Aphorisms upon the new way of improving cyder, or making cyder-royal lately discovered for the good of those kingdoms and nations that are beholden to others, and pay dear for wine ... : to which are added, certain expedients concerning raising and planting of apple-trees, gooseberry-trees, &c. with respect to cheapness, expedition, certain growing, and fruitfulness, beyond what hath hitherto been yet made known / by Richard Haines. Haines, Richard, 1633-1685. 1684 Approx. 75 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 11 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2009-03 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A43774 Wing H198 ESTC R11090 13115485 ocm 13115485 97747 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A43774) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 97747) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 419:10) Aphorisms upon the new way of improving cyder, or making cyder-royal lately discovered for the good of those kingdoms and nations that are beholden to others, and pay dear for wine ... : to which are added, certain expedients concerning raising and planting of apple-trees, gooseberry-trees, &c. with respect to cheapness, expedition, certain growing, and fruitfulness, beyond what hath hitherto been yet made known / by Richard Haines. Haines, Richard, 1633-1685. [5], 17 p. Printed by George Larkin for the author ..., London : 1684. Marginal notes. Reproduction of original in Bodleian Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. 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Fruit-culture -- England -- Early works to 1800. 2008-01 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2008-03 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2008-04 John Pas Sampled and proofread 2008-04 John Pas Text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-09 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion APHORISMS UPON The New Way of Improving CYDER , OR MAKING CYDER-ROYAL , LATELY DISCOVERED For the Good of those Kingdoms and Nations That are Beholden to Others , and Pay Dear for WINE . SHEWING , That Simple Cyder , frequently Sold for Thirty Shillings per Hogshead , ( viz. Three-half-pence a Quart ) may be made as Strong , Wholesom , and pleasing as French Wine usually Sold for Twelve-pence a Quart ; Without Adding any thing to it , but what is of the Juice of Apples ; And for One Penny or Three-half-pence a Quart more Charge , may be made as good as Canary commonly Sold for two Shillings . As also , how one Acre of Land now worth Twenty Shillings , may be made worth Eight or Ten Pound per Annum . To which are Added , Certain Expedients concerning RAISING and PLANTING OF Apple-trees , Gooseberry-trees , &c. With Respect to Cheapness , Expedition , certain Growing , and Fruitfulness , beyond what hath hitherto been yet made known . By RICHARD HAINES . LONDON : Printed by George Larkin for the Author , and are to be had at the Marine and Carolina Coffee-House in Burching Lane near the Royal Exchange ; Until our Royal-Cyder-Office be Erected for Granting of Licenses , of which we shall give a further Account shortly . 1684. THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY , TO ALL Kings , Princes , & States , Who have No Wines of their own Production ; ESPECIALLY To the most Sacred Majesty OF HIS SOVERAIGN LORD THE King of Great Britain , &c. AS ALSO To their most Excellent Majesties , the Kings of the two Northern Crowns ; And to the High and Mighty Lords ; the States General of the United Provinces . May it please Your Majesties and Lordships : FOod , Drink , and Rayment , are the prime Requisites of Humane Life . Of Drinks , the Juice of the Grape is esteemed the most Generous ; But since Providence has not Indulged every Nation with That of its own Growth ; and for that , tho' the more Southern Countrys Enjoy it , yet the more Northern that are without it , do by the Coldness of their Climate most stand in need of strong Drinks ; And since Ale and Beer is too Cloudy and heavy ; and to furnish themselves with Wine , they exhaust yearly a great part of their Treasure and Native Commodities ; I thought , if I could find out and inform that part of the World , how to prepare a sort of Liquor which might Answer all the Ends and Advantages of Wine , and yet be of Your own Countries Production , and afforded much Cheaper , I might Deserve well of Your Majesties and Lordships , and all Your Subjects , both now and to Posterity . That which nearest approaches the Nature of Wine , is the Juice of Apples , Wildings , Pears and other Fruits , ( commonly called Cyder , Perry , Currant , Cherry and Gooseberry-Wine &c. ) And with all or some of these , Your respective Territories are , or may be plentifully Furnisht . The Defect hitherto has been , First , That few have applyed themselves to making of Cyder . Secondly , Much fewer are Those that know how to make even tollerable common simple Cyder . Thirdly , Their Cyder who made it Best , Falls short of the Goodness of Wine in strength and Delicacy ; and besides , by reason of its Coldness and Crudities , was apt to Generate Wind , and other Distempers , and so proved not so wholsome to the Body . For all these Inconveniences , Here is found a proper and certain Remedy ; The SECRET is brought home to Your Doors , and in the Following Papers spread before You ; So that hencefoth , after a little Industry , You need not ( for General use ) be beholden to any Forreiner , for their Wines but Furnish Your selves as well , and abundantly Cheaper , at Home , and Drink for Your own Healhs , without Despising the Discoverer in Variety of Liquors of Your own Production , altogether as good and Satisfactory . How this Overture may be Resented , I am not Prophet enough to fore-see ; The Incredulity of our King Henry the Seventh ( tho justly numbred amongst the wisest Monarchs of that Age ) is reported by some Authors to have cost him the Immense loss of the West-Indian Treasures , which have since Enricht all the Kings , Princes , and States of Europe : And even Ferdinand of Castile was beholding to the Importunities of his Lady Isabella , for accepting that proffer'd Prize , and the Discovery of that New World , from a despised Columbus . And however this Present thing , or my self may be Censur'd or Contemn'd at first ; yet without the least doubt I believe , that a time will come , wherein all or most of the Kings , Princes , and States , or at least their Subjects , in those Nations that have no Wines of their own , may have Cause to Rejoice either in the Use or Advantage , which themselves may make thereof ; And that too , without Raising any Burthensome Taxes , or putting their Subjects to heavy Charges . For as it must undoubtedly be of great Profit to all Nations that are unfurnisht with Wine of their own Production , especially , those whose Soil will afford the Materials ( In which respect I forget not the Kingdom of Poland , to whom I made my Endeavours to transmit my Proposals , but by reason of the remote distance and small Entercourse from hence thither , I could not gain an Opportunity ; However I cannot but Recommend it as a thing of great Moment to that Renouned King and Nation , their Countrey being as proper for it as any in the World ) so as for Climates which yield not Fruits Necessary , they will yet however Fare much the better too , since less VVines being spent in those Nations that used to take off the greatest Quantities ( viz. two or three Millions worth of Wines and Brandy's per Annum ) The French , &c. must then be necessiated to force a Trade , by selling them much Cheaper , than ever they would have done , were it not for this Discovery . Vpon the whole matter , as Your most Excellent Majesties , and Your renowned Lordships , have by Your several Letters Patents , Contracts , and Resolutions , given me Assurances of a Proportionate Reward and Encouragement ; If upon the Discovery , the thing should prove Feazible , and be Accepted , or Suffered to be practised in Your several Dominions , so Relying upon Your Royal and Honourable VVords ( than which nothing here below can be more Sacred ) to Your Justice Wisdom , and Goodness , I Humbly referr my self , and these my well-intended Endeavours , Remaining To Your Majesty my dread Soveraign , a most Humble Loyal and Faithfully Devoted Subject . And to you the other most Excellent Kings , and Honourable Lords , A most Humble , And Ready Servant , To my Power , Richard Haines . AN ADVERTISEMENT TO ALL LOYAL SUBJECTS IN HIS Majesties Kingdom of England AND Principality of Wales . VVHereas our Soveraign Lord the King , hath been Graciously Pleased by his Royal Letters Patent , to give and grant unto Me and Partners , the sole Use and Benefit of my Invention in the ensuing Treatise Discovered ; With all the Profits and Advantages that may , can , or shall be made thereof ; With prohibition to all others from doing or imitating the same , within all His Majesties Dominions ; For and during the Term of Fourteen Years . And forasmuch as such our Invention may be very desirable , useful , and beneficial to all or most part of his Majesties Subjects ; Therefore to the intent , They may not be with-holden from the same , Notwitstanding it might be abundantly most for our particular advantage to keep it in our Hands , and Reserve it wholly to our selves , since it is , That we might gain Five or Six Pound by every Hogshead , when no such is made in our Nation , but by our selves . Yet nevertheless to demonstrate the Greatness of our Zeal to the Publick ; and how ready we are to postpone our private Interests thereunto ; That no reasonable person may have any Colour to Complain ; And that all that are willing , may have the opportunity to make sufficient Benefit of this our Invention ; We do by these Presents declare , That we are willing and content , That this our said Invention shall be free to all His Majesties Subjects in England and Wales , Upon the Terms , Limitations , and Conditions following , viz. 1. That every Person that shall or will sell the said Cyder-Royal , or other Liquors herein after mentioned , either by Wholesale or Retail , shall yearly have a Deputation or Allowance from us so to do , paying us One and Twenty Shillings and Six-pence per Annum . 2. That any of His Majesties Subjects in England or Wales , paying the like Sum of Twenty One Shilling Six-pence , shall for the whole Term of Fourteen Years have the like Deputation or Allowance , to practice or use the same for his particular use , viz. so far , as to make Cyder-Royal , and all or any the aforesaid Liquors , to be spent by themselves and their Respective Private Families . And to entertain their Friends therewith in their own Houses ; provided they do not fell , or otherwise dispose thereof . This is the method we propose , The Termes whereof are so easy and profitable to those to whom they are offered ; That we hope no Loyal Subject may have the least Cause to dislike ; Nor any be found so unreasonably perverse , as to oppose or contemn the Authority of His Majesties Gracious Letters Patent , or to envy the Patentees so small a Consideration and Acknowledgment , who out of Love and Good-will to the Publick , are contented with that which will not amount to one tenth part of the benefit vve might make thereof , if we kept the thing wholly in our own particular Hands and Management . And supposing these our reasonable Terms may be readily Embrac'd , we shall be Content to abide by and continue the same . But however , forasmuch as we know , That there are a discontented troublesome and envious sort of people in the VVorld , who are naturally apt not only to envy and abuse them whom they are beholding to , for their own VVelfare ; but also delight to affront and contemn the Authority of His Majesties Laws and Royal Prerogative therefore , as to Venders , viz. All such as sell either by VVholesale or Retale , vve intend their Deputations or Licences shall be but from one year to another ; To the intent , that in case the method we have proposed be thwarted and endeavoured to be obstructed , we may the next year , take to our selves the sole benefit of our Invention granted ; And those only to have the selling and uttering thereof as shall give security to take it of our selves and no others . But for those that sell it not , they upon sending in their money as aforesaid , shall freely enjoy the same , for our whole Term , upon the condition before offered . If it be objected , That this way of improving Cyder , &c. by me discovered , is so obvious and easy , that it deserves not the Honour of being called a Project or Invention . To this I crave leave to answer — 1. That every thing seems easy when 't is known , and yet if it be a useful thing , those that knew it not before , will be ungrateful not to Acknowledge an obligation to him that first taught them . 2. If it seem now so plain when you find it here discovered , it vvas lately not so ; for else how came it not to be practiced before ? Nay , ( though 't is not difficult to add to things once found out ) yet the ordinary Objector , even after I have given the hint , and in general disclosed the thing , would perhaps find it not very easy to advance his Liquors to the proposed perfection , without consulting those Rules and Instructions which I have here laid down , having by frequent Trials and Experiments found them most effectual . The Old Fable is significative , of the Mag-Pye reaching the Wood Pigeon to build a Nest ; to every Direction the other contemptuously Cry'd — This I can do , and This I can do ; which at last so incensed the Pye , that she left her in the midst of her work with this Reprimand , — Then do 't , then do 't ; and ever since the simple Pigeon for want of a little patience and gratitude is forc'd to be content with a sorry imperfect Lodging for her young ones . So in the present Case , suppose any shall say , this is easy , I doubt not but to do it and mend it too my self — Be it so , yet still I know not that you have more reason to Boast , than the Cobler , who says he mends what the Shomaker makes , whereas had not the latter first made the Shoe , the former would have had no occasion for such a Vapour . 3dly . Inventions are to be honour'd and esteem'd for that Usefulness and Benefit they afford , rather than for their uneasiness to be found out at first , or their difficulty to be practiced afterwards ; Whether a man by sagaciousness of Judgment , or a long Industry and frequent Essays , find out a thing ; Or whether it occur to him suddenly by the friendly suggestion of his good Genius , 't is all one to the rest of the world . Nay , whenever the thing is really useful , the more easie 't is in practice , the more ought it to be valulued , because thereby 't is likely to be more publickly beneficial , and consequently the people are the more beholding to the Inventer . Especially he if be such an one as this Discoverer ; who hath at his own cost and charge , ( besides this thing ) found out and contrived certain Expedients by which not only the Wealth of the Kingdom of England might encrease at least Twenty , if not Thirty Hundred Thousand Pounds , and His Majesties Revenue at least Five , Hundred Thousand Pounds Per Annum for ever ; But also all poor People not having any Habitations of their own , or wherewith to Live of themselves , may be so provided for , That there shall not be one Beggar in the Nation , nor any have reason to Complain for want of a comfortable Imployment , Food , Rayment or Habitation . As my several Printed Proposals presented to his Majesty and both Houses of Parliament , do most plainly demonstrate ; Insomuch that I having presented my Petition to the Honourable House of Commons , the thing was so readily approved of . That an Order was made for bringing in a Bill Pursuant to the effect of my Proposals , Nemine Contra-Dicente ; Which Bill I at my further Charge , procured to be drawn and prepared ; And had not the Person whom I first intrusted , and who promised to read my Petition in the House of Commons , from time to time delayed so to do , till within a week before the Dissolution of the Parliament ; there is no reason to doubt but it had past into an Act , and at this day been practiced , to the Inestimable benefit of the Nation . So that it will be very hard , and the highest discouragement imaginable to all persons in future times , to study to promote the Welfare of their Country , by new and profitable Inventions and Expedients , If a person who has thus for many years made it his Business to serve the Publick so considerably , to his great expence of time and charge , to the value of divers Hundred Pounds , may not without being Envied , repined at , or obstructed , be afforded and allowed to reap the benefit of his Majesties most Gracious Grant ( whose Goodness never is wanting to any that find out Improvements advantagious to his People ) especially this present Discovery , being such as not only tends so much to the Publick Utility , but also to the great Profit of all that please to make use of it on such easy and condescending Termes , prejudicial to our own Interests , as those herein before offered . Which as they are heartily tendred for a General Good , so we hope they will be received with that Acceptance and Gratitude , and Respect to His Majesties Royal Grant , as becomes all Considerate Men and Good Subjects . APHORISMS Upon the New Way of Improving Cyder , &c. THe Secret by me proposed to the before mentioned most Excellent Princes and Honourable States , and for the Discovery of which , They have been severally pleased , by their Gracious Letters Patent , Contracts , or Resolutions , to Promise me a Reward or Gratuity , is as followeth ; that is to say , To make the Cyder , Perry , Juice , Wines or Liquors of Apple , Pears , Wildings , Crabbs , Cherries , Goose-Berries , Currants , and Mul-Berries , to he as Strong , Wholsome , and Useful , as French , Spanish , and other Wines now in frequent Use ; And that thereby the Revenues of the said Kings and States may severally be Encreased more than One-Hundred-Thousand Pounds per Annum . And yet the said Cyder , &c. So Improved , to be made and afforded for 3. d. per Quart , as good as the Wine now usually Sold for 12.d . per Quart. Which Cyder so Improved , for its Excellency , and to Distinguish it , in Name , from Common simple Cyder , may fittly be called , CYDER-ROYAL . All which I now come to Explain , and Demonstrate in the following Aphorisms . I. To make Cyder-Royal , or raise Ordinary Simple Cyder , to be full as good or better than French Wine , or to make the best simple Cyder twice as strong as it is ( and so the like of any the aforesaid Liquors ) by putting the strength and Goodness of two Hogs-heads into One ; which for to do , first put one Hogs-Head of Cyder , and some part of the other , into a Copper-Still , and draw off all the Spirit : After which Distil the said Spirit a second time , and then put the same into your other Hogs-Head and fill it up , stirr it about well , and keep it close-stopr , except one day in Ten or Twenty , let it lie open five or six hours . And within one Quarter of a Year , if the ensuing directions be observed , this Cyder will be full as strong or stronger than the best French Wines , and altogether as pleasing , tho' it may be some what different in Tast . II. If you would have it Drink more like Canary or other Sacks , you must add more of the Spirit , and as much Sugar or Sweets ( the making of which is herein after taught ) as will best please your Pallate ; And is the proportion of one Pint of good Spirit to a Gallon , will make it as strong as French-Wine ; So one Pint and a half will make it full as strong as Spanish Wine ; And by this means in like manner , Perry and the Juice of Cherries , Mal-Berries , Currants and Goose-Berries , ( especially Goose-Berries ) may by adding thereunto their proper Spirits , or any other Convenient Spirits , be made as good and pleasi●g as the Winer made in the Canaries . I mention other Spirits , because upon Trial I have observ'd , that Brandy , Spirit of Wine , and of Grain , and other Spirits , may be of good Effect in this Business , provided they are drawn Fine ; yet by Experience I have found , the Spirits of the same kind , or at least of some other Fruits , to be the best and most natural ; And the Spirits raised from Ale or Beer to be most Improper ; unless the Ale and Beer be mixt with Cyder before the Spirits be drawn off . III. That One Acre of Land planted with Apple-Trees , may be worth by this means to the Planters at least 8 l. per Annum ; And yet the Cyder thus made to the goodness of French-Wine , be afforded at 2 d. per Quart ; As is thus Demonstrable . 1. Eight-soore-Trees , viz. Red-Strakes and Golden-Pippins , may conveniently be planted upon one Acre of Land ; each standing sixteen Foot distant . 2. These Trees cannot be supposed to bear less than one Bushel on each , Tree , one with another , that is , eight score Bushels ; And 't is well-known that twenty Bushels of Apples will make an Hogs-Head of Cyder ; So that there will be yielded eight Hogs-Heads on an Acre . 3. These eight Hogs-Heads of simple Cyder , will make Four Hogs-Heads of Cyber - Royal , full as good and strong as French-Wine ; which at 2 d. per Quart , is 2 l. per Hogs-Head ; and so the Four Hogs-Heads yield 8 l. The Product of one Acre — Which is what was to be Demonstrated . But in case it be Sold at 8 d. per Quart , as most certainly it may , during the Term of Fourteen Years : Since it is so that this Cyder - Royal will be as good as Wine Sold at 12 d. per Quart : Then the Product of this Acre thus Planted , may be worth 32 l. Besides the profit of the Grass or Corn , growing the same Year on the same Acre of Land : For if you Plant your Trees at the Distance of twenty Foot one way , and but twelve the other ( Which is all one with sixteen Foot before mentioned ) you may well enough Plow between them . IV. But further , If Goose-Berries and Currants be Planted amongst the Apple-Trees ( as very well they may , and that will prove much the better Husbandry ) then there may be more than four Hogs-Heads of Wine-Royal ; made in a Year of Them , and much better than the other ; So that at the same price , viz. 2 d. per Quart , there will thereby be . 8 l. more raised , that is , 16 l. per Annum from the same Acre of Ground . V. But since 't is usual for Apple-Trees to Bear , some Four Bushels , some Five , Six , Seven , and upwards , to Twenty Bushels , 't is very probable that one Tree with another , may bear four Bushels ; whence may be Produced 16 Hogs-Heads of Cyder-Royal ; which at 3 d. per Quart ( that is , 3 l. the Hogs-Head ) comes to 48 l. Nor is it unreasonable to believe that the Product of Goose-Berries and Currants may amount to much more than the 8 l. per Annum at which we have Computed it . For I know by Reason and Experience , that Currant-Trees and Goose-Berrie-Trees , one with another well-Husbanded , may yield One Gallon a Piece : And upon One Rod of Land may be Planted 16 Trees , each 4 Foot from another ( which is a competent distance ) so that One Rod may produce two Bushels of Currants and Goose-Berries ; And consequently there being Eight-Score-Rods in an Acre , there may 16 score Bushels grow thereon ; Which yielding 16 Hogs-Heads of Simple Wine , makes eight Hogs-Heads of Wine - Royal ; which at 3 d. per Quart , comes to 24 l. Which being added to the 48 l. made by Cyder ( according to the last Computation ) makes 72 l. per Annum , at 3 d. per Quart : But Sold or valued at 6 d. per Quart , the total Product from one Acre of Ground ( now worth not above 20 s. per Annum ) will amount to double the aforesaid Value , that is to say , to 144 l. per Annum . Nor do I know why any should Contemn , or deny this , as an Extravagant Calculation ; however a thing impossible it cannot be , for these two Reasons : First , That one Apple-Tree may bear 30 Bushels at a time ; and One Currant-Tree six Gallons , and One Goose-Berry-Tree 4 Gallons ; whereas here I Reckon but 4 Bushels instead of 30 , and but one Gallon instead of 4 , or six . — And as for Selling it at 6 d. per Quart , this I am sure of , that the Cyder and Wines made as aforesaid , are as good , and as well worth 12 d. per Quart , as the Wines generally Sold in Taverns . Secondly , For that this Cyder-Royal being as good as Wine at 12 d. per Quart , the Price cannot fail of 8 d. per Quart , until by a very considerable Encrease of Plantations , the thing be made Cheaper through the Greatness of the Quantity . VI. As this Method of Improving Cyder and other Liquors before mentioned , renders them more strong and delicious , so it also makes them much more wholsome for the Body than simple Cyder ; The heavy , Cold , and Sickly parts being either wholly taken away , or so corrected that it becomes no way prejudicial to the Stomach , nor any longer apt to Generate Wind ; And I think none will deny , that the Juice of Vegetables growing in our own Soil , and under the same Influences with our selves , being thus honestly Improved with their own Spirits only , or the Addition of a little innocent Sugar , are as agreable to our Bodies , and must needs be as good and wholsome , as those that are brought from Regions remote , and Climates vastly different , and afterwards Brewed again with variety of unknown , and perhaps , dangerous Ingredients . And much more is the former to be preferr'd , than the latter , in another respect , viz. Because if Ten times more of it be spent than there is of Forreign Wines , the Nation will be never the Poorer for it , but on the Contrary much the Richer . VII . For there is in this Invention not only Strength to Chear the Heart of the weak or wearyed , Delicacy to please the Pallate of the Curious , Cheapness to render it Familiar to the Poor ; Private profit to Gratify the Rich , and wholsomness to Indear it to due Observers of their Health : But also publique Advantage to Recommend it to the Regards of Princes , and engage Kingdomes and States in a Concernment to Advance and put it in Practise . For by this Expedient , the wealth and Treasure of those Realms and Nations to whom it is proposed , may be greatly preserved and Augmented ; And particularly England and the Territories thereunto belonging , may save at least Six , if not Eight-Hundred-Thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum . ( And the other Nations proportionably ) by saving so much Treasure as goes out every Year to the Enriching of other Nations , and Impoverishing of their own . To this there may be some Objections . First , Those whose Lands are Imployed in Raising of Barley , will fear that by this Expedient Rich Liquors will be so plenty and Cheap , and raised by every Body for their own use , That Beer and Ale will be neglected ; And consequently , they will in some measure lose their former Benefit arising by Barley . To this I Answer ; First , 'T is as reasonable , that all others should make the best Improvement of their Lands in an Honest way , for their own and the Nations good , as that these Men should make the most of theirs for their private Interest . Secondly , Most Lands kind for Barley , are proper for such Plantations , and the Owners thereof , as well as others , may make the like Profit in this way , and much more than they did by Barley : For that , one Acre of Land so Planted as is before-mentioned , when grown upp , will ( without Charge of Plowing and Sowing ) produce more Hogs-Heads of Cyder and Wine-Royal , worth Six-pence a Quart ( or Three-pence at least ) than it would strong Beer or Ale , worth but Two-pence per Quart , if it had been sown with Barley . Thirdly , As for several Years yet to come , there will be little danger of the Objected Inconveniences , viz. until those Trees hereafter to be Planted , shall be grown upp ; So in the mean time , until then , there will be more Beer and Ale spent than was before this SECRET was discovered : Because that Cyder which was Sold for twenty or thirty Shillings per Hogs-Head , and spent instead of Beer , will now be advanced to the Price of Five or Six , perhaps Eight or Ten Pound per Hogs-Head , and so be drank instead of Wine . And lastly , When the Plantations shall be grown numerous , the Publique Wisdom of each Nation , may easily prevent any such Inconvenience as is Feared , by laying such an Imposition on all Home-made Wines and Cyders , as may keep them from being Sold too Cheap , which yet will be no Burthen to the Planters , nor they have any Reason to Complain thereof , tho' it should be Twenty Shillings on every Hogs-Head , so great will their Profit be , notwithstanding . The Second Objection , as it more immediately concerns England , is more Considerable , viz. That this Invention of improving Cyders , and other Liquors of our own production , hindring the Consumption and Importation of forreign Wines , will much diminish his Majesties Customes . To this is humbly Answered , That the loss of Customes by decrease of Forreign Wines may easily be made good ; nay the profit to His Majesty more than doubled , by an Imposition on these Domestick Liquors which come in place of them . And as the Publick National Interest will readily Embrace and afford such an Imposition , which tends to the stopping of that vast Sluce of Treasure , which Forreigners yearly drain from us ; so may the same be laid without any Grievance to the particular Subjects that are to pay it ; Since notwithstanding the same , 't is evident every Acre may be made worth at least Six Pound per Annum ( after all Charges deducted ) better to the Owners than it was before : And every one for his own use may make or have that for Three-pence at most , as good as what he paid a shilling for before . Besides the publick profit of Enriching the Nation several Hundred Thousand Pounds every Year . For Example ( keeping to our first , and the meanest Calculation that can in reason be imagined ) suppose but Four Hogs-Heads of Cyder-Royal , and as many of Currant and Goose-berry-Royal be made upon an Acre ; These at three-pence per Quart make the product of that one Acre for that year Twenty Four Pound . Now suppose further , That an Imposition were laid of one penny per Quart , which is Twenty Shillings per Hogs-Head ; Then the Kings part or profit from that Acre will be Eight Pound Per Annum , and the Planters Sixteen Pound . And sure the latter has no Cause to Complain , since that may be more than Two Cropps of Grain would have brought in . And at this Proportion in any Country where there shall be One-Hundred-Thousand Acres Planted , the King or State may Raise to themselves Six or Eight Hundred-Thousand Pounds per Annum . And yet at the same time much Benefit and Enrich their Subjects , as keeping their Treasure at home from being Exhausted by Forreign Nations , and Enjoying for their use at 3 d. per Quart , altogether as good or better Drink than that for which before they paid 12 d. And as for those that Plant it , especially such as have Land of their own , they may by this means keep their Houses always Plentifully Furnisht with Variety of Rich Delicate Liquors for themselves , and their Friends , and if there be no Imposition , the same will Cost them nothing but the Labour of making it : And if there be such an Imposition , yet ( besides their Labour ) it will stand them in but one penny a Quart. Again , The Decrease of Customes on Forreign Wines may be supplyed by laying double or trebble Customs on what shall for the Future be brought in ; for since there will be no need of it , 't is but just that those that will Gratify their Fancies to the Publique Prejudice of their Countries , should pay for their Humour , which perhaps will make their Out-Landish Drinks Relish the Sweeter ; And yet even they will have no Reason to grudge at it , since ( supposing them Persons of Estates ) their Lands by this Improvement of Cyder at home will be much Augmented in Value . If it be Objected that the Customes already on Wine , are twice as much per Hogs-Head as what is proposed to be laid on Cyder . I Answer , Suppose the Customes on Wines be 8 l. per Tun , and on Cyder but 4 l. yet since Cyder may be made for 3 d. per Quart , as good as French Wine at 12 d. per Quart , it may be Concluded , that there will be 4 times as much Cyder Drank as there is now Wine ; which if so , then for every 100 l. the King or State did receive for Wines , they may receive 200 l. by Cyder-Royal . There is yet another Objection , — Many People are much against Mixtures in Drink , and will be ready to say , Here is a Mixture in Your Cyder-Royal , and therefore we will not like it — To which I Answer : First , 'T is not all Mixtures , but Dangerous or improper Mixtures which ought to be avoided . Secondly , This in Truth is not any Mixture at all , since only the better part of the same thing or kind is added to it , and when all is done , it is but Cyder , or Wine Refined and made better , without any Composition , but what comes from the Apple , unless you will ( which is left to your own free Choice ) to Gratify Your own Pallate add a little Sugar , which all Men know to be Wholsome and Nourishing , especially when 't is first so Purg'd and Ordered as herein after is set forth ; Nor is such Spirits in such Liquors any ways worse than Gravey with Meat , which makes the best sawce for the Flesh whence it proceeds : And as the Gravey is the Vital and Nourishing part of Meat , so is the Spirit of Cyder to Cyder . But if our Cyder-Royal he to be refused , as being mixt , I desire to be Inform'd , what Liquor ( except fair Water ) there is in Common use , not much more justly liable to the like Exception ? But perhaps our greatest Wine-Bibbers will by no means Change their Out-Landish Liquors for Domestick Cyder : Because , say they , the Quantity we are to Drink , will make us Sick , before it will make us merry &c. To which I Answer , This is undoubtedly true of your Common simple Cyder , but if you please to Consider the Cause , you shall find no room for this Exception against our Cyder-Royal , for that which useth to cause this Sickness in the Stomack , is the Chilly , Cold , Phlegmatick part of the Cyder , viz. That which hath least Spirit in it , is most hurtful ; That this is so , nothing can be more Evident , for that the strongest Cyder is most free from Occasioning this Distemper . Now this we know , that the Spirits of Cyder are no other but the purer part of it , viz. The strong , warm , and lively part , separated from the weak , cold , and melancholly dead part ; so that Reason must needs yield , that the Spirits of the Cyder being mixt with Cyder , cannot but make it both more strong and Pleasant , and also more wholsome , for that by this Expedient the Sickly cold and windy part is Cured . Moreover for want of strength and Life , simple Cyders are apt to Decay and Dye ; this we see by Experience ; for that as the strongest simple Cyder hath most Spirit in it , and therefore Lives longest ; So the weakest Cyder that hath least Spirit in it , will soon grow Sickly and Decay ; Therefore this Expedient must needs be so farr from rendring Cyder more unwholsome and unkind , that 't is rather to be esteemed its most infallible Physitian or Remedy , for that it Corrects all the ill Humours that cause its Sickness , or Ill-Effects on Humane Bodies . And this much I can honestly and truely averr , from a long continued Experience , that a Glass of this excellent refined Cyder-Royal , drank half an hour before Meals , procures a good Appetite ; and after Meals , helps Digestion : That it Chears the Heart , and Revives the Spirits . And as for its Operation upon the Brain , when too much is Drank at a time , the same is less hurtful , than Excess of strong Beer , Ale , Canary , or High-Country-Wines : For 't is so farr from Clogging the Stomach , or Clouding the Brain with thick muddy Vapours , that I do believe a Man may ( WERE IT NOT A SIN ) be Fuddled and Sober two times in a Day with this Liquor , without mischief to his Health ; and the Reason in my Opinion , is , because it so admirably Provokes Urine , and carries with it such foul and Ill matter that Offends the Head , Stomach , and Belly ; The Truth of all which , I doubt not , will be soon attested by the Experience of those that shall make Trial. VIII . A Bushel of Currants ripe and good , will make 6 or 7 Gallons of Wine ; To every Bushel of Currants , so soon as they are Broken to pieces , put in 12 Quarts of Water , and in 12 or 16 hours after , press it , and strain it , put it into a Cask , and let it stand until it begin to be Clear , than Rack it off from the Gross-Lee , and put to each Gallon a Pint of good Spirit , and as much as best pleaseth your Pallets of Sugar , or Sweets , ( here-after mentioned ) stirr it well together for one quarter of an hour , then stop it up close for about a quarter of a Year . In like manner is made Wine-Royal of Goose-Berries , Mul-Berries and Cherries ; but of all these , that of Goose-Berries excels the rest , and doth resemble Canary the most . If it be Objected , that the fore-going Calculations are partial , because I have not cast up the Charge of Converting the Fruit into Cyder , nor the Charge of Sweets or Sugars — To this it is Answered , That there is enough to be saved to defray all such Charges , viz. By saving the Spirits that may be drawn out of the Apples after the Cyder is Pressed out of them , as in the 15th Aphorism is herein after mentioned ; But that which is much more Considerable is , that here may be made double the Quantity of Goose-Berry and Currant-Wine-Royal as has been Reckond upon ih the 4th . and 5th . Aphorisms , in this respect , viz. Because I there allow 20 Bushels of Currants and Goose-Berries to an Hogs-Head , Whereas every Bushel will make six Gallons ; so that 20 Bushels will make 120 Gallons , which is two Hogs-Head , so that there , may be at lest 4 Hogs-Heads on an Acre more than was Reckoned , which may much more than pay for all the Charges of Sweets , and of converting the Fruit. IX . The last Year , viz. 1682. good simple Cyder was frequently Sold in the west of England for 10● per Hogs-Head , viz. an half-penny per Quart. And this Year by Reason of scarcity of Fruit , at 20 s. per Hogs-Head ; which is but one Penny per Quart. X. When Cyder comes to be plenty , there may be as much good Brandy made thereof , as may Furnish those whole Nations to whom this is Addressed , both for Land and Sea-Service , which perhaps may save them several Hundred-Thousand Pounds per Annum ; For which use the most Stale and Sowr Cyder , which is scarce fit to be Drank , will make the greatest Quantity , and best tasted Brandy , being twice Distill'd . Of this Cyder-Brandy I have kept some four Years , and better than it was at first making , and without doubt would keep four Years longer . XI . The best known Fruit that is only for Cyder is Red-Streak , which is a kind of Wilding ; but for both Uses , viz. for the Table and Cyder , the best and Golden Pippins , because they are both quick Growers , great Bearers , yield the greatest quantity of Liquors , and the best in Quality ; And their very Husks after the Cyder is Pressed out , especially the Golden-Pippin ; will yield more Spirit than any other I have yet found out ; Nor is it harder to Raise the best Sort of Fruit , than the Worser . Some other Wildings I have sound that are as good as the other , but they are as yet unknown by Name ; but this is most certain , good Wildings , and good Crabbs , are better for Cyder than the most delicious Summer or Winter Table-Fruit , or sweet Apples , ( Golden-Pippins Excepted ) yea the bitter sharp Crabb is much better than a bitter Sweet-Apple , because the Juice of the first will afford twice as much Spirit as the latter ; Nor are the Spirits of the most pleasant Apples in the World , better than those of crabbed Fruit , for be they sweet or sowr , neither of those tastes do arise with the Spirit , but is left behind in the Earthy Flegmatick Part of the Cyder : For Example , Suppose you put 10 l. of Sugar into your Still , amongst ten Gallons of sowr Cyder , the Spirit will be never the sweeter ; Or suppose you fill your Still with new sweet Mead ( or Metheglin ) made of Honey , Sugar , or Molosso's , you shall have neither Spirits nor Sweets come out of it , but only fair Water ; but if you let it stand until it be well fermented , and become sowr , it will yield Spirit in abundance . So likewise Cyder , Perry , or Juice of Crabbs , Goose-Berries , Currants , Mul-Berries and Cherries , will yield little or no Spirit , untill it be passed the Fermentation ( or working ) and then the more sowr it is ( Provided it be not Vinegar ) the more Spirit it will afford : nevertheless this observe , Apples of bitter taste makes the Cyder bitter . XII . As to the time of putting your Spirits into your Cyder , Observe , that the Staler your Cyder is before the Spirits are added , the more time they require to Incorporate ; and the sooner they are put in , the sooner is in fit for Use . But in case you put your Spirits into the Cyder , before it hath fermented , they will Evaporate , and be cast out ; therefore be sure , that your Cyder be Rackt off the Lee , once , twice , or three times , as you find occasion , and being indifferent fine , then put in your Spirits , either with or without Sweets , well Beaten together with a certain Quantity of Cyder , and after 't is put into the Cask stirr it very Well together again , and Bung it close up , and about 2 or 3 Months after , it will be sitt for Use ; But the longer it lieth , the better , especially if your Cyder be Stale er'e your SpiritS are put in , for as this Cyder Drinks very unpleasing when first mixt together , so no Wine can be more strong and pleasing than this , when it hath Stood its due time to Incorporate and Meliorate , and in the mean time to be kept close stope without drawing any out . Unless the season of the year be warm , then to prevent its fermentation , let the Cask be open as you find occasion . XIII . The first and worst Infirmities that Common Cyder is subject to , are of two sorts , either being musty , or fretting it self until the Spirits are spent , and the Cyder become weak and unpleasant . If Apples be gathered into the House whilst they are wet , they will be Musty , and so will the Cyder ; again , if the Vessel wherein 't is made , or that you put it into , be Musty , so will be you Cyder : If none of these happen , you need not fear any thing of that kind : But if Cyder be Musty , so will the Spirits that are drawn from it . To Cure Cyder that is subject to Fret is somewhat difficult , but the best way is to prevent the Causes ; Which are , either the Gathering of the Fruit before they are Ripe ; or making the Cyder before the Apples have lain long enough , for until Apples have lain in an Heap while they have sweat , and are dry again , they cannot be fit for the Press . But if by Reason of warmth , and mildness of the season , or any other Accident , the Cyder should fret and destroy it self , the best way is to draw it off into another Vessel ; And do so once in six or ten days , as you see cause , always taking the Lee from it , as oft as 't is Rackt . Let not your Vessel be full by a Gallon ; Nor yet stopt close , untill by drawing it off , it be made to leave Huzzing and sputtering ; for the fuller and closer it is , the more it frets . When your Cyder is thus quiet then have a care to keep the Vessel full and close stopt ; yet lest you should stop it too soon , open it once in two three or four days , and if you find it is not yet quiet , let the Vessel lie open an hour or half an hour at a time . Omit not to burn a match of Brimstone , dipt in Coriander-Seeds in your empty Cask , just before you put in your Cyder , and do this as oft as your Cyder is Rackt , 't is an Excellent Expedient to prevent ill tastes and Fermentation . XIV . The best way to Order your Sugar before you put it into your Cyder , is to make it into a kind of Syrup or Sweets , by Dissolving of it in Water ; one hundred weight will make 16 Gallons , and so proportionably ; But before you put your Sugar into the Kettle , take the whites of 30 or 40 Eggs , the more the better , which being well Beat with a thing like a rod or whisk in eight or ten Gallons of Water , then put 4 Gallons of this Egg-water so prepared into your Kettle or Vessel where your Sugar is to be dissolved ; then hang it over a Gentle Fire and stirr it about until it be Dissolved : But be sure when it Boils , put in more Egg-water to keep it from Boiling to high ; and so continue putting it in , one Quart after another , for an hour together , untill all your Egg-water be spent : but to prepare your Egg-water in parcels , viz. a Quart or two at a time , as you use it , is the better way . Now the use of these Eggs is only to raise such a scum as will carry away not only all the foulness and grosness of the Sugar , but all the Egg also . And when the scum hath done rising , and is clean taken off , then fill up your Kettle with as much VVater as will make up your Quantity , and let it Boil to the size of a Syrup , and being cold put it into your Cyder : But to put in a little Coriander-Seed bruized , and tied up in a fine linnen Ragg whilst it is Boiling , will give it a fine gratefull scent . Of these Sweets you may put in 2 or 3 Gallons more or lest into an Hogs-Head as your Pallate invites you , or as the tartness of the Cyder requires : But , put them not in till you have Rackt your Cyder the last time , and that it be past the Fermentation . And before you put your Sweets into the Cask , mix your Sweets and the Spirits you intend to put in , together ; with a like Quantity of Cyder , and stirr them well together , then put all into your Cask of Cyder and stirr them with all your strength , with a strong staff in the Bung-hole for one half quarter of an hour ; After that stop it close , and draw none off till 2 , 3 , or 4 Months ; By which time it will be Answerable to what hath been proposed ; Only remember that if you will have it to resemble Canary , you must add the greater proportion of Spirits and Sweets , but if French-Wine , then the less Sweets , or none at all . As to the sort of Sugar , if the Sweets be made with white , the Cyder will remain Pale , if of Brown Sugar , it will raise it to an higher Colour . And in my Opinion the latter is as good , as well is the cheapest , since the coursest by the aforesaid preparation , becomes as pure , as the finest ; And Sweets being thus made , will cost but 5 d. per Quart. And thus every man may merryly make his varieties of Drink , with that which he knows to be good cheap and wholsome , which is more than he is sure to have at every Tavern , altho' he Pay three times as much for it : Nor hath he so much Reason to suspect these Liquors in those Houses to be so much Adulterated as the others , because none of like goodness to the Eye , Scent , and Pallate , can be afforded so cheap to the Pocket . XV. The Husky part of the Apples , after the Cyder is Pressed out , being steeped 2 or 3 days in as much water as will cover it , and then Pressed clean out , and kept in a Vessel untill it hath well Fermented ; As also the Lees of all your Cyder , will afford Spirit or Brandy , so much , that being added to the Cyder of the same Apples , will make it almost as strong as French-Wine : which is a thing of great Advantage . XVI . Spirits being put into Bottles amongst Cyder or any of the aforesaid Liquors , Will not Drink well . I was a long time troubled to find out how to make this Drink as pallatable and pleasing as it was become strong and Chearing , until I put both Cyder and Spirits into a Wooden Cask ; The first I Compleated Was in a Vessel of six Gallons ; Into which I put 2 Quarts of Sweets , and 3 Quarts of the Spirits of Cyder , which after it had lain 2 or 3 Months , I found to be as strong and pleasing as Canary . XVII . By adding Wormwood to Cyder-Royal , as you do to Wine , you may make it as good and gratefull to the Stomach , both for procuring Appetite and causing Digestion , as the best Purl-Royal or Wormwood-Wine . Thus may you have or your own Growth , Cyder-Royal , Goose-Berry , Currant , Cherry , &c. from the size of the smallest Wines , to the strength and goodness of the best Canary , suitable to all Seasons of the Year , and to the Constitutions of all Persons , and Humours of all Pallates , and agreable to all Ages from Children of 12 Months Old , to the heighth of Old Age. XVIII . This Cyder-Rayal or New Wine , thus prepared , may be kept in the Cask 2 or 3 Years , and be better'd thereby ; Provided you keep the Cask full ; which to do , you must Observe , that in 2 Months time , the Liquor will waste a Quart more or less , as the Vessel is bigger or lesser ; which you ought to fill up again , with Liquor of the same strength , or if ; stronger , the better . And by this means it may keep and grow better and better some Years , without putting into it ( as some are said to do into their Liquors ) Stum , or other unwholsome Ingredients . Suppose by keeping cyder-Royal too long , it should become unpleasant , and as unfit to Bottle as Old Hockamore , take but one Hogs-Head of that , and one of Tart new Cyder , and before the latter be quite clear or fine , mix them together in two other Hogs-Heads , well-Perfumed , and add Sprits and Sweets a due Proportion , to the Quantity of your new Cyder , Suppose it be in the Month of october or November , you may be sure to have it full as good , if not better than ever it was , and a most Excellent Cyder-Royal to Drink , or to Bottle , by or before Christmass . And this I know by repeated Experience and Practise , nor can your New Cyder be made half so good by that time of the Year . An Appendix further Demonstrating , that the Treasure those Kings and State , who have respectively by their several Letters Patent , Contracts or Resolutions , promised me a Gratuity , may by this Invention amount to more than Four-Hundred , Thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum , over and above several Hundred-Thousand Pounds that will be Saved at Home , which before was carried out , to the Inriching of other Nations and Countries .   l. s. d. FIrst , Suppose one Penny per Quart Custom be Paid for Cyder-Royal , & a man Drink a Quart per day , that makes by the Year . 2 - 0 - 5 Secondly , A thousand Persons at the same Rate and Proportion must Pay , 2004 3 4 Thirdly , And consequently 400000 Persons must Pay , 801661 13 4 So that in any Nation that yields 100000 Acres of Land fit to be Planted with Apples , Currants , Goose-Berries , &c. and wherein there may be found 400000 Persons that may one with another , Drink a Quart a day ( of a Drink so Rich , and yet withal so cheap , and of their own Production ) The Supream Magistrate of that Nation may have and raise hereby 800000 Pounds per Annum ( which is as much again as above proposed ) to the Publique Exchequer : Besides 1661 l. 13 s. 4 d. towards the Charge of Collecting it . If it be still Objected , that this will be a Grievance to the Subject ? — 'T is Answered ( besides what has before been said on that Subject ) that notwithstanding such Imposition , it may be Raised by those that make it for their own use , much cheaper then Beer , since one Acre of Land ( take one with another ) will yield at least ; half as much more of the former , as it will of the latter , and with less Labour and Charge . Nor can it be well Imagined but that there will be found in either of those Nations , 40000 Persons who one with another will not Drink less than a Quart a day a piece , when they can have it upon the matter as cheap or rather Cheaper then Beer , tho' it be altogether as good as Wine ; And especially since such as have Land in their own Possession , may have plenty of it for their own use , for nothing but a little of their own Labour and paying a Penny per Quart to the King or State. If be Objected , that this Cyder-Royal will be of low esteem amongst the Nobility , who are Accustomed to the most costly and curious Wines — I thereto humbly Answer ; That the Objection is built but upon a Supposition , for no man is sure , that Princes whose Dominions , yield not Wine , may not be as much taken with these Drinks instead thereof , the rather for that besides their variety , pleasantness and wholsomness , 't will be so much their Interest to permote and Recommend the same to General Use , whereby not only the wealth of their Kingdomes or States may be Preserved and Encreased , but their own Revenues greatly Augmented . Secondly , Tho' Princes and Nobles are the Highest and more Refined part of the VVorld , yet they are but few , Comparatively , in Number : The great Benefit depends on the Greatness of the Consumption of Liquors , and that depends , upon Persons of an inferior Sphere , and middle Fortunes ; so that altho Princes and Persons of the first Rank should still delight in Champaigne , Burgundy , Frontineack , Greek or Florence-Wines , of any Other costly Forreign Liquors , yet this will signify little to hinder the General Use of Cyder-Royal , &c. Since 't is not to be doubted , but thousands of good Country-Gentlemen , multitudes of Citizens , substantial Yeomen and other Persons , may for Interest and Good-Husbandry be content to make themselves and their Neighbours merry with these cheaper , and altogether as good , strong , and wholsome Drinks , with which they may so readily furnish themselves . Nay , there is scarce , a Cottager , having but one Acre of Land , but may have as much of these excellent Liquors as may be worth him 8 l. per Annum ; so that the Persons of inferior Condition that may make use thereof , in comparison of the Nobility , who 't is Objected are not like to use it , will be at least 5000 to One ; And consequently the profit proposed , may not fail or come short , notwithstanding it should so happen , that neither Kings , Princes , nor Nobility should ever vouchsafe to Taste thereof . The best and quickest way of Raising a Nursery , &c. THe raising of Nurseries for Orchards being so Essential to what hath been proposed , and since by Experience I know , that these following Difficulties and Inconveniences do happen therein , viz. That 2 Trees of one sort of Fruit , and both well Rooted alike , and Planted in one and the same Soil , many times the One will grow bravely , and bear a Bushel at a time , within 6 or 7 Years , and the Fruit good and pleasant , when the other shall be a small shrubb , and produce small unpleasant Fruit , and not half a peck for the others Bushel . Again some Trees tho' they are Planted on very good Land , and Husbanded never so carefully , will yet never become good nor long liv'd Trees . Whereas other Trees Planted in the same Land shall grow apace , be very Fruitful and long liv'd . The want of knowing the Causes and Remedy of these things , hath not only Discouraged many from Planting , but hath spoiled many hopeful Trees and Orchards . As for the Remedy it is ( in it self ) both PLAIN and EASY ; and therefore since many People think that they need not be taught any thing that is so , and are unwilling so acknowledge any Obligation to those that inform them thereof , what need I say any more ? Let them find it out . However , for the Satisfaction of Person more modest and grateful , I will at present shew you the best Expedients to prevent both those mischiefs , which are the great Cause why in most Orchards little more than half of the Trees prove Good. As to the First , Supposing 2 young Trees being both very good , let one of them be set shallow , viz. the upper Root not more than an Inch or two at the most under Ground , and the deepest not above 8 or 9 , and Suffer no down-right Root to be upon it ; Then shall you have it a thriving Tree and bearing good Fruit , If it be Carefully preserved and kept clear from Suckers and superfluous Branches , which are apt to Sprout up at or near the Root . But the other Tree being set too deep never thrives , nor proves Fruitful . As to the second Inconvenience , by which the Planter misseth his Expectation , that doth arise from the Stock or Kernel , on which the Graft is placed ; and this I take for a certain Rule , that the Kernels of Fruit produced by a shrubb or imthriving Tree , very rarely prove good , and indeed the like may be said of Apple-Kernels in General . VVherefore in raising of Nurseries , rather take your Kernels from a Fruitful Crab-Tree that hath a clear Body , a great spreading Head , and full of Boughs and Branches ; For it may be observ'd , that as the Head is full of Boughs and Twigs , so proportionably that Stem abounds with Roots and Fibres ; and as is the Tree , so will its Product or Seed be . I have so much remarqu'd this , that I would much rather give 12 d. per Tree for those so raised , then a Penny a Tree for such as are raised from Shrubs or Apple-Trees . From such Kernels as afore-mentioned , I do knew , Trees may be raised ready to be Transplanted into Orchards , and Produce a Bushel on a Tree within 10 or 12 Years after the Kernel is put into the Ground ; For the doing of which , and to raise a Nursery to the best Advantage , I will shew you the best Expedients my self have Experienc'd by the following Aphorisms . I. As to the Ordering of your Kernels of such Crabs as aforesaid , either put them in the Ground so soon as they may be taken out of the Crab , or else so soon as the Winter Will give Leave , the sooner the better ; But if you Keep them till the Spring , take care they be kept neither too moist nor too dry ; If too moist , they will Heat , &c. If too dry , they will not grow , therefore keep them in a mixture of dry sand within Doors . II. So soon after January , as the Season will permit , sow your Kernels in Ordinary good Ground ( that lies as warm and Lue from the VVind as may be : ) Let the Ground be will dugg , and the Kernels be Rak'd in so as they lie not too deep ; an Inch , as near as you can guess , is enough ; and when they are come up , preserve them clear of Grass and VVeeds , until you have them Transplanted . III. The next Spring , viz. About 12 Months after your Kernels were sown , you may draw those that are best Grown , and Transplant them into a Nursery . IV. Let your Nursery-Ground be made good with Dung , and well digg'd , and mixt together , and set them in Rows so farr apart as that you may digg between viz. the Rows at 2 foot distance : But in the Rows the Plants may be placed within 9 inches of each other . V. Before you set your Plants in the Nursery , be sure Crop off the down-right-Root , spread the small Roots , and close up the Ground very well about them . VI. The next Spring after this , you may return agnin to your first Plantation of Kernels , and draw forth , & Transplant into your Nursery as aforesaid as many more as have made a good shoot , Ordering them as the first , & so you , may do from year to year ; But observe the last of all are not so good as the first altho' for the second or third Year they may do well enough . VII . Having thus Transplanted your Kernels into a Nursery , they ought still to be kept clean from Weeds , and also the Ground to be kept loose , that the Roots may spread the better , and therefore in the next Autumn before the leaf is off , your Nursery ought to be digg'd ; But never amongst them but once a Year ; Only pull up the Weeds in Spring and Summer , as often as Occasion requires . And here note , the difference between digging your Nursery and all other Trees whilst the Leaf is yet on , and afterwards , is greater than you may at first Imagine ; For that if it be done whilst the Sapp is up , if a Root should happen to be cut , the same will shoot out again , perhaps two for one , But after the Sap is once down , if a Root be Cut , it will not shoot forth that Winter , neverthelese be not too early in the Season , nor yet too careless of the Roots . VIII . By that time your Plants have had one or two Summer Growth in your Nursery , the next Winter , or rather near the Spring , cut off all their Tops , about a foot above Ground , and the next March or April after , the biggest of them will be ready to be Grafted . IX . A Tree that is Grafted , having made two Summers shoot , is fit to be Transplanted into an Orchard , because there is farr less danger of a young Trees not growing or Thriving , than is of an Old One. X. In Transplanting be sure do not set too deep , To prevent which , this I do , First digg my holes 4 foot square , but no deeper than one Spit , or there abouts , viz. no deeper than the Roots of the Trees should Lie ; For if the Holes be digg'd deep , and fill'd up again before the Tree is Planted , the Tree and all will sink together and never Prosper . If it be Objected , That if the holes be no deeper they will not contain the Roots of many Trees , for some have Roots as downright & long as a Parsnip ; some are single , some double , and some trebble , and all down-right long ones , and such an hole will not receive them . I Answer , Away with such Trees , I would rather give 2 d. a dozen for them to Burn , than 6 d. per Hundred to Plant ; and tho' there is scarce one of an Hundred but proves thus bad , if they are never Transpanted , ( especially if they come from Apple Kernels ) yet if from Crab-Kernels , and Transplanted as before is Ordered , there is hardly one of 400 will prove so improper . XI . Now as to the Charge of all this ; One mans Labour upon one Acre of Land with Crab-Kernels may after 3 or 4 Years raise 10000 Trees every Year , which at 3 d. per Tree , comes to 125 l. which will well pay the Rent of your Land and the Gardeners wages ; so that the Charge of Planting your Orchard will be very Cheap and Easy , for that an Acre of Land Planted with six score . Trees , as for the Trees they comes but to 30 s. and the Planting about 18 d. per Score , which is 9 s. So that by this Expedient , Nurseries may be raised so as to afford an Acre of Land to be Planted with the best sort of Trees , and of the best Fruit for less then 40 s. per Acre . XII . After your Trees are Transplanted into Orchards , the greatest Care and Charge is to keep them safe from being abused , either by Weeds that may grow about them , Suckers that may grow out of them between the Root , and spreading Boughs , and from all Cattle , Coneys and Hares . And in case they are digged about the Roots ( where you may , if you please , Plant Turneps , Beans , Peas , or any other thing that may destroy the Grass or VVeeds , ) your Trees will thrive much the better , and grow twice as fast ; But in case you Plant Currants and Goose-berries amongst your Apple-Trees , you may place 4 of them in the same Hole with your Apple-Tree ( that is , making the hole about 4 foot square , Plant your Apple-Tree in the middle , and a Currant or Goose-Berry-Tree at each corner ) and keep them from Weeds , and all will thrive together . But note that for Goose-Berries and Currants , you had need bestow more Dung than Apple-Trees require ; And also forget not to mix your Dung and Earth together before the Trees are Planted ; For if a Tree stand in all Dung , 't is destructive to the Root : Mudd and Soil of Ponds , Ditches , &c. is as good for this purpose as any Dung , provided it be Sun-Burnt and dryed before it be used . XIII . As to the Soil most proper for Orchards , I do observe that all Land proper for Corn , as Wheat , Barley , Rye , Beans , Pease , &c. are kind for that use . But the most Improper is extream hot and dry Sands , and on the other side Grounds very wet and Cold. XIV . As for Currants & Goose-Berries , very great may be the profit that may be raised by Planting them amongst your Apple-Trees , because they will thrive there better than elsewhere . But because the Currants love the shadiest Ground most , let the Goose-Berries be Planted in the midst of your Ground , between your Rows of Apple-Trees in the most Sunny part . XV. As for raising of Currant and Goose-Berry-Trees , it s very easy & speedy , as thus : Take either of the said Trees about the End of February or beginning of March , lay down every Limb flat with the Ground , cover every Twig with good Earth , and turn out the Tops that they may lie above Ground , and every Twig will both Root and shoot forth , so that by the next Winter you may have of one Tree , 40 or 50 , perhaps an hundred , well-rooted Plants , fit to be so Transplanted . Take Care to keep the uncovered Stock , which is between the old Root and the cover'd part , that it run not out in Branches ; for if it do , the Twigs will be robb'd of that Nourishment as should feed them . Also remember to keep them clear of all Grass and VVeeds that may Annoy them . ADVERTISEMENT . IF any think it too much trouble for themselves to prepare the Spirits herein before mentioned ; These are to give Notice , that they may have them ready made and well prepared at Mr. Woodward's , a Distiller in the Old Baily : And Sweets at almost every Sugar-Bakers in London : But for such Spirits , I have not heard there is the like , neither for Quantity nor Quality , in all the City , as at the Place aforesaid . FINIS . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A43774-e1400 The manner of doubling the strength of Cyder , or making it as good as French-Wine . How to make it as good as Canary . The quantity of Spirits to be used . One Acre of Land to be worth 8 l. Per Annum , ( besides the benefit of Corn and Pasture , ) and yet Cyder-Royal Sold but for 2 d. per Quart. The same Acre to yield 8 l. per Annum more , by Goose-Berry and Currant-Wine . That probably one Acre may produce as much Cyder and Wine-Royal , as may come to more than 50 l. at 3 d. a Quart , and at 6 d. per Quart , more than 100 l. per Annum . This Cyder-Royal much more wholsom than simple Cyder . The more Drank , the richer the Nation . Cyder-Royal of National , as well as private Advantage . The more Drank , the richer the Nation . The Farmers Objection . Answered . Objection touching Loss of Customes . Answered . An Imposition of 20● . per Hogs-head may be laid on Cyder-Royal , without impoverishing the Planter . Thus Six or Eight hundred Thousand Pounds per Annum may be raised to the Government . Customes on Forreign Wines may be doubled . Customes on Cyder may amount to more than those on Wine , because more will be Drank . Cyder-Royal is no Mixture . The Reason why simple Cyder makes the Stomach Sick ; No such thing to be feared from Cyder-Royal . Cyder-Royal will keep better than simple Cyders . Some of the Vertues of Cyder-Royal . How to make Royal-Currant Wine , &c. The Common price of simple Cyder . Brandy to be made of Cyder . What Fruit best for Cyder . Golden-Pippins Excellent . When Cyder it fit to make Spirits . The time for putting in the Spirits to Cyder . When Cyder-Royal is fit for use . The Infirmities of simple Cyder . The Causes of Musty Cyder . The Causes of Cyders Freting and Cure. A persume for the Cask not to be neglected . The way to make Sweets for such Cyder-Royal as you would have as Rich as Canary . The Quantity of Sweets , and when to be put in . What Sugar to be used . An Advantage For making Spirit . Spirits mixt with simple Cyder in Bottles , will not do so well . Worm-wood Cyder-Royal . Touching the keeping of Cyder-Royal . If Cyder-Royal be kept till 't is too Stale , there need be no loss by it .