Distant Reader - subject-experiments-gutenberg

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-06-06 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader gutenberg process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of Project Gutenberg -- facet_subject:"Experiments". Then, for future reference, the results were saved to a Zip file complete with rudimentary bibliographics. The name of the file is input-file.zip. The Zip file was then unpacked and the contents saved to a cache as well as a directory of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 15 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 242,367 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 16,157 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 85. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

will, one, two, fig, may, current, water, must, wire, made, end, see, exp, place, experiment, make, small, glass, time, paper, like, needle, first, iron, coil, put, take, apparatus, little, fire, resistance, long, hand, three, let, study, now, air, lucifer, magnet, directions, card, piece, used, part, back, dr, just, cards, number

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Endless Amusement A Collection of Nearly 400 Entertaining Experiments in Various Branches of Science; Including Acoustics, Electricity, Magnetism, Arithmetic, Hydraulics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Hydrostatics, Optics; Wonders of the Air-Pump; All the Popular Tricks and Changes of the Cards, &c., &c. to Which is Added, a Complete System of Pyrotechny; Or, the Art of Making Fire-works., The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by Experiment Containing Two Hundred Experiments Performed with Simple, Home-made Apparatus, and Project Hi-Psi.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

one end, horseshoe magnet, iron filings, find whether, magnetic field, soft iron, current passes, will appear, internal resistance, bar magnet, extra cloth, one side, electric current, left hand, inches long, apparatus book, copper wire, sulphuric acid, external resistance, see exp, magnetic needle, will pass, big tank, spring connectors, two inches, six inches, right hand, will make, current will, see apparatus, gold probe, sciatic nerves, fluid cell, dry cell, long card, prime conductor, will see, will give, several times, induction coils, static electricity, inches diameter, chemical action, feet long, ebonite sheet, first time, iron core, small piece, copper sulphate, astatic galvanoscope

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by Experiment Containing Two Hundred Experiments Performed with Simple, Home-made Apparatus Endless Amusement A Collection of Nearly 400 Entertaining Experiments in Various Branches of Science; Including Acoustics, Electricity, Magnetism, Arithmetic, Hydraulics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Hydrostatics, Optics; Wonders of the Air-Pump; All the Popular Tricks and Changes of the Cards, &c., &c. to Which is Added, a Complete System of Pyrotechny; Or, the Art of Making Fire-works., and Experiments on the Nervous System with Opium and Metalline Substances Made Chiefly with the View of Determining the Nature and Effects of Animal Electricity.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

dr., illustration, fig, zinc, wheel, water, time, theory, tank, stulnikov, snow, small, sk540, simon, sar, rocket, richardson, psi, problem, place, piece, person, paul, paper, number, norah, nina, nerves, mitchell, melinee, mary, man, magic, macklin, lucifer, leg, johnny, joe, ivan, inch, huth, grushenka, glass, geno, franstein, firebird, fire, fetzer, ferris, experiment

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be fig, and Endless Amusement A Collection of Nearly 400 Entertaining Experiments in Various Branches of Science; Including Acoustics, Electricity, Magnetism, Arithmetic, Hydraulics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Hydrostatics, Optics; Wonders of the Air-Pump; All the Popular Tricks and Changes of the Cards, &c., &c. to Which is Added, a Complete System of Pyrotechny; Or, the Art of Making Fire-works. is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

wire, end, water, time, current, paper, glass, needle, a, coil, iron, b, hand, resistance, air, fire, piece, card, c, part, illustration, magnet, number, person, room, place, e, way, cards, table, side, fig, copper, pole, top, cell, circuit, inches, case, body, experiment, box, door, force, man, direction, lines, g, head, effect

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, be, was, are, have, had, said, do, has, made, were, see, been, make, ''s, being, let, put, take, used, placed, study, know, place, get, did, find, pass, called, does, produced, found, go, cut, charged, keep, give, think, got, appear, ''m, tell, say, having, hold, ''re, come, shown, ''ve, show

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

_, fig, c, lucifer, exp, |, s, experiment, dr., directions.=, apparatus, b, e, m, huth, c., f, nina, m., mitchell, n, macklin, macnare, e., t, psi, electricity, w, f., simon, brill, adam, zinc, g, richardson, ernie, alice, nerves, s., ferris, earth, horseshoe, h, chapter, vol, book, water, john, fetzer, d

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, you, i, he, his, we, they, them, its, your, him, their, her, she, my, me, our, us, himself, itself, yourself, ''s, themselves, myself, one, yours, herself, ours, ''em, i''m, ourselves, mine, yourselves, you''re, ya, y, rockets._--they, huh, hers, em, discharged.--residual, bookshelf, bg

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

other, same, small, little, first, large, magnetic, many, long, more, good, current, different, great, strong, second, last, several, own, right, few, simple, electric, dry, white, new, such, much, equal, next, thin, free, proper, open, whole, extra, third, short, opposite, soft, fine, common, sure, high, left, human, old, certain, lower, complete

not, then, n''t, up, so, out, very, as, now, again, only, just, about, down, back, more, off, together, even, too, well, on, also, still, all, here, in, first, much, enough, long, never, most, there, away, soon, over, is, thus, always, that, instead, quite, before, however, once, almost, easily, quickly, nearly

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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