Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 39 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 95877 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Mr. 19 Darwin 15 animal 15 Dr. 14 form 14 Professor 13 specie 13 America 11 Europe 10 plant 10 man 10 great 10 New 9 Origin 8 Species 8 North 7 case 7 Wallace 7 South 7 Society 7 Sir 7 Natural 7 Lyell 6 time 6 London 6 Huxley 6 Australia 5 nature 5 natural 5 life 5 States 5 St. 5 Selection 5 Nature 5 Man 5 Lamarck 5 Journal 5 God 5 Geology 5 England 5 Africa 4 variation 4 darwinian 4 Life 4 Ibid 4 Hooker 4 Geological 4 Charles 3 variety 3 race Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 10290 specie 7007 animal 6252 case 6205 part 6140 time 5901 form 5359 plant 5315 man 4373 fact 3750 life 3614 variety 3314 year 3290 selection 3268 condition 3193 character 3184 nature 3149 p. 3072 power 3039 period 2991 action 2958 number 2889 page 2874 work 2869 male 2796 view 2752 bird 2695 variation 2658 difference 2565 organ 2534 change 2427 theory 2416 cause 2346 kind 2301 one 2234 female 2208 water 2208 structure 2189 day 2155 point 2151 way 2146 race 2142 body 2086 flower 2045 group 2041 instance 2039 idea 2023 degree 2004 colour 2001 individual 2000 other Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 21819 _ 4786 Darwin 4269 Mr. 1573 Dr. 1354 M. 1292 Origin 1285 i. 1207 Lamarck 1139 America 1118 . 1013 de 987 Lyell 974 Natural 962 Professor 875 Europe 841 Sir 815 vol 806 Selection 786 LETTER 713 II 696 I. 685 Man 676 pp 667 Species 665 Society 644 New 614 Wallace 580 London 577 Huxley 572 Nature 567 la 548 South 534 C. 527 Hooker 500 Buffon 496 England 479 c. 466 North 459 J. 459 God 455 Sect 451 Letters 450 Soc 439 p. 423 vi 421 St. 403 Ed 402 des 399 Prof. 393 Africa Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 30334 it 21585 i 14783 we 11512 they 11001 he 6319 you 6253 them 4008 me 2583 us 2168 him 1219 itself 1102 themselves 987 himself 769 she 486 myself 424 one 306 her 247 ourselves 92 yourself 68 herself 48 yours 42 mine 35 ours 16 theirs 15 oneself 13 his 9 je 5 thee 5 iv 5 > 3 hers 2 yourselves 2 thyself 2 pp 2 nature,--the 2 imagination.--the 2 ii 2 65):-- 2 ''s 1 â 1 à 1 |instinct 1 yew 1 ye 1 whence 1 us,--i 1 them>,--they 1 them,--you 1 survive{233 1 selection,{120 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 128184 be 43870 have 8189 do 7488 see 5074 find 4999 give 4874 make 4359 say 4078 know 4021 become 3929 produce 3488 take 3459 seem 2954 think 2902 show 2745 appear 2387 believe 2362 come 2280 exist 2276 suppose 2266 call 2247 form 2108 live 1962 occur 1949 follow 1786 go 1782 increase 1671 consider 1616 observe 1562 write 1501 use 1385 bear 1384 explain 1360 lead 1355 remain 1349 develop 1330 bring 1321 look 1281 leave 1263 differ 1231 continue 1228 acquire 1171 accord 1146 admit 1139 pass 1129 publish 1109 begin 1092 change 1087 describe 1070 feel Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 20552 not 10341 other 9647 more 8094 same 8040 so 7607 great 6518 very 6007 only 5843 many 5138 most 4946 such 4856 much 4696 first 4482 as 4361 now 4274 well 3778 long 3752 thus 3617 even 3570 new 3501 natural 3291 then 3273 different 3267 also 3235 less 2950 large 2914 far 2772 certain 2523 small 2346 good 2334 common 2320 up 2290 few 2282 high 2198 often 2196 out 2187 however 2178 little 2114 several 2049 general 2020 still 2017 present 1989 here 1965 whole 1893 old 1875 low 1815 almost 1806 early 1798 distinct 1743 young Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1137 most 1066 least 734 good 517 high 483 great 330 low 232 early 198 near 144 old 143 fit 123 strong 123 simple 122 slight 120 large 111 small 110 Most 76 late 68 manif 45 fine 43 close 41 common 39 wide 37 full 36 bad 29 deep 27 long 23 rich 21 clear 20 easy 19 plain 19 minute 19 eld 18 young 16 strange 16 safe 16 new 16 hard 16 able 15 rare 14 weak 14 broad 13 rude 13 noble 12 heavy 12 grave 12 bright 12 brief 10 short 10 remote 10 innermost Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4001 most 233 well 186 least 8 highest 5 long 5 hard 3 worst 3 says:-- 3 lowest 2 warmest 2 richest 2 oldest 2 near 2 goethe 2 easiest 1 soon 1 of--"the 1 newest 1 kinship:-- 1 finest 1 early Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 www.gutenberg.org 2 www.gutenberg.net 1 gallica.bnf.fr Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31316/31316-h/31316-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31316/31316-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/7/6/0/27600/27600-h/27600-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/7/6/0/27600/27600-h.zip 1 http://gallica.bnf.fr Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 _ is _ 27 _ see _ 21 species are not 20 darwin does not 16 species are only 14 selection is not 12 species are more 11 darwin did not 10 characters are more 10 characters do not 10 darwin was not 10 man does not 10 nature does not 10 species are generally 10 species do not 9 case is very 9 darwin is not 9 forms have not 9 males are more 9 plants have not 9 species were not 8 _ do _ 8 _ is not 8 animals are not 8 darwin was able 8 nature is not 8 selection does not 8 species are now 8 species are so 7 _ are _ 7 animals do not 7 animals is so 7 birds do not 7 facts do not 7 forms are not 7 males are much 7 males do not 7 man is not 7 men do not 7 species are common 7 species are very 7 species were mutable 7 time goes on 7 varieties do not 6 case is not 6 darwin was always 6 fact is so 6 male is more 6 man is more 6 nature are not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 species are not immutable 4 species are not only 3 darwin does not so 3 man does not normally 3 men have no fear 3 plants is not divisible 3 power does not long 3 species are not so 3 species were not supernaturally 2 _ is not only 2 animals have no doubt 2 birds are not more 2 case be no doubt 2 characters is not manifest 2 conditions do not necessarily 2 darwin had no wish 2 darwin is not responsible 2 facts are not opposed 2 forms are not immutable 2 forms has not indefinitely 2 life did not insensibly 2 male is not brilliant 2 nature does not necessarily 2 nature is not incessant 2 nature making no mistake 2 period are not indefinitely 2 plants had not thus 2 plants have no volition 2 powers do not at 2 selection is not applicable 2 selection is not hypothetical 2 species do not now 2 species have no material 2 species is not always 2 time is not sufficient 2 varieties do not essentially 2 work is not only 1 _ are not half 1 _ are not unfrequently 1 _ do not _ 1 _ is no less 1 _ is not _ 1 _ is not accurately 1 _ is not at 1 _ is not common 1 _ is not infrequent 1 _ was not available 1 _ was not due 1 actions become no less 1 actions is not entirely A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = 44582 author = Bateson, William title = Problems of Genetics date = keywords = Dr.; England; Kammerer; Lamarckiana; Mr.; North; Oenothera; Vries; case; fact; form; mendelian; specie; type; variation summary = quoted the two forms concerned are really distinct species, but the Species were formed by the act of Nature, who by inter-mixing the genera a natural and physiological distinction between species and variety. forms are this original parental species. type how comes it that B may range through some twenty distinct forms, Compare the condition of a variable form like the male Ruff (or in division may be presented by the bodies of animals and plants in forms case of a species which acquires a new factor and emits a dominant general rule that _species_-hybrids breed true, but that the cross-breds studied the curious colour variations of this species especially in the The relation of local forms to species has often been discussed from types as distinct species, but they are in any case closely allied, and special case of a problem which in its more general form is that of the id = 23427 author = Butler, Samuel title = Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin date = keywords = Buffon; CHAPTER; Darwin; Dr.; Erasmus; Evolution; Geoffroy; God; Haeckel; Ibid; Lamarck; Life; Matthew; Mr.; Natural; Nature; New; Old; Origin; Page; Paley; Phil; Professor; Rome; Species; St.; Zoonomia; animal; man summary = Or the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, addition which I have ventured to make to the theory of Buffon and Dr. Erasmus Darwin--then the wideness of the difference between the Mr. Darwin seems to have followed the one half of Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire''s "full account of Buffon''s conclusions" upon the subject of climate, food, and other changed conditions of life, and that of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, which assigns only an indirect effect to these, while evolution, may be seen from the following passage, taken from Mr. Darwin''s ''Origin of Species'':-organs of living bodies, all animal and vegetable forms have been study of animals and plants under domestication than Buffon, Dr. Darwin, "Nature changes a plant or animal''s surroundings gradually--man Nevertheless, the use of the word "means" here enables Mr. Darwin to speak of Natural Selection as if it were an active cause id = 2009 author = Darwin, Charles title = The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 6th Edition date = keywords = Africa; America; Archipelago; Australia; Dr.; Europe; Gartner; Hooker; Mivart; Mr.; New; North; Professor; Sir; South; States; United; Zealand; animal; case; character; european; form; glacial; natural; plant; selection; specie; variation; variety summary = facts as these, if we suppose that each species of animal and plant, or the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. animals and plants, and compare them with closely allied species, we Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, fact that if any animal or plant in a state of nature be highly useful selection; and in this case the individual differences given by nature, natural selection cannot do, is to modify the structure of one species, SPECIES are crossed the case is reversed, for a plant''s own pollen that as new species in the course of time are formed through natural the case in nature; species (A) being more nearly related to B, C, and Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in a species So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance id = 22728 author = Darwin, Charles title = The Foundations of the Origin of Species Two Essays written in 1842 and 1844 date = keywords = America; Darwin; Essay; Europe; Galapagos; Letters; Life; Lyell; Origin; form; note; race; specie summary = THAT SPECIES ARE NATURALLY FORMED RACES, DESCENDED species be produced adapted by exquisite means to prey on one animal or authors probably breeds of dogs are another case of modified species selection on one species: even in case of a plant not capable of and in the case of plants from monstrous changes, that certain organs in species scarcely differ more than breeds of cattle, are probably ON THE VARIATION OF ORGANIC BEINGS IN A WILD STATE; ON THE NATURAL MEANS into a change from the natural conditions of the species [generally it, if species are only races produced by natural selection, that when organic beings in a state of nature; if changes of condition from selecting such individuals until a new race or species was formed. the number of different species on each island), a form transported from The races or new species supposed to be formed would be id = 22764 author = Darwin, Charles title = On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. (2nd edition) date = keywords = America; Australia; Dr.; Europe; Mr.; New; North; Selection; South; States; United; Zealand; case; european; form; glacial; natural; nature; silurian; specie; variety summary = single species--On Extinction--On simultaneous changes in the forms of life Varieties from one or more Species--Domestic Pigeons, their Differences individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. and plants, and compare them with closely allied species, we generally closely allied natural species--for instance, of the many foxes--inhabiting to the many species of finches, or other large groups of birds, in nature. Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, natural selection cannot do, is to modify the structure of one species, new species in the course of time are formed through natural selection, species, which are already extremely different in character, will generally case in nature; species (A) being more nearly related to B, C, and D, than selection, the extreme amount of difference in character between species large groups of species, has _differed_ considerably in closely-allied So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to id = 2300 author = Darwin, Charles title = The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex date = keywords = Africa; America; Animals; Australia; Birds; Blyth; Brehm; Domestication; Dr.; Europeans; Gould; India; Indians; Islands; Journal; Lepidoptera; Lubbock; Mr.; Nat; Natural; New; North; Proc; Prof.; Quadrumana; Review; Sir; Society; South; States; United; Variation; Wallace; Zoological; british; character; colour; female; fig; history; male; man; order; plant; sex; sexual summary = foregoing, the males and females of some animals differ in structures male differs greatly in colour from the female, as well as from the As the males and females of many animals differ somewhat in habits and The sexes do not generally differ much in colour, but the males are being widely different in the males and females of certain species, In most cases the males and females of distinct species that the males of some species differ widely in colour from the females, females; and yet, when the sexes differ, the males are almost always the the females in comparison with the males cannot be accounted for, as Mr. Wallace believes to be the case with birds, by the greater exposure of When the male differs in colour from the female, he generally exhibits differences of, with those of man; fighting of males for the females; id = 2354 author = Darwin, Charles title = Note on the Resemblances and Differences in the Structure and the Development of the Brain in Man and Apes date = keywords = Gratiolet; brain; man summary = AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN IN MAN AND APES in the structure of the brain in man and the apes, which arose some developed in apes'' as in human brains, or even better; and that it is gyri which appear upon the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in man brains of man, the orang, the chimpanzee, the gorilla, in spite of all characters, between the ape''s brain and man''s: nor any as to the the external perpendicular fissure of Gratiolet, in the human brain for chimpanzee''s brains resemble man''s, but in which they differ from the difference in the development of the brains of apes and that of the appearance of the sulci and gyri in the foetal human brain is in the posterior sulci appear before the anterior, in the brains of the temporal or frontal sulci, appear, the foetal brain of man presents id = 2739 author = Darwin, Charles title = More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters date = keywords = America; April; Arctic; Australia; British; Charles; Darwin; December; Dr.; Edition; Europe; February; Forbes; Gray; Hooker; Huxley; J.D.; January; Journal; July; LETTER; London; Lyell; Man; March; Mr.; Natural; New; November; October; Origin; Owen; Review; Selection; Sir; Society; Species; T.H.; Zealand; glacial; life; volume summary = Joseph Hooker, who has most generously given the original letters to Mr. Darwin''s family. February 4th: Began work on Man. February 10th: New edition of "Variation under Domestication." Read Natural History." See "Life and Letters," II., page 31.) I feel sure I be noted that these pages were written before the appearance of Mr. Darwin''s book on ''The Origin of Species''--a work which has effected a of such cases, says ("On the Nature of Limbs," pages 39, 40), ''I think "Review of Darwin''s Theory on the Origin of Species by means of Natural A passage from Agassiz''s review is given by Mr. Huxley in Darwin''s "Life and Letters," II., page 184.), but I hope to "Man''s Place in Nature," page 110, note, Huxley remarks: "Surely it is in "Life and Letters," Volume II., page 25, but not, we think in the id = 2740 author = Darwin, Charles title = More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters date = keywords = America; April; Association; British; Charles; Darwin; Descent; Dr.; Edinburgh; Edition; England; February; Flora; Geological; Geology; Glen; Gray; Hooker; Huxley; Islands; J.D.; Journal; LETTER; Life; London; Lord; Lyell; Man; March; Mr.; Muller; Natural; New; November; October; Origin; Prof.; Professor; Roy; Royal; Scott; Selection; September; Sir; Society; South; Volume; Wallace; plant summary = This letter is in reply to Mr. Darwin''s criticisms on Mr. Wallace''s "Island Life," 1880.) "Animals and Plants," Edition II., Volume I., page 306.) I am very glad (page 14), he published a letter to Mr. Darwin in which he speaks of the The pages refer to Darwin''s "Geological Observations on the "Origin," Edition V., 1869, page 451, Darwin discusses Croll''s theory, page 178, 1880) Mackintosh mentions a letter received from Darwin, "who It is an interesting fact that Darwin''s work on climbing plants and Letters," III., page 279.) Judging from a long review in the "Bot. Zeitung", and from what I know of some the plants, I believe Delpino''s Plants," Volume I., page 348, Darwin added, with respect to the rarity The following five letters refer to Darwin''s work on "bloom"--a 1887; see also Darwin''s "Life and Letters," I., pages 355, 356, 362, 363.) id = 15707 author = Darwin, Erasmus title = Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. I date = keywords = Dr.; Mr.; Sect; Section; XII; action; animal; blood; body; cause; excite; eye; great; idea; iii; increase; motion; object; organ; pain; power; produce; quantity; sensation; sense; sensorial; stimulus; time summary = action the sensorial power termed irritation; but also pleasure or pain, retina into animal motion by their stimulus; at the same time that those because the sensation of pleasure or pain frequently continues some time 1. _Animal motion includes stimulus, sensorial power, and contractile power has been for some time increased, and the muscles or organs of sense exertion as to produce sensation, be continued for a certain time, it will For these powerful stimuli excite pain at the same time, that they produce irritation; and this pain not only excites fibrous motions by its stimulus, irritative motions generally induces an increase of pleasure or pain, as in motions are produced by the increased quantity of sensation existing in the great as to excite sensation, it produces greater sensitive actions of the agreeable ideas excite into motion the sensorial power of sensation, and ideas and other motions in consequence of the sensorial power of sensation. id = 27600 author = Darwin, Erasmus title = Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II date = keywords = Class; Dr.; Febris; GENUS; III; London; Motions; Mr.; ORDO; SPECIES; Sect; Suppl; Venesection; XXIX; XXXIII; XXXV; action; art; cold; disease; fever; great; increase; inflammation; pain; peruvian; power; produce; sensorial; skin; stomach; time; vessel; water summary = heat is produced by the increased action of the absorbents appears from the action of the heart owing to the deficient sensorial power of irritation or The increased arterial action in this sensitive irritated fever is not inflammation, a violent inflammatory fever, with great pain, occurs, vessels of the skin are exposed to great heat, an excess of sensorial power warm skin for a moderate time to cold air increases the action of the stomach into greater action, as appears by their increasing the power of degree of these sensorial powers; increased actions, and consequent sensorial powers in the cold fit produces the increased actions of the hot stomach excite a greater quantity of the sensorial power of association, heart and arteries in fevers with weak pulse increases the action of the with the cold water, and consequently the sensorial power of association, action of the stomach by exciting the sensorial power of association; this id = 26260 author = Day, Clarence title = This Simian World date = keywords = cat; great; life; like; little; man; race; simian; super; way summary = When we think of these creatures as little men (which is all wrong of A race of civilized beings descended from these great cats would have Like ants and bees, the cat race is nervous. planet of super-cat-men could look down upon ours, they would not know In a world of super-cat-men, I suppose there would have been fewer When great power comes naturally to people, it is used more urbanely. A sudden vision comes to me of one of the first far-away ape-men who Each simian will wish to know more than his head can hold, let such an ambition, yet simians won''t like to think it''s beyond their primitive simian feelings,--wars, accidents, love affairs, and family (The average simian will imagine he knows without learning.) In a simian civilization, great halls will great cats, simians tend to undervalue the body. as the simians are would naturally have a hard time behaving as though id = 6882 author = Day, Clarence title = This Simian World date = keywords = cat; great; like; little; man; nature; race; simian; way summary = When we think of these creatures as little men (which is all wrong A race of civilized beings descended from these great cats would Like ants and bees, the cat race is nervous. If a planet of super-cat-men could look down upon ours, they would not know which to think was the most amazing: the way we tamely live, In a world of super-cat-men, I suppose there would have been fewer which makes mere men feel speechless: but with all love for When great power comes naturally to people, it is used more urbanely. A sudden vision comes to me of one of the first far-away ape-men who to accomplish such an ambition, yet simians won''t like to think it''s civilized simian, every day of his life, in addition to whatever simian feelings,--wars, accidents, love affairs, and family quarrels. In a simian civilization, great halls the great cats, simians tend to undervalue the body. id = 39910 author = Gosse, Philip Henry title = Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot date = keywords = Dr.; Europe; Geology; God; Man; Mr.; animal; deposit; development; egg; evidence; existence; form; formation; great; history; illustration; leave; life; like; long; period; present; specie; surface; time; tree; year summary = the second great period of organic existence.'' The reply seemed composed of organic remains, were formed before the clay was deposited animals manifest no less interesting an approximation to existing forms inferred the existence of vast periods of past time from geological existed in the form of a _planule_, a minute soft-bodied, pear-shaped development; the young unexpanded leaves grow within two large leaf-like form, developing many Hydroid polypes, just like itself, by successive In this species each periodic deposit took the form of a a long-lived animal; and a period of many years must have passed in created present us with any evidences of a past existence, and if so, does appear, its existence as an organism capable of developing the If the Tree-frog afforded us evidence of pre-existent time, in the process of development, however, new locomotive organs are formed; and the earth, at its creation, evidence of its having existed ages before id = 5273 author = Gray, Asa title = Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism date = keywords = Agassiz; America; Atlantic; California; Candolle; Darwin; Dionaea; Dr.; Drosera; Europe; God; Hodge; Japan; Journal; Mr.; Nature; New; North; Science; States; animal; cause; darwinian; design; form; natural; plant; specie summary = Views and Definitions of Species--How Darwin''s differs from that of Agassiz, Nature to secure Cross-Fertilization of Individuals.-Reference to Mr. Darwin''s Development of this View Darwin''s "Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection," as a review of In applying his principle of natural selection to the work in hand, Mr. Darwin assumes, as we have seen: i. species and organs through natural agencies, the author means a series of perusal of the new book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural So long as the existing species of plants and animals were thought to have the origination of species through variation and natural selection of such works as the "Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection," the "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the id = 19192 author = Hodge, Charles title = What is Darwinism? date = keywords = Creator; D.D.; Darwin; Darwinism; Dr.; God; Haeckel; Huxley; Mr.; Professor; Spencer; Wallace; man; nature; theory summary = Scriptural doctrine accounts for the spiritual nature of man, and meets his book on "Natural Selection," to prove that the organs of plants and 4. To account for the existence of matter and life, Mr. Darwin admits a As Natural Selection which works so slowly is a main element in Mr. Darwin''s theory, it is necessary to understand distinctly what he means by the term Natural Selection, in order to mark its relation to man''s variety of structure in plants and animals is due to the law of natural Origin of Species," he says, "that when he first read Mr. Darwin''s book, animals below man, maintains that natural selection must, even in their Haeckel says that Darwin''s theory of evolution leads inevitably to of God from the works of nature, endangered faith in that great doctrine what Mr. Darwin says natural selection has done. To banish design from nature, as is done by Darwin''s theory, is, id = 16729 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews date = keywords = Comte; Congreve; Darwin; Descartes; England; Flourens; Globigerinæ; Hutton; Kölliker; London; Mr.; Nature; Philosophy; Positive; Professor; Sir; Society; animal; education; fact; form; great; knowledge; life; man; matter; natural; physical; present; science; scientific; specie; time summary = Educational Value of the Natural History Sciences," contains a view of seekers after natural knowledge, of the kinds called physical and Now the value of a knowledge of physical science as a means of getting school-life, and to learn, for the first time, that a world of facts nature, or to lay his mind alongside of a physical fact, and try to whole school existence to physical science: in fact, no one would lament ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. Now, so far as we know, there is no natural limit to the existence of time, and, if the like had been done with every animal, the sciences of pre-existing form by the operation of natural causes. series of species has come into existence by the operation of natural explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin id = 2089 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = On the Reception of the ''Origin of Species'' date = keywords = Darwin; Evolution; Lamarck; Lyell; Mr.; Origin; Species summary = And with respect to that theory of the origin of the forms of life biological sciences are studied, the ''Origin of Species'' lights the Evolution were fabricated by Darwin; and the ''Origin of Species'' has the new theory respecting the origin of species first became known to allied species, supposing for this purpose a very long period of time." species of animals and plants did originate in that way, as a condition account for the origination of all past and present species of living pithecoid origin of man involved in Lamarck''s doctrine, he observes:-Lyell meant natural causation; and I see no reason to doubt (The creation and extinction of species, out of the common course of nature; present day, which has not existed from the time that philosophers the universality of natural causation assumed by the man of science. Newton''s ''Principia,'' is Darwin''s ''Origin of Species.'' id = 2921 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Present Condition of Organic Nature Lecture I. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date = keywords = Fig; Horse; animal; matter summary = matter; we must endeavour to look into the foundations of living Nature, be the upper part of the animal--that great mass of bones that we spoke off by all living beings, in the form of organic matters, are constantly with the plant, of the organic with the inorganic world, which is shown organic life from inorganic matters, and as constant a return of the matter of living bodies to the inorganic world; so that the materials supporting the masses of flesh and the various organs forming the living that you see, this living animal, this horse, begins its existence as to those conditions of inorganic matter in which its substance But, as you know, horses are not the only living creatures in the world; same organs that I have already shown you as forming parts of the Horse. from the inorganic world, but that the forces of that matter are all of id = 2922 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Past Condition of Organic Nature Lecture II. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date = keywords = animal; deposit summary = multiplicity of the forms of animal life, great as that may be, may be deposits itself above it, and forms another layer, and in that way you gradually have layers of mud constantly forming and hardening one above that the different beds shall be older at any particular point or spot question--is this, the sea-bottom on which the deposit takes place is many times, it follows that the thickness of the deposits formed at any mud, and beds, or strata, are being as constantly formed, one above the of limestones in which such fossil remains of existing animals are other animals existing in the sea, the shells of which form exceedingly case, but even when animal remains have been safely imbedded, certain of these orders of animals have lived at a former period of the world''s different beds through which I passed the remains of animals which I id = 2923 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Method by Which the Causes of the Present and Past Conditions of Organic Nature Are to Be Discovered; the Origination of Living Beings Lecture III. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date = keywords = air; hypothesis; man summary = ORGANIC NATURE ARE TO BE DISCOVERED.--THE ORIGINATION OF LIVING BEINGS phenomena of Organic Nature, I must now turn to that which constitutes same way, the man of science replies to objections of this kind, by walk to a knowledge of the origin of organic nature, in the same way causes of the phenomena of organic nature, or, at any rate, setting out that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, second general law that you have arrived at in the same way is, that other way than by a man''s hand and shoe, the marks in question have been by the natural probabilities of the case, and if you will be kind enough to four forms: one a kind of animal or plant that we know nothing about, same kind of infusion, and left one entirely exposed to the air, and id = 2924 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Perpetuation of Living Beings, Hereditary Transmission and Variation Lecture IV. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date = keywords = case; tendency; variation summary = The cases of asexual perpetuation are by no means so common as the cases of sexual perpetuation; and they are by no means so common in This tendency to variation is less marked in that mode of propagation the experiment in each case, the offspring is entirely different in great extent; but this second cause of variation cannot be considered his notice of a variation in the form of a human member, in the person fingers upon each hand, and the like number of toes to each of his feet. the present, I mention only these two cases; but the extent of variation tendency to variation; the third was Andre; he had five fingers and five We have in this case a good example of nature''s tendency to the let me now point out what took place in the case of Seth Wright''s sheep, variation distinct from the original stock, and make them breed id = 2925 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Conditions of Existence as Affecting the Perpetuation of Living Beings Lecture V. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date = keywords = case; plant; specie summary = be as different in their structure from the original stock as species There is no doubt that breeds may be made as different as species in to this in the different races known to be produced by selective in the case of distinct species; then you have, as the result of their which have been developed by selective breeding from varieties to return noticed the great differences in these breeds, that if, among any of important one--is this: Does this selective breeding occur in nature? same thing--that varieties exist in nature within the limits of species, As to the first point, of varieties existing among natural species, I animal may vary in nature; that varieties may arise in the way I have animal or a plant lives or grows; for example, the station of a fish as a matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there id = 2926 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = A Critical Examination of the Position of Mr. Darwin''s Work, "On the Origin of Species," in Relation to the Complete Theory of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature Lecture VI. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date = keywords = Darwin; Mr.; hypothesis summary = ORIGIN OF SPECIES," IN RELATION TO THE COMPLETE THEORY OF THE CAUSES OF objections which have been made to the ''Origin of Species.'' Mr. Darwin, hypothesis, having supposed cause for the phenomena in question, we must causes of the phenomena exist in nature; that they are what the known causes are competent to produce those phenomena. the supposed cause existed in nature, because it was competent to phenomena of organic nature, past and present, result from, or are do these supposed causes of the phenomena exist in nature? fact that in nature these properties of organic matter--atavism and rock-pigeon, as the members of any great natural group have with a real if you accept Mr. Darwin''s hypothesis, and see reason for believing that of organic nature which has preceded the one which now exists, presents that the structural differences between man and the lower animals are of id = 2929 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Origin of Species From ''The Westminster Review'', April 1860 date = keywords = Ancon; Darwin; Maillet; Mr.; Nature; animal; great; specie summary = the nature of the objects to which the word "species" is applied; but it group of animals, or of plants, a species, we may imply thereby, either animals are really of different physiological species, or not, seeing many natural species are either absolutely infertile if crossed with produced in the same way, the groups are races and not species. others produced in the same way, they are true physiological species. species goes, is, that there are such things in Nature as groups of ever exhibits, when crossed with another race of the same species, those or stocks, the doctrine of the origin of species is obviously not of structural plan exhibited by large groups of species differing very The objections to the doctrine of the origin of species by special permanent races and then into new species, by the process of ''natural characters exhibited by species in Nature, has ever been originate id = 2930 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Criticisms on "The Origin of Species" From ''The Natural History Review'', 1864 date = keywords = Darwin; Kolliker; Mr.; Professor summary = In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin''s great work have made their appearance. "Darwin," says Professor Kolliker, "is, in the fullest sense of the The teleological general conception adopted by Darwin is a mistaken according to general laws of Nature, and may be either useful, or Darwin''s Theory will do for the organic world. conditions in which it is found; for the Darwinian an organism exists Kolliker''s conception of Mr. Darwin''s hypothesis. "If Darwin is right, it must be demonstrated that forms may be produced "The existence of general laws of Nature explains this harmony, even if explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin endeavours to explain the exact order of organic nature which exists; influence of a general law of development, the germs of organisms which we term the "conditions of existence," is to living organisms. non-existent: and, as Darwin "imagina" natural selection, so Harvey id = 6919 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Darwiniana : Essays — Volume 02 date = keywords = America; Charles; Darwin; Harvey; Kölliker; Lamarck; Lyell; Mivart; Mr.; Nature; Origin; Professor; Quarterly; Reviewer; Species; St.; Suarez; Wallace; animal; case; catholic; darwinian; fact; find; footnote; form; great; man; natural; plant summary = "Species originated by means of natural selection, or through the commend this state of mind to students of species, with respect to Mr. Darwin''s or any other hypothesis, as to their origin. In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin''s great work have made their appearance. "existence of General laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin endeavours to explain the exact order of organic nature which exists; not the mere fact that there is probability in favour of the evolution of man from some lower animal form, Moreover, if the animal nature of man was the result of evolution, so must edition of the _Origin of Species_.] up to the year 1858, when Mr. Darwin and Mr. Wallace published their "Theory of Natural Selection." The present condition of animated nature, until we found that each species took matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there are fifty id = 31316 author = Judd, John W. (John Wesley) title = The Coming of Evolution: The Story of a Great Revolution in Science date = keywords = Darwin; Evolution; Geological; Geology; Hutton; Huxley; Ibid; Lyell; Origin; Principles; Scrope; Society; Species; Vol; Wallace summary = Scrope, Wallace, Lyell and Darwin--and, with some of them, I was long on Lyell at a time when he was still unacquainted with Hutton''s works, and The most important influence of Lyell''s great work is seen, however, in How Lyell''s first volume inspired Darwin with his passion for geological referring to it as ''Lyell''s grand work on the _Principles of Geology_, All through his life, Darwin, like Lyell, showed a positive Darwin''s mind towards the great problem that came to be the work of his from the great work of Lyell'' he thought ''some valuable conclusions great influence exercised by Lyell and his works on Darwin--an influence For a time there was hesitation, as Darwin''s correspondence with Lyell Both Lyell and Darwin insisted that geology is a work with Lyell at Geological Society, 105; great influence of Lyell''s works on Darwin and Evolution, 150; Slavery, views of Lyell and Darwin, 76 id = 18521 author = Laing, S. (Samuel) title = An Expository Outline of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" With a Notice of the Author''s "Explanations:" A Sequel to the Vestiges date = keywords = ATLAS; England; Professor; Vestiges; animal; author; creation; earth; form; great; organic; rock; specie; system summary = author the generative process is still in progress, and new worlds are Suppose a planet formed by the author''s process, what kind of a body found to enclose remains of the organic beings, plants, and animals, rocks may be thus said to form a kind of history of the organic earliest forms of animated being of which we have any traces as existing existence of certain humbler forms of life, vegetable and animal, for organism, and land plants became a conspicuous part of the new creation. conclusions of the author of the _Vestiges of Creation_ on the origin of at this stage seems formed on a new pattern--plants as well as animals forms of animal life are found in the lowest fossiliferous rocks, and In almost every form of life, whether animal or vegetable, art animal forms appeared. author''s hypothesis and the need of successive organic creations by a id = 6335 author = Lyell, Charles, Sir title = The Antiquity of Man date = keywords = Abbeville; Acheul; Alps; America; Amiens; British; Chalk; Crag; Darwin; Dr.; Elephas; England; Europe; FIGURE; France; Geological; Geology; Journal; Lake; London; Man; Mr.; North; Pleistocene; Prestwich; Professor; Rhine; Scotland; Society; Somme; Species; St.; Switzerland; Thames; foot; illustration; number; recent summary = co-existence in ancient times of Man with certain species of mammalia new living species of shells obtained from different parts of the globe period to form so great a thickness as 20 feet. recent species, traced up to a height of 14 feet above the sea by Mr. W.J. Hamilton at Elie, on the southern coast of Fife, is doubtless -PLEISTOCENE PERIOD--BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN -PLEISTOCENE PERIOD--BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN It has naturally been asked, if Man co-existed with the extinct species the present valley, we discover an old extinct river-bed covered by no want of bones of mammalia belonging to extinct and living species. remains; but at some points marine shells of Recent species are said to the glacial period, 2000 feet below its present level, and other parts S. Fossil shells of recent species in the drift at this point. id = 1043 author = McCabe, Joseph title = The Story of Evolution date = keywords = Africa; Age; America; Asia; Australia; B.C.; Chamberlin; Coal; Eocene; Era; Europe; Ice; Jurassic; Mesozoic; Miocene; North; Professor; Tertiary; Triassic; animal; carboniferous; cretaceous; earth; find; great; permian summary = of living nature to-day, that for ages the early organisms had no hard life will be, to a great extent, the story of how animals and plants time little one-celled living units appeared in the waters of the earth, Two groups were developed from the primitive fish, which have great age, when large continents, with great inland seas, existed in North types for freer life, and the earth will pass into a new age. advancing life that a new type of organism has its period of triumph, the evolution of the higher types of land-life. Returning to the water, the primitive insects would develop gills, like The remaining land-life of the Coal-forest is confined to worm-like important preparation of the earth for higher land animals and plants. a period of low-lying land, great sea-invasions, and genial climate, Miocene period there is a great development of the horse-like mammals. id = 20818 author = Mivart, St. George Jackson title = On the Genesis of Species date = keywords = Africa; America; Animals; Darwin; Domestication; Dr.; God; Herbert; Huxley; Ibid; Mr.; Natural; New; Origin; Professor; Selection; Sir; South; Species; Spencer; St.; Wallace; author; darwinian; form; illustration; page; plant summary = St. Hilaire.--Professor Burt Wilder.--Foot-wings.--Facts of pathology.--Mr. James Paget.--Dr. William Budd.--The existence of such an internal power of Admitting, then, organic and other evolution, and that new forms of animals a way as to lead men to regard the present organic world as formed, so to The theory of "Natural Selection" supposes that the varied forms and influences and with Natural Selection in the evolution of organic forms. the theory of "Natural Selection" as the sole origin of species. to produce a considerable effect on horses, and instances are given by Mr. Darwin of pony breeds[79] having independently arisen in different parts of like enough for the evolution of all organic forms by "Natural Selection"? of the same organic forms in animals high in the scale of nature. evolution of all organic forms by the exclusive action of mere minute, forces, and forms structures which neither Natural Selection nor any other id = 20556 author = Packard, A. S. (Alpheus Spring) title = Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work date = keywords = Animaux; Ann; Blainville; Buffon; Cuvier; Darwin; Discours; Dr.; France; Geoffroy; Hilaire; Jardin; Lamarck; Les; Linné; Museum; Natural; Paris; Philosophie; Plantes; Professor; Saint; St.; Vertèbres; animal; change; cuvi; des; form; french; lamarckian; life; nature; specie; time; view; work summary = efficient causes of organic change, and thus to account for the origin organization of the present Museum of Natural History as it is to-day. But the life-work of Lamarck and his theory of organic evolution, as of course it takes a new form if Lamarck''s views, improved by yours, great length of geological time; (2) The continuous existence of animal WHEN DID LAMARCK CHANGE HIS VIEWS REGARDING THE MUTABILITY OF SPECIES? vulgar have generally formed on the nature and origin of living "_It is not the organs, i.e., the nature and form of the parts of the state of organization of the different animals now living! nature has gradually formed the different animals that we know, "It is known that different places change in nature and character by general form, the parts, and the very organization of these animals, "Naturalists having observed that the forms of the parts of animals id = 1909 author = Seward, A. C. (Albert Charles) title = Darwin and Modern Science date = keywords = Africa; America; Australia; Beagle; Botany; Cambridge; Charles; Darwin; Darwinism; Descent; Europe; Geological; Geology; Henslow; Hooker; Huxley; III; Ibid; L.L.; Lamarck; Letters; Life; London; Lyell; Man; Muller; Natural; New; North; Origin; Principles; Prof.; Professor; Science; Selection; Sir; Society; South; Species; Spencer; University; Vol; Wallace; animal; darwinian; evolution; form; history; nature; page; plant; variation; work summary = species, and as Darwin himself pointed out, in many cases the two forms of "The Origin of Species", Darwin stated his view on this point very the only true ''Origin of Species''" ("Life and Habit", London, page publication of Darwin''s "Origin of Species", Huxley stated his own views Darwin''s immortal work, "The Origin of Species", first shed light for way affects the fact recognised by Darwin, that ear-forms showing the labours for his immortal work, "The Origin of Species", Darwin expresses always bear in mind Darwin''s words ("Descent of Man", page 229.) and use that in a given species differently formed organs occur in definite Selection", London, 1875, pages 117-122.) Darwin''s original letter Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection", page 214.) Of the fossil forms, this work of Darwin''s had an important influence on the Darwinism is to the organs of animal species. Darwin''s theory of the origin of species, "it depends upon observation, id = 7234 author = Vries, Hugo de title = Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation date = keywords = Darwin; Europe; Holland; Mendel; Oenothera; Vilmorin; case; character; european; flower; form; individual; instance; large; leave; new; number; plant; produce; seed; specie; time; type; variety; year summary = of mutation assumes that new species and varieties are produced from The question of the experimental origin of new species and varieties has single individual, or a small group of plants, or a lot of seeds. In some cases his species were real plants, and the varieties seemed to saved the seeds of a single plant of each supposed variety separately. term "variety" in opposition to "species." The larger groups of forms, garden-varieties differ from their species by a single sharp character White varieties of species with red or blue flowers are the most common leaves and red fruits; its white flowered variety may be distinguished this lecture, we have seen that varieties differ from elementary species From this seed plants of a wholly different type came the next year, of variety next to the red or blue-flowering species, or thornless forms in Many large genera of hybrid garden-flowers owe their origin to species id = 29739 author = nan title = Little Masterpieces of Science: The Naturalist as Interpreter and Seer date = keywords = America; California; Darwin; Europe; Mr.; New; Professor; South; States; animal; colour; flower; form; horse; insect; man; plant; specie summary = be a law of nature if each species has been independently created no man other species possess differently coloured flowers, than if all allied species, when placed under widely different conditions of life, modification of their descendants, causes the forms of life, after long As species have generally diverged in character during their long course yet distant species occur, doubtful forms and varieties belonging to the species, by the general succession of the forms of life. a distinct species by descent from some lower form, through the laws of of the species, as well as through natural selection in relation to the It is also well known that animals in a state of nature produce white in the colour, form and structure of all animals, has furnished There is a general harmony in nature between the colours of an animal have insects which are formed as well as coloured so as exactly to