/2930.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2929 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Origin of Species From 'The Westminster Review', April 1860 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14184 sentences = 433 flesch = 50 summary = the nature of the objects to which the word "species" is applied; but it group of animals, or of plants, a species, we may imply thereby, either animals are really of different physiological species, or not, seeing many natural species are either absolutely infertile if crossed with produced in the same way, the groups are races and not species. others produced in the same way, they are true physiological species. species goes, is, that there are such things in Nature as groups of ever exhibits, when crossed with another race of the same species, those or stocks, the doctrine of the origin of species is obviously not of structural plan exhibited by large groups of species differing very The objections to the doctrine of the origin of species by special permanent races and then into new species, by the process of 'natural characters exhibited by species in Nature, has ever been originate cache = ./cache/2929.txt txt = ./txt/2929.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2740 author = Darwin, Charles title = More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 213152 sentences = 18369 flesch = 78 summary = This letter is in reply to Mr. Darwin's criticisms on Mr. Wallace's "Island Life," 1880.) "Animals and Plants," Edition II., Volume I., page 306.) I am very glad (page 14), he published a letter to Mr. Darwin in which he speaks of the The pages refer to Darwin's "Geological Observations on the "Origin," Edition V., 1869, page 451, Darwin discusses Croll's theory, page 178, 1880) Mackintosh mentions a letter received from Darwin, "who It is an interesting fact that Darwin's work on climbing plants and Letters," III., page 279.) Judging from a long review in the "Bot. Zeitung", and from what I know of some the plants, I believe Delpino's Plants," Volume I., page 348, Darwin added, with respect to the rarity The following five letters refer to Darwin's work on "bloom"--a 1887; see also Darwin's "Life and Letters," I., pages 355, 356, 362, 363.) cache = ./cache/2740.txt txt = ./txt/2740.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2925 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Conditions of Existence as Affecting the Perpetuation of Living Beings Lecture V. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7571 sentences = 277 flesch = 66 summary = be as different in their structure from the original stock as species There is no doubt that breeds may be made as different as species in to this in the different races known to be produced by selective in the case of distinct species; then you have, as the result of their which have been developed by selective breeding from varieties to return noticed the great differences in these breeds, that if, among any of important one--is this: Does this selective breeding occur in nature? same thing--that varieties exist in nature within the limits of species, As to the first point, of varieties existing among natural species, I animal may vary in nature; that varieties may arise in the way I have animal or a plant lives or grows; for example, the station of a fish as a matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there cache = ./cache/2925.txt txt = ./txt/2925.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2926 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = A Critical Examination of the Position of Mr. Darwin's Work, "On the Origin of Species," in Relation to the Complete Theory of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature Lecture VI. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin's Work: "Origin of Species" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7010 sentences = 218 flesch = 56 summary = ORIGIN OF SPECIES," IN RELATION TO THE COMPLETE THEORY OF THE CAUSES OF objections which have been made to the 'Origin of Species.' Mr. Darwin, hypothesis, having supposed cause for the phenomena in question, we must causes of the phenomena exist in nature; that they are what the known causes are competent to produce those phenomena. the supposed cause existed in nature, because it was competent to phenomena of organic nature, past and present, result from, or are do these supposed causes of the phenomena exist in nature? fact that in nature these properties of organic matter--atavism and rock-pigeon, as the members of any great natural group have with a real if you accept Mr. Darwin's hypothesis, and see reason for believing that of organic nature which has preceded the one which now exists, presents that the structural differences between man and the lower animals are of cache = ./cache/2926.txt txt = ./txt/2926.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 6919 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Darwiniana : Essays — Volume 02 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 116377 sentences = 4441 flesch = 60 summary = "Species originated by means of natural selection, or through the commend this state of mind to students of species, with respect to Mr. Darwin's or any other hypothesis, as to their origin. In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin's great work have made their appearance. "existence of General laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin endeavours to explain the exact order of organic nature which exists; not the mere fact that there is probability in favour of the evolution of man from some lower animal form, Moreover, if the animal nature of man was the result of evolution, so must edition of the _Origin of Species_.] up to the year 1858, when Mr. Darwin and Mr. Wallace published their "Theory of Natural Selection." The present condition of animated nature, until we found that each species took matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there are fifty cache = ./cache/6919.txt txt = ./txt/6919.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 6882 author = Day, Clarence title = This Simian World date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15639 sentences = 1060 flesch = 82 summary = When we think of these creatures as little men (which is all wrong A race of civilized beings descended from these great cats would Like ants and bees, the cat race is nervous. If a planet of super-cat-men could look down upon ours, they would not know which to think was the most amazing: the way we tamely live, In a world of super-cat-men, I suppose there would have been fewer which makes mere men feel speechless: but with all love for When great power comes naturally to people, it is used more urbanely. A sudden vision comes to me of one of the first far-away ape-men who to accomplish such an ambition, yet simians won't like to think it's civilized simian, every day of his life, in addition to whatever simian feelings,--wars, accidents, love affairs, and family quarrels. In a simian civilization, great halls the great cats, simians tend to undervalue the body. cache = ./cache/6882.txt txt = ./txt/6882.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 7234 author = Vries, Hugo de title = Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 184499 sentences = 9259 flesch = 64 summary = of mutation assumes that new species and varieties are produced from The question of the experimental origin of new species and varieties has single individual, or a small group of plants, or a lot of seeds. In some cases his species were real plants, and the varieties seemed to saved the seeds of a single plant of each supposed variety separately. term "variety" in opposition to "species." The larger groups of forms, garden-varieties differ from their species by a single sharp character White varieties of species with red or blue flowers are the most common leaves and red fruits; its white flowered variety may be distinguished this lecture, we have seen that varieties differ from elementary species From this seed plants of a wholly different type came the next year, of variety next to the red or blue-flowering species, or thornless forms in Many large genera of hybrid garden-flowers owe their origin to species cache = ./cache/7234.txt txt = ./txt/7234.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 6335 author = Lyell, Charles, Sir title = The Antiquity of Man date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 168790 sentences = 6627 flesch = 61 summary = co-existence in ancient times of Man with certain species of mammalia new living species of shells obtained from different parts of the globe period to form so great a thickness as 20 feet. recent species, traced up to a height of 14 feet above the sea by Mr. W.J. Hamilton at Elie, on the southern coast of Fife, is doubtless -PLEISTOCENE PERIOD--BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN -PLEISTOCENE PERIOD--BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN It has naturally been asked, if Man co-existed with the extinct species the present valley, we discover an old extinct river-bed covered by no want of bones of mammalia belonging to extinct and living species. remains; but at some points marine shells of Recent species are said to the glacial period, 2000 feet below its present level, and other parts S. Fossil shells of recent species in the drift at this point. cache = ./cache/6335.txt txt = ./txt/6335.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 39910 author = Gosse, Philip Henry title = Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 75443 sentences = 3790 flesch = 70 summary = the second great period of organic existence.' The reply seemed composed of organic remains, were formed before the clay was deposited animals manifest no less interesting an approximation to existing forms inferred the existence of vast periods of past time from geological existed in the form of a _planule_, a minute soft-bodied, pear-shaped development; the young unexpanded leaves grow within two large leaf-like form, developing many Hydroid polypes, just like itself, by successive In this species each periodic deposit took the form of a a long-lived animal; and a period of many years must have passed in created present us with any evidences of a past existence, and if so, does appear, its existence as an organism capable of developing the If the Tree-frog afforded us evidence of pre-existent time, in the process of development, however, new locomotive organs are formed; and the earth, at its creation, evidence of its having existed ages before cache = ./cache/39910.txt txt = ./txt/39910.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 44582 author = Bateson, William title = Problems of Genetics date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 94233 sentences = 4776 flesch = 62 summary = quoted the two forms concerned are really distinct species, but the Species were formed by the act of Nature, who by inter-mixing the genera a natural and physiological distinction between species and variety. forms are this original parental species. type how comes it that B may range through some twenty distinct forms, Compare the condition of a variable form like the male Ruff (or in division may be presented by the bodies of animals and plants in forms case of a species which acquires a new factor and emits a dominant general rule that _species_-hybrids breed true, but that the cross-breds studied the curious colour variations of this species especially in the The relation of local forms to species has often been discussed from types as distinct species, but they are in any case closely allied, and special case of a problem which in its more general form is that of the cache = ./cache/44582.txt txt = ./txt/44582.txt Building ./etc/reader.txt 2009 2300 22764 27600 2009 15707 number of items: 39 sum of words: 3,451,588 average size in words: 95,877 average readability score: 63 nouns: species; time; animals; plants; man; life; forms; part; case; selection; nature; p.; cases; parts; page; power; varieties; years; conditions; work; number; animal; form; period; fact; action; theory; facts; birds; others; water; world; way; characters; structure; development; view; organs; matter; origin; degree; males; one; manner; evolution; day; evidence; state; existence; body verbs: is; be; are; have; been; has; was; were; had; see; do; being; found; made; having; become; given; produced; does; seems; find; seen; am; think; known; know; say; believe; called; give; said; make; formed; come; take; did; taken; living; seem; according; show; developed; observed; suppose; produce; appear; appears; increased; published; supposed adjectives: other; same; many; great; such; natural; new; different; first; more; certain; common; few; several; large; general; much; little; present; small; whole; long; distinct; greater; own; young; good; similar; true; various; organic; old; important; last; most; lower; single; sexual; less; least; cold; possible; second; human; external; latter; higher; former; male; early adverbs: not; so; more; very; only; as; now; most; thus; even; then; also; well; much; far; up; out; often; however; still; here; less; almost; generally; first; always; probably; quite; therefore; never; again; sometimes; yet; long; too; down; on; perhaps; hence; once; nearly; together; ever; about; especially; all; just; already; rather; closely pronouns: it; i; we; their; they; he; his; its; you; them; our; me; my; us; your; him; itself; her; themselves; himself; she; myself; one; ourselves; yourself; herself; yours; ours; mine; thy; theirs; oneself; je; thee; iv; >; hers; yourselves; urgent; thyself; pp; nature,--the; imagination.--the; ii; examined,--of; 65):--; ''s; â; à; |instinct proper nouns: _; darwin; mr.; i.; dr.; de; m.; origin; lamarck; vol; america; .; ii; lyell; c.; natural; professor; letter; europe; selection; sir; species; man; hooker; la; pp; new; society; p.; wallace; nature; huxley; vi; iv; london; south; buffon; england; god; north; charles; iii; s.; j.; sect; letters; soc; ed; des; st. keywords: mr.; darwin; man; dr.; animal; professor; form; specie; america; natural; new; europe; plant; nature; great; species; origin; life; north; wallace; south; society; sir; lyell; case; time; selection; london; huxley; australia; variation; states; st.; lamarck; journal; god; geology; england; africa; ibid; hooker; geological; evolution; darwinian; charles; british; zealand; variety; united; spencer one topic; one dimension: species file(s): ./cache/16729.txt titles(s): Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews three topics; one dimension: species; species; species file(s): ./cache/20556.txt, ./cache/27600.txt, ./cache/6335.txt titles(s): Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work | Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II | The Antiquity of Man five topics; three dimensions: species darwin animals; letter page darwin; species varieties plants; motions power time; male man males file(s): ./cache/20556.txt, ./cache/6335.txt, ./cache/7234.txt, ./cache/27600.txt, ./cache/2300.txt titles(s): Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work | The Antiquity of Man | Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation | Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II | The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex Type: gutenberg title: subject-evolutionBiology-gutenberg date: 2021-06-06 time: 14:06 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: facet_subject:"Evolution (Biology)" ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: 44582 author: Bateson, William title: Problems of Genetics date: words: 94233.0 sentences: 4776.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/44582.txt txt: ./txt/44582.txt summary: quoted the two forms concerned are really distinct species, but the Species were formed by the act of Nature, who by inter-mixing the genera a natural and physiological distinction between species and variety. forms are this original parental species. type how comes it that B may range through some twenty distinct forms, Compare the condition of a variable form like the male Ruff (or in division may be presented by the bodies of animals and plants in forms case of a species which acquires a new factor and emits a dominant general rule that _species_-hybrids breed true, but that the cross-breds studied the curious colour variations of this species especially in the The relation of local forms to species has often been discussed from types as distinct species, but they are in any case closely allied, and special case of a problem which in its more general form is that of the id: 24648 author: Bowen, Francis title: A Theory of Creation: A Review of 'Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation' date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 23427 author: Butler, Samuel title: Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin date: words: 119734.0 sentences: 5765.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/23427.txt txt: ./txt/23427.txt summary: Or the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, addition which I have ventured to make to the theory of Buffon and Dr. Erasmus Darwin--then the wideness of the difference between the Mr. Darwin seems to have followed the one half of Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire''s "full account of Buffon''s conclusions" upon the subject of climate, food, and other changed conditions of life, and that of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, which assigns only an indirect effect to these, while evolution, may be seen from the following passage, taken from Mr. Darwin''s ''Origin of Species'':-organs of living bodies, all animal and vegetable forms have been study of animals and plants under domestication than Buffon, Dr. Darwin, "Nature changes a plant or animal''s surroundings gradually--man Nevertheless, the use of the word "means" here enables Mr. Darwin to speak of Natural Selection as if it were an active cause id: 22764 author: Darwin, Charles title: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. (2nd edition) date: words: 158252.0 sentences: 5639.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/22764.txt txt: ./txt/22764.txt summary: single species--On Extinction--On simultaneous changes in the forms of life Varieties from one or more Species--Domestic Pigeons, their Differences individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. and plants, and compare them with closely allied species, we generally closely allied natural species--for instance, of the many foxes--inhabiting to the many species of finches, or other large groups of birds, in nature. Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, natural selection cannot do, is to modify the structure of one species, new species in the course of time are formed through natural selection, species, which are already extremely different in character, will generally case in nature; species (A) being more nearly related to B, C, and D, than selection, the extreme amount of difference in character between species large groups of species, has _differed_ considerably in closely-allied So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to id: 22728 author: Darwin, Charles title: The Foundations of the Origin of Species Two Essays written in 1842 and 1844 date: words: 92591.0 sentences: 5505.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/22728.txt txt: ./txt/22728.txt summary: THAT SPECIES ARE NATURALLY FORMED RACES, DESCENDED species be produced adapted by exquisite means to prey on one animal or authors probably breeds of dogs are another case of modified species selection on one species: even in case of a plant not capable of and in the case of plants from monstrous changes, that certain organs in species scarcely differ more than breeds of cattle, are probably ON THE VARIATION OF ORGANIC BEINGS IN A WILD STATE; ON THE NATURAL MEANS into a change from the natural conditions of the species [generally it, if species are only races produced by natural selection, that when organic beings in a state of nature; if changes of condition from selecting such individuals until a new race or species was formed. the number of different species on each island), a form transported from The races or new species supposed to be formed would be id: 2300 author: Darwin, Charles title: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex date: words: 311799.0 sentences: 17064.0 pages: flesch: 69.0 cache: ./cache/2300.txt txt: ./txt/2300.txt summary: foregoing, the males and females of some animals differ in structures male differs greatly in colour from the female, as well as from the As the males and females of many animals differ somewhat in habits and The sexes do not generally differ much in colour, but the males are being widely different in the males and females of certain species, In most cases the males and females of distinct species that the males of some species differ widely in colour from the females, females; and yet, when the sexes differ, the males are almost always the the females in comparison with the males cannot be accounted for, as Mr. Wallace believes to be the case with birds, by the greater exposure of When the male differs in colour from the female, he generally exhibits differences of, with those of man; fighting of males for the females; id: 2354 author: Darwin, Charles title: Note on the Resemblances and Differences in the Structure and the Development of the Brain in Man and Apes date: words: 4048.0 sentences: 186.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/2354.txt txt: ./txt/2354.txt summary: AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN IN MAN AND APES in the structure of the brain in man and the apes, which arose some developed in apes'' as in human brains, or even better; and that it is gyri which appear upon the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in man brains of man, the orang, the chimpanzee, the gorilla, in spite of all characters, between the ape''s brain and man''s: nor any as to the the external perpendicular fissure of Gratiolet, in the human brain for chimpanzee''s brains resemble man''s, but in which they differ from the difference in the development of the brains of apes and that of the appearance of the sulci and gyri in the foetal human brain is in the posterior sulci appear before the anterior, in the brains of the temporal or frontal sulci, appear, the foetal brain of man presents id: 2009 author: Darwin, Charles title: The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 6th Edition date: words: 208990.0 sentences: 6773.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/2009.txt txt: ./txt/2009.txt summary: facts as these, if we suppose that each species of animal and plant, or the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. animals and plants, and compare them with closely allied species, we Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, fact that if any animal or plant in a state of nature be highly useful selection; and in this case the individual differences given by nature, natural selection cannot do, is to modify the structure of one species, SPECIES are crossed the case is reversed, for a plant''s own pollen that as new species in the course of time are formed through natural the case in nature; species (A) being more nearly related to B, C, and Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in a species So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance id: 2740 author: Darwin, Charles title: More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters date: words: 213152.0 sentences: 18369.0 pages: flesch: 78.0 cache: ./cache/2740.txt txt: ./txt/2740.txt summary: This letter is in reply to Mr. Darwin''s criticisms on Mr. Wallace''s "Island Life," 1880.) "Animals and Plants," Edition II., Volume I., page 306.) I am very glad (page 14), he published a letter to Mr. Darwin in which he speaks of the The pages refer to Darwin''s "Geological Observations on the "Origin," Edition V., 1869, page 451, Darwin discusses Croll''s theory, page 178, 1880) Mackintosh mentions a letter received from Darwin, "who It is an interesting fact that Darwin''s work on climbing plants and Letters," III., page 279.) Judging from a long review in the "Bot. Zeitung", and from what I know of some the plants, I believe Delpino''s Plants," Volume I., page 348, Darwin added, with respect to the rarity The following five letters refer to Darwin''s work on "bloom"--a 1887; see also Darwin''s "Life and Letters," I., pages 355, 356, 362, 363.) id: 2739 author: Darwin, Charles title: More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters date: words: 198292.0 sentences: 12556.0 pages: flesch: 76.0 cache: ./cache/2739.txt txt: ./txt/2739.txt summary: Joseph Hooker, who has most generously given the original letters to Mr. Darwin''s family. February 4th: Began work on Man. February 10th: New edition of "Variation under Domestication." Read Natural History." See "Life and Letters," II., page 31.) I feel sure I be noted that these pages were written before the appearance of Mr. Darwin''s book on ''The Origin of Species''--a work which has effected a of such cases, says ("On the Nature of Limbs," pages 39, 40), ''I think "Review of Darwin''s Theory on the Origin of Species by means of Natural A passage from Agassiz''s review is given by Mr. Huxley in Darwin''s "Life and Letters," II., page 184.), but I hope to "Man''s Place in Nature," page 110, note, Huxley remarks: "Surely it is in "Life and Letters," Volume II., page 25, but not, we think in the id: 27600 author: Darwin, Erasmus title: Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II date: words: 238746.0 sentences: 19379.0 pages: flesch: 73.0 cache: ./cache/27600.txt txt: ./txt/27600.txt summary: heat is produced by the increased action of the absorbents appears from the action of the heart owing to the deficient sensorial power of irritation or The increased arterial action in this sensitive irritated fever is not inflammation, a violent inflammatory fever, with great pain, occurs, vessels of the skin are exposed to great heat, an excess of sensorial power warm skin for a moderate time to cold air increases the action of the stomach into greater action, as appears by their increasing the power of degree of these sensorial powers; increased actions, and consequent sensorial powers in the cold fit produces the increased actions of the hot stomach excite a greater quantity of the sensorial power of association, heart and arteries in fevers with weak pulse increases the action of the with the cold water, and consequently the sensorial power of association, action of the stomach by exciting the sensorial power of association; this id: 15707 author: Darwin, Erasmus title: Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. I date: words: 193450.0 sentences: 10036.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/15707.txt txt: ./txt/15707.txt summary: action the sensorial power termed irritation; but also pleasure or pain, retina into animal motion by their stimulus; at the same time that those because the sensation of pleasure or pain frequently continues some time 1. _Animal motion includes stimulus, sensorial power, and contractile power has been for some time increased, and the muscles or organs of sense exertion as to produce sensation, be continued for a certain time, it will For these powerful stimuli excite pain at the same time, that they produce irritation; and this pain not only excites fibrous motions by its stimulus, irritative motions generally induces an increase of pleasure or pain, as in motions are produced by the increased quantity of sensation existing in the great as to excite sensation, it produces greater sensitive actions of the agreeable ideas excite into motion the sensorial power of sensation, and ideas and other motions in consequence of the sensorial power of sensation. id: 26260 author: Day, Clarence title: This Simian World date: words: 16069.0 sentences: 1146.0 pages: flesch: 82.0 cache: ./cache/26260.txt txt: ./txt/26260.txt summary: When we think of these creatures as little men (which is all wrong of A race of civilized beings descended from these great cats would have Like ants and bees, the cat race is nervous. planet of super-cat-men could look down upon ours, they would not know In a world of super-cat-men, I suppose there would have been fewer When great power comes naturally to people, it is used more urbanely. A sudden vision comes to me of one of the first far-away ape-men who Each simian will wish to know more than his head can hold, let such an ambition, yet simians won''t like to think it''s beyond their primitive simian feelings,--wars, accidents, love affairs, and family (The average simian will imagine he knows without learning.) In a simian civilization, great halls will great cats, simians tend to undervalue the body. as the simians are would naturally have a hard time behaving as though id: 6882 author: Day, Clarence title: This Simian World date: words: 15639.0 sentences: 1060.0 pages: flesch: 82.0 cache: ./cache/6882.txt txt: ./txt/6882.txt summary: When we think of these creatures as little men (which is all wrong A race of civilized beings descended from these great cats would Like ants and bees, the cat race is nervous. If a planet of super-cat-men could look down upon ours, they would not know which to think was the most amazing: the way we tamely live, In a world of super-cat-men, I suppose there would have been fewer which makes mere men feel speechless: but with all love for When great power comes naturally to people, it is used more urbanely. A sudden vision comes to me of one of the first far-away ape-men who to accomplish such an ambition, yet simians won''t like to think it''s civilized simian, every day of his life, in addition to whatever simian feelings,--wars, accidents, love affairs, and family quarrels. In a simian civilization, great halls the great cats, simians tend to undervalue the body. id: 39910 author: Gosse, Philip Henry title: Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot date: words: 75443.0 sentences: 3790.0 pages: flesch: 70.0 cache: ./cache/39910.txt txt: ./txt/39910.txt summary: the second great period of organic existence.'' The reply seemed composed of organic remains, were formed before the clay was deposited animals manifest no less interesting an approximation to existing forms inferred the existence of vast periods of past time from geological existed in the form of a _planule_, a minute soft-bodied, pear-shaped development; the young unexpanded leaves grow within two large leaf-like form, developing many Hydroid polypes, just like itself, by successive In this species each periodic deposit took the form of a a long-lived animal; and a period of many years must have passed in created present us with any evidences of a past existence, and if so, does appear, its existence as an organism capable of developing the If the Tree-frog afforded us evidence of pre-existent time, in the process of development, however, new locomotive organs are formed; and the earth, at its creation, evidence of its having existed ages before id: 5273 author: Gray, Asa title: Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism date: words: 108327.0 sentences: 4191.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/5273.txt txt: ./txt/5273.txt summary: Views and Definitions of Species--How Darwin''s differs from that of Agassiz, Nature to secure Cross-Fertilization of Individuals.-Reference to Mr. Darwin''s Development of this View Darwin''s "Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection," as a review of In applying his principle of natural selection to the work in hand, Mr. Darwin assumes, as we have seen: i. species and organs through natural agencies, the author means a series of perusal of the new book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural So long as the existing species of plants and animals were thought to have the origination of species through variation and natural selection of such works as the "Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection," the "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the id: 25711 author: Haeckel, Ernst title: Freedom in Science and Teaching. from the German of Ernst Haeckel date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 19192 author: Hodge, Charles title: What is Darwinism? date: words: 40845.0 sentences: 2473.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/19192.txt txt: ./txt/19192.txt summary: Scriptural doctrine accounts for the spiritual nature of man, and meets his book on "Natural Selection," to prove that the organs of plants and 4. To account for the existence of matter and life, Mr. Darwin admits a As Natural Selection which works so slowly is a main element in Mr. Darwin''s theory, it is necessary to understand distinctly what he means by the term Natural Selection, in order to mark its relation to man''s variety of structure in plants and animals is due to the law of natural Origin of Species," he says, "that when he first read Mr. Darwin''s book, animals below man, maintains that natural selection must, even in their Haeckel says that Darwin''s theory of evolution leads inevitably to of God from the works of nature, endangered faith in that great doctrine what Mr. Darwin says natural selection has done. To banish design from nature, as is done by Darwin''s theory, is, id: 16729 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews date: words: 108943.0 sentences: 3985.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/16729.txt txt: ./txt/16729.txt summary: Educational Value of the Natural History Sciences," contains a view of seekers after natural knowledge, of the kinds called physical and Now the value of a knowledge of physical science as a means of getting school-life, and to learn, for the first time, that a world of facts nature, or to lay his mind alongside of a physical fact, and try to whole school existence to physical science: in fact, no one would lament ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. Now, so far as we know, there is no natural limit to the existence of time, and, if the like had been done with every animal, the sciences of pre-existing form by the operation of natural causes. series of species has come into existence by the operation of natural explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin id: 2923 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Method by Which the Causes of the Present and Past Conditions of Organic Nature Are to Be Discovered; the Origination of Living Beings Lecture III. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date: words: 8412.0 sentences: 269.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/2923.txt txt: ./txt/2923.txt summary: ORGANIC NATURE ARE TO BE DISCOVERED.--THE ORIGINATION OF LIVING BEINGS phenomena of Organic Nature, I must now turn to that which constitutes same way, the man of science replies to objections of this kind, by walk to a knowledge of the origin of organic nature, in the same way causes of the phenomena of organic nature, or, at any rate, setting out that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, second general law that you have arrived at in the same way is, that other way than by a man''s hand and shoe, the marks in question have been by the natural probabilities of the case, and if you will be kind enough to four forms: one a kind of animal or plant that we know nothing about, same kind of infusion, and left one entirely exposed to the air, and id: 2921 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Present Condition of Organic Nature Lecture I. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date: words: 6891.0 sentences: 219.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/2921.txt txt: ./txt/2921.txt summary: matter; we must endeavour to look into the foundations of living Nature, be the upper part of the animal--that great mass of bones that we spoke off by all living beings, in the form of organic matters, are constantly with the plant, of the organic with the inorganic world, which is shown organic life from inorganic matters, and as constant a return of the matter of living bodies to the inorganic world; so that the materials supporting the masses of flesh and the various organs forming the living that you see, this living animal, this horse, begins its existence as to those conditions of inorganic matter in which its substance But, as you know, horses are not the only living creatures in the world; same organs that I have already shown you as forming parts of the Horse. from the inorganic world, but that the forces of that matter are all of id: 2922 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Past Condition of Organic Nature Lecture II. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date: words: 6766.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/2922.txt txt: ./txt/2922.txt summary: multiplicity of the forms of animal life, great as that may be, may be deposits itself above it, and forms another layer, and in that way you gradually have layers of mud constantly forming and hardening one above that the different beds shall be older at any particular point or spot question--is this, the sea-bottom on which the deposit takes place is many times, it follows that the thickness of the deposits formed at any mud, and beds, or strata, are being as constantly formed, one above the of limestones in which such fossil remains of existing animals are other animals existing in the sea, the shells of which form exceedingly case, but even when animal remains have been safely imbedded, certain of these orders of animals have lived at a former period of the world''s different beds through which I passed the remains of animals which I id: 2924 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Perpetuation of Living Beings, Hereditary Transmission and Variation Lecture IV. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date: words: 6512.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/2924.txt txt: ./txt/2924.txt summary: The cases of asexual perpetuation are by no means so common as the cases of sexual perpetuation; and they are by no means so common in This tendency to variation is less marked in that mode of propagation the experiment in each case, the offspring is entirely different in great extent; but this second cause of variation cannot be considered his notice of a variation in the form of a human member, in the person fingers upon each hand, and the like number of toes to each of his feet. the present, I mention only these two cases; but the extent of variation tendency to variation; the third was Andre; he had five fingers and five We have in this case a good example of nature''s tendency to the let me now point out what took place in the case of Seth Wright''s sheep, variation distinct from the original stock, and make them breed id: 2089 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: On the Reception of the ''Origin of Species'' date: words: 9279.0 sentences: 320.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/2089.txt txt: ./txt/2089.txt summary: And with respect to that theory of the origin of the forms of life biological sciences are studied, the ''Origin of Species'' lights the Evolution were fabricated by Darwin; and the ''Origin of Species'' has the new theory respecting the origin of species first became known to allied species, supposing for this purpose a very long period of time." species of animals and plants did originate in that way, as a condition account for the origination of all past and present species of living pithecoid origin of man involved in Lamarck''s doctrine, he observes:-Lyell meant natural causation; and I see no reason to doubt (The creation and extinction of species, out of the common course of nature; present day, which has not existed from the time that philosophers the universality of natural causation assumed by the man of science. Newton''s ''Principia,'' is Darwin''s ''Origin of Species.'' id: 2929 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Origin of Species From ''The Westminster Review'', April 1860 date: words: 14184.0 sentences: 433.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/2929.txt txt: ./txt/2929.txt summary: the nature of the objects to which the word "species" is applied; but it group of animals, or of plants, a species, we may imply thereby, either animals are really of different physiological species, or not, seeing many natural species are either absolutely infertile if crossed with produced in the same way, the groups are races and not species. others produced in the same way, they are true physiological species. species goes, is, that there are such things in Nature as groups of ever exhibits, when crossed with another race of the same species, those or stocks, the doctrine of the origin of species is obviously not of structural plan exhibited by large groups of species differing very The objections to the doctrine of the origin of species by special permanent races and then into new species, by the process of ''natural characters exhibited by species in Nature, has ever been originate id: 2930 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Criticisms on "The Origin of Species" From ''The Natural History Review'', 1864 date: words: 6602.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/2930.txt txt: ./txt/2930.txt summary: In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin''s great work have made their appearance. "Darwin," says Professor Kolliker, "is, in the fullest sense of the The teleological general conception adopted by Darwin is a mistaken according to general laws of Nature, and may be either useful, or Darwin''s Theory will do for the organic world. conditions in which it is found; for the Darwinian an organism exists Kolliker''s conception of Mr. Darwin''s hypothesis. "If Darwin is right, it must be demonstrated that forms may be produced "The existence of general laws of Nature explains this harmony, even if explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin endeavours to explain the exact order of organic nature which exists; influence of a general law of development, the germs of organisms which we term the "conditions of existence," is to living organisms. non-existent: and, as Darwin "imagina" natural selection, so Harvey id: 2925 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: The Conditions of Existence as Affecting the Perpetuation of Living Beings Lecture V. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date: words: 7571.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/2925.txt txt: ./txt/2925.txt summary: be as different in their structure from the original stock as species There is no doubt that breeds may be made as different as species in to this in the different races known to be produced by selective in the case of distinct species; then you have, as the result of their which have been developed by selective breeding from varieties to return noticed the great differences in these breeds, that if, among any of important one--is this: Does this selective breeding occur in nature? same thing--that varieties exist in nature within the limits of species, As to the first point, of varieties existing among natural species, I animal may vary in nature; that varieties may arise in the way I have animal or a plant lives or grows; for example, the station of a fish as a matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there id: 2926 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: A Critical Examination of the Position of Mr. Darwin''s Work, "On the Origin of Species," in Relation to the Complete Theory of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature Lecture VI. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date: words: 7010.0 sentences: 218.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/2926.txt txt: ./txt/2926.txt summary: ORIGIN OF SPECIES," IN RELATION TO THE COMPLETE THEORY OF THE CAUSES OF objections which have been made to the ''Origin of Species.'' Mr. Darwin, hypothesis, having supposed cause for the phenomena in question, we must causes of the phenomena exist in nature; that they are what the known causes are competent to produce those phenomena. the supposed cause existed in nature, because it was competent to phenomena of organic nature, past and present, result from, or are do these supposed causes of the phenomena exist in nature? fact that in nature these properties of organic matter--atavism and rock-pigeon, as the members of any great natural group have with a real if you accept Mr. Darwin''s hypothesis, and see reason for believing that of organic nature which has preceded the one which now exists, presents that the structural differences between man and the lower animals are of id: 2928 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Time and Life: Mr. Darwin's "Origin of Species" date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 6919 author: Huxley, Thomas Henry title: Darwiniana : Essays — Volume 02 date: words: 116377.0 sentences: 4441.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/6919.txt txt: ./txt/6919.txt summary: "Species originated by means of natural selection, or through the commend this state of mind to students of species, with respect to Mr. Darwin''s or any other hypothesis, as to their origin. In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin''s great work have made their appearance. "existence of General laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin endeavours to explain the exact order of organic nature which exists; not the mere fact that there is probability in favour of the evolution of man from some lower animal form, Moreover, if the animal nature of man was the result of evolution, so must edition of the _Origin of Species_.] up to the year 1858, when Mr. Darwin and Mr. Wallace published their "Theory of Natural Selection." The present condition of animated nature, until we found that each species took matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there are fifty id: 31316 author: Judd, John W. (John Wesley) title: The Coming of Evolution: The Story of a Great Revolution in Science date: words: 41001.0 sentences: 1902.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/31316.txt txt: ./txt/31316.txt summary: Scrope, Wallace, Lyell and Darwin--and, with some of them, I was long on Lyell at a time when he was still unacquainted with Hutton''s works, and The most important influence of Lyell''s great work is seen, however, in How Lyell''s first volume inspired Darwin with his passion for geological referring to it as ''Lyell''s grand work on the _Principles of Geology_, All through his life, Darwin, like Lyell, showed a positive Darwin''s mind towards the great problem that came to be the work of his from the great work of Lyell'' he thought ''some valuable conclusions great influence exercised by Lyell and his works on Darwin--an influence For a time there was hesitation, as Darwin''s correspondence with Lyell Both Lyell and Darwin insisted that geology is a work with Lyell at Geological Society, 105; great influence of Lyell''s works on Darwin and Evolution, 150; Slavery, views of Lyell and Darwin, 76 id: 18521 author: Laing, S. (Samuel) title: An Expository Outline of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" With a Notice of the Author''s "Explanations:" A Sequel to the Vestiges date: words: 24258.0 sentences: 1017.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/18521.txt txt: ./txt/18521.txt summary: author the generative process is still in progress, and new worlds are Suppose a planet formed by the author''s process, what kind of a body found to enclose remains of the organic beings, plants, and animals, rocks may be thus said to form a kind of history of the organic earliest forms of animated being of which we have any traces as existing existence of certain humbler forms of life, vegetable and animal, for organism, and land plants became a conspicuous part of the new creation. conclusions of the author of the _Vestiges of Creation_ on the origin of at this stage seems formed on a new pattern--plants as well as animals forms of animal life are found in the lowest fossiliferous rocks, and In almost every form of life, whether animal or vegetable, art animal forms appeared. author''s hypothesis and the need of successive organic creations by a id: 6335 author: Lyell, Charles, Sir title: The Antiquity of Man date: words: 168790.0 sentences: 6627.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/6335.txt txt: ./txt/6335.txt summary: co-existence in ancient times of Man with certain species of mammalia new living species of shells obtained from different parts of the globe period to form so great a thickness as 20 feet. recent species, traced up to a height of 14 feet above the sea by Mr. W.J. Hamilton at Elie, on the southern coast of Fife, is doubtless -PLEISTOCENE PERIOD--BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN -PLEISTOCENE PERIOD--BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN It has naturally been asked, if Man co-existed with the extinct species the present valley, we discover an old extinct river-bed covered by no want of bones of mammalia belonging to extinct and living species. remains; but at some points marine shells of Recent species are said to the glacial period, 2000 feet below its present level, and other parts S. Fossil shells of recent species in the drift at this point. id: 1043 author: McCabe, Joseph title: The Story of Evolution date: words: 107767.0 sentences: 4673.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/1043.txt txt: ./txt/1043.txt summary: of living nature to-day, that for ages the early organisms had no hard life will be, to a great extent, the story of how animals and plants time little one-celled living units appeared in the waters of the earth, Two groups were developed from the primitive fish, which have great age, when large continents, with great inland seas, existed in North types for freer life, and the earth will pass into a new age. advancing life that a new type of organism has its period of triumph, the evolution of the higher types of land-life. Returning to the water, the primitive insects would develop gills, like The remaining land-life of the Coal-forest is confined to worm-like important preparation of the earth for higher land animals and plants. a period of low-lying land, great sea-invasions, and genial climate, Miocene period there is a great development of the horse-like mammals. id: 20818 author: Mivart, St. George Jackson title: On the Genesis of Species date: words: 89507.0 sentences: 4832.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/20818.txt txt: ./txt/20818.txt summary: St. Hilaire.--Professor Burt Wilder.--Foot-wings.--Facts of pathology.--Mr. James Paget.--Dr. William Budd.--The existence of such an internal power of Admitting, then, organic and other evolution, and that new forms of animals a way as to lead men to regard the present organic world as formed, so to The theory of "Natural Selection" supposes that the varied forms and influences and with Natural Selection in the evolution of organic forms. the theory of "Natural Selection" as the sole origin of species. to produce a considerable effect on horses, and instances are given by Mr. Darwin of pony breeds[79] having independently arisen in different parts of like enough for the evolution of all organic forms by "Natural Selection"? of the same organic forms in animals high in the scale of nature. evolution of all organic forms by the exclusive action of mere minute, forces, and forms structures which neither Natural Selection nor any other id: 20556 author: Packard, A. S. (Alpheus Spring) title: Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work date: words: 132085.0 sentences: 7627.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/20556.txt txt: ./txt/20556.txt summary: efficient causes of organic change, and thus to account for the origin organization of the present Museum of Natural History as it is to-day. But the life-work of Lamarck and his theory of organic evolution, as of course it takes a new form if Lamarck''s views, improved by yours, great length of geological time; (2) The continuous existence of animal WHEN DID LAMARCK CHANGE HIS VIEWS REGARDING THE MUTABILITY OF SPECIES? vulgar have generally formed on the nature and origin of living "_It is not the organs, i.e., the nature and form of the parts of the state of organization of the different animals now living! nature has gradually formed the different animals that we know, "It is known that different places change in nature and character by general form, the parts, and the very organization of these animals, "Naturalists having observed that the forms of the parts of animals id: 1909 author: Seward, A. C. (Albert Charles) title: Darwin and Modern Science date: words: 272565.0 sentences: 13072.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/1909.txt txt: ./txt/1909.txt summary: species, and as Darwin himself pointed out, in many cases the two forms of "The Origin of Species", Darwin stated his view on this point very the only true ''Origin of Species''" ("Life and Habit", London, page publication of Darwin''s "Origin of Species", Huxley stated his own views Darwin''s immortal work, "The Origin of Species", first shed light for way affects the fact recognised by Darwin, that ear-forms showing the labours for his immortal work, "The Origin of Species", Darwin expresses always bear in mind Darwin''s words ("Descent of Man", page 229.) and use that in a given species differently formed organs occur in definite Selection", London, 1875, pages 117-122.) Darwin''s original letter Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection", page 214.) Of the fossil forms, this work of Darwin''s had an important influence on the Darwinism is to the organs of animal species. Darwin''s theory of the origin of species, "it depends upon observation, id: 7234 author: Vries, Hugo de title: Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation date: words: 184499.0 sentences: 9259.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/7234.txt txt: ./txt/7234.txt summary: of mutation assumes that new species and varieties are produced from The question of the experimental origin of new species and varieties has single individual, or a small group of plants, or a lot of seeds. In some cases his species were real plants, and the varieties seemed to saved the seeds of a single plant of each supposed variety separately. term "variety" in opposition to "species." The larger groups of forms, garden-varieties differ from their species by a single sharp character White varieties of species with red or blue flowers are the most common leaves and red fruits; its white flowered variety may be distinguished this lecture, we have seen that varieties differ from elementary species From this seed plants of a wholly different type came the next year, of variety next to the red or blue-flowering species, or thornless forms in Many large genera of hybrid garden-flowers owe their origin to species id: 29739 author: nan title: Little Masterpieces of Science: The Naturalist as Interpreter and Seer date: words: 42959.0 sentences: 1566.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/29739.txt txt: ./txt/29739.txt summary: be a law of nature if each species has been independently created no man other species possess differently coloured flowers, than if all allied species, when placed under widely different conditions of life, modification of their descendants, causes the forms of life, after long As species have generally diverged in character during their long course yet distant species occur, doubtful forms and varieties belonging to the species, by the general succession of the forms of life. a distinct species by descent from some lower form, through the laws of of the species, as well as through natural selection in relation to the It is also well known that animals in a state of nature produce white in the colour, form and structure of all animals, has furnished There is a general harmony in nature between the colours of an animal have insects which are formed as well as coloured so as exactly to ==== make-pages.sh questions ==== make-pages.sh search ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel