melting buttery, sugary, highly flavored; Nov. and Dec. =Delcange. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 91. 1876. Fruit large; flesh melting; first quality; Sept. =Délices de la Cacaudière. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:9, fig. 1869. Gained by Count Eugène des Nouhes in 1846 near Pouzauges, Vendée, Fr. Fruit above medium, long-conic, slightly obtuse, mammillate at crown and irregular in contour, bright yellow, dotted with gray and greenish specks, colored with carmine on the cheek next the sun; flesh very white and fine, melting; juice abundant, acidulous, sugary, aromatic, rather savory; second; July and Aug. =Délices de Charles. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:10, fig. 1869. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 74, 262. 1876. _Wredow._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 886. 1869. Raised in 1826 by Simon Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit medium, turbinate-pyriform but inconstant in contour, dark lemon-yellow, dotted with russet; flesh white, fine, very melting, buttery, sweet, juicy, vinous and with a delicious tartness; good to very good; Oct. to Dec. =Délices de Chaumont. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 72. 1876. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:133, fig. 547. 1881. Fruit rather large, conic-ovate, olive spotted with gray; flesh white, buttery, melting, wanting in juice, very sweet; second, cooking. =Délices Everard. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 558. 1884. Raised by Gabriel Everard, Tournay, Fr., in 1840. It was sent to England in 1865 and received a first-class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1875. Fruit small, globular-turbinate, smooth, shining, bright yellow, much speckled and marked with russet; flesh salmon tint, tender, buttery, melting, very juicy, sweet, delicious flavor and fine perfume; Oct. to Feb. =Délices de Froyennes. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 558. 1884. Raised by Isidore Degaud, Froyennes, Tournay, Fr. Fruit medium, oval, yellow covered with fawn-colored russet; flesh tender, melting, very juicy, sugary and perfumed, vinous; Oct. and Nov. =Délices d'Hardenpont. 1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 99. 1825. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 558. 1884. Raised by Abbe Hardenpont, Mons, Bel., in 1759. There has been much confusion between this and _Délices d'Hardenpont d'Angers_ and the _Archiduc Charles_ and _Charles of Austria_. Fruit large, oblong-obovate-obtuse; skin smooth, bright green changing to yellow, with pale brown-russet dots; flesh white, tender, buttery, melting, rich, sweet, perfumed; good; Nov. =Délices d'Hiver. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:61, fig. 415. 1880. =2.= _Gard. Chron._ N. S. =26=:210. 1886. Distributed by M. Dauvesse, Orléans, Fr., early in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Fruit large; form variable from elongate-pyriform to globular-pyriform with short stalk set obliquely; skin thick, green, heavily dotted; flesh moderately fine, full of sugary juice, acid and delicately perfumed; Dec. to Jan. =Délices de Huy. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 56, 251. 1895. Fruit large, conic-pyriform, yellowish-green; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, pleasantly perfumed; first; Sept. =Délices de Jodoigne. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:15, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 559. 1884. Obtained by Simon Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel., in 1826. Fruit medium, pyriform, irregular, slightly obtuse and larger on one side of the axis than the other, grass-green on the shaded side and reddish-gray on the exposed face, covered with numerous very fine dots of fawn; flesh white, firm, breaking, sweet, juicy, refreshing and aromatic; first; Oct. =Délices de Ligaudières. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 60. 1895. Fruit medium, of the style of White Doyenné, but the stem thicker and shorter; flesh fine, melting; first; Oct. =Délices de Lovenjoul. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =6=:65, fig. 1858. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 734. 1869. _Jules Bivort._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:15, fig. 1869. A seedling of Van Mons in whose catalog of 1828 it is No. 521. Fruit medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow washed with orange-red, speckled all over with russet dots; color variable; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, semi-buttery; juice abundant, sugary, with an acid flavor and delicious perfume, rich; first; Oct. and Nov. =Délices de la Meuse. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 279. 1858. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:16, fig. 1869. Laurent de Bavay, Director of the Royal Nurseries of Vilvorde, near Brussels, sent this pear out in 1850. Fruit medium and above, ovate, irregular, bossed, more enlarged on one side than the other, greenish-yellow, very finely speckled with green and brown dots; flesh dirty white, coarse, breaking, gritty at center; juice variable in amount, moderately sweet, acid, musky; second; Feb. =Délices de Naghin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 90. 1895. Fruit rather large, turbinate, yellow, washed with fawn; flesh very juicy, very sweet; an exquisite pear; Nov. =Délices de Saint-Médard. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 70. 1895. Sent out from Belgium. Fruit medium or rather large, shining yellow touched with russet; flesh fine, melting, sweet; good quality; Sept. =Délices de Tirlemont. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 90. 1895. First placed in commerce by H. Millet, nurseryman at Tirlemont, Bel. Fruit medium or large; flesh melting; first; Jan. to Mar. =Délicieuse de Grammont. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 92. 1876. Raised by M. de la Croix d'Ogimont, Tournai, Bel. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, delicate yellowish-green; flesh white, very juicy; first; end of Aug. =Délicieuse de Swijan. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 90. 1895. Distributed by Baron de Trauttenberg, Prague, Bohemia. Tree very fertile and suitable for cold and mountainous climates. Fruit medium, globular, yellowish-green, dotted; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, sugary; very good; Nov. and Dec. =Délisse. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 72. 1895. Fruit medium, oblong, of even contour, much covered with fawn-russet; flesh fine, melting, very juicy; good; Sept. and Oct. =Delpierre. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:17, fig. 1869. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 70, 252. 1895. A wilding found in the Canton of Jodoigne, Brabant, Bel. Fruit large, ovate-obtuse-pyriform, wrinkled, thick, olive-green clouded with dark yellow; flesh greenish-white, coarse, semi-melting; juice acid, rather sweet, vinous, abundant; second; Sept. =Delporte Bourgmestre. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 90. 1895. Fruit rather large, yellowish; first; Mar. and Apr. =Democrat. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =25=:69. 1859. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 734. 1869. A seedling originated in Pennsylvania and introduced as new in 1859. Fruit medium or below, globular-obovate, greenish-yellow with nettings and patches of russet and dotted with russet and brown spots; flesh semi-melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant good; Sept. =Demorest. 1.= _Wash. Nurs. Cat._ 5. 1921. Reported as "luscious, larger, later and a better keeper than Bartlett." =Dempsey. 1.= Ont. Dept. Agr. _Fr. Ont._ 155. 1914. A Canadian pear produced from a seed of Bartlett fertilized with Duchesse d'Angoulême. fruit large, oblong-obovate-pyriform, smooth, yellowish-green with brownish-red cheek in sun; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, almost melting, with sweet, delicious flavor; Oct. and Nov. =Denis Dauvesse. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. Fruit medium to large, long-pyriform; flesh fine, melting, pleasantly perfumed; Sept. =Des Chartreux. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:171, fig. 84. 1866-73. Origin uncertain. Fruit small or nearly medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, light green, speckled with dots of a very deep green, washed with light red on the sunny side; flesh slightly yellow, fine, more firm than breaking; juice sugary, acidulous, slightly perfumed; second; Aug. =Des Deux Soeurs. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 463. 1863. The original tree was found in the garden of the Misses Knopp of Mechlin, Bel. Fruit medium, oblong, lemon-yellow; flesh melting, juicy, sugary, slightly astringent but wanting in perfume and flavor; grown both in Belgium and France; not first class. =Désiré Cornélis. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:18, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 560. 1884. The parent tree was from seed sown by Van Mons; first bore fruit in 1847. Fruit large, oblong-oval, obtuse; skin very fine, pale yellow and often orange-yellow, dotted and netted with greenish-gray; flesh very tender, buttery, melting; juice plentiful, sugary, deliciously perfumed; first; Sept. =Dessauer Weissbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:35. 1856. North German, 1804. Fruit medium, smooth, pale greenish-yellow changing to citron yellow, sometimes rather lightly blushed; flesh fine, somewhat soft, sweet, aromatic; good; Aug. =Deutsche Augustbirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 202. 1889. _D'Aout Allemande._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:65, fig. 513. 1881. A German variety much cultivated in Saxony. Fruit small, ovate; skin rather thick, dull green, sprinkled with small and numerous gray dots, becomes yellow on ripening and somewhat blushed in the sun; flesh green and veined with green, semi-fine, buttery; juice sufficient, sugary, vinous, acid, pleasant; good; Aug. =Deutsche Glasbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:69. 1856. German, 1811. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, bent toward stalk, uniformly light yellow, blushed with russety-red on the side of the sun; flesh sweet; good; Sept. =Deutsche Kümmelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:157. 1856. German, 1802. Fruit small, globular, dirty yellow, washed with russet; flesh very tender, sweet, strongly aromatic and perfumed; good; Sept. =Deutsche Muskateller. 1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 106. 1825. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 202. 1889. _Muscat Allemand d'Hiver._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:439, fig. 1869. _German Muscat._ =4.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 772. 1869. An old pear of uncertain origin. La Quintinye mentioned it without description in 1690, but in 1768 Duhamel du Monceau gave a careful description to distinguish between it and _Royale d'Hiver_ which it somewhat resembles. Fruit medium or above, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, pale yellow, speckled with numerous large, gray dots; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, semi-melting, juicy, granular, sweet, slightly astringent; second; Mar. to May. =Deux Têtes. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:244. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:23, fig. 1869. _Zwibotzenbirne._ =3.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 162. 1825. =4.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 303. 1889. One of the most ancient pears cultivated in France. Charles Estienne described it in 1530 in his Seminarium, under the name _Pyra Bicipitia_ or _Poirè a Deux-Testes_. It takes its name from its large and oval calyx being placed on two prominences. Fruit small to medium, globular, somewhat turbinate, pale yellowish-green in the shade, blushed on the side next the sun; flesh white, coarse, breaking, juicy, slightly perfumed, but often having an unpleasant acidity; an indifferent dessert fruit; Aug. =Devergnies. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =6=:57, fig. 1858. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:24, fig. 1869. Obtained from seed in 1817 in Hainaut by M. Devergnies of Mons. Fruit medium, turbinate-obtuse, much corrugated at summit, olive-green, nearly covered with gray-russet and slightly clouded with orange-red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, buttery; juice abundant, acidulous, sugary, aromatic; second; Nov. and Dec. =Dewey. 1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 55. 1898. =2.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:480, fig. 160. 1913. An oriental pear, in form resembling Kieffer. Fruit medium, conical to globular-oval, rusty green with faint blush; skin rough; flesh white, juicy, coarse, gritty, fibrous; quality poor; Oct. =Dhommée. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:25, fig. 1869. A seedling raised by the Horticultural Society of Angers, Fr.; it first bore fruit in 1858. Fruit medium and often larger, long-ovate, bossed, one side always larger than the other, bright green, finely dotted and much mottled with russet; flesh white, firm, fine, melting, slightly gritty; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, devoid of perfume; second; Oct. to Dec. =Dickerman. 1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 376. 1859. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 736. 1869. _Dikeman._ =3.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 700. 1897. Obtained by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, globular-oblate, often irregular in outline, yellowish, bright cinnamon on the sunny side, covered with minute dots; flesh white, fine, melting, sugary, perfumed; first; Sept. =Diego. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. Described by John Parkinson in 1629 as a small pear growing in clusters, excellent, and musky in flavor. =Dienstbotenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:200. 1856. Dutch, 1807. Fruit medium, pyriform, light greenish-yellow turning to bright yellow, with only an indistinct red blush, if any; flesh granular, aromatic and sweet; good; Oct. =Dieudonné Anthoine. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =5=:85, fig. 1857. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:26, fig. 1869. Obtained by Dieudonné Anthoine at Ecaussines-d'Enghien, Bel., and bore fruit at Brussels in 1850. Fruit medium and above, globular, slightly turbinate, bossed, flattened at both ends, greenish-yellow, dotted with brown, mottled with russet, becoming at maturity a brilliant yellow, washed with vermilion on the side of the sun; flesh very white and very fine, breaking; juice sufficient, sweet, often astringent and only slightly perfumed; second; Oct. =Diller. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 36. 1852. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 736. 1869. This pear was approved at the American Pomological Congress in 1852, where it was reported to have been imported from Germany by the Diller family many years previously, but considered by others to be a native of Pennsylvania. Fruit below medium, globular-ovate, cinnamon-russet; flesh somewhat granular, whitish, buttery, melting; juicy with a fine aromatic flavor; good to very good; Aug. and Sept. =Diman. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1866. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., submitted this among other seedlings to the Fruit Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1866. Fruit 2-1/2 in. in diameter, russet, with red cheek; flesh breaking, melting, very sweet and juicy; ripens soundly; all Oct. This pear has improved, year by year, in size and character; first-rate. =Directeur Alphand. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ N. S. =17=:538. 1882. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 54. 1895. Sent out in 1880 by Messrs. Croux and Son, Chatenay, Seine, Fr. Fruit very large, oblong-pyriform, yellowish-green passing into golden-green, dotted and splashed with red; flesh white, semi-fine, generally gritty toward the center, sugary; very good for ornament and stewing; Feb. and Mar. =Directeur Hardy. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 542. 1894. =2.= _Ibid._ 500, fig. 153. 1894. From the seed beds of M. Tourasse and promoted by M. Baltet of Troyes, Fr. It was submitted to the Tasting Committee of the Pomological Society of France in 1894 and declared to be very good. Fruit large or medium, turbinate, elongated, obtuse, slightly bent, golden-yellow, washed with red on the exposed side; flesh white, fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous, slightly perfumed; Sept. =Directeur Tisserand. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 7. 1900. Obtained by M. A. Sannier, Rouen, from Beurré d'Hardenpont fertilized with Doyenné du Comice; introduced in 1900. Fruit medium or rather large, ovate-turbinate; skin fine, shining, colored in the sun; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, having a peculiar flavor; good; Dec. and Jan. =Directeur Varenne. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 6. 1897. A cross between Easter Beurré and Bergamote Espéren, introduced by M. Arsène Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Fruit large to very large, approaching Easter Beurré in form and color; stem short; flesh very fine, juicy, with a slight aroma. =Dirkjes Peer. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:25, fig. 13. 1872. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 92. 1876. Dutch. Fruit medium, globular-conic, lemon-yellow streaked with brownish-red; flesh whitish, semi-breaking, agreeably acid and sugary; second; good for household use; Aug. =Dix. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:142. 1831. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 737, fig. 1869. Originated in the garden of Madame Dix, Boston, Mass.; it bore first in 1826. Fruit large, oblong or long-pyriform; skin rough, green, the exposed fruit becoming deep yellow when ripe, marked with distinct russet dots and sprinkled with russet around the stalk; flesh melting, rich, juicy, of a fine flavor and by some thought to be superior to the St. Germain; very good to best; Oct. and Nov. =Dixie. 1.= Griffing Bros. _Cat._ 19, fig. 1915. Originated in southern Georgia as a chance seedling, possibly a cross between Le Conte and the Sand Pear; and was introduced in 1914 by Griffing Brothers of Florida. Fruit medium to above, roundish, slightly oblong, light green, sweet, sprightly; Aug. =Doat. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:29, fig. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:19, fig. 202. 1879. The parent tree was noticed by M. Doat in his garden near Fleurance, Gers, Fr. Fruit large, like Calebasse in form; skin rough to the touch, bright yellow dotted with fawn; flesh yellowish-white or greenish, semi-melting, gritty around the core; juice abundant, vinous, sugary, rather aromatic; second; Sept. =Docteur Andry. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:31, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 561. 1884. Raised in the nurseries of M. Boisbunel, Jr., at Rouen, Fr., in 1849. Fruit medium, globular, Bergamot-shaped, bright yellow all over, with dots of russet around the stalk, and sprinkled with small brown specks; flesh very white, fine, melting, somewhat gritty at center, juicy, sugary, with a delicate taste of musk; first; Nov. =Docteur Bénit. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:31, fig. 1869. Raised from seed by Van Mons in 1840. Fruit below medium, globular, larger on one side than the other, wrinkled, bronzed all over, dotted with bright grayish-green; flesh whitish, dense, semi-melting, veined with greenish-yellow; juice sufficient, rather sugary, vinous, slightly aromatic; third; Dec. and Jan. =Docteur Bourgeois. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 62. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Fruit medium, apple-shaped, lemon-yellow; flesh fine, somewhat granular at center, juicy, with agreeable perfume. =Docteur Bouvier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:33, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 738. 1869. An excellent French pear suitable for a mild climate. Fruit medium, globular-obovate-pyriform, greenish, more yellow at maturity, sprinkled, shaded and dotted with russet, sometimes with slight crimson and fawn on exposed cheek; flesh rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, having but little perfume; good to very good; Dec. to Mar. =Docteur Capron. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:34, fig. 1869. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 62, 255. 1895. Obtained by Van Mons in 1842. Fruit medium or rather large, ovate, lemon-yellow; flesh melting, yellow, buttery, sugary, juicy, of good flavor and scented with almond; first; Nov. =Docteur Chaineau. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 91. 1895. Fruit rather large; flesh melting; first; Oct. =Docteur Delatosse. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 91. 1895. Fruit exquisite; Oct. and Nov. Resisted the severe frost of 1879-80. =Docteur Gromier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. First published in 1873. Fruit medium; flesh very fine, buttery, melting, juicy, with an aroma of mingled rose and musk; first; Oct. =Docteur Joubert. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 561. 1893. Baltet Brothers, Troyes, Fr., introduced this pear in 1893. Fruit rather large, pyriform, clear green passing to pale yellow, dotted with fawn, rosy on the side of the sun; flesh melting; juice abundant, with a sugary taste and having a pleasant perfume; autumn. =Docteur Koch. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:36, fig. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:7, fig. 196. 1879. Raised from seed by André Leroy in 1864. Fruit above medium, ovate, bossed, irregular, lemon-yellow, finely dotted and reticulated with russet, lightly washed with reddish-brown on the side exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, fine, firm, melting, rather gritty about the core, full of sugary juice, acid and pleasantly perfumed; first; Sept. =Docteur Lentier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:37, fig. 1869. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 74, 256. 1895. From seed sown in 1847 by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Brabant. Fruit medium, ovate, somewhat elongated, smooth, greenish or lemon-yellow, splashed and dotted with cinnamon-russet; flesh whitish, fine-grained, tender, buttery, melting, juicy, exceedingly rich, sweet and perfumed; first, of the highest merit; Oct. =Docteur Lindley. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 40. 1871. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 108. 1876. Shown at the annual exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1871. Fruit above medium, broadly turbinate, yellow, tinged with red and slightly traced with russet; flesh white, buttery, sweet, highly flavored; very good; Nov. =Docteur Meniere. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:38, fig. 1869. Raised from seed by André Leroy, Angers, Fr.; fruited first in 1864. Fruit large, cylindrical, slightly ovate; skin wrinkled, bright yellow, dotted with greenish-gray and partly covered with russet markings; flesh whitish, fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, slightly acid, agreeably-perfumed flavor; Sept. =Docteur Nélis. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:87, fig. 1856. =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 2, 129, fig. 161. 1866-73. Obtained by M. Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel.; first published in 1847. Fruit above medium or small, turbinate-obtuse, generally much more curved on one side than the other, clear dark lemon-yellow, thinly dotted with russet; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, very tender, melting, juicy and sweet, rather aromatic; second; Sept. =Docteur P. Bruzon. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 463. 1906. Placed on the market as a new variety in 1906 by M. Bruant, Poitiers, Fr. Fruit very large, greenish-yellow, dotted and mottled with russet; flesh white, semi-fine but very juicy, very melting, sugary, pleasantly perfumed; good; Sept. =Docteur Pariset. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. Fruit large, nearly cylindrical, golden lemon-yellow; flesh buttery, melting, juicy, sugary and perfumed; first; Nov. =Docteur Pigeaux. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:40, fig. 1869. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 92. 1876. From a seed bed of Major Espéren of Mechlin, Bel., placed on the market in 1864. Fruit above medium and often rather large, globular-ovate, yellow tinged with rose; flesh fine, melting; good; Oct. to Dec. =Docteur Trousseau. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =5=:89, fig. 1857. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 738. 1869. One of the last of the seedlings of Van Mons; fruited in 1848. Fruit large, pyriform-obtuse, yellowish-green, dotted with bright fawn and stained with brown-russet around the stem; flesh white, buttery, melting, very juicy and aromatic; first; Nov. =Doctor Bachmann. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 190. 1867. Produced at the Pomaria nurseries, South Carolina, from seed and reported to the American Pomological Society in 1867. Fruit medium, globular, green with dull red cheek; flesh juicy, vinous and refreshing. =Doctor Engelbrecht. 1.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._ =11=:No. 70, Pl. 70. 1882. German. Fruit rather large, pyriform-elongated, nearly smooth, shining, green, clouded with greenish-yellow; flesh yellowish-white, fine, softish, melting, sweet, vinous, with an agreeable cinnamon flavor. =Doctor Hogg Bergamot. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 562. 1884. Raised by T. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Eng., from seed of Gansel Late Bergamot; received a first-class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1878. Fruit produced in great clusters, small, size of Seckel, obovate, even in outline, grass-green, with a dull brownish cheek, changing to deep yellow and bright red cheek with an orange glow; flesh melting, remarkably sweet like honey, with a brisk acidulous flavor and perfume of lemon; one of the richest flavored pears; Sept. =Doctor Hoskins. 1.= _Rural N. Y._ =44=:201, 203, figs. 120, 121. 1885. According to correspondence with J. T. Macomber of Adams, Vt., this variety is a seedling of Flemish Beauty. It is said to be medium to above in size, roundish-obtuse, pyriform, pale yellow, red on the sunny side and "very good" in quality. =Doctor Howe. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 2nd App. 146. 1876. Originated in garden of Dr. John T. Howe, Birmingham, Conn., about 1890. Fruit medium, globular, inclining to pyriform, somewhat obtuse, greenish changing to light yellow, netted and patched with russet dots; flesh whitish, semi-fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly-vinous flavor; promising in 1890; Oct. =Doctor Turner. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 210. 1862. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 740. 1869. A pear of Connecticut origin. Tree of good growth, moderately spreading, rather an early and regular although not an over-abundant bearer; young wood a dark olive-brown. Fruit large, oblong-pyriform, with blunt neck; skin pale yellow, sometimes with a slight blush and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots, a few traces of russet; stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by a ring or lip; calyx closed; basin rather small; flesh white, juicy, half melting, slightly vinous, somewhat astringent; good; Aug. =Dodge. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:480, fig. 161. 1913. A hybrid-oriental variety. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, narrowing rapidly to the stem, greenish-yellow, profusely dotted; skin thin but tough, russeted near stem; flesh white, juicy, melting, tender, free from grit; fair; Oct. =Doktorsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:61. 1856. German, from the Rhine country, 1833. Fruit large, pyriform, smooth, light-yellow without russet, slightly blushed on side next the sun; flesh agreeable, sweet; good; Oct. =Donatienne Bureau. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 91. 1895. On trial in 1895 at Simon Louis's grounds at Metz, Lorraine. Fruit large, ovate-long, bright yellow stained with brown; flesh fine; first. =Dones. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 92. 1876. Fruit small; flesh melting, juicy; first; Sept. and Oct. =Donville. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:42, fig. 1869. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 204. 1889. An old French pear mentioned first by Merlet in 1675. Fruit medium to large, pyriform-obtuse, bright yellow when ripe, washed with dark red on the side of the sun; flesh-yellowish, semi-fine or coarse, breaking; juice deficient, sweet, no perfume; first for kitchen use; Jan. to Apr. =Doppelttragende gelbe Muskatellerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:11. 1856. Originated in Thuringia, Ger., 1803. Fruit medium, conic, symmetrical, light greenish-yellow; flesh breaking, soft, mild, tender, aromatic; good; Aug. =Dörell Herbst Muskateller. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:96. 1856. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:1, fig. 385. 1880. Fruit nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, pale yellow sprinkled with very small, very numerous and regularly-spaced fawn dots usually free from any trace of russet; at maturity the yellow passes into clear lemon-yellow and on well-exposed fruits is washed with vermilion; flesh white, rather fine, breaking, dense, not juicy but sugary and perfumed; good for culinary purposes; winter. =Dorothée Nouvelle. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 92. 1876. Belgian; highly recommended. Fruit of first quality; Oct. Tree very fertile. =Dorothée Royale Nouvelle. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:39, fig. 500. 1881. Fruit small, pyriform, green changing to pale yellow, some russet markings and speckled with grayish dots; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sugary, delicious; good; Oct. and Nov. =Dorr. 1.= Cole _Am. Fr. Book_ 154. 1849. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 421. 1859. Originated in New Hampshire. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, pale yellow, blushed with red; flesh rather coarse, deficient in juice, sweet, pleasant; cooking or eating; Aug. =Dorschbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 148, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small, obtuse-turbinate, somewhat globular, green changing to yellow when ripe, dotted with yellow-brown and marked with cinnamon-russet, blushed on the sun-exposed side; flesh tough, light yellow, very astringent, subacid and very juicy; Oct. =Dosoris. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =22=:88. 1867. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 100. 1869. Found in a field at Glen Cove, L. I, about 1866. Fruit full medium, obtuse-pyriform, when ripe a beautiful yellow with two-thirds bright scarlet; flesh sweet, juicy, agreeable, though deficient in flavor; beginning of Aug.; good but not first quality. =Double d'Automne. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 49. 1831. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:131. 1843. Fruit medium, Bergamot-shaped, entirely cinnamon-russet, through which a little green appears, with numerous small, gray specks; flesh white, breaking, rather gritty but mellow; juice saccharine. New in 1831 and considered promising but in 1843 was discarded by the London Horticultural Society. =Double-Fleur. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:177. 1768. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:123, fig. 254. 1879. _Double Blossom._ =3.= Langley _Pomona_ 132. 1729. =4.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 412, 1831. Of ancient and unknown origin. Mentioned by Nicholas de Bonnefonds in 1651 in his first edition of the _Jardinier Francais_, by Merlet in 1675 and Claude Saint-Etienne in 1660. Worth growing for ornament, its large, double flowers, with from twelve to fifteen petals, being very handsome. Fruit above medium, globular or globular-turbinate, generally enlarged on one side more than on the other, green but yellow when ripe, dark red or pale purple on the side of the sun; flesh greenish, semi-fine, quite crisp, juicy, sweet, rather sugary; excellent culinary pear; Feb. to May. =Double de Guerre. 1.= _Garden_ =56=:426. 1899. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 167. 1920. Introduced into England from Mechlin, Bel., about 1835. Tree hardy, productive. Fruit medium to above, pyriform, tapering to the stem, yellow-brown speckled with russet; stem short, stout, generally obliquely inserted; calyx open in a shallow basin; flesh yellow, firm, slightly acid; Dec. to Feb. =Double-Plouvier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:47, fig. 1869. Origin and age uncertain. Fruit above medium, long-ovate, more or less bossed, greenish, dotted all over with gray-russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine, semi-melting, scented; juice moderate but sugary; first for the kitchen; Jan. to Mar. =Double Rousselet. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =6=:21, fig. 1858. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:48, fig. 1869. Raised by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., about 1845. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, regular in contour; skin fine, tender, green but almost entirely covered with cinnamon-colored russet; when ripe the russet becomes more golden and warmer in tint on the side next the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting, with abundant sugary juice, vinous, very agreeable; first; Oct. =Dow. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 92. 1858. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 377. 1859. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 741. 1869. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn., in the middle of the nineteenth century. Fruit above medium, obovate, acutely pyriform, sometimes turbinate; skin rough, yellowish-green, with russet patches and dots; flesh white, buttery, juicy, melting, vinous flavored sometimes slightly astringent; good; Sept. and Oct. =Dowler. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =4=:193. 1838. Exhibited before the London Horticultural Society in 1838, under the name of _Dowler's seedling_. A small winter pear, described as one of the best and a good keeper. =Downton. 1.= McIntosh _Bk. Gard._ =2=:455. 1855. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:50, fig. 1869. Raised by T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, Eng., about 1840. Fruit medium or above, oval, somewhat irregular, greenish-yellow changing to lemon-yellow, a good deal russeted particularly on the side next the sun where it is completely covered and assumes a reddish-brown tinge; flesh whitish, not quite melting but tender, fine, free from grit, agreeably acidulous, sweet and juicy, with some taste of orange; first; Nov. and Dec. =Doyen Dillen. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:27, fig. 1853. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:51, fig. 1869. From seed sown by Van Mons at Louvain in 1827. Fruit medium to large, pyriform-conic, yellow, much covered with dots and patches of russet; flesh white, buttery, melting, free from grit; juice rather abundant, sweet, rich and pleasantly perfumed; first; Nov. =Doyenné Bizet. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 91. 1895. Tree moderately vigorous, very fertile. Fruit large; good; Mar. to June. =Doyenné Blanc Long. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 1, 27, fig. 12. 1866-73. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 74. 1895. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, growing often in bunches, pyriform; skin thin, fine, bright green changing to brilliant yellow, golden on the side next the sun, with some bright red shading; flesh white, fine, melting, musky; first; Oct. =Doyenné Boisnard. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 91. 1895. Fruit rather large; first; Dec. =Doyenné Boisselot. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 205. 1889. =2.= _Garden_ =50=:405. 1896. A little-known pear, large in size, some of the fruit weighing a pound, Bergamot in form, maturing about Christmas. =Doyenné de Bordeaux. 1.= _Pom. Fr._ =4=:No. 150, Pl. 150. 1865. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:57, fig. 1869. Origin unknown but cultivated in the environs of Bordeaux about 1820. Fruit large, globular, flattened at each end; skin thick, wrinkled and oily, golden-yellow sown with large dots of greenish-russet and marbled with the same, some orange-red on side next the sun; flesh very white, coarse, breaking, gritty at center; juice sufficient, sweet; third for dessert, first for compotes; Oct. to Dec. =Doyenné Bouyron. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 91. 1895. Distributed from Bordeaux, Fr. Fruit of the size, form and color of the Doyenné Gris; flesh fine, juicy, somewhat acid; Aug. =Doyenné du Cercle. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 742. 1869. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:59, fig. 1869. A seedling obtained by M. Boisbunel, a nurseryman at Rouen, Fr.; first published in 1857. Fruit medium, turbinate-globular, varying to irregular-ovate, pale yellow covered with very fine gray dots and stained with fawn, often encrimsoned on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, very melting, scented; juice abundant, sweet, highly vinous, with a delicate, tartish flavor; first; Nov. =Doyenné à Cinq Pans. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =25=:132. 1899. A cross effected in 1879 between Duchesse de Bordeaux and Easter Beurré by M. Herault. Fruit medium, rather globular, smooth, yellow, spotted and flecked with fawn; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet, with an aroma of Pelargoniums; Oct. and Nov. =Doyenné Defays. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 1, 73, fig. 35. 1866-73. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:62. 1869. _Doyenné d'Effay._ =3.= McIntosh _Bk. Gard._ =2=:461. 1855. Obtained by M. François-André Defays in the field of Saint Martin, near Angers, Fr. Fruit about medium, globular-obovate or Doyenné-shaped, bossed at the stalk end and generally larger and longer on one side, yellow, much covered with cinnamon-russet on the side next the sun; flesh tender, buttery, melting, very juicy, rich, sugary, vinous, with musky aroma; one of the best; Dec. =Doyenné Downing. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:63, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 566. 1884. A wilding found in a garden near Angers, Fr., by François Desportes, the noted nurseryman, in 1851; it was named after A. J. Downing. Fruit medium, globular or ovate, mammillate, one side always larger than the other, pale yellow, dotted and marbled with russet; flesh very white, tender, semi-melting; juice sufficient, sweet, acidulous, with a pleasant flavor of anis; Sept. =Doyenné Flon Ainé. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:65, fig. 1869. =2.= _Rev. Hort._ 133, 1894. Obtained from seed by M. Flon, senior, of Angers, Fr., in 1859. Fruit large, globular, generally mammillate at summit, greenish-yellow and yellowish-brown on the side of the sun, marbled and dotted with brown; flesh white, fine, very melting, juicy, sugary, slightly tartish, with a pronounced flavor of roses; first; Nov. to Feb. =Doyenné Fradin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 93. 1876. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:33, fig. 401. 1880. Regarded as a gain of M. Parigot of Poitiers. Fruit medium, globular, depressed at both extremities, water-green, dotted with brown, becoming citron-yellow on ripening; flesh whitish, fine, melting, gritty at core, full of sweet juice, vinous and richly perfumed. =Doyenné Georges Boucher. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 496, fig. 1906. =2.= _Ibid._ 197. 1907. Came from a seed bed of Doyenné du Comice made in 1884. Fruit large and very large, globular-turbinate, bossed at the extremities; skin rather thick, dark yellow, sprinkled with small dots and marbled with fawn, russeted and reddened on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, sugary; very good; Feb. to Apr. =Doyenné Goubault. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:66, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 566. 1884. Raised by M. Goubault, Angers, Fr. Fruit above medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform, pale yellow with russet markings and dots; flesh melting, sugary, vinous and highly perfumed; rich and excellent; Jan. =Doyenné de la Grifferaye. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:68, fig. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:11, fig. 198. 1879. Obtained by M. le Gris, Angers, Fr.; gave its first fruit in 1853. Fruit medium, turbinate-oblate, very obtuse and irregular, greenish-yellow, finely dotted with russet and brown, stained with fawn; flesh white, fine, buttery, melting, full of sweet and perfumed juice; first; Sept. and Oct. =Doyenné Gris. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:208, Pl. XLVII, fig. 1. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:69, fig. 1869. _Doyenné Gray._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 745. 1869. _Red Doyenné._ =4.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 635. 1884. An ancient pear attributed to the garden of the Chartreux Monastery at Paris about the middle of the eighteenth century. Fruit medium and above, globular, flattened at each extremity; skin rather thin and wrinkled, yellow-ochre, nearly covered with cinnamon-colored russet, so that little of the true color is visible, brownish-red toward the sun; flesh white, tender, melting, very buttery, rich and delicious; one of the best dessert pears; Oct. =Doyenné Guillard. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 103. 1895. Described as a new variety by Simon-Louis Bros., Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Fruit rather glossy, brown, slightly dotted with green; flesh almost fine, white, very juicy, vinous; Nov. and Dec. =Doyenné des Haies. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:71, fig. 1869. A wilding found on the property of M. Bardi, Bwalt, Canton of Montastruc, Haute-Garonne, Fr., and first reported in 1855. Fruit medium, globular or globular-turbinate, flat at base, mammillate at summit, pale yellow, dotted and stained with fawn, blushed with tender rose on the side toward the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, rather gritty around the core; juice abundant, sweet, very sugary, tasting of musk; second; Oct. =Doyenné Hudellet. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 2, 101, fig. 147. 1866-73. Obtained by M. Jules Hudellet at Ceyzeriat near Bourg, Ain, Fr.; it was first published in 1867. Fruit medium, globular-cylindrical, regular outline, bright green sprinkled with dots of gray-brown, passing to pale yellow, with some red on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, full of sweet juice, slightly musky; first; Nov. =Doyenné Jamin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:75, fig. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:131, fig. 354. 1880. Gained by Jamin & Durand, nurserymen at Bourg-la-Reine, near Paris, in 1859 from seed. Fruit medium, turbinate-conic or turbinate-ovate, irregular, greenish-yellow changing to yellow and washed with rose on the sunny side, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine, buttery, full of sweet juice, vinous, astringent, without much perfume; second; Jan. and Feb. =Doyenné de Lorraine. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:17, 201. 1879. Received by Diel, the eminent German pomologist, from a nurseryman at Metz under the name of _Doyenné d'Austrasie_ by which it is mostly known to German authors. Fruit medium, globular, depressed at each pole, water-green, with gray-brown dots, bright citron-yellow when ripe and golden on the side next the sun or sometimes washed with red; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-buttery; juice plentiful, sweet and slightly perfumed; good; Sept. and Oct. =Doyenné Louis. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:79, fig. 1869. Seedling of Van Mons, previous to 1820. Fruit small, turbinate-obtuse, regular in form, dark yellow, strewn with numerous gray-brown dots and carmined on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, coarse, semi-melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, sugary, lacking in flavor; third; Sept. and Oct. =Doyenné de Montjean. 1.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 243, fig. 1906. Obtained in 1848 by M. Trottier, Montjean, Department of Maine-et-Loire, Fr., and first published in 1858. Fruit large to very large, ovate, nearly equally rounded at its two poles; skin thin and rough, yellow, much russeted; flesh white, very fine, melting, very juicy, with a slightly vinous and sweet flavor, perfumed; very good; Jan. to Mar. =Doyenné Nérard. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:237, fig. 117. 1866-73. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 68. 1895. Obtained in 1850 by M. Bonnefoy, a nurseryman at Saint-Genis-Laval, near Lyons, Fr. Fruit small, globular-conic, yellowish-white, marbled with bright red; flesh semi-breaking, very sugary; good; Aug. =Doyenné Nouveau. 1.= McIntosh _Bk. Gard._ =2=:461. 1855. Fruit medium, obovate; flesh tender and juicy; excellent; Apr. =Doyenné Perrault. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. Fruit medium, rather oblate, resembling Easter Bergamot with a long stalk; flesh fine, firm, melting; first; winter. =Doyenné Picard. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 93. 1876. Fruit medium; flesh melting; first; Aug. =Doyenné Rahard. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 91. 1895. Fruit large or very large; flesh fine, melting, very sweet; Dec. to Jan. =Doyenné de Ramegnies. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ N. S. =20=:85. 1883. Raised by M. Norbert Bouzin of Ramegnies-Chin near Tournai, Bel. Fruit large, turbinate and very symmetrically shaped; olive-brown, russeted; flesh fine, buttery, vinous; Oct. and Nov. =Doyenné Robin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:81, fig. 1869. Raised in 1840 at Angers, Fr., by a gardener named Robin. Fruit large, globular-ovate, yellowish, dotted and stained with bright russet; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, vinous, aromatic; first; Oct. =Doyenné Rose. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:82, fig. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:21, fig. 299. 1880. From a seed bed made in 1820 by Edouard Sageret, author of _Pomologie physiologique_; it bore fruit first in 1830. Fruit above medium, globular, irregular, yellow-ochre on the shaded side and beautiful rose on the side of the sun; flesh very white, semi-melting, granular; juice scarcely sufficient, little perfume or flavor; second; Oct. =Doyenné Saint-Roch. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:83, fig. 1869. Largely grown in the Gironde, Fr., in the middle of the nineteenth century. Fruit above medium and sometimes larger, globular but variable, pale yellow dotted with russet passing to bright yellow on the side next the sun, where it is lightly washed with carmine; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or slightly breaking, juicy, sugary, acidulous, of delicate flavor; second; Aug. and Sept. =Doyenné de Saumur. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:84, fig. 1869. A French pear of uncertain origin but known in the districts of Saumur and Lyons early in the nineteenth century. Fruit medium and below, very variable in form, from ovate-elongated to turbinate-obtuse, bossed and swelled, pale greenish-yellow, dotted with gray-russet especially on the side next the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting, juicy, perfumed, having an after-taste of musk; first; Sept. =Doyenné Sentelet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:86, fig. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:137, fig. 165. 1878. A gain of Van Mons, 1823. Fruit about medium or below, turbinate-ovate-obtuse, often irregular, deep rich yellow, much mottled and speckled with cinnamon-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous; good; Oct. =Doyenné Sieulle. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:87, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 567. 1884. From a seed bed of Jean Sieulle, Vaux-Praslin, Fr.; it was placed on the market in 1815. Fruit above medium to medium, often globular and often Doyenné-shaped, deep rich yellow ground, mottled and speckled with cinnamon-colored russet; flesh very white, fine, semi-melting; juice sufficient, acidulous, sweet, with an agreeable almond flavor; variable, from second to first; Nov. =Drapiez. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:125. 1843. =2.= McIntosh _Bk. Gard._ =2=:461. 1855. Of Belgian origin. Fruit medium, obovate, pale green, very much marbled with gray; flesh tender, sweet, acidulous, strongly perfumed; a very excellent autumn fruit; Oct. and Nov. =Drone. 1.= Miller _Gard. Dict._ =3.= 1807. =2.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:25. 1831. Fruit middle sized, globular, light green dotted with darker shade of same color; flesh white, breaking, full of sweet, musky juice; Aug. =Du Breuil Père. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:161, fig. 79. 1866-73. Alphonse Du Breuil obtained this variety from seeds of Louise Bonne de Jersey sown in 1840. Fruit medium, nearly a true sphere, slightly depressed at the two poles, lemon-yellow, much russeted and at maturity mottled with blood-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy; first; Sept. =Du Mirror. 1.= Baltet _Trait. Cult. Fr._ 372. 1908. A first-class French perry pear, grown in the Haute-Savoie, yielding from 800 to 1000 litres of perry per tree; the beverage is clear, very sweet, rather sparkling, and becomes stronger with age. =Du Roeulx. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 92. 1895. Tree hardy. Fruit medium, pyriform, short, yellow, mottled with fawn; flesh yellowish, very melting, juicy and sugary, with an exquisite aroma; first; Sept. =Dubrulle. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 93, 267. 1876. Fruit rather large, globular, yellowish-green and gray mottled with fawn; flesh melting, very juicy, sugary, highly perfumed and of a luscious flavor; first; Sept. and Oct. =Duc Alfred de Croy. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:163, fig. 370. 1880. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 567. 1884. Propagated and disseminated by M. de Jonghe, Brussels. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, regular and handsome, smooth, yellowish-green, washed with pale brown on side next the sun; flesh white, tinted with green, not very juicy, but buttery, rich and with a fine spicy flavor and perfume; excellent; Nov. =Duc d'Aumale. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:91, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 568. 1884. A product of the Van Mons nursery at Louvain where it first fruited in 1847. Fruit small, turbinate-obtuse-pyriform; skin rough, greenish-yellow mottled all over with cinnamon-colored russet; flesh whitish, melting and juicy, sugary, acidulous, perfumed; first; Sept. and Oct. =Duc de Brabant. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:92, fig. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:27, fig. 494. 1881. Sent by Van Mons as No. 45 to Simon Bouvier in Jodoigne, Bel., in 1827. Fruit medium, pyriform-obtuse, greenish-yellow, dotted with russet, marbled with fawn, sometimes washed with red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-breaking; juice sufficient, sugary, acidulous; good; sometimes second; Oct. =Duc de Morny. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:95, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 568. 1884. Raised by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, and first published in 1862. Fruit large, long-obtuse-pyriform, bossed, green, mottled and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, tender, melting, very juicy, too acid, little sugar or perfume; second; Nov. to Jan. =Duc de Nemours. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:96, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 568. 1884. Raised by Van Mons at Louvain in 1825. Fruit large and handsome, obovate, narrowing abruptly, bright greenish or lemon-yellow, even-dotted with russet and gray specks, sometimes reddened on cheek next the sun; flesh white, melting, rich, sweet, sprightly, juicy, perfumed; first; Oct. and Nov. =Duchesse d'Angoulême Bronzée. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. _Duchess Bronze._ =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. A sub-variety of Duchesse d'Angoulême found in a garden of M. Weber, Dijon, Fr., and introduced in 1873. Fruit large to very large, differs from type by its skin being red-brown or bronze, this feature being perfectly constant; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary; first; Oct. to Dec. =Duchesse d'Angoulême Panachée. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:102. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 569. 1884. A variegated form of Duchesse d'Angoulême, the wood, leaves and fruit being mottled with yellow and green. In 1848 it was attributed to M. Audusson, who originated Duchesse d'Augoulême, but Leroy claims that it proceeded from his nursery in 1840. =Duchesse Anne. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:102, fig. 1869. Raised in 1861 by Jacques Jalais, Nantes, Fr. Fruit above medium, like Calebasse in form, meadow-green, slightly yellowish, dotted with gray; flesh greenish-white, fine, melting; juice sufficient, sweet, acidulous, perfumed; first; Nov. =Duchesse d'Arenberg. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:103, fig. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:35, fig. 498. 1881. Although distributed from the Royal Nurseries at Vilvorde-lez-Bruxelles without mention of origin its name suggests Belgium. Fruit medium and often larger, turbinate-obtuse-oblate, greenish-yellow passing to bright green on the side of the sun, dotted with gray-russet; flesh yellowish, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty around the core; sugary, perfumed, rather sour; second; Aug. =Duchesse de Berry d'Été. 1.= Leroy _Dic. Pom._ =2=:104. fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 569. 1884. Raised in a seed bed in the Commune of Saint-Herblain, Department of Loire-Inferieure, Fr., in 1827. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, yellow, dotted with dark gray; flesh very white, semi-fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, aromatic; first; Aug. and Sept. =Duchesse de Bordeaux. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:105, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 570. 1884. =3.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 171. 1920. _Beurré Perrault._ =4.= Mas _Le Verger_ =1=:133, fig. 65. 1866-73. _Bordeaux._ =5.= Cal. Com. Hort. _Pear Grow. Cal._ =7=:No. 5, 242. 1918. M. Secher, in the Commune of Montjean, Department of Maine-et-Loire, Fr., bought in 1850 from M. Perrault, Montrevault, some pear trees. Ten years passed away and then one of the trees produced the excellent fruit here described. M. Secher invited many persons to taste it, in particular MM. Perrault and Baptiste Desportes. Later the variety fruited with M. Perrault and was named by him _Beurré Perrault_. Secher affirmed he had properly given the variety the name of Duchesse de Bordeaux. Tree large, vigorous, upright. Fruit large, roundish-pyriform; skin thick, very tough, rough, greenish-yellow, with mottlings and patches of russet; stem rather long, thick, set in a moderately deep, acute cavity; calyx large, open, placed in a moderately deep basin; flesh yellowish-white, firm, granular, juicy, mild; good; Nov. and Dec. =Duchesse de Brabant. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:107, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 570. 1884. A posthumous seedling of Van Mons, which gave its first fruit in 1853. Fruit medium, short-pyriform-obtuse; skin thin, smooth, shining, greenish-yellow; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, melting; juice abundant, sweet, savory; good; Oct. =Duchesse de Brabant= (De Capeinick). =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:17, fig. 297. 1880. This variety, obtained by M. Capeinick, received medals at Brussels and at Tournai in 1853. Fruit medium, regular pyriform, bright green and speckled with dots of gray-green, becoming lemon-yellow at maturity, washed with blood-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, rather fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, refreshing; first; Sept. =Duchesse de Brissac. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:108, fig. 1869. Came from a seed bed of Auguste Benoist, Brissac, Maine-et-Loire, Fr., and ripened for the first time in 1861. Fruit above medium, ovate, rather irregular, bright greenish-yellow, spotted with russet; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic; first; Aug. and Sept. =Duchesse Grousset. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 91. 1895. Fruit large, elongated, very obtuse at base; bright yellow, speckled with brown dots; flesh fine, very melting, rather granular at center; Dec. =Duchesse Hélène d'Orléans. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:109, fig. 1869. From a seed bed made at Louvain, Bel., in 1839 by Van Mons; it first fruited in 1847. Fruit medium, ovate, always somewhat distorted, one side being longer than the other, yellowish-green, dotted and mottled with gray and russet, carmined on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, melting, very juicy, acidulous, sugary, good flavor; first; Sept. =Duchesse d'Hiver. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 749. 1869. _Tardive de Toulouse_. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:693, fig. 1869. M. Barthère, Sr., a nurseryman of Toulouse, Fr., found this pear in 1845 near Calmont on one of his travels through southern France. Tree moderately vigorous, characteristically small and pyramidal. Fruit large, roundish-pyriform, light yellow; flesh white, juicy; matures in winter and late spring. Although not a pear of highest quality it is worthy of notice because of its large size and long keeping. =Duchesse Hybrid. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:481. 1913. Form resembles Kieffer, lemon-yellow; flesh coarse; poor; Oct. =Duchesse de Mars. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:110, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 570. 1884. Origin uncertain; generally attributed to Belgium. Fruit medium, obovate but variable, yellowish-green, russeted; flesh buttery, white, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed, well flavored; first class dessert pear; Nov. =Duchesse de Mouchy. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:112, fig. 1869. From a wilding noted in 1862 by the curé of Breteuil, Oise, Fr. Fruit large, turbinate-obtuse, bright olive-yellow, dotted with gray-russet; flesh yellowish-white, a little coarse, semi-breaking, juicy, sugary, vinous, slightly perfumed; second; Apr. and May. =Duchesse Précoce. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:113, fig. 1869. Came from a seed bed of Duchesse d'Angoulême made in 1850 by André Leroy. Fruit large and often very large, ovate, golden-yellow, sprinkled with large greenish dots, slightly carmined on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh very white, breaking or semi-melting, with seeds usually absent, juicy, sweet; flavor agreeable; second; Aug. =Duchovaya. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 22. 1887. _Scented._ =2.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 232. 1885. A Central-Russian pear. Fruit medium to above, obtuse-pyriform, yellow, russeted; flesh coarse, sweet, juicy; poor; mid-season. =Dudley. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:107. 1908. Originated with Mr. Dudley, Boston Highlands, Mass. Fruit medium long; very good; mid-season. =Dumon-Dumortier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:115, fig. 1869. From the Van Mons seed beds. Fruit medium, turbinate, yellowish-green, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, very fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, deliciously perfumed; first; Nov. =Dundas. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =8=:60. 1842. =2.= _Ibid._ =9=:132, fig. 1843. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 750. 1869. Disseminated by Van Mons in 1834 in which year it was sent to America to both R. Manning and W. Kenrick. This pear is known in Europe mostly under the names of _Rousselet Jamin_, _Henri Nicaise_ and _Héliote Dundas_ or _Héloise Dundas_. Fruit medium, turbinate-obtuse, greenish-yellow or yellow-ochre, dotted with brown and gray and washed with beautiful carmine on the side of the sun; flesh white, with green veins, between breaking and melting; juice insufficient; very handsome but wanting in quality; Sept. and Oct. =Dunmore. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:154. 1847. =2.= _Ibid._ =18=:159, fig. 1852. One of the best seedling pears raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, Eng. It first fruited in 1822 being then reported in this country by C. M. Hovey. Fruit large, oblong-obovate; skin slightly rough, yellowish-green, with russet patches, brownish-red tinge next the sun; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, rich, subacid, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed and aromatic; excellent; Sept. and Oct. =Dupuy Charles. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:118, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 750. 1869. Louis Berckmans, Augusta, Ga., raised this pear in 1847 from seed sent from Ghent, Bel. Fruit medium to above, like Calebasse in form, rough to the touch, bright green, dotted with russet; flesh greenish-white, very fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous; flavor delicate and slightly musky; first; Oct. and Nov. =Durandeau. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =26=:129. 1860. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc._ 111. 1862. _De Tongres_. =3.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =3=:15, fig. 1855. =4.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 489. 1857. Originated from seed with Charles Louis Durandeau, Tongres-Notre-Dame, a village in Hainaut, Bel., probably about 1825. Tree fairly vigorous, pyramidal, an early and abundant bearer. Fruit medium large, obovate-pyriform, generally irregular; skin thin, covered with fine golden russet, blushed with carmine on the exposed cheek; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, very juicy, vinous, sprightly, with an exquisite aroma and of first quality; Oct. and Nov. =Durée. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 751. 1884. A wilding found by Isaac Hicks, Westbury, N. Y., and introduced by him before 1869. Fruit medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, pale yellow, dotted and patched with russet; flesh whitish, semi-melting, juicy, sweet, slightly musky; good to very good; Oct. =Durst-Lösche. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:155. 1856. Thuringia, 1809. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, greenish-yellow turning to yellow; flesh breaking, soft, honey-sweet and aromatic; good; Sept. =Early Ely. 1.= _Tex. Nursery Cat._ 10. 1913. Originated on the grounds of Silas Ely of Sherman, Tex., and was introduced by the Texas Nursery Company about 1906. Said to be small, yellow and good for both table and market. =Early Green Sugar. 1.= J. Van Lindley _Cat._ 51. 1921. Fruit large, yellow, blushed; June. =Easter Bergamot. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 751. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 572. 1884. _Bergamote de Pâques_. =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:250, fig. 1867. An old French pear of which Merlet wrote in 1675, calling it _Bergamote de Pasques_ or the _La Grillière_. This variety was early known in England according to Switzer who saw trees of it at Hampton Court growing against a wall said to have been erected by Queen Elizabeth and which had every appearance of having stood there since that time. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, narrowing toward the stalk, grayish-green, dull, changing to pale yellow, thickly dotted with brown; flesh white, semi-fine, gritty, breaking; juice sweet, acid, with not much perfume or flavor; second only, on account of its extreme lateness; Mar. to May. =Eastern Belle. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 32. 1870. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 1st App., 126, fig. 1872. This pear originated with Henry McLaughlin, Bangor, Me. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, obovate-pyriform; skin pale yellow, with nettings and patches of russet and many russet dots, occasionally blushed with bright red; flesh whitish-yellow, coarse at center, juicy, half-melting, sweet, rich, with a peculiar piquant aroma; good; Sept. =Echasserie. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:187, Pl. XXXII. 1768. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 753. 1869. _Walnut._ =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 90. 1856. _Besi de l'Echasserie._ =4.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:269, fig. 1867. The wilding from which this variety was derived was probably noticed about 1660 and La Quintinye before 1690 spoke of it as having been in French gardens for twenty years. It appears to have been a native of Anjou, where there are three places bearing the name given to it. Probably it had been locally cultivated under other names for a long time previous to its official recognition. Fruit medium to small, globular-oval but variable, always obtuse and bossed; skin rough to the touch, lemon-yellow dotted with fawn and with some patches of grayish-brown russet; flesh white, fine, melting, with very small grits around the core; juice extremely abundant, acidulous, saccharine, with an after-taste of musk, very agreeable; first; Nov. through Jan. =Edle Sommerbirne. 1.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 327. 1881. Germany and Holland. Fruit small, pyriform and somewhat long-gourd-shaped, smooth yellowish-green changing to yellow at maturity, with reddish-brown on the side next the sun, dotted and speckled with gray; flesh fine, semi-melting, with a sweet, agreeable, aromatic flavor of rose; good for dessert and first for kitchen use; Aug. =Edward Seedling St. Germain, 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 754. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:155, fig. 462. 1880. Raised by Dr. W. D. Brincklé, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit medium or rather large, globular-pyriform-obtuse, a little irregular in form, with its greatest diameter at the center; skin somewhat thick and tender, intense green at first, sprinkled with grayish-black dots changing at maturity to bright citron-yellow, some russet nettings and patches; flesh whitish, semi-fine, slightly granular yet melting, full of saccharine juice, acidulous and delicately perfumed; good; Oct. to Dec. =Effie Holt. 1.= J. Van Lindley _Cat._ 54. 1913. Said to have originated on the farm of L. W. Holt near Burlington, N. C.; introduced by J. Van Lindley Nursery Company about 1907. Tree healthy, thrifty. Fruit large, greenish-yellow; flesh light yellow, rich, juicy; season about the same as Duchesse d'Angoulême. =Eliot Early. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 52. 1871. =2.= _Rural N. Y._ =51=:602, figs. 242, 243. 1892. Said to have been raised by Judge Charles Eliot of Windsor, Ontario, Canada, from a cross between Madeleine and Doyenné d'Éte. Tree strong, vigorous, hardy, an early and productive bearer. Fruit small, pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, brownish-red next the sun; stem long, slender, curved; cavity small, russeted; calyx closed or partially open; base small; flesh whitish, half-fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed; good to very good; July. =Élisa d'Heyst. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =1=:99, fig. 56. 1866-73. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:125, fig. 1869. Obtained by Major Espéren of Mechlin, Bel. Fruit small but sometimes medium, ovate, with an irregular outline, grass-green, dotted and stained with clear fawn; flesh greenish, coarse, semi-melting, very gritty around the core; juice sweet, abundant, sugary, slightly perfumed, little flavor; second; Mar. =Elizabeth (Edwards). 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ =5=. 1843. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =12=:441, fig. 34. 1846. This pear was raised at New Haven, Conn., by Governor Edwards[32] and was first exhibited in 1845. Fruit of medium size, roundish-obtuse-pyriform, slightly angular; skin smooth, pale lemon-yellow, profusely sprinkled with very small, pale russet dots and a few grayish-russet patches; flesh white, somewhat coarse, melting, very juicy, slightly subacid, with a vinous flavor; Oct. =Elizabeth Maury. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 2nd App., 147. 1876. A chance seedling on the ground of Reuben Maury, Charlottesville, Va. Fruit small, oblate, slightly elevated, pale greenish-yellow, sometimes with a shade of brown in the sun, with many greenish dots; flesh whitish, semi-fine, tender, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous; Aug. =Ellis. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =30=:370, fig. 13. 1864. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 755, fig. 1869. Raised from seed of Seckel in 1843 by Annie E. Ellis, New Bedford, Mass. Tree vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit large, oblong-obovate-pyriform, truncate, slightly uneven, greenish-yellow, patched and mottled with russet, sprinkled with many russet dots; stem rather long, rather stout, set in a small cavity; calyx large, open; basin uneven, slight; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, aromatic; very good; Sept. and Oct. =Ellis= (New York), =1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 756. 1869. Downing says that there is another pear under the name of "Ellis" grown in western New York, entirely distinct from Ellis. The fruit is described as medium, acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow, shaded with crimson-red in sun, with very small brown dots; flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, often astringent, disposed to rot at the core; good; Aug. and Sept. =Emerald. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 756. 1869. Belgian. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, pale green, with pale brownish-red next the sun and covered with russety dots; flesh white, melting, buttery, richly flavored, subacid, vinous; good; Nov. and Dec. =Émile d'Heyst. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:131, fig. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 173. 1920. A seedling raised by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., which fruited in 1847. Fruit medium and often larger, ovate, rather long, irregular, generally with sides unequal, bossed, bronzed, dotted with fine specks; flesh greenish, fine and dense, melting, scented, free from grit; juice very abundant, refreshing, sugary, slightly acid but very agreeably perfumed; first; Oct. =Enfant Nantais. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 210. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 92. 1895. Originated by M. Grousset of Nantes, Fr. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit large, conic, gray; flesh fine, buttery, juicy, aromatic but very slightly tart; Oct. =Enfant Prodigue. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 385. 1845. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:133, fig. 1869. _Rousselet Enfant Prodigue._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 846. 1869. _Verschwenderin._ =4.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 293. 1889. A Van Mons seedling of about 1830. Fruit medium to large, ovate but variable, greenish-yellow, largely obscured with cinnamon-colored russet, more or less carmined on the side of the sun; flesh greenish-white, dense, melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic, acidulous, astringent; second; Sept. =Épine d'Été. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:138, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 758. 1869. An old pear grown in the gardens of the Monastery of Chartreux, Paris, and stated in the catalog of that institution, of 1736, to be identical with the pear _Bugiarda_ of Italy. This Leroy has shown to be an error, the _Bugiarda_ being the pear known in France as _Trompeur_. Le Lectier appears to have grown it in 1628 in his famous gardens at Orléans, though under the name of _Poire d'Espine_. Fruit above medium, pyriform, more or less obtuse, bright green, finely dotted with gray-russet and lightly colored with tender rose on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish, fine, melting, juicy, sugary and musky; a moderately good autumn pear; Sept. =Épine d'Été Rouge. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94, 270. 1876. _Rother Sommerdorn_. =2.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 108. 1825. French, 1805. Fruit medium, ovate, slightly bossed, light grass-green turning to yellow-green, dark blush, dotted; flesh finely-grained; juice somewhat deficient, aromatic; good for the table, kitchen and market; Sept. =Épine d'Hiver. 1.= Langley _Pomona_ 132. 1729. =2.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:184, Pl. XLIV, fig. 3. 1768. _Winter Thorn._ =3.= Bradley _Gard._ 199. 1739. =4.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 410. 1831. A very old French pear, reported as early as 1675. Tree healthy, although not a strong grower, and bears well. Fruit medium to above, roundish-obovate, smooth, green becoming yellowish and irregularly covered with grayish-brown dots; stem rather long, fleshy at base, inserted without depression; calyx small, open, set in a rather shallow basin; flesh whitish, melting, tender, buttery, with a sweet and agreeable musky flavor; a dessert pear; Nov. to Jan. =Épine de Jernages. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1876. Fruit medium; first; Mar. =Épine du Mas. 1.= _Pom. France_ =1=:No. 31, Pl. 31. 1863. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:412, fig. 1869. _Belle Epine Dumas_. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 668. 1869. _Dumas_. =4.= _Rural N. Y._ =45=:480, figs. 292, 293. 1886. A wilding found about 1760 by a M. Chemison in the forest of Rochechouart near Mas, Department of Haute-Vienne, Fr. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, lively yellow or lemon-yellow, finely dotted with brown and washed with carmine on the sun-exposed cheek; flesh white, fine, tender, melting, sweet, gritty at center, juicy, acid, musky; good; Nov. and Dec. =Épine Royale. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 758. 1869. Of French origin. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish, blushed with bright red on the side next the sun; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous; Oct. =Épine-Royale de Courtray. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:127, fig. 256. 1879. Origin not clear though mentioned in the Bulletin of the Society of Van Mons in 1858. Fruit medium or large, pyriform-obtuse, green sprinkled with numerous brown dots, changing to pale yellow at maturity, with some red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, pleasant; handsome and good for transportation; Aug. =Ermsinde. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:69. 1856. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:143, fig. 1869. A chance seedling found in the garden of M. Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel., and reported in 1851. Fruit above medium, in form variable from pyramidal to turbinate, lemon-yellow, dotted and marked with brown-russet, and blushed with dark red on the exposed cheek; second; early Oct. =Ernestine Auzolle. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 758. 1869. Of French origin. Fruit small, globular-pyriform, sometimes acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun, often netted and patched with russet; flesh rather coarse, yellowish, moderately juicy, semi-melting, sweet; good; Sept. and Oct. =Eseme. 1.= _Ia. Soc. Hort. Rpt._ 61. 1880. Cultivated on the northern steppes of Russia and introduced to this country by J. L. Budd of Iowa in 1880. =Esperine. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:73, fig. 1856. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 759. 1869. By Van Mons from an undated seed bed; it was first reported in 1826 and dedicated to Major Espéren, the enthusiastic and distinguished pomologist of Mechlin. Fruit large, obtuse-ovate, yellow with greenish tinge, much dotted with greenish-gray-russet, clouded with tender rose on the side of the sun; flesh white, semi-melting, full of juice, sugary, vinous, refreshing, perfumed; first; Oct. and Nov. =Esperione. 1.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 561. 1885. Fruit medium, obovate, slightly pyriform, yellow, juicy, melting, perfumed; Sept. =Essex. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 759. 1869. Originated in the garden of W. Flack, Essex, N. Y., before 1869. Fruit below medium, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with many brown and green dots, marbled with carmine in the sun; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, granular, sweet; good; Sept. =Esther Comte. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:39, fig. 404. 1880. Cataloged by Dauvesse of Orléans in 1857. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, bright green changing to yellow, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, rather fine, semi-melting, juicy, sugary, delicately perfumed; good; winter. =Estranguillon. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:146, fig. 1869. According to Charles Estienne, 1530, this pear was at that time well known to French gardeners. First rate for making perry. Fruit small, ovate, yellowish, dotted with gray and slightly tinted with rose on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, rather coarse, breaking or semi-melting, very juicy, without perfume; Sept. =Esturion. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 759. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:41, fig. 405. 1880. Origin unknown. Fruit rather small, conic, pale green changing to yellow, tinged with light red on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish, fine, melting; juice abundant, sweet and perfumed. =Eugène Appert. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:148, fig. 1869. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 130. 1881. Raised from seed by André Leroy, Angers, Fr., and first gave fruit in 1862. It was introduced to this country about 1881, in which year it was described as of "very superior quality" and one of the "best of the kinds recently introduced." Fruit medium, globular, bossed, unequal, grass-green, with grayish stains and large dots; flesh yellowish-white, very fine and melting, very full of sugary, acidulous juice, having an exquisite aroma; first; Aug. and Sept. =Eugène Furst. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:167, fig. 468. 1880. A gain of Van Mons. Fruit medium, globular-conic, very obtuse, green changing to lemon-yellow, dotted with brown and more or less washed with red-brown on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, with a characteristic perfume; first; Nov. and Dec. =Eugène Maisin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1876. Under trial in the nurseries of Simon-Louis Bros. of Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit medium; skin rough and grayish; flesh melting; first; Dec. and Jan. =Eugène des Nouhes. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:148, fig. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:65, fig. 129. 1878. M. Parigot, President of the Imperial Court of Poitiers, Fr., obtained this variety which he dedicated in 1856. Fruit above medium, obtuse-turbinate, dark yellow, dotted and stained with gray-russet, slightly vermilioned on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet, delicately perfumed; first; Sept. =Eugène Thirriot. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1876. Produced and placed on the market in 1868 by Thirriot Bros. Fruit large, pyriform, pale greenish-yellow; flesh melting, buttery, very juicy, sugary, perfumed; first; Oct. and Nov. =Euratsfelder Mostbirne. 1.= _Löschnig Mostbirnen_ 78, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium to large, globular; skin smooth, light yellow when ripe, sprinkled with rather fine dots, and russet speckles; flesh rather white, not very coarse, agreeably subacid, very juicy; Oct. and Nov. =Eureka. 1.= A. M. Augustine _Cat._ 45. 1916. According to correspondence with A. M. Augustine, Normal, Ill., the introducer of this pear, it was fruited in 1900 by a Mr. Dickinson of Eureka, Ill.; a chance cross between Seckel and Kieffer and shows characteristics of both parents. Tree reported similar to Kieffer in leaf, habit of growth and resistance to and recovery from blight. Fruit medium, shaped like Seckel; skin delicate, waxy, bright yellow, slightly russeted, with a bright red cheek; flesh flavor of Seckel, more solid, longer keeper. =Eva Baltet. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 312, fig. 1898. From a seed bed of Bartlett fertilized with Flemish Beauty. It was exhibited at the International Exhibition of St. Petersburg in 1893. Fruit very large, pyriform-truncated; skin fine, light cream passing into yellow, dotted with brown, extensively blushed with bright carmine; flesh white, fine, juicy, sugary and aromatic; first; Nov. but variable. =Excellente de Moine. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:59, fig. 318. 1880. Distributed by Burgomaster Rossy of Schönburg, in Moravia, Austria, in 1835. Fruit medium or rather large, globular-ovate, grass-green, dotted with gray-green specks; flesh white, rather greenish especially just under skin, buttery, juicy, delicately perfumed; good; latter half of August. =Excelsior. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 158. 1867. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 759. 1869. A seedling of Francis Dana, Boston, Mass., raised about 1860. Fruit medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with some russet and many brown dots; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; Sept. =Eyewood. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:149, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 759. 1869. Raised from seed by T. A. Knight about 1822 at Downton, Wiltshire, Eng. Fruit medium, globular; skin very thick, greenish-yellow, tinged with brown next the sun, much covered with pale brown-russet and large dots; flesh yellowish, very tender and melting, juicy, sweet, with a sprightly, vinous flavor and fine aroma; first, but sometimes has too little perfume; Oct. =Fall. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 102. 1875. A natural tree planted at least as early as 1650 by Gov. Prince at Eastham, on Cape Cod. Fruit about the size of a hen's egg, tapering towards both ends, green, nearly covered with thin russet, of inferior quality. In 1836 it was a flourishing, lofty tree, producing an average of fifteen bushels of fruit. =Fall Beurré d'Arenburg. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 119. 1875. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 3rd App. 175. 1881. Exhibited by Asahel Foote, Williamstown, Mass., at the Boston meeting of the American Pomological Society in 1875 as one of his seedlings. Fruit medium, globular-oblate, inclining to obtuse-pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, tinged with orange where well exposed, sometimes blushed on the cheek next the sun, slightly patched and netted and much dotted with russet; flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, musky; very good; Oct. =Famenga. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 59. 1844. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 759. 1869. A foreign variety exhibited in 1843 by R. Manning, Salem, Mass. Fruit medium, obovate, greenish-yellow; Sept. =Faurite. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 69. 1848. Fruit medium, oblong-obovate, yellow, shining, tinged with red next the sun, and having numerous reddish dots; flesh yellowish-white, semi-melting, slightly perfumed; keeps nearly a year. =Fauvanelle. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 146. 1911. Considered by M. Chasset, Secretary-general of the Pomological Society of France, to be the finest of all cooking pears. Fruit long-pyriform, bright green, largely covered with fawn, and rayed or washed with red on the sun-exposed cheek; flesh yellowish-white, very sugary, giving a good red wine tone to the cooked fruit, with an agreeable aroma; very good for kitchen use. =Favorite Joanon. 1.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 259, fig. 1906. Obtained in 1833 by M. Joanon, at Saint-Cyr-an-Mont-d'Or, Rhône. Fruit medium to large, turbinate; skin smooth, bright yellow, dotted with gray, flushed with rose at maturity; flesh white, very fine, melting, very juicy, sweet, acidulous, perfumed; very good; Aug. and Sept. =Favorite Morel. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. Obtained from a seed of Bartlett by M. Morel, a nurseryman at Lyons, Fr., in 1874. Fruit rather large, obtuse-pyriform, suggesting in form a long Bartlett, somewhat bossed in outline; skin a little rough, passing from greenish-yellow to golden-yellow, mottled with fawn; flesh white, fine, melting, compact, juicy, fresh, vinous, acidulous; first; Oct. =Feast. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 759. 1869. Originated with Samuel Feast, Baltimore, Md., from seed of Seckel. Fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with brown dots; flesh whitish, juicy, sweet; good; Sept. =Félix de Liem. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:151, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 759. 1869. A posthumous variety from the seedlings of Van Mons at Geest-Saint-Rémy, 1853. Fruit below medium, turbinate, generally obtuse, greenish-yellow, very much mottled with dirty or dusky brown, much speckled bronze-russet on side next the sun and some traces of crimson streaks; flesh yellowish, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, slightly perfumed; second; early Nov. =Félix Sahut. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 151. 1902. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. From Passe Colmar crossed with Bartlett by Arsène Sannier; new in 1902. Fruit similar in appearance to Passe Colmar; flesh fine, juicy, melting, sugary, with a very agreeable perfume; very good; Nov. to Jan. =Ferdinand Gaillard. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 103. 1895. Fruit large or very large; skin smooth, brilliant yellow all over; flesh yellowish-white, fine, tender, very melting, juicy, very sugary; good or very good; Nov. to Jan. =Ferdinand de Lesseps. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:154, fig. 1869. Raised by André Leroy in 1864. Fruit medium, ovate, not very regular, bright yellow, extensively washed and marbled with brown-russet; flesh white, very fine, melting; juice very abundant, acidulous, very sugary, with an exquisite flavor; first; early Oct. =Fertility. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ N. S. =1=:555, fig. 100. 1880. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 174. 1920. Raised by T. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Eng., in 1875, from Beurré Goubault. Fruit medium, obovate, even and regular, entirely covered with a bright cinnamon coat of russet, tinged with orange on the side next the sun; flesh semi-melting or crackling, very juicy, sweet, with a rich, highly-perfumed flavor; good; Oct. =Figue. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:183. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 576. 1884. The pear described under this name by Duhamel in 1768 is quite different from the pear _Figue d'Alençon_ with which it has been confused, the _Green fig_ of Biedenfeld or _Longue Verte_ of Leroy. Origin uncertain. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, green and next the sun of a dull dark red, entirely covered with numerous dots and patches of brown-russet; flesh white, tender, buttery, melting; juice sweet, sugary, perfumed; excellent early dessert pear; Sept. =Figue d'Alençon. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:156, fig. 1869. =2.= _Rural N. Y._ =45=:233, figs. 150, 151. 1886. Obtained about 1829 near Alençon, Department Orne, Fr. Fruit above medium, sometimes large, long, very similar to the fig in form and color; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine and melting, sugary, acidulous and perfumed; first but requiring a favorable soil and climate; Oct. and Nov. =Figue de Naples. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 577. 1884. This has been confused with _Figue d'Alençon_ but is a distinct variety. Fruit above medium, oblong, greenish-yellow, entirely covered with thin, delicate russet, dark reddish-brown on the side next the sun; flesh greenish-white, buttery, melting, with a rich, sugary flavor; excellent; Nov. =Figueira. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 463. 1906. A variety introduced as new in 1906 by M. Bruant, Poitiers, Fr. Fruit of good size, having rather the form of a large fig, brilliant yellow, colored with purple on the side of the sun, of magnificent appearance; flesh very white, fine, melting, juicy, very sugary, with an agreeable perfume; first, one of the best of the season; July and Aug. =Fin Juillet. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 477, fig. 169. 1898. Obtained by M. Hérault, Angers, Fr., from Beurré Giffard crossed with Joyau de Septembre in 1879. Fruit medium, turbinate, ovate, enlarged at center, russeted all over; flesh fine, very melting, rather subject to mellowness, excessively juicy, very sugary, slightly acidulous and with a delicate, musky savor; good; Aug. =Fin-Or d'Orleans. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:160, fig. 1869. _Fine Gold of Summer._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 760. 1869. An old pear mentioned by the earliest French writers. Fruit small, turbinate, swelled, obtuse, golden-yellow, dotted with carmine on the shaded side and bright red on the other cheek; flesh greenish, semi-fine and melting, juicy, sugary, sourish, rather delicate; second; Aug. =Fin-Or de Septembre. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:156. 1768. 2. Hogg _Fruit Man._ 577. 1884. Under the names of _Finor_ and _Finoin_ Claude Saint-Etienne wrote of this pear in 1670. Fruit medium, pyriform-obtuse, yellowish-green speckled with brown-fawn dots, orange-yellow and brick-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, tender, semi-breaking; juice moderate, sugary, slightly acid, without pronounced perfume; third; Oct. =Fitzwater. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 73. 1895. Originated in New York. It resembles Lawrence. Fruit small, obtusely pyriform, yellow partly covered with russet; flesh very fine-grained and melting; fair; winter. =Flemish Bon Chrêtien. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 761. 1869. _Bon-Chrétien de Vernois._ =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:469, figs. 1867. Of Flemish origin. It was widely propagated in England in 1840. Fruit medium, obovate, green changing to yellow; flesh yellowish-white, crisp, sweet, perfumed; an excellent stewing pear; Nov. to Mar. =Fleur de Neige. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:163, fig. 1869. _Henri Van Mons._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 782. 1869. Obtained by Van Mons between 1830 and 1835. Fruit rather large, pyriform, narrowed toward the stalk, greenish-yellow, stained with russet and washed with dark brick-red on the cheek next the sun and dotted with carmine and maroon; stem long, slender; calyx open in a small basin; flesh white, melting, abounding in sugary juice, with a pleasant perfume; good to very good; Sept. and Oct. =Florent Schouman. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 762. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:153, fig. 77. 1872. A posthumous gain of Van Mons propagated by the Society Van Mons. Fruit nearly large, globular-turbinate, clear green, speckled with large, round, gray-brown spots; flesh white, fine, melting, sugary; juice abundant, vinous, acidulous; good; Oct. =Florida Bartlett. 1.= _Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul._ =30=:28. 1905. Received for trial in Michigan in 1900 from Stark Bros., Louisiana, Mo. Fruit large, roundish-oval, tapering at both ends, yellow, with dark brown dots; flesh greenish, firm, juicy, half-breaking, granular, mild, almost sweet, perfumed; fair; Dec. and Jan. =Fluke. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 174. 1909. =2.= _Ibid._ 289. 1910. Disseminated by N. K. Fluke. Reported as hardy, blight-resistant and better than Kieffer. =Fondante Agréable. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =4=:83. 1854. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1876. Belgian; described as new in 1854 by M. P. Wilder. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, dull yellowish-green slightly russeted; flesh tender, juicy and melting, pleasant, refreshing, with a delicate aroma; very good; Aug. =Fondante Albert. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 2, 81, fig. 137. 1866-73. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 762. 1869. Obtained by Albert Boucqueau, Belgium. It was propagated in France in 1853. Fruit medium, globular-conic, depressed at the poles, green turning to yellow, with large dots and markings of fawn, flesh white; semi-fine, breaking, granular about the center; juice deficient, but delicate, vinous and aromatic; second; Sept. =Fondante d'Angers. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:79, fig. 520. 1881. Origin unknown, probably French. Fruit medium or rather large, turbinate; skin fine yet a little firm, clear green, dotted with greenish-gray, passing to yellow at maturity; flesh white, fine, entirely melting; juice abundant and sugary, vinous, acidulous; first; Oct. =Fondante de Bihorel. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 547. 1888. Fruited in France about 1866 from seed of a common French country pear. Tree hardy. Fruit small or medium, pyriform, deep green passing to bright yellow, speckled with gray dots, touched with carmine on the side of the sun; flesh delicate, melting, buttery, without grit; juice sufficient, sugary, acid, well perfumed; quality good; July. =Fondante de Brest. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:169, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 579. 1884. Mentioned by Claude Saint-Etienne in 1670 under the name of _Inconnue du Chesneau_. Fruit medium or nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, more or less swelled, smooth, shining, bright green changing to yellowish-green on the shaded side as it ripens, and red, mottled dark blood-red next the sun, covered with small gray dots; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, gritty, juicy, sugary, perfumed, rose-water flavor; second; Oct. =Fondante de Charleville. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 92. 1895. Fruit large, pyriform, regular in outline, of a beautiful color; flesh melting, buttery, of an agreeable flavor; Nov. and Dec. =Fondante de Charneau. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:170, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 579. 1884. A wilding found by M. Légipont growing on his property at Charneau, in the Province of Liège, Bel., at the beginning of the last century. Fruit large, sometimes very large, pyriform but uneven in outline, pale greenish-yellow, thickly dotted with large gray specks and sometimes vermilioned on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, very melting, juicy, scented, sugary and rich; excellent; Sept. to Nov. =Fondante de Cuerne. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =2=:5, fig. 1854. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 175. 1920. This variety was found by Reynaert Beernaert in the environs of Courtrai, Bel., but the time of its first production is unknown. Fruit large, conic-pyriform, rather irregular in outline, lemon-yellow, with numerous ash-gray dots; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine and melting, rather gritty about the core, very juicy, sugary, vinous, slightly aromatic; second; Sept. =Fondante des Emmurées. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. Obtained from a seed of Doyenné Boussock by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr., and placed on the market in 1873. Fruit medium, turbinate, clear yellow, dotted with gray; flesh yellowish, sugary, perfumed; good; Sept. =Fondante d'Ingendal. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 763. 1869. Belgian. Raised by M. Gambier and first published in 1856. Fruit medium, pyriform, greenish-yellow, touched with gray and with red; flesh fine, melting; good to very good; Sept. to Nov. =Fondante de Ledeberg. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 103. 1895. Belgian. Raised about 1890. Fruit pale green, dotted with brown; flesh very melting, white and slightly perfumed; first; Mar. and Apr. =Fondante de la Maitre-École. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:175, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 764. 1869. Produced in the gardens of Robert & Moreau, growers at Angers, Fr.; first tested in 1861. Fruit medium, oblong, golden or orange-yellow, dotted and mottled with fawn; flesh fine, yellowish, breaking, juicy, vinous, sugary and perfumed; second; Dec. and Jan. =Fondante de Malines. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =14=:209. 1848. =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =6=:9, fig. 1858. Raised by Major Espéren at Mechlin (Malines), Bel., in 1842. Fruit large, globular-turbinate, smooth, of a deep golden-yellow with a crimson cheek in the sun, spotted with crimson dots; flesh white, a little coarse, buttery, juicy, sugary, tart, good but somewhat variable; Oct. and Nov. =Fondante de Mars. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:177, fig. 1869. Origin uncertain. Fruit above medium, globular, irregular, more or less bossed; skin rough, greenish, mottled and dotted with brown; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking, granular, wanting in juice and sugar; third; Dec. and Jan. =Fondante de Moulins-Lille. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:178, fig. 1869. Obtained in 1858 by M. Grolez-Duriez, Rouchin-lez-Lille, Fr., from a seed of the pear Napoleon. Fruit above medium, obtuse-pyriform, pale greenish-yellow; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, with a delicious flavor; first; Nov. =Fondante de Nees. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 580. 1884. Fruit large, long-obovate, fine deep yellow, mottled and dotted all over with pale brown-russet; flesh yellowish, buttery, lacking sufficient juice, with a sprightly flavor; second; Oct. =Fondante du Panisel. 1.= _Pom. France_ =3=:No. 92, Pl. 92. 1865. _Délices d'Hardenpont d'Angers._ =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:13, fig. 1869. _Delices d'Angers._ =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 558. 1884. Raised about 1762 by the Abbé Hardenpont, Mons, Bel. Fruit medium to large, globular or conic-ovate; skin rough, thick, tender, green, almost entirely covered with marblings of olive-gray and dark green, the basic green changing to golden-yellow, and the stains to a russet-fawn on the side of the sun; flesh citrine, fine or semi-fine, melting, very juicy, with a sugary flavor and a very agreeable perfume; very good; Nov. and Dec. =Fondante des Prés. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =9=:80, fig. 1854. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:179, 180, fig. 1869. _Belgische Pomeranzenbirne._ =3.= Dochnahl _Führ Obstkunde_ =2=:159. 1856. A seedling of Van Mons, Belgium, 1850. Fruit turbinate, inclining to pyriform, broad across the middle, yellowish-green changing to clear lemon-yellow, sometimes tinged with red next the sun; flesh white, melting, sweet, juicy, aromatic; very good; Oct. =Fondante de la Roche. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:180, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 580. 1884. Found on the property of M. Chesneau of la Haugrenière, in the Commune of Sainte-Gemmes-sur-Loire and named by the Horticultural Society of Maine-et-Loire. Fruit above medium, ovate, irregular, clear russet, washed with tender rose on the exposed cheek; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, aromatic, with an agreeable musky taste; first; Oct. and Nov. =Fondante de Rome ou Sucré Romain. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:45, fig. 402. 1880. Origin uncertain. Fruit under medium, conic-pyriform, bright green changing to a beautiful golden-yellow, washed on the side of the sun with crimson-red; flesh yellowish, somewhat coarse, breaking, sweet and juicy; second; Aug. =Fondante de Saint-Amand. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1876. Belgian. Fruit medium, nearly spherical, orange-yellow slightly touched with russet; flesh fine, sugary, perfumed; first; Oct. =Fondante-de-Septembre. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =15=:68. 1860. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:133, fig. 259. 1879. Gained by Van Mons about 1824 or somewhat later. Fruit medium, globular-pyriform, dull green, speckled with very fine brown dots, changing to yellow and crimson at maturity; flesh green, transparent, very fine and melting, semi-buttery, full of sugary juice, pleasant and perfumed; first; Sept. =Fondante Sickler. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:17, fig. 9. 1872. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 581. 1884. Raised by Van Mons. Fruit small, ovate, sometimes a little pyriform; skin rather thick and firm, clear green, speckled with dots of a darker shade, passing when ripe to lemon-yellow and golden on the side of the sun, without any tinge of red; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, semi-buttery, gritty about the core; juice sufficient, sugary and musky; second; Sept. to Nov. =Fondante de Thines. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:185, fig. 381. 1880. Distributed by the Society of Van Mons. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, very bright green changing to pale yellow, with a rosy blush; flesh white, with a tinge of yellow, very melting, plenty of sugary juice, with a delicate and agreeable flavor of musk; good; Oct. =Fondante Thirriot. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 47, 266. 1895. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 175. 1920. Obtained in 1858 by M. Thirriott, Charleville, Ardenne, Fr. Fruit rather large, pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, dotted with gray-brown; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, juicy, with an excellent flavor; first; Dec. =Fondante Van Mons. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =12=:289, fig. 15. 1846. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 581. 1884. Raised by Van Mons and introduced to this country by R. Manning, Salem, Mass. Fruit medium, globular, somewhat depressed; skin thin, delicate, smooth, removable like that of an orange when the pear is fully ripe and having a peculiar perfume and flavor, very agreeable to some persons; pale yellow, mottled with thin cinnamon-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, sweet, melting, juicy, with a musky perfume; good; Oct. and Nov. =Fondante de Wollmet. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 581. 1884. Origin unknown. Fruit has some resemblance both in shape and color to Beurré de Rance, has the same coarseness of flesh, which has a greenish tinge under the skin, very juicy, rather crisp, with a fine brisk, vinous flavor; excellent; Nov. =Fontarabie. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:182, fig. 1869. A French pear mentioned by Le Lectier of Orléans in 1628, and Merlet in 1675. Fruit above medium, turbinate, obtuse, enlarged around the center, bright yellow, dotted with fine points of russet and extensively carmined on the side next the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, gritty at core, juicy, sugary, with an after-taste of musk; second, cooking only; Feb. to Apr. =Foote Seckel. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 99. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 765. 1869. Raised from seed of Seckel by Asahel Foote, Williamstown, Mass. Fruit small, oblate, obtuse-pyriform, yellow tinged with brownish-crimson on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, sugary, slightly vinous; very good; Sept. =Ford. 1.= _Ford Seed Co. Cat._ 52, fig. 1914. Originated with M. P. Ellison, Naples, N. Y., and was introduced by the Ford Seed Company about 1914. The tree is reported as healthy, a rapid grower, and an early and productive bearer; the fruit is similar in appearance to Bartlett and as large, practically free from seeds, with no core to speak of, rich, sweet, juicy, ripening three weeks later than Bartlett. =Forme de Bergamotte Crassane. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:186, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 766. 1869. A seedling of Van Mons which gave its first fruits in 1844. Fruit above medium, turbinate, slightly obtuse, yellowish-green, speckled with large gray-russet dots; flesh yellowish, rather fine, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic; good; early Nov. =Forme de Curtet. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:9, fig. 101. 1878. A gain of Van Mons. Fruit small, exactly turbinate; skin fine, thin, bright green, sprinkled with very small grayish-green dots, changes on ripening to lemon-yellow, lightly tinged with red; flesh white, semi-fine and breaking; juice sufficient, sweet, slightly perfumed; second; Sept. and Oct. =Forme de Délices. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 388. 1845. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 582. 1884. A Flemish pear. Fruit medium, obovate, yellow, almost entirely covered with rather rough brown-russet; flesh tender, buttery, melting, with a rich, sweet flavor; an excellent dessert pear; Oct. and Nov. =Fortune. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 143. 1866. One of Dr. Shurtleff's seedlings raised at Brookline, Mass.; first fruited in 1866. Fruit small, turbinate, golden-yellow, with russet spots; flesh white, melting, juicy and very sweet; first; Oct. =Fortunée. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 436. 1845. _Bergamotte Fortunée._ =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =8=:29, fig. 1857. _Fortunée de Printemps._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:188, fig. 1869. A Belgian wilding found near Enghien in Hainaut; disseminated about 1830. Fruit small, globular or globular-turbinate; skin rough to the touch, deep yellow, covered with flakes and lines of brown-russet; flesh semi-melting, juicy, sweet; a cooking pear; May and June. =Fortunée Boisselot. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:187, fig. 1869. Raised from a bed of seeds of Fortunée by Auguste Boisselot, Nantes, Fr.; it gave its first fruit in 1861. Fruit large or above medium, turbinate, very obtuse and enlarged around center; skin thick and rough, greenish-yellow or yellow-ochre; flesh white, fine, melting, gritty around the core, juicy, sugary, delicate, somewhat aromatic; first; Jan. and Feb. =Fortunée Supérieure. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:190. 1869. This was obtained by M. Flon, Angers, Fr., about 1850 from a bed of seeds of Fortunée. In 1854 M. Flon submitted it to the Horticultural Society of Maine-et-Loire which found its flesh "very fine, very melting, agreeably perfumed and more free from acidity than the old pear Fortunée," and therefore gave it the name Fortunée Supérieure; Jan. to Apr. =Fourcroy. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:192, fig. 1869. Raised by Van Mons about 1810. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform; skin thick, rather rough to the touch, yellow or yellowish-green, covered with gray-russet dots; flesh white, very sugary, agreeably perfumed; good and sometimes first; winter. =Fouron. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:135, fig. 548. 1881. French. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, dark olive-green, dotted with grayish-white spots, large and numerous; flesh yellowish, fine, melting, with abundant sugary juice, vinous, sprightly and musky; good; Oct. =Franc-Réal. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:180. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:194, fig. 1869. _Franc Réal d'Hiver._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 766. 1869. Mentioned by Charles Estienne in 1540, and other French authorities of the seventeenth century. Fruit above medium and often larger, globular-turbinate and bossed, golden-yellow, strewed with large russet dots, and some brownish-red patches; flesh very white, breaking, juicy, hardly sweet, rather acid, without perfume; first for cooking; Nov. to Feb. =Frances. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =11=:252. 1845. A seedling raised by the Hon. H. W. Edwards of New Haven, Conn., and first published in 1845. Similar to Virgouleuse, rather large, and not so sweet. =Franchimont. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 766. 1869. Supposed French origin. Fruit below medium, globular-oblate, yellow shaded with red in the sun, netted and patched with russet, many russet dots; flesh yellowish, juicy, semi-melting, sweet, slightly aromatic; good or very good; Sept. and Oct. =Franchipanne. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:210, Pl. XLVII, fig. 2. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 582. 1884. _Frangipane._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:196, fig. 1869. This is the Franchipanne of Duhamel but not of Merlet, 1690, as Hogg and Leroy prove. Its origin is uncertain. Fruit medium or above, obtuse-pyriform, yellowish-green or lemon-yellow, dotted and veined with russet, dark deep red next the sun; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine and semi-melting, juicy, tender, buttery, perfume supposed to resemble Frangipani, a scent invented by the Marquis of that name; a dessert pear; Oct. and Nov. =Francis. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1866. A seedling raised by Dr. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., which fruited in 1862. Fruit medium, turbinate; skin tough and rather liable to crack, dark green; flesh fine-grained, white and delicate, with a flavor inclining to that of White Doyenné; first; Nov. =Francis Dana. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 80. 1877. One of several seedling plants given by Francis Dana to Eliphalet Stone who in 1877 showed its fruit. Fruit medium, globular-acute-pyriform, clear lemon-yellow, with tracings of thin russet; flesh buttery, juicy, good quality but not up to best; Sept. =François Hutin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 92. 1895. Fruit very large, long-turbinate, dark yellow; flesh fine, white, melting, juicy, sugary, acid; Oct. =Frangipane d'Hiver. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:105, fig. 533. 1881. Origin unknown. Is not to be confused with Franchipanne, a smaller ball pear. Fruit large, turbinate, much swelled at center; skin thin, intense green, sprinkled with numerous dots of a darker shade, changing to lemon-yellow at maturity, with some blush of brown-red or orange-red; flesh white, breaking, not very sweet, somewhat acidulous, with an aromatic flavor; suitable for kitchen use; all through the winter. =Frankenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:173. 1856. Würtemberg, Germany, 1830. Fruit medium, oval-obtuse, variable, bossed, grass-green changing to golden-yellow, blushed with reddish-brown; flesh whitish, breaking, fairly soft, very aromatic, acidulous, sweet; good; Sept. =Frankfurter Birne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:145. 1856. Baden, Germany, 1847. Fruit large, variable in form, often oblique, dirty yellow, brilliant red on the sun-touched side; flesh breaking, coarse-grained, very sweet and juicy; good; Sept. =Frau Louise Goethe. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =25=:132. 1899. Raised from a seed of Bergamotte Espéren, in the Horticultural School of Geisenheim in 1882. Fruit medium, Bergamot-shaped; skin thick, coarse, dark green, covered with fine warts, becoming a clouded yellow when ripe, with russety patches; flesh clouded yellow, sometimes salmon colored, juicy, sweet, aromatic, with an aroma reminiscent of the orange; winter. =Frederic Leclerc. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:198, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man_. 583. 1884. Raised in 1846 at Ghent, Bel., by Louis Berckmans. Fruit below medium, short-pyriform-obtuse, one side always less curved than the other, greenish-yellow, dotted, striped, veined and stained with fawn; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting, slightly gritty; juice sugary, rich; second and sometimes first when its juice is abundant; Dec. and Jan. =Frédéric de Wurtemberg. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 173. 1832. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:199, fig. 1869. _Médaille d'Or._ =3.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =1=:91, fig. 1853. _Herbstsylvester._ =4.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._ =2=:No. 82, No. 82. 1883. Van Mons raised this variety from seed of the fourth generation about 1812 and named it _Sylvester d'Hiver_ after a secretary by the name of Sylvester. Upon the request of Frederick I, King of Württemburg, the pear was dedicated to that monarch and named Frédéric de Wurtemberg. Still further confusion arose in America when Knight of England sent to the Hon. John Lowell of Massachusetts this fruit, by mistake, under the name of _Capiaumont_. It was cultivated in the vicinity of Boston by that name for some time. Tree vigorous, upright, an early and excellent bearer; leaves roundish, broad, flat, entire. Fruit large, one-sided, obtuse-pyriform, deep yellow, marbled and dotted with red on the shaded side and of a most beautiful, bright crimson next the sun; stem medium, sometimes appearing a continuation of the fruit; calyx medium, partially open, placed even with the surface; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet and when in perfection buttery and good; Sept. =Frederica Bremer. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =16=:24, fig. 1. 1850. =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =7=:81, fig. 1859. Introduced by J. C. Hastings of Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1848 at the exhibition of the Pomological Convention of New York. Fruit above medium, globular-turbinate; skin very smooth, shining, dull green reminding one of many poor pears but on ripening becomes a fine citron, dotted with brown-russet and slightly colored with red on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, sweet and vinous, slightly perfumed; one of the best; Oct. =Fremion. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:73. 1856. French, 1807. Bergamot type. Fruit small, globular, symmetrical, light green changing to light lemon-yellow, faintly blushed; flesh agreeable, buttery, gritty near the center, aromatic, sweet, acidulous; good; Oct. =Frensdorff rothe Flaschenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:140. 1856. Nassau, Bel., 1833. Fruit medium, smooth and shining, light yellow, blushed; flesh very juicy, sweet, with flavor of cinnamon; good; Sept. =Florimond Parent. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:164, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 762. 1869. A seedling of Van Mons raised about 1846. Fruit large, long, more or less obtuse, always contracted near the summit and much swelled in its lower part, dark yellow clouded with pale green, dotted and mottled with fawn and slightly washed with dark violet-red on the side exposed to the sun, sometimes also covered with small, black and scaly stains; flesh whitish, coarse, rather melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, sweet, sugary, wanting in perfume; third; Sept. =Frühe Backhausbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:161. 1856. Nassau, Bel., 1806. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, yellowish, light green changing to pale yellow, often blushed; flesh granular, rather astringent, sourish, musky, good for any situation; Aug. and Sept. =Frühe Schweizer Bergamotte. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:76. 1856. =2.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 241. 1881. Holland, 1804. Fruit fairly large, variable in form, often ovate, ventriculous-turbinate, and often pyriform, yellowish-light green changing to lemon-yellow, sprinkled with green and yellow-gray dots, marked with russet and often with fine yellow-gray russet on the side exposed to the sun; flesh snow-white, buttery, melting, very juicy, acidulous and aromatic; first; Aug. =Fuller. 1.= _Gard. Mon._ 302. 1885. =2.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 213. 1897. Originated in Madison, O., about 1885. Fruit similar in size, form and season to Beurré Giffard but not quite so good. It is, however, claimed that it is a better grower and less liable to crack; greenish-yellow; Aug. =Fullero. 1.= _Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 82. 1886. Fruit rather large, greenish, with some dull red on the sunny side; first; early summer. =Fulton. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:214. 1832. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 768, fig. 1869. Originated on the farm of a Mr. Fulton in Brunswick, Me. Exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1829. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, dark yellow, russeted; flesh, if picked and matured in the house, buttery, melting, full of rich juice. If allowed to remain on the tree it becomes breaking, dry and without flavor. A peculiarity of this pear first discovered by Manning in 1840 is that the fruits after they have attained half their size, are in good eating condition after lying a day or two; second; Oct. =Fusée d'Automne. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:203, figs. 1869. Origin ancient and obscure, but probably the neighborhood of Eisleben, Saxony. Fruit often above medium and often much less, very long, conic, bossed, golden-yellow or clear yellow, rather greenish, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine and semi-melting, exempt from grit; juice rather lacking, sweet; third; Sept. =Fusée d'Hiver. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:205, fig. 1869. First described by Merlet in 1690. Fruit above medium and sometimes less, long and bossed, somewhat obtuse, wrinkled, clear green, freely dotted, mottled with gray-russet; flesh white, semi-melting; juice abundant, rather sugary, slightly acid, without pronounced scent; third; Feb. and Mar. =Gabourell Seedling. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 280. 1858. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:208, fig. 1869. Originated in early half of last century. Fruit below medium, globular, bossed, mammillate, yellowish-green, speckled with gray dots; flesh yellowish, coarse, breaking, gritty; juice rather lacking, sweet, vinous, slightly perfumed; third; Nov. to Jan. =Gakovsky. 1.= Budd-Hansen _Am. Hort. Man._ =2=:246. 1903. Introduced from Russia in 1879. Tree extremely hardy. Fruit medium, pyriform, greenish-yellow, stem long; flesh dingy white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, mild, vinous, but not rich; good. =Galston Muirfowl Egg. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 583. 1884. Scotch. Fruit below medium, short-obovate, flattened at calyx, greenish-yellow, covered with thin, pale-brown russet, mottled with red on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet and juicy, with a peculiar aroma; excellent; Sept. =Gans. 1.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._ 390, Pl. VII. 1891. Found by Joseph Gans in a wood near Cheviot, O., in 1871. Fruit large, pyriform, yellow, with faint brownish cheek on sunny side; stem slender, rather long, in a slight depression; calyx open, in a shallow basin; flesh tender, melting, juicy; Aug. =Gänsekopf. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:148. 1856. North German, 1773. Fruit medium, conic, smooth and shining, green, changing to yellow, with brownish-red blush; flesh breaking, juicy, sweet, aromatic; first; Oct. and Nov. =Gansel Bergamot. 1.= Brookshaw _Pomona_ =2=:Pl. L. 1817. =2.= _Pom. Mag._ =1=:35, Pl. 1828. _Diamant-peer._ =3.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =1=:92, 135. 1771. _Bergamote Gansel._ =4.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:239, fig. 1867. Raised from seed of Autumn Bergamot by Lieutenant-General Gansel near Colchester, Eng., in 1768. Fruit medium, globular-oblate, greenish-yellow on the shaded side, reddish-brown on the side of the sun, dotted and marbled with russet, sometimes washed with red; flesh white, buttery, melting, a little gritty around the core; juice abundant, sugary, vinous, slightly musky and acid; first; Oct. and Nov. =Gansel Late Bergamot. 1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 369. 1854. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 294. 1866. _Bergamotte Tardive de Gansel._ =3.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 1, 125, fig. 61. 1866-73. Gansel Late Bergamot was raised from seed by a Mr. Williams, Pitmaston, Eng. Fruit similar in shape and size to Gansel Bergamot, green, thickly covered with russet dots and freckles which sometimes form patches, yellow-green when ripe, flesh white, rather coarse and gritty, not very juicy nor melting in England; in France and America, however, it seems to become more juicy, melting and rich, vinous and highly perfumed; good to very good; Nov. and Dec. =Garnier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:209, fig. 1869. _Besi Garnier._ =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 506. 1884. From a seed bed made by M. Garnier, Bouvardière, near Nantes, Fr.; first published in 1851. Fruit large, pyriform-obtuse, skin rough, thick, green, orange-yellow when ripe, washed with brick-red on the side of the sun; dotted and mottled with brown-russet; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking, rather granular, juicy, sugary; second. =Garnons. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 161. 1841. Fruit large, oblong, greenish-yellow, flesh buttery and excellent; second; Jan. =Gassenbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 150, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, symmetrical in contour, green changing to yellow at maturity, covered with gray-brown russet, dotted with brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse texture, very juicy and subacid; Oct. to Dec. =Gaston du Puys. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 93. 1895. Distributed by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit medium; flesh white, very fine, melting, sufficiently sweet and perfumed; good; Nov. =Gaudry. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 585. 1884. Fruit small, globular-ovate, even in outline, straw-colored, covered with russet dots and patches; flesh white, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous and sweet, with a pleasant rose-water flavor; good; Oct. and Nov. =Géant. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 280. 1858. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:210, fig. 1869. Probably of French origin. Cataloged in this country by T. W. Field in 1858. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate; skin wrinkled, thick, dark green speckled with gray-russet and almost entirely stained with brown; flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, watery, very gritty around the core; juice sugary, vinous, slightly perfumed; third. =Gefleckte Pomeranzenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:156. 1856. Hesse, Germany, 1833. Fruit small, globular, flattened at poles; skin rough, yellow, often green, marbled with russet, blushed, dotted with russet; semi-melting, granular, very aromatic; Sept. =Gefleckte Sommerrusselet. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:42. 1856. Nassau, Bel., 1807. Fruit small, globular, shortened, blunt, symmetrical; skin rough, often entirely covered with russet and blushed; flesh very juicy, coarse-grained, sweet and acid, melting and aromatic; first; Sept. =Gefundene. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:91. 1856. Belgian, Van Mons, 1833. Fruit small, light yellow, often entirely covered with russet, free from dots; flesh fine, strongly aromatic, with scent of cinnamon, sweet; Sept. =Geigenschnabel. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:195. 1856. Württemberg, Ger., 1830. Fruit medium, pyriform, uneven in outline, entirely covered with yellowish-gray russet; good; Oct. =Geishirtle. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 548. 1817. Fruit large, shaped like Winter Rousselet, green with brownish-red blush on the sun-touched side; flesh soft, breaking, sweet, juicy, with perfume of the Rousselets; Aug. =Gelbe frühe Sommerapothekerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:177. 1856. Of French origin, 1807. Fruit medium and above; skin glazed and smooth, greenish-yellow changing to lemon-yellow, with red blush on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish-white, gritty, soft; good; Aug. =Gelbe Fürsten-Tafelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:54. 1856. Widely diffused in Germany. Probably originated in that country about 1766. Fruit medium, rather shortened-pyriform, whitish-yellow changing to golden-yellow, with pale blush, green dots; flesh yellowish-white, mild, breaking, full of juice and sugar; first; Sept. =Gelbe Heckenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:161. 1856. Grown along the Rhine, Germany. Fruit small, turbinate, broad, light green changing to yellowish-green, often lightly blushed, russeted; flesh greenish-white, rather granular, acid, vinous, breaking; first; Sept. =Gelbe Holzbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 80, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium, globular-conic; skin firm, shining yellow when ripe, speckled with numerous green markings and finely dotted with russet; flesh yellowish-white, granular, very juicy, astringent, subacid; good for transportation; Oct. =Gelbe Landlbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 152, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small to medium, long-pyriform, rather obtuse; skin firm, green turning yellow, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, coarse, very juicy, astringent and subacid; good for transportation; Oct. and Nov. =Gelbe langstielige Alantbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:140. 1856. German Rheinland. Fruit medium and above, somewhat gourd-shaped; skin smooth and thin, uniformly lemon-yellow, somewhat marked with russet; flesh yellowish-white, wanting in juice, sweet, aromatic; third for table, good for market; Sept. =Gelbe Laurentiusbirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 218. 1889. _Saint-Laurent Jaune._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:39, 212. 1879. This pear was known in Saxony early in the nineteenth century. Fruit medium, conic, uniform in contour, its largest diameter being below the center; skin rather thick, green at first sprinkled with dots of gray-green changing at maturity to bright citron-yellow, golden on the side of the sun of fruits well exposed, washed with a blush of dull red; flesh white, coarse, semi-breaking, gritty near the core, juicy, sweet, saccharine, but little flavor; second; Aug. =Gelbe Leutsbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 106, fig. 1913. A Lower-Austrian perry pear. Fruit small, long-pyriform, diminishing to the stalk, sides unequal; light green turning yellow when ripe, russet dots; flesh juicy and subacid; first for keeping and transportation; Oct. =Gelbe Scheibelbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 82, fig. 1913. An Austrian pear producing a good and clear perry. Fruit medium to large, globular, flattened at both poles, green changing to yellow at maturity, dotted with grayish-white; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, with a sweet and acid flavor; good; Oct. and Nov. =Gelbe Wasserbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 12, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown in Lower Austria. Fruit small to medium, globular-obtuse but diminishing toward stalk in upper part, yellow-green, slightly blushed on the sun-touched side, and speckled on the shaded side with dark green dots; flesh whitish, juicy, very sweet and slightly acidulous; good for transportation; Sept. =Gelbmostler. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 108, fig. 1913. A perry or wine pear grown in Austria and northern Switzerland. Fruit medium to fairly large, globular and diminishing rather acutely to the stalk, greenish-yellow changing to light yellow, often slightly blushed, speckled with russet dots; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, juicy, very astringent, quickly becomes over-ripe; Sept. =Gemeine Kochbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 154, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small, globular-conic, green changing to greenish-yellow at maturity, occasionally with a dark red blush on the sun-exposed side; flesh yellowish-white, very juicy, saccharine, astringent and acidulous; Oct. and Nov. =Gemeine Pfundbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:187. 1856. Upper-Austria, 1851. Fruit above medium, globular-turbinate, medium convex, bossed, green turning to light yellow; flesh breaking, wanting in juice, sweet; third for dessert, best for culinary use; Oct. to Dec. =Général de Bonchamp. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:211, fig. 1869. =2.= _Horticulturist_ =30=:2. 1875. A seedling found on the estate of M. Panneton, Coteau, Maine-et-Loire, Fr. Fruit medium, variable in form, oblong-pyriform or globular-turbinate, dull greenish-yellow, dotted with russet; flesh white, melting, buttery, fine-grained, juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic; good to first; Aug. =Général Bosquet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:213, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 770. 1869. Obtained by M. Flon-Grolleau, Angers, Fr. The seed bed from which the tree sprang was made in 1845. Fruit large, conic, very long, rather swelled at the base and narrowed at the upper end; skin thick, grass-green, dotted and mottled with fawn and often bearing some small brownish stains; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting or melting, rather granular at center; juice abundant, sweet, vinous, delicate; second; Sept. and Oct. =Général Canrobert. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:214, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 770. 1869. From a bed of the seeds of Saint-Germain made about 1843 by M. Robert, Angers, Fr. Fruit medium, long-conic and irregular, golden-yellow, dotted, marbled and stained with russet, washed with brown around the calyx and stem; flesh white, fine, melting and juicy, the juice being abundant, sweet, acid, rich and aromatic; first, though very exceptionally second when it has no flavor; Jan. and Feb. =Général Delage. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:155, fig. 270. 1879. A gain of Van Mons about 1823. Fruit medium, conic-pyriform, clear green, speckled with gray, changing to pale yellow at maturity, tinged with dark red on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, melting, full of slightly sugary juice, refreshing and somewhat musky. =Général Dutilleul. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:215, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 585. 1884. A seedling of Van Mons. Fruit medium to large, pyramidal, uneven in outline, deep golden yellow, extensively washed with bright crimson where it is exposed to the sun; flesh firm, not very juicy, sweet, of good flavor; good; Sept. =Général Duvivier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:217, fig. 1869. _Beurré Duvivier._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 688. 1869. Raised from seed by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Fr., in 1845. Fruit medium, long-conic, slightly obtuse, greenish-yellow, finely dotted and reticulated with russet, washed sometimes with dark red on the side facing the sun; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting, watery, not gritty; juice plentiful, sugary, acidulous, aromatic, delicate; first; Mar. =General Kearney. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., which fruited in 1862. Fruit large, pyriform, greenish-yellow; flesh fine-grained, juicy, of rather high flavor; a good market pear; Sept. =General Lamoricière. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =18=:296, fig. 22. 1852. According to Leroy this name is synonymous with _Beurré Citron_. Mas, however, thought that _Beurré Citron_ was quite different. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyramidal, greenish-yellow, much reticulated and spotted and patched with russet; flesh greenish-white, fine, melting, tender, buttery; juice abundant, sugary, vinous and perfumed; first; Sept. to Nov. =General Sherman. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1866. A seedling of Dr. Shurtleff's submitted to the committee on fruits of the Horticultural Society of Massachusetts in 1866. "Fruited in 1856. Diam. 2-3/4 in.; flesh white, melting, breaking and juicy; November to December, turbinate." =General Taylor. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:75, 269. 1854. Introduced by L. N. Rogers, Baltimore, Md., the original tree having been found by him at Franklin, Md., in 1854. Fruit medium or under, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, yellow but practically all cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish-white, granular, buttery, melting, sweet, highly flavored; good to very good; Oct. and Nov. =Général Thouvenin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 93. 1895. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, greenish; flesh rather yellow, fine, melting, juicy, very sugary and pleasantly perfumed; Dec. =Général Totleben. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =8=:57, fig. 1860. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 177. 1920. M. Fontaine de Ghélin, Mons, Bel., raised this variety from a seed bed made in 1839. Fruit large or very large, pyriform, slightly contorted, one side often rather longer than the other, yellow, covered with dots and patches of russet; flesh tinted with salmon-rose, melting, juicy, with a rich, sugary and perfumed juice; excellent; Nov. to Jan. =General Wauchope. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =30=:474, fig. 144. 1901. Raised about 1888 by Charles Ross, gardener to Captain Carstairs, Welford Park, Newbury, Eng., from a cross of Nec Plus Meuris and Duchesse d'Angoulême. Fruit moderate size, obtuse-pyriform, very regular, yellowish-green, with fine spotting; flesh soft, free from grit, rich, sweet, somewhat of the flavor Nec Plus Meuris; Dec. =Gensbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 32, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry and wine pear. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, diminishing toward the stalk from the center; skin tolerably fine and shining yellow when ripe, densely and finely dotted with russet; flesh white, coarse-grained, juicy, subacid, astringent; Sept. =George Augustus. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 91. 1872. A seedling exhibited to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1872 by Francis Dana. Fruit similar to Winter Nelis, but larger and more oblong, and not quite so rich. =Georges Delebecque. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1895. Raised from seed of Joséphine de Malines and distributed by Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit medium, having some resemblance to Urbaniste, yellow, dotted with fawn and bronzed around the stem; flesh sometimes very salmon-colored, melting, with a slight perfume of rose; a good pear for the amateur; tree of moderate vigor and very fertile; Dec. and Jan. =Gerando. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =23=:161, fig. 9. 1857. Received by C. M. Hovey in 1845 from M. Jamin of Paris. Fruit large, globular-obovate; skin rather rough, dull greenish-russet, with a mottled yellow and light russet tinge when mature, thickly covered with conspicuous dark russet specks; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting and juicy, rich, sugary and slightly perfumed; good; Sept. and Oct. =Gérardine. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:119, fig. 156. 1878. Obtained by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., early in the nineteenth century. Fruit medium, turbinate, more or less short and swelled, reducing to a point at the top; skin thick, firm, intense green dotted with large brown specks, changing to dark yellow at maturity, with golden-russet on the side of the sun and some red blush; flesh white, rather fine, buttery, melting, gritty about the center, full of rich sugary juice, vinous and highly scented; Nov. =Gerdessen. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:61, fig. 223. 1879. According to Diel, this variety was obtained by the Pastor Gerdessen of Weigsdorf, in the Oberlausitz, Ger. Fruit rather small or nearly medium, almost spherical, even in contour, the greatest diameter being at the center, intense and somber green, without any russet; flesh yellow, rather fine, buttery; juice sufficient in quantity and richly saccharine, vinous and highly perfumed; first; Sept. =Gerippte Pomeranzenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:156. 1856. Nassau, Bel., 1833. Fruit small, orange-form, ribbed, a good yellow, lightly blushed with red; flesh juicy, semi-melting, cinnamon-flavored, sweet; second for dessert, good for the market; Sept. =Gernröder Pomeranzenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:160. 1856. Central Germany, 1773. Fruit small, flattened, green changing to yellowish, faintly blushed, speckled with gray; flesh greenish-white, tender; good; Oct. and Nov. =Gestreiffe Winter-Apothekerbirne. 1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 132. 1825. Fruit large; form that of Bon-Chrétien d'Été, light yellow, streaked, aromatic, sugary; good; Feb. to Apr. =Ghellinck de Walle. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =11=:24. 1892. Raised in the garden of M. Ghellinck de Walle near Ghent, Bel., described as new. Fruit medium, oblong-obovate, yellowish, speckled with russet; flesh creamy-white, melting, juicy, sugary, slightly acid and delicately perfumed. Said by M. Pynaert to be one of the best autumn pears; Nov. =Gibb. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:482. 1913. Raised from seed sent by Charles Gibb from Mongolia to Prof. Budd at Ames, Ia. Said to be very hardy and productive, coming into bearing when young. Fruit about the size of Bartlett, pyriform, nearly equal to Bartlett in quality, according to Prof. Budd. Seems to be of a better quality than most oriental pears. =Gilain. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 71. 1876. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:33, fig. 113. 1878. A gain of M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit medium, pyriform, pale green changing to yellow, a warm gold and sometimes red on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, melting, rather gritty near the core; juice sufficient, sugary and perfumed; good; Sept. =Gilles ô Gilles. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:222, fig. 1869. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 219. 1889. _Girogile._ =3.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 177. 1920. A French pear of very ancient and uncertain origin. Jean Bauhin in his _Historia Plantarum_, 1580, wrote of a pear which appears to be identical with this and said that in Burgundy it was styled a _Poire de Livre_ or _Pound Pear_. Le Lectier in his catalog of 1628 and Merlet as well as Claude Saint-Etienne and La Quintinye also mention it though spelling it variously. Fruit large to very large, nearly spherical; calyx large, open, set in deep basin; skin thick, pale dull green, washed with brown-red on the face exposed to the sun, much covered with thin brown-russet; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine and semi-breaking, rarely gritty, very juicy, saccharine and sweet, without much perfume, occasionally spoiled by too much acerbity; third; cooking; Nov. to Feb. =Giram. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:151, fig. 74. 1866-73. A wilding found on the estate of Giram at Uryosse, Fr., and propagated by Dr. Doat. Fruit nearly medium, pyriform, sometimes rather turbinate; skin thick and firm, green, sprinkled with large dots of greenish-brown, becomes yellowish-green at maturity and blushed with red on the sun-exposed side; flesh very fine, tender, melting, very juicy, sugary and agreeably perfumed; first; Aug. =Girardon. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:225, fig. 1869. According to Diel this pear was raised in Paris by a M. Girandoux whose name Leroy identifies with Girardon. It seems to have dated from about the beginning of the nineteenth century. Fruit below medium, globular, flattened and deeply depressed at both poles, one side rather less swelled than the other; skin wrinkled, yellowish-green, dotted with clear brown and almost entirely mottled and reticulated with dark russet; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, rather granular; juice very abundant, saccharine, acidulous, very musky; second; late Sept. =Glace d'Hiver. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:67, fig. 322. 1880. _Winter Eisbirne._ =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 300. 1889. Belgian. Fruit medium, globular-conic; skin rather thick, a lively green sprinkled with brown dots, changing to lemon-yellow, often golden on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, fine, breaking; juice sufficient, sugary, without appreciable perfume; good; end of winter. =Glastonbury. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ N. S. =22=:73, 99, 126. 1872. =2.= Bunyard-Thomas _Fr. Gard._ 140. 1904. The _Benedictine_ of the English or Glastonbury pear, apparently originated as a wilding with W. G. L. Lovell, Glastonbury, Eng., but Bunyard believes it to be an old sort introduced by the monks. Grafts were first taken from the tree in 1862. Fruit large, oblong-obovate, russeted; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, aromatic; Oct. =Gleck. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 93. 1895. Distributed by M. Niemetz, Winnitsa, Russia, and on trial with Simon-Louis Bros. at Metz in 1895. Fruit medium or large, green changing to yellow at maturity; flesh rather tart in flavor, juicy, good for drying as it diminishes little in volume; it makes good cider; Sept. and Oct. =Gliva. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 61. 1880. A Russian pear imported by J. L. Budd, from the northern steppes where the summers are "fully as dry and hot as ours and the winter far more severe." It shows marked traces of the Chinese forms of the pear in shape, serration, thickness and size of leaf and in the peculiar enlarged character of the scaly, terminal buds. =Gloire de Cambron. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:226, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 772. 1869. Probably derives its name from the famous Abbey of Cambron near Mons in Hainaut, Bel. It was in France early in the nineteenth century. Fruit below medium, acute-pyriform, generally rather contorted in the lower part, yellow-ochre in color, dotted with very fine gray-russet points; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking, dry and gritty, sweet and rather delicate in flavor; third; Nov. =Gloward. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 280. 1858. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:228, fig. 1869. Possibly of English origin. It was cultivated in the garden of the Horticultural Society of Angers, Fr., in 1838. Fruit medium and above; form rather variable but always ovate, more or less long, irregular, bossed, clear green sprinkled with grayish dots and a little stained with russet; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, watery, some grit around the core; juice sugary, very refreshing, rather savory; second; Oct. =Gnoico. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:229, fig. 1869. Italian, with the place of its origin in the old principality of Parma. Fruit below medium, long, obtuse-pyriform, whitish-gray on the shaded side, very clear dull green on the other face, dotted with russet, washed occasionally with fawn around the stalk and partially covered with a light bluish efflorescence; flesh greenish-white, fine, dense, breaking or semi-breaking, watery, almost exempt from grit; juice abundant and sugary, with a flavor of anis; Aug. =Goat-herd. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:131. 1908. On trial in the experimental orchard at Agassiz, B. C., in 1900. Fruit small, acute-pyriform, green, russeted, flesh red, buttery, juicy, subacid; mid-season. =Gogal. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. Originated by N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D., from Parrot crossed by _Pyrus ovoidea_, and introduced by him in 1919. =Gold Dust. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:482. 1913. Fruit of Bergamot shape, with slender stem; skin very rough; Oct. =Gold Nugget. 1.= Stark Bros. _Cat._ 28, fig. 1916. This pear originated with F. H. Davis, Esmeralda, Cal., in the early seventies. A few years ago Stark Bros., Louisiana, Mo., secured control of the variety and introduced it to the trade in 1916. Tree vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit large, roundish-obovate-pyriform; skin thick; flesh fine-grained, juicy, with a honey-sweet flavor; ripens late. =Goldbirne. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 544. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:48. 1856. Austrian, 1851. Fruit small, conic, beautiful light yellow; skin thin, light red blush; flesh semi-breaking, sweet, with muscatel flavor; best; beginning of Oct. =Goldbordirte Holzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:196. 1856. Classed by Dochnahl among varieties of special character. The tree has its leaves bordered with gold. Fruit small; flesh firm, insipid. =Golden Bell. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1866. A seedling fruited by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., in 1862. Tree prolific. Fruit medium, pyriform, golden-yellow; flesh fine, with good flavor; Sept. =Golden Beurré of Bilboa. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 177. 1832. =2.= Hovey _Fr. Am._ =1=:99, Pl. 1851. _Beurré Doré de Bilboa._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:351, fig. 1867. Imported to this country from Bilboa, Spain, in 1821 by J. Hooper, Marblehead, Mass. Fruit medium to large, obovate-pyriform, golden-yellow, speckled evenly with small, brown dots, and slightly marked with russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, very buttery, vinous and excellent flavor; first; Sept. =Golden June. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. Originated with Joe Houghlin, near Bloomfield, Ky., and introduced by Sunny Slope Nursery, Hannibal, Mo. Tree reported about 75 years old. Fruit said to have a small core, to be delicious and to ripen about June 20th. =Golden Knap. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 587. 1884. Grown extensively in the orchards of the border countries of Scotland. The name is a corruption of Golden Knob, the shape being that of a small knob. Fruit very small, globular-turbinate, russety, of no particular merit. =Golden Queen. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 587. 1884. Raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, near Windsor, Eng., and was first exhibited in 1872. Fruit small, obovate, straw-colored, strewed with a few minute dots; flesh very tender and extremely juicy, sweet and highly perfumed; a delicious pear but when ripe speedily rots at the core; Sept. =Golden Russet. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 587. 1884. A seedling raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, near Windsor, Eng., and first exhibited in 1863; entirely distinct from Japan Golden Russet, which bears the same name as a synonym. Fruit small, obtuse-obovate, bright cinnamon-russet; flesh yellow, fine-grained, buttery and melting, juicy, sweet and with a flavor resembling that of Marie Louise; an excellent little pear; Oct. =Goldwörther Lederbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 156, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small to medium, turbinate, diminishing rather acutely to the stalk, green covered with dark brown-russet; flesh yellow-green, coarse, saccharine, with an unpleasant acidity; very good for transport; Oct. and Nov. =Gönnersche Birne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:28. 1856. Hesse, Ger., 1806. Fruit almost medium, turbinate, light green changing to greenish-yellow, often with a rather pale blush; flesh granular and rather coarse; second; Sept. =Goodale. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 773, fig. 1869. =2.= Ont. Dept. Agr. _Fr. Ont._ 163, figs. 1914. Raised by E. Goodale, Saco, Me., from seed of the McLaughlin. Fruit large, oblong-obovate-pyriform, green, yellowing at maturity, shaded with crimson and fawn in the sun, slightly netted and patched with russet and sprinkled with small russet dots; flesh white, fine, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweet, pleasant, perfumed, slightly vinous; fair for dessert; first for market; Oct. =Got. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 280. 1858. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:231, fig. 1869. Origin unknown. According to Leroy this variety has been cultivated in Belgium ever since 1855. Fruit above medium; form rather variable, passing from long-conic and slightly obtuse to ovate, a little swelled; skin rough, fine, dark green; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking or semi-melting, granular around the core; juice sufficient, sugary, aromatic, rather delicate; second; Sept. and Oct. =Governor Carver. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 45. 1866. Fruited in 1863 by S. A. Shurtleff from seed. Fruit "Diam. 3 in.; flesh firm and very rich in flavor; keeps perfectly until June or July of following year, and ripens well; fine flavor, and a valuable pear. Turbinate." =Grabenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:159. 1856. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 64, fig. 1913. A German and Austrian pear, common in middle Franconia. Fruit small to medium, turbinate or conic; skin smooth, shining, yellow-green turning yellow, with green marblings, sometimes slightly blushed, dotted; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, breaking, juicy, saccharine, without any perceptible acid; mid-Oct. =Graf Moltke. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1876. =2.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._ =II=:No. 80, Pl. 80. 1882. Named after A. Von Moltke, a Prime Minister of Denmark, 1850. Fruit rather large, irregular in form although handsome; skin rough, yellowish-green covered with russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, very juicy, aromatic; quality variable; a table fruit; Oct. =Grand Bretagne. 1.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =1=:83, Tab. II. 1771. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 774. 1869. Origin French or Belgian. Fruit large, obtuse-obovate, greenish-yellow, dotted with brown; flesh fine, juicy, buttery and melting; moderately good; Dec. to Feb. =Grand Isle. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 3rd App., 176, fig. 1881. =2.= _Rural N. Y._ =44=:242, figs. 135, 136. 1885. Raised by Benjamin Macomber, Grand Isle, Vt. Tree vigorous, upright, somewhat alternate in bearing. Fruit medium, roundish-oblong, straw color, covered with many small russet dots; stem medium long, rather slender; calyx small, open, in a small basin; flesh whitish, half-fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous; very good; Sept. and Oct. =Grand-Soliel. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:233, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 588. 1884. Introduced by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., in the early half of the nineteenth century. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, more or less bossed; skin rough to the touch, yellow, almost covered with gray-russet, blushed with red on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, rather stringy, melting, vinous, sugary, with a particularly delicate aroma; first; Dec. and Jan. =Grant. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 45. 1866. A seedling fruited by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass, in 1862. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform; greenish-yellow; flesh sweet, fine, rich; first; Oct. =Graslin. 1.= _Pom. France_ =3=:No. 106, Pl. 106. 1865. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 775. 1869. A wilding found in the Commune of Flée, Sarthe, Fr.; introduced about 1840. Fruit large, oblate, somewhat irregular, larger on one side than the other, yellow-ochre, dotted and marbled with gray-russet, and stained with large markings of fawn; flesh fine, white, veined with greenish-yellow, very melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, perfumed, delicate; first; Oct. and Nov. =Grasshoff Leckerbissen. 1.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 305. 1881. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 222. 1889. German. Fruit medium, pyriform, often rather ovate, inclined or bent at the head; skin smooth, grass-green changing to yellow-green, thickly dotted, not much russet; flesh yellowish-white, rather gritty around the core, melting, fine, juicy, good flavor; very good for dessert and good for household use; early Oct. =Gratiola. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. "The Gratiola peare is a kinde of Bon Cretien, called the _Cucumber peare_, or _Spinola's peare_." =Graue Herbstrusselet. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:42. 1856. German, Upper Hesse, 1802. Fruit medium, ventriculous, uneven, rough, entirely covered with russet, changing at maturity to dull red on the side next the sun; flesh very juicy, coarsely granular and woody, sugary and musky; first for household purposes; Sept. =Graue Holzbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 110, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown throughout Austria under various names. Fruit medium, globular, diminishing toward the stalk; skin firm, rough, grayish-green turning at maturity to a dirty greenish-yellow, dotted with grayish-brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, astringent and subacid; mid-Oct. =Graue Honigbirn. 1.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._ =2=: No. 84, Pl. 84. 1883. German. Published by Oberdieck in 1865. Fruit medium, turbinate; skin thin, rough, yellowish-green or yellow, blushed, and dotted and marked with cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine grained, breaking, tender, semi-melting, sweet, with an aromatic flavor of cinnamon. =Graue Pelzbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 158, fig. 1913. An excellent Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium, turbinate, inclining to pyriform; skin firm, rough, yellow ground when ripe, with cinnamon-brown-russet marking and grayish-brown dots, blushed on the sun-exposed side; flesh whitish, coarse grained, very juicy, subacid, with very little aroma; Oct. =Graue Speckbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:188. 1856. Reported from Germany, 1801. Fruit large, long, broad, conic, yellow, strongly and thickly dotted with gray; calyx small; stem fleshy; flesh granular, somewhat aromatic, sweet; third; Sept. =Graue Zuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:40. 1856. Dutch, 1758. Fruit small, rather oviform, smooth, greenish-yellow, dotted with green; flesh yellowish, semi-breaking, melting, very sweet, vinous, juicy; second for dessert, good for the market; Aug. =Grazbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 184, fig. 1913. Grazbirne is a variety of wild pear well distributed in Lower Austria. Fruit medium, globular, regular in form, green, dotted and heavily marked with russet; flesh subacid, vinous, astringent, wanting in juice; inferior; early Oct. =Great Cassolette. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:32. 1831. There appear to be several varieties of Cassolette three or four of which bear the synonym of _Lechfrion_. The Cassolette is so named from its resemblance to a small vessel made of copper and silver in which pastilles were burnt. Fruit small, globular-turbinate, 2-1/6 inches in height and 2-1/4 inches in breadth, entirely light green even at maturity, dotted all over with numerous green specks; flesh melting, of a very peculiar acid flavor which however, is not disagreeable when the fruit is ripe; Aug. =Great Citron of Bohemia. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 775. 1869. Fruit small, oblong, yellow; flesh sugary, juicy, a little coarse-grained, having little flavor; Sept. =Great Mammoth. 1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 239, 240. 1869. Grown in pioneer days in Indiana, Illinois, and neighboring states. =Green Chisel. 1.= Langley _Pomona_ 132. 1729. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 588. 1884. _Guenette._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:261, fig. 1869. The origin of this ancient early summer variety is unknown, but it was described by Mawe and Abercrombie in 1778, and was also mentioned by Philip Miller in 1734 as being still "in prime" in July in England. Under the name of _Guenette_ it was described by Merlet in articles written in 1675, and 1690 and appears to have been well known in English and French gardens. Hogg deems Chisel to be a corruption of the French name Choiseul. Fruit small or very small, growing in clusters, globular-turbinate, green or rarely yellowish-green, with sometimes a brownish tinge next the sun, sprinkled with small russet dots; flesh white, slightly green, fine, semi-breaking, sweet, slightly gritty around centre; juice ample in amount, sugary, acid, slightly aromatic; second; Aug. =Green Mountain Boy. 1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 386. 1859. A native variety. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, or obovate-pyriform, golden yellow, with russety-brown specks; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet; very good; Oct. =Green Pear of Yair. 1.= _Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc._ =4=:214. 1822. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 776. 1869. _Green Yair._ =3.= Hogg _Fruit. Man._ 589. 1884. An old Scotch pear raised at Yair on the Tweed, Peeblesshire. Fruit below medium, obovate, smooth, dark green changing to yellow, patched and dotted with russet; flesh tender, juicy, sugary; good; Sept. =Grégoire Bordillon. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:237, fig. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 178. 1920. Raised by Leroy in 1855 from seed of Graslin, and fruited for the first time in 1866. Fruit large, ovate, rather larger on one side than the other, pale yellow on shaded side and dark yellow on the exposed cheek, mottled, striped, and dotted with brown; flesh yellowish, fine, very melting, very juicy and sugary; first; Aug. =Grey Good-Wife. 1.= Mawe-Abercrombie _Univ. Gard. Bot._ 1778. Fruit medium, globular, brown-red, moderately tender and of good flavor; Oct. to Dec. =Grise-Bonne. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:245. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:238, fig. 1869. _Französische Gute Graue Sommerbirne._ =3.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:16. 1856. The Dutch pomologist Pierre Van den Hoven writing in the middle of the eighteenth century affirmed that the Grise-Bonne was the _Sucrée Grise de Hollandaise_ and the _Pirum Falernum_ of the Romans. It may be noted that in 1586 Jacques Daléchamp thought he had found the _Falernum_ in the French _Autumn Bergamote_; and, again, in 1783 Henri Manger declared it to be still cultivated under the name _Bourdon_, the _Orange Musquée_; similarly Sickler wrote in 1802 that the _Bergamote d'Été_ appeared to him to be the _Falernum_. Fruit medium; form variable, sometimes irregular-turbinate, long and ventriculous, at other times regular-turbinate, clear green, russeted with gray, clouded with pale yellow on the shaded side and covered with large dots of golden or orange-yellow; flesh white, fine, dense, semi-breaking, watery, free from grit; juice very abundant, sugary, acidulous, musky; second; Aug. =Groom Prince Royal. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 54, 161. 1841. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 589. 1884. _Bergamotte Éliza Mathews._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:235, fig. 1867. _Princesse-Royale._ =4.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:561. 1869. A Mr. Groom, a nurseryman at Clapham near London, introduced this pear in 1841. Fruit medium, globular or Bergamot-shaped, greenish-brown, with a tinge of yellow and slight traces of gray-russet; flesh melting, buttery, sometimes rather gritty, sweet, vinous, perfumed; a good second-rate pear; Jan. to Mar. =Gros Blanquet Long. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:241, fig. 1869. _Large Blanquet._ =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 602. 1884. _Kreiselförmige Blankette._ =3.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 244. 1889. This is one of a group of pears which in the seventeenth century were designated by various pomologists with names such as _Blanquet à longue queue_, _Blanquet d'hiver_, etc. Their origin is ancient, possibly Roman. The variety here described is the largest of the Blanquettes and was said by Olivier de Serres in 1600 to be also named _de Florence_ from which it might be adduced that it came originally from Tuscany. Fruit below medium and often small, obtuse-pyriform, smooth, of a beautiful yellow color, dotted with bright green and sometimes carmined on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking, sweet, full of sugary juice possessing a musky-anis flavor; a dessert pear, second; July and Aug. =Gros Blanquet Rond. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:242, fig. 1869. An ancient dessert pear mentioned by Claude Saint-Etienne in the seventeenth century and by Mawe and Abercrombie in their _Universal Gardener and Botanist_ in 1778. Fruit below medium, globular-ovate, pale yellow covered with very fine russet dots, more or less washed with rose on the side of the sun; flesh yellow-white, breaking, rather coarse, almost exempt from grit; juice abundant, sugary, sourish, musky; third for dessert; Sept. =Gros-Hativeau. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:245, fig. 1869. This pear has been supposed to belong to a class identified with the _Pira Hordearia_ of Columella and of Pliny, and was mentioned by various French and German writers from the sixteenth century onward; if its origin is not clear it is at any rate one of the three varieties of the pear bearing the name of _Hativeau_ in the seventeenth century, _H. blanc_, or _Bergamotte d'Été_, and the _Petit-H._ being the other two. Fruit below medium, turbinate-obtuse; skin fine, yellowish-green, delicately dotted with olive-gray, washed with bright vermilion on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, gritty; juice rarely abundant, sugary, astringent and slightly aromatic; third; end of July. =Gros Loijart. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:126. 1843. Fruit large, irregular-obovate, green and yellow; flesh breaking, tough but neither gritty nor austere; for cooking purposes; Apr. and May. =Gros Lucas. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:246, fig. 1869. The fruit garden of the Horticultural Society of Angers, Fr. was formed in 1832 and the Gros Lucas soon afterwards appeared in its catalog. Fruit large, obtuse-ovate-globular, irregular and much bossed; skin rather thick, yellow, sprinkled with very small dots of green color, stained with patches of russet; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-breaking, spongy, gritty at the center; juice rather deficient, without perfume or much sugar; second, but good for kitchen use; Jan. and Feb. =Gros Muscat Rond. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:248, fig. 1869. Although the origin of this variety is doubtful it is almost certainly French. Diel received it from Holland but German pomologists appear to have regarded it as French. Claude Saint-Etienne described it in 1670. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, mammillate at summit, one side always more convex than the other, grayish-green on the shaded side and pale yellow on that exposed to the sun, dotted and slightly stained with gray-russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine and semi-breaking, watery, rarely very gritty; juice plentiful, very saccharine, acidulous and aromatic; second; Aug. =Gros Rousselet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:250, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 590. 1884. _Roi d'Été._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 843. 1869. Mentioned by Rea as being cultivated in England in 1665 under the name of _Great Russet of Remes_, under which name it was also known in France, there being known these two varieties, the _Gros Rousselet de Rheims_ and the _Petit-Rousselet_. Father Rapin, a French Jesuit, who wrote in 1666 the poem _Hortorum_, mentioned the pears of Rousselet in the Valley of Amiterne at the foot of the Apennines. In 1783 the German pomologist Henri Manger wrote that he believed the French _Rousselet_ was none other than the Roman _Favonianum_ mentioned by Pliny. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, yellowish or bright green changing to bright lemon-yellow, covered with numerous small brown spots, red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, semi-melting, semi-breaking, rich in sugary and perfumed juice; variable in quality, requires a warm, sheltered position; Aug. and Sept. =Gros Rousselet d'Aout. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =8=:53, fig. 1860. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 776. 1869. _Rousselet d'Aout._ =3.= _Pom. France_ =2=:No. 83, Pl. 83. 1863. This was one of the first seedlings raised by Van Mons and is 201 in his catalog of 1823. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellow washed with rose-red; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, with an agreeable perfume; a very good early fruit, ripening in August in Belgium. =Gros Trouvé. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1876. This seedling was found by Gabriel Everard in a garden at Tournai, Bel. Fruit very large, fusiform, washed with red on the side next the sun; flesh breaking; first for kitchen purposes; keeps until the autumn of the year following. =Grosse Eisbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:188. 1856. Reported in 1802. Fruit medium, onion-shaped; skin very smooth, shining and greasy, yellowish-green changing to light citron-yellow, often somewhat blushed; flesh coarse, solid and dry; third for the table, first for culinary use; Oct. =Grosse Figue. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95, 278. 1876. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, yellow stained with brown; flesh semi-melting, juicy, well perfumed; first; Nov. =Grosse gelbe Weinbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:49. 1856. Nassau, 1805. Fruit below medium, globular, obtuse-conic, often turbinate, light lemon-yellow, dotted with fine brown spots, somewhat russeted; flesh extremely juicy, vinous, mingled sweet and sour; third for dessert, very good for the kitchen. =Grosse-Herbst-Bergamotte. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:169. 1856. Reported in middle Germany, 1806. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, round, yellowish-green, russeted, speckled with gray dots; flesh breaking, firm, white, juicy, sweet; third for dessert, good for household use; Oct. =Grosse Landlbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbiren_ 66, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown throughout Austria. Fruit medium, turbinate, otherwise short-pyriform; skin smooth, shining, yellow when ripe, blushed on the side opposed to the sun, sprinkled with numerous dots of cinnamon-brown; flesh coarse-grained, yellow-white, very juicy, sweet, astringent and without aroma; excellent; Oct. to Dec. =Grosse Leutsbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 112, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, green covered all over with gray-russet; flesh very juicy, astringent, saccharine, with a sourish after-taste; good for transportation; Oct. =Grosse-Louise. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:253, fig. 1869. A chance seedling found in a garden of the town of Tourcoing, Fr. Fruit large, conic-turbinate-obtuse, bossed and generally mammillate at summit, yellow, slightly greenish, dotted all over with russet and having some small brown stains; flesh white, very fine, dense, free from grit; juice very abundant, sugary, sweet, delicately perfumed; first; Sept. =Grosse Mostputzer. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 114, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown throughout Austria. Fruit medium but variable in size, globular, turbinate, otherwise pyriform; skin firm, leaf-green turning bright yellow at maturity, with large russet dots; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid and strongly astringent; very good for transportation on account of its prolonged season of maturity; Oct. to Dec. =Grosse Petersbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:168. 1856. Reported in Thuringia, 1804. Fruit medium, obtuse-conic, yellow, blushed, some russet, dotted with green, thin-skinned; flesh sweet, deficient in juice; third for dessert, good for household use, good for the market. =Grosse Poire d'Amande. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:97, fig. 1856. _Grosse Angleterre de Noisette._ =2.= Noisette _Man. Comp. Jard._ =2=:524. 1860. Belgian. Fruit large, long-conic or obtuse-pyramidal, grayish-green becoming yellow at maturity, slightly bronzed on the side next the sun, speckled all over with numerous brown dots; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, buttery; juice very plentiful, sugary; flesh sweet and tasting strongly of almond; first; Sept. and Oct. =Grosse Poire de Vitrier. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:107. 1831. Fruit large, turbinate, yellow, with red blush, perfumed; Nov. and Dec. =Grosse Queue. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:257, fig. 1869. This variety probably originated about 1653 when Nicolas de Bonnefond named it in his _Jardinier francais_. In 1675, however, Merlet gave a rather complete description of it and a few years later it was admitted by La Quintinye into the orchard of Louis XIV at Versailles. Fruit medium, rather variable, always globular in the lower part, bossed and more or less conic near the summit, a little wrinkled especially on the side next the sun, olive-yellow, finely rayed and dotted with clear green, and washed with carmine on the exposed face; flesh very white, semi-fine, breaking or semi-melting, juice deficient, sweet mingled with sourness, musky; third; Sept. and Oct. =Grosse Rommelter. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1876. A French pear valued for perry making. Fruit medium, globular, green; first for perry; Oct. Tree very vigorous, extraordinarily fertile and succeeding everywhere. =Grosse schöne Jungfernbirne. 1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 124. 1825. German. Reported 1805. Fruit below medium, ventriculous-pyriform, sides rather unequal; skin extremely smooth, light yellowish-green turning to greenish-yellow, often washed with a slight brownish blush; second for dessert, first for the kitchen; end of Aug. for two weeks. =Grosse September Birne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 226. 1889. _Belle de Septembre._ =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:211, fig. 1867. An old variety originated in Prussia and cultivated chiefly in the north of Germany and especially in Pomerania. Fruit above medium and sometimes large, oblong or globular-turbinate, generally having unequal sides, pale yellow, stained with fawn, finely dotted with gray and sometimes washed with brown-red on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh greenish, fine, semi-melting, rarely gritty; juice abundant, saccharine, perfumed, delicate but rather astringent; second; end of Sept. =Grosse Sommer-Zitronenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:24. 1856. Reported in Saxony in 1803. Fruit medium, long-turbinate, sides uneven; skin extremely shining, light green changing to lemon-yellow, spotted with gray, rather rust-colored on the side next the sun; flesh coarse, melting, rather yellow in the interior, very aromatic, tender and juicy; first for dessert, household and market; end of Aug. for 14 days. =Grosse Sommersirene. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:49. 1856. Holland, 1804. Fruit small, ventriculous-pyriform, smooth, shining lemon-yellow, without any russet, watery, with a tart sweetness; third for dessert; best for market. =Grosse späte Weinbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:196. 1856. Switzerland. Reported first in 1848. Fruit above medium, ventriculous-turbinate, green-yellow, blushed with a brownish tint, spotted with white, and marked with russet; flesh coarse-grained, very juicy, astringent, vinous and sourish; very good for perry; Oct. =Grosser Roland. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:4. 1856. First reported from Treves, Prussia, in 1801. One of the group of Volema or Pound Pears. Fruit large, bent and uneven in form, light green changing to yellowish, blushed; flesh breaking, aromatic, juicy; first for household use; Sept. =Groveland. 1.= Budd-Hansen _Am. Hort. Man._ =2=:248. 1903. A native variety grown in Alabama and southeastern States. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with brownish cheek, washed, netted and speckled nearly all over with russet; flesh creamy-white, tender, buttery, juicy, vinous; good; autumn. =Grubbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 116, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit rather large, irregular in form, diminishing toward the stem almost acutely, yellow-green slightly blushed, dotted and speckled with russet; flesh coarse-grained, juicy, astringent, saccharine and with an agreeable flavor; good for keeping and transporting; Oct. =Grumkow. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:260, fig. 1869. Discovered by M. Koberstein at Rügenwald, Basse-Pomerania, Prussia. Diel, first to describe it, placed its origin at about 1806. Fruit medium, very irregular, long, pyramidal, always obtuse, contorted and much warted, pale green, sprinkled with a few gray specks, more or less colored with brown-red on the sunny side; flesh whitish, fine, breaking, or semi-breaking; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, with a musky flavor; second; Oct. to Dec. =Grunbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:10. 1856. A German pound pear. Originated in Württemberg and reported in 1830. Fruit medium, long, sides unequal, dark green, with dark red blush on ripening; flesh greenish-white, breaking, granular, glutinous, juicy, aromatic; first for kitchen; Aug. =Grüne Confesselsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:193. 1856. Thuringia, 1797. Fruit small, obtuse-conic, grass-green changing to yellowish-green, green dots; flesh yellow, firm, insipid; second for table, good for household; May to Aug. =Grüne frühe Gewurzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:32. 1856. Nassau, 1816. Fruit small, turbinate, yellowish grass-green often rather blushed, very fine spotting, thick-skinned; flesh granular, semi-melting, aromatic, musky; second for dessert, good for domestic and market use; early Sept. for 8 days. =Grüne fürstliche Tafelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:135. 1856. Wetterau, 1797. Fruit small, globular, thin-skinned, light green changing to yellowish-green, seldom blushed; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, full of flavor; first for table and market; Aug. =Grüne gesegnete Winterbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:174. 1856. Holland, 1802. Fruit medium, globular, light green changing to yellowish-green, dotted with small brown specks; flesh coarse-grained near centre, breaking, juicy, very sweet; good for culinary use; Jan. to Mar. =Grüne langstielige Winterhirtenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:83. 1856. Said to be a Belgian variety, published by Diel in 1802. Fruit medium, globular-oblate, bossed, dark green changing to light green, a rather brownish blush, fine gray dots; flesh greenish-white, buttery, melting; first for table and household; Feb. =Grüne Pfundbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:6. 1856. _Poire Livre Verte._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:11, fig. 102. 1878. A German Rhineland Pound pear, 1826. Fruit very large, regular in form, five inches long by three and a half broad, uniform green turning to yellow-green, covered with dense star-like brown spots; flesh breaking, juicy, aromatic; first for kitchen; Oct. =Grüne Pichelbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 118, fig. 1913. A perry pear extensively grown under a variety of names throughout Austria. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, shining dark green, yellowish when ripe, white dots; flesh coarse-grained, yellow-white turning more yellow on ripening, juicy and astringent; Oct. and Nov. =Grüne Sommer-Bergamote. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:9. 1856. Saxony, 1803. A Volema or Pound pear. Fruit medium, globular, dark green changing to yellowish-green, blushed with streaks of brown; flesh glutinous, juicy, aromatic; first for household; Sept. =Grüne Sommer-Citronenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:156. 1856. Thuringia, 1841. Fruit small, ventriculous, rather variable, shining light green becoming a uniform light greenish-yellow, russeted with gray, specked with gray dots; flesh granular near the centre, melting, acid, sweet, strongly scented with musk; first for table and household. =Grüne Wiedenbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 120, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown throughout Austria. Fruit medium, turbinate, otherwise short-pyriform, irregular; skin smooth, shining green turning greenish-yellow when ripe, with numerous very fine green dots; flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, not particularly firm when ripe, astringent, sourish and saccharine; mid-Oct. for fourteen days. =Grüne Winawitz. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 122, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown under a variety of names in Upper and Lower Austria. Fruit medium, long-ovate, greatest diameter at its center, light green turning yellowish at maturity, covered with russet and green dots; flesh yellowish, coarse and juicy, saccharine, astringent; good for transport; Oct. and Nov. =Grünmostler. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 84, fig. 1913. A perry pear widely distributed in Switzerland and Austria. Fruit fairly large, globular-oblate, ventriculous, one side larger than the other; flesh greenish-white, coarse, juicy, saccharine and acidulous; mid-Oct., for about two weeks. =Gulabi. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 93. 1895. Sent out and recommended as one of the best sorts in the Caucasus by M. Niemetz of Winnitza in the former Government of Polish-Russia. The varieties of the Caucasus are for the most part highly saccharine, rather coarse, and the vegetation very vigorous. =Guntershauser Holzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:196. 1856. Württemberg, Ger., 1848. Fruit medium, turbinate, uniform whitish-green, russet dots; flesh fine-grained, very juicy, vinous, astringent, sweet; good; Oct. =Gustave Bivort. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 776. 1869. French. Fruit medium, globular, pale yellow, with stains and nettings of russet, blushed on side next the sun; flesh white, juicy, semi-melting, sweet, slightly perfumed; good or very good; Aug. =Gustave Bourgogne. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:262, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 776. 1869. Gained by Van Mons at Louvain about 1840. Fruit large or medium, turbinate-ovate, flattened at both poles, whitish-green, speckled with fine fawn dots, some bronze-green on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, almost melting; juice very abundant and sugary, delicately perfumed, refreshing, and agreeable; second for both eating and cooking; Sept. =Gustin Summer. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 575. 1857. =2.= _Ibid._ 776. 1869. Originated in New Jersey. Fruit small, globular, yellow, sweet without much flavor; Sept. =Gute Grüne. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 524. 1817. German. Fruit medium, globular, green changing to yellowish, blushed; flesh tender, melting; beginning of Sept. for several weeks. =Habichtsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:146. 1856. Rhineland. Described by Diel in 1804. Fruit very large, 5 in. x 3 in., hook-nosed or like the beak of a bird, crooked, uniformly light green, densely speckled with light brown dots and marked with russet; flesh coarse-grained, semi-melting, breaking; third for table and good for cooking; Nov. and Dec. =Hacon Incomparable. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 20. 1841. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 591. 1884. About the year 1792 a Mrs. Rayner sowed the seeds of a Rayner's Norfolk Seedling at Norfolk, Eng. Subsequently, about 1814, one of the resultant trees was propagated from grafts by a Mr. Hacon of the same place. The hardy and productive tree renders it particularly valuable for climates similar to that of England. The blossoms bear the sharpest frosts without injury but the tree cannot be made to bear until it is eight to ten years old. Fruit medium, globular-oblate, flattened and depressed at both poles, pale yellowish-green, covered with numerous russety spots and markings; flesh yellowish-white, melting, buttery with a rich, vinous, sweet, musky flavor; Nov. to Jan. =Haddington. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:274. 1847. In 1828 J. B. Smith, a farmer near Haddington, Philadelphia, raised this pear from seed of a Pound pear. Fruit above medium, obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with a brownish cheek and minute russet dots and patches; flesh yellowish, juicy, aromatic; texture varies, some being quite melting, others inclined to break; good; Jan. to Apr. =Haffner Butterbirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 230. 1889. _Beurré Haffner._ =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 1, 77, fig, 37. 1866-73. A variety found as a chance seedling near Nuremberg, Bavaria, by the Brothers Haffner; first published in 1854 by Biedenfeld. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, pale yellow, speckled and stained with russet; flesh white, sometimes a little yellow, rather granular but fine, slightly gritty at center, full of sugary, vinous juice, and has a perfume similar to that of the Beurré Gris; good; Oct. =Hagar. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 777. 1869. French, according to Downing. Fruit medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in sun, some russet; flesh coarse, dry, sweet; poor; Oct. =Haight. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 777. 1869. An American variety. Fruit medium, globular-pyriform, yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, with small brown dots and traces of russet; flesh white, pink at center, a little coarse, breaking, juicy, sweet and pleasant; good; Oct. =Hallische gelbe Honigbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:149. 1856. Saxony. Fruit small, oblate, flattened, sides unequal, yellowish-green changing to light yellow; flesh breaking, coarse-grained, very juicy and sweet; second for dessert, good for kitchen; Sept. =Hamburg. 1.= _Can. Hort._ =14=:12, fig. 2. 1891. Russian. Fruit medium, yellow-green; flesh juicy, perfumed; Sept. =Hamburger Birne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:5. 1856. A North German Pound pear; published in 1816. Fruit medium, turbinate or conic-obtuse, light green changing to light yellow, with dark russet markings; flesh breaking, juicy, aromatic; first for the kitchen; Oct. =Hamilton. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 777. 1869. Originated in South Carolina, where it is said to be of good quality. Fruit medium, oblate; skin rough, yellowish, some stains and numerous dots of russet; flesh yellowish, coarse, wanting in juice; Nov. =Hammelsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:170. 1856. Thuringia, 1794. Fruit below medium, ovate, yellow-green changing to citron-yellow, numerous small dots, thick-skinned; flesh granular, sweet; third for dessert, not of much value for culinary use. =Hamon. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:264, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 777. 1869. Raised by M. Nérard, a nurseryman at Vaise near Lyons, Fr., from seed sown by him in 1834. Fruit medium, irregular-ovate, often a little bossed, pale green, covered with large fawn dots; flesh slightly greenish, coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, acerb, with an agreeable flavor; second; Aug. =Hampden Bergamot. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 591. 1884. An old variety of uncertain origin and possessing many synonyms. Fruit large, globular, narrowing abruptly to the stalk, even and regular in outline, pale greenish-yellow, with traces of thin russet and greenish dots, sometimes a tinge of brownish-red next the sun; flesh white, rather coarse-grained, buttery, sweet, agreeable; handsome, but hardly more than second class; Sept. =Hampton Bergamot. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 778. 1869. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Mount Victory, Ohio. Fruit small, globular-oblate, yellow, netted and sprinkled with russet and green dots; flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, semi-melting, vinous; good; Sept. =Hampton Cluster. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 778. 1869. Raised by W. C. Hampton, Mount Victory, Ohio. Fruit borne in clusters, very small, globular, greenish-yellow, shaded with dull red on the sun-exposed side, netted with russet; flesh juicy, melting, sweet; very good; Sept. =Hampton Virgalieu. 1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 388, fig. 1859. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 778. 1869. Originated with W. C. Hampton, Mount Victory, Ohio, from a seed of the White Doyenné. Tree vigorous, hardy and productive. Fruit medium, globular, or slightly obtuse-pyriform, yellowish-green at maturity, with many russet dots and marblings of russet, the latter becoming reddish-brown in the sun; flesh white, buttery, juicy, rich, vinous, brisk; core small; very good; Oct. and Nov. =Hancock. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1866. A seedling fruited by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., in 1861. Fruit 4-1/2 in. long, 3 in. wide, obovate, light green; flesh breaking and juicy, a great bearer, and an excellent cooking pear, always sells readily; Sept. =Hangelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:145. 1856. Holstein, published 1788. Fruit large, long-gourd-shaped, yellow-green, yellow on the sunny side; flesh breaking, coarse-grained, fairly juicy, sweet; third for dessert, good for kitchen; Nov. to Apr. =Hannover'sche Jakobsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:172. 1856. =2.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._ =II=:No. 27, Pl. 27. 1882. Hanover, Prussia, 1851. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, dull grass-green changing to yellow, with a brownish blush, dotted with green on the yellow and with bright yellow on the flush; flesh whitish, fine, sweet, becoming mealy when over ripe; third for dessert, good for culinary use and market; July. =Hannover'sche Margarethenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:40. 1856. Hanover, Prussia, 1851. Fruit medium, turbinate, light green turning to light yellow; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, soon becoming mealy when ripe; second for table, good for kitchen use; end of July for 2 weeks. =Hanover. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 779. 1869. From Hanover Furnace, N. J. Fruit below medium, globular-obovate, green, with dull green-russet markings, and a brown cheek; flesh greenish-yellow, exceedingly melting and juicy; flavor pleasant, good; Oct. =Hardenpont frühe Colmar. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:100. 1856. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 96, 280. 1876. This is not the _Passe Colmar_ of Hardenpont, although regarded as such by Dochnahl. It ripens in August and September whereas Passe Colmar is in season during November and December. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, a beautiful uniform yellow; flesh fine-grained, musky; Aug. and Sept. =Harigelsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:172. 1856. Württemberg, 1830. Fruit medium, obtuse-conic, light green changing to golden yellow, with a dark blush; flesh rather astringent, sweet, breaking, aromatic; third for table, not of much account for cooking; Oct. =Harnard. 1.= _N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 11. 1877. Shown before the New Jersey State Horticultural Society in 1877. Said to be "a seedling from the farm of John Harnard, Springfield," N. J., and to have originated about 30 years previously. A cooking pear, valued for its regular and abundant bearing and keeping qualities. =Harris= (Georgia). =1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 779. 1869. Disseminated from Georgia. Fruit medium, obovate-obtuse to obovate-acute-pyriform, pale yellow, deep red in the sun, many green and brown dots; flesh whitish, buttery, not juicy, sweet; good; Sept. =Harris= (Massachusetts). =1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 153. 1874. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 2nd App., 149, fig. 1872. Raised by Lemuel Clapp, Dorchester, Mass., from Urbaniste crossed with Beurré Bosc. Fruit above medium, ovate-pyriform, resembling Beurré Hardy; stem medium long; flesh yellowish-white, fine grained, very tender, melting, juicy, rich, vinous, spirited, aromatic; very good to best; Oct. =Harrison Large Fall. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 575. 1857. _Rushmore._ =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:608, fig. 1869. A fine old baking pear of American origin. Fruit large, irregular, inclined, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, pale yellow with a red cheek; Aug. to Oct. =Hartberger Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 14, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown in Hungary and Austria. Fruit medium, globular and irregular, somewhat acute toward the stalk, dark green turning to yellow-green, finely dotted and much covered with russet; flesh greenish-white, abnormally large core and seeds, firm and juicy; Oct. =Harte Neapolitanerin. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:192. 1856. Although cultivated mainly at Naples, Italy, in the middle of the last century and called the pear of Naples, it appears to have been first published in France in 1802. Fruit medium, turbinate, medium ventriculous, light green changing to lemon-yellow, blushed; flesh firm, sweetish, aromatic; very good for culinary uses; Jan. to summer. =Harvard. 1.= McIntosh _Bk. Gard._ =2=:457. 1855. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 779. 1869. _Belle de Flushing._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:201, fig. 1867. Originated at Cambridge, Mass. In 1851 it was taken from America to France without a label by Parsons, a nurseryman at Flushing, N. Y., and was named _Belle de Flushing_ by Leroy. Fruit rather large, oblong-pyriform, russety olive-yellow, with a brownish-red cheek; in France it seems to develop a vivid red on the side exposed to the sun, finely dotted with fawn; flesh white, semi-fine, tender, melting, slightly gritty; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous and agreeably musky; second; a fine commercial variety; Aug. and Sept. =Harvest. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 779. 1869. An American variety. Fruit below medium, globular, pale yellow, tinged with brown-red on exposed side, brown and green dots; flesh whitish, not very juicy or melting, but sweet, pleasant; good; July. =Hassler. 1.= Cal. Com. Hort. _Pear Grow. Cal._ =7=:No. 5, 260, figs. 52, 53. 1918. Originated as a chance seedling with J. E. Hassler, Placerville, Cal. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with russet dots; calyx open: basin large, deep, irregular; stem heavy, medium long, inclined in a deep cavity; flesh, fine, juicy, buttery, pleasant; very good; Feb. and Mar. =Hausemerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:194. 1856. German, published 1847. Fruit medium, turbinate-obtuse, light green changing to whitish-yellow, blushed, with brown spots; flesh firm, somewhat aromatic; good for kitchen use; Dec. to Mar. =Hautmonté. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:266, fig. 1869. Origin unknown but was propagated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of Angers in 1840. Fruit medium, long-turbinate, yellowish-green spotted with russet and washed with rose-carmine on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, juicy, gritty at center; second for dessert, first for stewing; Feb. to Apr. =Hawaii. 1.= _Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 84. 1880. =2.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:482. 1913. A Japanese pear; date of introduction unknown. Fruit medium, apple-shaped, light lemon-yellow, with rough, russet dots; flesh hard, gritty, wanting in flavor, subacid; Oct. =Hawes Winter. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 506. 1857. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 389. 1859. Originated on the farm of the Hawes family in King and Queen County, Virginia. Fruit large, globular, slightly flattened, dull yellow at maturity, with russet spots; flesh a little coarse, very juicy, rich, sweet, vinous; Nov. to Jan. =Hawkesbill. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. "The Hawkes bill peare is of a middle size, somewhat like unto the Rowling pears." =Hays. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 61. 1844. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 238. 1854. Exhibited, from the Pomological Garden, Salem, Mass., at the sixteenth annual meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, September, 1844. Placed on the rejected list of the American Pomological Society in 1854. =Heathcot. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =12=:438, fig. 33. 1846. Raised in 1812 on the estate of Governor Gore in Waltham, Mass. Fruit medium, obovate, greenish-yellow becoming lemon-yellow, very few dots and a few russet streaks, slightly browned on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, fine, very melting, buttery and juicy; in flavor it is rich, sprightly, juicy and excellent, with little perfume; Oct. =Hebe. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =21=:198, fig. 84. 1866. Raised by William Sumner of Pomaria, S. C. Fruit large; specimens have often weighed 28 ounces, 6 of fair size of this pear generally weigh 8 lbs., globular, obovate, with irregular protuberances, lemon-yellow inclined to greenish, dotted with russet specks and blotches; flesh melting, sprightly, buttery, slightly vinous, has no matured seeds, and seldom forms seeds at all; Dec. in South Carolina. =Hedwig von der Osten. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 231. 1889. _Hedwige d'Osten_. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3:=173, fig. 183. 1878. Herr Schmidt, Blumberg, received this variety from Van Mons under Number 51 and dedicated it to the daughter of a zealous pomologist of his country. Fruit rather large, long-pyriform, rather deformed in contour, water-green changing to dull pale yellow, usually rather golden on the face next the sun; flesh whitish, fine, buttery, very melting, very juicy and delicately perfumed; good for amateurs; Sept. and Oct. =Hegeman. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 780. 1869. _Hagerman._ =2.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 275. 1867. Originated on the farm of Andrew Hegeman, North Hempstead, Long Island. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, rather variable in form and color, greenish-yellow, netted and dotted with russet; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet; good to very good; Sept. =Heilige Angelika-Birne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:108. 1856. Coblenz, 1792; published by Diel, 1806. Fruit rather large, obtuse-conic, with unequal sides, pale green changing to light yellowish-green, dotted with rusty gray, and rather russeted on the side touched by the sun; flesh whitish, with light green veinings, fine-grained, buttery; first for dessert and household use; Nov. and Dec. =Hélène Grégoire. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:79, fig. 1856. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:270, fig. 1869. Xavier Grégoire, a tanner at Jodoigne, Bel., obtained this pear in 1840 from a bed of the seeds of the pear Pastorale. Fruit large or very large, ovate, inclined to be contorted at times, smooth, shining, dotted and veined with russet, stained with the same around the stem and calyx; flesh white, fine, melting, semi-buttery, green under the skin, free from grit, full of sweet juice, delicate and possessed of an exquisite buttery flavor; first; early Oct. =Hellmann Melonenbirn. 1.= Koch _Deut. Obst._ 481. 1876. =2.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._ =II=:No. 39, Pl. 39. 1882. German; first published in 1860. Fruit large, globular-obtuse, very variable; skin thick, dark green becoming citron-yellow at maturity, large russet dots, slightly washed with red on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, melting, agreeably sweet and vinous, very juicy and having a muscatel flavor; Nov. and Dec. =Hemminway. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:143. 1908. _Madame Hemminway._ =2.= Ellwanger & Barry _Cat._ 18. 1900. Introduced by Ellwanger and Barry. American. Fruit large, obovate-blunt-pyriform, green turning yellow, russeted; stem long, thick, in a small, narrow cavity; flesh yellowish, melting, sweet, juicy; good; Oct. =Henkel. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:61, fig. 5. 1847. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 781, fig. 1869. _Henkel d'Automne._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:272, fig. 1869. Van Mons raised this pear before 1834 and in 1835 or 1836 it was introduced at Boston by Kenrick and Manning. This is the _Cumberland_ of the Belgians. Fruit rather large, broad-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, netted and patched with russet, sprinkled with green and brown dots; stem rather stout, inclined, inserted by a ring or lip; calyx partially open; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, rich, slightly vinous; very good to best; Sept. =Henri Bivort. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:462. 1854. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:273, fig. 1869. _Poire Henri._ =3.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:137, fig. 67. 1866-73. Issued from the last seed beds made at Louvain by Van Mons and bought in 1844 by Bivort who transplanted the seedlings to Geest-Saint-Rémy near Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit large or above medium, obtuse-pyramidal, smooth, olive-yellow, dotted with brown, striped and mottled with greenish russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine, semi-buttery, rather melting, rarely very gritty, juice plentiful, sweet, acid, aromatic and delicate; first; end of Aug. =Henri Bouet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:274, fig. 1869. Obtained in 1861 by Henri Bouet, a nurseryman at Fougereuse, Deux-Sèvres, Fr., from Duchesse d'Angoulême fertilized by Jargonelle (French). Fruit large, turbinate-ovate, bossed, mammillate at crown and generally somewhat contorted, pale yellow, dotted and striated with fawn, spotted with greenish-russet around stalk; flesh very white and fine, melting, gritty around the core, extremely juicy, sugary, perfumed, acidulous and possessing a delicious flavor; first; Oct. and Nov. =Henri de Bourbon. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 232. 1889. =2.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:64. 1908. Published in Germany in 1881. In Experimental Orchard at Agassiz, B. C., 1900. Fruit medium, pyriform, green changing to yellow, some brown; flesh juicy, melting, sweet; good to very good; mid-season. =Henri Capron. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:275, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 592. 1884. Stated by Baron Biedenfeld in 1854 to have issued from a seed bed of Van Mons, it was propagated by the Horticultural Society of Angers in 1848. Fruit medium, long-ovate-acute passing at the top into the stem; skin rough to the touch, gray-green, clouded with dark yellow and dotted with russet; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, inclined to decay before falling, very juicy, sugary, aromatic, often rather astringent; variable in quality; Sept. =Henri Decaisne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1876. =2.= _Le Bon Jard._ 362. 1882. On trial with Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit large, pyriform, greenish-yellow, handsomely washed with vermilion at maturity; flesh melting, and of agreeable flavor; first; Sept. and Oct. =Henri Desportes. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:276, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 782. 1869. Raised by Leroy, Angers, Fr., it fruited first in 1862. Fruit large or below, turbinate-obtuse, ventriculous, strongly bossed, generally irregular and much less curved on one side than the other; skin thick, orange-yellow dotted with gray-russet, slightly vermilioned on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, very melting; juice abundant, vinous, sugary; first; Aug. =Henri Grégoire. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1876. =2.= _Ibid._ 93. 1895. On trial with Simon-Louis at Metz, Lorraine, in 1876, and in 1895 and was "very much recommended" by the firm in both of those years. Fruit medium; first; Nov. and Dec. =Henri Ledocte. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1876. One of M. Grégoire's seedlings. Fruit medium size; flesh melting; first; Dec. and Jan. =Henri Quatre. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =12=:173, fig. 6. 1846. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:277, fig. 1869. _Henry the Fourth._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 782. 1869. On the authority of Diel it appears that this pear was originated by M. de Witzthumb before 1815, and was afterward described by the Vicomte Vilain XIV, mayor of Ghent under Napoleon I. Fruit below medium, obtuse-pyriform, rather variable, often contorted and always has one side larger than the other, greenish-white, becoming deep lemon-yellow as it reaches maturity, much covered with fine cinnamon-russet on which are small greenish dots; flesh yellowish, coarse or semi-fine, breaking, gritty at center, very rich, sweet, juicy and with an aromatic flavor; good; Oct. =Henrietta. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =4=:231. 1838. =2.= _Ibid._ 487, fig. 42. 1847. A seedling of Governor Edwards, New Haven, Conn. Fruit a medium-sized and pretty pear, obovate, inclining to oval, tapering towards each end and rather obtuse at the stem; skin fair, smooth, dull yellow, tinged with red in the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, juicy; good; Sept. =Henriette. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =6=:37, fig. 1858. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 593. 1884. Raised from seed by Simon Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel., and produced its first fruit in 1825. Fruit small or medium, globular-turbinate; skin rough, almost entirely washed with russet, colored and stained with red-brown, carmined on the side next the sun; flesh white, rather fine, melting, full of sugary juice, of an agreeable perfume. =Henriette Van Cauwenberghe. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:171, fig. 86. 1872. From Lievin Van Cauwenburghe, a business man at Audenarde, Bel., where it bore fruit for the first time about 1827. Fruit medium or nearly large, pyriform-ovate, globular, a little bossed; skin rather thick and firm, pale water-green and whitish, dotted with gray-brown specks; at maturity it becomes dull or orange-yellow and golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, abounding in sweet juice, vinous and pleasantly perfumed; good; Oct. =Henry= (Connecticut). =1.= _Cultivator_ N. S. =2=:175, fig. 7. 1845. A seedling raised by the Hon. H. W. Edwards, Governor of Connecticut and described by him to the Pomological Society of New Haven in 1845. Fruit small, turbinate, green turning to yellow, with a coppery blush; flesh juicy, melting and exceedingly rich and sweet, not surpassed by any in richness; Sept. =Henry= (Illinois). =1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 302. 1895. =2.= _Phoenix Nurs. Cat._ 13. 1906. Originated from French pear seed planted in 1871 by Henry C. Henry, Effingham County, Ill. Said to be a hardy and long-keeping pear of good quality. Fruit large, resembling Bartlett in shape and flavor. =Herbelin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1876. Fruit medium, having the appearance of Bartlett; flesh fine, a little dense, very sugary; Sept. =Herbin. 1.= _Guide Prat._. 96. 1876. =2.= Baltet _Trait. Cult. Fr._ 360. 1908. A French winter pear cultivated particularly at Saint-Erme, Department Aisne. Fruit medium, long, red; first; Feb. and Mar. =Herborner Schmalzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:189. 1856. Nassau, Bel. Published by Diel in 1806. Fruit medium, nearly pyriform; skin smooth, with fine scales, light yellow turning to citron-yellow, without russet; flesh granular, gritty, sweet and acid; good for kitchen use; Sept. =Herbst-Citronenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:156. 1856. Thuringia, published in 1810. Fruit small, globular, yellow-green changing to citron-yellow, dotted with green, lightly blushed; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, acidulous, sweet; second for dessert, first for culinary use; Sept. and Oct. =Herbst-Klöppelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:159. 1856. A seedling of Van Mons, 1852. Fruit small, turbinate-ventriculous, sides unequal, green turning to yellowish, blushed on the sunny side with brown; flesh yellowish-white, fine, semi-melting; second for the table, first for the kitchen; Sept. and Oct. =Herbsteierbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:190. 1856. Thuringia and Saxony; earliest report 1801. Fruit small, somewhat swelled, green-yellow, dotted with dark green, often strongly blushed with brown, with yellow dots; flesh greenish-white, sweet; third for the table, very good for kitchen use; Sept. =Herbstlanger. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 36, fig. 1913. A perry pear growing in the Voralberg and in Switzerland. Fruit large, long-pyriform, almost like Calebasse in form, greenish-yellow changing to lemon-yellow, finely dotted; flesh yellow-white, juicy, saccharine, with a slightly aromatic flavor; Sept. =Héricart. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =8=:87. 1842. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 783. 1869. Cions of this variety were received in 1834 and 1835 by Manning and Kenrick from Van Mons of Belgium. It was placed on the list of rejected fruits by the American Pomological Society in 1854. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, obovate, often rather oblong, yellow, russety; stem medium long, rather slender, set in a small cavity; basin shallow; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, not rich, peculiarly aromatic, gritty, slightly astringent; good; Sept. =Héricart de Thury. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =19=:102. 1853. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 783. 1869. =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:281, fig. 1869. _Thury Schmalzbirne._ =4.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:66. 1856. Raised from seed by Van Mons and dedicated to M. Héricart de Thury, president of the Society of Horticulture of France. Tree a good grower, rather pyramidal, neither an early nor a profuse bearer. Fruit medium or above, obtuse-ovate-pyriform, yellow, thinly shaded with red in the sun, slightly netted, thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, rather slender, curved, set in a small cavity; calyx closed, set in a small, uneven, basin; flesh white, not very juicy, slightly astringent; good; Nov. and Dec. =Herkimer. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 783. 1869. Originated on the farm of S. Earl, Herkimer, New York, previous to 1869. Fruit medium to large, globular-oblate, pale greenish-yellow, clouded with dull red in the sun; flesh white, rather coarse-grained at center, juicy, sweet, melting and agreeable; good; Sept. and Oct. =Herr Late Winter. 1.= _W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 117. 1880. Described as a new fruit in 1879 by Barry. It was raised by A. G. Herr of Louisville, Ky. Fruit medium to large, good in quality and a long keeper, sometimes until May and June of the following year. =Hert. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =1=:145, fig. 71. 1866-73. From Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, near London, Eng. Fruit medium or nearly medium, ovate-pyriform; skin thick, firm, very pale green, sprinkled with gray-brown dots, citron-yellow when ripe and often golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, semi-melting, sufficient juice which is sugary, refreshing, agreeable; good, for the season; end of winter and spring. =Hessenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:146, 1856. German; Hesse, 1815. Fruit medium and above, curved, thin-skinned, greenish-yellow changing to yellow, with a vivid blush, often mottled with yellowish-brown; flesh sweet, juicy, becoming mealy; second for dessert, first for kitchen; Sept. and Oct. =Hessle. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 593. 1884. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 180. 1920. Hessle is an old English pear, and takes its name from the village of Hessle in Yorkshire where it was first discovered. Fruit rather small, turbinate, greenish-yellow, much covered with large russety dots, giving it a freckled appearance; flesh nearly white, tender, with an agreeable, aromatic juice; a good market-garden pear; Oct. =Hewes. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:269. 1854. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 93. 1852. Raised at Brandywine, Del., from seed of the White Doyenné which it much resembles though smaller. In 1852 it was in possession of Aaron Hewes and was said then to have been in bearing about 28 years. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, yellow; Sept. =Heyer Zuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:55. 1856. _Sucrée d'Heyer._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:85, fig. 235. 1879. A Van Mons seedling sent in 1838 to his friend Herr Heyer, a grafter at Luneburg, Hanover, Ger. Fruit medium, long-turbinate, sides unequal, slightly bossed, light green turning to yellow, often flushed with vermilion, speckled with russet; second for the table, first for kitchen; Sept. =Hilda. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1895. Distributed by Daras de Naghin of Antwerp, Bel. Fruit resembles Joséphine de Malines; flesh yellowish-white tinted with green near the stalk, melting, very juicy, having the flavor of the Beurré Gris; Nov. and Dec. =Hildegard. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:172, 1856. A seedling of Van Mons; published in 1852. Fruit medium, turbinate-ventriculous, light green turning yellow, washed with brown, sometimes rusty red on the side of the sun; flesh fine, free from grit, very sweet; very good for general household use; all winter to April. =Hildesheimer Bergamotte. 1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 132. 1825. =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 1, 13, fig. 5. 1866-73. _Bergamote d'Hildesheim._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:242, fig. 1867. Central Germany, 1825. Fruit medium, oblate, medium-ventriculous, sides unequal, light green turning to citron-yellow, without any red blush but a good deal russeted: flesh melting, very juicy; a good dessert pear; end of Sept. for 2 weeks. =Hildesheimer Späte Sommerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:189. 1856. A seedling of Cludius, Hildesheim, Ger., 1821. Fruit medium, pyriform-ventriculous, sides unequal, yellowish-green, washed with rusty russet on the side of the sun; flesh rosaceous, spongy, sweet, wanting in flavor; third for table, first for culinary use; Sept. =Hildesheimer Winterbirn. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 496. 1817. German. Fruit medium, Bergamot-shaped, of excellent flavor; Nov. to Mar. =Hingham. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 783. 1869. Originated in Hingham, Mass. Fruit medium, obovate-acute-pyriform, pale yellow, tinged with red on the side next the sun, freely dotted with brown specks; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous; good; Oct. =Hirschbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 16, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear, raised from a wilding in Styria. Fruit one of the larger perry or wine pears, globular and Bergamot in form, greenish-yellow, brownish-red flush on the side opposed to the sun, brown dots; flesh yellow-white, fairly firm, juicy; good; Oct. =Hirsenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:36. 1856. Middle Rhineland, Germany, 1802. Fruit small, pyriform, rounded at the top, sides unequal, light green turning yellowish, often rather brown-blushed, some russet markings; flesh fine-grained, very juicy; second for the table, first for the kitchen; Aug. =Hitzendorfer Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 86, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit large, globular, somewhat like Bergamot in form, light green, blushed with a beautiful brown-red on the cheek next the sun, tender, dotted; flesh greenish-white, firm and very juicy; end of Sept. for two weeks. =Hoe Langer Hoe Liever. 1.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =1=:93, Tab. III. 1771. Dutch. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, somewhat ventriculated toward the lower end, often rather deformed, pale green or yellowish-white; flesh fine, gritty, juicy, agreeable, savory, when eaten exactly at the right time, otherwise it is insipid; Sept. and Oct. =Hofsta. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:145. 1908. Sweden. C. Gibb called it a fine culinary variety. Fruit medium, pyriform; good; mid-season. =Holland Green. 1.= Coxe _Cult. Fr. Trees_ 190, fig. 26. 1817. =2.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 137. 1832. An old variety described by William Coxe in 1817, and stated by him to have been imported from Holland by William Clifton of Philadelphia. It was sometimes called the _Holland Table_ pear. Fruit rather large, irregular or turbinate in form, green, with numerous indistinct spots and small cloudings of russet; flesh melting, sprightly, greenish-white and juicy; thought much of at the beginning of the nineteenth century, but considered by Manning to be worthless in this country. Was discarded by the London Horticultural Society before 1837; Sept. and Oct. =Holländische Butterbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:136. 1856. North Germany, 1804, at Bremen. Fruit medium or below, sides unequal, light yellow changing to golden-yellow at maturity, blushed with cinnamon on the sunny side and speckled with brown dots; flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy and full of flavor; first for dessert; Sept. and Oct. =Holländische Gewürzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:14. 1856. Holland, 1849. Fruit medium, ventriculous-turbinate, covered with rough russet; flesh semi-melting, very juicy and aromatic; second for the table, very good for cooking; end of Sept. =Holländische Zuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:33. 1856. Possibly of Dutch origin but reported in Thuringia, 1799. Fruit small, globular but variable, light yellow, blushed and dotted with yellowish specks becoming greenish at maturity, thin-skinned; flesh breaking, musky, aromatic; third for dessert, first for kitchen; Aug. =Holmer. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 594. 1884. A well-known perry pear in Herefordshire, Eng. Fruit very small, globular-turbinate, even and regular in outline, dull greenish-yellow when ripe, and thickly covered with russet dots, so as to form a kind of crust on the surface; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, and very astringent. =Homestead. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 2nd App., 150. 1876. Raised by Asahel Foote, Williamstown, Mass., from seed of White Doyenné. Fruit medium or above, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, often pale yellow when fully matured, sometimes a shade of brownish-red where exposed, slightly netted and patched with russet and many russet dots; flesh whitish, rather coarse around the core, semi-fine, melting, sweet, juicy, slightly vinous and aromatic; Nov. and Dec. =Honey. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:216. 1832. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 784. 1869. _Deux Fois L'An._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:20, fig. 1869. Although known in this country as Honey, its original European name is _Deux Fois l'An_, or Two Times a Year, on account of its flowering twice in the season, the second crop ripening in September or October. It is of ancient and uncertain origin, but Le Lectier at Orléans possessed it in his immense orchard in 1598, and Merlet described it in 1675. Fruit medium or below, globular-pyriform, rarely very obtuse, generally much swelled in the lower part, diminishing abruptly toward the stem, rather bright greenish-yellow, stained and dotted with gray chiefly on the side exposed to the sun where it is also rayed and washed with carmine; flesh yellowish, coarse, semi-breaking, granular around the core; juice sufficient, sugary and possessing a pleasant, musky flavor; Aug. =Honey= (Russia). =1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 21. 1887. =2.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:146. 1908. Introduced from Russia in 1879 under the Russian name _Gliva Medovaya_. Fruit small, globular-pyriform, yellow, blushed red; flesh coarse, juicy, sweet; mid-season. =Honey Dew. 1.= Stark Bros. _Cat._ 55. 1921. Originated by Mr. Raabe of Illinois and introduced by Stark Bros. in 1921. Fruit large, roundish, golden-yellow, almost covered with rich russet; flesh tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet; early fall. =Honigbergamotte. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:78. 1856. Nassau, 1833. Fruit medium, globular, symmetrical; skin smooth, uniformly greenish-yellow, brownish-red on the side next the sun; flesh semi-melting, aromatic; second for dessert; first for general culinary uses; Sept. =Honnelbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 38, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown in Lower Austria. Fruit fairly large, long-pyriform; skin rather smooth and shining, greenish-yellow changing to yellow; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, very juicy, saccharine, rather astringent and feebly aromatic; Oct. =Hoosic. 1.= _W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 116. 1880. =2.= Ont. Dept. Ag. _Fr. Ont._ 166. 1914. Raised by A. Foote, Williamstown, Mass., from seed of Hacon Incomparable, and distributed by him about 1870. Fruit large to very large, obtuse-pyriform, somewhat one-sided, yellow, with russet dots and light red blush in the sun; flesh fine, white, tender, moderately juicy, with a rich almond flavor; quality ranking as "best" for all purposes; first class for near market; Oct. =Hopfenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:190. 1856. Hesse, Germany, 1801. Fruit small, obtuse-conic; skin smooth, pale yellow, blushed with a dark glow; flesh rosy, fine, acid, juicy; third for the table, first for kitchen; end of Aug. =Hosenschenk. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =8=:458. 1853. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 784. 1869. Raised from seed about the year 1803 by John Schenk, Weaver Township, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish-oblate, light yellowish-green, rarely blushed; flesh rather coarse, tender, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, with a mild and pleasant flavor; first; end of Aug. =Housatonic. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 2nd App., 151. 1876. Originated in the garden of John J. Howe, Birmingham, Conn. Fruit rather large, globular-pyriform; surface uneven, greenish-yellow, with many green and brown dots; flesh white, semi-fine, juicy, melting, rich, vinous; Nov. =Houser. 1.= _Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 38. 1896. A native pear reported to the Missouri State Horticultural Society in 1896. =Hovey. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:284, figs. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 784. 1869. Propagated by André Leroy in 1853 and dedicated by him to the American pomologist Hovey. Fruit medium or above, conic-pyriform or turbinate-obtuse-pyriform, variable but always very long; skin fine and very smooth, bright yellow, finely dotted with gray and stained with patches of russet; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, melting, watery and slightly granular; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, and possessing a musky perfume; first; Nov. =Howard. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 785. 1869. Disseminated by D. W. Coit, Norwich, Conn. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, pale yellow, with patches of russet and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly perfumed, pleasant; very good; Sept. =Howe Winter. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 273. 1858. Said to have originated in Virginia. Fruit large, globular, yellow-russeted; good; late. =Hubert Grégoire. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. In the trial orchards of Simon-Louis Bros. at Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit rather large; first; Jan. =Huffcap. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 415. 1831. =2.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:209. 1832. Of several varieties of the Huffcap perry pears such as the Brown, Red, and Yellow, growing in Herefordshire, Eng., this is the best. Fruit middle sized, ovate, pale green marked with gray russet. =Hüffel Bratbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:3. 1856. Upper Hesse, Prussia, 1819. A variety of the Volema class. Fruit large, broad-turbinate, with unequal sides, light green turning to yellowish, often faintly blushed, numerous russet spots; flesh aromatic, breaking, juicy; first for household use; Dec. to Apr. =Huggard. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:147. 1908. Originated at Whitby, Ontario, Can., from Beurré Clairgeau crossed with Beurré d'Anjou. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, yellow with red blush; flesh sweet, juicy, good; medium late. =Huguenot. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 394. 1845. Originated by a Mr. Johonnot of Salem, Mass. Rejected by the American Pomologica. Society, October, 1850. Fruit medium, globular, smooth, pale yellow, sprinkled with large spots of bright red; flesh white, fine-grained, semi-breaking, sweet but wanting in flavor and juice; poor; Oct. =Huhle de Printemps. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:159, fig. 368. 1880. This pear was received in France by M. Papeleu from M. Hartwiss, director of the Imperial Gardens at Nikita, Southern Russia, about 1860. Fruit medium, cylindrical-ovate, rather in form like a small cask or keg, even in contour; skin thick, firm, more or less intense green, dotted with brownish-gray specks, very small and numerous and mingled with small strokes of russet over nearly all the surface; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, semi-breaking, rather gritty near the core, sufficiently juicy, with a refreshing and agreeable flavor; cooking; end of winter. =Hull. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:432. 1843. =2.= _Ibid._ =10=:211. 1844. The original tree was found in Swansey, Mass., about 1815. Fruit medium, obovate, yellowish-green, russeted, some dull red on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty at core, pleasantly perfumed; good to very good; Oct. =Hungerford Oswego. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 786. 1869. From Oswego, N. Y. Fruit medium, globular, yellow, with brown dots; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, gritty, sweet; good; Oct. =Hunt Connecticut. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =12=:305. 1846. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 575. 1857. An American cooking pear. Rejected by the American Pomological Society in 1854. Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish-green, coarse, dry, and sweet. =Huntington. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =23=:111, fig. 4. 1857. =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:155, fig. 76. 1866-73. A wilding found by James Huntington, New Rochelle, N. Y. In 1857 it was considered to be 20 or 30 years old. Fruit under medium, globular-obovate, yellow, with numerous russet dots and sometimes a red cheek; flesh fine texture, buttery, slightly vinous, with a delicate aroma; very good; Sept. =Hurbain d'Hiver. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 594. 1884. Fruit small, Bergamot-shaped, even and handsome in outline, fine golden yellow in the shade, strewed and mottled with patches of thin cinnamon-colored russet, with a patch of russet around the stalk, washed with bright red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, melting, rather coarse, juicy, sweet, without much perfume; second; Nov. =Hussein Armudi. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 594. 1884. An oriental pear, published in 1832. Fruit below medium, obovate, smooth, bright green at first changing to greenish-yellow, strewed with russety dots of brown and some traces of russet; flesh whitish, gritty at core, tender, melting, very juicy, with a rich, vinous, sweet flavor; first for table; Sept. =Hutcherson. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:148. 1908. Reported in the experimental orchard at Agassiz, B. C., in 1900. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow; flesh melting, juicy, sweet; mid-season. =Huyshe Prince Consort. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ =12=:89, fig. 1867. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 180. 1920. Fruited in 1864 by the Rev. John Huyshe of Cullompton, Devon, Eng., from Beurré d'Arenberg fertilized by Passe Colmar. Fruit very large, oblong, uneven and bossed in outline, grass-green becoming sometimes yellowish-green, thickly covered with large russet dots; flesh yellow, with a greenish tinge, melting, rather crisp, very juicy, sweet, vinous, with a very powerful and peculiar flavor unlike any other pear; a first quality, delicious fruit; Nov. =Huyshe Prince of Wales. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 51. 1864. =2.= _Jour. Hort._ =1=:392, fig. 72. 1880. _Huyshe Bergamot._ =3.= _Gard. Chron._ =4=:836, fig. 1. 1857. =4.= _Mag. Hort._ =24=:276. 1858. Of the same origin as Huyshe Victoria. First fruited in 1856 and named _Huyshe Bergamot_ but later changed to Huyshe Prince of Wales. Fruit large, globular-oval, even in outline, lemon-yellow covered with a finely reticulated cinnamon-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, tender, melting, juicy and richly flavored; first; end of Nov. to Jan. =Huyshe Princess of Wales. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 8. 1863. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 180. 1920. This pear, first fruited in 1863, is of the same origin as Huyshe Victoria. Fruit medium, oblong, even in outline, abrupt at the stalk, lemon-yellow sprinkled with patches, veins and dots of pale cinnamon-russet; flesh of a deep yellow, fine, very melting, abundantly juicy, richly flavored and highly aromatic; very excellent; Nov. =Huyshe Victoria. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ =4=:76. 1863. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 181. 1920. _Victoria._ =3.= _Gard. Chron._ 836, fig. 2. 1857. _Victoria d'Huyse._ =4.= _Pom. Gen._ =7=:33, fig. 497. 1881. Rev. John Huyshe, a clergyman at Clysthydon Rectory, near Cullompton, Devon, Eng., raised, about 1833, three plants from pips of one fruit from Marie Louise, hybridized with Gansel Bergamot. Of these three plants one produced fruit in 1854 or 1855 and was named Huyshe Victoria. The other two fruited in subsequent years and were named Huyshe Prince of Wales and Huyshe Princess of Wales, respectively; these three together with a fourth, Huyshe Prince Consort, being known as the _Royal Pears_. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive. Fruit medium in size, ovate-pyriform or ovate-acute-pyriform, yellow, freckled and veined with thin, smooth cinnamon-russet; stem medium in length, stout, generally inclined and inserted without depression; calyx open; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, vinous; good to very good; Nov. =Hyacinthe du Puis. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 93. 1895. In trial orchards of Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Fruit medium; flesh rather fine, salmon tinted, savory, juicy; Nov. and Dec. =Ickworth. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 194. 1832. Originated by T. A. Knight, President of the London Horticultural Society, who in 1832 sent cions to Mr. Lowell and the Massachusetts Agricultural Society. Fruit melting, rich, rose-flavored; Mar. and Apr. =Ida. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. On trial with Messrs Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit large, Doyenné-shaped, yellowish-green washed with red-brown; flesh buttery; first; Oct. =Ilinka. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1895. =2.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =36=:368. 1904. This variety was published by Messrs. Simon-Louis, of Metz, Lorraine, in 1895 as having been received by them from M. Niemetz, Winnitza, European Western Russia. Fruit medium to large, yellow, blushed with red on the side of the sun; medium quality; end of July. =Impériale à Feuilles de Chêne. 1.= Duhamel _Trait Arb. Fr._ =2=:228, Pl. LIV. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:287, fig. 1869. _Oak-Leaved Imperial._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 822. 1869. _Impériale._ =4.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 596. 1884. The origin of this pear is unknown but it was propagated by the Chartreux Monks of Paris in 1752. The tree is very vigorous and hardy and the leaves are singular in that, due to their peculiar indenting and puckering, they have the appearance of being sinuated like those of the oak. Fruit large, ovate, irregular, mammillate at the summit and always having one side larger than the other, dull yellow, covered with large reddish dots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-breaking, juicy, gritty at center, sugary, almost without perfume; first for cooking, third for dessert; Feb. to May. =Incommunicable. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 376. 1831. =2.= _Mag. Hort_. =9=:131. 1843. Flemish. In a list of pears grown in France and the Netherlands sent by Joseph Parmentier to the London Horticultural Society in 1824. Fruit above medium, pyramidal and compressed toward the stalk, pale grass-green, thickly sprinkled with small gray-russety specks; stem short, stout, inclined; flesh yellowish-white, tinged near the core with a light shade of orange, a little gritty, melting, juicy, saccharine, with a slight musky perfume; latter half of Oct. =Incomparable de Beuraing. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. A French pear, presumably, published first by Grégoire and on trial in the trial-orchard of Messrs. Simon-Louis in 1876. Fruit very large; flesh fine, melting, juicy; of rather good quality; Nov. =Indian Queen. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 32. 1870. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 66. 1875. Exhibited by Henry McLaughlin, Bangor, Me., before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1870. Fruit rather large, long-pyriform, greenish-yellow with a brown cheek; flesh coarse, semi-melting, sweet, not rich, insipid; good for market only; Sept. =Infortunée. 1.= Mas. _Pom. Gen._ =3=:69, fig. 131. 1878. Said to have been shown at the Exhibition of Gotha, Ger., in 1857. Fruit medium, turbinate-ovoid, ordinarily regular in contour; skin rather thick, clear green spotted with gray specks, round, small, numerous; at maturity the basic green becomes a dull pale yellow and golden on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, semi-fine and melting, gritty round the core; juice sufficient and sweet; second; Aug. =Ingénieur Wolters. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1895. Sent out by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit medium; flesh fine, very sugary, perfumed; first; Oct. =Innominée. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:213. 1832. =2.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 155. 1832. Raised by Van Mons who in 1831 sent cions of it to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Fruit over 4 inches in length and nearly 3-1/2 in breadth, rather pyramidal, swollen at the middle; skin light green, mottled with pale fawn color, partially yellow at maturity; flesh delicate, melting, sweet, and full of a pleasant odor; good; between summer and autumn. =International. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1895. Reported in the trial orchards of Messrs. Simon-Louis at Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Fruit medium; first; Dec. to Feb. =Iris Grégoire. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =23=:155. 1857. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:290, fig. 1869. A seedling raised by Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., it fruited for the first time in 1853. Fruit variable in size, sometimes below medium, long-conic, swelled at base, bossed, and corrugated at apex, a clear golden-yellow, finely dotted and streaked with gray, washed with fawn at either pole; flesh white, semi-fine and melting, rather dry and gritty; juice insufficient, sweet, having a pleasant aroma; second or even third when especially deficient in juice; Nov. and Dec. =Isabella. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 46. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass.; it fruited first in 1866. Fruit medium, pyriform, light green blushed with red on the side next the sun; flesh white, juicy, sprightly, agreeable; Oct. =Isabelle de Malèves. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:81, fig. 329. 1880. This pear is No. 43 in _Les fruits du jardin Van Mons_ by M. Bivort but is stated by Mas to have been obtained by Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit small or nearly medium, fig-like in form, i. e., ovate-conic, regular in contour, a lively green speckled with gray dots, some russet around each pole; at maturity the green becomes yellowish; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous, refreshing; first; end of July and early Aug. =Island. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 273. 1858. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 788. 1869. Originated with Cornelius Bergen on Bergen Island adjoining Long Island about 1848. Fruit medium, short-pyriform inclining to turbinate, often turbinate or Bergamot-shaped, pale yellow, netted, sprinkled, and patched with russet, covered thickly with small brown spots and slightly shaded with crimson where exposed to the sun; flesh white, a little granular, juicy, melting, with a sprightly, perfumed, somewhat aromatic flavor; very good; Sept. and Oct. =Italienische Winterbergamotte. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:74. 1856. Italy, 1819. Fruit medium, turbinate, slightly bossed, light green changing to yellowish-green, often blushed with brown, speckled with numerous fine, brown dots; flesh yellowish, coarse-grained, juicy, melting and sweet; third for the table, first for kitchen; Apr. and May. =Ives. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 273. 1858. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 788. 1869. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Fruit small to medium, rather globular, greenish, brownish-red cheek; flesh melting, sugary, juicy; good; Sept. =Ives August. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 788. 1869. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives. Fruit medium, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, green, with a brownish-red cheek; flesh greenish-white, semi-melting, juicy, rather astringent; good; Aug. =Ives Bergamotte. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 273. 1858. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 788. 1869. Originated by Dr. Eli Ives. Fruit medium or small, globular, greenish-yellow with some traces of russet; flesh rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous; good; Sept. =Ives Seedling. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 273. 1858. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 392. 1859. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives. Fruit nearly medium, rather globular, greenish-yellow, shaded with crimson; flesh whitish, coarse and granular, melting, juicy, with a refreshing sugary flavor, perfumed; good; Sept. =Ives Virgalieu. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 273. 1858. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 392. 1859. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives. Fruit below medium, pyriform, greenish blushed with dull crimson; flesh whitish, granular, juicy, sweet, vinous, buttery and melting; good to very good; Oct. =Ives Winter. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 575. 1857. =2.= _Ibid._ 789. 1869. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives. Fruit medium, depressed-pyriform, yellowish, sprinkled with russet spots; flesh white, coarse, granular; cooking; Dec. =Ives Yale. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 789. 1869. Raised by Dr. Eli Ives. Fruit medium, globular, mammillate at base of stem, dull greenish-yellow, blushed with brownish-crimson in the sun; flesh greenish-white, moderately juicy; good; early Aug. =Jablousky. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:28. 1856. Originated at Wittenberg, Ger., in 1799. Fruit small, nearly round, symmetrical; skin smooth and polished, greenish-yellow turning to light waxy yellow, often slightly blushed; flesh semi-melting and rather coarse, having a musky aroma; second for the table, first for culinary uses, first for market; Sept. =Jackson. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 512. 1857. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 392. 1859. Origin, New Hampshire. Fruit medium, obovate, short-pyriform, pale yellow, somewhat russeted; flesh white and juicy, brisk, vinous; good to very good; Sept. =Jackson Elizabeth. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 789. 1869. Originated with S. S. Jackson, Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit medium, globular-obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, tinged with crimson on the sunny side and thickly dotted with russet; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant and slightly aromatic; good to very good; Sept. =Jacqmain. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:292, fig. 1869. From Simon Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel., about 1835. Fruit above medium, long-turbinate, obtuse, swelled at middle circumference, smaller on one side than the other; skin rugose, thick, greenish, dotted with clear gray and sometimes vermilioned on the side exposed to the sun; flesh greenish-white, coarse, semi-breaking, gritty; juice sufficient, sugary without any pronounced perfume; third; Oct. =Jacques Chamaret. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:293, fig. 1869. From the last seed beds made at Laval, France, in 1837 or 1838 by Léon Leclerc. Fruit above medium, turbinate, slightly obtuse, mammillate at base, bossed at summit, clear yellow, dotted and stained with russet; flesh white, fine, semi-melting, watery, rather granular at center; juice abundant, sweet, very sugary and perfumed; first; Nov. =Jacques Mollet. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. Published by Boisbunel in 1866. Fruit medium or large, oblong; first; Nov. to Feb. =Jakobsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:15. 1856. Reported from Wetterau. Fruit medium, long, green, changing to yellow, some brown-russet and very fine dots; flesh very sugary, balsamic, mild and tender; first for dessert, domestic and market uses; Sept. =Jalousie. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:211, Pl. XLVII, fig. 3. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 596. 1884. This is one of the oldest French pears, having been mentioned by the naturalist Daléchamp before 1586 and thought by him to have come from the Romans. Merlet mentioned it in 1667. Fruit rather large, obovate and sometimes obtuse-pyriform; skin rough to the touch, yellowish-green, very much covered with cinnamon-colored russet, ruddy on the sun-exposed side, and singularly marked with conspicuous, lighter-colored specks, which are slightly raised; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, sourish, having a pleasant flavor; hardly first class; Oct. =Jalousie de la Réole. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. Fruit medium; flesh fine, very melting, very sugary; delicious; Nov. to Jan. =Jalousie Tardive. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:297, fig. 1869. Origin unknown, but it was among the first trees planted in the garden of the Horticultural Society of Maine-et-Loire, Fr., on its creation in 1833. Fruit large, variable, long-turbinate, more or less obtuse, or very long-ovate, bossed and contorted, depressed at both poles, clear russet extensively washed with red-brown; flesh breaking; first for cooking; Feb. and Mar. =Jalvy. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:299, fig. 1869. Fruit above medium, long, slightly obtuse, swelled at the middle, contracted at both ends especially at the summit; skin rough to the touch, yellowish-green, dotted and reticulated with gray, washed with clear brown-russet on the side next the sun and bearing some black stains; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting, free from grit, but apt to rot quickly; juice abundant, refreshing, sugary; second; Jan. =Jaminette. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 195. 1832. =2.= _Pom. France_ =3=:No. 116, Pl. 116. 1865. From a seedling in the garden of M. Pyrolle early in the nineteenth century. Fruit medium, turbinate-obtuse, pale yellowish-green, dotted and reticulated all over with gray-russet; flesh yellowish, semi-fine and semi-melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous and aromatic on light soils, but insipid and without perfume on clayey and humid land; first; Nov. to Jan. =Jansemine. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 271. 1865. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:302, fig. 1869. The origin of Jansemine is unknown but it has been cultivated in the neighborhood of Bordeaux for some 300 years. Fruit below medium or rather small, short-turbinate or globular-conic, grass-green, dotted with gray-russet and clouded with clear maroon on the side of the sun; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine, granular at the center, slightly breaking, juicy, sugary and pleasantly perfumed; rather good, but not first; July. =Japan. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =23=:71, fig. 34. 1868. Raised by Gideon Ross, Westfield, N. J., from seeds found in the trunk of his nephew who died on his way from Japan. Fruit medium, oblate; skin rough, reddish-russet-yellow with large light-colored specks; flesh coarse, gritty, firm, with a consistence and flavor much like that of a delicate quince; of no value for dessert; Oct. to Feb. =Japan Golden Russet. 1.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 770. 1903. _Golden Russet._ =2.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:482, fig. 162. 1914. _Canners Japan._ =3.= _Huntsville Nurs. Cat._ 5. 1915. Said to closely resemble Gold Dust and Japan Wonder. Tree very hardy and a young bearer, often blossoming the first year and setting the fruit the second. Fruit large to medium, apple-shaped, rather flat, regular, light lemon-yellow, with many fine dots, russeted, especially about the stem; flesh juicy, aromatic, slightly sweetish; poor; texture coarse; Oct. =Japan Wonder. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:483. 1913. Japanese, introduced to this country by Doctor Whitaker, who says of it: "the fruit is rather flat, large, apple-like; color light yellow, with many white dots covering the entire surface; flesh white, brittle, juicy, poor in quality. Tree an open grower." =Japanese Sand. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:483. 1913. Fruit medium, apple-shaped, lemon-yellow, with russet dots; flesh hard, flavor much like Daimyo; poor; late Oct. =Jargonelle d'Automne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis at Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit medium, fusiform, long, yellow, sometimes washed with red; flesh very fine, very melting and juicy; excellent; Oct. and Nov. =Jaune Hâtive. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 282. 1876. =2.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:244. 1768. _Gelbe Frühbirne._ =3.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:41. 1856. French. Fruit small, pyriform, flattened at the lower end, obtuse at the apex, yellow-green; flesh white, coarse, sprightly, slightly perfumed; juice deficient; of value only on account of its early season; July. =Jaune de Merveillon. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:189, fig. 581. 1881. An old French variety. Fruit very small, turbinate, pale green, free from dots or marks, changing at maturity to pale yellow, golden on the side next the sun; flesh white, tinted with yellow beneath the skin, fine, semi-breaking, possessing sufficient juice, sugary, and refreshing, with an agreeable perfume of musk; good; beginning of July. =Jean Baptist. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:61. 1856. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:305, fig. 1869. A seedling raised at Ath, Hainaut, Bel.; first described in 1833. Fruit large, obtuse-conic; skin rough, grass-green, spotted with clear brown and stained with gray-russet; flesh yellowish, semi-melting and semi-fine, juicy, sugary, scented and delicate; second for the table, first for culinary purposes; Oct. and Nov. (Leroy); Jan. and Feb. (Dochnahl). =Jean-Baptiste Bivort. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =6=:45, fig. 1858. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 780. 1869. Originated at Geest-Saint-Rémy in 1847. Fruit rather large, regular turbinate, bright green becoming partially yellow at maturity, marked and dotted with gray-russet; flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy, sugary and highly aromatic; Nov. =Jean-Baptiste Dediest. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:23, fig. 396. 1880. Obtained by M. Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Brabant; first reported in 1839. Fruit medium, globular; flesh fine, juicy, sugary; good; spring until July. =Jean Cottineau. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. =2.= _Ibid._ 68. 1895. On trial in the orchards of Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876 and rated by them in 1895 as a third-class summer pear. Fruit medium, globular, yellowish-green, spotted with red on the sun-exposed side; flesh white, sugary; good; mid-Aug. =Jean Laurent. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. =2.= _Ibid._ 94. 1895. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis at Metz in 1895. Tree of remarkable fertility; suitable for large orchards. Fruit small or medium; flesh breaking; first for culinary purposes; Dec. to June. =Jean Sano. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1895. Sent out by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel., and on trial in the orchards of Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Fruit medium or rather large; flesh semi-fine, very sugary and aromatic; Nov. and Dec. =Jean de Witte. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =7=:286. 1841. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:307, fig. 1869. _Passe Colmar François._ =3.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =8=:7, fig. 1860. Raised at Brussels early in the nineteenth century by M. Witzthumb, director of the Botanical Garden. Fruit below but sometimes up to medium, globular or turbinate, irregular, surface bossed and undulated, greenish, dotted and marbled with a more or less gray-russet; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, extremely juicy, sugary, perfumed, with a buttery flavor, quite delicious; first; Dec. =Jeanne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1895. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1895, having been received by them from M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit large or very large, oblong-obovate; flesh semi-melting, nearly breaking, juicy, sugary and aromatic; Nov. =Jeanne d'Arc. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 518, fig. 1904. Obtained by A. Sannier, Rouen, Fr., from a seedling of Beurré Diel fertilized with the Doyenné du Comice. Placed in commerce in 1893, and recommended by the Pomological Society of France ten years later. Fruit large, obtuse, rather of the aspect of the Duchesse d'Angoulême; skin slightly rough, pale lemon-yellow, tinted with rose on the side exposed to the sun, speckled with rose, some marks of fawn color; flesh white, granular about the core, fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, agreeable, only slightly perfumed; good; Oct. and Nov. =Jefferson. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 791. 1869. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 119. 1873. In a Report from Georgia to the American Pomological Society in 1873, P. Barry wrote of a Jefferson pear as a native of Alabama and an early summer fruit. Downing gives the following description of a pear of the same name originating in Mississippi. Fruit large, roundish-obtuse-pyriform, straw-color, shaded with red in the sun, and dotted with small green dots; flesh white, not juicy, sweet, coarse, decays quickly at core, not highly flavored; Aug. =Jersey Gratioli. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 598. 1884. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 182. 1920. In the Island of Jersey this is known as the _Gratioli_ and was at the beginning of the nineteenth century grown in England under that name. But as _Gratioli_ is the Italian name of Bon Chrétien d'Été, the name was changed in England to "Jersey Gratioli." Fruit above medium, globular-obovate, greenish-yellow, covered with large, rough, russet spots, tinged with pale brown next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, very melting, rich, sugary, vinous, sprightly; a dessert pear of the highest excellence. =Jerusalem. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. "The peare of Jerusalem, or the stript pear, whose barke while it is young, is as plainly seene to be stript with greene, red, and yellow, as the fruit it selfe is also, and is of a very good taste: being baked also, it is as red as the best Warden, whereof Master William Ward of Essex hath assured mee, who is the chiefe keeper of the King's Granary at Whitehall." =Jeschil Armudi. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 133. 1841. A Turkish variety, probably of small value. Fruit medium, pyriform, greenish-yellow; flesh sweet, perfumed; mid-season. =Jewel. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. Originated with Captain Bankhead near Edgewood, Mo., about 1860. Said to be productive and not to have blighted. =Jewess. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:311, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 598. 1884. From a seedling raised by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., and so named because the tree grew on a wall fronting the Rue des Juifs (street of the Jews). It first fruited in 1843. Fruit medium, ovate, always a little bossed and more swelled on one side than on the other, uniformly pale yellow, dotted, veined, and mottled with gray-russet and often slightly roseate on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, very juicy, sugary and rich; first; Nov. to Feb. =John Cotton. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 32. 1862. =2.= _Ibid._ 45. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., and fruited in 1862. Fruit below medium, turbinate, green; flesh fine-grained, slightly acid; good market pear, ripens well and bears abundantly; Sept. =John Griffith. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 791. 1869. Originated in Westchester Co., N. Y. Fruit medium, globular-obovate-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with numerous brown dots, nettings and patches of russet; flesh whitish, coarse, wanting in juice, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; Sept. =John Monteith. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 598. 1884. A good quality pear esteemed highly in Perthshire, Scotland. Fruit medium, angular toward the calyx where it becomes rather foursided; skin bright green changing to yellowish-green at maturity; flesh greenish-yellow, melting, buttery, sweet and pleasantly flavored; good. =John Williams. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 111. 1873. =2.= _Ibid._ 37, 136. 1875. An old American variety but not propagated until about 1870. In 1875 it was reported to be the best winter pear for Tennessee. Fruit large, pyriform, clear yellow washed with red; flesh white, very juicy, sugary, vinous and perfumed; good; Nov. and Dec. =Johonnot. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 177. 1832. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:484, fig. 40. 1847. Raised by George S. Johonnot, Salem, Mass., and first came unto bearing about 1823. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, irregular, swollen on one side, hardly tapering to the stem; skin slightly rough, very thin, pale greenish-yellow, partially covered with dull russet, and a little browned on the sunny side; flesh white, coarse, melting and very juicy, rich, brisk, with a delicious, musky aroma; core large and slightly gritty; good; Sept. =Joie du Semeur. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1895. Issued from a seed bed of Joséphine de Malines, which fruit it resembles in size and form, and was disseminated by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Flesh fine, melting, saccharine and aromatic; Nov. =Jolie Lille de Gust. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 792. 1869. Belgian. Fruit small, globular, acute-pyriform, pale yellow shaded with crimson; flesh white, coarse, dry; of no value except for its beauty; Sept. =Joly de Bonneau. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 599. 1884. First published by de Jonghe. Fruit medium or above, curved obovate, pale green, strewed with spots and veins of brown-russet; flesh reddened, or white with a pink tinge, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous; first; Dec. =Jonah. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =15=:70. 1849. Known early in the last century in the city of New Haven, Conn., and said to be one of the parents of Howell. Fruit, "a very hard and tough winter pear, producing enormous crops every year that seldom becomes mellow and fit for dessert fruit, but when it does, it is very good, being full of rich, subacid, slightly astringent juice." =Jones. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 515. 1857. =2.= _Ibid._ 79, fig. 1869. Originated at Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. Fruit medium or below, pyriform, broad at calyx, tapering to the stem which meets it by a fleshy junction; yellow shaded with russet, bright cinnamon on the sunny side; flesh coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, brisk and vinous; very good; were it a little larger would be one of the most valuable; Oct. =Joseph Lebeau. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. Originated by Dr. Nelis. Fruit large; flesh melting; first; Mar. and Apr. =Joseph Staquet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:309, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 793. 1869. Obtained by Bivort from a seed bed made at Fleurus, Bel., in 1844. Fruit medium, often smaller, pyriform, somewhat obtuse; skin fine, tender, dull green passing to dark yellow, dotted, veined and stained with fawn; flesh whitish, fine, melting; juice sufficient, sugary, with a rather delicate aroma; second; end of Aug. and early Sept. =Joséphine de Binche. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. Described in 1869. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, bright yellow ground washed with brown; flesh semi-melting, very juicy, sugary, with an exquisite flavor; first; Nov. and Dec. =Joséphine de Maubrai. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ N. S. =18=:183. 1882. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary; first; Nov. to Jan. =Josephsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:166. 1856. Austrian. Published in 1819. Fruit medium, obtuse-conic, light green turning to yellowish, often somewhat blushed; flesh granular, semi-melting, sweet; third for table, first for kitchen; Sept. =Joyau de Septembre. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 501, fig. 152. 1897. Obtained by A. Hérault, Angers, Fr., and first published in 1870. Fruit medium, turbinate, obtuse, curved, golden yellow at maturity, slight greenish near the summit, dotted with gray and often marbled with bronze-russet; flesh white, fine, free from grit, melting, very juicy, sugary, pleasantly acid and perfumed; first; Sept. and Oct. =Judge Andrews 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 794. 1869. Originated in Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, oblong-obovate-pyriform, yellowish, traced and mottled with red in the sun; flesh coarse, breaking, dry; of no value; Sept. =Jules d'Airoles= (Grégoire). =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:105, fig. 53. 1872. Raised by M. Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel, and first published in 1857. Fruit medium or rather large, spherical but somewhat irregular, often a little bossed or deformed in contour; skin rather firm and rough to the touch, bright green speckled with very numerous, irregular, blackish dots; at maturity the basic green becomes whitish-yellow; flesh white, semi-fine, buttery, melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, sugary, slightly acid and perfumed; good; Oct. =Jules d'Airolles= (Leclerc). =1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:312, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 599. 1884. Obtained in 1836 by Léon Leclerc, Laval, Mayence, Fr. Fruit rather large, long-conic, greenish-yellow washed with carmine; flesh semi-melting, very sugary, juicy and perfumed; first; beginning of winter. =Jules Blaise. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:315. 1869. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 73. 1876. Stated to have been a gain of M. Millet, Nancy, Fr., and to have been known also as the _Bonne-Gris de Nancy_. Fruit small or medium, pyriform, mottled and dotted all over with fawn; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed, refreshing; first; Oct. =Jules Delloy. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 600. 1884. Fruit rather small, globular-obovate, yellow covered with speckles and network of cinnamon-russet; flesh melting, pasty, flavorless; inferior; Dec. =Julie Duquet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:316, fig. 1869. Originated at Châlons-sur-Marne, Fr., about the year 1860. Fruit medium, globular-oblate, dark yellow stained and dotted with fawn; flesh whitish, breaking, granular; juice sufficient, insipid; third for dessert, second for the cuisine; end of Apr. to end of June. =Julienne. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 340. 1845. =2.= _Ibid._ 794. 1869. A beautiful and productive fruit and profitable for the market. Fruit medium but varying on different soils, obovate, regularly formed, very smooth, skin fair, clear bright yellow all over; flesh white, rather firm at first, semi-buttery, sweet, moderately juicy, rich, sprightly; should be gathered a few days before ripe and kept in the house; Aug. =Juvardeil. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:317, fig. 1869. Originated at Juvardeil, Maine-et-Loire, Fr.; its age is unknown. Fruit below medium though occasionally rather larger, turbinate, regular in form, slightly obtuse, swelled at the base, pale yellow, evenly dotted with russet and slightly tinged with rose on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and breaking, gritty about the core; juice plentiful, sugary, acidulous and scented; second; Nov. and Dec. =Kaestner. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1876. Belgian. Raised by Van Mons. Fruit medium to small, oval, lemon-yellow, without russet, small light brown spots; skin scentless; flesh fine-grained, melting, very juicy, acid, sweet and aromatic; good; Sept. =Kalchbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 40, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown throughout Austria and the Northern Tyrol though under various names. Fruit fairly large to very large, long-pyriform, crooked toward the stalk; skin smooth and shining, green turning lemon-yellow at maturity, with a rather shining red blush, fine green dots; flesh whitish, coarse, very juicy, saccharine, aromatic, rather astringent, slightly acid; among the richest of the wine pears; Sept. =Kalmerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:53. 1856. Dutch, published 1758. Fruit large, conic, slightly obtuse, yellow flecked with brown; flesh rather tender and succulent, sweet and agreeable; second for table, first for culinary use; Aug. =Kamper-Venus. 1.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 300. 1881. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:49, fig. 505. 1881. _Camperveen._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:556, fig. 1867. Of ancient and unknown origin. The Kamper-Venus has been cultivated in Holland for some centuries and a Dutch writer, De Lacour, writing in 1752, said, as M. Leroy thinks, that "the Romans possessed it and called it the _Pear of Venus_." Fruit large, pyriform, obovate, smooth, shining, very pale green, sprinkled with dark brown spots; at maturity the green changes to a beautiful bright lemon-yellow, marbled on the side of the sun with red; flesh white, rather fine, firm, melting; juice abundant, vinous, acidulous, perfumed; first class for kitchen use; winter. =Kathelenbirne. 1.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort_. 301. 1881. German. Fruit small, in form of an orange and Bergamot; surface polished, grass-green becoming rather golden, russeted, without any red blush; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, aromatic; best for household use; Oct. and Nov., 6 weeks. =Katy. 1.= _Pearfield Nursery Cat._ 5. 1910. Said to have originated at New Ulm, Tex., and to be a seedling of Le Conte. It is reported that the tree is a rapid, upright grower, and an early and abundant bearer; and that the fruit resembles Howell in size, shape, and color, and is very juicy, buttery and refreshing, with a pleasant vinous flavor. =Keiser. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 377. 1831. Fruit medium, turbinate, gradually tapering from the middle to the stalk, pale green becoming yellowish-green, thickly sprinkled with small, gray-russety specks, and russet around the stalk; flesh greenish-white, a little gritty, melting, juicy, saccharine, without any particular flavor; keeps some weeks from mid-Oct.; hardy, and bears plentifully upon an open standard. =Kelsey. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =23=:363, fig. 106. 1868. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 794. 1869. About 1853 a pear seedling came up in the garden of William Kelsey, Columbus, Ohio, and was named Kelsey. Fruit above medium to large, globular-obovate, surface uneven, dull green becoming yellow at maturity, traces of russet all over the fruit, many small dark green spots; flesh greenish-yellow, melting, sweet, buttery, juicy, vinous, slightly aromatic; good; Oct. to Feb., ripening gradually. =Kennedy. 1.= _Cal. Bd. Hort. Rpt._ 74. 1891. =2.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:156. 1908. Originated by General Bidwell, Rancho Chico, Cal. Fruit globular-oblate, small, russet; flesh tough, gritty; mid-season. =Kentucky. 1.= _Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul._ =27=:22. 1904. Fruit small, turbinate, obovate, yellow, russeted; flesh white, melting, granular, mild; very poor; Sept. =Kenyon. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 523. 1904. Originated at McGregor, Iowa, about 1894. Fruit 2 to 2-1/2 inches in diameter, globular, begins to drop in September or October and then apparently of no account, but if picked then and properly cared for until the middle of November or later, changes in color from a dark green to a golden yellow or straw color and is tender, juicy, and sweet, with a very fine flavor. =Kermes. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:141. 1856. Raised by Van Mons, 1827. Fruit medium; gourd-shaped, green becoming yellowish-green, speckled with russet; flesh yellowish-white, semi-melting, full of juice; second for dessert, first for domestic use; Sept. =Kilwinning. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:131 1843. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 600. 1884. Fruit medium, oblong, dark green, strewed all over with gray dots, with some patches of russet, brownish-red next the sun, changing at maturity to yellowish-green and a livelier red; flesh yellowish-white, tender, pleasant, with a strong perfume; second; Oct. =King. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 794. 1869. Originated at Oswego, N. Y. Fruit medium or below, globular-oblate-pyriform, greenish-brown in the sun, with many green and brown dots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, sweet; good; Sept. and Oct. =King Edward. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:319, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 601. 1884. =3.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 182. 1920. An English variety cataloged by the Horticultural Society of London in 1842. Fruit enormous, sometimes 5-1/2 in. long and 3-1/2 wide, pyriform, gradually tapering to the stalk; skin smooth and shining, of a beautiful grass-green changing to yellow, speckled with dark green dots on the shaded side, red on the exposed cheek; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, very juicy, sweet and acidulous, with a slight rose-water perfume; good for cooking; Sept. to Nov. =King Seedling. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 795. 1869. =2.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 770. 1903. Origin uncertain but probably American. Fruit medium, oblate, uneven, yellowish-green, rough; flesh granular, whitish-green, juicy, sugary, aromatic, perfumed; good; Sept. and Oct. =King Sobieski. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:156, 232. 1908. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, yellow, with red blush; flesh juicy, sweet, perfumed; good; mid-season. =Kirtland. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =16=:112. 1850. =2.= _Horticulturist_ =4=:476, fig. 409. 1850. In 1819 Professor Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, raised several trees on his farm in Poland, Ohio, of which this is one. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, rich crimson-russet, varying to a dull green; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, aromatic; first; Sept. =Klein Landlbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 68, fig. 1913. A perry pear known as _Landlbirne_ in Lower Austria, _Green Landlbirne_ in Upper and Lower Austria, and by other names in Upper Austria and Istria. Fruit small to medium, globular or turbinate and very even in contour, leaf-green changing to greenish-yellow when ripe, densely sprinkled with very fine russet spots; flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, astringent, saccharine, acidulous; good for transportation; end of Oct. to Dec. =Kleine Fuchselbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 160, fig. 1913. A pear used for perry in Lower Austria. Fruit small, turbinate to ovate, very regular in contour, yellow when ripe, covered with cinnamon-russet and finely dotted with green specks, some red on the sunny side; flesh white, tolerably fine, juicy, highly saccharine, only slightly astringent, very aromatic; Sept. =Kleine gelbe Bratbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:41. 1856. Rhineland. Reported in Diel in 1812. Fruit small, ovate, pale yellow-green turning to waxy yellow, dotted with fine, green specks; flesh granular, very juicy, sweet; second for table, first for kitchen; Aug. =Kleine gelbe Hessenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:31. 1856. Hesse, Ger. Reported in 1804 by Diel. Fruit small, pyriform, symmetrical, yellowish light-green changing to lemon-yellow, very fine dots; flesh breaking, white, granular, wanting in juice; first for culinary use; Sept. =Kleine gelbe Maukelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:31. 1856. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 241. 1889. Hesse, Ger. Published by Diel in 1804. Fruit small, round-ovate, symmetrical, smooth, light green changing to yellowish green, often lightly blushed; flesh snow white, buttery, semi-melting, musky, aromatic; first for the table, household and market purposes; Sept. =Kleine gelbe Sommer-Zuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:39. 1856. German. Published by Sickler, 1801. Fruit medium, variable in form, obtuse-conic, greenish-yellow turning to yellow, with very minute green and gray specks; flesh semi-breaking, very white, very sweet; second for table, first for cuisine, good for market; Aug. =Kleine gelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:29. 1856. _Petite Bergamotte Jaune d'Été._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:185, fig. 285. 1879. Nassau. Published by Diel, 1805. Fruit very small, turbinate, shining skin, lemon-yellow, seldom blushed, very finely dotted with light green; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, semi-melting, musky, aromatic; first for household, good for market; mid-July. =Kleine grüne Backbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:189. 1856. German. Published by Diel, 1802. Fruit small, ovate, symmetrical, light green turning to yellow-green, very finely dotted, rather russeted; flesh glutinous, very sugary, aromatic; first for household use; end of Sept. for two weeks. =Kleine Lange Sommer-Muskatellerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:39. 1856. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 241. 1889. _Petite Muscat Long d'Été._ =3.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:151, fig. 268. 1879. Thuringia, Ger., 1798. Fruit small, sometimes ovate-turbinate, sometimes conic-ovate, regular in contour; skin thick and firm, clear green at first, sprinkled with dots of a darker shade changing to lemon-yellow with the dots little visible, orange-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, tinted with yellow, rather fine, semi-buttery, very sugary and musky; moderately good; early Aug. =Kleine Leutsbirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 241. 1889. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 162, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown in Upper Austria under the name of _Holzbirne_ and by that of Kleine Leutsbirne and other names in Lower Austria. Fruit below medium, variable in form, mostly long-obtuse-pyriform, gray-green with dark green streaks downward from the stalk, changing to yellow-green when ripe, densely covered with minute dots; flesh whitish, moderately fine, juicy, acidulous, saccharine, unusually astringent; Nov. and Dec. =Kleine Pfalzgrafin. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 563. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:46. 1856. _Petite Comtesse Palatine._ =3.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:5, fig. 195. 1878. Appears to be an ancient and perhaps Roman variety. Reported in Germany in 1794. Fruit small, conic-ovate or ovate-pyriform, water-green dotted with small brown points; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, breaking, gritty near the center; juice sufficient and rich in sugar and perfume; good for the table, and first class for all the purposes of the cook; Sept. and Oct. =Kleine Pfundbirne. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 559. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:186. 1856. Wetterau, Ger., 1789. Fruit large, globular-turbinate, grass-green changing to yellowish-green, rough, dotted with gray; flesh tender, pleasant, good for household; Oct. to Dec. =Kleine runde Haferbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:162. 1856. Thuringia, Ger., 1804. Fruit small, globular, light green changing to pale lemon-yellow, strongly blushed with dark red, dotted; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, rather astringent, sourish; good for cooking, early Sept. =Kleine schlesische Zimmbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:46. 1856. German. Published 1801. Fruit small, pyriform, yellow-green with vivid red blush, finely dotted with gray and yellow-green; flesh breaking, very aromatic and sweet; second for table, first for cooking; Aug. =Kleine Sommer-Zuckerratenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:31. 1856. Rhineland, 1805, Dr. Diel. Fruit medium, turbinate, often rather conic, yellow-green turning to lemon-yellow, with dark red blush; flesh gritty, sugary, aromatic; second for dessert, first for kitchen; Sept. =Kleine Zwiebelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:171. 1856. Reported in Thuringia, 1819. Fruit small, bulbous or globular-turbinate, lemon-yellow, blushed, dotted with gray, splashed with gray-russet; flesh whitish, sweet, firm, breaking, juicy; good for culinary use; autumn. =Kloppelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:8. 1856. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 242. 1889. Hesse, Ger. Reported by Diel, 1805. One of the Volemas. Fruit medium, almost round, yellowish-white, changing to lemon-yellow with pale blush; flesh breaking, aromatic, juicy, perfumed; second for table, first for cooking; Dec. =Knabenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:32. 1856. German. Published by Diel, 1805. Fruit medium, turbinate, swelled, sides unequal; skin polished, light green changing to greenish yellow, often has a dark blush, green dots; flesh granular, very juicy, sweet and acid; second for dessert, first for household; end of Aug. =Knausbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:172. 1856. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 242. 1889. =3.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 42, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown under a variety of names in Austria and Germany. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, sides unequal, greenish light-yellow, washed and streaked with reddish-brown; flesh yellow-white, breaking, astringent, saccharine, with little flavor or aroma; third for the table, but good for cooking use, perry or drying; end of Sept. =Knechtchensbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:2. 1856. Thuringia, Ger., 1797. Fruit small, round pear-shaped, yellow, russet dots, blushed; flesh firm, insipid; good for cooking; Aug. and Sept. =Knight. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:449. 1847. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 796. 1869. Raised by William Knight of Cranston, R. I., and first exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1835. Fruit medium, oblate-pyriform, yellowish pale-green with grayish specks; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic; Sept. and Oct. =Knollbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 186, fig. 1913. A perry pear of Swiss origin introduced into Austria about 1885. Fruit medium to rather large, long-ovate; skin leaf-green turning to yellow-green at maturity, half the fruit on the sun-exposed side often being a dark brown-red; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, very juicy, saccharine and astringent; good for transporting; Oct. and Nov. =Knoops Simmtbirne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98, 283. 1876. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 242. 1889. _Poire Canelle._ =3.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:143, fig. 552. 1881. Origin uncertain, possibly Dutch. Dr. Diel received it from Harlem under the name of _Franse Canneel-Peer_. Knoop described under the name _Fondante de Brest_, a variety to which he gave the synonym _Franse Canneel-Peer_, but it is not the _Fondante de Brest_ of Duhamel and other French authors. Fruit medium, nearly short-conic, and sometimes conic and somewhat pyriform; skin fine and thin, clear green sown with numerous small, brown dots changing to dull yellow; flesh white, slightly tinted with yellow, buttery or semi-buttery, gritty around the core, juice sufficient, sweet and perfumed; good for eating raw and very good for cooking; Sept. =Kolmasbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 164, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small, globular or longish-pyriform, smooth, shining, dirty greenish-yellow, golden on the sun-exposed side, dotted with red; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, very juicy, saccharine, astringent; late Sept. =Kolstuck. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:113, fig. 441. 1880. _Koolstock._ =2.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:158. 1908. Origin unknown. Reported on trial at the Experiment Station, Agassiz, B. C, in 1900. Fruit medium or nearly medium, obtuse-conic-pyriform, rather like Calebasse in form, often a little irregular in contour, clear green on which, in parts, are visible very small specks of gray-black; at maturity the basic green changes to pale yellow and the cheek exposed to the sun is extensively washed or flamed with bright vermilion; medium early. =König Karl von Württemberg. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 242. 1889. =2.= Lucas _Tafelbirnen_ 239, fig. 98. 1894. _Roi Charles de Wurtemberg._ =3.= _Guide Prat._ 61. 1895. Obtained about 1886 by Herr Müller, gardener to the King of Württemberg. Fruit large to very large, oval, bossed, obtuse, pale yellow, speckled with russet and brown dots; flesh fine, nearly melting, agreeably perfumed, juicy, good for dessert and is decorative for the table; Oct. and Nov. =Königliche Weissbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:35. 1856. Holland, 1804. Fruit medium, obtuse-conic, rounded at the apex, regular; skin shining, smooth, light green turning to greenish-yellow, green dots; flesh breaking, white, sweet, aromatic, fairly melting; second for dessert, first for cuisine; early Sept. =Königsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:142. 1856. North German, 1773. Fruit large, sides unequal, smooth, light green turning to yellow, dotted with fine gray; flesh breaking, tender, sweet; second for table, first for household; Aug. and Sept. =Konstanzer Langler. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 44, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown in the Voralberg, Austria, and in Bavaria, Baden and other parts of Germany. Fruit medium to large, long-pyriform, greenish, speckled with brownish-red dots and patches of russet; flesh greenish-white, juicy, of a saccharine and acidulous flavor; end of Sept. =Kraft Sommer Bergamotte. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 244. 1889. _Bergamotte d'été de Kraft._ =2.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1895. Fruit small, spherical-oblate, fine, bright yellow; flesh breaking, sugary; end of Aug. and beginning of Sept. =Krauelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:162. 1856. Reported in Holstein, Ger., 1788. Fruit small, globular, wrinkled and uneven; flesh granular, sweet, wanting in juice; third for dessert, good for culinary use; Nov. to Whitsuntide. =Kreiselförmige Flegelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:5. 1856. Upper Hesse, Ger., 1806. Reported by Diel. Fruit large, turbinate, entirely covered with russet, with very dark dots, breaking, fragrantly scented; first for household; Jan. =Kriegebirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:2. 1856. Switzerland, Schwaben, published 1804. Fruit small, globular, yellow-green, shining, dark blush with gray specks; first for household and market; Oct. =Krivonogof. 1.= _Can. Hort._ =27=:291. 1894. Originated in the Province of Toula, Russia. Tree very hardy. Fruit of good quality. =Krockhals. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:101. 1856. Nassau, 1806. Published by Diel. Fruit medium, pyriform, bent or acutely sloping, lemon-yellow, cinnamon-russeted, often having a dark blush, heavily dotted; flesh rather white, granular, buttery, melting, juicy and extremely aromatic; first for table and cooking; Nov. and Dec. =Krull. 1.= _Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 36, 112. 1890. =2.= Budd-Hansen _Am. Pom. Man._ =2=:252. 1903. _Krull Winter._ =3.= _Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 330. 1888. Originated on the farm of Mr. Krull, St. Charles, Mo., about 1808, and brought to notice by C. T. Mallinckrodt in 1888. Fruit type of Lawrence, medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, green with a tinge of yellow; stem short, thick, in a shallow cavity; calyx open, in a shallow basin; flesh yellowish, firm, granular, tough, rather dry, sweet, flat; poor to above; keeps into winter. =Krummgestielte Feigenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:191. 1856. Saxony, 1807. Fruit medium, pyriform, thick-skinned, yellow-green with brown blush and rather rust-colored on the side next the sun, speckled with very fine dots; flesh yellowish-white, glutinous, very sweet, wanting in flavor; third for dessert, first for domestic use; Oct. =Kuhfuss. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 245. 1889. _Pied-de-Vache._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:35, fig. 210. 1879. The origin of this pear, probably German, is not definitely known, but according to Oberdieck it was cultivated in almost all the large gardens of Hanover, and bore the name of _Pfundbirn_ or _Pound Pear_ at Hildesheim, Göttingen and Cassel. Fruit large, globular-turbinate; skin rather thick, of an intense green, speckled with dots of a darker shade, the green turning to yellow at maturity; flesh white, tinted with green, coarse, semi-melting; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous and refreshing; good; Aug. =Kurskaya. 1.= _Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 30. 1890. Introduced from Russia in 1879. Fruit oblong-obtuse-pyriform, brownish-green changing partially to deep yellow when fully ripe; stem set in a narrow, shallow depression; calyx open in a rather wide, smooth basin; flesh nearly white, tender, not very juicy, nearly sweet; fair; Oct. =L'Inconnue Van Mons. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =17=:67. 1851. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 596. 1884. _Unbekannte Von Mons._ =3.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 334. 1881. Fruit large, pyriform, rough to the touch, greenish-yellow, covered with large gray dots and patches of cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish, firm, very juicy, rich and sugary, with an agreeable aroma; first; Feb. =L'Inconstante. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:63, fig. 530. 1880. _Inconstant._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 788. 1869. A seedling raised either by Van Mons or by his successor, Bivort. Fruit medium, conic or conic-pyriform, a little variable in form; skin thin, tender, pale green, sprinkled with very small and inconspicuous dots of gray fawn; on ripening the basic green changes to clear yellow, often preserving a green tint on the side next the sun, sometimes tinted with light red; flesh whitish, semi-fine, very melting, rather granular near the core; juice abundant, saccharine and more or less perfumed; good; Oct. =La Béarnaise. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 94. 1895. Obtained by P. Tourasse, Pau, Basses Pyrénées, Fr. Fruit above medium or large, well colored; flesh melting, juicy; first; Nov. =La Cité Gomand. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:105, fig. 149. 1878. Attributed by Van Mons to M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit small, short-obtuse-turbinate, usually regular in outline, very clear green, whitish, speckled with very small dots not clearly visible; at maturity the basic color changes to pale yellow, slightly golden or washed with a suggestion of red on the side next the sun; flesh white, rather fine, semi-buttery; juice slightly deficient, sugary, faintly perfumed; second; end of Sept. =La France. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3d Ser. =27=:350. 1900. =2.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. Fr._ 282, fig. 1906. Obtained by Claude Blanchet, Vienne, Isere, Fr., about 1864. Fruit medium or rather large, globular-conic, irregular, strongly bossed, greenish, sometimes pale yellow, freely dotted with gray; flesh white, fine or nearly fine, very melting; juice very saccharine, perfumed; very good; Oct. and Nov. =La Moulinoise. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 797. 1869. A foreign variety, probably French. Fruit large, oblong-pyriform, greenish-yellow, partially netted and patched with russet and thickly sprinkled with brown-russet dots; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous; first; Sept. =La Quintinye. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:570, fig. 1869. Raised from a bed made in 1846 by M. Boisbunel, a nurseryman at Rouen, Fr.; first published in 1860. Fruit above medium or sometimes less, globular, irregular, bossed, sides unequal, pale yellow, thickly dotted and shaded with gray-russet, and sometimes reddened on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, semi-melting; juice abundant, saccharine, slightly aromatic but agreeably tart; second and sometimes first when the flesh is well perfumed; Mar. to May. =La Savoureuse. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =1=:25, fig. 19. 1866-73. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 797. 1869. Probably of German origin. Fruit nearly medium, globular-oblate, intense green with greenish-brown dots; flesh greenish-white, buttery, sweet, fine, agreeably refreshing, perfumed like the Bergamots, a little gritty around the center, third; all winter. =La Solsticiale. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. Reported on trial in the orchards of Messrs. Simon-Louis at Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Fruit rather large, elongated, obtuse, yellowish tinted with russet; flesh saffron in hue, semi-breaking, very sugary and strongly perfumed; May to July. =La Vanstalle. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 178. 1832. "Fruit perfectly pyramidal; highly colored with red; of medium size; flesh granulous, becoming insipid, and finally soft; it keeps till the middle of October. I did not find this fruit excellent; it is however, better than the Doyenné, (St. Michael)." =Lacroix. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3d Ser. =1=:442. 1887. Published in _Revue Horticole_ in 1887. Fruit medium, regular pyriform, yellow blushed and spotted with red on the exposed side; flesh white, flavor said to be like that of Easter Beurré; Dec. and Jan. =Lady Clapp. 1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 178. 1896. =2.= Ellwanger & Barry _Cat._ 17. 1900. Fruit large, yellow; flesh juicy, melting, vinous; first; Sept., following Bartlett. =Lafayette. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 796. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:13, fig. 199. 1879. Originated in Connecticut. Fruit small, globular-pyriform, pale yellow, stained with russet, passing at maturity to lemon-yellow and the russet becoming golden, numerous dots of gray-brown; flesh yellowish, rather fine, melting, slightly gritty at the core, buttery, very juicy, sweet but lacking flavor; medium; Oct. =Lahérard. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:324, fig. 1869. Origin uncertain, but attributed to Van Mons. Fruit above medium, ovate, mammillate at summit, sometimes rather elongated but generally more swelled at the middle, thin-skinned, yellow-ochre or greenish-yellow, vermilioned on the face exposed to the sun, dotted with fine specks and stains of gray especially around the calyx; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, rather granular around the core; juice abundant, very sugary, acid, and having an exquisite savor; first; Oct. =Lammas. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 418. 1831. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 601. 1884. Originated possibly in the Highlands of Scotland, being recommended for that district by Lindley. Grown also in England. Fruit below medium, pyramidal, regular pale yellow, streaked with red next the sun; flesh melting, tender, juicy, agreeable; good; Aug. =Lämmerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:54. 1856. German. Franken, Bavaria, 1809. Fruit below medium, ovate-conic, whitish-green; flesh hard, juicy, somewhat aromatic, and sweet and acid; third for table, first for cooking and market; July. =Lancaster. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 119. 1875. A seedling grown by T. S. Lancaster, Gloucester, Mass., and exhibited in 1875. Fruit medium, oblong-pyriform, yellow, with brown-russet; flesh coarse, juicy, buttery; hardly good; late autumn. =Landsberger Malvasier. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:126. 1856. Raised by Burchardt at Landsberg, Ger., 1851. Fruit medium, often large, conic, even sides, dark yellow, speckled with russet dots; flesh rather white, buttery, melting; very valuable, first for dessert and market; Nov. and Dec. =Langbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:2. 1856. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 245. 1889. _D'Ane._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:129, fig. 1867. Switzerland and Germany, 1804; particularly popular in the former country where it is very generally cultivated, and often known as the _Étrangle_. Fruit medium or above, very long, like Calebasse in form, greenish-yellow turning to lemon-yellow, somewhat blushed, and speckled with dots of greenish-gray; first for culinary use; end of Aug. =Lange gelbe Bischofsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:140. 1856. Holland, 1804. Fruit medium, oblong; sides unequal; skin smooth, yellowish-green turning to light yellow, sometimes slightly blushed, dotted with yellow; flesh spongy, lacking juice, glutinous, sweet and scented with rose; third for table, first for kitchen and market; end of Aug. =Lange Gelbe Muscatellerbirne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1876. =2.= _Ibid._ 68. 1895. German. Tree vigorous, fertile, resisted the phenomenal frost in Europe 1879-1880. Fruit small, yellow, dotted with carmine; of moderate quality; second half of Aug. =Lange Grüne Winterbirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 245. 1889. _Longue Verte d'Hiver._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:137, fig. 549. 1881. A German variety cultivated especially in Saxony and Thuringia. Fruit medium or nearly so, conic-pyriform, often rather deformed, one side being longer than the other at either end; skin firm, water-green, sprinkled with numerous indistinct dots regularly spaced, the basic green changing to greenish or yellowish-white; flesh white, rather fine, semi-melting; juice plentiful, sweet, sugary, agreeable but wanting in perfume; good; autumn and early winter. =Lange Mundnetzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:112, fig. 1856. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 246. 1889. Thuringia, 1794. Fruit medium, ventriculous, grass-green turning to greenish-yellow, often faintly blushed, dotted with green; very good for dessert, good for household and market; Aug. =Lange Sommer-Bergamotte. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:39. 1856. Thuringia, 1794. Fruit below medium, long-turbinate, yellow-green turning to whitish-yellow, rough, heavily dotted with brown, slightly russeted, thick-skinned; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, granular becoming glutinous; first for table; Aug. =Lange Wasserbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 46, fig. 1913. This perry pear is found spread throughout Upper and Lower Austria. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, very regular in contour; skin fine, smooth, shining, yellow-green when ripe, very densely dotted with fine spots, some cinnamon-brown russet around the stem and calyx; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, juicy, sweet but insipid and without aroma; Sept. =Langstieler. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:171. 1856. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 246. 1889. Switzerland, Baden and Württemberg, published 1830. Fruit small, pyriform, grass-green, russeted on the side next the sun, gray dots; flesh yellowish-white, fine-grained, tartish; third for the table, first for cider and culinary use; Oct. Suitable for every situation. =Langstielige Pfaffenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:43. 1856. Germany. Published by Diel in 1825. Fruit medium, pyriform, otherwise conic; skin rough and entirely covered with cinnamon-colored russet, often faintly blushed; second for table; third for household; Sept. =Langstielige Zuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:141. 1856. German. Published by Diel, 1833. Fruit medium, long-pyriform or even gourd-shaped, light green changing to light yellow, without russet or red blush, semi-melting, fine, juicy, sweet, with cinnamon flavor; second for dessert, first for culinary use; Nov. =Lansac. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:241, Pl. LVII. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:326, 327, fig. 1869. =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 602. 1884. _Herbstbirne ohne Schale._ =4.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:86. 1856. Originated at Hazé near Tours, Fr. Merlet described it in 1667. In the catalog of the Chartreuse Fathers, Paris, there occurs in 1736 the following passage. "The Pear _de Lansac_, or _Dauphin_, which many authors name _Satin_ ... was presented for the first time to Louis XIV ... by Madame de Lansac...." As King Louis ascended the throne in 1638 the pear would seem to have been originated between that year and 1857, the year in which Madame de Lansac died. Fruit medium, sometimes less, globular-turbinate, dull yellow, sprinkled with numerous minute, russet dots; flesh fine, yellowish-white, melting, juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic, with an after-flavor of anis; second, but first when the flesh is well perfumed; Oct. to Dec. =Large Duchess. 1.= _Ala. Sta. Bul._ =30=:12. 1891. A variety of Oriental type planted at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Auburn, Ala., in 1885. It was reported in 1891 as free from blight, and still on trial. =Larissa. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =19=:517. 1853. Submitted to the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society in 1853 as a seedling by a Mr. Ladd of Philadelphia. Fruit small, obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, a good deal russeted, with a mottled red cheek; flesh rather dry, saccharine and pleasant; scarcely good. =Laure Gilbert. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. Distributed by M. Gilbert, Antwerp, Bel., in 1886. The fruit bears much resemblance to that of the Chaumontel, but its flesh is much more melting and its flavor more sprightly; Oct. =Laure de Glymes. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:328, fig. 1869. The parent tree was raised from a seed bed made by Van Mons in 1827 at Louvain. Fruit ovate, or more or less globular and swelled, nearly always mammillate at summit; skin thick, bronzed, having on the side next the sun some orange-yellow; flesh white, semi-melting, watery, gritty about the core; juice sufficient, sweet, vinous, perfumed; second; Sept. =Laxton Bergamot. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ =26=:497. 1886. =2.= _Jour. Hort._ =13=:339. 1887. A new seedling pear shown by a Mr. Laxton, Bedford, Eng., at the Royal Horticultural Society's meeting at South Kensington in October, 1886. Tree fertile and the fruits are not easily blown off by the wind. Fruit small, exceedingly juicy and rich; a delicious pear. =Le Breton. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 798. 1869. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse-pyriform, irregular, yellow, netted and patched with russet, with numerous russet dots; flesh yellowish, rather coarse at core, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; good; Nov. to Jan. =Le Brun. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:503, fig. 1867. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 183. 1920. M. Gueniot, nurseryman at Troyes, Fr., sowed seeds the plants from which fruited in 1862. One of these he named Le Brun. Fruit above medium to large, oblong-conic, slightly obtuse and generally bossed and rather contorted about the summit, bright yellow, sprinkled with bright brown spots, and largely stained with fawn about calyx and stem and often also on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, and dense, melting, seldom gritty and rarely has seeds; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, savory but often with an excessive taste of musk, spoiling its delicacy; first; end of Sept. =Le Congo. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. Distributed by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel., and in the trial orchards of Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Tree vigorous and fairly prolific. Fruit medium; flesh semi-fine, very saccharine and highly scented; Nov. and Dec. =Le Lecher. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =4=:334. 1888. This seedling, raised by A. Lesuer, Ypres, Bel., resulted from Bartlett fertilized with Fortunée. Fruit large, pyriform, yellow, spotted with drab spots; flesh white, juicy, sugary, brisk and perfumed, free from grit; Jan. to Mar. =Leclerc-Thouin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:330, fig. 1869. Raised by M. André Leroy at Angers, Fr., and fruited first in 1867. Fruit above medium, conic, very obtuse and generally more curved on one side than on the other; skin uneven, clear yellow, clouded with green and partially covered with russet on which appear small specks of gray; flesh whitish, semi-fine, watery, very melting, granular around the core; juice sugary, vinous and slightly acid, perfumed flavor; first; Sept. =Lederbirne. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 89. 1845. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 202, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium, truncated-pyriform, somewhat bossed and irregular in outline, leaf-green turning greenish-yellow, gray russet dots, blushed on the sunny side; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid; Oct. to Dec. =Lee. 1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 375. 1854. Originated at Salem, Mass. Fruit small to medium, globular-oval, greenish-russet, brown in the sun; flesh white, coarse, juicy, good; Sept. =Lee Seckel. 1.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 565. 1885. Fruit medium to large, obovate, rich russet; flesh buttery, rich, perfumed; very good; Sept. =Léger. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. Obtained from a seed bed of Winter Nelis by M. Sannier. Tree of moderate vigor, fertile and suitable for all forms of culture. Fruit medium, globular-ovate; flesh fine, acidulous; Oct. =Lehoferbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 126, fig. 1913. A perry pear widely distributed in Upper and Lower Austria under various names. Fruit medium to large, globular-pyriform, leaf-green turning yellow at maturity, dotted and marked with russet, well-exposed fruit blushed; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, astringent, saccharine, acidulous; mid-Oct. and keeps in storage till end of Nov. =Leipziger Rettigbirn. 1.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._ =II=:No. 92, Pl. 92. 1883. _Radis de Leipsick._ =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:125, fig. 61. 1866-73. _Leipsic Radish._ =3.= _Can. Exp. Farms. Rpt._ 379. 1902. Originated at Duben near Leipsic, Saxony. It was published by Diel in 1807. Fruit small, nearly spherical or spherical-ovate, a little more constricted at the stem end then toward the calyx, light green turning to yellow-green and slightly golden on the cheek next the sun, brown around the summit, and with numerous light brown dots; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, juicy, very pleasantly perfumed, having a slight Bergamot flavor; good for dessert, first for cuisine; Aug. to Oct. =Lemon= (Massachusetts). =1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1866. A seedling of S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass.; first fruited in 1862. Fruit large, turbinate, yellow. =Lemon= (Russia). =1.= _Ind. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 82. 1886. =2.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 170. 1894. Imported from Russia in 1879. It was reported in 1894 to have fruited in Iowa, and collectively with some other varieties was described as "generally 'off' in color, coarse, some of them leathery and corky, and all without melting qualities or flavor." =Lenawee. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 106. 1856. =2.= Field _Pear Cult._ 273. 1858. Origin unknown. Distributed in Lenawee County, Mich., in 1856; it was named by the Adrian Horticultural Society. At that time it was supposed to have been introduced from western New York some twenty-five years previously. Fruit medium to large, oblate-pyriform, one side generally being larger than the other; surface frequently irregular, lemon-yellow, with small russet specks, washed with bright vermilion on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, tender, buttery, with a high and peculiar, aromatic flavor; very good; early to mid-Aug. =Leochine de Printemps. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:236. 1854. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1876. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow, netted and patched with russet, sprinkled with russet dots; flesh melting, white, firm, not very juicy; a beautiful and good fruit; Feb. and Mar. =Léon Dejardin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1876. Obtained at Boussoir, Maubeuge, Nord, Fr. Fruit medium, pyriform, ventriculous, resembles the Beurré Bollwiller, semi-melting, juicy, sugary, refreshing; good for its season; May and June. =Léon Grégoire. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:63, fig. 1856. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:618, fig. 1869. This variety was gained by Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., and was fruited first in 1852. Fruit large, sometimes medium, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, sometimes more or less globular, dull yellow, dotted and marbled with fawn on its shaded side and entirely stained with grayish-russet on the exposed face, becoming pale yellow and golden at maturity; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, semi-melting, sweet, watery, acidulous, vinous, agreeable; second, inconstant in quality, sometimes good; Dec. and Jan. =Léon Leclerc Épineux. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:333, fig. 1869. In the bulletin of the Society Van Mons, 1857, this variety is stated to have been obtained by Van Mons, though some doubt has been raised as to its origin. Fruit large, ovate-pyriform, often rather contorted; skin rough, thick, grayish-yellow, finely dotted with russet and stained with the same around the calyx and stalk and sometimes clouded and streaked with red on the face exposed to the sun; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, breaking, granular at the center; juice sufficient, vinous and sugary; third for dessert, first for cooking; Nov. =Léon Leclerc de Laval. 1.= _Pom. France_ =3=:No. 99, Pl. 99. 1865. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 603. 1884. This, which is different from Léon Leclerc (Van Mons), was obtained at Louvain in 1825 by Van Mons. Fruit large, turbinate-obtuse-pyriform, yellow-ochre, finely dotted with gray-russet and marked with some tracing of russet, occasionally washed with a little red; flesh very white, semi-melting or semi-breaking, watery, gritty, juicy, sweet, slightly perfumed; third for dessert, first for stewing; Jan. to May. =Léon Recq. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1895, who received it from M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit large or nearly large, pyriform, lemon-yellow when ripe; flesh fine, slightly acid, sugary, perfumed; Nov. and Dec. =Léon Rey. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:336, fig. 1869. In 1856, M. Rey, Toulouse, Fr., sowed seeds of the best French pears, and in the following year selected the most promising seedlings, one of which received the name Léon Rey. Fruit medium and sometimes rather larger, turbinate, very round in its lower part, and conic-obtuse at the top, golden-yellow, finely dotted and stained with fawn and nearly always washed with tender rose on the face exposed to the sun; flesh very white and fine, melting, free from grit; juice very abundant, sugary, acidulous, having a delicious flavor; first; Oct. =Léonce de Vaubernier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 72. 1876. Tree vigorous on quince, very fertile. Fruit rather large, ovate, very pale green, touched with russet and washed with dark carmine; flesh yellowish, fine, dense, of a highly agreeable flavor; third; second half of Sept. =Léonie. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. Sent out by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit medium, of Doyenné form, globular-obovate; flesh melting, sugary; good. =Léonie Bouvier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 56. 1895. Obtained by M. Simon Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel. Tree vigorous on quince, fertile. Fruit medium, pyriform, whitish-yellow blushed with orange-red; flesh fine, very melting and juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed; a very beautiful and excellent fruit; Sept. =Léonie Pinchart. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 800. 1869. Described in 1869 as a new Belgian variety. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, greenish-yellow, much covered, netted, and patched with yellow-russet and minute russet dots; flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, melting; very good; Sept. and Oct. =Léontine Van Exem. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 108. 1876. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:181, fig. 187. 1878. Obtained by Henri Grégoire, Beurechin, Bel. Fruit small, turbinate or conic-turbinate, very clear green changing to pale yellow at maturity, dotted with specks of darker green; some clear russet covers the calyx and the summit, and the side next the sun becomes golden; flesh white, fine, melting, full of juice rich in sugar and perfume of the almond; Oct. =Leopold I. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 518. 1857. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:338, fig. 1869. A posthumous gain of Van Mons which gave its first fruit in 1848. Fruit above medium, ovate, regular, swelled in the lower part, obtuse, grass-green, often yellowish, dotted, streaked, and stained with russet; flesh white, with some yellow tinge, fine, very melting, juicy, sweet, vinous, aromatic and delicate; good to very good; Nov. =Leopold Riche. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 801. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 603. 1884. One of M. de Jonghe's seedlings. Fruit rather large, obovate, yellow, thickly sprinkled with large cinnamon-russet dots; flesh rather coarse-grained, crisp, buttery, melting; juice abundant, rich, thick and sugary, with a fine almond flavor; a very richly flavored pear; Nov. =Lepine. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 801. 1869. Tree of moderate growth but very productive. Fruit small, oblate, yellowish, shaded with crimson, slightly russeted; flesh coarse, granular, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous, good; Nov. and Dec. =Lesbre. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 415. 1863. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:339, fig. 1869. Raised from seed at Boulogne-sur-Mer, before 1838, by M. Bonnet. Fruit medium or above, turbinate, very obtuse and swelled, nearly always mammillate at the top; skin rough, olive-yellow, sprinkled with many large russet dots and small brownish stains; flesh white, fine and melting, juicy, rather granular at the core; juice abundant, sugary, vinegary, with a delicate scent of anis; first; end of Aug. =Levard. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:340, fig. 1869. Grown on the seed beds of M. Leroy, Antwerp, Bel., and fruited in 1863. Fruit below medium, globular-turbinate, irregular, bossed and always less swollen on one side than on the other; color yellowish-green, dotted with brown and fawn, and entirely covered with bronze-russet on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh greenish-white, fine, melting and juicy, gritty around the core, sugary, acidulous, musky and very rich in flavor; first; Nov. =Levester Zuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:172. 1856. Hanover, 1852. Fruit small, obtuse-turbinate, sides unequal, light green changing to greenish-yellow, often streaked with red and finely dotted with greenish-russet; flesh fine, deficient in juice, granular near the center, highly aromatic; first for household and market purposes; Sept. and Oct. =Lewes. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. Described by John Parkinson in 1629, in England, as "brownish greene pears, ripe about the end of September, a reasonable well rellished fruit, and very moist." =Lewis. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:140. 1831. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 801. 1869. Originated on the farm of John Lewis, Roxbury, Mass., about 1811. Fruit below medium, globular, obovate, obtuse, dark green in autumn, pale green at maturity, with numerous russet specks; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse, melting, juicy and rich in flavor, with a slight spicy perfume; Nov. to Feb. =Lexington. 1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 187. 1896. =2.= Budd-Hansen _Am. Hort. Man._ =2=:253. 1903. Originated in Kentucky and is said to resemble Bartlett, but to ripen two weeks earlier. Hardy and free from blight, but described as "too poor" in quality. =Liberale. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =21=:519. 1855. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 801. 1869. Belgian. Introduced to this country as a new variety about 1850. Fruit large, obtuse-pyramidal or truncate-pyriform; skin fair, smooth, yellowish-green, very thickly dotted with large, conspicuous, russety specks, and patched with russet; flesh yellowish-white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, sweet, rich, with a peculiar almond, aromatic perfume; a very handsome and fine fruit; Oct. =Liegel Honigbirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 248. 1889. _Poire de Miel de Liegel._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:47, fig. 24. 1872. Origin uncertain, probably German. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform; skin fine and smooth, at first pale green turning to pale yellow, more golden on the side next the sun and very rarely touched with rose; flesh yellow, fine, melting, full of sugary juice, vinous, and with a distinct savor of musk; first; Oct. =Lieutenant Poidevin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:344, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 604. 1884. Flon-Grolleau, a Frenchman, obtained this variety in 1853. Fruit large, obovate and undulating; skin fine, yellow-ochre dotted with gray; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, breaking, gritty around the center, sugary, vinous; second for dessert, first for cooking; Mar. and Apr. =Limon. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =8=:57. 1842. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 802. 1869. A Van Mons seedling. Fruit rather small, obovate, yellow, with a faint red cheek; flesh white, buttery, melting and juicy, with a sprightly flavor; very good; mid-Aug. =Linzer Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 188, fig. 1913. A perry pear taking its name from the town of Linz near Hauptstadt in Upper Austria. Fruit medium, globular to pyriform, yellow, strongly carmined on the sun-exposed side and dotted with red; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, with a saccharine, astringent flavor; Oct. =Livingston Virgalieu. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 803. 1869. An old variety, grown to some extent along the Hudson River. Fruit globular-obovate, greenish-yellow, patched and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, juicy, nearly melting, sweet, pleasant; good; Sept. =Locke. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =3=:52. 1837. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 442. 1845. Raised from seed in the garden of James Locke, West Cambridge, Mass., in 1830. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, full at the crown, ending obtusely at the stem; skin fair, slightly rough, yellowish-green changing to lemon-yellow when ripe, spots of darker hue mingled with russet, tinged with red on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting and juicy, rich, sweet and perfumed; good; Dec. =Lodge. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 178, 179. 1832. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 803. 1869. A native of Pennsylvania and understood to have originated near Philadelphia. Fruit medium, pyriform, tapering to the stem and larger on one side than on the other, greenish-brown, the green becoming a little paler at maturity and much covered with patches of dull russet; flesh whitish, a little gritty at the core, juicy, melting, with a rather rich flavor, relieved by a pleasant acid; Sept. and Oct. =Loire-de-Mons. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:109, fig. 151. 1878. A gain of M. Loire, at Mons, Bel. Fruit medium, turbinate, or globular-turbinate, usually regular in contour; skin rather fine and tender, clear and bright green, sprinkled with gray-green dots; at maturity the green becomes clear lemon and golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, very melting, full of juice, acidulous, delicately perfumed; first; end of Sept. =London Sugar. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 343. 1831. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 605. 1884. English. Much cultivated in Norfolk for the Norwich market. Fruit below medium, turbinate, pale green approaching lemon-yellow at maturity, with a slight brownish tinge; flesh tender, melting; juice saccharine and of a rich, musky flavor; an excellent early fruit; end of July. =Long Green. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 803. 1869. _Belgische Zapfenbirne._ =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:139. 1856. _Longue-Verte._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:349, fig. 1869. _Grüne Lange Herbstbirne._ =4=. Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 228. 1889. This French pear is distinct from the _Verte Longue_ which is synonymous with _Verte Longue d'Automne_, though these two pears have been confused and have various names in common. It has been cultivated in France for the last 100 years. _Longue Verte_ has ten French synonyms. Fruit above medium, very long, fig-like in form, narrowed from middle to stalk, acute, grass-green passing to brownish-green on the face exposed to the sun, uniformly sprinkled with dots of gray-russet; flesh greenish-white, fine or semi-fine, melting, rather granular around the seeds; juice abundant, saccharine, sweet, with a characteristic perfume, often very slight; second; Sept. =Long Green of Autumn. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 804. 1869. _Verte-Longue d'Automne._ =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:729, fig. 1869. _Lange grüne Herbstbirne._ =3.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 112. 1825. The Long Green of Autumn, better known abroad as the _Verte-Longue d'Automne_ or _Verte-Longue_, must be distinguished from the Long Green or _Longue-Verte_. It is of very ancient origin and mentioned in the catalog, published by Le Lectier, King's Attorney, in 1628, of the immense nursery he created in 1598. The German author Henri Manger, 1783, considered the _Verte-Longue_ identical with the _Viridium_ of Pliny. Fruit medium to large, turbinate, slightly obtuse, often larger on one side than on the other, green clouded with pale yellow, speckled with large gray spots and very rarely blushed on the exposed side; flesh white, fine, melting, very full of a saccharine, well-flavored, musky juice; first when its juice is well perfumed, but rather variable; Oct. =Long Green of Esperin. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 804. 1869. Belgian. Fruit medium, oblong-ovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, blushed with crimson on the cheek next the sun, patched and netted with russet, with numerous brown dots; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, semi-melting, vinous; good; Sept. =Longland. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 415. 1831. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 605. 1884. A very old English perry pear chiefly grown in Herefordshire. Fruit small, turbinate, even, rather handsomely shaped, bright gold, tinged and mottled all over with a lively russety orange, the side next the sun having a pale red cheek; flesh yellow, very astringent. =Longue du Bosquet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:348, fig. 1869. A seedling raised by Leroy. It was reported in 1863. Fruit medium, conic, elongated, regular, obtuse and round at the top, greenish-yellow, dotted with gray, washed with brown at the extremities; flesh greenish, semi-fine, melting, rather gritty at the center; juice abundant, very saccharine, acidulous and deliciously perfumed; first; Sept. =Longue-garde. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1876. On trial in the orchards of Messrs. Simon-Louis at Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit large, highly perfumed; in season until May. =Longue-Sucrée. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:49, fig. 217. 1879. Either German or Austrian. Cataloged by Jahn in 1864. Fruit nearly medium, conic-pyriform, dark green, dotted with gray-brown, changing to pale yellow, clouded with red on the side of the sun, speckled with whitish-gray; flesh whitish, fine, breaking, deficient in juice and sugar, acidulous, with an unpleasant perfume; third; end of Aug. =Longueville. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 605. 1884. Much grown in the South of Scotland. It has been conjectured that the tree was brought to Scotland from France by Douglas when Lord of Longueville in the fifteenth century. Fruit large, obovate, regular in outline and handsome, greenish-yellow, with a tinge of pale red next the sun, covered with numerous gray-russet specks, so numerous sometimes as to appear like network; flesh yellowish, breaking, tender, very juicy, sweet and richly flavored; good. =Longworth. 1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 172. 1892. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 41. 1909. Originated at Dubuque, Iowa. Its great hardiness and freedom from blight make it valuable in breeding for the North though its fruit is not of such quality as to recommend it where choice varieties can be grown. Fruit medium to large, obtuse-ovate, green turning to yellow; good; mid-season. =Lorenzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:47. 1856. Saxony, 1803. Fruit medium, obtuse-conic, light green, blushed with dark brown on the sunny side changing to light yellow, washed with vivid red, green dots and some cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish-white, melting, rather gritty around the center; first for kitchen and market, second for dessert; Sept. =Loriol de Barny. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:351, fig. 1869. A gain of Leroy from his seed beds at Angers, Fr.; it fruited for the first time in 1862. Fruit medium or above, very long ovate-pyriform, often bossed in its contour; skin thin, yellow-ochre, speckled with minute gray dots and showing some stains of russet; flesh white, fine, melting, almost free from grit; juice very abundant and sugary having a delicate aroma; first; end of Aug. and beginning of Sept. =Lothrop. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 46. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass.; it first fruited in 1866. Fruit diameter 2-1/2 in., yellow with russet; flesh white, with good flavor; mid-Sept. =Loubiat. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98, 285. 1876. This variety bears the name of the owner of the parent tree living in the Dordogne. Fruit large, of handsome appearance; flesh yellow; third, yet of good quality for its season; spring until July. =Louis Cappe. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1876. A seedling of Easter Beurré and of similar quality. On trial in the orchards of Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Tree very fertile and vigorous. Fruit medium to large, Bergamot in form; Nov. and Dec. =Louis Grégoire. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:147, fig. 72. 1866-73. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 606. 1884. M. Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., obtained this pear from a seed bed made in 1832. Fruit below medium, obtuse-turbinate, irregular in form, much larger on one side than on the other, rather rough to the touch, greenish-yellow, dotted and mottled with russet and generally stained with fawn on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine and semi-melting, juicy, sugary, highly acid, often rather astringent, slightly musky, and sometimes rather delicate; second and sometimes third when the astringency of its juice is too pronounced; Oct. =Louis Noisette. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1876. Published by Boisbunel in 1867. Tree very vigorous and fertile. Fruit rather large, globular-turbinate; flesh fine, very melting and very juicy, sugary and sprightly; first; Nov. and Dec. =Louis Pasteur. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 223. 1909. Obtained by Arsène Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Fruit smooth and fine, clear yellow, strongly washed with fawn on one face and covered with patches of the same color on the other side; flesh yellowish-white, the yellow being more noticeable near the skin, very fine, melting, and sugary, sprightly and perfumed; very good; Dec. =Louis-Philippe. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 169. 1841. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:354, fig. 1869. Origin uncertain, though it was described by Prévost, Rouen, Fr., in 1848. Fruit large, turbinate, very obtuse and very irregular in form, swelled, especially on one side on its lower half; skin rough and bronzed all over on a basis of gray-green, sprinkled with numerous large, prominent, brownish dots; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-breaking; juice not abundant, more or less acid, wanting in sugar, slightly perfumed; second; early Oct. =Louis Van Houte. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 108. 1876. Classed by Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, with varieties of doubtful or little merit. =Louis Vilmorin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:355, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 1st App., 128. 1872. Originated from seed of Beurré Clairgeau about 1863 by André Leroy, Angers, Fr. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, very productive. Fruit medium to large, pyriform, variable, yellow, netted and dotted with russet, sometimes shaded with red; stem short, curved; calyx large, open; basin medium, uneven, russeted; flesh white, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed; good to very good; Dec. =Louise-Bonne. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:357, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 606. 1884. Merlet the French pomologist was the first to write of this pear in 1675. Fruit above medium, variable in form, ovate-obtuse and swelled in lower half, or long-pyriform, narrowed toward the stalk; skin thick, smooth, bright green changing as it ripens to yellowish-green, strewed with small dots and some markings of russet; flesh greenish-white, coarse, semi-melting, gritty at center, juicy, only slightly saccharine, generally sweetish and deficient in perfume; variable for dessert, but first for compotes; Dec. =Louise Bonne d'Avanches Panachée. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 607. 1884. A variegated form of Louise Bonne de Jersey, the wood and fruit being marked with golden stripes. It originated as a bud sport. =Louise-Bonne de Printemps. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:359, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 804. 1869. Obtained by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Fr., and first published in 1857. Fruit above medium, long obtuse-pyriform, regular in contour, mammillate at summit and slightly bossed at base, yellow-ochre, dotted with greenish-gray; flesh semi-fine and semi-melting, white, gritty around the center, very juicy, rarely sugary, slightly sweet and slightly aromatic; grafted on pear and trained on espalier in a good situation it is a pear of high merit; Feb. to Apr. =Louise Bonne Sannier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. =2.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 291, fig. 1906. M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr., obtained this pear; it was first reported in 1868. Fruit rather small or medium, oval, obliquely obtuse near the stem, dark yellow, touched with bright red; flesh yellow, juicy, melting, remarkably saccharine, sprightly and perfumed; good to very good; Oct. to Dec. =Louise de Boulogne. 1.= Barry _Fr. Garden_ 317. 1851. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:361. 1869. Described by Barry in 1851 among "new and rare pears, recently introduced, that give promise of excellence." Leroy wrote of it as a seedling of Van Mons. Fruit large, breaking, keeps through the winter. =Louise Dupont. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =2=:59, fig. 1854. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =23=:301. 1857. Louise Dupont was the product of one of the last seedlings raised by Van Mons and was harvested for the first time in 1853. Fruit rather large, sometimes of Doyenné form but usually longer and more turbinate; skin thin, dull green passing to golden yellow at maturity, colored with russet-fawn on the sunny side, dotted and marked with fawn all over; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, full of juice, saccharine and well perfumed; first; Oct. and Nov. =Louise d'Orléans. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =1=:140. 1846. =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =2=:35, fig. 1853. From seed sown by Van Mons in 1827 at Louvain and first bore fruit in 1843. Fruit medium, oblong-obtuse; skin is of a fine bronzed-green, covered with gray speckles; flesh very white, fine grained and very melting; juice exceedingly rich, sugary and delicious; early Nov. =Louise de Prusse. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:362, fig. 1869. Obtained by Van Mons and published by him in September, 1832, but it had already been reported in 1826. Fruit large, turbinate-obtuse, more or less long, considerably swelled toward its lower end; skin thick and rough, yellow-ochre clouded with green, speckled with fine gray dots and stained with light brown around the calyx and stem; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking or semi-breaking, granular at center; juice abundant, very saccharine, acidulous, pleasantly perfumed; second; Sept. =Louison. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:86. 1831. French. Fruit large, oblong and almost conical, terminated obtusely; skin delicate and smooth, sometimes washed on the sunny side, and in other cases pretty deeply tinged with red, speckled with brownish-red dots, the other side being of a beautiful yellow, scattered with specks of russet; flesh very white, melting, full of very pleasant juice, slightly perfumed but not of high flavor; early Oct. =Lovaux. 1.= _Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 48. 1871. Reported by the Committee on Foreign Fruits of the Ohio State Horticultural Society as a new variety which they recommended. Fruit large to medium, juicy, sweet, melting; good; Sept. =Lübecker Prinzessin Birne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 249. 1889. _Princesse de Lubeck._ =2.= _Guide Prat._ 103. 1876. German; extensively cultivated about Lubeck, Ger. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, beautiful yellow, extensively covered with brilliant crimson; flesh breaking, juicy; good; beginning of Aug. =Lubin. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:187, fig. 579. 1881. A seedling found by M. Pariset of Curciat-Dongalon, Ain, Fr.; first reported in 1869. Fruit medium, conic-pyriform, regular in its contour, obtuse, having its largest circumference well below its middle; skin fine, delicate, at first a clear and bright green, sprinkled with very numerous round, small, brown dots only very slightly visible on the side of the sun; at maturity the basic green passes to lemon-yellow, with a golden hue on the exposed side; flesh whitish, very fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, slightly vinous, acidulous; good; winter. =Lucie Audusson. 1.= _Pom. France_ =4=:No. 172, Pl. 172. 1865. Obtained by Alexis Audusson, Angers, Fr.; first published in 1861. Fruit large, long, nearly cylindrical, obtuse and slightly narrowed toward the stem, grass-green, finely dotted and speckled with fawn-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine or semi-fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, vinous, delicately perfumed; first; mid-Nov. to end of Dec. =Lucien Chauré. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. Obtained by Arsène Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Tree healthy, vigorous and adaptable for all forms of growth. Fruit medium, grayish-yellow; flesh melting, juicy, fine and sugary; Oct. and Nov. =Lucien Leclercq. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:366, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 806. 1869. From a seed bed made by Van Mons in 1829, but it did not bear fruit till after his death in 1844. Fruit below medium and sometimes rather larger, globular-ovate, regular, rarely bossed, pale yellow on the shaded side and darker yellow where exposed, dotted all over with fine gray and green spots; flesh white, coarse, semi-melting and juicy, sugary, acidulous, and aromatic, very gritty around the core; second; latter half of Aug. =Lucné Hative. 1.= Noisette _Man. Comp. Jard._ =2=:525. 1860. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium, elongated, pale green; flesh semi-melting, sugary, moderately perfumed; good; Sept. =Lucy Grieve. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 607. 1884. English; bore fruit first in 1873. Named in honor of the little girl who planted and tended the seed, but died before the tree fruited. Fruit large, oval, rather uneven in outline, bossed around the waist and about the calyx, lemon-yellow, with occasionally a brownish-red blush on the side next the sun, sprinkled with cinnamon-colored dots; flesh white, tender, melting, very juicy and richly flavored; first; Oct. =Luola. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. Said to be a cross between Seckel and Dana Hovey originated by W. C. Eckard, Watervliet, Mich., about 1907. Fruit very small, globular, greenish-yellow, with faint blush, very rich; excellent; Oct. =Lutovka. 1.= _Me. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 62, 63. 1899. Russian. Introduced in 1882. Fruit large; good; mid-season. =Lutzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:190. 1856. German, published in 1801. Fruit medium, obtuse-conic, dull greenish-yellow, slightly blushed, strongly dotted, marked with russet, and covered with rusty russet on the sun-exposed side; flesh granular, gritty near center, semi-melting, aromatic; first for culinary uses; Sept. =Luxemburger Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 128, fig. 1913. A perry pear widely distributed in France, Luxemburg, Germany and Austria. Fruit large, globular-oblate, like Bergamot in form, gray-green turning yellow-green when ripe sprinkled with large russet dots and specklings; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, unusually juicy, astringent and sweet flavor; end of Sept. =Lycurgus. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =12=:365. 1857. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 806, fig. 1869. Originated with George Hood, Cleveland, Ohio, from seed of Winter Nelis. The tree is productive, and of rather spreading growth. Fruit small, oblong-pyriform, greenish-yellow, much covered with thin brownish-russet, many large grayish dots; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, rather aromatic, having some perfume; first, one of the best in quality of late winter pears; Dec. to Feb. =Lydie Thiérard. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 806. 1869. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1876. Originated from a seed of Crassane by Jules Thiérard, Bethel, Fr. Fruit rather large, Bergamot-shaped, clear green, dotted; flesh fine, very melting, sugary, perfumed; first; Jan. to Mar. =Lyerle. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1897. Raised by a Mr. Lyerle, Union County, Ill., in 1881 from seed of Bartlett. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish-green, with numerous patches of russet; flesh sugary; good; early July, four weeks ahead of Bartlett. =Lyon. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 807. 1869. Originated at Newport, R. I. Fruit medium, oblong-obovate or Doyenné-shaped, yellow, thick and smooth skin, finely dotted, blushed; flesh coarse, a little gritty at core, vinous; very good; Oct. =Mace. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 50. 1860. Francis Dana showed this among other seedlings of his to the Fruit Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1860. Fruit medium, oval, russet; flesh has something of the honeyed sweetness as well as some external resemblance to Dana Hovey. =Machländer Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 48, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit large, pyriform, green turning to yellowish-green, russeted; flesh granular, green under the skin, subacid; Sept. and Oct. =Mackleroy. 1.= _South. Nurs. Cat._ 4. 1921. This variety, introduced by the Southern Nursery Company, Winchester, Tenn., in 1921, is said to have been brought to Tennessee by Davis Mackleroy from South Carolina over 100 years ago. =McLaughlin. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =8=:62. 1842. =2.= _Ibid._ =13=:251. 1847. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 807, fig. 1869. In October, 1831, General Wingate of Portland, Me., stated "That a person in Oxford County, many years since raised a number of pear trees from seeds, all of which produced inferior fruit, with the exception of one tree; and from that tree, the scions were taken and engrafted by a Mr. McLaughin, of Scarborough." Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform; skin slightly rough, bright cinnamon-russet, tinged with brownish-red on the sunny side, with some traces of a bright yellow ground on the shaded side; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, rich, sugary; Nov. to Jan. =Macomber. 1.= _Rural N. Y._ =44=:263, figs. 145, 146. 1885. Raised by J. T. Macomber, Grand Isle, Vt. Fruit medium, pyriform, green changing to yellow, blushed; flesh buttery, melting, juicy, sweet; very good; Oct. and Nov. =McVean. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =9=:340. 1854. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 807. 1869. Originated in Monroe County, N. Y., about 1850 or earlier. Fruit large, obovate-acute-pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, and numerous green and brown dots; flesh coarse, not juicy, or melting, sweet; good; Sept. =Madame Alfred Conin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:371, fig. 1869. Raised by André Leroy, Angers, Fr., in 1867. Fruit medium, turbinate, obtuse, much swelled around central circumference, fairly regular, clear yellow often covered all over with a layer of bronze on which are scattered, uniformly, numerous grayish-brown dots, scarcely visible; flesh whitish, fine, melting, watery, rarely gritty around the center; juice abundant, sugary, with an extremely delicious perfume; first; late Sept. =Madame André Leroy. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:372, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 608. 1884. Obtained from his seed beds by M. André Leroy at Angers, Fr.: first published in 1862. Fruit medium to large, long-conic, slightly obtuse, irregular, more or less misshapen, yellowish-green, entirely dotted, especially at its extremities, with small points and slight patches of gray; flesh greenish-white, fine or semi-fine, very melting, slightly granular at center, juicy, sugary, vinous, with a very delicate flavor; first; end of Sept. =Madame Antoine Lormier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 57. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit medium or large, regular pyriform, yellow, dotted; flesh fine, melting, very sugary; first; Sept. and Oct. =Madame Appert. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:373, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 608. 1884. Raised by M. André Leroy at Angers, Fr., in 1861. Fruit medium, long pyriform, slightly obtuse, largest circumference around its middle, much reduced at the extremities, especially at the summit, yellow, with gray-russet, and numerous fawn-colored dots on the side of the sun and around the stem; flesh whitish, fine, very melting, rarely gritty, juicy, sugary, with a delicate flavor of almond, acidulous; first; early Oct. =Madame Arsène Sannier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Fruit medium to large; flesh sugary, slightly perfumed and of a pleasant flavor; Oct. =Madame Ballet. 1.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 292, fig. 1906. Obtained by M. Ballet, nurseryman at Parenty, Fr., and was placed on the market in 1894. Fruit large, ovate, yellow, dotted with gray, and brightened with a rose blush on the side next the sun; very good; Jan. to Mar. =Madame Baptiste Desportes. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:374, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 608. 1884. A seedling from the nurseries of André Leroy at Angers, Fr., which ripened for the first time in 1863. Fruit above medium, globular-ovate, rather regular, often a little bossed about the base; skin rather fine, yellow-ochre, mottled, stained, and dotted with gray-russet; flesh fine or semi-fine, melting, excessively juicy, saccharine, vinous, with a very agreeable flavor; first; early Oct. =Madame Blanchet. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 76. 1895. Fruit medium, greenish-yellow covered with fawn; flesh fine, buttery, of a delicate flavor; good; Oct. and Nov. =Madame Bonnefond. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 2, 135, fig. 164. 1866-73. Obtained in 1848 by M. Bonnefond, Rhône, Fr., and placed on the market for the first time in 1867. Fruit large, like Calebasse in form, often irregular in contour; skin fine, delicate, clear yellow-green, sprinkled with very small points of darker green; flesh white, slightly greenish under the skin, fine, very melting and juicy, delicately perfumed; very good; end of autumn. =Madame Charles Gilbert. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis at Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Fruit medium sized, having much in common with Winter Nelis; Jan. to Apr. =Madame Chaudy. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ N. S. =18=:211. 1882. =2.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 296, fig. 1906. Obtained by M. Chaudy at Chaponost, Rhône, Fr., from a seed bed made in 1861. Fruit large, sometimes of the form of the Bartlett, generally turbinate, swelled and bossed in its circumference; skin slightly rough, pale yellow, dotted with gray, reddened on the side next the sun, marbled and washed with clear fawn around the two ends; flesh rather white, granular at center, rather fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, and agreeably acid and perfumed; very good; Nov. =Madame Cuissard. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:375, fig. 1869. Cuissard and Barret, nurserymen at Ecully-les-Lyon, Fr., obtained this variety in 1865 and placed it on the market in 1867. Fruit above medium, oblong and obtuse, swelled at its lower part and generally more enlarged on one side than on the other; skin fine, golden-yellow, sprinkled with large gray dots and some russet markings, and more or less stained with clear brown around the stem; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, gritty at the center; juice deficient; rather savory, but slightly acerb; second; mid-Aug. =Madame Delmotte. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 139. 1871. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:73, fig. 133. 1878. Obtained by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, dull green dotted with greenish-gray; flesh white, or slightly tinted with yellow, very fine, buttery, melting, full of sweet juice, delicately perfumed. =Madame Ducar. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:376, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 808. 1869. This was a posthumous gain of Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., dating from 1846. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, regular in form, slightly undulating around the summit; skin fine, rather dull yellow, finely dotted and streaked with fawn; flesh white, coarse, semi-melting, very gritty; juice sufficient, sugary, sweet, almost without perfume but having a certain delicacy of taste; second; end of Aug. =Madame Duparc. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:149, fig. 267. 1879. Gained by M. Bessard-Duparc, near Savenay, Fr., and fruited first about 1845. Fruit medium, ovate-obtuse-pyriform, regular in contour; skin rather thick, lively green, speckled with indistinct darker green spots, the green becoming brighter at maturity, a rather dense russet sometimes covering the calyx and the summit; flesh white, coarse, semi-buttery, gritty around the core; juice rather deficient, sugary and only slightly scented; indifferent; Oct. and Nov. =Madame Durieux. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:377, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 609. 1884. A variety which came from the seed beds of Van Mons but did not fruit till 1845. Fruit medium, globular, rather Bergamot-shaped, grayish or greenish-yellow, covered with patches of thin cinnamon-colored russet, yellowish, semi-fine, very melting, buttery, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic; first; Oct. =Madame Élisa. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:31, fig. 1856. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 808, fig. 1869. Raised in the seed beds of Van Mons and first bore fruit in 1848. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, often rather irregular in its upper half, greenish-yellow passing to lemon-yellow at maturity, with numerous small blackish-gray dots; flesh white, a little yellow next the skin, fine, melting, free from grit, full of rich saccharine juice, vinous; first; Sept. to Nov. =Madame Élisa Dumas. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:19, fig. 298. 1880. A seedling raised by M. Bonnefoy, near Lyons, Fr. He disseminated it in 1857. Fruit medium, conic-ovate, regular in contour; skin thick, at first whitish-green speckled with grayish-black dots, changing to pale yellow, and more golden on the side next the sun; sometimes stains of rough brown-russet are dispersed over its surface; flesh white, only slightly firm without being breaking, rather gritty around the center, full of sugary juice, vinous and refreshing; handsome and of good quality; Aug. =Madame Ernest Baltet. 1.= Baltet _Trait. Cult. Fr._ 317, fig. 208. 1908. French. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, reddish-brown-yellow, with light russet; flesh very fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, sprightly; very good; Sept. and Oct. =Madame Favre. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:379, fig. 1869. Obtained by M. Favre, president of the section of Arboriculture of the Agricultural Society of Shalon-sur-Marne, Fr.; it first fruited in 1861. Fruit above medium and often larger, globular surface unequal and bossed; skin rough, greenish-yellow, dotted, streaked, marbled, stained with gray-russet and vermilioned on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting; juice abundant, very sugary, vinous, deliciously perfumed; first; end of Aug. =Madame Flon. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1876. Published by M. Flon in 1868. Fruit medium, globular, yellow and gray-russet; flesh very melting and juicy, saccharine, sprightly, perfumed; first; end of Dec. =Madame Grégoire. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =8=:97, fig. 1860. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 809. 1869. Obtained in 1860 by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., and was published the same year. Fruit medium to large, long-oval, obtuse; skin greasy, clear green becoming yellow at maturity, marked with gray-russet, especially around the stem, and some dots of whitish-gray; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed and acidulous; good or very good; Dec. and Jan. =Madame Henri Desportes. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:380, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 609. 1884. Raised by Leroy, Angers, Fr.; first fruited in 1863. Fruit large, turbinate, uneven in outline, yellow, covered with russety dots and patches; flesh yellowish-white, very fine and very melting, seldom gritty, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, with a decided aroma and delicious flavor; excellent; first; Oct. =Madame Loriol de Barny. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:381, fig. 1869. =2.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 92. 1872. Raised by Leroy in 1866 at his nurseries at Angers, Fr., from seed of Bartlett. Fruit large, ovate and nearly cylindrical, always rather irregular, clear yellow clouded with green, more or less streaked and mottled with russet, covered with large, grayish-brown or greenish dots and often stained with fawn around the calyx and stem; flesh yellowish-white, excessively melting and fine, juicy, rarely gritty, sugary, perfumed, with a tart flavor and a delicate and agreeable after-taste of musk; first; Nov. =Madame Lyé-Baltet. 1.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 301, fig. 1906. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 185. 1920. Obtained by Ernest Baltet, nurseryman at Troyes, Fr.; placed on the market in 1877. Fruit medium or rather large, turbinate, obtuse, swelled, truncated at base; skin fine, green or yellow-green all over, dotted with russet and touched with fawn; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sugary and perfumed; very good; Dec. and Jan. =Madame de Madre. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 95. 1895. =2.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =30=:271. 1901. Sent out by Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel., who raised it from Délices d'Hardenpont, in 1881. Fruit medium, pyriform, rather elongated, contracted at the lower end terminating in an oblique cone at the base, compressed on two sides at the narrow end, rounded at the upper end, citron-yellow lightly speckled with rust-red; flesh amber-white, very delicate, melting, very juicy, sweet, with a pleasant perfume, nutty and rather spicy; very good; Oct. =Madame Millet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:382, fig. 1862. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 610. 1884. Raised by Charles Millet of Ath, Bel., in 1840. Fruit large, short-obovate or turbinate, rather uneven in its outline; flesh tender, semi-melting, juicy, richly flavored; first; Mar. and Apr. =Madame Morel. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1876. Published by M. Morel in 1872. Fruit large; flesh very fine, compact, very melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, sprightly; first; Oct. and Nov. =Madame Planchon. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1876. Belgian. Fruit large or very large, in form similar to Bartlett, golden yellow dotted with russet; flesh granular, very juicy; cooking; end of Oct. and beginning of Nov. =Madame Du Puis. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 147. 1891. =2.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 298, fig. 1906. A gain of Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel., in 1878. Fruit rather large or large, long, obtuse-pyriform, rounded at lower end, yellow but nearly covered with smooth fawn-russet; flesh very fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, sprightly and perfumed; very good; Dec. to Feb. =Madame de Roucourt. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 58. 1895. Distributed by Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit medium to large, yellowish, dotted with dark brown; flesh fine, saccharine, perfumed; good; Oct. =Madame Stoff. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ =2=:220. 1887. Obtained from seed by M. Stoff. Fruit large or medium, regular-pyramidal, olive-green speckled with red; flesh fine, melting, buttery, delicate and brisk in flavor; Feb. =Madame Torfs. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1895. Described as a new variety and distributed by Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel., in 1895. Fruit medium to large, greenish-yellow, sprinkled with patches of fawn-russet; flesh fine and juicy, white around center, clouded with green toward the skin, very sugary; Oct. =Madame Treyve. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:383, fig. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 185. 1920. _Souvenir de Madame Treyve._ =3.= _Pom. France_ =2=:No. 63, Pl. 63. 1864. From seed sown in 1848 by M. Treyve, Trévaux, Fr. Fruit large, obtusely obovate, bossed and always very much swelled around its lower part, greenish-yellow, dotted, streaked, and often touched with fawn on the shaded side, but brilliantly encrimsoned on the side exposed to the sun and dotted on that side with gray; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, with a delicate and fine aroma; first, a delicious dessert pear; Sept. =Madame Vazille. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:384, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 610. 1884. From the seed beds of M. Leroy, Angers, Fr.; first fruit in 1866. Fruit above medium, conic-obtuse, fairly regular in outline but always having one side larger than the other; skin thick, somewhat uneven, bronzed all over, sprinkled with dots widely apart and only slightly visible; flesh whitish, fine, melting or semi-melting, very juicy, saccharine, vinous, having a very pleasant flavor; first; Sept. =Madame Verté. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:385, fig. 1869. Origin uncertain, but it was first sent out by M. de Jonghe, Brussels, Bel., and then extensively propagated in France. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, irregular, yellowish-green, much washed with brown-fawn and speckled with small ashen-gray dots; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, semi-melting, granular at center; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, with a somewhat savory perfume and after taste of anis; second, variable; from end of Nov. to Jan. =Madame Von Siebold. 1.= =Guide Prat.= 115. 1876. =2.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:485. 1913. Japan. The following description was made on the grounds of Messrs. Simon-Louis Bros., Metz, Lorraine: "Madame Von Siebold.--Fruit very large, rounded, a little narrow toward the cavity, where it is angular; truncated at the base and indented at the circumference.... Skin rather smooth, of a pretty brown color, dotted with large gray specks which are very regular and very apparent. Flesh white, slightly yellowish, medium fine, crisp, juicy, sweet, perfumed like quinces, almost eatable raw. The most beautiful of the Japanese--Simon-Louis Frères." =Madeleine d'Angers. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:386, fig. 1869. From the environs of Segré or of Beaupreau, districts in the same department (Maine), where it has been generally grown for 150 years. Fruit medium and sometimes below, conic and very elongated, somewhat contorted at the upper end, grass-green passing to greenish-yellow on the part near the stalk and dotted with gray-russet; flesh white, semi-fine or coarse, rather melting, watery and gritty; juice abundant, sugary, more or less acid, and only slightly perfumed; third; end of July. =Mademoiselle Blanche Sannier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1895. A French variety. Fruit large, oblong-pyriform; flesh fine, melting, perfumed, juicy; Oct. =Mademoiselle Marguerite Gaujard. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1895. Obtained by M. Gaujard at Ghent, Fr.; described as a new variety in 1895. Fruit oblong, rather gourd-shaped in form, covered with gray-russet and slightly blushed on the exposed side; flesh melting, of a sprightly taste, perfumed; Jan. to Mar. =Mademoiselle Solange. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ N. S. =15=:120. 1888. Described by the Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society of England in 1887 as a new variety. Fruit small, nearly globular, green, juicy and of good flavor. =Magherman. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 110. 1876. Tree very vigorous, beautiful in aspect and extremely fertile. Fruit large or very large, long-pyriform, regular in outline, yellow streaked with carmine; flesh yellowish, excessively melting and very juicy, sugary and having an exquisite perfume; first; second half of Sept. =Magnate. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 610. 1884. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 186. 1920. A seedling raised by Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, Eng., from Louise Bonne de Jersey prior to 1880. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, even and symmetrical in outline, yellow covered with rather dark brown-russet, thickly strewed with large russet freckles, blushed and streaked with crimson; flesh yellow, tender, melting, rather gritty at the core, richly flavored, and with a slight perfume of rose-water; very good; Oct. and Nov. =Magnolia. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 41. 1909. =2.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:484. 1913. An oriental hybrid which originated in southern Georgia. Fruit large, globular to pyriform, smooth, yellowish-russet, with numerous irregular dots; flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, subacid; fair; "three or four weeks later than Kieffer in the South." =Malconnaître d'Haspin. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 810. 1869. Tree vigorous, hardy and productive. Fruit large, globular-obovate, dull yellow, with brownish-red cheek, stippled with coarse dots, and russeted at the calyx; flesh juicy, tender, and melting, rich, subacid, perfumed; Oct. and Nov. =Malvoisie de Landsberg. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:171, fig. 182. 1878. Obtained by Judge Burchardt, Landsberg, Brandenbourg, Ger. Fruit rather large, pyriform, more or less swelled, even in contour, but often irregular in form; skin somewhat firm, at first water-green, dotted with gray, the green changing to yellow and the side next the sun being at maturity slightly washed with rosy red; flesh white, rather fine, buttery, juicy, sweet, acidulous, having a sprightly and somewhat musky flavor; good; Oct. =Manchester. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 810. 1869. Originated in Providence, R. I. Fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow, with traces and numerous dots of russet; flesh white, moderately juicy, semi-melting, sweet, agreeable; good; Oct. =Mandelblättrige Schneebirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:199. 1856. A French wilding; published 1810. Tree dwarf. Fruit small, globular-turbinate, green, smooth; flesh firm, astringent; winter. =Manning. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff of Brookline, Mass. Fruited in 1866. Fruit large, obovate, yellow with russet streaks and dots; flesh fine-grained, white, juicy, with a rich, pleasant flavor; first; Sept. =Mannsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:187. 1856. Württemberg, Ger., 1830. Classed among the Pound pears or Libralia. Fruit large, globular-turbinate, dull green changing to yellowish-green, blushed, both ends covered with russet, rusty dots; third for table, first for kitchen; Nov. and Dec. =Mansfield. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 811. 1869. A native variety of uncertain origin. Fruit medium, globular-oblate, yellowish-green, with considerable russet and many green and brown dots; flesh whitish, coarse, buttery, melting, sweet, a little astringent; good; Sept. =Mansuette. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:220, Pl. LVIII, fig. 1. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 611. 1884. _Solitaire._ =3.= Christ _Handb._ 534. 1817. Origin unknown. Fruit large, long-obovate, irregular, obtuse, pale green, spotted with brown and much covered with the same color on the shaded side, and tinged with red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-melting, moderately fine, inclined to grow soft, juicy, pleasantly acid and well flavored; a dessert pear; Sept. and Oct. =Mansuette Double. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:388, fig. 1869. This French cooking pear was first described in 1805. Fruit sometimes considerable, rather variable in form, often conic, obtuse, very swelled in the lower part and slightly bossed, sometimes very long ovate having one side near the base larger than the other, dark yellow, much covered with cinnamon-russet and large dots of ashy gray; flesh greenish-white, coarse, juicy, semi-breaking or breaking, very gritty at the core; juice abundant, deficient in sugar, wanting in perfume, often too acid; second; Oct. to Dec. =Marasquine. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:123, fig. 1866-73. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1876. Raised by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel. Fruit medium, regular-pyriform, tender green, sprinkled with grayish dots, golden at maturity; flesh very white, fine, buttery, melting, slightly gritty at the center; juice sufficient, having a characteristic perfume; end of Aug. =March Bergamot. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 811. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 611. 1884. Raised by T. A. Knight, President of the Horticultural Society of London. Fruit small or medium, globular, green or yellowish-brown, partially covered with russet; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, slightly gritty at the core, but very rich; in Europe it is a dessert pear of high merit; in this country, however, it seems to be of small worth; Mar. and will keep later. =Maréchal de Cour. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:390, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 612. 1884. A seedling of Van Mons of which he sent grafts to Alexandre Bivort, five months before his death, in April, 1842. Fruit large, sometimes very large, oblong-pyriform or obtuse-turbinate, one side always smaller than the other, thickly encrusted with russet so that but little of the yellow ground is visible; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, gritty at center, extremely juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed; first; Sept. to Nov. =Maréchal Dillen. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:391, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 612. 1884. Raised by Van Mons in 1818 and was published by him in 1820. Fruit very large, obtuse-obovate, yellowish-green, mottled with patches and dots of brown-russet; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, very saccharine, having a very agreeable flavor of vinegar and musk; first, an excellent dessert pear; Oct. and Nov. =Maréchal Pelissier. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 523. 1857. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:393. 1869. This pear was raised by M. Flon, Senior, the well-known horticulturist, of Angevin, Fr., in 1845. Fruit medium, ovate, yellow, blushed with red on the side next the sun; flesh tender, juicy; Sept. and Oct. =Maréchal Vaillant. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:393, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 612. 1884. A seedling of M. Boisbunel of Rouen, Fr., gained in 1864. Fruit very large, obovate, uneven in outline, yellowish-green, mottled and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, rather fine, semi-melting; juice sufficient, sugary, vinous, richly flavored and musky; an excellent pear; mid-Dec. to end of Jan. =Margarethenbirne. 1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 119. 1825. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:30. 1856. German. Reported in 1789. Fruit small, turbinate, greenish-yellow and heavily dotted with green, seldom blushed; flesh semi-breaking, juicy and aromatic; third for dessert, first for kitchen and market; mid-July. =Marguerite d'Anjou. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:394, fig. 1869. M. Flon, Angers, obtained this from a seedling in 1863. Fruit above medium, irregular-ovate, and bossed, more enlarged on one side than on the other and often slightly contorted, clear yellow, slightly tinted with pale rose on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, dense, melting, watery, free from grit; juice abundant, highly saccharine, acidulous, possesses a delicious flavor recalling the perfume of the violet; first; Oct. =Marguerite Chevalier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1876. Fruit medium, nearly spherical, almost entirely covered with fawn-russet; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sprightly; good; end of autumn. =Marguerite Marillat. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 45. 1895. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 186. 1920. Similar to Souvenir du Congrès but of brighter golden hue, obtained by M. Marillat, Craponne, near Lyons, Fr., 1874. Fruit large, pyriform-turbinate, pale yellow touched with fawn-russet, blushed with red on the side next the sun, sometimes a rich golden yellow at maturity; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, aromatic, slightly musky, very rich; second; early Sept. =Maria. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1895. Sent out by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit rather large, oblong-ovate; flesh yellowish, very agreeable; Feb. and Mar. =Maria de Nantes. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =2=:39, fig. 1854. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 812. 1869. Raised by M. Garnier near Nantes, Fr., and reported in 1853. Fruit nearly medium, globular-turbinate or oval-turbinate, greenish-yellow covered with fawn-russet; flesh fine, buttery, melting; juice saccharine, highly perfumed, and acidulous; first; Oct. to Dec. =Maria Stuart. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:69. 1856. Belgian, 1851. A Van Mons seedling. Fruit large, conic, bent, with unequal sides, lemon-yellow, covered densely with gray dots, lightly russeted; very good for all purposes; Oct. =Marianne de Nancy. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:396, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 812. 1869. A seedling of Van Mons who sent cuttings of it a few days before his death to M. Millot, a pomologist at Nancy, Fr. Fruit medium, obtuse-turbinate, very regular and even in contour, grass-green, stained with brown-russet; flesh whitish, fine, melting or semi-melting; juice abundant, very sugary, acidulous; second, though sometimes first when its flesh is very melting and its juice full of flavor; mid-Aug. =Marie Benoist. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:397, fig. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 187. 1920. Obtained from seed by Auguste Benoist, Brissac, Maine-et-Loire, Fr., in 1853. Fruit large, turbinate, very irregular, obtuse and mammillate at the summit, globular at the base and generally much more enlarged on one side than on the other, clear green, dotted and veined with russet, stained with fawn especially around the calyx and stem; flesh white, fine, melting, a little gritty; juice abundant, saccharine, vinous, delicately perfumed; first; Dec. to Feb. =Marie Guisse. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:398, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 613. 1884. Grown from seed of St. Germain in 1834, near Metz, Lorraine. Fruit medium, obovate-oblong-pyriform, surface uneven, yellow, with shades of red in the sun, and large, dull dark specks; flesh yellowish-white, granular, melting, sweet, vinous; Dec. to Feb. =Marie Henriette. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1895. Sent out by Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit small or medium, globular; flesh granular, very juicy and sugary; first; Oct. =Marie Jallais. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1876. Obtained by Jules Buneau, 1868. Fruit medium, form variable; flesh melting, juicy, very sugary and perfumed, of a sprightly flavor; first; Oct. to Dec. =Marie Louise Nova. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 400. 1845. =2.= _Ibid._ 813. 1869. Sent by Van Mons to Mr. Manning, and though in some seasons very good, it cannot compare with Marie Louise. Fruit medium, regular-acute-pyriform, yellow, with a brownish-red cheek; flesh at first melting, juicy, but quickly decays; good; end of Sept. =Marie Louise d'Uncle. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 1060, 1179. 1865. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 187. 1920. Marie Louise d'Uncle is a seedling of Marie Louise raised by M. Gambier, a neighbor and contemporary of Van Mons. It produced its first fruits in 1846. Fruit rather large, pyriform, pale cinnamon-colored russet, rather similar to Marie Louise; flesh very fine, very melting, buttery, saccharine, very juicy and richly flavored; good to very good; Sept. and Oct. =Marie Mottin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1895. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis at Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Fruit large; flesh melting; first; Oct. =Marie Parent. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:401, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 814. 1869. Raised by Bivort, director of the nurseries of the Society Van Mons at Geest-Saint-Rémy, Bel., from a seed bed formed in 1844 from seeds of the last generation of Van Mons' seedlings. Fruit above medium, oblong, more or less cylindrical and bossed, or turbinate, very much swelled at the base and bossed at either extremity; skin fine ochre or golden yellow, dotted and stained with russet, washed with brick-red on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting or semi-melting, containing numerous small grits around the core, juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed; first; Oct., often till Dec. =Marietta. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:484. 1913. An oriental hybrid. Tree is said to be inclined to grow tall, with a single main stem. Fruit light yellow, with red blush; Oct. =Mariette de Millepieds. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:403, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 614. 1884. A very late pear which came from the seed beds of Maurice Goubalt, a nurseryman in the suburbs of Angers, Fr., fruiting after his death, in 1854. Fruit large, ovate, irregular and bossed or turbinate, slightly obtuse, one side larger than the other, rough to the touch, rather thick, yellowish-green, washed with dark russet on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting, juicy and scented, refreshing, sugary, acidulous, having an exquisite flavor; first; Mar. often till May. =Markbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:103. 1856. Mid-Germany, 1797. Fruit fairly large, ventriculous, faint light green turning to pale green, often blushed and dotted with greenish-gray specks and marked with russet; flesh white, fairly soft, buttery, melting, full of flavor; very good for the table and good for culinary purposes; Dec. and Jan. =Marksbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:162. 1856. Thuringia, Ger., 1799. Fruit small, globular, flattened, greenish-yellow, speckled with yellowish-gray and greenish dots; flesh firm, breaking, juicy and acidulous; first for household; Sept. =Marmion. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 814. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:29, fig. 111. 1878. According to the Bulletin of the Société Van Mons this was either obtained or propagated by M. Bivort in Belgium. Fruit nearly medium, turbinate, dull water-green, sprinkled with numerous and rather large brown spots, the basic green passing at maturity to lemon-yellow and warmly golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, rather fine, breaking, fairly juicy, saccharine and sprightly; dessert; Sept. =Marquise. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:221, Pl. XLIX. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 614. 1884. Of French origin. Merlet described it in 1675 in his _Abrégé des bons fruits_. Fruit above medium, turbinate, globular in the lower part, conic and slightly obtuse in the upper, bright green changing to yellowish, with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun, thickly covered with dots, which are green on the shaded side and brown or gray on the other; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking, full of sugary juice, slightly acid and musky, and very delicate; a good dessert pear; Nov. and Dec. =Marquise de Bedman. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 814. 1869. Foreign. Fruit medium or below, roundish-pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, with a few traces and patches of russet and many green and brown dots; flesh white, sweet, rather firm; good; Sept. =Marsaneix. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:406, fig. 1869. A cooking pear of no particular merit which originated at the market town of Marsaneix, Department of Dordogne, Fr., and was cultivated on the farms of that country in the middle of the eighteenth century. Fruit small, globular, regular in form; skin rough, entirely russeted, dotted with yellowish-gray; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking, scented, gritty; juice abundant but deficient in sugar, insipid; second and for cooking only; Jan. and Feb. =Marshall. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 3rd App. 179. 1881. Said to have originated on the farm of William Marshall, Cambridge, N. Y., some years previous to 1881. Fruit medium, globular, inclining to obtuse-pyriform, yellow, netted and patched with russet over nearly the whole surface and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, semi-fine, juicy, semi-melting, slightly vinous and slightly aromatic; very good; end of Sept. =Marshall Wilder. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:407, fig. 1869. =2.= _Horticulturist_ =27=:150. 1872. Originated in the nurseries of M. Leroy at Angers, Fr., in 1866. Fruit large, long-conic, very irregular, somewhat like Calebasse in form, more or less bossed; skin rough, clear green slightly yellowish, dotted with gray-russet, marbled with brown and scaly; flesh yellowish-white, fine or semi-fine, juicy, very melting, sugary, deliciously perfumed and refreshing; first; Oct. and Nov. =Martha Ann. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =16=:547. 1850. A seedling raised by Francis Dana, Roxbury, Mass. Fruit medium or below, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, yellowish-green, with patches and dots of russet; flesh coarse, juicy, astringent; poor; Oct. =Martin. 1.= _Kans. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 171. 1886. Originated in Cowley, Kans., and reported as a new fruit and a good substitute for the Vicar of Winkfield. Fruit medium to large, oblate-pyriform, irregular, greenish changing to yellowish-white, smooth; flesh firm, fine grained, buttery, juicy; fair; Jan. =Martin-Sec. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:408, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 615. 1884. _Trockener Martin._ =3.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 216, fig. 1913. Hogg tells us that this and the Martin Sire are among the earliest varieties known to have been grown in England, for they are mentioned among the fruits delivered into the Treasury by the fruiterer of Edward I in 1292. In 1530 Charles Estienne of Paris wrote of it as being cultivated in France and affirmed the Pears of Saint Martin were so named because their time of ripening coincided with the Festival of that Saint. Again, in 1675 Merlet in his _Abrégé des bons fruits_ spoke of the Martin-Sec of Provins or of Champagne. Fruit medium or above, long-pyriform-obtuse, regular in form, yellowish and russeted, dotted with gray points and extensively washed with carmine on the face exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, very breaking, rather dry, but sweet and perfumed, very gritty when grafted on quince; third; mid-Nov. to Feb. =Martin-Sire. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:145, Pl. XIX, fig. 5. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:410, fig. 1869. =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 615. 1884. This pear, sometimes known as _Lord Martin Pear_, was grown in England in the thirteenth century. By Claude Saint-Étienne in 1628 it was mentioned under two of its most ancient names, Martin-Sire and _Ronville_. In the eighteenth century Mayer in the _Pomona franconica_ said the name Martin-Sire which was the most generally recognized of its many names originated from a former Lord of Ronville whose name was Martin. Fruit medium, pyriform, obtuse and very regular; skin fine, smooth and shining, bright green changing to a fine deep yellow, dotted and marked with fawn, carmined on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking, fairly juicy, sweet, perfumed and often with an after-taste of musk; more fit for stewing than dessert; Dec. to Feb. =Marulis. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:388. 1843. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 397. 1854. Foreign. Fruit small, globular, greenish-yellow; poor; Sept. =Mary (Case). 1.= Downing. _Fr. Trees Am._ 815. 1869 Originated in the grounds of William Case, Cleveland, Ohio. Fruit small to medium, globular-pyriform, greenish-yellow, slight blush in the sun and many minute brown dots; flesh white, juicy, almost buttery, sweet and acid; very good; last of July. =Mary= (Van Mons). =1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:411, fig. 1869. A seedling obtained by Van Mons, which gave its first fruit at Brussels about the year 1818. Fruit medium and often above medium, ovate, obtuse, rather regular but generally a little depressed on one side at the calyx, yellow-ochre stained with fawn-brown around the stem and sprinkled with light marblings and large dots of green and russet, very numerous around the base; flesh whitish, very fine, melting; juice very abundant, sugary, with a vinegary flavor both delicate and refreshing; first; mid-Oct. =Mascon Colmar. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:106. 1856. Originated from seed at Nassau, Ger., 1825. Fruit medium, obtuse-conic, distorted in form, light green turning yellowish-green at maturity, free from any red blush, but much russeted and dotted; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, full of flavor; good for dessert and culinary purposes; Feb. =Masselbacher Mostbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:193. 1856. A perry pear. Württemberg, Ger., 1847. Fruit small, almost a sphere, green turning to yellow, much covered with russet; flesh firm, granular, acidulous; very good for perry and good for household use; end of Sept. and early Oct. =Masuret. 1.= Baltet _Cult. Fr._ 374. 1908. One of the best French perry pears suitable for commercial and amateur growers; good for the production of sparkling perry; juice clear and very full of perfume; end of Nov. =Mather. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 82. 1856. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 815. 1869. The Mather pear originated with John Mather, Jenkintown, Pa., from seed planted by him about 1810. Fruit below medium, obovate, yellow, with occasionally a red mottled cheek and russeted at the insertion of the stem; flesh rather coarse, buttery, of delicate flavor and agreeable; good; Aug. =Mathilde. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:55. 1856. A Van Mons seedling, 1852. Fruit medium, ovate, greenish changing to greenish-yellow, blushed, and speckled with gray dots; flesh semi-melting, granular, sweet, vinous; second for dessert, first for kitchen and market purposes; end of Aug. for 14 days. =Mathilde Gomand. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1876. Published by Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit medium; skin russeted; flesh melting; first; Jan. =Mathilde Recq. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1895. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, at Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit, flesh fine, very saccharine and highly perfumed; Nov. =Mathilde de Rochefort. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1895. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis at Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. Tree vigorous, forming good pyramids. Fruit small, ovate, covered with russet; flesh fine, melting, very juicy and sugary; Dec. =Matou. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:414, fig. 1869. A variety, known also as _Chat-Grillé_ and _Chat-Rôti_ in France and which must not be confounded with the _Chat-Brûlé_, already described, which ripens in December. Its origin is unknown. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform and enlarged around central circumference, golden-yellow, dotted and marbled with gray-russet, washed with carmine on the face exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking, watery, very granular at the center; juice rather abundant, rarely very saccharine, astringent, almost devoid of perfume; third; mid-Aug. =Matthews. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 82. 1903. =2.= _Hopedale Nurs. Cat._ 17. 1913. Brought from New Jersey about 1835 by a Mr. Chiever and planted at Delavan, Ill. Tree long-lived, a late bearer. Fruit medium to large, apple-shaped, green turning yellow, sweet, juicy; Oct. to Feb. =Maud Hogg. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ =20=:30. 1871. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 615. 1884. Raised by John Mannington, Uckfield, in the Weald of Sussex, Eng.; bore fruit in 1871 for the first time. Fruit above medium, oblong-obovate; skin entirely covered with a crust of warm brown-russet like that of the Beurré Gris, and has a slight orange glow on the side exposed to the sun, very much like the Chaumontel, no yellow or ground color visible; flesh yellowish-white, tender and buttery, very juicy, sweet, richly flavored; a dessert pear of the first quality; Oct. to Dec. =Maude. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1876. A French perry pear abundantly cultivated in the Haute-Savoie, Fr. Fruit medium, globular, grayish-green washed with red; flesh coarse, remarkably juicy. =Maurice Desportes. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:415, fig. 1869. This came from the seed beds of M. André Leroy, Angers, Fr., and first fruited in 1863. Fruit medium, oblong-conic, yellow, dotted with gray, blushed on the sunny side; stem long, rather stout, continuous with the fruit; calyx small, open, in a large cavity; flesh white, rather fine and rather melting, slightly granular, juicy, sweet; first; Sept. =Mausebirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:138. 1856. Hanover, Ger., 1852. Fruit medium to large, variable in form, distorted, bossed; skin fine, greenish turning to yellow when ripe, almost entirely covered with cinnamon-russet, sprinkled with green spots; flesh yellowish-white, sweet and scented with rose; first for the table and kitchen use; Oct. =Mayflower. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1866. A seedling raised by Dr. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., which fruited first in 1863. Fruit "short diameter 2-1/2 inches, long diameter 3 inches; flesh rather dry and firm; skin yellow, with red cheek; keeps soundly without extra care until May. A most prolific bearer. Short pyriform." =Maynard. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 52. 1857. =2.= _Ibid._ 815. 1869. Origin unknown but thought to have been first grown in Lancaster County, Pa. Fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow with russet dots and a crimson cheek; flesh white, juicy and sugary; moderately good; end of July. =Mayr frühzeitige Butterbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:113. 1856. Reported at Gratz, Styria, Austria, 1833. Fruit medium, turbinate-pyriform, uniformly light yellow, slightly russeted on the side next the sun, often with no russet; flesh white, soft, melting, full of flavor, keeps well; first for dessert, good for culinary use and market; Sept. and Oct. =Max. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 73. 1895. A seedling of Flemish Beauty grown in Ohio. Fruit medium, globular-pyriform, yellow brightly blushed, flavor vinous, subacid; good; Sept. in Ohio. =Mecham. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 195. 1867. A seedling pear reported from St. George, Utah, in 1867. Fruit very large, bright green, ripens in Oct. =Medaille d'Été. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1876. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis of Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit large, ovate-pyramidal, lemon-yellow; flesh semi-breaking, very juicy, highly perfumed; Aug. =Medofka. 1.= _Can. Hort._ =17=:292. 1894. Russian. Fruit very small, conical, clear yellow; flesh very melting, agreeable. =Meissner Grossvatersbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:34. 1856. Reported to be of Saxon origin, 1833. Fruit small, turbinate, almost entirely covered with light brown-russet, and sprinkled with round red spots; flesh juicy, semi-melting, having a strong aroma of cinnamon. =Meissner Hirschbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:7. 1856. Saxony, 1803. Fruit medium, conic, bossed, pale light green changing at maturity to light lemon-yellow, often washed extensively with dark blood-red, numerous reddish dots, scentless; flesh breaking, juicy, aromatic; first for household and market; Aug. =Meissner langstielige Feigenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:167. 1856. Saxony, 1805. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, ventriculous and flat, crooked, somewhat uneven, light green changing to yellowish-green, often blushed with dark red, without dots, marked with russet; flesh yellowish-green white, coarse-grained, sweet, firm, breaking; third for dessert, first for kitchen; Oct. =Meissner Liebchensbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:167. 1856. German, chiefly found in Saxony. Fruit small, globular-ventriculous-conic; skin shining, lemon-yellow, becoming highly polished, strongly dotted with round red spots, often marked with fine russet on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, firm, breaking, wanting in juice; third for the table, first for kitchen and market. =Meissner Zwiebelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:34. 1856. Saxony, 1833. Fruit small, globular, light yellow, speckled with numerous fine russety spots; flesh often melting, with musky aroma, fine-grained; first for table and very good for culinary purposes; end of Aug. for three weeks. =Mélanie Michelin. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:55, fig. 412. 1880. Gained by M. Boisbunel, Junior, Rouen, Fr. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, even in contour; skin rather thick, whitish-green, sprinkled with fairly numerous and rather large green spots, scarcely visible and often absent altogether; when ripe the basic green takes a more yellow tone on the side of the sun, and in the case of well-exposed fruits is blushed with a very light rosy red; flesh whitish, slightly tinted with green, tender, a little soft, melting, full of sweet juice and delicately perfumed; good; mid-July. =Mellish. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 815. 1869. Fruit below medium, globular-pyriform, pale yellow, netted, patched and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; Oct. =Melon. 1.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =1=:77, Tab. 1. 1771. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:417, fig. 1869. Of Dutch origin; first described in the Pomology of Knoop in 1766. Fruit medium, typically pyriform, slightly obtuse, regular in outline, sometimes a little uneven and crooked, greenish-yellow when ripe and more or less marked with black, or dark brown, stains, of poor appearance; flesh delicate and gritty, rather succulent and savory but having no particular flavor, not sprightly nor does it justify its name; Aug. and Sept. =Melon de Hellmann. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:83, fig. 330. 1880. Grown by M. Hellmann, Meiningen, Ger. Fruit large, spherical, even in outline, intense green passing to decided yellow when ripe and warmly golden on the side of the sun, numerous dark green spots; flesh white, coarse, semi-breaking; juice sugary, perfumed and agreeable; second, good for cooking; Sept. =Ménagère Sucrée de Van Mons. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:127, fig. 160. 1878. A seedling of Van Mons who distributed it without name. Fruit medium, conic-turbinate; skin thick, at first very clear green sprinkled with gray dots, numerous, very small but clearly visible; towards maturity the green changes to brilliant lemon-yellow and warmly golden on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, semi-buttery and distinctly perfumed with clove; Oct. =Mendenhall. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 88. 1900. Mentioned as one of the "newer" varieties of pears, having given its first ripe specimens on July 5th, 1900. Fruit small, pyriform, yellow, much better in quality than Early Harvest. =Meresia Nevill. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 616. 1884. A seedling of John Mannington, Uckfield, Sussex, Eng.; first fruited in 1872. Fruit below medium, roundish-obovate or oval, even and regular in outline, entirely covered with thick, dark-brown russet; flesh semi-melting, crisp, juicy, sweet, with a rich vinous flavor; an excellent dessert pear; Dec. and Jan. =Merlet 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:418, fig. 1869. Merlet came from the nurseries of M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Fr.; it fruited first in 1861. Fruit medium, turbinate, slightly obtuse and bossed; skin smooth, fine and shining, yellowish-green, delicately dotted with gray; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine, melting, watery, granular around the core; juice abundant and saccharine, refreshing and having a highly delicate flavor; first; Aug. =Merriam. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 524. 1857. =2.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 284. 1867. Originated at Roxbury, Mass.; popular in Boston in 1867. Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened at base and crown, smooth, rich yellow, covered with pale russet around the stem and calyx, and netted with russet all over; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed, very good; Sept. and Oct. =Méruault. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:184, fig. 576. 1881. Obtained by M. Pariset from a seed bed of the Easter Beurré made in 1856. Fruit medium, ovate, shortened and thick, water-green sown with dots of fawn-brown, more often almost wholly covered with russet of fawn color; on ripening the basic green changes to an intense lemon-yellow, the russet clears, and the side next the sun becomes golden; flesh whitish, fine, buttery, melting, without grit; juice abundant, rich in sugar, delicately perfumed with musk; first; throughout winter. =Merveille de Moringen. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1876. Originated in the environs of Moringen, Ger., where it is very well thought of. Tree large, very fertile, resisted the phenomenal frost of 1879-1880 in Europe. Fruit small, turbinate, a beautiful lemon-yellow; flesh breaking; for cooking; Oct. =Messire Jean. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:173, Pl. XXVI. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 616. 1884. Of ancient and untraceable origin, but mentioned by Venette, Rochelle, Fr., in 1678 and 1683. Fruit medium, turbinate, sometimes slightly obovate, surface slightly bossed; skin rough, thick, dark green, passing to buff, washed with dark red on the side of the sun, strewed with speckles of darker russet; flesh white, slightly tinged with lemon, rather fine, breaking, juicy, richly saccharine, perfumed, sprightly; good, either for dessert or kitchen use; Nov. and Dec. =Messire Jean Goubault. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:422, fig. 1869. This variety dates from 1847 and came from a seed bed of M. Goubault, Angers, Fr. Fruit large or medium, turbinate, more or less globular, often irregular, bossed and much larger on one side than on the other; skin fine and wrinkled and entirely reddened and dotted with large grayish spots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, always doughy and containing some grit around the core; juice rather scanty, sugary, tart, slightly perfumed and very agreeable; second; Nov. =Michaelmas Nelis. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ N. S. =30=:272, fig. 82. 1901. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 188. 1920. A seedling from Winter Nelis, which Messrs. Bunyard, nurserymen, Maidstone, Eng., found by chance in a cottage garden, and sent out in 1901. It was given an award of merit at a meeting of the Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society in October, 1902. Fruit medium, pyriform, very shapely, light greenish skin, somewhat russety; flesh white, melting, very little grit, juicy and of delicious flavor; end of Sept. =Michaux. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =6=:45. 1840. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 239. 1854. Origin not clear but R. Manning, Salem, Mass., stated that he had received it from a town in Alsace, Fr. Fruit medium, nearly globular-pyriform, light yellowish-green changing to yellow, with a slight blush of red; flesh white, coarse, semi-buttery, juicy, sweet; second; Sept. and Oct. =Mignonne d'Été. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Obtained by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Fr., and placed in commerce in 1874. Fruit medium to large, like Calebasse in form; skin glossy and yellow, finely dotted and streaked with gray-russet; flesh fine and melting; Aug. =Mignonne d'Hiver. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 816. 1869. An old Belgian variety. Fruit medium, obovate to oblong-ovate-pyriform, light yellow, mostly covered with thick, rough russet, and veined with crimson and fawn; flesh yellowish, rather granular, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic; good; Nov. and Dec. =Mikado. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 115. 1876. =2.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:449, 484. 1913. Among the most successful importers of oriental plants was Freiherr V. Siebold who maintained a nursery and botanic garden in Leyden, Holland, during the first half of the nineteenth century. Of the pears imported by him, Mikado was one. This was procured from Von Siebold's nursery in 1873 by Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine. Fruit rather large, globular-ovoid; skin rough to the touch, yellowish-olive, dotted with gray specks; flesh white, fine, breaking, rather juicy, perfumed, with a pronounced quince flavor, subacid; poor, uneatable raw; end of Sept. =Milan d'Hiver. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:424, fig. 1869. A very old pear described in 1675 by Merlet, the French pomologist. Fruit large, globular-turbinate, usually mammillate at the summit and very regular; skin thick and rough to the touch, gray-russet, sprinkled around the stalk with large whitish-gray dots; flesh yellowish, fine, semi-melting, granular at the core; juice rarely plentiful, only slightly saccharine, acidulous, feebly aromatic; third; Nov. to Jan. =Milan de Rouen. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:425, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 617. 1884. Gained by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Fr.; distributed in 1859. Fruit medium, globular, a little conic toward the summit, slightly bossed and one side less swelled than the other; skin thick, dull yellow, dotted and streaked with fawn, much stained with gray around the stem; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, and semi-melting, juicy, rather granular at the core, sugary; juice aromatic, often spoiled by an unpleasant acerbity; second; end of Aug. =Miller. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:426, fig. 1869. Raised from seed by André Leroy; first reported in 1864. Fruit medium and sometimes larger; in form it passes from rounded conic to globular, slightly flattened especially at the base; skin rough to touch, bronzed all over, dotted with russet, and dotted and mottled with greenish-yellow; flesh white, fine, melting, a little granular at the core, juicy, sugary, sourish, with a delicious aroma; first; Oct. =Millot de Nancy. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:427, fig. 1867. Produced in the nurseries of Van Mons at Louvain; first reported in 1843. Fruit medium, ovate, very obtuse, more or less regular and bossed, often rather globular, yellow-ochre dotted with gray-russet, mottled with olive-brown, sometimes washed with clear fawn on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, gritty at the center; juice rarely abundant, but very saccharine, aromatic and full of flavor, sometimes a little too acid; second; Oct. =Milner. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:181. 1908. Cataloged by Silas Wharton in 1824 under the name of _Milner's Favorite_. Fruit small, pyriform; good. =Mima Wilder. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 152. 1874. =2.= _Ibid._ 120. 1875. A seedling of Colonel Wilder, in a collection of new pears shown by him in 1874. In November of the following year it was found to have retained its previous good quality. =Ministre Bara. 1.= _Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 49. 1892. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1895. A gain of Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. It was exhibited by P. J. Berckmans of Augusta, Georgia, before the Georgia State Horticultural Society in 1892 and 1893. =Ministre Pirmez. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Published by Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit medium to large; flesh melting; first; Jan. and Feb. =Ministre Viger. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 113. 1901. Raised by Messrs. Baltet of Troyes, Fr., from seed of the Pierre Tourasse. It was much noticed at the International Exhibition at Paris in 1900. Fruit large, turbinate, bossed, tender yellow clouded with ochre, washed with rosy gray and salmon on the side next the sun, with speckles of fawn; flesh fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, with perfume noticeable on the skin, and flavor recalling that of the Duchesse d'Angoulême; mid-Dec. to mid-Jan. =Minot Jean Marie. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1876. A seedling of Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit large, pyriform, shortened, covered with russet on a yellow foundation; flesh yellowish, breaking, very juicy, sugary; first; Dec. to Feb. =Missile d'Hiver. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 169. 1841. A foreign variety recommended by M. Dalbret and M. Jamin, well known pomologists. Fruit large, buttery, valuable according to M. Jamin; Nov. and Dec. =Mission. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 73. 1895. Originated at the old mission near Capistrano, California. Fruit medium, acutely pyriform, long, yellow, nearly covered with russet; flesh very fine and buttery; very mild or sweet; ripe in Sept. in southern California. =Mr. Hill's Pear. 1.= Langley _Pomona_ 132, Pl. LXIII, figs. 2, 4. 1729. Mentioned by Batty Langley, Twickenham, Eng., as bearing two crops in the year. Fruit rather small, obtuse-pyriform, usually distorted at the upper end, grows in clusters; in 1727 the first crop matured on Aug. 24, and the second crop on Oct. 1. =Mitchell Russet. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 525. 1857. =2.= _Ibid._ 817. 1869. Originated at Belleville, Ill. Fruit medium or small, obovate inclining to conic; skin rough, dark russet, thickly covered with gray dots; flesh juicy, melting, rich and highly perfumed, astringent; scarcely good; Oct. =Mitschurin. 1.= _Can. Hort._ =17=:292. 1894. Probably Russian. Fruit very large; a good kitchen fruit; mid-season. =Moccas. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 717. 1841. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 617. 1884. Raised from seed by Thomas Andrew Knight, Downton Castle, Eng. Fruit medium, oval, uneven, and bossed in outline, lemon-colored, marked with patches and veins of thin pale brown-russet and strewed with russet dots; flesh yellowish, fine, melting, tender, full of rich vinous juice, musky in flavor; a delicious dessert pear. =Mollet Guernsey Beurré. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 36, 85. 1842. Raised from seed by Charles Mollet of Guernsey, Channel Islands, who died in 1819. Fruit medium, obovate or somewhat pyramidal, with a remarkable fleshy extension of about 1/2 inch at the insertion of the stalk, surface of the pear uneven, yellow, but much obscured with ferruginous russet, sometimes equally scattered, but often disposed in broad, longitudinal stripes; flesh yellowish, very melting, buttery, with a rich Chaumontel flavor though distinct; Dec. =Monarch. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 312. 1866. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 188. 1920. _Knight Monarch._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 796. 1869. Raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Downton Castle, Eng., in 1830. Bunyard says: "Tree easily recognized in winter by its very large oval buds, which stand out like those of a red currant." Fruit medium, globular, yellowish-green, much covered with brown-russet and strewed with gray-russet specks; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting and very juicy, with a rich, vinous, sugary, and agreeably-perfumed flavor; first, one of the most valuable; Dec. and Jan. =Monchallard. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:429, fig. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 189. 1920. Found about 1810 by M. Monchallard at Valeuil, Dordogne, Fr. Fruit above medium to large, long-obovate, very obtuse; skin delicate, yellow, clear and dull, speckled uniformly with greenish dots and often washed with dark red on the cheek next the sun; flesh very white, fine or semi-fine, extremely melting, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, slightly aromatic and of delicious flavor; first; end of Aug. and Sept. =Mongolian. 1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 215. 1896. =2.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:482. 1913. Considered by Budd of Iowa to be the best of the oriental varieties yet tested in this country. Obtained from seed at Ames, Iowa. Fruit medium to large, globular-oval, narrowing at both ends, with its greatest diameter near the middle, similar to Kieffer in shape, inclined to ridging near the apex, greenish, with blushed cheeks and russet dots; flesh tender, melting, juicy; good when ripened indoors. =Monseigneur Affre. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom_. =2=:430, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 618. 1884. Raised by Van Mons though the tree did not produce fruit until 1845, three years after his death. Fruit medium, form variable, globular-obtuse-truncate, pyriform, greenish-yellow; flesh white, reddish under the skin, very melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, aromatic, with a fine flavor; first; Nov. =Monseigneur des Hons. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:431, fig. 1869. M. Gibey-Lorne, Troyes, Fr., raised this pear from seed in 1856. Fruit below medium and often small, usually turbinate, rather long and obtuse, but sometimes cylindrical and bossed, olive-green dotted with russet on the shaded side, golden on the exposed face, sometimes blushed with carmine; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, aromatic; second; end of Aug. =Monseigneur Sibour. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:432, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 817. 1869. Originated at Jodoigne, Bel., from a bed made by Xavier Grégoire; it dates from 1855. Fruit above medium but often less, ovate, swelled in its lower half, yellowish-green, dotted, marbled and streaked with gray-russet and more or less washed with brown-fawn on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, rather coarse, semi-melting, juicy, containing numerous grits around the core; juice saccharine, vinous and aromatic; second; end of Oct. =Moon. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:183. 1908. Cultivated by Silas Wharton in 1824. Its synonyms, _Moon's Pound_, and _Pound, Moon's_, are significant of its size. Fruit described by Ragan as medium sized, yellow; flesh melting, juicy; good; late. =Moorcroft. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 619. 1884. Often called in England the _Malvern_ pear, being much grown about that place; esteemed for perry. Fruit small, globular, even and regular in outline, greenish-yellow on the shaded side, and with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun, strewed all over with large ashy gray freckles of russet; flesh breaking. =Moorfowl Egg. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 361. 1831. _Muirfowl Egg._ =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 619. 1884. An old Scotch dessert pear partaking somewhat of the character of Swan Egg. Fruit below medium, globular, dull green changing to yellow-green, mottled with red next the sun, and thickly strewed with pale brown-russety dots; flesh yellowish, semi-buttery, tender, sweet and with a slight perfume; Oct. =Morel. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =21=:151. 1855. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:434, fig. 1869. Propagated by Alexandre Bivort, successor of Van Mons, and can be traced earlier than 1843. Fruit below medium or small, ovate, sensibly hexagonal, flattened at either extremity, and one side usually more enlarged than the other, yellowish-green, dotted and marbled with russet; flesh yellowish, fine, breaking, rather granular at the center; juice abundant, wanting in sweetness, insipid and of a very unpleasant astringency; second, but good only for cooking; Apr. =Morgan. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =14=:250, fig. 1859. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =25=:541. 1859. Originated on the farm of a Mr. Morgan in New Hanover County, North Carolina. Fruit large, oblate varying to obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, speckled with gray-russet intermingled with some tracery of the same; flesh white, a little gritty, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; very good, nearly best; Oct. =Morley. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. Mentioned in Parkinson's list of orchard pears as a "very good peare, like in forme and colour unto the Windsor but somewhat grayer." =Morosovskaja. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 61. 1880. Mentioned in a paper read by Mr. J. L. Budd before the Horticultural Society of Iowa in 1880. It is a Russian variety, having gritty, thorn-like wood. =Moskovka. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:184. 1908. A Russian variety said to be largely grown for cooking. Fruit small, pyriform, juicy; early season. =Mostbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:173. 1856. Nassau, Ger., 1802. Fruit medium, pyriform, sides rather unequal, whitish-yellow skin changing to lemon-yellow, without any blush, dotted indistinctly, russeted; flesh yellow, breaking, coarse-grained, juicy, aromatic, sweet; third for dessert, but first for cooking and perry; Sept. and Oct. =Moyamensing. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:274. 1847. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 818. 1869. Supposed to be a native. The original tree stood in 1847 in the garden of J. B. Smith of Philadelphia. Fruit medium, variable in form, some globular, others obovate, uniform light yellow, with patches and dots of russet; flesh whitish, buttery, melting, coarse, sweet; with a rich, spicy and delicious flavor; good to best; Aug. and Sept. =Mrs. Seden. 1.= _Garden_ =76=:36, figs. 1912. A cross between Seckel and Bergamotte Espéren; exhibited by James Veitch and Sons, Chelsea, Eng., before the Royal Horticultural Society in January, 1912, and received an award of merit. Fruit small, round, yellow, toning to a bright crimson on the sunny side; flesh is free from the grittiness which sometimes characterizes the fruits of Bergamotte Espéren; the flavor is remarkably fine; Jan. =Muddy Brook. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 45. 1866. A seedling from S. A. Shurtleff of Brookline, Mass., which fruited in 1862. Fruit diameter 2-1/4 inches, short pyriform; skin dark green; flesh white, melting and juicy, with good flavor; great bearer and good market pear; Sept. =Muir Everbearing. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. Originated with Hal Muir, Bloomfield, Ky., about 1870. Reported as "delicious; August to November." =Mungo Park. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:160, 1856. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1876. A seedling of Van Mons named after the celebrated Scotch voyager. Fruit small, turbinate-pyriform or globular-ovate, very pale green sprinkled with fawn dots, very small, numerous, and feebly visible, the basic green passing at maturity to pale whitish-yellow and becoming a little golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting, free from grit, full of sugary juice, sprightly and agreeably perfumed; first; Oct. =Munz Apothekerbirne. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =30=:370. 1891. Presumably German. A medium-sized pear, obovate, oblong, with a stalk rather more than an inch long, continuous with the fruit, yellowish; flesh white; of good flavor; Aug. =Muscadine. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =1=:364. 1835. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 818. 1869. The original tree is supposed to have grown on the farm of a Dr. Fowler near Newburgh, N. Y., and the pear was introduced to notice by Downing. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, regular in form, pale yellowish-green, thickly sprinkled with brown dots; flesh white, buttery, semi-melting, with an agreeable rich, musky flavor; good to very good, a valuable late summer variety; end of Aug. and beginning of Sept. =Muscat Allemand d'Automne. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:437, fig. 1869. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 256. 1889. Found in the Horticultural Society's Garden at Angers, Fr., in 1833. Its origin is uncertain but the name indicates that it came from Germany. Fruit medium and sometimes below, rather variable in form, from long-pyriform, slightly obtuse and regular in contour, to irregular-ovate and strongly bossed, somber yellow, dotted with clear gray, extensively washed with russet, and vermilioned on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, rather granular, watery; juice abundant and saccharine, vinous, musky and almost always marred by too great an acidity; second; Oct. =Muscat Fleuri d'Été. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:121. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:441, fig. 1869. Known at Orléans at the end of the sixteenth century under the name _Muscat à longue queue_. Fruit small, globular-turbinate or turbinate slightly ovate, olive-yellow finely dotted with fawn and washed with red-brown on the cheek next the sun; flesh yellowish, coarse, semi-breaking, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, musky; second; end of July. =Muscat Robert. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:120, Pl. II. 1768. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 818. 1869. This pear was mentioned by Le Lectier in 1628 and by la Quintinye in 1690 under the name of _Pucelle de Saintonge_. Its name of Muscat Robert dates from about 1672 and Merlet wrote of it in 1675 as the _Amber Pear_ or Muscat Robert. It has also been widely known as the _Amber Pear_. Fruit small, globular, very round in all its lower part but slightly conic at its other extremity where it is a little wrinkled, yellowish-green, finely and uniformly dotted with olive-brown and sometimes rather carmined on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking or semi-breaking, inclined to rot before ripe, granular, very juicy, sugary, very musky; second; mid-July. =Muscat Royal. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:120. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:444, fig. 1869. An old French pear growing in kitchen garden at Versailles planted about 1670 by La Quintinye for Louis XIV. It was then called _Muscat fleuri d'Autumne_ or _Muscat à longue queue_, on account of its long stem. Fruit small, globular in its lower half but somewhat conic-obtuse in its upper half; skin fine, grayish-yellow, dotted with clear brown and partly covered with russet which often passes into brownish-red of a somber hue on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, watery, rather granular round the seeds; juice abundant, very saccharine, more or less acid and having a pleasant flavor; second; Sept. =Muscat Royal de Mayer. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:225, fig. 111. 1866-73. This is the Muscat Royal described by the German Mayer in his _Pomona Franconia_, 1779, and by Diel in 1804, and must not be confused with the Muscat Royal of Duhamel. Fruit small or nearly medium on a pruned tree, globular-turbinate, largest circumference around the middle, very obtuse; skin thick, green, covered with a sort of white bloom which dulls it, sprinkled with numerous round, whitish-gray dots, especially apparent on the side next the sun where they are nearly white; at maturity the green brightens somewhat; by the time it becomes yellow the fruit is already over ripe; flesh greenish, coarse, gritty at the core, semi-buttery, fairly full of sugary juice, with an agreeable musky flavor; third, should be eaten promptly on ripening; end of July. =Muscat Roye. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:134. 1831. Fruit small, oblong; skin rough to the touch, yellowish-green on the shaded side, and of a "pleasant red" next the sun; flesh breaking and perfumed; end of Aug. =Muscatelle. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:448, fig. 1869. One of the last gains of Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., who died in 1847. Fruit small, nearly globular or globular-conic, at first water-green dotted with numerous round points brown in color, changing to lemon-yellow; flesh yellowish, transparent, semi- or nearly melting, full of sugary juice strongly scented with musk; first; Feb. and Mar. =Musette d'Anjou. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:446, fig. 1869. Claude Saint-Étienne wrote of this pear briefly in 1687, being the first writer to mention it. Probably it originated in the old province of Anjou. Its name and form recall the rural bag-pipes which the Breton country folk play, and dance to. Fruit below medium, very elongated, flattened at its extremities, constricted at the middle, the upper part being often bent so as to make it resemble the musical instrument after which it is named, lemon-yellow or yellow-ochre, dotted uniformly with gray and brown points; flesh white, coarse and breaking, watery and gritty; juice sufficient, rarely very saccharine, more or less astringent, slightly perfumed, and with a disagreeable after-taste; third; Sept. =Musette de Nancy. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 621. 1884. Fruit large, pyramidal and handsome, with an uneven and undulating outline, shaped like Beurré de Rance, lemon-yellow covered with a fine, warm, orange-brown or bright cinnamon-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, rather crisp like the texture of Passe Colmar; juice abundant, rich, saccharine and very finely perfumed; first; end of Oct. and beginning of Nov. =Muskateller-Bergamotte. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:21. 1856. Origin uncertain, probably German. Fruit small, globular, light grass-green changing to yellowish-green, uniform in color, washed with brown on the side exposed to the sun, strongly dotted with brown; flesh melting, extremely musky; first for the table; Oct. =Muskingum. 1.= Cole _Am. Fr. Book_ 153. 1849. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 819. 1869. Origin uncertain, but probably either Ohio or Connecticut is its native habitat. Fruit medium, globular to obovate, greenish-yellow, with dark specks and much russet; flesh breaking, yellow-white, with many dark specks and much russet, juicy, sprightly, vinous, pleasantly perfumed, aromatic flavor; good; middle and last of Aug. =Muskirte Wintereirbirne. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 508. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:57. 1856. A Dutch variety, published in 1801. Fruit small, ovate, medium ventriculous; skin fine and smooth, light straw-yellow changing to a waxy lemon-yellow and often washed with a golden blush; flesh semi-breaking, sweet, having a musky aroma; second for dessert, first for household; Dec. to Feb. =Musquée d'Espéren. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:448, fig. 1869. A seedling of Major Espéren; probably first reported in 1845. Fruit medium, variable in form, passing from ovate rounded at each end to ovate nearly cylindrical and more or less bossed; greenish-yellow, dotted and streaked with russet; flesh whitish, fine, breaking, perfumed; juice very abundant, saccharine, acidulous and very musky in flavor and agreeable; first; beginning of Feb. and through Mar. =Mussette. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:169. 1856. A Normandy perry pear. Fruit medium, rather long-pyriform; skin a dirty greenish-yellow changing to brown-green; flesh gritty, juicy, sweet, sharp and vinous; good for household use, first class for perry; end of Oct. =Mützchensbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:162. 1856. German, 1807. Fruit small, in clusters, short-turbinate, upper end flat, greenish-yellow, covered with cinnamon and dotted; flesh whitish-yellow, tender, sweet, vinous; third for dessert, first for culinary use; Oct. =Naegelgesbirn. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 80. 1876. A Rhenish-Prussian perry pear which is exceedingly prolific but produces a perry of inferior quality. =Nain Vert. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 914. 1860. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:450, fig. 1869. =3.= _Jour. Hort._ N. S. =32=:256. 1896. This strange variety was obtained from seed by M. de Nerbonne, in the commune of Huillé (Maine-et-Loire), Fr., and first fruited in 1839. The tree forms a bush between 3 and 4 feet high; it is remarkable for its dwarf habit, and its erect, thick, fleshy branches, Fruit medium and sometimes larger, globular, irregular, but variable in form; skin thin, slightly rough, yellowish-green, uniformly covered with large gray-russet dots; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, rather dry; juice deficient, sugary, sweet, almost without perfume; third; Oct. =Napa. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 68. 1895. Originated in California and was introduced by Leonard Coates in 1886. Fruit very large, mid-season. =Naples. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:451, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 621. 1884. This old variety known in France for many centuries and described by Claude Saint-Étienne in 1670 was also known as the _Feuille de chêne_ or _Oak leaf_. Its name indicates that it came from Italy. Henri Manger said in 1780 that it appeared to him to be identical with the pear _Picentia_ described by Pliny. Fruit medium and often less, turbinate-obtuse much swelled at central circumference, and more or less bossed at both extremities, olive-yellow or bright green at first, changing to a beautiful lemon-yellow, finely dotted with fawn, brownish-red next the sun, changing to bright red as the ground color changes; flesh whitish, semi-fine, semi-breaking, almost free from grit; juice plentiful, sweet and sugary, possessing usually a slight after-taste of anis; second; Jan. to Mar. =Napoleon. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 819. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 189. 1920. _Napoleon I._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:453, fig. 1869. _Napoleon Butterbirne._ =4.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 257. 1889. Napoleon was raised in 1808 by M. Liard, a gardener at Mons, Bel. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, swelled toward the base; skin thin, smooth, bright green changing to greenish-yellow, covered with numerous brown dots, seldom blushed; flesh white and fine, tender, melting, rather granular, very juicy, with a very saccharine, refreshing and aromatic flavor; first, a valuable dessert pear; mid-Oct. or nearly Nov. to Dec. =Napoleon Savinien. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:71, fig. 1856. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 819. 1869. Obtained in the garden of the Society Van Mons at Geest-Saint-Rémy, Bel., in 1854. Fruit medium, turbinate-ventriculous or pyriform-ventriculous, acute at the top which passes into the stalk; greenish-yellow, dotted with gray-russet; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, juicy and perfumed, saccharine; juice musky, delicate; Oct. to Mar.; the long period of its ripening is its very valuable quality. =Napoleon III. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:457, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 622. 1884. The seedling which bore this beautiful fruit came from the seed beds of André Leroy. It was first reported in 1864. Fruit large, obovate, obtuse, uneven, deep yellow, dotted and streaked with russet, and marked with numerous brownish stains; flesh white, fine, juicy and vinous, saccharine, tastes sourish; an excellent pear, first; Sept. =Naquette. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:109, fig. 53. 1866-73. Under the name Naquette this pear was described by Claude Saint-Étienne in 1670. After that time it appears to have been classed in the Caillot family with the name _Caillot_. Later still it received among other names that of _Bergamot Early_ (Lindley) and _Bergamote Précoce_ (Calvel). Fruit medium or smaller, spherical, flattened at both poles; skin thin, smooth, grass-green dotted with fawn, when ripe clouded with yellow on the shaded side and washed or streaked with red on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, rather transparent, fine, melting, full of sugary juice, acidulous, pleasantly perfumed, very delicate; first; mid-Aug. =Nassau Ehre. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:47. 1856. Belgian, 1823. Fruit medium, pyriform, blushed, somewhat streaked with vermilion, slightly russeted; flesh semi-breaking, fine, cinnamon-flavored, sweet; second for dessert, first for household use; end of Aug. =Naudin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1876. Published in the _Revue Horticole_, Fr., in 1869. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, grass-green stained with gray; flesh extremely melting, very juicy, pleasantly relieved with a fresh savor; first; Aug. to Oct. =Naumkeag. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 149. 1841. Originated at Salem, Mass., by George Johonnot; derives its name from the old Indian name of Salem. Fruit medium, globular, yellow-russet; flesh juicy, melting but rather astringent in flavor; good; Oct. =Navez Peintre. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 622. 1884. Received by Hogg, the English pomologist, from M. Papeleu, Wetteren, Bel., in 1857. Fruit medium, ovate, even and regular in form, yellowish-green on the shaded side and marked with bands of brown-russet, but with a blush of brownish-red next the sun; flesh yellowish, melting, very juicy, piquant and sugary, with a fine aroma; a very fine pear; end of Sept. =Neapolitan. 1.= Brookshaw _Hort. Reposit._ =2=:Pl. 72. 1823. Described by Brookshaw in 1823 as a valuable acquisition to English collections. Fruit thin-skinned, green changing to yellow when quite ripe, rich in flavor, and so juicy that it cannot be pared without a considerable quantity of the juice running from it; Nov. =Nec Plus Meuris. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 622. 1884. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 189. 1920. This is not the Nec Plus Meuris of France which is our Beurré d'Anjou. The origin is uncertain. Fruit small, round-oval, uneven, greenish-yellow, nearly covered with rough brown-russet; stem very short, stout, continuous with the fruit; calyx large, open, in a small basin; flesh pale, yellow, melting, deliciously perfumed; Feb. and Mar. =Nectarine. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 622. 1884. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, yellow covered with large dots and patches of pale brown-russet; flesh yellowish, buttery, rich, with a fine, brisk, acidulous flavor and agreeable aroma; first-rate, with a good deal of the character of the Passe Colmar; Oct. =Negley. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =26=:267, 397. 1860. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 820. 1869. Introduced in 1860 by J. S. Negley, Pittsburg, Pa. Fruit above medium, obtusely obovate, nearly regular, sometimes a perfect pyriform, rich lemon shaded with bright crimson in the sun, sprinkled with minute brown-russet dots; flesh white, a little coarse, moderately melting, juicy, richly saccharine, vinous, slightly aromatic; good to very good; Sept. =New Bridge. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:204. 1832. Described in the London Horticultural Society's catalog in 1832 as having been produced in the Horticultural Garden at Chiswick. Fruit below medium, turbinate, dull gray covered with thin gray-russet, and light, lively, shining brown on the sunny side; flesh melting, a little gritty, with a sugary juice, but without flavor; Oct. =New Haven. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =3=:327. 1837. A seedling raised in the garden of Dr. Ives, New Haven, Conn. It was said to partake of the habit of White Doyenné, to be a good cropper, and of excellent quality. =New Meadow. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 623. 1884. A perry pear, grown in Herefordshire, England. Fruit very small, turbinate, covered with brownish-gray russet, and a brownish cheek next the sun. =Newhall. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 37. 1867. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 820. 1869. A seedling of F. and L. Clapp, exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1867. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, inclining to oval, surface rather uneven, yellow at maturity, with some traces of russet, occasionally blushed on the side next the sun; flesh melting, buttery, tender, very juicy, sweet, with a musky aroma; very good; Oct. =Newtown. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 820. 1869. Originated at Newtown, Long Island. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, lemon-yellow, netted and patched with russet; flesh whitish, rather coarse, semi-melting, sweet, and pleasant; good; Sept. =Nicholas. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 10. 1869. A seedling shown by Messrs. F. and L. Clapp in November, 1869. Fruit medium, obovate; skin thin, yellow; very juicy and highly flavored. =Nickerson. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 820. 1869. Originated from seed planted at Readfield, Me. Fruit large, oblong-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with a dull red cheek on the side next the sun; flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, sweet; good; Oct. =Nicolas Eischen. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1876. Reported in 1876 by Messrs. Simon-Louis as on trial in their nurseries at Metz, Lorraine. It was said to be a beautiful fruit, speckled and very musky like the Bartlett, but more perfumed; Dec. to Feb. =Niell d'Hiver. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:189. 1908. Shown at a meeting of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society in 1855. A late variety, acid in flavor. =Nikitaer Grüne Herbst-Apothekerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:182. 1856. _Bon-Chrétien de Nikita._ =2.= _Guide Prat._ 282. 1895. German, published 1852. Fruit medium, conic, light green changing to light green-yellow, without any blush, numerous fine dots, russeted on the sun-exposed side; flesh yellowish-white, sweet, vinous; first for household purposes; Oct., eight weeks. =Niles. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:76. 1854. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 821. 1869. This variety was imported from France about 1850 by the Hon. J. M. Niles, Hartford, Conn., without a name. It was consequently designated "Niles." Some pomologists have considered it to be the Easter Beurré, but it appears to be more oblong in form, more yellow in color, to have a longer stem and to be earlier in time of maturity. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, yellow thickly covered with russet dots; flesh juicy, buttery, sweet and pleasant; Dec. =Niochi de Parma. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1876. A summer variety highly esteemed in Piedmont, Italy. It is suitable for cultivation on a large scale and is hardy, having resisted the phenomenal European frost of 1879-1880. =Noir Grain. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 180. 1832. A variety very highly esteemed in Flanders in the early part of the last century. Fruit is of medium size and matures in Sept., the flesh being buttery as is indicated by its synonym _Beurré noire graine_. =Noire d'Alagier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 96. 1895. A Caucasian variety sent out by M. Niemetz, Winnitsa, Podolia, Russia. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis of Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. The fruit is said to resemble Winter Nelis, gray, bronze-russeted, rough; flesh fine, juicy. =Nonpareil. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 821. 1869. A seedling raised by Judge Livingston, of New York. Fruit globular-oblate, russety-yellow, mostly overspread and shaded with red in sun, and bright fawn-russet in shade; flesh yellowish-white, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed; Nov. =Nordhäuser Winter-Forellenbirne. 1.= _Deutschland Obst._ =2=:Pt. 6, Pl. 1906. A North German variety of the Forelle or Trout Pear. It is known as the _Winter Forelle_ or _Northern Forelle_. Fruit medium, conic-obtuse; skin smooth and shining, greenish-yellow, speckled and washed with red on the side next the sun, dotted all over on the shaded face with fine brownish-red; flesh white, melting, sweet, aromatic and agreeable; Jan. to Mar. =Norfolk County. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff of Brookline, Mass., and submitted by him to the Fruit Committee of the Horticultural Society of that state in 1866. Fruit, long diameter 3-3/4 inches, short diameter 3-1/4 inches, long turbinate, green with dots, good grain, juicy, with pleasant flavor, ripens well, a handsome fruit and large bearer; Oct. 11. =Normännische Ciderbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 168, fig. 1913. This pear was found growing wild in Normandy, Fr., and in Upper Austria, and is excellent for making perry and for distillation. Fruit very small, turbinate, greenish-yellow covered with cinnamon-russet and ashy-gray dots; flesh yellowish-white, rather dry, sweet but with some sprightliness; Sept. =Notaire Lepin. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 449. 1889. Notaire Lepin was obtained by M. Rollet, a horticulturist at Villefranche, Rhône, Fr., about 1860 and was placed on the market in 1879. Fruit large or very large, variable in size, obtuse-pyramidal but variable, skin fine, somewhat rough to the touch, yellow, dotted with russet, marbled with fawn, flesh white, granular around the core, fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, slightly but agreeably perfumed; its quality very variable, rather good, and rarely very good; Jan. to Apr. =Notaire Minot. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:465, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 821. 1869. A posthumous gain of Van Mons of only very moderate merit. It fruited in nurseries at Geest-Saint-Rémy, Jodoigne, Bel., in 1844. Fruit medium, rather variable in form, but usually irregular ovate-globular or very obtuse-turbinate and ventriculous; skin thick and rather rough, grass-green, dotted all over with fawn and blushed with dark red on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish, semi-fine and semi-melting, very gritty around the core; juice insufficient, saccharine, aromatic, having a disagreeable astringency; third; Oct. =Nouveau Doyenné d'Hiver. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:9, fig. 5. 1872. Stated by Diel to have been a gain of Van Mons. Fruit medium, spherical or spherical-conic, slightly depressed at the two poles, even in its outline; skin thick and firm, of a very clear green, sprinkled with small brown dots regularly placed in a characteristic manner; at maturity the basic green passes to pale yellow and the side next the sun becomes a little golden; flesh white, rather fine, compact, breaking or semi-breaking; juice deficient, saccharine but wanting in perfume; not very desirable; end of winter. =Nouveau Poiteau. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:466, fig. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 190. 1920. According to Leroy this was a seedling of Van Mons raised in his nursery at Louvain from a bed made in 1827. Fruit large and sometimes enormous, oblong or irregular-ovate, always much bossed, swelled around the middle and often more so on one side than on the other, grass-green, covered with numerous fawn dots, and with some squamose patches of brown-russet on the side of the sun; flesh white, greenish near the core, very fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, savory; first; Oct. =Nouvelle Aglaé. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1876. Obtained by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Brabant. Fruit medium, long-obtuse-oval, dark yellow touched with fawn; flesh fine, juicy; first; end of autumn. =Nouvelle Fulvie. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:59, fig. 1857. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 190. 1920. _Belle de Jarnac._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:203, fig. 1867. A gain of M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. First reported in 1854. Fruit large or very large, pyramidal-pyriform, strongly bossed, lemon-yellow when ripe, colored with vivid red on the side exposed to the sun, marked and dotted with russet; flesh yellowish-white, very fine, melting, buttery; juice very abundant, sugary, having an exquisite perfume; good; Nov. to Feb. =Nussbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:162. 1856. Schwarben, Thuringer Wald, Ger., 1800. Fruit small, globular-turbinate, green, thick skin; flesh firm, breaking, vinous and acidulous; first for household; end of Aug. =Nypse. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1876. A winter pear received by Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, from Italy, and on trial in that firm's orchards in 1876. =Oakley Park Bergamotte. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:152. 1847. Raised from seed by T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, Eng. former President of the London Horticultural Society. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh buttery, melting; good; Oct. =Ochsenherz. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:185. 1856. _Coeur-de-Boeuf._ =2.= _Guide Prat._ 90, 258. 1876. South Germany, 1801. Fruit large, pyriform, crooked, light green turning to lemon-yellow, almost entirely blushed with dull light red, dotted with green; flesh pulpy and tender, not juicy, very sweet and musky; third for table, first for household and market; end of Oct. =Ockletree. 1.= _Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc._ 37. 1880. This was a seedling brought from Pittsburg, Pa., in 1804 and planted near Vincennes, Ind. In 1837 it produced 140 bushels of pears, the largest crop recorded from it. In 1855 it measured ten and one-half feet in circumference at the smallest place below the limbs, seventy-five feet across the top, and sixty-five feet in height. In 1867 it was split down by a tornado, and seven or eight years later the trunk also died. It took its name from Mr. Ockletree its owner. The fruit was of inferior quality. =Octave Lachambre. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:469, fig. 1869. M. Octave Lachambre, Loudon, Vienne, Fr., found this variety in the orchard of the Château of Guérinière about 1825. M. Lachambre propagated it and offered it to Leroy who placed it on the market in 1860. Fruit medium or less, globular-ovate, bossed, flattened at the top, and always smaller on one side than on the other, dull yellow, finely dotted and streaked with russet, slightly mottled with fawn on the cheek exposed to the sun and around the calyx and stalk; flesh whitish, fine, melting or semi-melting, rather granular around the core; juice extremely abundant, acidulous and saccharine, more or less aromatic but always full of flavor; first; May. =Oesterreichische Muskatellerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:24. 1856. Austria, 1851. Fruit medium, globular, medium ventriculous; skin thick, greenish-yellow, somewhat blushed with brown and without russet; flesh firm, somewhat gritty, very melting and juicy; first for dessert, household and market; Sept. =Oeuf de Woltmann. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:221, fig. 109. 1866-73. Of German origin. Fruit small to medium, exactly ovate, bright green, sprinkled with numerous dots, some gray and some dark green; at maturity the basic green changes to pale yellow the dots becoming less visible and on well-exposed fruits the side next the sun is slightly blushed with earthy-red on which are some dots of whitish-gray; flesh very white, semi-fine, semi-breaking, sugary, with a refreshing and agreeable perfume; good; end of July. =Ogereau. 1.= _Mich. Sta. Bul._ =177=:39. 1899. Believed to be European. Fruit obovate-oblong-pyriform, yellow blushed with red, some russet; flesh white, buttery, vinous, medium quality, for market; Oct. and Nov. =Ognon. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 70. 1895. Sent out by M. Gilbert, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit small to medium, globular, irregular, green covered with russet; third class; Sept. =Ognonnet. 1.= Baltet _Cult. Fr._ 375. 1908. A cider pear used in France for the production of alcohol by distillation. =Oignon. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:473, fig. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 191. 1920. This is a variety which Leroy found cultivated in the western Departments of France which he thought might be the same as the pear called by Le Lectier in 1628 _Oignon d'Été de Bretagne_. In England it is one of the most fertile pears grown. Fruit above medium, spherical, much flattened at both ends and often smaller on one side than on the other; skin thick and rough, gray-fawn, entirely covered with large grayish dots; flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, rather granular around the core; juice moderate in amount, sweet, saccharine, only slightly perfumed; second; end of Sept. =Oignonet de Provence. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:474, fig. 1869. The origin of this pear is unknown, but it was propagated by M. Urbain Audibert, a nurseryman near Tarascon in the South of France. In 1812 M. Audibert sent it to M. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps who later published at Paris the _Nouveau Duhamel_. In this work it was described and illustrated in 1815. Fruit small, globular or ovate, decidedly rounded; skin fine and thin, grass-green, covered with small gray dots, generally speckled with fawn and washed with clear reddish-russet on the side of the sun; flesh greenish-white, fine or semi-fine, melting, gritty at the center; juice sufficient, saccharine, vinegary, with a rather agreeable taste of anis; second; end of July. =Oken. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:21. 1856. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:475, fig. 1869. _Winter Oken._ =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 668. 1884. A seedling of Van Mons which fruited about 1826. Fruit medium, nearly globular or globular-ovate; skin fine, tender, pale green sprinkled with gray, extensively stained with fawn and slightly vermilioned on the side next the sun; flesh very white and fine, melting, watery, rather granular around the core; juice abundant, saccharine and having an exquisite aroma; first; mid-Oct. to end of Nov. =Oldfield. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:210. 1832. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 624. 1884. This is one of the most popular English perry pears, and took its name from the field where it was raised near Ledbury in Herefordshire. Fruit small, globular, even and regularly formed; skin uniform yellow, covered with minute dots, and with a patch of russet around the stalk; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking and very astringent. =Olivenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:188. 1856. German Rhineland, 1806. Fruit medium or small, globular-turbinate, dark olive-green turning to dull yellowish, dotted, and somewhat blushed with brownish-red; flesh white, fine, cinnamon-flavored, gritty toward center; third for dessert, first for household; Nov. =Oliver Russet. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =10=:212. 1844. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 579. 1857. Oliver Russet originated about 1832 and was shown before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in the autumn of 1843 by G. W. Oliver, Lynn, Mass., in whose garden the parent tree was found growing. Fruit medium or below, obovate, obtuse; skin fair cinnamon-russet on a yellow ground, with a blush; flesh yellowish, coarse, melting, juicy without much flavor; Oct. =One-third. 1.= _Iowa Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 219. 1879. Reported to be growing on the Iowa State College Farm and to have been called One-third, from the fact that it is the third generation from seeds originally sown in Wisconsin. =Oneida. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 823. 1869. Originated in western New York. Fruit medium or below, globular, pale yellow, partially netted and patched with light russet; flesh white, coarse, juicy, semi-melting, agreeable; good; Sept. =Onion. 1.= Mawe-Abercrombie _Univ. Gard. Bot._ 1778. _La Grosse Oignonette._ =2.= Brookshaw _Pomona_ =2=:Pl. LIII. 1817. The Onion, or La Grosse Oignonette, is a rare pear and is distinct from Oignonet de Provence. Fruit medium, globular, brown-skinned; flesh sweet, well flavored but rather dry, and when too ripe becomes pithy; Sept. =Orange, 1.= _Mass. Hort Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1866. A seedling fruited by S. A. Shurtleff of Brookline, Mass., in 1862. Fruit diameter 3-1/2 inches, globular; skin tough and bright yellow, with dots; flesh fine-grained, keeps well and is a good cooking pear; end of Dec. =Orange-Bergamot. 1.= Bradley _Gard._ 199. 1739. =2.= Brookshaw _Horticultural Repository_ =1=:63, Pl. 31. 1823. =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 625. 1884. Of English origin. Tree hardy, free bearer, succeeding on either pear or quince stock. Fruit small, globular-turbinate; skin smooth, pale green changing to yellow or yellow-green at maturity, blushed with dull red on the side next the sun, strewed with whitish-gray dots; flesh white, semi-melting, juicy, with a sweet, orange flavor; dessert pear; early Sept. =Orange d'Hiver. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:144, Pl. XIX, fig. 4. 1768. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 824. 1869. _Winter Pomeranzenbirne._ =3.= Christ _Handb._ 507. 1817. _Winter Orange._ =4.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 390. 1831. This is a very old pear, probably of French origin. Tree rather vigorous, said to be a late but heavy bearer. Fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened at base and apex, bright yellow, covered all over with numerous brown dots and lined with russet; stem medium long, stout, inserted in a small, oblique cavity; calyx small, open, set in a small, round, very shallow depression; flesh white, rather gritty, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a pleasant, slightly musky, aromatic flavor; a good cooking pear and a fair dessert pear; Feb. to Apr. =Orange Mandarine, 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:483, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 625. 1884. Raised from seed by Leroy at Angers, Fr., and fruited first in 1863. Fruit below medium and sometimes a little larger, globular, rather regular in outline, more or less mammillate at the summit, pale yellow, passing to clear russet on the cheek exposed to the sun, and covered with minute brown dots; flesh white, very fine and very melting, slightly gritty at the center; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, endowed with an exquisite perfume; first; Oct. =Orange Musquée. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:140, Pl. X. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 625. 1884. _Müskierte Pomeranzenbirne._ =3.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 255. 1889. This is an old pear of uncertain origin, though probably French or Italian. Fruit medium, globular, more or less bossed, flattened at both ends though sometimes rather conic and obtuse at the top; smooth skin punctured like an orange, yellow-green changing to fine lemon, with a lively red next the sun but rather variable; flesh white, coarse, breaking, gritty at center; juice not very abundant, rather saccharine, sweet, possessing a musky flavor and perfume; quality variable, on the whole, good; end of Aug. =Orange Rouge. 1.= Duhamel _Trait Arb. Fr._ =2=:141. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:486, fig. 1869. _Red Orange._ =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 636. 1884. An old variety of obscure origin. Henri Manger wrote in 1783 that it appeared to him to be the _Favonianum Rubrum_ mentioned by Pliny, but it appears according to M. Leroy more likely to have originated at Poitiers, and to be the _Rousette_ or _Orange du Poitou_ or _Poire de Poitiers_. Fruit medium, round, even, regular or inclining to turbinate; skin thick, clear grayish-yellow, clouded with green on the shaded side, sprinkled with pale gray dots and extensively washed and streaked with a lively dark red; flesh whitish, semi-fine; juice abundant, more or less saccharine, acidulous and musky; second, often third; end of Aug. =Orange Tulipée. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:202, Pl. XLI. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ 488, fig. 1869. An old French pear grown in the south of France and sold in Paris at a very low price. It is known to have been cultivated for some three centuries, but is not worth growing today. Described in the _Jardinier François_ in 1665. Fruit medium and often below, globular-ovate, or turbinate-rounded, with one side larger than the other; skin thick and rough, yellow-green, sprinkled with large, gray, scaly dots, and well colored with red-brown on the side next the sun, and numerous carmine streaks and marks on the other side; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, more or less granular around the core; juice sufficient, saccharine, slightly astringent, with a slight perfume of fennel; third; Sept. =Orange de Vienne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1876. _Wiener Pomeranzenbirne._ =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:150. 1856. A Van Mons seedling, 1825. Fruit small to medium, short-turbinate, clear yellow, with light brown dots; flesh granular, semi-melting, very sweet and sugary, having a Bergamot flavor; first for table and all purposes; mid-Sept. =Ordensbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:132. 1856. Originated in Nassau, a former German duchy, 1806. Fruit medium, even-sided; skin smooth and tender, yellowish-green turning to light yellowish and light green, seldom blushed, grass-green dots; flesh white, juicy, semi-buttery; very good for dessert and good for cooking and the market; mid-Aug. =Orel 15. 1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 187. 1896. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 41, 42. 1915. Introduced from Russia about 1880 by Professor Budd of the Iowa Agricultural College. Free from blight and apparently valuable as a stock for top-grafting. =Orpheline Colmar. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =2=:77, fig. 1854. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 260. 1889. The Orpheline Colmar was a gain of Van Mons a few years before his death and is a beautiful and handsome fruit. Fruit very large, pyriform and obtuse-pyramidal, clear green becoming yellow at maturity, streaked and dotted with grayish-brown and black and stained with russet-fawn on the side of the sun and around the calyx; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, rather granular around the core, full of saccharine juice and pleasantly perfumed; good. =Osband Summer. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =1=:211, fig. 59. 1846. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:492, fig. 1869. Originated in the vicinity of Palmyra in Wayne County, N. Y., about 1840 and was at first known as _Summer Virgalieu_ and so published in the _Genesee Farmer_ in 1845 or 1846. Fruit small, obovate-pyriform, clear yellow, thickly dotted with small greenish and brown dots, with a warm cheek on the side next the sun and with some traces of russet especially around the stem and calyx; flesh white, juicy, melting, with a rich sugary flavor and agreeable perfume of musk; first in quality and appearance; early in Aug. =Osborne. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =12=:338. 1846. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 825. 1869. A native variety which originated on the farm of John Osborne, Economy, Ind. It was introduced by Ernst, and published in the _Western Farmer and Gardener_ (Vol. 5), having first fruited in Ernst's nursery in 1844. Fruit small, short-pyriform, stem planted on one side; skin thin, yellowish-green, with numerous gray dots; flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, sweet, vinous, with a slight astringency and highly-perfumed flavor; first; Aug. and Sept. =Oswego Beurré. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 825. 1869. Raised by Walter Read, Oswego, N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellowish-green, streaked and mottled with thin russet; flesh melting, buttery, juicy, with a fine, sprightly, vinous and aromatic flavor; good; Oct. and Nov. =Oswego Incomparable. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 826. 1869. Originated at Oswego, N. Y. Fruit rather large, obtuse-obovate-pyriform, yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, a tinge of crimson in the sun and many russet dots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, sweet, juicy, agreeable; moderate quality, sometimes good; Sept. =Ott. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =14=:424. 1848. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 826. 1869. Ott is a seedling of Seckel and was originated by Samuel Ott, Montgomery County, Pa., and introduced to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society by Dr. Brincklé of Philadelphia in the summer of 1848. Fruit small, globular-obovate, regular, largest about the middle, rounding off to the calyx end and narrowing to the stem where it is obtuse; skin slightly rough, dull green changing to yellow when mature, some russet, bronzy-red on the sunny side and dotted with russet specks intermixed with some greenish spots; flesh greenish-white, coarse, melting, very juicy, rich, sugary, with a spicy aroma resembling the Seckel; very good; end of Aug. =Owen. 1.= Cole _Am. Fr. Bk._ 174. 1849. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 826. 1869. Originated in the garden of John Owen, Cambridge, Mass. Fruit small, globular-obtuse-pyriform, dark green, shaded with dull red in the sun and thickly sprinkled with green and light dots; flesh tender, delicious and finely colored; one of the finest cooking pears in its season; Oct. to Dec. =Owener Birne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:10. 1856. Württemberg, 1830. Fruit globular-turbinate, greenish-yellow, with rather dark blush, russeted all over; flesh yellowish-white, astringent, juicy, breaking, aromatic, first for household use and the making of perry; end of Sept. =Ozark. 1.= _U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt._ 38. 1895. Originated about 1845 from seed taken by a Mr. Rooks from Kentucky to Polk County, Missouri. Fruit large, oblate, greenish-yellow, with a few russet veinings and patches, dots numerous, minute, russet; stem medium long, in a large, deep basin; calyx large, open; flesh white, with yellow veins, buttery, granular, mild subacid; good; Aug. =Paddock. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 530. 1857. =2.= _Ibid._ 826. 1869. Sent out by Chauncey Goodrich, Burlington, Vt. Fruit rather below medium, oblong-ovate-pyriform, light yellow, sometimes with a faint blush; flesh fine-grained, melting, sweet, but not very highly flavored; good; end of July. =Pailleau. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =8=:58. 1842. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 826. 1869. Attributed to Van Mons, Belgium. Fruit large, oblong, greenish-yellow, rough, with brown and green dots and patches of russet; flesh juicy, sweet, rich, good, but rather coarse-grained; excellent quality; early Sept. =Pain-et-Vin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:494, fig. 1869. Cultivated in Normandy early in the nineteenth century under the two names of _Pain-et-Vin_ and _Chêne-Vert_ or _Green-Oak_. Fruit medium, ovate, rather long and swelled; skin thin, rough, dark yellow ground covered with bronze, freely stained and dotted with gray and reddened on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, very firm, although semi-melting, rather gritty at core, very juicy, saccharine, acid, very vinous, with a particularly pleasant flavor; second; about mid-Sept, to beginning of Oct. =Palmischbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:171. 1856. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 190, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown in Germany and Upper Austria and known in different localities by various names. It was published in Germany in 1823. Fruit small, turbinate, regular in contour, greenish-yellow turning to light yellow, often with a dark blush, covered all over with large gray spots; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, very juicy, acidulous and saccharine, aromatic; third for the table, but first for perry; Sept. =Paradiesbirne. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 525. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:182. 1856. Thuringia, Ger., 1797. Fruit small to medium, conic, yellow-green changing to golden yellow, slightly blushed, and dotted with brown, thin skin; flesh yellowish-white, very sweet, juicy; second for dessert, first for household; end of Oct. =Pardee. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 530. 1857. Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Fruit small, globular, greenish-yellow, much covered with russet; flesh coarse, granular, buttery, juicy, melting, with a high vinous flavor, strongly perfumed; Oct. =Parfum d'Aout. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:136. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:496, fig. 1869. The Parfum d'Aout described here is the variety described under that name by Jean Merlet in 1675 and 1690 and afterwards by Duhamel in 1768. It probably originated in the village of Berny, not far from Paris. Fruit small, long, nearly pyriform, enlarged on one side more than the other at the lower end; skin smooth, pale yellow, slightly tinged with green, covered with dots and small speckles of fawn, tinged with a beautiful red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking or semi-breaking, some grit around the core; juice rarely abundant, saccharine, sweet, with a perfume of musky-anis; second; end of Aug. =Parfum d'Hiver. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 151. 1846. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:497, fig. 1869. As early as 1600, this variety was grown in France under the name _Bouvert Musqué_. Tree rather vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, roundish-turbinate, olive-yellow washed with bright red; stem rather long; calyx large, partially open; flesh brittle, juicy; good for cooking; Feb. to Apr. =Parfum de Rose. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 1, 185, fig. 91. 1866-73. Obtained by Bivort and first introduced in 1849. Fruit small, long-pyriform, rather irregular in contour; skin fine, a little thick, water-green and whitish at first, sprinkled with small dots of grayish-green, combined with many stains of the same color, passing at maturity to dull yellow; flesh nearly white, very fine, buttery, melting; juice sufficient, having a distinct perfume of rose, which is its chief distinguishing feature; end of Sept. =Parfumé. 1.= Miller _Gard. Dict._ =3=: 1807. Fruit medium, globular; skin rather thick and tough, of a deep red color, spotted with brown; flesh melting, but dry and has a perfumed flavor; end of Aug. =Parfumée. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:186, fig. 578. 1881. French. Gained by M. Pariset, Courciat-Dongalon, Fr., and fruited for the first time in 1869. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, short and thick; skin thick, pale green, sprinkled with numerous greenish-gray dots only slightly visible on the side next the sun, at maturity pale yellow and the exposed cheek more or less warm gold; flesh white tinted with yellow, fine, melting, gritty around the center; juice abundant, sugary and perfumed; first; beginning of winter. =Parrot. 1.= Bunyard-Thomas _Fr. Gard._ 140. 1904. Introduced in England about 1900. Fruit like Bergamot in form; very richly flavored; Oct. =Parsonage. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 530. 1857. =2.= _Ibid._ 828. 1869. Originated at New Rochelle, N. Y. Fruit medium to large, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, often inclined, orange-yellow, rough, generally shaded with dull crimson, netted and patched with russet and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, slightly coarse, somewhat granular, juicy, melting, with a refreshing vinous flavor; good; Sept. =Passa-tutti. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 497. 1817. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1876. An Italian autumn pear. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, much covered with yellowish-gray russet, lighter yellow on the sunny side, with some red blush; flesh agreeable, with a Muscat flavor; third; Nov. and Dec. =Passans du Portugal. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =4=:390. 1838. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 626. 1884. Passans du Portugal would seem from its name to be of Portuguese origin. It should not be confused with Summer Portugal although the two varieties have various synonyms in common and have some qualities in common. Fruit medium, oblate, flattened after the Bergamot type, lively green changing to pale yellow on ripening, red next the sun brightening toward maturity to a more vivid shade; flesh white, breaking, juicy, with a fine sugary and perfumed flavor; an excellent dessert pear; Aug. =Passe-Colmar des Belges. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:502. 1869. Origin unknown but was found growing under this name in the collection of the Horticultural Society of Angers early in the last century. Fruit above medium, turbinate-obtuse and bossed, yellow, dotted and streaked with russet; flesh white, coarse, semi-breaking, wanting in juice and sugar, sharp and acidulous; third; Nov. =Passe Colmar d'Été. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1876. French. Fruit small, turbinate, olive-green; flesh very juicy; good; Sept. =Passe Colmar Musqué. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =5=:45, fig. 1857. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 627. 1884. Obtained by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., from a bed of mixed seeds he made about 1831. It yielded its first fruit and was published in 1845. _Passe Colmar Musqué_ is also known as _Autumn Colmar_ but is distinct from the variety most usually known by that name. Fruit medium and sometimes less, turbinate, otherwise obtuse-conic, rather variable in form; skin thick, tender, green changing to golden-yellow, dotted, mottled and patched with pale cinnamon-russet and often washed on the side next the sun with a light transparent red; flesh slightly yellowish, very fine, melting, very saccharine, richly flavored, aromatic and scented; first; Nov. =Passe Crassane. 1.= _Pom. France_ =2=:No. 82, Pl. 82. 1863. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 192. 1920. This winter pear was raised by M. Boisbunel, a nurseryman at Rouen, Fr., from a bed of mixed seeds which he made in 1845; it bore fruit and was first published at Rouen in 1855. Fruit medium or rather large, turbinate or globular-conic, flattened in Bergamot fashion; skin rough, thick, of a dull pale green, mottled with russet markings and passing to yellow on the side turned to the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, perfumed, and agreeably sprightly; very good; Jan. to Mar. =Passe-Goemans. 1.= Mas. _Pom. Gen._ =3=:111, fig. 152. 1878. _Goemans Gelbe Sommerbirne._ =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:91. 1856. Belgian, and probably from Van Mons in 1825. Fruit medium, globular, ventriculous, sides unequal, very obtuse, uniformly citron-yellow, blushed with cinnamon on the sun-exposed side; flesh very full of flavor; first; end of Sept. =Passe Madeleine. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:131. 1843. Probably a French variety. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit medium, long, lemon-yellow, lightly tinted with gray on the side next the sun; flesh melting, sugary, rather perfumed; beginning of Sept. =Passe-Tardive. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ 506. fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 829. 1869. Obtained by Major Espéren of Mechlin, Bel., and first published in 1843. Fruit above medium to large, turbinate, regular, bossed and much swelled in all its lower part and greatly contracted at the summit; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, gritty around the core; juice seldom abundant, sugary, agreeable, though but slightly perfumed; second or third for dessert, first for the kitchen; Apr. to June. =Pastor. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:197. 1908. Reported in the Experimental orchard at Agassiz, Br. C., in 1900 and at various Canadian Experiment Farms in 1902. Fruit medium, oblate-pyriform, yellow; flesh melting, sugary, juicy, perfumed flavor; good; late season. =Pastorale, 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:231, Pl. LV. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 628. 1884. Mayer, director of the gardens of the Grand Duke of Wurtzburg, Bavaria, described this pear in his _Pomona franconica_ in 1776 and 1801, and Duhamel du Monceau wrote of it in 1768. Earlier still Le Lectier spoke of its cultivation before 1628 under the name _Musette d'Hiver rosate_, Merlet called it _Pastorale_ in 1675, and La Quintinye named it _Pastourelle_ and _Musette d'Autumne_ in 1688. Fruit above medium, pyriform, slightly obtuse, much puckered at the summit and generally larger on one side than on the other; skin greenish, nearly covered with gray-russet, sprinkled with large brown dots, vermilioned on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, more or less gritty around the core; juice abundant, rather sugary, slightly acid; Nov. to Jan. =Pater Noster. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 532. 1857. =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =6=:33, fig. 1858. Mentioned in the Van Mons catalog of fruits cultivated from 1798 to 1823. Fruit above medium, and often large, variable in form, oblong or long-turbinate, slightly obtuse, contorted and bossed, clear olive-yellow; flesh white, fine, melting or semi-melting, watery; juice abundant, saccharine, very vinous, acidulous, with an agreeable aroma; first; Nov. =Paul Ambre. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 830. 1869. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1876. A Belgian variety resembling Nec Plus Meuris; origin unknown. Fruit globular or globular-oval, pale greenish-yellow, shaded with crimson on the side next the sun, dots and markings of russet; flesh whitish, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet; good to very good; Oct. =Paul Bonamy. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:215, fig. 106. 1866-73. M. Bonamy, a nurseryman at Toulouse, Fr., obtained this pear and named it after his son. It was first published in 1865. Fruit large, ovate, bossed; skin fine, thin, oily and scented at maturity; flesh white, semi-fine, a little fibrous when the fruit is too ripe, melting or semi-melting, streaming with sugary juice, sprightly, highly perfumed; good; Sept. =Paul Coppieters. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1895. Sent out by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel., previous to 1895. Fruit rather large, pyriform-turbinate, yellow, dotted and heavily marbled with reddish-yellow; flesh white, very fine, free from granulations, buttery, saccharine and aromatic; beginning of Nov. =Paul d'Hoop. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1895. Sent out in 1895 as a new variety by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Fruit medium, covered with fawn-russet; flesh fine, yellowish-white, buttery, vinous, saccharine, having a delicious aroma; Jan. and Feb. =Paul Thielens. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:510, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 830. 1869. Paul Thielens came from a seed bed made by Van Mons in 1829 in his nursery at Louvain, Bel. Fruit large, ovate, very irregular, bossed and swelled, or ovate, nearly globular; skin a little rough, transparent greenish-yellow, dotted and marked with grayish-russet, slightly blushed with dull red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, gritty at the center; juice rarely abundant, more or less saccharine, slightly aromatic; second; Oct. =Pauls Birne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. _Poire de Paul._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:15, fig. 488. 1881. Fruit large or rather large, globular-conic or conic-obtuse, dull water-green, usually entirely covered with a wash of cinnamon color which at maturity becomes golden, and the side exposed to the sun is blushed with a garnet red on which are numerous small gray dots; flesh white tinted with yellow, rather fine, breaking, gritty about the core, juicy, sugary, vinous, slightly perfumed; first for cooking; winter, lasting well toward the end. =Payen. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:511, fig. 1869. Raised by M. Boisbunel, a nurseryman at Rouen, Fr., from a mixed seed bed made in 1845. It was reported on in 1860 and propagated in 1863. It is distinct from both Beurré Payen and Président Payen. Fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, bright greenish-yellow, mottled with fawn and covered with large and numerous brownish dots; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet; first class; Oct. =Payenche. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:512, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 830. 1869. _Paquency._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 404. 1845. Found in a hedge at the village of Payenche in Périgord, Fr. It was taken to Paris in 1805. Fruit nearly medium, oblong-ovate-pyriform, light yellow stained or marbled and dotted with gray-russet and colored with brick-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, some grit around the core; juice extremely abundant, very saccharine, acidulous, with a savory perfume and a slight after-taste of anis; first; Oct. =Payton.= According to letters from Nicholas Hallock, Queens, N. Y., this variety originated on the premises of a Mr. Payton of Flatbush, L. I., and had been known locally as Payton for some time previous to 1898. Fruit obovate-obtuse-roundish, about the size of Doyenné Boussock, dull green becoming yellow, thickly sprinkled with small brownish dots; stem short, stout, set in a rather shallow, russeted cavity; calyx open, placed in a shallow, wide basin; flesh not coarse, not gritty, not stringy, white, moderately juicy, good but not highly flavored; Sept., later than Bartlett. =Peach. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 533. 1857. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 629. 1884. _Pêche._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:513, fig. 1869. A variety obtained by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., from a bed of mixed seeds he made in 1836, and first reported in 1845. Fruit small to medium, globular-obovate; skin smooth, pale greenish-yellow when ripe, occasionally tinted with a faint blush of red on the side toward the sun, dotted and mottled with brown; flesh white, citrine, fine, very melting, very juicy, sweet, richly flavored and delicately perfumed; first in France, but variable according to climate; Aug. =Pei-li. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 376. 1881. Pei-li or _Snow pears_: A race of pears grown in northwestern China; globular, white, juicy and generally regarded as the best fruits in the country. =Pemberton. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 831. 1869. A seedling of S. A. Shurtleff, Boston, Mass. Fruit medium, inclining to oval, light green, thickly sprinkled with dark dots, yellowish on the side of the sun, with sometimes a red cheek; flesh somewhat coarse, but juicy, sweet; good; Feb. and Mar. =Penderson. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 831. 1869. Raised by Samuel Penderson, New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, globular, greenish-yellow; flesh white, breaking, semi-melting, brisk, rather astringent; good; Oct. =Pendleton Early York. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =14=:381, fig. 41. 1848. _York-précoce de Pendleton._ =2.= _Guide Prat._ 114, 313. 1876. Originated by Mrs. Jeremiah York, Connecticut, about 1826 from seed of Rousselet Hâtif. Fruit medium or below, obovate, varying to obtuse-pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, with russet specks, sometimes with a faint blush; flesh white, tender, sweet, melting, slightly perfumed; good; last of July. =Pengethley. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 197. 1832. Raised by T. A. Knight, President of the London Horticultural Society, who, in February, 1832, sent cions of the variety to Mr. Lowell and the Massachusetts Agricultural Society. Fruit medium, inclining to oval, obovate, pale green, covered with dark dots, changing to yellow as it ripens, sometimes having a red cheek; flesh somewhat coarse, but juicy, sweet, and good; Feb. and Mar. =Penn. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =18=:58, fig. 1863. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 831. 1869. The original tree was planted at the beginning of the last century close to the old Penn Manor in Pennsylvania and on the margin of land which became the track of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. Inasmuch as its position was so close to the railway the company threatened to cut it down. Hence it acquired the name of _Railroad Fuss_ by which it was known for many years. Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes globular-oblate, angular, pale lemon-yellow, thickly sprinkled with small grayish and russet dots, sometimes with a few patches and dots of russet around the calyx; flesh white, a little coarse, very juicy, melting, with a sweet, pleasant, refreshing flavor, slightly aromatic, with a little musky perfume; good to very good; Oct. =Pennsylvania. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =10=:213. 1844. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 832. 1869. A seedling found on the ground of J. B. Smith of Pennsylvania. In 1845 the original tree was stated to be nearly forty feet high, of a pyramidal form and remarkably robust habit. Fruit medium, obovate, tapering toward the stem, obtuse, brown-russet on dull yellow ground, ruddy on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, slightly perfumed and with a musky flavor; good but not strictly first rate; as an American fruit it may be ranked with Buffum, Cushing and Fulton; Oct. =Pepin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:515, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 629. 1884. This pear was growing in the orchard of Le Lectier in Anjou, Fr., in the year 1600 and was described by Claude Saint-Étienne in 1670. Fruit below medium and sometimes small, globular, bossed, always mammillate at the summit, meadow-green, clouded with pale yellow, dotted with gray and extensively washed with brick red on the side turned to the sun; flesh whitish, fine or semi-fine, breaking, watery; at the center are numerous granulations; juice very saccharine, sweet and savory; second; mid-Aug. =Perpetual. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 832. 1869. Said to have originated on Long Island, N. Y. Disseminated by Messrs. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga. Fruit medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, green and yellow, beautifully blushed in the sun; flesh whitish, firm, moderately juicy, sweet; good; keeps till May. =Perrier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Obtained by M. Morel in 1873. Fruit medium, globular, green; flesh fine, melting, juicy; good; beginning of Aug. Tree vigorous and fertile. =Pertusati. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:516, fig. 1869. Raised in the nurseries of M. André Leroy, Angers, Fr., in 1867. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, irregular, having one side larger than the other; skin rough, golden-yellow, finely dotted with gray, marbled with clear brown around the calyx and the stem; flesh white, fine, melting; juice abundant, very saccharine, with an acidulous flavor, very pleasant and delicately perfumed; first; Nov. =Petersbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:33. 1856. _Petite Poire de Pierre._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:101, fig. 243. 1879. _Kleine Petersbirne._ =3.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 242. 1889. Altenburg, Ger., 1799. Fruit small, clear green, sprinkled with numerous minute blackish-green dots, turning to dull yellow at maturity and washed over a large area of its surface with dark red, on which the dots are of a darker red; flesh greenish-white, very fine, semi-breaking, sufficiently juicy and agreeably perfumed; a good fruit to preserve or to dry; Aug. =Petit-Blanquet. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:132, Pl. VI. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:517, fig. 1869. _Little Blanquet._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 802. 1869. _Small Blanquet._ =4.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 646. 1884. This variety was known in French gardens in the middle of the sixteenth century under the name _Poire Perle_, and some years later also by that of _Petit-Blanquet_. Fruit small or very small; form rather inconstant, slightly obtuse-pyriform, or more obtuse-ovate; skin smooth and transparent and shining, clear pale yellow or of a white, waxy and pearl-like tone, sprinkled with greenish dots, with occasionally a blush of tender rose on the side next the sun; flesh very white, semi-fine, breaking and firm; juice rarely abundant, saccharine, savory although only slightly perfumed; a second class dessert pear; Aug. =Petit Catillac. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:3, fig. 98. 1878. _Kleiner Katzenkopf_. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 242. 1889. This pear is probably of German origin. It has points of resemblance in common with the old French Catillac but is distinguished by its size, being often less than that of the latter, its time of maturity being earlier, its flesh being less breaking, more saccharine and without any tartness. Fruit large, ovate-pyriform and much swelled, even in contour, green at first, sprinkled with large, regularly spaced, prominent, brown dots, the green passing to lemon-yellow at maturity, with a blush of red-brown on well-exposed fruits on the side next the sun; flesh white, coarse, semi-buttery; juice abundant, rather vinous and without any appreciable perfume; good for the kitchen; Oct. and Nov. =Petit-Chaumontel. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:519, fig. 1869. From the old garden of the Horticultural Society of Angers, Fr., and sometimes erroneously confused with Oignon which ripens some six weeks earlier. Fruit medium, globular, very bossed and irregular in form, clear green, dotted, veined with russet and extensively washed with carmine on the side turned to the sun; flesh very white, semi-fine, breaking, gritty at center; juice sufficient, saccharine, vinous, slightly astringent; second; latter half of Aug. =Petit-Hâtiveau. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:520, fig. 1869. A variety of ancient and unknown origin, but cultivated among a group of pears termed _Hâtiveau_ for over the last five centuries. It was called by the name _Petit-Hâtiveau_ by Claude Saint-Étienne in 1670 to distinguish it from the _Gros-Hâtiveau_. Fruit small, ovate, obtuse and more or less globular; skin smooth and fine, lemon-yellow, dotted with exceedingly minute greenish points and more or less stained with gray-russet around the calyx and stem; flesh whitish, breaking, semi-fine, scented, juicy and gritty, juice sugary, acid, and slightly musky; third; July. =Petit-Muscat. 1.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =1=:75, Tab. 1. 1771. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:522, fig. 1869. _Little Muscat_. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 802. 1869. Jean Mayer, director of the gardens of the Grand Duke of Wurtzburg, Bavaria, in his _Pomona franconica_ published in 1801 showed that the Petit-Muscat was the antique pear _Superba_ described by Pliny. Various other pomologists wrote of it prior to Mayer as for instance Jacq. Daléchamp, 1615; Jean Jonston, 1662; and Henri Manger, 1783. Charles Estienne was the first to write of it in France, 1530, and he named it _Musquette_. Fruit very small, turbinate, more or less obtuse and sometimes globular-turbinate; the eye is placed in a regular-formed cavity and is always naked in consequence of the segments of the calyx falling off, pale greenish-yellow, finely dotted and slightly clouded with rose on the side of the sun (in France); flesh yellowish, semi-fine, breaking, not very juicy, sugary, acidulous and with a pleasant musk flavor; second; June. =Petit-Oin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:524, fig. 1869. _Winterwunder_. =2.= Christ Handb. 497. 1817. _Müskirte Schmeerbirne_. =3.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:13. 1856. _Merveille d'Hiver_. =4.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 616. 1884. Valerius Cordus was the first to describe this pear which originated in Germany and belongs to the Schmeerbirne or greasy class. About 1650 it was cultivated in France under the name of _Oing_ or _Oin_, the French equivalent of the German _speck_ or _lard_. Fruit medium or less, globular-ovate or turbinate, slightly obtuse at summit, with thick but smooth and greasy skin, dull yellow-green, more or less gray, dotted and flecked with greenish-russet; flesh whitish, granular, scented, exceedingly melting and juicy, very saccharine, free from acid and having an exquisite flavor; third; Sept. to Nov. =Petite Charlotte. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. French. Fruit small, pyramidal, greenish-yellow, highly colored on the side of the sun; flesh breaking, juicy, vinous; excellent; Aug. and Sept. =Petite Fondante. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:153, fig. 461. 1880. _Kleine Schmalzbirne_. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 242. 1889. Origin unknown. Fruit small, nearly spherical, sometimes depressed at both poles, even in contour; skin rather thick and yet tender, pale water-green, sown with numerous very faint, very small, brown dots; at maturity the basic green whitens a little and the side next the sun of fruits well exposed becomes a lighter yellow; flesh whitish, semi-fine, semi-melting, rather gritty around the core, highly saccharine, vinous and sprightly; good; end of Aug. =Petite Marguerite. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:526, fig. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 192. 1920. Raised in the nurseries of M. André Leroy, Angers, Fr., in 1862 and propagated in 1863. Fruit medium, irregular ovate, bossed, swelled at the base and having one side always larger than the other, grass-green, dotted with gray and brown and slightly bronzed on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh greenish-white, fine and very melting, slightly gritty at the center; juice extremely abundant and saccharine, acidulous, with a very pleasant perfume; first; Aug. =Petite Tournaisienne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. A variety on trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz. Fruit medium, oval, oblong, yellow; flesh very fine, semi-melting; Apr. and May. =Petite Victorine. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:528, fig. 1869. A seedling of M. André Leroy raised in 1863. Fruit below medium, globular, flattened at the base but slightly conic at its other extremity, greenish, dotted and marbled with russet; flesh white, fine, melting, generally free from grit; juice sufficient, saccharine, acidulous, with a specially exquisite, musky flavor; first; Dec. and Jan. =Petre. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =2=:437. 1836. =2.= _Ibid._ =3=:83. 1838. This valuable variety was raised by John Bartram, the proprietor of a botanic garden near Philadelphia, from seed received in a letter from Lord Petre of England about the year 1735. The tree still stands, although becoming decrepit. Fruit medium, obovate, truncate at both ends; skin thin, greenish-yellow, with small pale spots; flesh white, soft, juicy and buttery, with a delicious flavor, very slightly musky and vinous; very good; mid-Sept. to Dec. =Pfaffenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:193. 1856. Württemberg and Baden, Ger., 1847. Fruit small, turbinate, yellow, tinted with a dark cinnamon-colored blush on the side next the sun; the summit is covered with russet, thickly sprinkled with gray dots; flesh firm and tasteless. =Pfingstbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:96. 1856. German seedling, 1851. Fruit medium, globular, green turning yellowish-green, speckled and dotted with gray; skin thin and scentless; flesh rather white, sweet and musky; first for table, household and market; early summer. =Philiberte. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. French. Fruit rather large, nearly globular, a beautiful lemon-yellow; flesh very fine, melting, very juicy, agreeably perfumed; first; Dec. and Jan. =Philippe-Le-Bon. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:161, fig. 81. 1872. _Philipp der Gute_. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:4. 1856. According to the catalog of Van Mons of 1823 this was one of his seedlings. Fruit hardly medium, ovate, or turbinate-ovate, short and thick, usually even in outline; skin thick, firm, glossy, pale green, whitish-brown dots; at maturity the basic green passes to pale dull yellow, washed with some clear cerise-red; flesh white, rather coarse, buttery, not much juice, but vinous and perfumed; good; Sept. and Oct. =Philippe Couvreur. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 264. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 72. 1895. Of Belgian origin. Fruit medium to large, orange-yellow dotted with russet; flesh white, tinted with salmon, fine, juicy, perfumed; good; beginning of Oct. =Philippe Goes. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =3=:51, fig. 1855. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 833. 1869. A posthumous gain from the seed beds of Van Mons. The parent tree gave its first fruit in 1846. Fruit above medium, obovate, uneven and undulating in outline; skin rough to the touch, of a dark olive, much covered with a bright russet; flesh semi-melting, gritty, sweet, rather granular at the center, juice rarely abundant, saccharine, vinous and fairly well perfumed; second; Dec. =Philippot. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:530, fig. 1869. Originated with M. Philippot, a nurseryman at Saint-Quentin, Aisne, Fr. In 1852 it fruited for the first time and was propagated in 1860. Fruit large to very large, globular-conic, obtuse, swelled and fleshy at the base; skin yellowish, in part dotted and marbled with brownish-fawn; flesh very white, coarse, semi-breaking, watery; juice abundant, sweet, having little sugar or perfume although rather delicate; third for dessert, first for cooking; Jan. to Mar. =Philopena. 1.= _W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 24. 1904. A chance variety brought to notice by Reuben Ragan of Indiana, about 1850 and named Philopena by him. Fruit small to medium, oblong-pyriform, yellow, with purple blush; calyx open, in a small, shallow basin; stem short, cavity small or absent; quality medium; three or four weeks after Bartlett. =Picciola. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 833. 1869. Of Belgian origin. Fruit small, globular-oblate, greenish-yellow, sometimes slightly blushed in the sun, with traces of russet; flesh whitish, very juicy, melting, with a vinous flavor; good to very good; Sept. =Pie IX. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:86. 1854. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:531, fig. 1869. _Pius IX._ =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 631. 1884. The parent tree of Pie IX sprang from seed sown in 1834 by Van Mons in his nurseries at Louvain, Bel. Fruit large, turbinate, more or less obtuse and elongated, much swelled at the middle, bossed and contorted at its summit, lemon-yellow, dotted and striped with fawn; flesh white, coarse or semi-fine, juicy and melting, rather gritty at the center, saccharine, sour, fairly well perfumed, sometimes disagreeably astringent; second; Sept. =Pierre Corneille. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1895. Pierre Corneille was obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr., from a seedling of Beurré Diel crossed with Doyenné du Comice; introduced about 1894. The fruit has the appearance of Duchesse d'Angoulême. Tree vigorous, fertile and pyramidal in form. Fruit large globular-obovate, greenish-yellow; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary, deliciously perfumed; Dec. and Jan. =Pierre Curie. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 174. 1907. This is a seedling from Doyenné d'Alençon crossed with Beurré Henri Courcelle by M. Arsène Sannier, a nurseryman at Saint-Sever-Rouen, Fr., and placed on the market in 1907. Fruit medium, oval, of the form of the Doyenné d'Alençon; skin gray; flesh extremely fine, with a very agreeable perfume; Jan. to Mar. =Pierre Macé. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. French, attributed to André Leroy. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit rather large, globular-turbinate, yellow dotted with fawn; flesh fine, melting, juicy, highly perfumed; first; second half of Sept. and early Oct. =Pierre Paternotte. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 60. 1895. Raised from seed of the Marie-Louise by Pierre Paternotte, at Molenbeck-Saint-Jean, near Brussels, Bel. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit large, long, yellow, dotted and marbled with gray; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy; first; Oct. and Nov. =Pierre Pépin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:532, fig. 1869. A seedling raised by Leroy, Angers, Fr., and first reported in 1868. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, bossed, and swelled in its lower half, more or less hollowed at either end, lemon-yellow, slightly clouded with green and much speckled and spotted with brown; flesh whitish, fine, melting, some grit around the core; juice abundant, saccharine, vinous, and agreeably perfumed; first; mid-Sept. =Pierre Tourasse. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 542. 1894. Exhibited in France by M. Tourasse, its originator, in 1894. Tree vigorous, upright, stocky, productive. Fruit of good size, broadly turbinate, spotted with brilliant fawn color upon a clear yellow ground, washed with orange and saffron; flesh fine, melting, very juicy, rich in sugar; last of Sept. and first of Oct. =Pimpe. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. "The Pimpe peare is as great as the Windsor peare, but rounder, and of a very good rellish." =Pinneo. 1.= _Cultivator_ 304. 1845. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 833. 1869. _Hebron_. =3.= _Mag. Hort._ =24=:419. 1858. _Boston_. =4.= _Ibid._ 500. 1858. The parent tree of this variety was found growing in a woodland, New Haven, Conn., by Dea. Pinneo who transplanted it to a spot near his dwelling about the year 1745. It was propagated and distributed over many farms and found a good market in Boston. By error it acquired also the names of _Boston_ and _Virgalieu_. Fruit medium or below, globular-oblate, slightly pyriform, pale yellow, netted, patched, and dotted with russet, slightly blushed on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, brisk, with a refreshing and delicious aroma; good; Aug. =Piton. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:533, fig. 1869. A seedling found by M. Piton who lived at Cholet, Maine-et-Loire, Fr. The Horticultural Society of Angers described it in its Pomology, and it was named after its propagator. Fruit large to very large, long-turbinate-obtuse, depressed at each pole, clear dull green, sown with large russet dots; flesh white, semi-breaking and semi-fine, watery, containing some grit below the core; juice rather vinous, sugary, and more or less perfumed; second for dessert, first for compotes. =Pitson. 1.= _Gard. Mon._ =27=:14. 1885. A handsome pear from Stone and Wellington, Fonthill, Ont. Fruit medium, regularly pyriform, brown inclining to russet; good; Jan. =Pius X. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =37=:309. 1905. Described in 1905 as a new pear raised by the Alexiens Brothers at Tirlemont, Bel. Fruit large, somewhat cylindric, greenish-olive, with a few brown spots; flesh creamy-white, perfumed; reported to be of first rate quality; Oct. =Plantagenet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:534, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 834. 1869. The Plantagenet was raised from seed by the old Horticultural Society of Maine-et-Loire, The parent tree gave its first fruit in 1858 in the Society's garden at Angers. Fruit above medium, irregular-ovate, bossed, swelled at the central circumference, of a uniform bright green, some russet around the calyx and sprinkled with numerous dark brown dots; flesh whitish, fine or semi-fine, extremely melting; juice very abundant, extremely saccharine, acidulous, possessing a delicious perfume which gives an after-taste of musk; first; end of Sept. and early Oct. =Plascart. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:37, fig. 115. 1878. Sent out by the Society Van Mons, Bel., without any account of its origin. Fruit below medium, turbinate-ovate, even in outline; skin firm, pale water-green, covered with numerous large, brown dots, very prominent, the green changing at maturity to a beautiful golden yellow, washed on the side next the sun with a lively vermilion on which the dots are golden yellow; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, rather firm and breaking; juice rich in sugar and perfumed; good; Oct. =Platt. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 535. 1857. =2.= _Ibid._ 834. 1869. Originated on the farm of Thomas Tredwell, Beekmantown, Clinton County, N. Y. Fruit medium, globular-oblate, pale yellow, netted and patched with russet and sprinkled with russet dots; flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, semi-melting, agreeable; good; Oct. =Platte Honigbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:189. 1856. Nassau, 1801. Fruit medium, obtuse-turbinate, light yellow-green, with a pale blush, numerous gray dots, marked with russet; flesh coarse-grained, aromatic; third for dessert, first for household; Sept. =Pocahontas. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:525. 1847. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 834. 1869. Originated at Quincy, Mass., and was exhibited before the Horticultural Society of that State in October, 1847. Fruit below medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow, netted, patched, and dotted with russet, sometimes shaded in the sun with bright crimson; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly musky; pleasant; good to very good; Sept. =Pöckelbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 192, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown in Lower Austria. Fruit small to medium, globular-turbinate; skin tough, shining, smooth, green changing to greenish-yellow, blushed and streaked with red on the sunny side, dotted with yellow-brown; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, juicy, subacid; good; Nov. =Poëte Béranger. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:536, fig. 1869. A seedling of Leroy which first fruited in 1867 and was placed in commerce in 1870. Fruit medium; form rather inconstant, nearly always having unequal sides, globular, or obtuse-turbinate; skin fine, rough, bright yellow shaded with green, dotted with gray and almost entirely washed and mottled with brown-russet, more or less scaly; flesh greenish-white especially under the skin, fine, extremely melting, free from grit; juice very abundant, saccharine, acidulous, vinous, with a delicate perfume; first; mid-Sept. =Poire d'Abbeville. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 81. 1876. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:99, fig. 338. 1880. The Poire d'Abbeville probably originated at the city of that name in the Department of the Somme, Fr.; for M. Jamin, Senior, propagated it about 1837 when he received it from M. Bennet of Boulogne-sur-Mer, who stated it was very well known and esteemed in the neighborhood of Abbeville. Fruit large, globular-conic but irregular, water-green sprinkled with numerous and large dots of fawn; at maturity the green changes to lemon-yellow; flesh white tinted with yellow, coarse, breaking, slightly gritty at the core, not very juicy or perfumed; first for culinary purposes, keeps easily for a long period; winter. =Poire d'Ange de Meiningen. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:105, fig. 341. 1880. This pear has been in much request in the neighborhood of Meiningen, Ger., for many years and should be distinguished from the ancient _Poire d'Ange_, now called Boutoc, which it does not resemble. Fruit small, ovate or ovate-pyriform, even in contour; skin fine, delicate, bright green changing to beautiful bright lemon-yellow, the side next the sun being blushed and streaked with vermilion; the very numerous brown dots change on the blushed part to yellow; flesh tinted with yellow, rather fine, semi-breaking; juice sweet and agreeably perfumed but rather deficient; second; latter half of Aug. =Poire d'Avril. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 536. 1857. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 488. 1884. Stated by Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, to have been received by them from England under this name. Fruit large, pyramidal, obtuse; skin smooth and shining, of a lively dark green, with a brown tinge next the sun, and patches of gray-russet on the shaded side, the whole surface being covered with very large pale-colored specks; flesh crisp, juicy and sweet; first class for cooking according to Messrs. Simon-Louis; Mar. and Apr. =Poire Brune de Gasselin. 1.= _Pom. France_ =4=:No. 165, Pl. 165. 1867. Gained by M. Durand-Gasselin, architect at Nantes, Fr., from a seed bed made in 1845. Fruit medium, ovate-pyramidal, yellow washed with fawn-russet; flesh very tender, juicy, very sugary and perfumed; first; Oct. and Nov. =Poire de Casserole. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 89. 1876. _Casserule._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 715. 1869. Of foreign origin, probably French. Fruit large, obovate-pyriform, yellow, with much russet and brown on cheek; flesh whitish, coarse, granular, breaking, very juicy, rich, with high aroma; first quality for cooking; Oct. and Nov. =Poire des Chartriers. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:133, fig. 451. 1880. This variety is mentioned by Van Mons in his Catalog and is therein considered to be of Belgian origin. Fruit medium, globular-pyriform, irregular and bossed; skin a little thick at first, water-green, rather dark, sprinkled with very small and numerous dots of gray-brown, the basic green becoming brilliant lemon-yellow and on maturity covered on the side next the sun with golden russet; flesh yellow, very fine, firm, buttery, melting, full of saccharine juice, vinous, perfumed; first; Oct. =Poire des Chasseurs. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =5=:31, fig. 1857. _Des Chasseurs._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 735. 1869. A posthumous gain of Van Mons tasted for the first time in 1842 and reported on by M. Simon Bouvier of Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit medium to large, ovate-pyriform, greenish, dotted with russet, and much stained with russet on the sun-exposed side; flesh yellowish, coarse, watery, melting, granular; juice vinous, agreeably perfumed; first; Oct. =Poire de Coq. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:600, fig. 1867. This variety is distinct from the _Poire de Coq_ synonymous with the Beurré de Bruxelles, and is of unknown origin. It was cultivated for many years in the old gardens of the Horticultural Society of Angers. Fruit large, long-turbinate, bossed, strongly mammillate at apex, citron-yellow, dotted and stained with dark gray, and washed with bright carmine on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and melting; juice sweet with slight perfume but delicate flavor; second; Sept. Poire de Graisse. 1=.= Knoop _Pomologie_ =1=:111, Tab. IV. 1771. Probably of Belgian or French origin. In Holland it is known as the _Smeer-Peer_. Fruit medium, oblong, terminating acutely toward the stalk, greenish and speckled with blackish-brown; flesh rather gritty, soft, with a slightly spicy flavor; not of much value. =Poire de gros queue. 1.= Miller _Gard. Dict._ =3.= 1807. Fruit large, taking its name from its very thick stalk, globular, yellow, flesh breaking; wanting in juice, having a very musky flavor. =Poire de Hert. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =1=:145, fig. 71. 1866-73. Mas states he received this variety from Thomas Rivers, the well known English nurseryman of Sawbridgeworth near London, Eng. Fruit medium or nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in contour; skin thick, firm, very pale green all over, sprinkled with dots of gray, changing when ripe to lemon-yellow; flesh white, fine, semi-melting; juice sufficient, flavor refreshing, agreeable; good, of real merit for the season; end of winter and spring. =Poire de Houblon. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:101, fig. 51. 1872. Origin unknown, but cultivated for a long time in many localities in Germany. Fruit small, ovate or globular-ovate, swelled, usually regular in contour, bright green, sown with grayish dots, passing to golden yellow on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, a little yellow near the center, coarse, semi-breaking, fairly full of sweet juice, with a fresh perfume of rose; second rate for eating raw but an excellent variety to dry; end of Aug. =Poire de Klevenow. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:121, fig. 59. 1866-73. Originated in the environs of Klevenow, a village of Pomerania, Prussia. Fruit small or nearly medium, regular pyriform, sombre green and yellow blushed with carmine; flesh white, slightly greenish, fine, buttery; juice very sugary and abundant, vinous, perfumed; good; mid-Aug. =Poire Noire à Longue Queue. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:165, fig. 563. 1881. Origin thought to be German. Fruit nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in outline; skin thick, firm, dull green covered with a network of gray-russet, through which a light yellow shows at maturity; on the shaded side are some gray dots and on the sun-exposed side are numerous large black-red spots; flesh white, transparent, semi-fine, buttery; juice sufficient, saccharine, slightly acid; good for cooking; Aug. =Poire du Pauvre. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. =2.= _Rev. Hort._ 163. 1889. This pear was raised from seed of the Urbaniste sown in 1846. Fruit medium or large, oval, pyriform, ventriculous; skin fine and shining, white tinted with green, much covered with fawn around the two ends; flesh white, rather fine, a little gritty around the center, very melting; juice abundant, saccharine, and pleasantly perfumed, with a fresh flavor and agreeable astringency; Oct. and Nov. =Poire des Peintres. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Described by Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876 as a new variety. Tree vigorous and very fertile. Fruit rather large, oval-pyriform, dark yellow, extensively washed with lively red; flesh melting, juicy, saccharine and highly perfumed; end of Aug. and Sept. =Poire de Pendant. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:84. 1831. "It is from the long stem by which this pear is suspended, which is near two inches in length, that it obtains its title." The _Pendar_ of La Quintinye, and the _Hanging pear_ of Evelyn, although quoted as synonyms of this pear, are probably not the same as they are said to ripen in October. It is also very doubtful whether the synonyms of _Pendar_ and _Knaves' pear_ given by Miller and Forsyth apply to this fruit. Fruit, "The entire height of the fruit is twenty-eight lines, and its breadth two inches, and sometimes a line more;" turbinate; skin is ash-colored, approaching russet, and dotted over with small points of russet; flesh greenish-white, melting, sweet, and partially perfumed; end of Sept. =Poire de Preuilly. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Published in the French _Revue Horticole_, 1870. Tree vigorous and very fertile. This is a very large fruit used for decorative purposes. In form it is similar to the Bartlett; skin yellow-green, speckled; flesh breaking. =Poire de Rateau. 1.= Noisette _Man. Comp. Jard._ =2=:532. 1860. Tree very vigorous when grafted on pear. Fruit very large, turbinate, greenish-white, reddish and sown with russet dots on the side next the sun; flesh breaking, slightly saccharine and perfumed; eatable raw, and good for cooking; mid-Dec. =Poire Rigoleau. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:136. 1854. Introduced in 1854 as a new variety. Origin unknown. Fruit small, nearly globular; skin thick, greenish-yellow, covered with russet specks, little russet at either stem and calyx; flesh white, tender, juicy, of a very pleasant flavor; first part of Nov. =Poire du Roeulx. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1876. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876; it was published in the _Revue de l'Arboriculture_ in France. Fruit medium, pyriform, short, irregular, yellow clouded with fawn; flesh yellowish, very melting, exceedingly juicy, very saccharine and with a very exquisite perfume; first; latter half of Sept. =Poire Souvenir d'Hortolès Père. 1.= _Pom. France_ =4=:No. 173, Pl. 173. 1865. A variety unpublished previous to 1865 but cultivated in France, where it had already existed for more than sixty years. Fruit small, pyriform, usually growing in clusters strongly attached to the tree, green, dotted, passing to yellow and washed with dark brilliant red on the side of the sun; flesh white, firm, melting, slightly gritty; juice abundant, with a strong perfume of Muscatel; good; July. =Poire Thouin. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:177, fig. 473. 1880. According to Diel, Poire Thouin was obtained by Van Mons. Fruit medium, ovate, more or less short, usually symmetrical in contour, largest circumference at center; skin a little thick and firm, bright green, sprinkled with numerous inconspicuous spots of a darker shade, changing to pale yellow, and washed with orange-red on the side next the sun of well-exposed fruits; flesh white, coarse, breaking, full of saccharine juice, perfumed; third, for the season of its maturity; early Sept. =Poire de Torpes. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 107. 1876. Tree hardy, very productive. Fruit rather large, globular, yellow stained with russet; flesh fine, melting; good; Oct. to Dec. =Poire des Trois Fréres. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 71, 308. 1876. A wilding found near Maizieres-les-Metz, Fr. It was propagated by Messrs. Maline and placed in commerce in 1863. Tree vigorous, very fertile, and suitable especially for wind-blown situations. Fruit medium, long, green; flesh whitish, buttery, sugary and perfumed; first; end of Aug. =Poire des Trois Jours. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 149. 1841. _Trois Jours_. =2.= _Cultivator_, 340. 1847. Kenrick says: "New and large; beurrée; of first-rate excellence, ripening at Paris in November, according to M. Jamin." =Poire de Vitrier. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:139, Pl. XLIV, fig. 4. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:746, fig. 1869. This is probably a variety of German origin, for Valerius Cordus, who was a native of Hesse and died in 1544, spoke of it as abounding in Saxony, in the suburbs of Eisleben, and very common in all Germany. Duhamel du Monceau described it in France in 1768. Fruit medium, rather regular-ovate, wrinkled and mammillate at the summit, dull yellow, much clouded over with gray-russet, dotted with light brown, and vermilioned on the side toward the sun; flesh whitish, watery, semi-fine and semi-melting, gritty around the center; juice sufficient, sugary, vinous, slightly musky; second; Nov. and Dec. =Poire du Voyageur. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 107, 311. 1876. Originated by M. Boisbunel of Rouen, Fr. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish-green; flesh juicy, granular around the core; third; summer. =Poirier de Jardin. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr_. =2=:143, Pl. XIX, fig. 3. 1768. _Garden Pear._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 770. 1869. Origin unknown; probably French. Fruit large, globular-oblate, orange-shaped, surface a little bossed, on the side of the sun a beautiful deep red, spotted with golden-yellow, the shaded side being streaked and rayed with bright red on yellow; flesh semi-breaking, a little coarse and somewhat gritty around the core; juice sugary and of a very good flavor; good; Dec. =Poiteau. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:537, fig. 1869. Raised by Van Mons, and first fruited at Louvain, Bel., in 1823. Fruit above medium, long-ovate, variable in form, sometimes being short-ovate and ventriculous, orange-yellow, dotted with brown, stained with greenish-russet around the calyx and stem, and mottled with the same on the cheek next the sun; flesh whitish, rather coarse, melting, gritty, full of saccharine juice, sometimes astringent, without pronounced perfume; second; Oct. =Polish Lemon. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 61. 1887. Known as _Cytrymova_ in Poland. It was received in 1882 by the Iowa State Agricultural College, and was subsequently propagated and distributed by the College. =Polk. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =11=:252. 1845. A seedling raised by H. W. Edwards, New Haven, Conn., at one time Governor of that state. It came into bearing in 1844. Fruit larger than the Seckel, like Bergamot in form; flesh juicy, melting, subacid, sweet and rich; first; Sept to Nov. =Pollan. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 834. 1869. A Pennsylvania pear. Fruit below medium, nearly globular, greenish-yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun; flesh whitish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, vinous, pleasant; good; Aug. =Pollvaskaja. 1.= _Iowa Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 61. 1880. A Russian variety growing on the Iowa State College Farm in 1880, and having thorny wood; it unites very imperfectly with the apple. It shows "marked traces of the Chinese forms of the pear in shape, serration, thickness and size of leaf, and in the peculiar enlarged character of the scaly terminal buds." =Polnische grüne Krautbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:155. 1856. Galicia, 1819. Fruit small, globular-flattened, distorted, grass-green changing to yellowish grass-green and often with a dark blush and brown-russet on the side next the sun; scentless skin; flesh coarse-grained, melting, vinous, very juicy, acidulous; second for dessert, first for household; mid-Sept. =Polnische Seidenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:145. 1856. Galicia, 1812. Fruit medium to large, regular in form, light lemon-yellow, often rather blushed, sprinkled with numerous small, prominent, light brown and often greenish dots; flesh breaking, and coarse-grained, sweet, Muscatel in flavor; third for dessert, very good for household purposes; Sept. =Pomeranzenbirn von Zabergäu. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 90, fig. 1913. A perry pear found in Germany and Upper Austria. Fruit large, globular-turbinate; skin smooth, shining, of a light leaf-green changing when ripe to light greenish-yellow, finely dotted, without russet; flesh yellow-white, rather coarse-grained, with small grits around the center, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, having a strong scent; Oct. =Pomme d'Été. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:539, fig. 1869. The origin of the Pomme d'Été is uncertain, except that M. Leroy of Angers received it from the old garden of the Horticultural Society of Angers about 1849. Fruit medium and below, globular, much flattened and similar to the form of Caillot rosat and Naquette, yellow-ochre, entirely covered with gray dots; flesh white, fine and breaking, watery, rather granular around the core; juice abundant, saccharine, sweet and very musky; second; end of Sept. =Pope Quaker. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 834. 1869. Origin, Long Island, N. Y. Fruit very fair, medium-size, oblong-pyriform, smooth, yellows-russet; flesh melting, juicy and pleasant; hardly good; Oct. =Pope Scarlet Major. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =3=:15. 1837. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 834. 1869. Origin, Long Island, N. Y. Fruit nearly large, obovate, yellow, blushed on exposed side with bright red; flesh white, breaking, rather dry; very indifferent; Oct. =Portail. 1.= Miller _Gard. Dict._ =3.= 1807. =2.= Christ _Handb._ 503. 1817. Origin unknown beyond the fact that it was discovered in the old province of Poitou, Fr., and was held in high esteem there. Fruit "longer than it is round," greenish; flesh yellowish, dry, gritty and hard unless in very favorable seasons and upon very good soil, but may at times be tender and have an unforgetable musky aroma; it bakes well; Jan. to Mar. =Porter. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. No. 16. Fruited in 1862 Diameter 2-1/2 inches, melting, sweet and juicy; ripens soundly; good market pear; Oct. =Portingall. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. "The Portingall peare is a great peare, but more goodly in shew then good indeed." =Posey. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1897. Found in a fence row on the farm of Jacob Grabel, where it originated about 1880. It was reported by A. R. Ryman, Cedar Grove, Ind. Fruit medium, pyriform, moderately smooth, lemon-yellow, with small brown spots; flesh whitish, buttery, mild subacid; good to very good; Sept. to Dec. =Prager Schaferbirne. 1.= Oberdieck _Obst. Sort._ 321. 1881. Germany. Fruit medium (3-1/2 x 2-1/2 in.), ovate and pyriform, smooth, greenish turning to lemon-yellow blushed on the sunny side, very finely dotted; flesh yellowish-white, tender, agreeably aromatic and sweet; first for kitchen and household purposes; Oct. to end of Jan. =Prairie du Pond. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 835. 1869. Introduced by A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati, Ohio. Fruit small, nearly globular, greenish-yellow, with many brown and green dots; flesh whitish, moderately juicy, semi-melting, vinous, astringent; poor; Sept. =Pratt. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =1=:210, fig. 58. 1846. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ 2:542, fig. 1869. The Pratt pear was first brought into notice by Owen Mason, Providence, R. I., who obtained cions from the original tree at Scituate, R. I., and distributed them in the spring of 1844. It appears to have originated at Johnson, R. I. Fruit above medium, obovate, greenish-yellow, sprinkled with numerous gray dots and russet spots; flesh white, tender, melting, fine-grained, abounding with saccharine, well-flavored juice; second; Sept. =Pratt Junior. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 151. 1862. Another native which originated on the same farm as the preceding variety and named by the Rhode Island Society in order to designate its origin; in appearance similar to Winter Nelis. =Pratt Seedling. 1.= _Chico Nurs. Cat._ 13. 1904. Originated in Salem, Oregon, with Captain Pratt. Shape and color of Sheldon; keeps until Mar. =Precilly. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 835. 1869. Belgian. Fruit medium to large, obovate-acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow, netted and patched with russet and sprinkled with brown dots; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, breaking, juicy; good for cooking; Oct. =Précoce de Celles. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Described by Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876 as a new variety received from Belgium. Fruit medium, like Bergamot in form; very good in quality for its season; early summer. =Précoce de Jodoigne. 1.= _Mas Pom. Gen._ =5=:101, fig. 339. 1880. Obtained by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Brabant, Bel., and first published in 1865. Fruit rather small or nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, regular in contour, vivid green covered with a sort of whitish bloom and sprinkled with green dots of a darker shade, changing to yellow and occasionally tinged with red on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, fine, buttery, melting, full of sweet juice, saccharine but not highly flavored; fairly good quality; July. =Précoce de Tivoli. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. Fruit medium, pyriform, pale yellow, flesh white, gritty, semi-breaking, saccharine; good; Aug. =Précoce de Trévoux. 1.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 328. 1906. Obtained by M. Treyve, Trévoux, Ain, Fr., and first published in 1862. Fruit full medium size, pyriform-truncate, fine and tender skin of a vivid yellow, very finely dotted with green and washed and streaked with carmine on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sugary and richly flavored, agreeable perfume; good to very good; beginning of Aug. =Précoce Trottier. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 352. 1912. A French pear described by M. de la Bastie in the _Journal of the Pomological Society of France_ in 1890. Fruit medium or a little above medium, turbinate-ventriculous; at first the skin is a very bright green changing to pale yellow with some green markings, and blushed with somber red on the side next the sun, dotted with brown; flesh white, semi-fine, nearly melting, juicy, saccharine, agreeably perfumed; good to very good; mid-July. =Premature. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 157. 1832. Originated in Scotland about 1830. Fruit below medium; flesh very juicy and delicious, superior to the Crawford, of Scotland, reputed a most superior early fruit; early Aug. =Prémices d'Écully. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:544, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 632. 1884. Obtained by M. Luizet, a nurseryman at Écully-lez-Lyon, Rhône, Fr., from a bed of mixed seeds made in 1847. Fruit rather large, irregular ovate, round and bossed, yellow, with here and there a green tinge, thickly spotted and stained with small blotches of brown-russet; flesh tender, whitish, fine, melting, juicy, easily becoming soft, sweet, saccharine, with a flavor of musk; Sept. =Prémices de Wagelwater. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 836. 1869. Fruit below medium, globular-obovate-pyriform, sides unequal, yellow with a few traces of russet and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, very sweet; good to very good; Oct. =Premier. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 632. 1884. Raised at the Royal Garden, Frogmore, Eng., and first exhibited in 1871. Fruit above medium, oblong, terminating abruptly and bluntly at the stalk, undulating in outline and contracted with a waist at the middle; skin covered with cinnamon-colored russet; flesh semi-melting, very juicy, sweet, and brisk, with a flavor resembling pineapple; good; Nov. =Premier Président Métivier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:545, fig. 1869. A variety raised in Leroy's nurseries at Angers, Fr., in 1867. Fruit above medium or large, globular, flattened at the poles, more enlarged on one side than on the other; skin rough, grass-green, dotted and veined with olive-russet on the shaded side, and bronzed and dotted with bright fawn on the face exposed to the sun; flesh very white, melting, fine or semi-fine, free from granulations, very juicy, acidulous, highly saccharine, with delicious perfume and flavor; first; Oct. =Présent de Van Mons. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:546, fig. 1869. A seedling of Van Mons raised at Louvain, Bel., but which first fruited with General Delaage at Angers, Fr., in 1844. Fruit large, turbinate, shortened and ventriculous in its lower part, very much narrowed and slightly constricted at the top which is rarely very obtuse, lemon-yellow, strewn with large gray dots, fully colored with dull red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, fine, or semi-fine, melting, gritty below the core; juice abundant; saccharine, sourish and vinous, with an aromatic flavor; first; Feb. to Apr. =President. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc._ Rpt. 44. 1865. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 836. 1869. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., and fruited in 1861. Fruit very large, globular-obovate, somewhat irregular; skin slightly rough, greenish-yellow, pale red in the sun, considerable russet next the base of the stalk and traces of russet and conspicuous dots all over; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, slightly vinous; good; early Nov. =Président Barabé. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1895. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 193. 1920. First fruited in 1870 from a seed of Bergamotte Espéren with M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Fruit medium to below, short-turbinate, deep golden in color; flesh white, fine, melting, a little acid, juicy and of exquisite flavor; Jan. to Mar. =Président de la Bastie. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 265. 1889. =2.= _Cat. Cong. Pom. France_ 330, fig. 1906. Originated with M. Boisselot, Nantes, Fr. Fruit large, shape of Bartlett; flesh white, fine, melting; good to very good; Feb. and Mar. =Président Boncenne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 97. 1895. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1895. This firm had received it from Poitiers. Tree very vigorous and makes a shapely pyramid. Fruit medium, pyramidal, greenish, slightly blushed with red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, very juicy, perfumed, saccharine and with a flavor of almond; beginning of Sept. =Président Campy. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876 and stated to have been received from Belgium. =President Clark. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 98. 1881. This was a hybrid produced from the crossing of Seckel with Belle Lucrative. It was raised by Francis Dana, who, before he died, put several seedlings into the hands of Colonel Stone, Dedham, Mass., saying he thought there might be some very good varieties among them. This variety was among them, and was named after the first President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Fruit full medium, turbinate, somewhat irregular and variable, clear lemon-yellow, with a carmine cheek next the sun; flesh white, fine-grained, very melting, juicy, slightly astringent, sweet and rich; very good to best; a little later in season than Bartlett. =Président Couprie. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. French. Fruit medium, oval; flesh yellow, very tender, melting, juicy, highly saccharine and perfumed; Sept. and Oct. =Président Deboutteville. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. Published by M. Boisbunel. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit rather large; first; Dec. =President Dr. Ward. 1.= _N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 157. 1905. Awarded a premium by the New Jersey Horticultural Society in 1905. =President d'Estaintot. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Obtained at Rouen, Fr., from a seed of Soldat-Laboureur, and published by Collette. The fruit is of first quality and is in season from Aug. to Oct. =President Felton. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 836. 1869. Originated with W. D. Brincklé, Philadelphia, Pa. Fruit medium, globular-oblate, pale yellow, with a crimson cheek in sun, nettings and tracings of russet, and many brown and gray dots; flesh fine, juicy, yellowish, semi-melting, slightly vinous, sweet; good; Oct. =Président Fortier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Fruit medium, ovate, slightly swelled; flesh white, very fine, melting, sugary, perfumed; Jan. to Apr. =Président Héron 1.=. _Rev. Hort._ 6. 1897. A new pear placed on the market in 1897 by Arséne Sannier, a nurseryman at Rouen, Fr. Fruit medium; form recalling that of Urbaniste, obovate or oblong-obovate; flesh very fine, juicy, and perfumed. =Président Mas. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 836. 1869. =2.= _Cat. Cong. Pom._ France 333, fig. 1906. First reported in 1865 as having been raised by M. Boisbunel, horticulturist at Rouen, Fr., and adopted by the Pomological Congress of France. Fruit large, sometimes very large, ovate-conic-obtuse and bossed round the stalk; skin rough, yellowish-green, much dotted with russet, marbled with fawn around the eye; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy with a sugary flavor, vinous and very pleasantly perfumed; very good; Nov. to Jan. =Président Muller. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. Published by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Brabant, and on trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit large; first; Nov. =Président Olivier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Gained by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., not long previous to 1876. =Président d'Osmonville. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:547, fig. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 194. 1920. This variety was a posthumous gain of M. Léon Leclerc, Laval, Fr., in 1834, an amateur well known among French pomologists. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform; skin smooth, fine and tender, very pale green changing to pale yellow, more golden on the side of the sun, or occasionally washed on the more-exposed fruits with a suggestion of rosy red; flesh yellow, very fine, entirely melting, filled with saccharine juice, vinous, and penetrated with a lively musk flavor; first; Oct. =Président Parigot. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:548, fig. 1869. A variety originated by Count Nouhes near Pauzauges in the Vendée, Fr., where the seedling gave its first fruit in 1852. Fruit above medium, long-conic, narrowed in its upper part and bossed; skin rather rough, orange-yellow, dotted with greenish-gray and extensively washed with clear gray; flesh whitish, semi-fine, melting, watery, granular around the core; juice abundant, very saccharine, vinous and with a delicious flavor; first; Oct. =Président Payen. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:549. 1869. This pear issued in 1860 from a seed bed made by M. Briffaut, Sévres, Fr. It was awarded a silver medal in 1861 by the Horticultural Society of Paris. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, golden-russet sometimes washed with a red blush; flesh fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, perfumed, and of good flavor; of moderate merit; beginning of winter. =Président Pouyer-Quertier. 1.= _Guide Prat_. 111. 1876. A French pear dedicated to a President of the Horticultural Society of Rouen. Fruit medium, rather long, covered with gray-russet; flesh very fine, juicy, saccharine; first; Dec. and Jan. =Président Royer. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:549, fig. 1869. M. Xavier Grégoire, the Belgian tanner of Jodoigne, obtained this pear in 1762 when it fruited for the first time. Fruit medium; form recalling that of the quince, very bossed, rather obtuse, base flat, bright yellow, dotted, streaked and mottled with russet and extensively washed with tender rose on the side of the sun; flesh fine, firm although quite melting, rather granular at core; juice abundant, saccharine, highly perfumed, possessing a slight acidity which renders it agreeable and refreshing; first; Oct. =Président Le Sant. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 102. 1876. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit medium, Bergamot-shaped; skin oily, symmetrical, yellow dotted with fawn; flesh fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, with an agreeable aroma; first; Oct. and Nov. =Président Watier. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1895. Obtained about 1880 by the Chevalier de Biseau d'Hauteville, at Binche, Bel. Fruit long-gourd-shaped; flesh salmon-colored, melting, saccharine, well-flavored; Nov. =Présidente Senente. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. On trial in 1895. Tree healthy, of moderate vigor and pyramidal. Fruit small to medium, globular-oblate; flesh melting, perfumed, very juicy with a pleasant acidity; Dec. and Jan. =Prévost. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:552, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 633. 1884. Obtained by Alexandre Bivort, director of the nurseries of the Society Van Mons at Geest-Saint-Rémy, Jodoigne, Bel, in 1847. Fruit above medium, rather irregular-ovate, bossed, often much swelled in the lower half, lemon-yellow or golden, dotted and a little speckled with bright maroon, carmined on the cheek turned to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, having a pleasant muscat flavor; second; Jan. to Mar. =Pricke. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. "The peare pricke is very like unto the Greenfield peare, being both faire, great, and good." =Primating. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. Mentioned by John Parkinson in 1629, as "a good moist peare, and early ripe." =Prince Albert. 1.= _Pom. France_ =4=:No. 141, Pl. 141. 1865. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 836. 1869. This was a seedling of the eighth generation raised by Van Mons at Louvain, Bel., sown about 1840. Fruit medium, conic, obtuse and irregular, often contorted, sides unequal, greenish, striped and dotted with fawn, washed with russet around the stem; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-breaking, gritty; juice abundant, saccharine, aromatic, rather savory; second; Nov. and Dec. =Prince Harvest. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 837. 1869. Raised by William Prince, Flushing, L. I., N. Y. Fruit small, ovate-pyriform, pale yellow, rarely a brownish blush, red cheek in the sun, sprinkled with brown dots, and sometimes patched with russet; flesh white, firm, breaking, moderately juicy, sweet, slightly musky; good; end of July. =Prince Impérial. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 65. 1876. Obtained by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Brabant, Bel., in 1850. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit large, ovate, bright yellow all over; flesh salmon-colored, buttery, rather juicy, saccharine and having an agreeable perfume; first; Oct. and Nov. =Prince Impérial de France. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:554, fig. 1889. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 837. 1869. M. Grégoire, the well-known Belgian seedsman, obtained this variety at Jodoigne in 1850 from seed of Pastorale sown in 1835. Fruit above medium, irregular-ovate and rather swelled, having one side usually more enlarged than the other, bright green, dotted, streaked, patched and spotted with fawn-russet; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, slightly gritty below the core; juice abundant, refreshing, saccharine, acidulous, perfumed; first; Sept. =Prince de Joinville. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 837. 1869. Belgian; first fruited in 1848. Fruit medium, globular, green changing to golden yellow, with a vivid blush on the cheek next the sun, brown spots and some russet; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, melting, acidulous, sweet, agreeably aromatic; first for dessert, household and market; Nov. =Prince Napoléon. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:556, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 837. 1869. Raised by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Fr., from seed of the Passe Crassane in 1864. Fruit medium and sometimes above, globular, rarely regular and often mammillate at the top, olive-yellow, covered largely with mottlings of brown and sprinkled with indistinct gray dots; flesh white-greenish or yellowish, semi-fine, semi-melting; juice sufficient, saccharine, vinous, with a delicate perfume; first; Feb. and Mar. =Prince d'Orange. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =21=:146. 1855. Raised by Van Mons at Louvain and numbered 891 in his Catalog of 1823, second and third series, and regarded by J. de Jonghe, Brussels, as one of Van Mons' more remarkable fruits; form and flavor of Passe Colmar. =Prince de Printemps. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 198. 1832. A Flemish pear imported by a Mr. Braddick in 1819. Fruit small, turbinate, green; flesh buttery, sweet; good; very late. =Prince Saint-Germain. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 447, fig. 207. 1845. Raised by William Prince, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y., and known also as _Brown Saint Germain_. Fruit medium, obovate inclining to oval-pyriform, green nearly covered with brownish-russet and blushed with dull red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, melting, juicy, with a vinous and very agreeable flavor; very good; Nov. to Mar. =Prince Seed Virgalieu. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:163, fig. 562. 1881. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, turbinate-conic and ventriculous, usually regular in form, pale green, slightly tinted with yellow, sprinkled with brownish-gray dots, small but numerous; at maturity the basic green becomes brilliant lemon-yellow and the side exposed to the sun washed with pale red; flesh white, fine, buttery, very melting; juice sufficient, saccharine; good; Oct. =Princess. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ N. S. =3=:260. 1882. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 194. 1920. Raised by Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Eng., from seed of Louise Bonne de Jersey. Growth compact, upright, free bearer, valuable for market culture, and one to be depended upon in poor seasons; fine as a cordon. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, tapering almost to stalk, not very symmetrical, smooth and shining, rarely russety, green and pale green with a brownish tinge, dark green dots under the skin; flesh white, juicy and melting, briskly acid; very good; Oct. to Christmas, rather variable in season. =Princess Maria. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 580. 1857. A seedling from Van Mons. Fruit medium or below, pyramidal, yellow, considerably covered with rough, dull russet, and thickly sprinkled with dots; flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, aromatic; good; Sept. =Princesse Charlotte. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:558, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 633. 1884. A pear raised in 1846 by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel. Fruit medium, variable in form, much bossed and rather contorted, turbinate-obtuse to globular-ovate, grass-green with brown or orange glow on the sunny side, dotted and marbled with russet; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-melting, watery and gritty, but juicy, saccharine, acidulous, with a fine aroma; a fine pear, evidently of the Passe Colmar race, but quite distinct from that variety; Nov. and later. =Princesse Marianne. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:559, fig. 1869. _Calebasse Princesse Marianne_. =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =5=:67, fig. 1857. Although very similar in color and form, this pear is distinct from Calebasse Bosc with which it has been confused. It was obtained by Van Mons at the Fidélité nursery near Brussels before 1817 from a graft of a wilding. Fruit large, pyriform and gourd-shaped, swelled in its lower part, more or less contracted near the summit and not very obtuse; skin rough, greenish-russet, dotted with clear gray and marbled or speckled with brown, flesh white or semi-fine, melting, some grit around the core, juicy, very saccharine, vinous and with a highly delicate aroma; first; Oct. =Princesse d'Orange. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:560. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 634. 1884. According to Van Mons this was found by Count de Coloma in the garden of the Riches-Claires Nunnery at Mechlin, Bel, about 1788, but remained unnamed for forty years. Fruit medium, globular or globular-ovate, bossed, seldom very regular in form, lemon-yellow, largely covered with reddish-brown russet, and more or less carmined on the side next the sun; flesh white and fine, melting or semi-melting, juicy, vinous, saccharine, slightly perfumed with anis; a first-class dessert pear; Oct. =Princière. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:562, fig. 1869. Of uncertain origin. Leroy received it in 1864 from Charles Baltet, Troyes, Fr., who also described it in the _Revue Horticole_ that year. Fruit above medium, globular, irregular, bossed, often much contorted and usually mammillate at the summit, golden yellow or bright yellow covered all over with large russet dots, streaked with fawn around the calyx; flesh white, fine, melting, full of juice, only slightly saccharine, vinous and slightly aromatic; second; Oct. =Priou. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:563, figs. 1869. This pear which is one of the best ripening in spring-time was made known in 1863 by M. Priou, a miller at Rondard, near Brissac, Maine-et-Loire, Fr. The parent tree stood in an open pasturage, and was then about fifty years old. Fruit above medium, rather inconstant in form, globular-ovate, irregular, bossed, mammillate at the summit, and pentagonal at its base or almost completely globular, bright yellow, dotted and streaked with gray-russet; flesh white, fine and juicy, melting, slightly gritty at the center, saccharine, agreeably acid, with a delicious perfume; first; May. =Professeur Barral. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:565, fig. 1869. M. Boisselot, Nantes, Fr., a well known seedsman, obtained this pear from seeds of Bartlett, in 1862. Fruit very large, globular, rather irregular and bossed; skin thick, orange-yellow, dotted with gray and lightly washed with bright russet on the exposed side; flesh whitish, fine or semi-fine, melting, watery; juice abundant, sugary, vinous, acidulous and full of flavor; first; Oct. and beginning of Nov. =Professeur Bazin. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 494. 1898. A posthumous variety raised from a seed bed of M. Tourasse and placed on the market in 1898 by M. Baltet, Troyes, Fr. Fruit large, often very large, pyramidal, ventriculous at the middle, water-green, passing to lemon-yellow, mottled with fawn-brown; flesh extremely fine and melting, juicy, saccharine, with a delicate perfume; very good; Dec. and Jan. =Professeur Dubreuil. 1.= _Pom. France_ =3=:No. 97, Pl. 97. 1865. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 634. 1884. Obtained by M. Dubreuil, professor of horticulture, from a bed of seeds of Louise-Bonne de Jersey made at the Botanical Garden of Rouen in 1840. Fruit medium, pyriform, more or less swelled; skin rather thick, oily, green changing to lemon-yellow, dotted with russet and carmined on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, full of sugary juice, with an agreeable perfume; first; end of Aug. and early Sept. =Professeur Grosdemange. 1.= Baltet _Cult. Fr._ 340, 342, fig. 243. 1908. Fruit large, obovate-pyriform; coloring bright yellow with vermilion blush; flesh of good quality; Jan. to Mar. =Professeur Hennnau. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =8=:77, fig. 1860. M. Xavier Grégoire, a tanner at Jodoigne, Bel., obtained this variety from seed. Fruited in 1860. Fruit above medium, ovate, more or less irregular, swelled and bossed, often a little contorted in its lower part, olive-yellow dotted with ashen gray, veined or speckled with fawn and washed with golden russet on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, semi-melting, watery, very granular around the center; juice abundant, saccharine, tartish, delicate although slight perfume; second; Nov. =Professeur Hortolès. 1.= _Guide Prat_. 57. 1895. Raised by M. F. Morel, a horticulturist at Lyons, Fr. Tree vigorous and fertile, suitable for all forms of growth. Fruit rather large, pyriform-ventriculous, greenish-yellow, blushed with brownish-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, very juicy; first; Sept. and Oct. =Professeur Opoix. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 532, fig. 240. 1901. A seedling from the establishment of Baltet Brothers, Troyes, Fr. Reported in 1901. Fruit rather large, globular, slightly oval, a little bossed, bright green passing to whitish-yellow, dotted with brown; flesh fine, yellow-butter tinted, very juicy, melting, saccharine, with a pleasant aromatic perfume; excellent; Jan. to Mar. =Professeur Willermoz. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1895. Obtained by M. Joanon at Saint-Cyr near Lyons, Fr. Fruit large or rather large, pyriform ventriculous; flesh very fine, juicy, melting, saccharine and perfumed; Aug. and Sept. =Prud'homme. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1895. Published in the _Journal of the National Society of Horticulture_ of France in 1875. Tree vigorous and very fertile. Flesh saccharine, very sprightly; Sept. to Dec. =Pudsey. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 97. 1875. A native of Nova Scotia which compares "favorably in flavor, richness, and other qualities with some of the most popular sorts at present cultivated." =Puebla. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:568, fig. 1869. A seedling of M. André Leroy, Angers, Fr., reported in 1863. Fruit large, ovate, rather ventriculous and much bossed, with one side nearly always less swelled than the other; skin thick and rough, yellow, covered with large patches of russet and grayish dots; flesh very white and very fine, melting, with some grit at the center, full of sugary juice, with an acid taste and agreeable perfume; first; Oct. =Pulsifer. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =8=:460, fig. 1853. Dr. John Pulsifer of Hennepin, Ill., in the spring of 1843 planted in his garden a pear seed which produced a tree bearing fruit of great merit. An early and prolific bearer, hardy, vigorous. Fruit hardly medium, pyriform, dull golden-yellow, covered with an open network of slight russet; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, and delicious, much like Louise Bonne de Jersey, but superior to it; Aug. =Pushkin. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. _Pyrus ovoidea_ x R. & K. 533, a Russian pear. Originated by N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D., and introduced by him in 1919. =Queen Jargonelle. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3d Ser. =2=:369. 1887. Of unknown origin but it appears to have been disseminated by the Rev. W. Kingsley, Thirsk, Yorkshire, Eng. Fruit soft, juicy and agreeable; Aug. =Queen Victoria. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 635. 1884. Raised by Mr. W. Willison, a florist at Whitby, Yorkshire, Eng. Fruit medium, obovate, even in its contour, greenish-yellow at maturity, with a crust of cinnamon-russet on the side next the sun; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and with an almond flavor; end of Aug. =Quiletette. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:388. 1843. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 840. 1869. This is a Van Mons seedling, and was exhibited at the fifteenth annual exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in September, 1843, by R. Manning of Salem. Fruit nearly medium, globular, a little flattened, greenish, nearly covered with dull iron-colored russet; flesh white, buttery, melting, rich, sweet and perfumed; an odd-looking fruit, scarcely good; Nov. =Quince. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 46. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., and fruited in 1862. Fruit diameter 3 inches; skin lumpy and nodular; flesh fine-grained, juicy and sweet; great bearer; Sept. =Quinn. 1.= _Horticulturist._ =22=:42, 117, fig. 25. 1867. P. T. Quinn, Newark, N. J., submitted specimens of this pear to the Committee of the Farmers' Club of the American Institute which issued a report upon it on January 2d, 1867. The pear had been imported by Professor Mapes and the name lost, and at a previous meeting the Committee had named it Quinn. Fruit below medium, pyriform, tapering rapidly toward the stem end; skin inclined to golden-russet; flesh rich and juicy and in flavor and aroma occupies the first rank; good; Jan. and keeps till Mar. =Rainbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:166. 1856. Hesse, Ger., 1816. Fruit medium, ovate, somewhat swelled; skin polished, pale light green turning to lemon-yellow, without any red blush, sprinkled with numerous fine light brown dots, fine russet on the side next the sun; flesh granular, vinous and highly aromatic; first for culinary use; mid-Oct. =Rallay. 1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 382. 1854. An old variety of unknown origin. Fruit small to medium, globular-acute-pyriform; skin rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, dotted all over with russet; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, juicy, gritty; good; Nov. and Dec. =Rameau. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 239. 1854. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:572, fig. 1869. _Silberästige Gewürzbirne._ =3.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:15. 1856. A seedling of Van Mons distinct from _Besi des Veterans._ Fruit above medium, oblong-oval; skin thick, rough, greenish, gray or bronzed on sunny side, stained and dotted with dark russet; flesh yellowish-white, very fine, melting, juicy, sweet, acidulous, aromatic; inferior. =Ramilies. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 165. 1841. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 195. 1920. Described in 1842 in the London Horticultural Society's Catalog of Fruits. Fruit large, obovate, yellow obscured with russet, red next the sun, beautiful in appearance; flesh breaking; very good for cooking; Nov. to Feb. =Rankin. 1.= _Van Lindley Nurs. Cat._ 53. 1913. Introduced by J. Van Lindley Nursery Company about 1905 and said to be a seedling of Duchesse d'Angoulême picked up from the side of the Southern Railway by W. H. Rankin, Guilford County, N. C. Tree strong, hardy. Fruit similar to Duchesse d'Angoulême but two weeks earlier. =Rannaja. 1.= _Iowa Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 61. 1880. Imported by Professor Budd from the northern steppes of Russia, where the summers are fully as dry and hot and the winters far more severe than those of Iowa; said to unite well with the apple when root or top grafted. =Rapelje. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =1=:239, fig. 62. 1846. A native variety introduced by Professor Stephens, Astoria, Long Island. Fruit medium, obovate, sometimes obtuse, and sometimes acute-pyriform, yellowish, covered with cinnamon-russet; flesh whitish, somewhat granular, juicy, melting, with a sweet, vinous, aromatic flavor; variable, sometimes poor; Sept. =Rastlerbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 18, fig. 1913. Found in Northern Tyrol and the Austrian Province of the Voralberg. Fruit large, globular-turbinate, almost acute, green turning yellow-green when ripe, faintly blushed; flesh granular, greenish-white; a very good perry pear and suitable for baking; Oct. and Nov. =Rateau Blanc. 1.= _Pom. France_ =4=:No. 155, Pl. 155. 1865. A variety of unknown origin, but cultivated from very early times in the Gironde, Fr., and much esteemed in the markets of the Pyrenees. Fruit above medium, irregular in form, usually pyramidal or long-ovate, sides unequal; skin rough to the touch, orange-yellow, shaded with green, whitish on the cheek opposed to the sun, stained with fawn around the stalk and covered, particularly on the lower part, with russet and large gray dots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-breaking; juice rather deficient, slightly acidulous, somewhat saccharine; second for the table, first for the kitchen; Mar. =Ravenswood. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 196. 1858. Ravenswood was a seedling found in the woods of Astoria, L. I., and transplanted to the grounds of Charles Ehrard. Fruit small, obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, with sometimes a tinge of red in the sun and thickly sprinkled with green dots; flesh whitish, slightly coarse, extremely full of vinous, carbonated juice, with a rich aromatic flavor; good to very good, superior to most pears of its period; mid-July to mid-Aug. =Ravut. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 71. 1876. _Ravu._ =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =25=:256. 1859. Described by M. Baltet, Troyes, Fr., as a new fruit, in 1859. Tree moderately vigorous and very productive. Fruit medium, turbinate, pale yellow, dotted with russet; flesh fine, melting, sugary, remaining sound when ripe; Aug. and Sept. =Raymond. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 183. 1832. Raised by Joseph Wight, Raymond, Me. Fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow, marked with russet near the stalk and tinged with a little red toward the sun, thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; Sept. =Raymond de Montlaur. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 103. 1876. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876, and in 1895 placed in their list of pears of little value. Fruit very large, beautiful in form and color; flesh very white, fine, melting and very juicy, saccharine, and agreeably aromatic; Oct. =Raymould. 1.= _Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 8. 1895. Mentioned in a report of the Committee on New Fruits of the Ohio State Horticultural Society in 1895. Fruit fair but not of sufficient size or quality to be recommended for cultivation. =Re Umberto primo. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 224. 1896. Published in France in 1896 as a new Italian variety. Fruit ovate, lemon-yellow, dotted with small rough points; flesh rather breaking, slightly acidulous, very saccharine and highly perfumed. =Reading. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =19=:173. 1853. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 841. 1869. A native variety, new about 1853. Introduced by Charles Kessler. Originated in Oley Township, Reading, Pa. Fruit medium to large, obovate-pyriform, tapering to the crown, yellow, thickly dotted with brown points and sprinkled with russet; flesh greenish-white, abounding in juice of a mild and agreeable flavor, melting, vinous; good; Jan. to Mar. =Recq de Pambroye. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1895. Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1895 classed this among "new varieties" and stated that they had received it from M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Tree rather vigorous, forward according to accounts, fertile. Fruit medium or rather large, bronze in color, washed with red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh fine, juicy, sugary, vinous; Jan. =Red Garden. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 841. 1869. Raised by Josiah Youngken, Richlandtown, Pa. Fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and mottled with a few crimson dots on the side next the sun, netted and patched with russet and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; Sept. =Red Pear. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 636. 1884. A perry pear grown largely in Herefordshire, Eng. Fruit small, globular, even and regular in outline, inclining to turbinate, almost entirely covered with rather bright red, yellow around the stalk where shaded, sprinkled all over with pale gray dots; flesh quite yellow, firm, dry and gritty. =Redfield. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 195. 1867. Raised from seed by J. W. Crosby, St. George, Utah, and first fruited in 1861. Fruit in size, shape and color resembles Bartlett, but is a little more tapering at the stem, yellowish-green, with a brownish-red cheek; flesh sweet, sprightly, melting; ripens a little later than Bartlett. =Refreshing. 1.= _Rural N. Y._ 242, figs. 133, 134. 1885. Raised by Benjamin Macomber, Grand Isle, Vt. Fruit below medium, bright golden yellow; stem stout, medium long, in a small cavity; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet; very good; Sept. =Regina Margherita. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 224. 1896. An Italian pear published in 1896 as a new variety. Fruit in form similar to that of Passe Crassane, greenish-yellow, washed with green; flesh very saccharine, somewhat acid, buttery, perfumed. =Régine. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 841. 1869. A Van Mons seedling. Fruit medium, globular-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with slight nettings of russet and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; Sept. =Regnier. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 185. 1854. A native variety which originated with Madame Regnier, Philadelphia, Pa. Reported by the Committee on Fruits of the American Pomological Society in 1854. Fruit above medium, ovate, yellow, with usually a colored cheek; very good. =Reichenäckerin. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:10. 1856. Württemberg, Ger., 1847. Fruit medium, globular, dark green, with brownish blush, gray dots; first for household; mid-Dec. and Jan. =Reine des Belges. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:578, fig. 1869. A seedling raised by Van Mons at Louvain, Bel., in 1832, Fruit above medium, ovate, tending to globular, always slightly mammillate at the top; skin fine and shining, pale yellow, sprinkled with very small russet dots, and slightly blushed with tender rose on the side exposed to the sun; flesh very white, a little coarse, melting or semi-breaking, watery, rather granular at center; juice saccharine, vinous, perfumed; second; Sept. =Reine d'Hiver. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 841. 1869. Fruit small, globular-oblate, yellow, with a brownish tinge on the cheek exposed to the sun and with nettings, patches and dots of russet; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant; good; Nov. =Reine des Poires. 1.= Manning _Book of Fruits_ 84. 1828. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:581, fig. 1869. The Count de Coloma came into possession of the garden of the Nunnery of the Riches-Claires, Mechlin, Bel., directly after the suppression of the order in 1786 and two years later made seed beds from which were raised, among other good varieties, the Reine des Poires. Fruit below medium, turbinate-ovate but irregular in form; skin rather thick and yet tender, green dotted with small brown points, changing to yellow, much covered with a brownish-red russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine, melting; juice abundant, saccharine and acidulous, with an exquisite perfume; first; Oct. =Reine des Précoces. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:201, fig. 99. 1866-73. Probably of Belgian origin. Fruit small, globular-turbinate or nearly globular, regular in contour; skin thick, at first intense green sprinkled with numerous large, prominent, gray-green dots; the basic green changes to yellow on the shaded side and intense brownish-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, semi-buttery, a little gritty at the center, little juice or sugar, rather agreeable; second; end of July. =Reine des Tardives. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1876. Published by M. Bruant in 1865. Fruit rather large, vivid yellow; flesh juicy, saccharine; easily keeps till June. =Reine Victoria. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 842. 1869. Said to be a seedling from Van Mons. Fruit medium, obovate-acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with shades and patches of fawn; flesh white, tinted with rose, fine, melting, juicy, sweet; Dec. =Reliance. 1.= _Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 24. 1890. Introduced by P. J. Berckmans to the Georgia State Horticultural Society and accepted by that Society in 1890. It was raised from seed sown in 1857, and named Reliance "because it bears every year." Fruit small; a dessert pear almost as good as Seckel, rated as very good; summer season. =Remy Chatenay. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Tree healthy and of fair vigor, very fertile, and suitable for all forms of cultivation. Fruit of the form and appearance of Beurré d'Arenberg though not so large or delicate; matures in the spring. =René Dunan. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1895. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis at Metz, Lorraine, in 1895 and at Agassiz, British Columbia and other Canadian Experiment Stations in 1900. The tree pyramidal and very fertile. Fruit very large, lemon-yellow, vermilioned on the side of the sun; flesh fine, melting, acidulous, recalling the flavor of the Beurré Gris; Nov. and Dec. =Rettigbirne. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 527. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:34. 1856. Of German origin. Reported in 1815. Fruit small, globular-pyriform, medium ventriculous, light yellow, dotted with gray, and speckled with brown; flesh acid and aromatic; first for all purposes; beginning of Sept. for three weeks. =Reuterbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:189. 1856. Nassau, Prussia, 1807. Fruit almost small, ovate, ventriculous, uneven in outline, pale yellow-green turning to light lemon-yellow, often covered with thin russet on the side of the sun; flesh dense, juicy, wanting in flavor, sweet and acidulous; third for dessert, first for household; Oct. =Rewell. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. "The good Rewell is a reasonable great peare, as good to bake as to eate rawe, and both wayes it is a good fruit." =Reymenans. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:152. 1856. A Van Mons seedling. Belgium, 1825. Fruit small, turbinate-globular, even in contour, light green turning to lemon-yellow, without any red blush, sprinkled with fine dots, with delicate russet on the cheek next the sun; skin without scent; flesh semi-melting, sweet, aromatic; second for dessert, first for household and market; Feb. and Mar. =Reynaert Beernaert. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =26=:220. 1860. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ 6:21, fig. 395. 1880. Obtained by M. Bivort, director of the Society Van Mons, Bel. Fruit medium or nearly large, globular, flattened at both poles, regular in contour; skin rather thick, water-green, sprinkled with numerous large and regularly-spaced, gray dots, turning at maturity to dull yellowish-green and the side next the sun golden or orange colored; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, wanting in juice and sugar, vinous but without appreciable perfume; second; Nov. =Rheinische Birne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:6. 1856. Westphalia, a province of Prussia, 1802. Fruit large, ovate, light green turning pale yellow, without any blush, strongly dotted; flesh breaking, juicy, aromatic; first for household use; Oct. =Rheinische Herbstapothekerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:178. 1856. Nassau, Prussia, 1805. Fruit very large, conic, often very irregular in form, light yellow-green turning to pale light yellow, often stained blood-red, covered with very numerous and minute spots, speckled and marked with russet; flesh whitish, granular, semi-melting, sweet and aromatic; second for table, first for cooking. =Rheinische Paradiesbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:169. 1856. Thuringia, Ger., 1801. Fruit large, conic, yellow, blushed and streaked with light red, dotted with yellow; flesh yellow, gritty around the center, sweet; third for the table, first for culinary use; end of Oct. and Nov. =Rhenser Schmalzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:63. 1856. The German Rhineland, 1833. Fruit fairly large, pyriform, smooth, yellow, blushed with blood-red, covered with fine dots; flesh yellowish, breaking, sweet, aromatic; third for dessert, first for kitchen; Jan. to Mar. =Richards. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =22=:540. 1856. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 842. 1869. Originated at Wilmington, Del. It was placed on the list of the American Pomological Society in 1856 at its biennial session at Rochester. Fruit medium, obovate-acute-pyriform, yellow sprinkled with numerous small russet dots and patches of russet; flesh buttery, melting, granular, with a sweet, pleasantly vinous flavor; good; Oct. =Richardson. 1.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 570. 1885. Fruit rather large, obovate; flesh melting, sprightly, pleasant; Oct. =Riche Dépouille. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:205. 1832. A French variety introduced early in the last century. Its name may be translated Rich-skinned. Fruit large, oblong-obovate, rather irregular in its outline and resembling in form the Saint Germain, clear lemon-yellow, with a tinge of scarlet on the side exposed to the sun, a little mottled with russet, and the whole skin rough like the skin of an orange; flesh white, melting, without perfume but sweet and pleasant; late autumn or winter. =Ridelle. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 87. 1845. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 842. 1869. Shown at the seventeenth annual exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in September, 1845, by the President of the Society. Fruit medium, oblate-turbinate, remotely pyriform, yellow covered nearly all over with bright red; flesh semi-fine, rather juicy, not melting or delicate in flavor; scarcely good; Sept. =Riocreux. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1876. Probably French. Fruit rather large, like Calebasse in form, symmetrical, yellowish-green; flesh fine, extremely melting, juicy, with an exquisite perfume; first; Aug. and Sept. =Ritson. 1.= Ont. Dept. Agr. _Fr. Ont._ 175, figs. 1914. Originated at Oshawa, Ontario, Can. W. E. Wellington stated that his grandmother, Mrs. John Ritson, planted the seeds from a pear sent to her from Boston, and that the tree had stood on the homestead as long as he could remember. Fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, usually one-sided, yellow, shaded with golden-russet and numerous minute dots of a darker hue; flesh medium, creamy-white, fine, tender, buttery, juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed; dessert, very good to best; Oct. =Ritter. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =23=:106. 1857. Dr. Brincklé, chairman of the Committee on Native Fruits of the American Pomological Society, reported in 1857 that specimens had been received from Louis Ritter, Reading, Pa. The tree from which they were obtained was purchased in the spring of 1851 for Seckel, but the tree instead of having a rounded head is pyramidal in growth. Fruit small, obovate, greenish-yellow, a good deal russeted, with occasionally a faint brown cheek; flesh fine texture, melting and buttery, saccharine, with the full Seckel aroma; best; Oct. =Rival Dumont. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Fruit rather large, oval-turbinate, russet washed with yellow; flesh melting, buttery-juicy, aromatic; first; Nov. and Dec. =Rivers. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:583, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 637. 1884. A delicious pear raised in 1864 by Leroy at Angers, Fr., and dedicated by him to Thomas Rivers, the distinguished English pomologist. Fruit medium, turbinate, regular in outline, greenish, dotted with brown and almost entirely covered with bright brown-russet; flesh very melting, white, fine, juicy, saccharine, vinous, refreshing, with a delicate musky perfume; first; Sept. =Robert Hogg=. 1. Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:584, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 637. 1884. Raised by Leroy, Angers, Fr., and named after Doctor Robert Hogg, the English horticulturist. It first fruited in 1868. Fruit above medium, ovate, more or less irregular and generally rather swelled in its lower part; skin slightly rough, rather deep green, much covered with fawn-colored mottles of russet and small gray dots; flesh whitish, watery, semi-fine, melting; juice very abundant, saccharine, richly flavored, aromatic, with an agreeable acidity; first; Sept. and Oct. =Robert Treel. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1876. Published by J. de Jonghe, Bel. Tree very fertile. Fruit medium; flesh melting; first; Feb. =Robine. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:174, Pl. XXVII. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 637. 1884. This is an ancient pear of unascertained origin, though the pomologists Turpin and Poiteau and others have regarded it as French. It is often known as the _Royale d'Été_, and has had various other synonyms. Fruit below medium, globular-turbinate, bright green changing to yellow, dotted with greenish-gray; flesh white, fine or semi-fine, almost breaking, rather dry, very saccharine, sweet and having an agreeable musky flavor; second; mid-Aug. =Robitaillié père. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 463. 1906. A French pear raised at the beginning of the present century by M. Robitaillié. Fruit very large; skin yellow, dotted with green and fawn, becoming golden at full maturity; flesh fine, saccharine, acidulous, very juicy; first; season late and prolonged until Jan. =Rockeneirbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:2. 1856. South Germany, 1847. Fruit small, smooth and shining; flesh yellow-white, somewhat blushed; first, for household use and perry; Sept. =Roe Bergamot. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 843. 1869. _Bergamotte de Roe_. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:117, fig. 59. 1872. Raised by William Roe, Newburgh, N. Y. Fruit medium in size, form oblate or Bergamot-shaped, rather irregular; skin smooth, yellow, with minute yellow dots on the shaded side, washed with red on the side of the sun; flesh rather coarse, sweet, rich, perfumed flavor suggestive of Gansel Bergamot but much more sugary; good to very good; Sept. Tree fairly vigorous and prolific. =Rogers. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 157. 1867. Reported as a new pear in 1867. Fruit said to be similar to the Louise Bonne de Jersey in shape and size but like the Washington in dots, markings and flavor; end of Sept. =Roggenhoferbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 170, fig. 1913. A perry pear which came first probably from Lower Austria. Fruit small to medium, turbinate to pyriform, the apex being rather acute; skin firm, grass-green turning to greenish-yellow, blushed on the sunny side, dotted all over with numerous gray-brown dots; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, fairly juicy, subacid; good for cider and drying; end of Aug. =Roi-Guillaume. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:91, fig. 238. 1879. Gained by Van Mons. Fruit medium, ovate, uneven on all its surface; skin at first pale water-green, sprinkled with brown dots, changing to lemon-yellow, more golden on the side next the sun and often washed with orange-red; flesh-white, coarse, granular, rather gritty at core; juice saccharine and perfumed but rather wanting in amount; third for the table, good for the kitchen; Sept. =Roi de Rome. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =6=:51, fig. 1858. =2.= Downing _Fr Trees Am._ 843. 1869. The Abbé Duquesnes, to whom we are beholden for many good fruits, found this pear in Hainaut, Bel. Fruit very large, pyriform, pyramidal, olive-green, with dark gray shading around the stalk and calyx, strongly blushed with orange-red and dotted with bright gray on the side next the sun, and yellow at maturity on the shaded cheek, with brown-black dots; flesh fine, semi-melting, yellowish-white; juice abundant, saccharine, with an agreeable perfume; second for table, first for household; Sept. =Roitelet. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 843. 1869. A Flemish pear. Fruit small, globular, yellow,--netted, shaded and sprinkled with russet; flesh whitish, semi-melting, juicy, sweet; good; Sept. =Rokeby. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 844. 1869. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:73, fig. 37. 1872. Gained by M. Bivort, Bel., and first published in 1848. Fruit medium or below, pyriform, swelled in lower half, lower end flat, bright green turning to bright yellow in the shade and blood-red on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, juicy, wanting in quality; second; Aug. and Sept. =Rolmaston Duchess. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =29=:148. 1874. Published in 1874. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellow-green; flesh fine, melting, juicy, vinous; very good; Oct. =Ronde du Bosquet. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:586, fig. 1869. Raised from seed and bore the name of the place where the parent tree, which was first described in 1863, grew in M. Leroy's grounds, Angers, Fr. Fruit below medium, irregularly globular and strongly bossed, bright yellow, dotted with brown, much mottled with russet; flesh whitish, watery, very fine, melting, rarely gritty; juice abundant, vinous, saccharine, possessing a delicious perfume; first; Oct. =Rondelet. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =12=:340. 1846. =2.= _Ibid._ =18=:436, fig. 32. 1852. Obtained in France by M. François Dehove. Fruit medium, remarkably oblate, with a slightly uneven surface, much flattened at each end; skin fair, smooth, green turning yellow at maturity, faintly blushed on the side next the sun, and thickly dotted with russet intermixed with a few greenish specks; flesh yellow-white, buttery, melting, juicy, saccharine and musky; first; Oct. =Ropes. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =12=:500. 1846. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 844. 1869. Originated with Mr. Ropes, Salem, Mass., about 1846. Fruit medium, obovate, cinnamon-russet; stem short; cavity inclined; calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin; flesh whitish, coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic; good; Oct. and Nov. =Rorreger Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 50, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit large, globular-turbinate to pyriform; skin smooth, shining green turning yellow, numerous small green dots; flesh whitish, rather coarse-grained, subacid and very juicy; mid-Oct. and Nov. =Rosabirne. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =8=:65. 1853. A foreign pear introduced to this country as a new variety in the middle of the last century. Fruit medium, obovate-acute-pyriform, surface uneven, dull greenish-yellow, almost entirely overspread with russet; flesh white, melting and juicy, with a delicious, brisk, subacid flavor, vinous, resembles Brown Beurré; promised to be very good, one of the best; Oct. and Nov. =Rosalie Wolters. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 98. 1895. Published in 1878. Fruit medium, oblong, whitish yellow; flesh yellowish, fine, very saccharine; first; Oct. =Rosanne. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:69, fig. 227. 1879. Origin unknown; Diel states he had received it from Strasland, Prussia. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in contour, green marked with gray dots, changing at maturity to lemon-yellow, extensively washed on the side next the sun with wine red, over which are scattered numerous very distinct, brighter-red dots, giving the pear a great resemblance to Vermont Beauty; flesh whitish, rather fine, buttery; juice somewhat deficient but pleasantly acid; good; mid-Aug. =Rose Doyenné. 1.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 713. 1897. Fruit rather large, obovate, yellow and crimson; flesh coarse, granular, flavor poor, rots at core; Oct. =Rose Water. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. An old English pear. Fruit medium, globular, rough skin, brownish-red; flesh breaking, of a fine and delicate flavor; of fair quality but superseded; mid-Sept. =Rosenhofbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 92, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium, globular-oblate; skin tough, shining, light yellow when ripe, blushed slightly on the sunny side, with numerous fine dots; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, juicy, very astringent; Oct. =Rosenwasserbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:41. 1856. Rheinfalz, Bavaria. Fruit medium, long-turbinate, even in outline; tender skin, green turning yellowish-white, without dots, often flecked with dark specks; flesh juicy, with a rose-like aroma, very white, semi-melting, very good; mid-Aug. =Rosinenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:73. 1856. On the Rhine, Ger., 1802. Fruit small, globular-flattened, light green turning to yellow-green, without any blush, covered with small dots and russet on the side next the sun, often flecked with dark russet; flesh breaking, fine, very sweet and aromatic; third for dessert and first for kitchen; Nov. =Roslyn. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 844. 1869. A wilding found on the land of W. C. Bryant, Roslyn, L. I. Fruit medium, almost spherical, yellow, netted, patched and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, slightly vinous; good to very good; end of Aug. =Ross. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 165. 1841. A seedling introduced by Thomas Andrew Knight in 1832. Fruit large, obovate, yellowish-green interspersed with russet; flesh inclining to yellow, gritty near the center, rich, juicy, saccharine; second-class dessert pear; Jan. =Rossney. 1.= _Pioneer Nurs. Co. Cat._ fig. 1898. =2.= _U. S. D. A. Yearbook_ 402, Pl. LII. 1904. Raised in Salt Lake City, Utah, from a mixed lot of Winter Nelis and Bartlett seed planted for stocks by William Woodberry about 1881, and introduced by the Pioneer Nurseries Company, Salt Lake City, in 1898. Fruit medium to large, oval-pyriform, somewhat angular and ribbed towards the apex, golden yellow, blushed with scarlet and thinly overspread with a bluish-white bloom; dots numerous, minute, russet; stem rather long, moderately stout; calyx closed; flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, subacid; good; ten days later than Bartlett. =Rostiezer. 1.= Manning _Book of Fruits_ 72. 1838. Origin uncertain. It was, however, received from A. N. Baumann, Bollweiler, Alsace, by R. Manning, Salem, Mass., in 1834 or 1835. Often called _Early Seckel_ in the west. Fruit medium or below, pyriform, regular in form, grass-green on the shaded side, reddish on the exposed face and sprinkled with small gray dots; flesh greenish-white, fine, melting, rather granular below the core; juice very abundant, vinous, acidulous, very saccharine, with a most delicate flavor; first; last of Aug. =Rote Hanglbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 196, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small to medium, spherical; skin tough, lemon-yellow when ripe, no blush, dotted with russet; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, juicy, subacid; very good for transportation; Nov. =Rote Holzbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 198, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, greenish to citron-yellow, slightly blushed on the sunny side and densely dotted with cinnamon; flesh yellowish, rather coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid; Oct. =Rote Kochbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 200, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small, globular-turbinate, greatest diameter at center, flat at base; skin tough, rough, grayish-green, dull blush on the exposed side; flesh yellowish-white, very firm, juicy, excessively astringent, subacid; Nov. and Dec. =Rote Pilchelbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 52, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear of second quality. Fruit fairly large, pyriform-obtuse, also conic, golden yellow when ripe, red on the sunny side, plentifully sprinkled with small dots; flesh yellowish, coarse-grained, very juicy, with subacid flavor; Sept. and Oct. =Rote Scheibelbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 94, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small to fairly large, flattened-globular, symmetrical in outline, smooth, polished, dark green changing to greenish-yellow, blushed on the sunny side, densely and finely dotted; flesh whitish, coarse, with an aroma peculiar to itself, subacid and very juicy; Oct. =Rote Winawitz. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 204, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small to medium, turbinate to pyriform, very variable; skin firm and rough, yellow when ripe, without any blush, dotted with numerous fine, russet spots; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid, aromatic; Oct. and Nov. =Rotfleischige Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 220, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small, globular-turbinate, calyx end flat, leaf-green, dotted with russet and flecked with red; flesh under the skin firm but near the core softer, coarse-grained, juicy, subacid; Oct. to mid-Nov. =Rothbackige Sommerzuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:49. 1856. Germany, 1801. Fruit small, pyriform, smooth, pale green turning to shining lemon-yellow, lightly blushed on the sunny side, dotted; flesh rose-tinted, saccharine, semi-melting, granular, deficient in flavor; second for dessert, first for cuisine and market; Sept. =Rothe Confesselsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:14. 1856. German, published in 1766. Fruit medium, oblong, somewhat swelled, skin thick, gray-green with brown russet; flesh yellowish, semi-melting, juicy, aromatic, tender; second for table, good for culinary use; Oct. =Rothe Jakobsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:48. 1856. Nassau, Ger., 1806. Fruit small, ovate, light green turning yellow-green, with brownish-red russet; flesh granular, agreeable, sweet; second for the table, good for household and market purposes; July. =Rothe langstielige Honigbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:11. 1856. Originated near the Rhine, Ger., 1804. Fruit medium, pyriform, ventriculous and bent, obtuse, sides unequal, light green, changing to dark red with indistinct yellow and light red spots; flesh tender, juicy, aromatic; second for the table; good for cooking. =Rothe oder grosse Pfalzgrafinbirne. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 538. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:60. 1856. Germany, 1797. Fruit medium, conic, entirely covered with dark blush, densely sprinkled with gray dots and dark speckles; flesh yellow-white, honey-sweet, semi-melting, aromatic; third for the table, first for kitchen and market; Sept. =Rothe Rettigbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:34. 1856. Altenburg, Ger., 1821. Fruit small, spherical, yellow-green, covered all over with dirty red, densely dotted and speckled with russet; flesh whitish-yellow, granular, melting, juicy; first for table and cuisine; Aug. =Rothe Winterkappesbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:167. 1856. German, 1805. Fruit medium, long-turbinate, often spherical, flattened and sides unequal, green turning to lemon-yellow, firm and shining, blushed with red, dotted with gray; flesh rather white, coarse-grained, acidulous; good for the kitchen; Dec. to Feb. =Rothe Winterkochbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:192. 1856. Germany, on the Main, 1805. Fruit medium, obtuse-conic, symmetrical in contour, smooth and shining, light green turning to a beautiful lemon-yellow, finely dotted with gray, flecked with russet on the side opposed to the sun; flesh coarse, saccharine, juicy, wanting in aroma; third for dessert, very good for household use and market; Nov. and Dec. =Rothe Zucherlachsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:49. 1856. Nassau, Germany, 1805. Fruit medium, obtuse-long-conic, yellowish light green, dark red blush, changing to light lemon-yellow with carmine cheek, mottled and flecked with brown-russet; flesh semi-melting, granular, gritty near core, very sweet, vinous and acidulous; second for the table, very good for kitchen and market; Aug. =Rother Winterhasenkopf. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:147. 1856. Nassau, Ger., 1806. Fruit large, irregular in form, sides unequal, crooked, yellowish pale green turning yellow, with dark blush, very prominent brown dots; flesh breaking, sweet, acidulous, vinous; third for table, good for household use; considered by Messrs. Simon-Louis to be analogous to the Catillac; Jan. to Mar. =Rothgraue Kirchmessbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:109. 1856. Hesse, Ger., 1804. Fruit medium to rather large, conic, slightly bossed, sides unequal; skin rough and covered with brownish-gray russet, often faintly blushed; flesh yellowish-green, coarse-grained, sweet, acidulous and musky; second for dessert, first for kitchen; mid-Sept. =Rougeaude. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:88. 1831. Fruit medium, pyramidal, fairly regular, skin yellowish on the shaded side, but about three-fourths of the fruit is of a darker or lighter shade of red; flesh firm, dry, with some sweetness but insipid and wanting in flavor; indifferent; Jan. =Rouget. 1.= Noisette _Man. Comp. Jard._ =2=:537. 1860. =2.= Baltet _Cult. Fr._ 404, 405. 1908. The flesh of this small French pear becomes red when cooked and the confectioners of Paris use large quantities of it obtained from the neighborhood of Etampes. It is also considered a first class pear for perry. =Roulef. 1.= _Can. Hort._ =17=:292, fig. 684. 1894. Raised from seed by Mr. Mitschurin, Tambow, Russia. Fruit medium, yellow, firm, vinous; good. =Rouse Lench. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 165. 1841. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 195. 1920. Raised by T. A. Knight, and first fruited in 1820. In 1850 it was placed on the "Rejected Fruits" list by the second Congress of Fruit Growers at New York. Fruit large, long-oval, uneven, pale yellow-green, with thin russet; no depression at base of very long woody stem; calyx open, basin shallow; flesh pale yellow, juicy; fair; Jan. and Feb. =Rousselet Aelens. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:92, fig. 1856. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 844. 1869. A Belgian pear of unknown origin. Fruit small to medium, turbinate, obtuse-pyriform, golden yellow at time of maturity, faintly colored on the sunny side, patches of russet, and dots of grayish red; flesh yellowish-white, rather fine, melting; juice abundant, sweet and possessing a decided perfume of the Rousselets; quality would be first class if the flesh were less granular; Nov. =Rousselet d'Anvers. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 58. 1895. A variety raised by M. Daras de Naghin, Antwerp, Bel. Tree vigorous and fertile, hardy, resisted the great European frost of 1879-1880. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, yellowish-green, slightly tinged with dark red; flesh semi-fine, melting, saccharine and well flavored; first; Oct. =Rousselet Baud. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:177, fig. 185. 1878. Gained by Dr. Van Mons and mentioned in his Catalog of 1823. Fruit small or rather small, ovate, more or less swelled, even in outline; skin a little thick, at first water-green with many very numerous and small dots, sometimes much covered with cinnamon-colored russet, changing to citron-yellow and the russet becoming golden on the side next the sun; flesh yellow-white, rather fine, dense, buttery, melting; juice sufficient, richly saccharine and perfumed; Oct. and Nov. =Rousselet Bivort. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:9, fig. 1856. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 845. 1869. Raised from a bed of the seeds of Simon Bouvier made in the grounds of the Society Van Mons at Geest-Saint-Rémy, Bel., in 1840. Fruit small, turbinate; skin smooth, bright green turning to lemon-yellow, shaded and mottled with russet-fawn especially on the side exposed to the sun, dotted with brown-black and brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, semi-buttery; juice abundant, saccharine and agreeably perfumed recalling the scent of the Rousselets; good, suitable for large collections; Oct. to Jan. =Rousselet Blanc. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:37, fig. 307. 1880. Raised by Van Mons and cataloged by him in 1823. Fruit rather small, globular-turbinate, even in contour, bright green, whitish, a few very small, bright, gray dots, no russet, at maturity it becomes pale yellow and the side next the sun is blushed extensively with bright blood-red, a white bloom covering the whole surface of the fruit and numerous very small dots of golden-yellow appearing on the red; flesh whitish, rather fine, semi-buttery; juice sufficient, sugary, vinous, with the agreeable perfume of the Rousselets; first; Aug. =Rousselet de la Cour. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:589, fig. 1869. A wilding found on a farm which adjoined M. Leroy's nurseries of La Cour at Angers, Fr. Fruit below medium, turbinate, regular, acute, one side usually larger than the other; skin rough and thick, bronzed all over and covered with gray or white dots; flesh white, fine, breaking, watery; juice abundant, saccharine, sourish, with an agreeable perfume; second; end of Sept. and beginning of Oct. =Rousselet Decoster. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 845. 1869. Raised by Van Mons. Tree of medium vigor but very weak on quince stock. Fruit small to medium, globular-ovate, pale yellow, mottled with golden-russet and tinted with brownish-red; flesh yellowish, buttery, very saccharine, with the characteristic perfume of the Rousselets; first; Oct. and Nov. =Rousselet Doré d'Hiver. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:590, fig. 1869. Origin unknown, though Leroy, Angers, Fr., possessed it about 1845. Fruit below medium, variable in form, turbinate, slightly obtuse, or turbinate and spherical and nearly always larger on one side than on the other; skin thick and rough, shining, some bright and golden-russet, some small, brown and green spots; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting, juicy, saccharine, vinous, fairly well perfumed; second; Feb. and Mar. =Rousselet Hâtif. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:148. 1768. =2.= Downing Fr. Trees Am. 846. 1869. _Early Rousselet_. =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 571. 1884. The origin of this pear is uncertain though it was probably French, for in 1600 it was under cultivation at Orléans, Fr., according to Le Lectier. Fruit small, pyriform, slightly obtuse, sides often unequal; skin fine, lemon-yellow on the shaded side, and vivid red sprinkled with gray spots on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, fine, semi-breaking and crisp; juice well perfumed, saccharine, abundant and aromatic; second; mid-July. =Rousselet de Janvier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:594, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 845. 1869. Gained by Alexandre Bivort, director of the nurseries of the Society Van Mons at Geest-Saint-Rémy, Bel., in 1848. Fruit medium, generally regular-ovate; skin slightly rough, lemon-yellow in the shade, washed with red-brown on the other cheek; flesh yellowish; very fine, melting; juice sufficient and fairly saccharine, vinous and richly perfumed; second; Dec. and Jan. =Rousselet Jaune d'Été.= =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:23, fig. 108. 1878. _Gelbe Sommerrusselet._ =2.= Christ _Handb._ 546. 1817. French, 1801. Fruit small; skin rough, almost entirely covered with brilliant red, densely covered with small gray dots, scentless; flesh granular, melting, saccharine, sweet; second for table, first for household; Sept. =Rousselet de Jodoigne.= =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:69, fig. 419. 1880. Described in 1876 as a "recent" gain of M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit small globular-turbinate, obtuse at apex; skin rather firm, bright and vivid green, sprinkled with numerous very small dots of gray-green, russeted around the calyx and lower part of the fruit; flesh white, tinted with green, semi-fine, semi-buttery; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, having the characteristic Rousselet perfume. =Rousselet de Jonghe.= =1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 639. 1884. Fruit small, obovate, curved, uneven and irregular in its outline; skin smooth, of a uniform lemon; flesh yellow, fine-grained, firm, melting and juicy, with a very rich, sugary flavor; its delicious flavor compensates for its small size; Nov. and Dec. =Rousselet de Meestre.= =1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 639. 1884. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform or pyramidal; skin smooth and shining, golden yellow, thickly dotted all over with large brown-russet freckles; flesh semi-buttery, firm, fairly juicy, and well flavored; of indifferent quality. =Rousselet Panaché.= =1.= _Guide Prat._ 80. 1876. A variegated variety of French origin and new about 1825. Fruit small, short-ovate, greenish-yellow, with light and dark streakings; first for dessert and household; end of Sept. =Rousselet de Pomponne.= =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:67, fig. 418. 1880. Obtained by MM. Pradel, nurserymen at Montauban, Fr. Fruit small, globular-ovate or nearly globular, even in outline, pale green at first, sprinkled with numerous large, regularly spaced dots of gray circled with darker green, changing at maturity to pale yellow and washed on the side opposed to the sun with bright rosy-red on which the dots are blood-red; flesh white, semi-breaking; juice sufficient, saccharine, with little flavor; second; mid-Aug. =Rousselet Précoce.= =1.= _Mag. Hort._ =18=:151. 1852. 2. Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:91, fig. 430. 1880. This is the variety known in Germany as _Frühe Geishirtlebirne_ and must be distinguished from the _Rousselet hâtif_ or _Poire de Chypre_ of Duhamel. It was classed in 1851 by Mr. Cabot, President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, among the new or recently introduced fruits. Fruit rather small, pyriform, regular in contour, vivid green slightly touched with yellow, sprinkled with very numerous, very small, gray dots, changing at maturity to lemon-yellow, preserving sometimes a tone of green, the side next the sun being washed with blood-red spots having yellow centers; flesh whitish, fine, tender, semi-buttery, juicy, saccharine, and scented with the perfume of the Rousselets; good; mid-July. =Rousselet de Rheims. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:147, Pl. XI. 1768. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 196. 1920. This pear is of very ancient and uncertain origin. Many authors have endeavored to trace it back to the days of the Romans. But Pliny and the other Latin horticulturists did not give descriptions of their fruits sufficiently technical to enable us to make identification of their varieties with ours certain. It is, however, clear that the Rousselet de Rheims has existed, particularly around the city of Reims, Fr., for some centuries. Fruit small, turbinate, regular in form, rarely very obtuse, bright green or yellow-green, sprinkled with large and small gray-russet dots and extensively shaded with reddish-brown on the side opposed to the sun; flesh white, fine or semi-fine, almost melting, not very juicy, rich in sugar, acidulous, refreshing, highly perfumed; one of the best early pears for dessert, very good for candying; Sept. =Rousselet de Rheims Panaché. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:597, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 639. 1884. A variety similar in all respects to the preceding, of which it is a bud sport, except that the leaves and fruit are striped with yellow and green. Its propagation antedates 1830. =Rousselet Royal. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1876. On trial with Messrs. Simon-Louis, Metz, Lorraine, in 1876. Fruit medium; first; Sept. =Rousselet Saint Nicolas. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 2, 13, fig. 103. 1866-73. Obtained by M. Bivort. Fruit small, turbinate-ventriculous, gray-green tinted with yellow, sprinkled with large brown or green dots, numerous and evenly distributed, changing at maturity to pale yellow, the side exposed to the sun being washed with brown-red on which are blackish-red dots; flesh yellowish, very fine, melting, rather gritty at the center, full of sweet juice, saccharine, agreeably perfumed; good; Oct. =Rousselet Saint-Quentin. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:53, fig. 507. 1881. _De Quentin_. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 635. 1884. Gained by M. Van Dooren, a former director of the middle school at Namur, Bel. Fruit small or medium on a pruned tree, globular-ovate or globular-conic, symmetrical in its contour, somber green sprinkled with large, widely spaced gray dots, changing to yellow, and well colored with brownish-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, slightly greenish, fine, buttery; juice sufficient, saccharine, having the characteristic perfume of the Rousselets; first; Sept. and Oct. =Rousselet Saint Vincent. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =16= 296. 1850. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:598, fig. 1869. The origin of this pear is uncertain. It seems probable to Leroy that it was raised by Van Mons. In this country it was placed on the Rejected List by the second Congress of Fruit Growers at New York in 1850. Fruit above medium, globular-ovate, irregular in outline especially at the summit, bright yellow, dotted with russet; flesh white, fine, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, of a delicate flavor though not recalling in the least that of the Rousselets; first; Oct. =Rousselet de Stuttgardt. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 639. 1884. _Des Chevriers de Stuttgardt_. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =1=:558, fig. 1867. _Stuttgarter Geisshirtel_. 3. Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 289. 1881. It is said that this was a wilding found by a shepherd in the neighborhood of Stuttgart, Ger., before 1779. Fruit below medium, pyriform, fine, tender, at first dark water-green sprinkled with very numerous large dots of a darker shade, changing to yellow-green, tinged on the side next the sun with brownish-red on which the dots become yellow; the surface is covered with a characteristic sort of grayish-white bloom which passes to a rosy-violet on the bright parts; flesh greenish, not very fine but tender, buttery, sufficiently juicy, aromatic; first; Aug. =Rousselet Thaon. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:73, fig. 229. 1879. The Bulletin of the Van Mons Society appears to indicate that Rousselet Thaon was a gain of M. Bivort. Fruit small, short-turbinate, symmetrical in outline; skin thick, firm, bright green dotted with darker green changing to pale yellow, the side next the sun being more golden and washed with brown-red on fruits well exposed; flesh white, coarse, semi-buttery; juice moderate in amount but saccharine and perfumed with musk; second; Sept. and Oct. =Rousselet Theuss. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:37, fig. 17. 1866-73. In his abridged descriptive Catalog published at Louvain in 1823 Van Mons stated that the Rousselet Theuss was raised by him. Fruit small or nearly medium, ovate-turbinate; skin rather thick and firm, at first bright water-green, sprinkled with gray-green dots turning pale yellow and encrimsoned on the side next the sun, sometimes very vividly on well-exposed fruits; flesh white, slightly yellow under the skin, semi-fine, melting, full of saccharine juice, acidulous, well perfumed with the characteristic Rousselet scent; owing to its excellence and beauty this pear deserves a place in the fruit garden as well as in the large orchard; Aug. =Rousselet Vanderwecken. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =3=:41, fig. 1855. Raised by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Tree pyramidal, of good vigor, very productive. Fruit small, turbinate to ovoid, yellow; stem short, curved, rather thick; calyx large for the size of the fruit, open; flesh white, fine, melting, very juicy, very sweet, musky, strongly aromatic; first; Nov. =Rousseline. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:153, Pl. XV. 1768. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 847. 1869. Merlet, the French pomologist, writing in 1675 appears to have been the first to describe this pear and he said it was well named Rousseline being so similar to Rousselet in the buttery character of its flesh and its extraordinarily musky flavor. Fruit below medium, pyriform inclining to obovate, swollen in the middle and narrowing obtusely toward the calyx and more acutely toward the stalk, dull green dotted with brown scales and partly covered with large russet stains intermingled with gray mottlings; flesh white, fine, semi-melting, some grit around the center; juice rarely abundant, highly saccharine, vinous and musky; second; Nov. and Dec. =Rousselon. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:601, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 847. 1869. This variety was gained by Major Espéren of Mechlin, Bel.; it fruited for the first time in 1846. Fruit medium and above, ovate, much swelled in its lower part and contracted near its summit; skin very shining, yellow-ochre, dotted with gray-russet, stained with the same at either extremity and carmined on the cheek touched by the sun; flesh yellow-white, semi-fine, semi-breaking, granular around the core; juice rather deficient, saccharine, sweet, more or less perfumed, rather delicate; second; Feb. to Apr. =Roux Carcas. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 55. 1865. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:602, fig. 1869. This pear bears the name of a nurseryman at Carcassone, Aude, Fr., who raised it in 1863. Fruit below medium or small, globular, flattened at both poles and often slightly bossed, yellow-green dotted with small gray points, slightly marbled with russet; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, musky, and saccharine, possessing a rather astringent after-taste; second; end of Aug. =Rové. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 83. 1895. A perry pear which originated in the neighborhood of Metz, Lorraine, and is in much request there. Fruit rather large, orange-yellow, well colored with red; flesh breaking, juicy, saccharine, of an agreeable flavor; of first quality for perry and for cooking and also rather good to eat; end of winter and spring. =Rowling. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. "The Rowling peare is a good peare, but hard, and not good before it bee a little rowled or bruised, to make it eate the more mellow." =Royal. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 847. 1869. Raised from seed by Thomas R. Peck, Waterloo, N. Y. Fruit medium, globular-pyriform, yellow largely covered with thin crimson on the side next the sun, sprinkled with brown and russet dots; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic; good to very good; Sept. =Royal d'Hiver. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:191, Pl. XXXV. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 640. 1884. The origin of the Royal d'Hiver is uncertain. In 1704 Le Gentil, director of the orchard at the Chartreux Convent of Paris, said that it was a new pear and had been brought from Constantinople for the King (Louis XIV). The Turkish origin of the pear, however, was probably based on not much more than hearsay. Fruit large, turbinate-obtuse, bossed; skin fine, dull lemon-yellow, washed with orange-red on the side next the sun, dotted and marbled with fawn; flesh yellow-white, fine, melting or semi-melting, juicy, saccharine, sweet and having a pleasant, musky flavor; good; Nov. to Jan. =Royale Vendée. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:607, fig. 1869. Count Eugene of Nouhes obtained this variety from seed at la Cacaudière, in the commune of Pouzauges, Vendée, Fr., in 1860. Fruit medium, globular-ovate, bossed; skin rough, dark yellowish-green, lightly marbled with gray and bright fawn; flesh citrine, fine, very melting and juicy, with a saccharine, sprightly flavor and delicate perfume; very good; Jan. to Mar. =Ruhschiebler. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 96, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit small to medium, globular-turbinate, yellow-green, with large and small russet dots; flesh coarse, juicy, with a strong acid taste; good for transportation; end of Sept. and Oct. =Rummelter Birne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:193. 1856. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 98, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown extensively in Austria and Germany. Fruit medium, turbinate-oblate, light green, heavily sprinkled with gray dots, turning orange-yellow, with russet on the exposed side; flesh white, very coarse, subacid; end of Sept. to Nov. =Runde gelbe Honigbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:162. 1856. Saxony, 1804. Fruit medium, turbinate-oblate, light green turning white and straw color with a vivid light blush, fine light brown dots; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, gritty near center, astringent, honey-sweet; very good for household use and perry; end of Sept. for three or four weeks. =Runde Sommerpomeranzenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:150. 1856. Trieste, Austria, 1805. Fruit small, globular-ovate, flattened, sides unequal, yellowish light green turning to light lemon-yellow tinged with green and often slightly blushed with dull red; flesh semi-melting, aromatic; first for dessert, household and market; beginning of Sept. for fourteen days. =Russbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:173. 1856. Thuringia, Ger., 1803. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, variable in form; skin rough, almost entirely covered with cinnamon-russet, often with light brown blush; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, saccharine, breaking, juicy; third for the table, first for household; Nov. and Dec. =Russelet Petit. 1.= Langley _Pomona_ 132, Pl. LXIV. 1729. Fruit small, pyramidal, irregular; stem set on one side obliquely; late Aug. =Russet Bartlett.= About 1893 Robert McHinds, Clarksville, N. Y., planted 700 Bartlett pear trees. When these trees came into bearing, one was found to produce russet-colored fruits, whence the name Russet Bartlett. The tree is an exact counterpart of Bartlett in manner of growth and the fruit differs from Bartlett only in the russet skin. It is, therefore, not improbable that the variety is a bud sport of Bartlett. =Russet Catherine. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. "The Russet Catherine is a very good middle sized peare." =Rylsk. 1.= _Can. Hort._ =27=:292. 1894. Russian. Fruit medium yellow; flesh breaking, sweet; very late. =S. T. Wright. 1.= _Garden_ =66=:299, fig. 1904. This English pear raised by Messrs. Veitch, was introduced in 1904 at the Royal Horticultural Society's fruit show in London. It is the product of Beurré Bachelier and Bartlett. Fruit medium, oblate-pyriform, rather swelled; skin rich golden; of good flavor; Oct. =Sabine. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:610, fig. 1869. The parent tree of this variety was acquired by Van Mons from a garden at Schaerbeek, Bel., and ripened its fruit first in 1817. Fruit medium, sometimes irregular-conic, sometimes ovate-pyriform and often rather deformed in contour; skin rather rough, bright green, dotted uniformly with dark gray changing to lemon-yellow, washed with thin yet vivid crimson; flesh white tinted with yellow, fine, melting, rather gritty around the core, full of sweet juice and delicately perfumed; first; Dec. and Jan. =Sabine d'Été. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 348. 1831. Raised in 1819 by M. Stoffels of Mechlin, Bel. Fruit pyramidal, broadest at the base and tapering to a round, blunt point at the stalk; skin smooth and even, yellow on the shaded side, and of a fine scarlet, minutely dotted when exposed to the sun; flesh white, melting, juicy, highly perfumed; Aug. =Sacandaga. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 849. 1869. The parent tree was found on the farm of William Van Vranken, Edinburgh, N. Y. Fruit small, nearly globular, pale greenish-yellow, shaded with brownish-crimson, and netted and dotted with russet; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly perfumed; good to very good; Sept. =Sächsische Glockenbirne. 1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 130. 1825. Saxony. First published in 1816. Fruit medium, spherical, light citron-yellow turning golden yellow, blushed; flesh firm, coarse-grained, sweet and musky; third for dessert, good for kitchen purposes; Oct. =Sächsische Lange Grüne Winterbirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 274. 1889. _Longue Verte d'Hiver_. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:137, fig. 549. 1881. A pear of German origin and cultivated especially in Thuringia and Saxony. Fruit medium or nearly medium, conic-pyriform, water-green, sown with dots of a darker green, passing to greenish-white or yellowish-white at maturity; flesh white, rather fine, semi-melting, full of sweet, saccharine juice but without any appreciable perfume; good; autumn and early winter. =Safran. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:611, fig. 1869. An old French pear known in the seventeenth century as the _Saffran d'Hyver_. Fruit medium and sometimes less, variable in form, usually ovate, very globular and irregular or slightly long-conic; skin rather rough, saffron-yellow, shaded with gray, dotted, veined and marked with brown-russet; flesh yellowish, semi-melting, and semi-fine, granular; juice sufficient, saccharine, acidulous, with a perfume resembling that of fennel rather than of musk; third; Oct. to Jan. =Saint André. 1.= Hovey _Fr. Am._ =1=:79, fig. 1851. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:613, fig. 1869. The origin of this pear is unascertainable but it was introduced to this country by R. Manning, Salem, Mass., who imported cions of it from Messrs. Baumann, nurserymen, Bollwiller, Fr. (Bollweiler, Alsace), in 1834 or 1835. Fruit medium or below, ovate, rather symmetrical, bossed and sometimes a little ventriculated in its lower half; skin fine and smooth, yellow-green, dotted and streaked with gray, very rarely colored on the cheek next the sun; flesh greenish-white, fine and most melting, extremely juicy, sweet, saccharine, slightly vinous, delicate and highly perfumed; first; Oct. =Saint Andrew. 1.= Langley _Pomona_ 131. 1729. Described in 1729 as one of the best pears in England. Fruit large, oblong, very obtuse, greatest diameter two-thirds down toward the base, diminished only slightly toward the stem; Sept. =Saint Aubin sur Riga. 1.= McIntosh _Bk. Gard._ =2=:461. 1855. "A New Jersey pear of much excellence either as a wall or standard." Fruit large; flesh melting, tender, of rich flavor; excellent; Jan. and Feb. =Saint-Augustin. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:230, Pl. LVIII, fig. 3. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:614, fig. 1869. An old French pear published in 1650 by Ménage. Fruit below medium, pyriform-ovate, rather regular in form, slightly obtuse, dirty yellow, dotted with gray, stained with fawn around both poles and sometimes slightly clouded with brown-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking; juice rather wanting, sweet, saccharine, slightly musky and pleasant; second; Feb. to Apr. =Saint Denis. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 849. 1869. Fruit small, turbinate and uneven in its outline, pale yellow, with a crimson cheek and thickly dotted with crimson dots; flesh semi-melting, very juicy and sweet, with a fine aroma; good; Aug. and Sept. =Saint Dorothée. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =14=:110. 1848. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 849. 1869. A variety received in this country from France and fruited here for the first time in 1847. Fruit large, fusiform or spindle-shaped, bright lemon-yellow; flesh fine, buttery, with a saccharine, sprightly and highly perfumed flavor; good; Oct. and Nov. =Saint François. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:616, fig. 1869. Until 1675 when Merlet described it this variety was little known and he then called it _de Grillon_ or _Bonne-Amet_ but in 1690 on re-printing and completing his work he spoke of it as the Saint François. Fruit above medium and sometimes very large, long-conic, slightly obtuse and bossed, one side more swelled than the other, dull greenish-yellow, finely dotted with brown, widely stained with fawn around the stem and more or less flecked with the same and slightly carmined on the side of the sun; flesh white, extremely fine, semi-breaking, rarely gritty; juice scanty and wanting in sugar, musky, delicate in flavor; third for eating raw, first for cooking; mid-Nov. to end of Jan. =Saint Gallus Weinbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:194. 1856. Germany, on the Rhine, Württemberg and Baden. First published in 1830. Fruit small, apple-shaped, often flat-turbinate, medium swelled, uneven; skin very firm, green, almost entirely covered with a dark, dirty red blush, scarcely dotted at all; good for household use and perry; Jan. to Mar. =Saint George. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:617, fig. 1869. The Saint George was described by Diel, Stuttgart, Ger., in 1812, as a French pear originated on the Moselle. Fruit above medium and often larger, very long and always variable, often of Calebasse form, obtuse and contorted, sometimes ovate and regular in outline; skin thin, rough, greenish, much stained with gray around the calyx and covered with large brown dots and scaly patches of russet; flesh white, fine, melting, juice abundant, saccharine, acid and vinous, pleasantly perfumed; first; mid-Sept. =Saint Germain. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:225, Pl. LII. 1768. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 196. 1920. Merlet, the French pomologist, wrote in 1680 that this pear originated from a wilding on the banks of the Fare, a little river in the parish of Saint Germain d'Areé. Fruit medium or large, long-pyriform, slightly swelled, often irregular in contour; skin rather thick and rough, greenish-yellow, dotted with russet, slightly golden on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, fine, very melting, very juicy, rich in sugar with an agreeable, perfumed flavor; very good, but is gritty and worthless if grown on cold, moist soil; Nov. to Mar. =Saint Germain Gris. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:623, fig. 1869. Found by M. Prévost, long president of the Horticultural Society of Seine-Inférieure, Fr., in the ancient garden of the Friars of Saint-Ouen, at Rouen, about the year 1804. Fruit medium to large, long-ovate, irregular in its upper part and often bossed and elevated more on one side of the stalk than on the other, grayish-green dotted with brown; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, melting, saccharine, juicy, slightly acidulous, with a deliciously scented flavor; first; mid-Dec. and Jan. =Saint Germain Panaché. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:625. 1869. This variegated variety of Saint Germain is of French origin; the date of its publication is about 1819. Fruit simply a variegated form of the Saint Germain, covered with rather large bands of bright yellow sometimes extending from stem to calyx. =Saint Germain de Pepins. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 850. 1869. Foreign. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, nearly globular or obovate, slightly pyriform, pale yellow, lightly shaded or mottled with crimson in the sun, netted and patched with russet and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh yellowish, coarse and gritty, with a hard core; good; Feb. =Saint Germain Puvis. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:625, fig. 1869. M. Pariset, Curciat-Dongalon, Fr., obtained this variety in 1842. Fruit above medium, long-conic, obtuse, irregular, much bossed, grass-green, clouded with olive-yellow, sprinkled with small gray dots; flesh whitish, semi-fine, watery and melting, almost free from granulations; juice rather deficient, saccharine, acidulous, agreeable; second; end of Sept. and Oct. =Saint Germain du Tilloy. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:626, fig. 1869. The origin of this pear is unknown though Leroy thought that its name indicated origin in the Department of the Nord where it formerly existed in important nurseries and where are two towns bearing the name Tilloy. Fruit medium and above, long-conic or cylindrical-conic, very obtuse, rather variable, golden-yellow, clouded with olive-yellow, covered with gray dots and speckles, always rather squamose, more or less washed with cinnamon-russet on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, aromatic; first; mid-Oct. to end of Nov. =Saint Germain Van Mons. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:628, fig. 1869. _Van Mons Hermannsbirne_. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:60. 1856. The parent tree of this variety was a seedling raised by Van Mons at Brussels which fruited for the first time in 1819. Fruit rather above medium or medium, obovate-pyriform, one side habitually more swelled than the other, yellow-ochre, sprinkled with numerous gray and green dots; flesh yellowish, semi-fine and semi-melting, very granular at the core; juice rarely abundant, sugary, acidulous, rather savory; second; Oct. =Saint Ghislain. 1.= Hovey _Fr. Am._ =2=:45, fig. 1851. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:629, fig. 1869. This pear was raised at the village of Jammapes, Hainaut, Bel., by M. Dorlain and was propagated by Van Mons and others. Fruit medium; form irregular, globular gourd-shaped and swelled in its lower part or elongated gourd-shaped and sometimes regular-turbinate, always, however, diminishing acutely to the stalk; skin rather thick and rough, grass-green, covered all over with large gray dots and shaded with dull red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, fine or semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, watery; juice very saccharine, vinous, with a delicious perfume and an after-taste of musk; first; end of Aug. =Saint Herblain d'Hiver. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:147, fig. 74. 1872. The Saint Herblain d'Hiver was propagated by M. Bruneau, a nurseryman, Nantes, Fr., where it was raised, cultivated and much appreciated. Fruit medium, conic-ovate, usually symmetrical in outline; skin rather thick and firm, at first bright green sprinkled with brown dots very regularly spaced and prominent, changing to citron-yellow with the side next the sun a little golden; flesh white, semi-fine, dense, semi-breaking, full of sweet juice, saccharine, refreshing, more tender when eaten at its extreme maturity; a good winter, cooking pear; end of winter. =Saint Lézin. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:632, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 642. 1884. First among French pomologists to mention it was Claude Saint-Étienne, in 1670. Fruit large to very large, pyriform but variable, green clouded with pale yellow, dotted with small gray specks; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-breaking; juice plentiful, but deficient in sugar and without perfume; second for dessert, but good for stewing; Sept. and Oct. =Saint Louis. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:634, fig. 1869. Found in the ancient fruit garden of the Horticultural Society of Angers, Fr., and without any record of origin. Fruit medium or below, globular-ovate, somewhat bossed, yellow-ochre all over, sprinkled with dots and very small specks of fawn, more or less carmined on the face turned to the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, semi-melting; juice abundant, rather saccharine, sweetish, without any appreciable perfume; third; latter part of Aug. =Saint Luc. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:29, fig. 495. 1881. Origin unknown. Fruit rather small, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in contour, having its largest diameter somewhat below the center; skin rather thick though tender, at first pale water-green, with dots of green-gray, changing at maturity to pale golden-yellow, tinged with very light red on the cheek opposed to the sun; flesh whitish, fine, buttery; juice fairly abundant, very saccharine and slightly perfumed; good; Aug. =Saint Luke. 1.= _Garden_ =66=:305. 1904. Introduced by Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Eng., about 1900. At the Royal Horticultural Society's show of hardy fruits at Westminister in 1904 it was regarded as a valuable introduction, able to compete with the best, owing to its rich mellow flavor and melting flesh, and perfect shape and finish. Fruit rough, russety, deep cinnamon-brown with green patches; flesh melting, juicy, rich, sweet; Oct. =Saint Menin. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =22=:231, fig. 16. 1856. =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:187, fig. 92. 1866-73. _Omer-Pacha_. 1. _Mag. Hort._ =21=:87. 1855. =4.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:478, fig. 1869. Received in America from Leroy about 1855 under the name _Omer-Pacha_. It was known, however, as early as 1846 in this country under the name of _Saint Menin_. Fruit rather large, obovate-obtuse, pale yellow, slightly brown in the sun, netted and patched with russet, and thickly dotted with conspicuous russet dots; flesh whitish, fine, melting; juice abundant, saccharine, vinous, with a delicate aroma; first; Sept. =St. Michel Archange. 1.= _Pom. France_ =1=:No. 41, Pl. 41. 1863. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 324. 1866. A French pear originated in the neighborhood of Nantes in the middle of the last century. Fruit medium or rather large, turbinate but irregular in form, sometimes obovate, sometimes long-pyriform; skin fine, smooth, greenish-yellow, much dotted with gray-russet, washed with orange-red on the side next the sun; flesh yellow-white, fine, melting, very juicy, tender, agreeably perfumed; very good; Sept. and Oct. =Saint Patrick. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 45. 1866. Raised from seed by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., and fruited in 1863. Fruit, diameter 2-1/2 inches, short-pyriform, green, with dots and some blush; keeps well, and ripens perfectly, with a pleasant flavor; Feb. 15. =Saint Père. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:638, fig. 1869. _Poire de Saint Père_. =2.= _Guide Prat_. 82, 253. 1895. The origin of Saint Père is ancient and indeterminate. Without accepting the doubtful synonyms of _Bugiada d'Hiver des Italiens_ and _Brute-Bonne de Rome_ which have been applied to it, we may judge from its name, _Holy Father_, that it came from Italy. Fruit above medium and often larger, sometimes conic-pyriform and sometimes ovate-pyriform, but irregular in outline, yellow, much mottled with gray-russet, sprinkled with very many and rather large brown dots; flesh white, coarse, watery, semi-breaking, juicy, wanting in sugar, often acrid, without perfume; first for cooking purposes; Feb. to Apr. =St. Swithin. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ =35=:149, fig. 20. 1878. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 196. 1920. Raised by Rivers, Sawbridgeworth Nurseries, Eng., from seed of Calebasse Tougard. Fruit below medium, obovate or pyriform; skin smooth, grass-green, thickly dotted and mottled with russet and sometimes with a faint blush on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, with a greenish tinge, tender, juicy and sweet, with a fine, brisk flavor; good, superior to Doyenne d'Été; July and Aug. =Saint Vincent de Paul. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:641, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 851. 1869. M. Flon-Grolleau, a nurseryman, Angers, Fr., obtained this pear which was first tasted when ripe in mid-January, 1853. Fruit above medium, regular-obtuse-turbinate, meadow-green, sprinkled with yellow dots and russet, washed with fawn around the stem and on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, fine, breaking and gritty, juicy, having little sugar, rather astringent and without perfume; third for dessert, second for cooking; Oct. =Sainte Anne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1895. Obtained by M. Joanon at Saint-Cyr near Lyons, Fr. Fruit medium, oval, rounded at either end, greenish-yellow, washed with rose on the side next the sun; flesh white, rather fine, buttery, very juicy, melting, saccharine; matures after Beurré Giffard, about the beginning of Aug. =Sainte Thérèse. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:642, fig. 1869. Raised by André Leroy, Angers, Fr. It first fruited in 1863. Fruit medium and often larger, ovate, irregular and rather long, always larger on one side than on the other, water-green, dotted and mottled with russet and stained with patches of fawn; flesh white, fine, melting; juice very abundant, very saccharine, perfumed and possessing an agreeably acid flavor; latter half of Oct. =Salisbury. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 541. 1857. A native of western New York. Fruit depressed-pyriform; skin rough, somewhat covered with russet and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh coarse; of only moderate quality; Oct. =Salviati. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:137, Pl. IX. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 643. 1884. Merlet, French pomologist, described this pear in _L'Abrégé des bon fruits_ in 1675. Fruit below medium to medium; form variable from obtuse-turbinate to slightly long ovate-turbinate; skin thin, wax-yellow, dotted with greenish spots, sometimes much stained with scaly russet and sometimes tinted with reddish-brown on the side touched by the sun; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, gritty at the center; juice scanty, rather saccharine, sweet, but with a strong and disagreeable odor of musk; third; Sept. =Salzburger von Adlitz. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:14. 1856. A pear much esteemed in Bavaria, Württemberg, and Upper Austria. Fruit nearly medium, short-conic, even in outline, greenish-yellow, handsomely blushed, densely dotted with fine points; skin without scent; flesh mild, tender, melting; first for dessert, especially good for household and market; beginning of Sept. =Sam Brown. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 2nd App. 134, fig. 1872. Originated with Samuel Brown, Junior, Walnut Hills, Md. Exhibited at Philadelphia in 1869. Fruit full medium size or under, globular, obtuse-pyriform, a little uneven, pale yellow partly covered with thin russet, resembling Brown Beurré somewhat in appearance and very much in flavor, sometimes rather brownish in the sun; flesh white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, vinous and rich; very good, nearly best; Sept. =Samenlose. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 382. 1885. A Russian pear from the province of Vilna, which seems to be a near relative of the Bessemianka, but differs in expression of tree. Fruit above medium, of Bergamot type and good in quality. =Sanguine d'Italie. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:647, fig. 1869. Imported into France about the beginning of the last century. Fruit medium, turbinate and regular, rather obtuse, grass-green, dotted with gray on the shaded side and with yellow-red on the sun-exposed side; flesh breaking, gritty, coarse, dull yellow, veined with red especially about the core where the yellow almost entirely disappears under the blood-red; juice never abundant, saccharine, sweet, without much perfume; third; Aug. and Sept. =Sanguinole. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 851. 1869. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 197. 1920. _Sanguine de France_. 3. Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:645, fig. 1869. This old pear is of consequence only on account of the color of its flesh. According to Claude Mollet, 1810, it was imported to France from Switzerland. It was known in Germany in 1500. Fruit below medium or small, variable in form, turbinate-obtuse, or globular, bossed; skin rather thick and rough, green dotted with gray and red, sprinkled with streaks and patches of russet, and sometimes slightly carmined on the face exposed to the sun; flesh transparent, red, semi-fine, semi-breaking, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, more or less musky, agreeable; second, sometimes third, the flesh decomposing rapidly; Aug. and Sept. =Sanguinole de Belgique. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 852. 1869. _Belgische Blutbirne_. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:67. 1856. Raised by M. Berckmans, a Belgian nurseryman who came to the United States but also maintained the original establishment, where this seedling was produced in 1851. It is of interest only on account of its rose-tinted flesh. Fruit medium, long-ovate, vivid yellow, blushed and dotted with red, with some brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, tinted with red, semi-melting, saccharine and highly aromatic; second for the table; Oct. and early Nov. =Sans-Pareille du Nord. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:648, fig. 1869. _Unvergleichliche_. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 291. 1889. A French variety described first in 1847. Its origin is unknown. Fruit large and sometimes very large, very long, cylindrical and contorted, often slightly constricted in the middle like Calebasse; skin thin, lemon-yellow, sprinkled with large gray dots, some fine patches of fawn, more or less tinted with vivid rose on the face opposed to the sun; flesh very white, semi-breaking and semi-fine; juice never abundant, sweetish, rather saccharine, wanting in perfume, but yet having a slight characteristic flavor; third for dessert, first for compotes; Nov. to Jan. =Sans Peau. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:150, Pl. XIII. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 644. 1884. _Skinless_. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 856. 1869. Of ancient and uncertain origin; the first certain French description was written by La Quintinye in 1690. Fruit below medium or small, ovate, more or less long but always regular; skin exceedingly thin, and slightly rough to the touch, yellow-white, sprinkled with dots of darker green and often washed with pale rose on the sun-exposed side on which the dots are gray; flesh yellowish, coarse, melting, watery; juice sufficient, saccharine, acidulous, feebly perfumed; second; Aug. =Santa Anna. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 68. 1895. Originated in Santa Anna, California. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, yellow-russeted; flesh tough, highly perfumed; first; season late. =Santa Claus. 1.= _Garden_ =67=:17, 35. 1905. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 197. 1920. Colonel Brymer, Dorchester, Eng., introduced this pear to the notice of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1905 explaining that the parent tree had come originally from Belgium some thirty years previously. Fruit medium, conical, slightly pyriform, fairly even, slightly rough, dull brown-red, practically covered with russet; stem long, slender; calyx partially open, in an even basin; flesh pale yellowish, melting, deliciously flavored; Dec. =Santa Rosa. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 68. 1895. Originated in California. Fruit large, pyriform; flesh buttery, vinous; mid-season. =Sapieganka. 1.= _Mont. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 56, fig. 1881-2. =2.= Cal. Com. Hort. _Pear Grow. Cal._ =7=:No. 5, 179. 1914. _Bergamotte Sapieganka_. =3.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 83. 1882. Originated in northern Poland and introduced into this country in 1879. There is a suspicion that it may be the Bergamotte d'Été renamed after a Polish nobleman. It has been found tender in Manitoba and the Northwest, but perfectly hardy at Ottawa and in Muskoka. Fruit medium, oblate, often somewhat flattened, brownish-yellow, with brownish-red in the sun, with numerous small dots; flesh white, coarse, somewhat firm and juicy; poor quality both for dessert and cooking, third for market; Aug. =Sarah. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 37. 1867. Raised by Thaddeus Clapp of Dorchester, Mass. It was exhibited at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society's rooms in 1867. Fruit medium size, globular-obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, aromatic; very good; Oct. =Sarrasin. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:249. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 644. 1884. Duhamel du Monceau was the first writer to mention this pear, the origin of which is unknown. Fruit medium, turbinate, more or less obtuse and elongated, dull yellow, slightly greenish, dotted all over with bright russet, seldom mottled but amply washed with rose on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-breaking; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, having a taste of anis; second as a fruit to eat raw, first for compotes; Duhamel terms it the longest keeping of all pears; Mar. to June. =Sary-Birne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:56. 1856. Published in Germany in 1851. Also known as _Sary Armud_ and the _Turkish Musk Summer Pear_. Fruit small, ventriculous-conic, often somewhat bossed, greenish-yellow turning yellow, seldom blushed, dotted with fine russet points; flesh very sweet, semi-melting, granular, without any particular aroma; second for table, good for kitchen and market; Aug. =Säuerliche Margarethenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:165. 1856. _Marguerite-Acidule._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:43, fig. 22. 1872. Obtained by Diel in the neighborhood of Nassau, Ger. Fruit small, usually globular-turbinate and sometimes ovate-pyriform, yellowish light green changing to pale light yellow, often blushed with brownish-red on the side of the sun, on which are numerous dots; flesh granular, white, semi-melting; juice sufficient, moderately sweet, refreshing; third; end of July. =Schellesbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:172. 1856. Württemberg, Ger. First published in 1830. Fruit medium, turbinate, rather bossed and unequal-sided; skin testaceous, light green turning to yellow-green, light blood-red marblings, sprinkled with dark, grayish-green, round dots; third for the table; good for perry; beginning of Oct. =Schmalblättrige Schneebirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:199. 1856. Germany, 1809. Fruit grows in bunches, small, spherical; skin thick, yellow-green, dotted and speckled with brown; flesh coarse; third; Dec. and Jan. =Schmotzbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 136, fig. 1913. A perry pear known under many names in different parts of Austria. Fruit below medium, globular-ovate, often turbinate, smooth, yellow when ripe, thickly dotted with russet; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid; Oct. =Schnackenburger Winterbirne. 1.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort_. 338. 1881. Published in Germany. Fruit rather large, flattened, globular-yellow washed with brownish-red; flesh breaking; a cooking pear; winter. =Schöberlbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 100, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium, Bergamot-form to short-turbinate, light green turning to greenish-yellow, dotted with russet; flesh very white, rather coarse, very juicy, subacid; mid-Oct. to Dec. =Schöne Müllerin. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:173. 1856. Nassau, Ger., published in 1805. Fruit very small, turbinate, or blunt-conic, grass-green turning to yellow-green, often with dark red blush and having brown dots changing to green, light brown-russet markings; flesh fine-grained, with sweet, cinnamon flavor, breaking and juicy; third for dessert, very good for household; end of Sept. to beginning of Oct. for five to six weeks. =Schönebeck Tafelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:50. 1856. Germany, on the Rhine, 1816. Fruit small, conic; skin polished, greenish-yellow turning to lemon-yellow, blushed with red, heavily dotted with green; flesh marrowy, acid, vinous; second for the table, good for household and market; beginning of Sept. for two weeks. =Schönerts Omsewitzer Schmalzbirne. 1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 108. 1825. _Fondante de Schönert_. =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:223, fig. 110. 1866-73. According to Diel this pear was raised at the village of Omsewitz, near Dresden, by a farmer named Schönert. Fruit hardly medium, long-conic-pyriform, its greatest diameter being below its center; skin rather thick and firm, pale green changing to very pale yellow, without any blush, sprinkled with small gray-green dots; flesh white, fine, rather firm yet melting, full of saccharine juice, acidulous, refreshing, and delicately perfumed; first for household; Sept. =Schönlin Stuttgarter späte Winterbutterbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:133. 1856. Raised from seed at Württemberg, Ger., and first published in 1825. Fruit large, oblong, slightly bossed, light green turning lemon-yellow, red dots, marked with russet, thick-skinned; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, aromatic and excellent in flavor; first for dessert, household and market; Feb. to Apr. =Schuman. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 852. 1869. A native of Bucks County, Pa. Fruit medium, globular-obovate, pale yellow, tinted with red on the cheek next the sun; flesh coarse, pasty; poor; Sept. =Schwarze Birne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:170. 1856. Saxony. First published in 1804. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, grass-green turning yellowish, almost entirely covered with dark russet, often blushed with dirty brown red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, firm, breaking, aromatic, sweet and vinous; first for household purposes; Jan. to Apr. =Schweizer Wasserbirne. 1.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 338. 1881. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 206, fig. 1913. _Weingifterin_. =3.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:162. 1856. Used in Austria and Switzerland for the making of perry. Fruit rather large, very globular, somewhat flattened at both poles; skin fairly rough, green-yellow, tinged with dull washed-out red, numerous dots and flecks of russet over the whole fruit; late Sept. to mid-Oct. for four weeks. =Sdegnata. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:653, fig. 1869. Major Espéren, the Belgian pomologist, raised this pear from seed, but at what date appears to be unknown. Fruit long-ovate, irregular and bossed; skin rather rough, greenish-yellow, dotted with russet and changing to meadow-green on the side exposed to the sun, marbled with gray-russet; flesh white, fine or semi-fine, juicy, dense although very melting, rather granular at the core; juice extremely abundant, saccharine, acidulous, with a characteristic flavor, deliciously perfumed; first; Aug. =Seal. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 852. 1869. Originated in Pennsylvania. Fruit medium or below, globular, pale yellow, lightly shaded with crimson in the sun and thickly sprinkled with green and russet dots; flesh white, coarse, moderately juicy, melting, slightly astringent; good; end of Aug. =Sébastien. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:181, fig. 573. 1881. Raised by M. Pariset, Ain, Fr., in 1852, and first published in 1867. Fruit medium, cylindrical-ovate, even in its outline; skin rather thin but firm, at first intensely green, sprinkled with brown dots, large and prominent, changing to a brighter green at maturity with russet coloring on the side next the sun; flesh white, slightly tinted with green, especially under the skin, very fine, entirely melting, full of sweet juice, saccharine, with an agreeable perfume; first; Dec. =Sebastopol. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:655, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 852. 1869. M. Minot, Jodoigne, Bel., obtained Sebastopol, which ripened for the first time in 1858. Fruit below medium, ovate-turbinate, symmetrical, green tinted with dull yellow, dotted with brown and mottled with russet; flesh white, rather coarse, semi-melting and watery, having some grit around the core, juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, rarely much perfumed; second; mid-Aug. =Seckel Seedling No. 1. 1.= _Iowa Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 131. 1915. Mentioned in a report of the Supervising Committee of the Iowa Horticultural Society as a valuable seedling raised by Charles G. Patten. "The fruit is larger than the old Seckel, of excellent quality, and the tree is vigorous, hardy and free from blight." =Secrétaire Maréschal. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 281. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr.; published in 1886. Fruit medium, resembling Beurré Clairgeau; flesh very fine, juicy, perfumed; Nov. and Dec. =Secrétaire Rodin. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 281. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. It was first published in 1881. Fruit medium to large recalling in appearance the Duchesse d'Angoulême; flesh yellow, vinous, of an agreeable perfume and distinctive flavor; Nov. and Dec. =Seigneur Daras. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 99. 1895. Tree very fertile, not very vigorous and best cultivated on wild stock. Fruit medium, of the form of the Doyenné; flesh fine, juicy, saccharine, perfumed; Oct. =Seigneur d'Été. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard._ 348. 1831. An old Flemish pear sent to England by M. Stoffels of Mechlin and exhibited by the Horticultural Society of London in 1819. Fruit above medium, obtuse-oval; skin fine orange, with bright scarlet on the sunny side, sprinkled with small brown spots and partially marked with larger ones of the same color; flesh melting, with an extremely small core, and a rich, highly flavored juice; beginning and middle of Sept. =Selleck. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 854. 1869. The origin of Selleck is unknown. Some thirty years ago the oldest known bearing tree of the variety was standing on the grounds of Columbus Selleck, Sudbury, Vermont, and was then still healthy and very productive. Fruit large, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, surface uneven; skin a fine yellow, with a crimson cheek and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; Sept. and Oct. =Semis d'Echasserie. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:188, fig. 580. 1881. Obtained by M. Pariset, Ain, Fr., from a seed bed made in 1840. It was first published in 1862. Fruit below medium, globular-ovate, symmetrical in contour; skin rather thick and rough to the touch, yellow-green passing to bright yellow at maturity, tinged with earthy-red on fruits well exposed to the sun; flesh a little coarse, semi-breaking, rather full of saccharine juice, slightly gritty about the core, insufficiently perfumed; second; Dec. and Jan. =Semis Léon Leclerc. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:173, fig. 279. 1879. Sent out by M. Bivort from Belgium about the year 1859. Fruit small or nearly medium on a well-pruned tree, ovate, often ventriculous, symmetrical in its contour; skin thin, smooth, green sprinkled with dots of darker green, changing at maturity to whitish-yellow, rather deeper on the side next the sun, sometimes washed with light red on which the dots are grayish or yellow; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, full of saccharine juice and pleasantly perfumed; good for its season; beginning of Aug. =Sénateur Préfet. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Published in France by M. Boisbunel. Tree vigorous and very fertile. Fruit medium or large, oval-pyriform; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, vinous; first; March to May. =Sénateur Vaisse. 1.= _Pom. France_ =4=:No. 169, Pl. 169. 1867. M. Lagrange, a nurseryman of Lyons, Fr., grew this pear from seed in 1861. Tree pyramidal, rather vigorous, productive. Fruit rather large, obovate, pale yellow, with a rosy tint on the sunny side; flesh crisp, juicy, very sweet, slightly gritty; good; Sept. =Seneca. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1895. A wildling found by James Payne and nurtured by A. C. Clark, both of Tyre, N. Y., and reported as about twelve years old in 1896. Similar to Bartlett but of higher quality, better color, and later season. Fruit large, obovate-pyriform, light yellow, with blushed cheek, green mottling and black dots on shady side; flesh white, vinous, sprightly; very good; Oct. and Nov. =Senfbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:183. 1856. Hanover. First published in 1852. Fruit medium, ventriculous and conic, often somewhat turbinate, unattractive green turning yellowish, often darkly blushed, spotted; flesh rather coarse, fairly juicy, sweet; first for household use; Oct. and Nov. for six weeks. =Seringe. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 1045. 1866. M. Nérard, a nurseryman at Lyons, Fr., obtained Seringe, which was published first in 1864. Fruit medium, oval, inclining to obovate, a little depressed at the ends; skin citron or pale yellow, smooth, with some russet specks; flesh white, very melting and sugary; Aug. =Serrurier. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 543. 1857. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:660. 1869. Van Mons obtained this variety from seed at Louvain, Bel., about 1825. Fruit large; form rather inconstant, passing from irregular ovate, swelled and much bossed, to ovate more or less globular, and mammillate at the summit; skin thick, olive-yellow, closely dotted with gray, stained with fawn around the calyx and touched with some brown-russet and occasionally vermilioned on the side exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, melting or semi-melting, juicy, vinous and saccharine, possessing a tartish flavor and a particularly pleasant aroma; first; Oct. and Nov. =Seutin. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 854. 1869. _Poire Seutin_. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:143, fig. 360. 1880. According to Bivort the pear Seutin was obtained by M. Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, more or less long, sometimes symmetrical, sometimes rather angular in its contour; skin thick, firm, at first bright green sprinkled with dots of green-gray, changing to lemon-yellow tinged with golden-russet on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, rather fine, gritty at the center, semi-buttery, fairly juicy, sweet, and delicately perfumed; winter. =Sha Lea. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 303. 1879. =2.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:485. 1913. _Chinese Sand_. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 851. 1869. A Chinese sand pear imported from China by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, N. Y. about 1820. Fruit medium, globular-pyriform, dull yellow, covered with a rough, sandy-like russet; flesh firm, moderately juicy; cooks well and acquires a fine flavor; Sept. =Shawmut. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =25=:209, fig. 14. 1859. Originated with Francis Dana, Roxbury, Mass. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, regular; skin fair, nearly smooth, dull yellow at maturity, dotted with large, round, russet specks, most numerous on the sunny side; flesh yellowish, coarse, melting, very juicy, rich, vinous, sprightly, with a pleasant musky perfume; Oct. =Shenandoah. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. It fruited first in 1862. Fruit "Skin yellow; flesh fine-grained and sweet, keeps well, and is a good market pear; pyriform." =Sheppard. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 855. 1869. Raised by James Sheppard, Dorchester, Mass. Fruit large, obovate-pyriform; skin rough, yellow, sometimes with a brownish-red cheek, slightly sprinkled with russet dots and with some patches of russet; flesh whitish, coarse and granular, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, perfumed; good to very good; end of Sept. and first of Oct. =Sheridan. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. "Fruited in 1864. Short diam. 3 inches; long diam. 3-1/2 inches; good grain, juicy, rather vinous in flavor; color dark green; ripens soundly. Large bearer, and good market pear. Turbinate." =Shindel. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1897. This pear has been locally grown about Emigsville, Pa., since the early part of the last century, and up to 1897 was reported never to have been affected with blight. Fruit medium, globular-obovate; skin rather smooth, lemon-yellow, with thin golden-russet patches and veining; flesh whitish, rather fine, granular, moderately juicy, mild, sugary, moderately rich; good; Aug. and Sept. =Shobden Court. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 646. 1884. Raised by T. A. Knight, President of the Horticultural Society of London. Fruit below medium, oblate, symmetrical in form, deep rich yellow, blushed with red on the side next the sun, sprinkled all over with rough, russety dots; flesh white, coarse-grained, juicy, briskly acid and sweet, not highly flavored; second; Jan. and Feb. =Shurtleff. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1866. A seedling raised by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. "Fruited in 1863. Short diam. 2-1/2 inches; long diam. 3 inches; flesh rather dry, and firm; skin yellow with red cheek; keeps soundly without extra care until May. A most prolific bearer. Short pyriform." =Sieboldii. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 115. 1876. =2.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:485. 1913. Japan. Sieboldii is a variety distinct from _Madame von Siebold_ and was described by Messrs. Simon-Louis of Metz, Lorraine, as follows: "Medium to large pyriform with elongated tendency, angled and irregular; ... color slightly red on sunny side, grayish in shade; flesh white, breaking, sweet, perfumed; cannot be eaten raw with pleasure." =Sievenicher Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 208, fig. 1913. A perry pear grown in Austria and Germany. Fruit medium to fairly large, globular, short, diminishing somewhat acutely to the stalk; yellow-green, blushed with brown; flesh coarse, subacid and dry; end of Sept. and beginning of Oct. =Sikaya. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:485. 1913. An Oriental variety. Fruit medium to small, oblate, symmetrical, buff, russeted; skin tough, almost covered with large russet dots; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, poor, insipid, subacid, melting, gritty; late. =Simon Bouvier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:666, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 646. 1884. _Souvenir de Simon Bouvier_. 3. _Guide Prat._ 108, 305. 1876. Raised by Simon Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit medium, symmetrical, ovate, always swelled toward the base, green shaded with dull yellow, dotted and stained with russet; flesh whitish, fine, juicy and melting, almost free from granulations; juice extremely abundant and saccharine, very acidulous, highly perfumed, having an after taste of musky-anis which adds to its delicacy; first; Sept. =Sinai'sche Buschelbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:198. 1856. Mount Sinai, Persia, 1815. Fruit very small, globular, flattened, greenish, blushed, very finely dotted; flesh hard, coarse-grained, juiceless, sour, but sweet when ripe; third; winter. =Sinclair. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:74. 1856. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 646. 1884. Raised by Van Mons. Fruit large and handsome, long-turbinate, very wide at the base and tapering abruptly by deep concave curves to a narrow point near the stalk, even and symmetrical in shape, smooth, fine, clear lemon-yellow, with a faint blush of red next the sun; flesh fine-grained, buttery, melting, very juicy and sweet, with a rich, vinous flavor and a slight musky perfume; very good for dessert and also for household and market purposes; Sept. and Oct. =Sirningers Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 210, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium to large, long-conic; skin firm, green turning yellowish-russet; flesh greenish-white, very firm, rather acid flavor; Oct. =Slavonische Wasserbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:183. 1856. Originated at Siebenbürgen, Ger. First published in 1851. Fruit below medium, ventriculous-conic, green turning greenish-yellow, with light brown wash on the sunny side; flesh coarse, saccharine, firm, very juicy and sweet; third for the table, first for household use; beginning of Sept. =Slutsk. 1.= Ragan _Nom. Pear, B. P. I. Bul._ =126=:231. 1908. Originated in Minsk, Russia, and received in this country about 1890. Fruit large, symmetrical, roundish-obtuse-pyriform, yellow, largely overspread with bright red and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; stem long, slender, in a deep cavity; calyx open; flesh moderately juicy, somewhat astringent, not sugary; good; Oct. =Smet Fils Unique. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 106. 1876. Fruit large, Doyenné in form; flesh fine, melting, juicy; first; end of autumn. =Smith. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:485, fig. 1913. An oriental variety or hybrid, very similar to Le Conte but blooms later. Fruit medium to large, oval, truncate at basin end; skin yellowish-green, smooth, with patches of russet; flesh white, firm, insipid, dry, mealy; poor; Oct. =Smith Beauty. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:485. 1913. An oriental hybrid, similar to Le Conte, with no blush, shorter than Dewey. Variety name has been listed as _Smith's Winter Beauty_. =Smith Duchess. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 101. 1883. An American hybrid of the Chinese Sand Pear. =Snow. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 149. 1873. Originated with Suel Foster, Muscatine, Ia. Reported in 1873 as "better than Vicar except for size and keeping. Its flesh is very white; valuable for cooking." =Soeur Grégoire. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:667, fig. 1869. Xavier Grégoire, the well-known Belgian seedsman, Jodoigne, Brabant, obtained this variety. It bore its first fruit in 1858. Fruit large, in form variable from irregular long gourd-shaped to long-cylindrical, usually rather bossed; skin thick and rough, yellow-ochre, dotted and stained with gray-russet and shaded with dark red on the cheek next the sun; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, melting, granular at the core; juice rarely abundant but very aromatic, saccharine and with a delicate flavor; first when sufficiently juicy, otherwise second; Nov. and Dec. =Soldat Bouvier. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:37, fig. 211. 1879. Raised by Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit nearly medium, globular-conic, regular in outline; skin rather firm, at first a dark green, sprinkled with dots of a darker shade, brightening to yellowish at maturity and extensively colored with blood-red on the cheek next the sun; flesh whitish, rather fine, buttery, melting; juice sufficient, saccharine and delicately perfumed; good to first; Sept. =Soldat Laboureur. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =3=:31, fig. 1855. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 198. 1920. Soldat Laboureur was obtained from a seed bed made about 1820 by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel. Fruit medium to large, ovate-pyriform or turbinate, bossed; skin smooth, rather thick, bright green passing to golden-yellow when perfectly ripe, dotted and shaded with fawn; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, melting; juice abundant, saccharine, perfumed, and, on land suiting it, very vinous; very good, highest quality; Oct. and Nov. =Sommer-Russelet. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:46. 1856. Thuringia, 1807. Fruit medium, pyriform, light yellow, blushed all over; flesh breaking, juicy, with a flavor of cinnamon; second for table, first for household and market; beginning of Aug. =Sommer-Zuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:53. 1856. Thuringia, Ger. Published in 1798. Fruit medium, long-pyriform, obtuse, yellowish-green turning a lighter tint at maturity, with dark blush on the side of the sun and yellow dots which turn green; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, saccharine; second for dessert and good for household and market purposes; Aug. =Sommeralantbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:14. 1856. _Poire d'Aunée d'Été_. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:77, fig. 327. 1880. Upper Hesse, Prussia; first published in 1802. Fruit medium, long-conic; skin fine, light green turning yellowish, with dark red blush and very fine dots; wanting in juice, buttery, mild and tender, aromatic; first for table, household and market; Aug. and Sept. =Sommerkönigin. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:109. 1856. Nassau, Ger.; published in 1804. Fruit above medium, obtuse-conic, inclined to one side at the top, yellowish-green turning to light yellow, with a pale blush, greenish dots and flecked with russet; flesh white, juicy, buttery, melting and full of flavor; Sept. =Sommerwachsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:50. 1856. Nassau, Ger.; published in 1805. Fruit medium, pyriform, symmetrical; skin smooth, straw-white turning to a waxy light yellow, with often a faint blush, light green dots turning red, without scent; flesh semi-melting, very juicy and saccharine; third for table, good for household purposes; first of Sept. =Sophie de l'Ukraine. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 647. 1884. Fruits rather large, obovate, even and regular, in shape rather resembling White Doyenné; pale yellow, covered with minute dots on the shaded side and with a tinge of warm orange on the side opposed to the sun; flesh neither melting nor juicy, only sweet; an inferior pear; soon becomes soft; Nov. =Sotschnaja. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 61. 1880. A northern European variety reported by J. L. Budd as imported by him and on trial at the Iowa State College. Shows marked traces of the Chinese forms of the pear in shape, serration, thickness and size of leaf. The wood is gritty and thorn-like and unites very imperfectly with the apple. =Soueraigne. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. "The Soueraigne peare, that which I have seene and taste, and so termed unto me, was a small brownish yellow peare, but of a most dainty taste; but some doe take a kind of Bon Chretien, called the _Elizabeth_ peare, to be the Soueraigne; how truly let others judge." =Soutmann. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:130. 1856. Holland, 1821. Fruit medium, globular-oblong, light green turning to yellowish-green, without any blush, small brown dots; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, and with a sweet aromatic flavor of cinnamon; very good dessert fruit; Dec. =Souvenir de l'Abbé Lefebvre. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Tree of moderate vigor, fertile and adapts itself to all forms of growth. Fruit medium in size; flesh very fine, perfumed and excellent; Nov. and Dec. =Souvenir de du Breuil Père. 1.= Pom. France =4=:No. 159, Pl. 159. 1867. _Poire du Breuil Père_. =2.= _Rev. Hort._ 202. 1889. Obtained from a bed of seeds of Louise Bonne de Jersey made by A. du Breuil, Rouen, Fr., in 1840. Fruit medium or rather large, sub-spherical, more often inclined by the oblique truncation of its wide top; skin very fine, yellow at maturity, much mottled and dotted with bright russet all over, the russet becoming purple on the side next the sun; flesh white, melting, very juicy, saccharine, pleasantly perfumed and sprightly; excellent; Nov. to Jan. =Souvenir Deschamps. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 182. 1891. =2.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =9=:57. 1891. Described in 1891 as a newly introduced seedling raised in the State School of Horticulture, Ghent, Bel. Fruit large, elongated, like Calebasse in form, sometimes spindle-form and straight, slightly constricted about the middle, greenish-yellow, marked with brown spots; flesh yellowish, delicate, melting, juicy, good; Sept. and Oct. =Souvenir Désiré Gilain. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 108. 1876. Stated in a Bulletin of the Society Van Mons to have been a gain of M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in outline, having its greatest diameter well below the centre; skin rather firm, pale green, sown with dots of darker green, turning pale yellow when ripe, rather golden on the side next the sun and touched with a tinge of red; flesh white, fine, breaking, juicy, saccharine, vinous, with a flavor difficult to describe; Aug. =Souvenir d'Espéren de Berckmans. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =3=:151, fig. 172. 1878. Obtained by M. Berckmans at his establishment in this country and should not be confounded with the Souvenir d'Espéren raised by M. Bivort. Fruit medium or rather large, conic-pyriform, often a little irregular in contour; skin fine, thin, water-green, sprinkled with large brown dots, both numerous and prominent and patches of russet, changing to lemon-yellow at maturity, the russet becoming golden; flesh white, a little tinted with yellow, rather fine, buttery, melting; juice sufficient in amount and highly saccharine and perfumed; good; Oct. =Souvenir Favre. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =8=:65, fig. 1860. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 2nd App. 134. 1872. Originated by M. Favre, Chalons, Fr., from seed of Glou Morceau planted in 1850. Fruit medium to below, conic-pyriform, pale yellow, dotted with many brown and green dots; stem short, rather stout, in a slight cavity; calyx open; basin small, uneven, slightly russeted; flesh whitish, slightly coarse, half-melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; Oct. =Souvenir de Gaëte. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:671, fig. 1869. M. Ruillé de Beauchamp obtained the Souvenir de Gaëte from seed of the Beurré de l'Assomption. It received the recommendation of the pomological committee of the Horticultural Society of Paris. Fruit above medium and sometimes large, irregular-turbinate or ovate, mammillate at the top and ventriculated at the middle, bright yellow, finely dotted and streaked with fawn and extensively washed with tender rose on the cheek opposed to the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting and free from granulations; juice very abundant, saccharine, refreshing and vinous with a characteristic perfume and flavor; first; Oct. =Souvenir de Julia. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 60. 1895. Sent out by M. Daras de Naghin of Antwerp, Bel. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit medium, globular, whitish-yellow, blushed with rose; flesh fine, semi-melting, saccharine, juicy; first; Oct. and Nov. =Souvenir de Leroux-Durand. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 285. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1895. Published in Germany in 1879. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit large or very large, oblong, bright yellow, stained with golden-russet; flesh very melting, vinous, highly saccharine and very agreeably perfumed; first; Oct. =Souvenir de Lydie. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 58. 1895. A Belgian variety disseminated by Daras de Naghin of Antwerp. Fruit rather large, Doyenné in form, greenish-yellow; flesh semi-fine, melting, highly saccharine; first; Oct. =Souvenir de Madame Charles. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 285. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1895. Raised by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr., from seed of Serrurier. Tree vigorous, fertile and suitable for all forms of cultivation. Fruit medium to large, having the form of the Passe Colmar, gray; flesh very fine, melting, saccharine and perfumed; Dec. and Jan. =Souvenir de la Reine des Belges. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:673, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 857. 1869. Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., obtained this pear in 1855. Fruit above medium, turbinate, rather obtuse, ventriculous and symmetrical in its lower part and much contorted and bossed in its upper, pale yellow, dotted with gray, mottled with russet, especially over the side exposed to the sun; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, gritty at the core; juice abundant, saccharine, slightly acidulous, with a delicate flavor and aroma; first and often second when the fruit is devoid of perfume; Oct. =Souvenir de Renault Père. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 397, fig. 126. 1893. M. Renault, Bulgnéville, Vosges, Fr., observed that the lower branches of an Easter Beurré produced foliage variegated with white while the remainder were of a beautiful green. Grafts from the variegated branches in due course perpetuated the variegation and produced a fruit similar to that of Easter Beurré but with the skin striped longitudinally from pole to pole, the variegation being more or less distinct according to the season and the vigor of the tree. Fruit large, obovate; skin hard to the touch, green turning to a golden yellow at maturity, variegated; flesh very white, fine, rather melting, fairly juicy, highly saccharine, rather gritty around the center; a good dessert pear; Jan. to Mar. =Souvenir de Sannier père. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1895. Obtained by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit medium, dark yellow, tinted with rose; first; Oct. =Souvenir de Simon Bouvier. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:674, fig. 1869. Obtained by Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., and first reported in 1846. Fruit below medium, turbinate, even in outline, rather swelled in all the lower part and somewhat obtuse at the summit; color pale yellow, dotted with gray and green, stained with brown-fawn and vermilioned on the cheek opposed to the sun; flesh white, juicy, semi-fine and semi-melting; juice very abundant, vinous, saccharine and strongly musky; second; Oct. =Souvenir du Vénérable de la Salle. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 236. 1886. Said to have been originated by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Tree of good vigor, medium productive. Fruit medium, resembling Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver in form; flesh fine, melting, sweet; of first quality; Oct. and Nov. =Souveraine de Printemps. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 544. 1857. Of foreign origin. Fruit medium, oblate, obscurely pyriform, angular, yellow, sprinkled with russet; flesh white, melting, coarse, granular, juicy, somewhat astringent, with a brisk vinous flavor; Mar. =Spae. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:676, fig. 1869. Obtained by M. Spae, Ghent, Bel., and was propagated in 1861. Fruit above medium, long-turbinate, obtuse, rather contorted at the base and always having one side larger than the other, dull yellow, shaded with bright green, dotted, with more or less brown-russet on the cheek next the sun; flesh semi-fine or semi-breaking, white, juicy, sweet, saccharine, rather deficient in perfume but delicate; second; Oct. =Späte Rotbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 54, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit medium to large, pyriform, dull green changing to greenish-yellow with widely spread dark blush, thickly speckled with whitish dots; flesh white, fine, aromatic; Nov. and Dec. =Späte Sommerbirne ohne Schale. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:38. 1856. Holland, 1806. Fruit very small, conic but variable, even sides; skin tender, greenish-yellow turning lemon-yellow, densely sprinkled with dark green dots; flesh very juicy, coarse, melting; second for dessert, first for household; mid-Aug. =Späte Todemannsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:146. 1856. Nassau, Ger., 1806. Fruit large, shallow-bossed, sides unequal, pyriform, light green turning to light lemon-yellow, often blushed, dotted, often speckled with russet and russeted on the side next the sun; flesh breaking, wanting in juice; third for dessert, very good for household; Dec. and Jan. =Späte Wasserbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:194. 1856. Württemberg, Ger., 1830. Fruit medium, turbinate, rather obtuse, light green turning dirty pale yellow, dull red blush, large gray dots; flesh firm, very juicy, tasteless; good for household purposes and perry; Sept. =Spätes Graumänchen. 1.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 291. 1881. Bohemia. Fruit small, obtuse-pyriform, green changing at maturity to yellowish-green, very much russeted; flesh fine-grained, semi-melting, aromatic, cinnamon savor, sugary; good table fruit; Oct. to Jan. =Speckbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 138, fig. 1913. An Austrian perry pear. Fruit large, turbinate; skin smooth, light leaf-green turning to dull greenish-yellow at maturity, dotted with russet; flesh yellowish-white, very juicy, subacid, rather coarse-grained; Oct. to Dec. =Speedwell. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1866. A seedling raised and fruited in 1863 by Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. Fruit, "Short diam. 2-1/4 inches, long diam. 3 inches; color green; flesh melting, juicy, with rich flavor; ripens soundly Sept. 1; quality fine; obovate." =Spillingsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:150. 1856. Germany, 1806. Fruit small, globular-turbinate, even in contour, pale green changing to light lemon-yellow, more golden on the side of the sun, with light green dots; flesh snow-white, breaking and coarse-grained, vinous, acidulous and saccharine; second for dessert, first for household; Aug. =Spindelförmige Honigbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:143. 1856. Grown in the middle Rhine country, Germany. Fruit medium, long-conic, regular, greenish-yellow, entirely covered with cinnamon-russet; flesh breaking and coarse, often semi-melting, saccharine and musky; very good for household use; Sept. =Spindelförmige Rehbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:132. 1856. Westphalia, 1828. Fruit large, oblong, shallow-bossed; skin rough, light cinnamon-russet all over, dotted with whitish-gray; flesh granular, aromatic, with sweet wine flavor; first for table and household use; Sept. and Oct. =Spinka. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:89, fig. 429. 1880. Origin uncertain, though Oberdieck thought it came originally from Bohemia. Fruit nearly medium, ovate, more or less shortened; skin thick and very firm, pale water-green, taking a white tint long before maturity, sprinkled with brown dots, changing to pale yellow and the side next the sun more or less warmly golden; flesh yellow-tinted, fine, semi-buttery; juice sufficient, saccharine and agreeably perfumed; fairly good; Sept. =Spreeuw. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:676. 1869. A rather worthless pear raised by Van Mons at Brussels which gave its first fruit in 1815. Fruit small, globular-ovate, green turning yellow, dotted with yellowish-red and blushed; flesh greenish-white, rather gritty, saccharine; in Germany is reckoned as second for dessert and first for household purposes; in France it appears to possess little merit; Oct. and Nov. =Star of Bethlehem. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =24=:334, fig. 1869. Originated at Bethlehem, Pa., and described in 1869 as a new variety. Tree resembles a persimmon tree with a low and spreading habit; branches never upright, very enduring and able to bear heavy weights; very productive and regular in bearing. Fruit very large, similar in form to the Beurré d'Anjou, obovate-pyriform-obtuse, regular; skin smooth, deep yellow, slightly russeted, with a handsome red cheek on the side exposed to the sun; flesh yellowish-white, somewhat coarse, buttery, melting, fine, sweet, rich and excellent flavor; highly spoken of at the time; Sept. =Steinbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 56, fig. 1913. A perry pear found in Austria and Switzerland. Fruit medium, globular-pyriform, greenish changing to yellowish-green when ripe, on the sun-exposed side washed with dull red, speckled with russet spots; flesh granular, firm; good for transportation; Nov. and Dec. =Steinmitz Catharine. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 858. 1869. Originated in Pennsylvania. Fruit small to medium, oblong-pyriform, greenish, with a tinge of brown in the sun; flesh white, moderately juicy, semi-melting, vinous; good; Sept. =Stevens Genesee. 1.= Cole _Am. Fr. Bk._ 157. 1849. Originated on the farm of M. F. Stevens, Lima, N. Y. Fruit large, globular-obovate, yellow; flesh white, tender, rather buttery, of a rich, excellent, aromatic flavor; good to very good; Sept. and Oct. but in some districts as early as Aug. =Sterling. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:443, 444, fig. 36. 1847. Raised by a Mr. Sterling in the neighborhood of Buffalo, N. Y., from seed brought from Connecticut about 1828. Fruit medium, almost spherical, slightly oval, yellow, with occasionally a few small patches of russet and on the sun-exposed cheek a mottled crimson blush; flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting, with a saccharine, brisk flavor; very good; Sept. =Stone. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:24, fig. 1843. Grew in the garden of a Mr. Stone, Cincinnati, O., and named in his honor. Fruit large, broad-pyriform, sides uneven, globular toward lower end and gradually diminishing toward the stem; bright yellow at maturity with a bright red cheek next the sun, beautifully intermixed with yellow streaks and specks; flesh white, somewhat buttery, rather melting, slightly astringent; Aug. =Stout. 1.= _U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt._ 39. 1895. Originated at Monrovia, Ind., about 1840. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, green changing to yellow; flesh buttery, melting, juicy, subacid; very good; mid-season. =Strassburger Sommerbergamotte. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:40. 1856. Thuringia, 1766. Fruit medium, turbinate, medium ventriculous, greenish-yellow turning yellowish-white at maturity, with rather grayish spots; flesh semi-melting, very white, sweet, acid, aromatic; first for household use and market; Aug. =Stribling. 1.= _S. C. Sta. Rpt._ 16. 1914. A seedling believed to be of French origin brought to notice in 1912 by J. C. Stribling, Pendleton, S. C. Considered likely to prove one of the most valuable pears for the South because blight resistant. Fruit large, cordate, sides unequal, base rounded, apex flattened, light yellow, almost entirely covered with light russet; skin smooth, thin, tough, sprinkled with numerous light russet dots, indistinct, large at base, smaller and more numerous at apex; flesh coarse-grained, very juicy, slightly subacid, peculiar pineapple flavor with after nutty effect, rich, distinctive aroma; fair quality; Oct. and Nov. =Stümplerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:190. 1856. Supposed to have originated on the shores of Lake Constance between Germany and Switzerland. It was first published in 1805. Fruit small, oval, green changing to light yellow, almost covered with cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish, dry, becoming mealy, without much flavor; good for kitchen use; Aug. =Sturges.= Originated with Mrs. Mary S. Sturges, Baker, Ore., about 1905. Fruit medium to large, obtuse-obovate-pyriform; stem short, thick, set in a very shallow, narrow, russeted cavity; calyx small, partly open, set in a shallow but broad basin; color dull green, considerably mottled with patches and flecks of russet; dots small, conspicuous; flesh yellowish, slightly granular, tender, juicy, good; Sept. =Styer. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =8=:31, 32, fig. 1853. Originated about 1837 with Charles Styer, White Plain township, Montgomery County, Pa. Fruit medium, globular, green changing to yellow, with many russet dots and markings; flesh yellowish-white, somewhat gritty at the core, buttery, melting; exceedingly rich and perfumed; good; Sept. =Styrian. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ =5=:267, fig. 1863. _Beurré Keele Hall._ =2.= _Guide Prat._ 87. 1895. Received in England by the Horticultural Society from M. Bosc of Paris about 1824. Fruit large, long-obovate or pyriform, fairly even and regular in outline; skin even and shining, of a clear lemon-yellow, with a bright vermilion cheek next the sun, appearing as if varnished; flesh yellowish, very fine-grained, tender, buttery, melting and extremely juicy, sweet, brisk and having a fine flavor of vanilla; a first-rate and delicious dessert fruit; Oct. =Sucré-Vert. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:189. Pl. XXXIV. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:677, fig. 1869. =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 649. 1884. Said to have come from Barmont, a chateau situated on the border of Burgundy. It was well known in Paris in 1670. Fruit medium or below, globular-turbinate; skin shining, intense green, dotted with numerous gray and green dots, a little whitened on the shaded side, yellowish when ripe; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, melting, semi-fine, some grit about the center; juice plentiful, sugary, slightly perfumed; excellent but variable; Oct. =Sucrée de Hoyerswerda. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 582. 1857. _Sucré-Vert d'Hoyerswerda_. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:679, fig. 1869. According to Diel this variety was a new pear in the first years of the last century found in the village of Hoyerswerda, Saxony. Fruit always below medium, turbinate-obtuse or globular-ovate, rather irregular; skin a little thick, bright yellow shaded with dull yellow, sprinkled all over with gray-russet dots on the shaded side and greenish-brown dots on the sun-exposed side on which it is also much encrimsoned; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine, breaking, watery, granular around the pips; juice sufficient, highly saccharine, acidulous, with an agreeable musky perfume; second; Aug. =Sucrée de Montluçon. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 48, 294. 1895. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 198. 1920. Found in a hedge at Montluçon, Fr., about 1812, by M. Rochet. Fruit medium, oval-conic, uneven, lemon-yellow; stem medium long, rather short and woody; calyx large, closed, in a narrow, shallow basin; flesh palest yellow, transparent, extremely juicy, well flavored, very delicious; Oct. =Sucrée Blanche. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:191, fig. 96. 1872. Obtained by M. Boisbunel, a nurseryman at Rouen, Fr. It was first published in 1856. Fruit rather large, long-pyriform or sometimes somewhat gourd-shaped; skin rather thick and firm, at first very bright green covered with a light white bloom on which are very small and faint dots, brightening still more at maturity but even in coloring all over the fruit; flesh white, semi-fine, melting; juice sufficient, saccharine, pleasant; good but not rich enough to be first class; Aug. or a little earlier. =Sucrée du Comice. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:680, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 861. 1869. Raised by the old Horticultural Society of Angers, Fr., and first fruited in 1855. Fruit above medium, more or less obtuse, turbinate, irregular, much swelled in its lower half; color golden yellow, entirely sprinkled with reddish dots and generally rayed with fawn around the calyx; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, watery, very granular around the core; second; Sept. and Oct. =Sucrée Van Mons. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:683, fig. 1869. _Brüssler Zuckerbirne_. =2.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 114. 1825. A seedling raised by Van Mons. Fruit medium to large, ovate, irregular, sometimes nearly spherical; skin thick, very bright green, mottled with pale yellow, sprinkled with numerous large, grayish spots, turning a fine lemon-yellow at maturity and rather golden on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-buttery and melting, saccharine, vinous, slightly perfumed; quality variable, due perhaps to differences of soil and climate; second to third; Oct. and Nov. =Sucrée de Zurich. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:684, fig. 1869. _Züricher Zuckerbirne_. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 303. 1889. Of doubtful origin but we may fairly assume it was Switzerland and probably Zurich. Fruit small, turbinate, slightly obtuse or ovate and even in contour, bright greenish-yellow, dotted uniformly with gray-russet; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, very saccharine, acidulous, with a slight and agreeable scent of cinnamon; second; Sept. =Suet Lea. 1.= _Cornell Sta. Bul._ =332=:486. 1913. An oriental hybrid. Fruit medium to small, apple-shaped to oblong, regular in contour; light yellow, with large, rough, russet dots; flesh greenish-white, deficient in juice, hard and gritty, breaking; poor; late. =Suffolk Thorn. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 816. 1841. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 649. 1884. _Wilding aus Suffolk._ =3.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 298. 1889. Raised by Andrew Arcedeckene, Clavering Hall, Suffolk, Eng., from seed of Gansel Bergamot. Fruited first about 1841. Fruit medium, globular-turbinate, pale lemon-yellow, covered with numerous small dots and irregular patches of pale ashy-gray russet which are most numerous on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, exceedingly melting, buttery and juicy, with a rich, sugary juice, exactly similar in flavor to Gansel Bergamot; first; Oct. =Sugar Top. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =3=:49. 1837. Said to be a native fruit and is called also July or Harvest Pear. Fruit globular, top-shaped, skin smooth, yellow; flesh juicy, breaking, sweet, with but little flavor; July. =Sülibirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 288. 1889. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 172, fig. 1913. A perry pear found in Austria and Germany. Fruit small, globular-pyriform, greenish-yellow, flecked and dotted with russet all over the fruit, frequently somewhat tinted with a brownish blush; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, very acid; Oct. =Sullivan. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =8=:57. 1842. A seedling sent to this country by Van Mons and named by Manning. Fruit medium, pyriform, smooth green skin, with russet specks; flesh greenish-white, fine-grained, tender, very juicy, pleasant but not highly flavored; second; Sept. =Summer Beurré d'Arenberg. 1.= _Jour. Hort._ =13=:315. 1867. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 199. 1920. Raised by Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, Eng., about 1860 and produced its first fruit in 1863. Fruit rather small, turbinate, even and smooth in outline; skin clear and very thin; flesh very fine throughout, scarcely any core, no trace of grit, melting, yellowish, buttery, tender, very juicy, with a sweet, rich and distinctive flavor; excellent; Sept. =Summer Hasting. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. "The Summer Hasting is a little greene peare, of an indifferent good rellish." =Summer Popperin. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. "Both of them are very good dry firme peares somewhat spotted, and brownish on the outside." =Summer Portugal. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 651. 1884. Fruit quite small, pyriform, bright grass-green, with a brownish blush on the side next the sun and dotted all over with dark green dots, at maturity becoming clear yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellowish, tender, breaking, very juicy, sweet and pleasantly flavored; Aug. =Summer Saint Germain. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 347. 1845. _Saint Germain d'Été._ =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:622, fig. 1869. Of French origin. Imported to France from Belgium or Holland by Louis Noisette previous to 1830. It is better known in this country and in England as the _Summer Saint Germain_. Fruit below medium, obovate-pyriform, generally irregular, bright greenish-yellow, dotted with russet on the shaded side and extensively washed with vivid rose on the other cheek where it is sprinkled with gray points; flesh white, fine, soft, semi-melting, slightly gritty at the center; juice sufficient, saccharine, often rather astringent but always full of flavor; second and sometimes third; Sept. and Oct. =Summer Virgalieu. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 864. 1869. _Virgalieu d'été._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:5, fig. 3. 1872. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Fruit roundish, pyriform, yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem rather long, set in a small cavity; calyx open; segments recurved; basin shallow, uneven; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly vinous; good; Aug. =Superfondanta. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 153. 1841. Received by Simon-Louis Bros., Metz, Lorraine, from Italy. Fruit medium, obovate, smooth, pale yellow, marked with a few dots and sometimes marked with russet; flesh white, buttery, melting, very good; Oct. =Suprême Coloma. 1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 2, 49, fig. 121. 1866-73. _Kopertscher._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 796. 1869. Count Coloma, Mechlin, Bel., made seed beds in 1786. From these beds came the Suprême Coloma, a fruit of exquisite flavor. Fruit above medium, ovate, shortened, obtuse; skin delicate, olive-yellow, always mottled with greenish-russet and thickly covered with brown dots; flesh whitish, fine, melting, nearly free from grit, very full of saccharine juice, acidulous, with a special perfume of much delicacy; first; Oct. =Surpasse Crassane. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:687, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 652. 1884. A seedling of Van Mons obtained about 1820 in his nursery at Louvain, Bel. Fruit medium, globular or globular-turbinate, flattened at the base, mammillate at the summit; skin dark olive-yellow, much covered with russet and tinted with dark red on the cheek touched by the sun; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, granular around the center; juice abundant, very saccharine, highly perfumed, with an agreeable tartish taste; first; Oct. to Dec. =Surpasse Meuris. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:688, fig. 1869. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 653. 1884. The Surpasse Meuris was gained by Van Mons at Brussels before 1818. Fruit large, pyriform or turbinate-obtuse, always ventriculated toward the base and generally rather bossed; skin rough, olive-yellow dotted with gray, mottled with fawn and often colored with brown-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, tinged with yellow, semi-fine and semi-melting; juice extremely abundant, very saccharine, tartish and savory; first, sometimes second when the juice is slightly perfumed; Sept. =Surpasse St. Germain. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 198. 1833. A seedling of Van Mons imported in 1819. Fruit rather large and oblong, rounded at the base and tapering toward the stalk, irregular in outline, green and brown; winter. =Surpasse Virgalieu. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 416, fig. 189. 1845. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:868, fig. 1869. The origin of this variety is unknown. Andrew Parmentier introduced it from his nursery at Brooklyn under this name about 1800. Fruit rather large, obovate; skin smooth, pale lemon-yellow with a very few minute dots and rarely a little faint red on the sunny side; flesh white, exceedingly fine-grained and buttery, abounding with delicious highly flavored, aromatic juice, differing from that of the Doyenné; first; Oct. =Surprise. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 41. 1916. Surprise is a valuable blight-resistant variety belonging to Pyrus communis and promises to make a blight-resistant stock on which to top-work commercial varieties. =Süsse Margarethenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:53. 1856. Germany; first published in 1833. Fruit medium, pyriform, light yellow, often, blushed with light red and thickly dotted; flesh semi-melting, granular, sweet, agreeably cinnamon-flavored; second for dessert, good for household and market; Aug. =Süsse Sommerlahnbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:52. 1856. German; published in 1805. Fruit fairly large, variable in form, ovate, often conic and ventriculous-pyriform, sides rather unequal, dull greenish-yellow turning to a fine citron-yellow, without any blush but russeted on the side next the sun, indistinct dots; flesh not juicy, saccharine, with flavor of black currant; second for dessert, very good for kitchen use and market; Aug. =Suwanee. 1.= Griffing Bros. _Cat._ 13, fig. 1909. Originated in southern Georgia and introduced by Griffing Brothers Company in 1909. Fruit large, oblong, tapering towards both ends, blunt; skin tough, dark golden-russet over a yellow ground, with a slight tinge of red; flesh white, crisp, tender; good. =Suzanne. 1.= Mas. _Pom. Gen._ =3=:129, fig. 161. 1878. Received by Oberdieck from Van Mons without a name. Fruit rather small, ovate, short and ventriculous, symmetrical in contour with its greatest diameter about the center; skin delicate, bright green, sprinkled with extremely numerous small brown spots, changing to pale yellow, golden on the side next the sun or sometimes touched with red; flesh white, tinted with yellow, very fine, buttery, melting, sufficiently juicy, saccharine and delicately perfumed; good; Sept. =Suzette de Bavay. 1.= _Pom. France_ =2=:No. 80, Pl. 80. 1863. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 865. 1869. Major Espéren of Mechlin, Bel., obtained this long-season pear. It fruited first in 1843. Fruit small or medium, globular, generally mammillate at the top; skin rough, pale yellow, dotted with greenish-brown and speckled with russet and reddish stains; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, juicy, almost free from grit; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, more or less perfumed with anis; Jan. to Apr. =Swan Egg. 1.= Langley _Pomona_ 132, Pl. LXIV. 1729. An English variety recommended by Lindley as suitable in the Highlands of Scotland. Fruit medium, globular-ovate; skin smooth, yellowish-green on the shaded side and clear brownish-red on the cheek exposed to the sun and covered with pale brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, tender, very juicy, with a sweet and piquant flavor and musky aroma; good; Oct. =Sweater. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. "The Sweater is somewhat like the Windsor, for colour and bigeness but nothing neare of so good a taste." =Sylvie de Malzine. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1895. Sent out by Daras de Naghin, Anvers, Bel. Tree vigorous and fertile. Fruit medium, globular; flesh rather fine, melting, recalling the Beurré d'Angleterre by its flavor; Nov. and Dec. =Taglioretti. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:73, fig. 517. 1881. Tree bell-shaped, pyramidal; leaves bluish-green and dull, characteristically folded; stipules remarkably short. Fruit medium in size, ovoid, short, broad, resembling the Bergamotte d'Été and the Vallée Franche; skin rather firm, bright lemon-yellow to golden; dots conspicuous; calyx medium, open; basin narrow, rather deep; flesh white, medium fine, medium breaking, juicy; good; Aug. =Takasaki. 1.= _Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 49, 54. 1892. Exhibited by P. J. Berckmans at the Georgia State Horticultural Society Meeting in 1892. Said to be a Japanese pear. =Talmadge. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =25=:125. 1870. _Northford Seckel_ =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 123. 1881. Originated in the garden of Levi Talmadge at Northford, Conn., as a chance seedling of Seckel. Tree hardy and vigorous, with spreading head, very symmetrical, attaining double the size of the Seckel, very productive. Fruit larger and more uniform than Seckel, almost identical in form, with the same russet ground, slightly less ruddy coloring; flesh white, juicy, melting; inferior to Seckel; ripens with Seckel. =Tardive d'Ellezelles. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Probably originated in Belgium. Fruit large, grayish-green, pleasantly aromatic; heat resistant; Apr. and May. =Tardive Garin. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Tree very vigorous and very productive. Fruit large, roundish, grayish-yellow; flesh medium, melting, juicy, sweet; May and June. =Tardive de Mons. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 331. 1866. =2.= _Ibid._ 654. 1884. Fruit medium in size, oblong-obovate, even and regularly formed; skin uniformly yellow, orange tinge next the sun; dots large and russet; calyx large, open; stem rather slender, obliquely inserted without depression; flesh white, tender, buttery, melting, very juicy, rich, sugary; rated as an "excellent pear;" Nov. =Tardive de Montauban. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 107. 1876. Tree very productive. Fruit medium to small, rather long, reddish on the sunny side; flesh fine, yellow, sweet, medium melting; first; very late. =Tardive de Solesne. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 100. 1895. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit large to very large; flesh breaking, very sweet; first; Jan. and Feb. =Tatnall Harvest. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =19=:424. 1853. The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society rated specimens of this variety submitted to it by Thomas Hancock, Burlington, N. J., as "scarcely good." =Tavernier de Boulogne. 1.= Field _Pear Cult._ 283. 1858. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:696, fig. 1869. Found in 1836 by M. Tavernier in a woods near Trelaze, Fr. Tree scraggly, productive, a good orchard tree. Fruit medium to above, longish-conic, greenish-yellow; flesh white, firm; of first quality for cooking; late spring and early summer. =Taylor. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 112. 1852. =2.= _U. S. D. A. Pat. Off. Rpt._ 282. 1853. Mr. Merriweather, Charlottesville, Va., is credited with having originated this pear, although it may have come from France about 1780. Tree vigorous, young wood olive; productive; fruit medium, roundish-oblate; skin light green, mottled with dark green; stalk rather long, fleshy at its termination in a very slight depression; calyx very small, set in a wide, superficial basin; flesh fine in texture, buttery; flavor vinous, with a delicate vanilla aroma; very good; Nov. to Feb. =Taynton Squash. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 654. 1884. _Squash._ =2.= Thacher _Am. Orch._ 191. 1822. An old pear which originated in Gloucestershire, Eng., previous to the year 1805 and which is widely known as a remarkably fine perry pear much grown in Herefordshire. It is early, tender of flesh, and "if it drops ripe from the tree it bursts from the fall, whence probably the name." Fruit medium to below, turbinate, dull greenish-yellow on the shaded side and dull brownish-red next the sun, covered with rough, russet dots; calyx open; stem slender; flesh white, with a brisk, sweet flavor. =Tea. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =16=:154. 1850. =2.= _Ibid._ =20=:466, fig. 22. 1854. Mrs. Ezra Merchant, Milford, Conn., found seed from which this pear was raised in a pound of tea which she purchased, hence the name. Similar to White Doyenné, if not identical with it. Tree vigorous, with bright yellow wood and deep green foliage. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyramidal, with often a suture on one side, yellowish-green becoming blushed in the sun; stem short, stout, fleshy at the base; calyx open; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous; very good to best; Sept. =Templiers. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:697, fig. 1869. The place of origin is uncertain but the time is at least prior to 1838. Fruit large, short-turbinate, dull yellow, spotted with ashy gray; of first quality for cooking, beginning of Sept. =Tepka. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 24, fig. 1913. A perry pear common to lower Styria, Carniola, and the maritime regions of Austria. Fruit Bergamot-shape, pale green becoming yellowish-green; calyx large, open, star-shape; stem brown, medium short, often bent; flesh juicy, sprightly; rots at the core and keeps poorly in storage; Sept. =Test. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. Reported by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Cal., as "A large pear, being four inches long by two and one-half across. In form much like Bartlett and in quality more like Le Conte, but far better and far more prolific than either. Ripens four weeks later than Le Conte. When canned is firm and white and fully equal to or better than Bartlett." =Tettenhall. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 733. 1841. "This pear, supposed only to flourish in the parish of Tettenhall, near Wolverhampton, though a very profuse bearer, has fruit almost worthless; but as a forest tree it is remarkable for its beauty, far surpassing in size, shape and masses of deep green foliage any other Pear-tree I ever saw." =Teutsche Augustbirne. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 563. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:51. 1856. Reported from the regions of Thuringia, Hesse, and Württemberg about 1799. Fruit medium in size, oblong-oval, bright yellow, dotted, thick-skinned; calyx star-shape; stem fleshy; flesh breaking, sweet; fair, a good commercial variety; Aug. =Texas. 1.= Ragan _Fr. Recom. by Am. Pom. Soc., B. P. I. Bul._ =151=:41. 1909. This is a whitish-yellow, medium-large, pyriform pear of good quality, at one time considered promising along the Gulf Coast; said to have originated in Texas. =The Dean. 1.= J. Van Lindley _Cat._ 34. 1899. "A very large pear that has been bearing regularly near Oak Ridge, Guilford County, N. C., for more than 40 years. In appearance it resembles both Bartlett and Duchesse [d'Angoulême], and is as large as Duchesse and better in quality. Ripens between Bartlett and Duchesse, making a very valuable pear and of good quality." =Theilersbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:195. 1856. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 174, fig. 1913. A perry pear said to have appeared in Switzerland about 1848 as a wilding. Tree spreading, large, vigorous, strong, productive. Fruit small, ovate, yellowish-green becoming yellow, dotted strongly with russet; calyx open; stem medium long; flesh dull white, juicy, piquant, without aroma. =Theodor Körner. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:126. 1856. A seedling raised by Van Mons of Belgium about 1851. Tree rather vigorous, an early and good bearer. Fruit medium to above, conic, greenish-yellow; calyx star-shaped; segments long; flesh melting, juicy, vinous; first; Sept. =Theodore. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:16. 1856. According to Dochnahl this pear may have originated in Belgium about 1833. Fruit medium large, 2 inches wide and 2-1/2 inches long, smooth, bright yellow, sunny side washed with red; dots numerous; sweet, vinous; last of Aug. =Theodore Van Mons. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 164, 234. 1854. =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:29, fig. 1856. Originated by Van Mons in 1827. Tree vigorous, pyramidal, productive. Fruit medium to above, obovate-pyriform to oblong-pyriform, greenish-yellow, russeted; dots gray-green, numerous; stem curved, about an inch long; cavity slight; calyx open; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse, juicy, melting, vinous; good to very good; Sept. and Oct. =Theodore Williams. 1.= Stark Bros. _Year Book_ =5=:40. 1914. A seedling of Kieffer raised by Theodore Williams, and introduced by Stark Brothers Nurseries & Orchard Company about 1914. Tree hardy, is reported to have stood a temperature of 40 degrees below zero without injury. Fruit medium, yellowish-green, sweet, juicy. =Théophile Lacroix. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 290. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 50. 1895. Tree productive and of good vigor. Fruit large to very large, pyriform, similar to the type of Beurré Diel, deep yellow, plentifully spotted and marbled with cinnamon-red; flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, with an aroma suggestive of orange, a little gritty about the core; first; Dec. and Jan. =Thérèse. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Fruit rather large, Bergamot-shape, yellowish-green; flesh very melting, delicately aromatic; first; Oct. =Thérèse Appert. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:699, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 2d App. 136, fig. 1872. First fruited in 1861 from seed of Beurré Clairgeau by André Leroy, Angers, Fr. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, oblong, turbinate, yellowish-orange, washed with vermilion; stem short, a trifle inclined; cavity small; calyx open; basin shallow; flesh whitish-yellow, very juicy, very sweet, aromatic; very good; Sept. =Theveriner Butterbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:125. 1856. Said to have originated in France about 1852. Fruit medium large, turbinate, bright green becoming greenish-yellow, somewhat clouded and striped with red, covered with russet; calyx star-shaped; stem thick, one inch long; seeds mostly abortive; flesh yellowish, sweet, vinous; Oct. =Thibaut Butterbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:126. 1856. According to Dochnahl this is a seedling from Van Mons which originated in Belgium in 1851. Fruit medium large, turbinate, irregular and ill-shapen, bright green becoming yellowish-green, with gray dots, and spotted with russet; skin thin; calyx small, erect; stem slender, 2 inches long, fleshy at the base; core and seeds small; sweet, aromatic; very good; Oct. =Thick Stalked Pear. 1.= Mawe-Abercrombie _Univ. Gard. Bot._ 1778. Mentioned in the reference cited as a minor variety of winter pear having a very large, roundish fruit. =Thimothée. 1.= _Mas Pom. Gen._ =7=:181, fig. 574. 1881. This variety was raised from seed by M. Pariset, a seedsman of Ain, Fr., about 1852. Tree rather vigorous, upright, symmetrical. Fruit medium, roundish-pyriform, regular, greenish becoming pale yellow; calyx almost closed; stem very short, rather stout; flesh whitish, very fine, very melting, subacid, refreshing; good; Nov. and Dec. =Thompson= (Eng.). 1. _Mag. Hort._ =8=:64. 1842. =2.= _Pom. France_ 4:156, Pl. 156. 1867. Said to be a seedling of Van Mons originated about 1819. R. Manning, Salem, Mass., received cions in 1841. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium, obovate, lemon-yellow, russeted around the stem; stem short; almost no cavity; calyx medium, open, slightly depressed in a small basin; segments often united; flesh whitish-yellow, buttery, juicy; flavor rich, sugary, aromatic; seeds large, long; Oct. =Thompson= (N. H.). 1. Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 198. 1833. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =3=:51. 1837. Originated on the farm of Judge Thompson, Portsmouth, N. H. Fruit medium to below, turbinate, quite russeted; "esteemed for its extraordinary productiveness and long keeping" by those in the vicinity of its origin but regarded by R. Manning, Salem, Mass., as "unfit for cultivation." =Thooris. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =6=:27, fig. 1858. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 868. 1869. This Belgian pear fruited for the first time in 1854 in the garden of the Society Van Mons. Fruit medium to below, round ovoid to oval, or Bergamot-shape; skin yellow, shaded and striped with grayish-red. Alexander Bivort gives, "flesh yellowish-white, half fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, and with an agreeable perfume ... of first quality," whereas Downing says, "flesh white, coarse, dry, sweet, and poor ... unworthy of cultivation." Sept. =Thuerlinckx. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 553. 1857. _Beurré Thuerlinckx_. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 529. 1884. This pear was found in 1848 upon an estate purchased by M. Thuerlinckx, Mechlin, Bel. It is said to be a very large, coarse, showy pear of long-obovate shape, with a somewhat tender and juicy flesh but without any aroma, and very soon becoming mealy; Oct. to Dec. =Thurston Red. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 655. 1884. Hogg says, "a new Herefordshire perry pear of some repute." Fruit small, turbinate, even in outline, greenish-yellow, with a thin red cheek and a large patch of thin, pale-brown russet, especially around the calyx; calyx small and open; stem an inch and a quarter long, slender; cavity none; flesh yellow. =Tiffin. 1.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._ 289. 1893. Originated with Henry Loose, Tiffin, O. Fruit described as large, broad-ovate, smooth, greenish-yellow; dots numerous, brown; stem medium long, slender, curved, inserted with no depression; basin wide, russeted; calyx small, open; skin thin; core large; seeds large, plump, brown; flesh white, buttery, subacid; good; Oct. =Tigrée de Janvier. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:141, fig. 71. 1872. Raised by L. J. Berckmans from seed produced by Major Espéren and obtained by the former after the latter's death. Tree vigorous, rather slender. Fruit small to below medium, ovoid-pyriform, yellowish; stem long; flesh yellow, medium fine, melting, very juicy, vinous; not of the most beautiful appearance yet of the highest flavor; Dec. and Jan. =Tillington. 1.= _Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc._ =4=:521. 1822. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 868. 1869. Exhibited by Thomas Andrew Knight before the London Horticultural Society in 1820 as "a Seedling Pear raised from a seed of the Autumn Bergamot impregnated with the pollen of the Jargonelle." Tree hardy, productive. Fruit medium, short-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with light brown russet dots; stalk short; calyx open; flesh yellowish, tender, buttery, melting, not juicy, vinous, aromatic; good; Oct. =Timpling. 1.= Buckman _Fruit Var. in Ex. Orch._ 6. 1901. Included in the list of varieties in the experimental orchard of Benjamin Buckman, Farmingdale, Ill. Mr. Buckman reports that it was from Ludwig Hencke, Collinsville, and that he received it in 1893. Mr. Hencke brought the Timpling with him from Germany. According to Mr. Buckman the tree is rather free from blight, moderately productive, and still in good shape at the age of 27 years. Fruit medium; good quality and color. =Tindall Swan Egg. 1.= _Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc._ =6=:396. 1826. Specimens of a new variety of Swan Egg pear were sent to the meeting of the London Horticultural Society in 1824 by George and William Tindall, Beverley, Yorkshire, Eng. "It is larger and browner than the Common Swan's Egg, and equal to it in flavor. It keeps well till the end of January, and sometimes later." =Tollbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 214, fig. 1913. A very productive perry pear of Europe with fruit notable because of its beautiful color. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, round-obovate, very uniform; skin tough, smooth, glossy, green changing to yellow, side next the sun blushed with bright carmine and dotted heavily with brown-russet dots, russeted at top and bottom; calyx small, open; stem medium long, slender; flesh almost white, juicy, tart; mid-Oct. to Dec. =Tolstoy. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. Originated by N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D., from Clapp Favorite x Pyrus ovoidea, and introduced by him in 1919. =Tom Strange. 1.= Buckman _Fruit Var. in Ex. Orch._ 6. 1901. This variety is found in the experimental orchard at Farmingdale, Ill., of Benjamin Buckman, who writes: "The 'Tom Strange' pear is a small local variety received from a person of that name, not worthy of disseminating under a name and had better be dropped." =Tonkovietka. 1.= _Mont. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 53. 1882. _Limbertwig_. =2.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 321. 1885. _Thintwig_. =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 59. 1887. One of the Russian pears imported by Prof. J. L. Budd from Dr. Regel, Petrograd, Russia, about 1879 and known by the Iowa Agricultural College under the numbers 513 and 14 m. Chas. Gibb, Abbottsford, Can., says this is the hardiest pear tree which bears edible fruit of which he knows. The name means slender stalk. Tree hardy, fine, productive. Fruit medium, conical, yellow, with red on the sunny side; flesh porous; ripens beginning of Aug. and keeps until Sept.; commendable for commercial orchards. =Tonneau. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:237, Pl. LVIII, fig. 5. 1768. _2._ Hogg _Fruit Man._ 656. 1884. _Fassbirne_. =3.= Christ _Handb._ 564. 1817. This large cooking pear has been confused by Leroy and others with _Uvedale St. Germain_, but Hogg and Mas agree that the two are quite distinct. The French word _tonneau_ and the German word _fass_ are both translated "cask," a term which describes the shape of this pear very well. Tree vigorous; shoots upright; leaves pubescent, light green, young leaves yellowish-green. Fruit very large, oblong-ovate or cask-shaped; skin clear yellow; calyx large, open; basin deep, wide; stalk an inch long, straight, woody; cavity deep, irregular; flesh very white, rather dry; flavor brisk; more an ornament than a dessert fruit; Nov. to Feb. =Toronto Belle. 1.= _Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt._ 82. 1882. "We tested the fruit late in December and found it in grand condition; in quality it is equal to Beurré Bosc, and almost identical in form and color. The tree is a slow grower but a heavy and regular bearer. It is without doubt the finest winter pear we know of, opening, as it does, a new era in the quality of winter pears." =Totten Seedling. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =14=:109. 1848. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 868. 1869. Raised by Col. Totten, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous. Fruit small to medium, roundish-pyriform to obovate, pale yellow, slightly tinged with red in the sun; stalk long; calyx open; flesh white, sweet, perfumed; Sept. and Oct. =Tournay d'Hiver. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 111. 1876. Tree vigorous and productive, upright. Fruit large to very large, broadly turbinate; flesh buttery, melting, fine, vinous; first; Jan. and Feb. =Tout-il-faut. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:107, fig. 54. 1872. One of Van Mons' seedlings. The pear does not possess all the qualities that the name indicates. Tree hardy, productive, of medium vigor, early bearing. Fruit medium, regular, conic-pyriform, yellowish-green mostly covered by a brilliant crimson, very beautiful; flesh white, tender, sweet, rather juicy, agreeably aromatic; mid-Aug. =Träublesbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:194. 1856. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 140, fig. 68. 1913. This perry pear, named Träublesbirne because of the racemose or bunch-like manner in which the fruit develops, is said to have had its origin in Württemberg about 1830. Tree rather vigorous, broad-pyramidal, scantily foliaged, thrifty, early bearing, productive. Fruit long-pyriform to oval, somewhat blunt at the base, greenish, russeted at both base and apex; dots fine; calyx open; stem long; flesh white, juicy; good; Oct. =Tressorier Lesacher. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 290. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1895. Tree of moderate vigor, very fertile. Fruit medium, resembling White Doyenné; flesh very fine; of highest quality; Oct. =Trinkebirne. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 518, 562. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:14. 1856. Originated in Saxony, Ger., about 1802. Twigs thick and long, heavily dotted; buds small; leaves round. Fruit medium, large, conical, yellowish, somewhat blushed, very juicy; good; last of Sept. =Triomphe de Jodoigne. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =14=:112. 1848. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:706, fig. 1869. =3.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 200. 1920. Raised by Simon Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel., in 1830. Fruit large, oval-pyriform, tapering markedly toward stem, uneven, green becoming lemon-yellow; calyx small, open, in a small, uneven basin; stem rather long, stout, woody, fleshy at insertion; flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half-melting, sweet; good to very good; Oct. =Triomphe de Louvain. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 154. 1841. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:880, fig. 1889. Originated by Van Mons about 1820. Fruit medium, roundish-oblate, rather rough, greenish-yellow, mostly covered with dull russet, many brown russet dots; stem rather short, stout; calyx large, open; flesh whitish, coarse, not juicy, sweet; good; Sept. =Triomphe de Touraine. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 104. 1895. From the name, one infers that this variety originated near Touraine, Fr. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit large to very large, green, reddish on the side next the sun, clear yellow at maturity; flesh firm, fine, juicy, sweet, similar in taste to Duchesse d'Angoulême but of better quality; Nov. =Triomphe de Tournai. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ =20=:760, fig. 139. 1883. =2.= _Rev. Hort._ 512, fig. 1905. M. Daras de Naghin, Tournai, Bel., originated this fruit from seed produced in 1868. The Pomological Committee of Tournai after testing it in 1882 and 1883 unanimously awarded its raiser a bronze medal. Tree vigorous and productive, pyramidal, upright. Fruit medium, turbinate to long-pyriform, symmetrical, uniformly green becoming yellow, faintly pitted; stem short, stout; calyx medium, open; basin shallow; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; good to very good; Jan. and Feb. =Triomphe de Vienne. 1.= _Can. Hort._ =11=:261. 1888. =2.= _Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom._ 446, fig. 1904. _Triumph_. =3.= _Can. Hort._ =25=:442, fig. 1902. Raised in 1864 by M. Jean Colland, Vienne, Fr., and first distributed in 1874, this pear has been the recipient of several awards of merit. Tree vigorous, heavy-cropper, pyramidal. Fruit large, obovate-pyriform, rather irregular, greenish-yellow, with russet patches, often blushed with red; calyx open; core small; seeds usually imperfect; flesh white, melting, juicy; flavor rich, sweet, spicy; very good; Sept. and early Oct. =Trompetenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_. =2=:140. 1856. _Poire Trompette._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:97, fig. 49. 1872. Diel obtained this variety at Schaumburg, Westphalia, but it appears to have originated at Nassau, Prussia. Published in 1805. Fruit medium, pyriform-conic, often irregular in form and uneven on the surface; skin rather thick and firm, light green changing to light yellow, covered with numerous small, round, brown spots and on the side next the sun blushed with wine-red; flesh whitish, semi-melting, granular; juice sufficient in quantity, very vinous but a little too astringent; third for dessert, first for household; Oct. =Troppauer Goldgelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:41. 1856. _Troppauer Muskateller._ =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 291. 1889. Said to have originated about 1851 in Troppau, Silesia, Austria. Fruit medium large, roundish, regular, bright yellow, frequently strongly russeted, flecked and dotted with brown; stem thin, medium long; flesh coarse, very sweet and somewhat musky; Aug. =Truchsess. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:20. 1856. Dochnahl credits this pear with having originated from seed in Dietz on the Lahn River, Ger., about 1826. Tree large and very fruitful; twigs long, glabrous; lenticels long; leaves ovate, entire. Fruit produced in clusters, medium large, roundish-ovate, bright green becoming yellowish, frequently russeted, strongly dotted; Nov. =Truckhill Bergamot. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =11=:327. 1845. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 869. 1869. Probably of English origin. Fruit medium or above, roundish-oblate, yellow with crimson and fawn in the sun, sprinkled with gray and green dots; stalk rather short; cavity deep; calyx open; basin deep, abrupt, uneven; flesh half-melting, somewhat coarse and gritty, moderately juicy; good; Sept. and Oct. =Tsar. 1.= _Can. Hort._ =17=:293. 1894. This is a Russian variety and may be synonymous with _Czar_ and _Tsarskaya_. It has been grown successfully in the Russian Province of Tambow, 53° north latitude. Tree very firm and wonderfully productive, pyramidal. Fruit moderate in size, conical, yellow, red on the sunny side; flesh soft, mellow, agreeable; flavor mild; Aug. and Sept. =Tudor. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 157. 1867. Said to be a seedling of Fulton and to resemble it very closely. Fruit peculiarly shaped, russeted; stem short; flesh melting, juicy; first; Sept. and Oct. =Turban. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:121, fig. 61. 1872. A beautiful early pear the origin of which is unknown. Tree vigorous, dependably productive, hardy, late in coming into bearing. Fruit medium in size, spherical-turbinate, green becoming pale yellow, covered with brown around base and apex; dots very large, dark green; calyx small; stem characteristically very short and very thick; flesh white, streaked with yellow, very fine, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; Aug. =Türkische müskirte Sommerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:19. 1856. The origin of this pear is ascribed to the Orient about the year 1832. Tree vigorous and productive; twigs glabrous; buds long and pointed. Fruit medium large, bulging, blunt, roundish, solid yellowish-green, sprinkled with russet; dots fine and bright-brown; calyx usually closed; stem woody, medium long; seeds numerous; flesh buttery; quality of the best; Sept. =Turnep. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. "The Turnep pear is a hard winter peare, not so good to eat rawe, as it is to bake." =Twice flowering Pear-tree. 1.= Mawe-Abercrombie _Univ. Gard. Bot._ 1778. "It often produces blossom twice a year, the first in the spring, and the second in autumn, so is preserved in many gardens as a curiosity." Classified as an autumn pear. =Tyler. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 5. 1843. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 869. 1869. Probably one of Gov. Edwards' seedlings which originated at New Haven, Conn., about 1840. Tree moderately vigorous; young wood reddish-yellow-brown. Fruit below medium, roundish-pyriform, yellow, netted and patched and dotted with russet; stem long, slender, in a moderate cavity, surrounded by russet; calyx open; basin shallow and uneven; flesh white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous; fair to good; Oct. =Ulatis. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. A seedling of Bartlett originated by R. E. Burton, Vacaville, Cal., and introduced in 1916. Fruit medium, pyriform, yellow; flesh white, fine, sweet; good; Sept. =Unterlaibacher Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 142, fig. 69. 1913. This perry pear is a native of Carniola and probably gets its name from the city of Laibach in that region. Tree of moderate growth, upright, tall, with strong wood, a late and alternate bearer, long-lived. Fruit round, large, greenish-yellow, russeted about the calyx end, finely dotted; calyx open, wide; basin shallow; stem short, thick, brownish-yellow, set at an angle; flesh yellowish-green, granular; Oct. =Upper Crust. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =4=:276. 1849. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 870. 1869. A seedling introduced by Col. Wm. Sumner, Pomaria, S. C., in 1849. Tree pyramidal, with "switchey" limbs and gray bark. Fruit below medium, roundish, green, covered with distinct, irregular, russet patches; stalk rather short, stout; cavity broad, shallow; calyx large, open; flesh granular, not juicy, rots at core; poor; Aug. =Ursula. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:7. 1856. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 872. 1869. Said to have originated in Belgium about 1826. Tree vigorous and very productive; twigs green, thickly dotted; buds small, long; leaves ovoid. Fruit below medium to above, oblong-acute-pyriform, yellowish mostly covered with golden-russet; stem long, curved; calyx open; basin shallow; flesh white, juicy, melting; good to very good; late Aug. =Uwchlan. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =6=:35, fig. 3. 1856. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:714, fig. 1869. Originated on the premises of Widow Dowlin, near the Brandywine, in Uwchlan Township, Pa. It fruited first in 1851. Tree of good growth, productive, pyramidal. Fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to obovate, pale whitish-yellow, shaded, mottled and dotted with crimson, and thickly covered with conspicuous brown dots; stem curved, inclined; cavity shallow, sometimes lipped; calyx partially closed; basin abrupt, large, deep; flesh white, very juicy, very sweet, melting, aromatic; good to very good; Sept. =Valentine. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 872. 1869. Said to have originated on Long Island. Fruit above medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, pale yellowish-green, tinge of red in the sun; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; Aug. =Vallée Franche. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:74. 1768. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 658. 1884. _Poire de Vallée._ =3.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:113, fig. 55. 1866-73. A pear of ancient and unknown origin. It was grown in France in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Tree very large, exceedingly vigorous, very hardy, a regular bearer. Fruit medium or below, obovate or obtuse-pyriform, smooth, shining yellowish-green, sprinkled with small russet dots; flesh white, breaking, medium fine, very juicy, sweet, slightly musky; well reported from the Old World but as "unworthy of cultivation" from the New; last of Aug. =Valley. 1.= Brookshaw _Hort. Reposit._ =2=:185, Pl. XCVII, fig. 2. 1823. Possibly of English origin. Fruit oval or lemon-shape, yellow, strewn with fine dots; skin thick; flesh soft, buttery; flavor very pleasant; mid-Aug. =Van Assche. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 55. 1852. =2.= _Horticulturist_ =3=:60, fig., front. 1853. _Van Assene._ =3.= _Mag. Hort._ =8=:58. 1842. =4.= _Ibid._ =13=:60, fig. 4. 1847. M. Bouvier, Jodoigne, Bel., originated this pear about 1828. M. Manning received cions of the variety from Van Mons in 1835 under the name _Van Assene_, and this has led to incorrect statements in America that Van Assche is a seedling of Van Mons and should be called _Van Assene_. Tree productive, vigorous, erect, an early bearer. Fruit rather large, roundish-obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, covered with rather large russet specks; stem long, slender, curved; cavity medium deep; calyx closed; basin abrupt, deep flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; Sept. =Van Buren. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 5. 1843. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 873. 1869. A cooking pear raised from seed by Governor Edwards of New Haven, Conn. Fruit medium, roundish-oblate, yellow, with a rich orange-red blush next the sun, regularly dotted with conspicuous brownish specks; flesh white, crisp, sweet; Oct. =Van Deventer. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 873. 1869. Originated in New Jersey. Tree very vigorous, very productive, an early bearer. Fruit rather small, oblong-ovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, shaded with brownish-red in the sun, with many gray and green dots; stem inclined, inserted by a lip and sometimes rings; calyx partially closed; basin shallow; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, half-melting, sweet, pleasant, good; mid-Aug. =Van Marum. 1.= _Pom. France_ =3=:No. 125, Pl. 125. 1865. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 873. 1869. _Calebasse Grosse_. =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 541. 1884. Originated by Van Mons in 1823. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit very large, sometimes measuring six inches long, oblong-pyriform, yellow; stem rather long, slender; cavity flattened; calyx large; basin shallow, regular; flesh white, apt to rot at the core, half-melting, not especially juicy, sweet, aromatic; fair to good; Oct. =Van Mons frühe Pomeranzenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:159. 1856. Originated by Van Mons about 1852. Fruit broadly turbinate, light green becoming yellow, thickly dotted, specked with russet; stem thick, one inch long; flesh half-melting; second-rate in quality; Aug. =Van Mons Sommer Schmalzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:142. 1856. Originated by Van Mons of Belgium about 1852, from seed. Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit medium large, 2 inches wide, 3-1/2 inches high, with protuberances, light green becoming greenish-yellow, without red, spotted with russet; calyx open, star-shaped; stem curved, medium long; flesh fine, moderately melting; last of Aug. =Van Mons späte Wirthschaftbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:187. 1856. Said to be a seedling of Van Mons originated about 1854. Twigs long, red; leaves small. Fruit oval, 2-3/4 inches wide, 3-1/2 inches high, with the bulge in the middle, green becoming yellowish-green; dots black; calyx almost closed; segments erect; stem woody, 1 inch long; flesh breaking, sweet; last of Nov. =Van Mons süsse Haushaltsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:182. 1856. Said to have been originated by Van Mons about 1852. Fruit conic-pyriform, 2-1/2 inches wide, 3 inches tall, bright green becoming lemon-yellow, sometimes striped with red, more or less flecked with russet; dots not conspicuous; basin shallow; stem thick, 3/4 inch long, inclined; flesh yellowish-white, fine, smooth, sweet; Sept. and Oct. =Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:89. 1856. _Sucré de Tertolen_. =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 1, 129, fig. 63. 1868. _Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne_. =3.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 289. 1889. Of Dutch origin. Tree light green; petioles long and very slender; leaves curved and sharply acuminate. Fruit nearly medium, globular-turbinate; skin rather thick, green, with large brown spots; flesh white, granular, buttery, rather gritty around the core, acidulous, perfumed; first; Nov. =Van de Weyer Bates. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =18=:417. 1852. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =5=:71, fig. 324. 1880. Said to have been originated by Van Mons about 1823. Tree vigorous, large, rather tall, an early and good bearer. Fruit below medium; roundish-obovate, pale yellow, covered with small brown dots and a few brown veins; stem short, rather stout; calyx large, open; flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, rich, sugary, pleasantly aromatic; a fine late pear; Mar. to May. =Vanderveer. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:156. 1831. Originated from seed of White Doyenné with Dr. Adrian Vanderveer of Long Island, and was named after the originator by William Prince. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, yellow, with a tinge of russet; flesh melting, buttery; Sept. =Varuna. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 44. 1866. A seedling fruited by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., in 1862. Tree productive. Fruit turbinate, 3-1/2 inches wide, 4 inches long, greenish-yellow; core small; flesh white, juicy, slightly acid; Sept. =Vauquelin. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =14=:112. 1848. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:723, fig. 889. 1869. _Saint-Germain Vauquelin_. 3. _Pom. France_ 2:No. 65, Pl. 65. 1864. Raised by M. Vauquelin, Rouen, Fr., from seed sown about 1816. Tree vigorous, pyramidal. Fruit medium to above, obovate-pyriform to oblong-obovate-pyriform, undulating in outline, yellow, brownish next the sun, with patches and traces of russet and russet dots; stem inserted without depression; calyx large, open; flesh white, very juicy, brisk; good; Dec. and Jan. =Venusbrust. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:178. 1856. Said to have originated in Thuringia about 1796. Tree upright, leafy, very productive; leaves large, truncate. Fruit roundish-turbinate, rather large, beautiful bright yellow, usually red next the sun, dotted with fine brown dots, russeted at both ends; calyx segments short; flesh coarse-grained, granular, aromatic, sweet; Dec. to Apr. =Vergoldete oder wahre graue Dechantsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:92. 1856. Said to have originated in Austria about 1836. Tree an early bearer. Fruit small to above, roundish-turbinate, greenish-gray becoming golden, russeted and dotted with gray, very agreeable; Nov. =Verguldete Herbstbergamotte. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 551. 1817. A German variety. Fruit large, Bergamot-form; skin rough, yellow-brown and gray, golden-yellow when ripe; flesh tender, breaking and somewhat musky; end of Sept. =Verlaine d'Été. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =7=:29, fig. 1859. _Verlain._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 874. 1869. First reported in 1823 as a seedling of Van Mons. The name _Verlaine d'Été_ has been applied to two other varieties, Flemish Beauty and _Bergamotte Heems_. The pear here described is distinct from the former but resembles the latter somewhat closely. Tree vigorous, productive, carrying its branches horizontal. Fruit medium, oblong, obovate-pyriform, pale yellow-orange in the sun, with patches and dots of brownish-red; stalk slender, inserted in a small cavity; calyx with short, stiff segments; flesh white, half-fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous; Sept. =Vermillion d'en Haut. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:726, fig. 1869. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 874. 1869. Originated by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Fr., and first reported in 1858. Tree moderately vigorous, productive, pyramidal. Fruit medium, turbinate-pyriform, olive-yellow, shaded with red in the sun; stem short, stout, inserted without depression; calyx large, open; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet; Sept. =Vermont. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 874. 1869. Supposed to be a seedling which is said to have been taken from Vermont to Oswego, N. Y., where it fruited. Tree upright. Fruit medium or below, obovate-pyriform, pale whitish-yellow, slight red in the sun, traced, netted and dotted with russet; stalk slender; cavity deep; calyx with erect segments; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; Oct. =Vernusson. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:727, fig. 1869. In 1694 this variety was mentioned as having been named after the place Vernusson in Anjou, near Angers, Fr. Fruit medium in size, turbinate, pale yellow, shaded with rose on the side next the sun, covered at the base and apex with brown; calyx medium, open; flesh white, very fine, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; of first quality; Dec. to middle of Feb. =Verte-longue panachée. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:195, Pl. XXXVII. 1768. =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =1=:65, fig. 1853. _Long Green Panache_. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 804. 1869. A striped variety of Long Green of Autumn, differing from the original in having the wood and fruit striped with green and yellow bands, and in having the leaves occasionally striped with yellow. =Verte-Longue de la Sarthe. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:732, fig. 1869. _Grosse Verte-Longue Précoce de la Sarthe_. 2. Mas _Pom. Gen._ 5:79, fig. 1880. A variety well known and esteemed for many years in the country around Mans in France. Fruit nearly medium, globular-conic, obtuse, bright green, speckled with grayish dots, often rather russeted toward the poles; at maturity the green changes to greenish-yellow; flesh whitish, fine, very melting, full of sugary juice, vinous and relieved with a refreshing savor; good; end of July. =Verulam. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 805, fig. 1855. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 202. 1920. A very old pear the origin of which is uncertain. Tree hardy, forming a round, spreading head, productive. Fruit rather large, almost oval, rough, entirely covered with yellowish-brown russet appearing almost black; stem woody; calyx open; flesh crisp, coarse-grained, assuming a fine red when cooked; seldom better than cooking quality; Jan. to Mar. =Vezouzière. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 88. 1856. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:734, fig. 1869. _Bergamotte von Vezouzière._ =3.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 177. 1889. From information gathered by André Leroy from M. Hutin, manager of the nurseries of M. Léon Leclerc of Laval, it would seem that this variety was found by Léon Leclerc in a field near the Château de la Vezouzière, Mayenne, Fr. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium to below, roundish-turbinate, yellowish, sprinkled with minute gray and green dots; stalk long, curved, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; calyx open, persistent, in a wide, uneven basin; flesh very juicy, melting, sweet; agreeable; good to very good; Sept. =Vicar Junior. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 92. 1872. Hon. M. P. Wilder notes: "A seedling of my own from the Vicar of Winkfield. Large, long, ovate-pyriform, color dull yellow, with a few traces of russet, and a brownish, red cheek; in shape and color resembling Louise Bonne de Jersey more than its parent. Flesh melting, very juicy and tender, flavor acidulous and rich. 'Very good.' Season the whole month of October." =Vice-Président Coppiers. 1.= _Gard. Chron._ 3rd Ser. =37=:69. 1905. A chance seedling raised by M. Coppiers of France. Fruit medium, regular-pyriform, brown, assuming an orange tint at maturity; stem moderately long; calyx slightly depressed; flesh delicate, with a slight almond flavor; Sept. and Oct. =Vice-Président Decaye. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 294. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1895. Tree of medium vigor, very productive. Fruit medium in size; flesh very fine, highly flavored, sweet; Sept. and Oct. =Vice-Président Delbée. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 294. 1889. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 64. 1895. Originated by M. Sannier, Rouen, Fr. Tree productive, of good vigor. Fruit medium to large, resembling Passe Crassane, borne in clusters; flesh fine, melting, of a peculiar flavor; through the winter. =Vice-Président Delehoye. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =1=:53, fig. 27. 1872. Originated by M. Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. Tree of good vigor, an early bearer. Fruit medium, oval to oblong-turbinate, clear bright yellow; flesh melting, juicy, delicately aromatic; first; Oct. and Nov. =Victor. 1.= _Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 235. 1886. _Miller Victor._ =2.= _Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 235. 1886. W. P. Stark of Missouri, one of the introducers of this variety, states that he received it from Judge S. Miller, who said that it originated in Chester County, Pa., about 1856. Tree said to be little affected by blight. Fruit large, pyriform, smooth, greenish-yellow, slightly blushed; dots numerous, small; flavor subacid to sweet; Sept. =Victoria de Williams. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 112. 1876. Of English origin. Tree hardy. Fruit large, turbinate, lemon-yellow, with patches of brownish-red; stem fleshy; flesh fine, very tender, melting, buttery, very juicy, richly flavored, finely perfumed; first; Oct. =Victorina. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 59, 60. 1887. =2.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 170. 1894. A Russian sort received from Russia by the Iowa Station in 1879 and again in 1882. It is described as a hardy tree free from blight or sun scald and is given two stars for productiveness and quality by Dr. Fischer of Voronesh, a German pomologist. In this country it is said to be of no commercial importance. =Vigne. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:242, Pl. LVIII, fig. 2. 1768. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:736, fig. 1869. _Vine Pear._ =3.= Mawe-Abercrombie _Univ. Gard. Bot._ 1778. _Lady._ =4.= Prince _Pom. Man._ 1:59. 1831. _Demoiselle._ =5.= Mas _Le Verger_ =3=:Pt. 2, 145, fig. 169. 1866-73. Said to have originated in France, possibly near Anjou, prior to 1675. Tree large, vigorous, scraggly, very productive. Fruit small, turbinate, rough, dull red, covered with gray specks; calyx large, open; stem long, slender; flesh yellowish, slightly granular, juicy, well perfumed; Oct. =Villain XIV. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:40. 1856. Said to have originated in Belgium in 1825. Tree an early and heavy bearer. Fruit medium in size, variable, oblong-turbinate, unequal, greenish-yellow, strewn with fine russet dots; calyx small, open; stem thick, medium in length; flesh melting, gritty near the core, sweetly perfumed; Sept. =Villéne de Saint-Florent. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:739, fig. 1869. It is said that this variety, which was known prior to 1846, may have been originated near and named after the village of Saint-Florent near Saumur, Fr. Tree of medium productiveness. Fruit large, variable in shape from ovoid to globular, unequal, green dotted with reddish-gray; flesh breaking; a cooking pear; Oct. =Vin de Anglais. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:740, fig. 899. 1869. An old pear of uncertain origin. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, turbinate, greenish-yellow, largely washed with bright red; flesh juicy, very sweet, high in quality; Aug. =Vineuse. 1.= _Pom. France_ =4=:No. 148, Pl. 148. 1859. _Vineuse Esperen._ =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =7=:89, fig. 1859. Raised by Major Espéren, Mechlin, Bel., and introduced about 1840. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium, pyriform, pale yellowish-green, patched and netted with russet, dotted with many small, brown and green dots; calyx large, open; stem short, fleshy; flesh yellowish-white, half-fine, melting, very juicy, vinous, delicately perfumed; good; Oct. =Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =7=:17, fig. 1859. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:742, fig. 901. 1869. _Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leopold I._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 869. 1869. _Souvenir de Leopold I^{er}._ =4.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =7=:171, fig. 566. 1881. Obtained by Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel., in 1855. Fruit medium, spherical; skin fine, thin, soft, very pale green sprinkled with small, faint grayish dots, few in number and unequally spaced, changing to jonquil-yellow; flesh very white, fine, semi-melting, only fairly juicy, but saccharine, with a flavor of sweet wine; first; Oct. =Virginale du Mecklembourg. 1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =4=:43, fig. 214. 1879. Originated, probably in Mecklenburg, previous to 1864. Tree pyramidal, vigorous, moderately productive. Fruit medium, regularly conic to conic-pyriform, bright yellow, sown with gray dots; calyx large, open; stem rather long, continuous with the base of the fruit; flesh white, half-fine, breaking, rather abundant in a rich sugary juice, agreeably high-flavored; Aug. =Virginie Baltet. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 546. 1903. =2.= _Ibid._ 92, fig. 1905. Raised, and introduced in 1904, by Charles Baltet, Troyes, Fr. Tree vigorous, pyramidal, very productive. Fruit large to very large, club-shaped, oblique at the base, yellowish, blushed with red; stem short; flesh melting, juicy, sugary, delicately perfumed; very good; Nov. and Dec. =Virgouleuse. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:224, Pl. LI. 1768. =2.= Brookshaw _Hort. Reposit._ =1=:Pl. XLIX, fig. 1. 1823. =3.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 661. 1884. This variety originated at the village of Virgouleé, near Limoges, of which the Marquis Chambrette was the baron, and by whom it was first introduced about 1650. From this circumstance it has often been called _Chambrette_, after the marquis. The tree is strong and vigorous but is a late and indifferent bearer and is apt to drop its fruit before ripe. It is said that the fruit is very susceptible to absorbing odors and flavors and must be stored near materials which will improve rather than impair the flavor. In Europe it is regarded as an excellent dessert pear, but in this country it has not met with great success. Fruit medium to large, pyriform, rounded towards the eye and tapering thickly towards the stalk; skin smooth, delicate, lively green becoming a beautiful pale lemon-yellow, sprinkled with numerous gray and red dots; calyx small, open, set in a small shallow basin; stem an inch long, fleshy at the base, attached with no depression; flesh yellowish-white, delicate, buttery, melting, very juicy, with a sugary and perfumed flavor; Nov. to Jan. =Vital. 1.= _Rev. Hort._ 271, 425, figs. 110, 111. 1891. _Beurré Vital._ =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 185. 1889. Found near Pontoise, Fr., prior to 1890 by M. Vital. Tree vigorous, productive, an annual bearer. Fruit 3-1/4 in. long, 3 in. broad, resembling White Doyenné, unequal, sloping towards both top and bottom but more towards the stem end; skin beautiful golden-yellow in color; stem short; flesh whitish, melting, slightly granular, sweet, agreeably perfumed; sometimes keeping as late as May. =Vitrier. 1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =2=:139, Pl. XLIV, fig. 4. 1768. =2.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =1=:106. 1831. Valerius Cordus, a botanist, who died in 1544, mentions a _Pyrum Vitreum_ common in Saxony, and it may be, then, that Vitrier is of this origin. Fruit large, oval, deep red speckled with brown points on the sunny side and light green dotted with deeper green on the shady side; stem moderately large, an inch long; flesh white but not very delicate, agreeable; Nov. and Dec. =Volkmarserbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:13. 1856. =2.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._ =II=:No. 96. Pl. 96. 1883. _Volkmarsen._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:750, fig. 1869. It is thought that this pear may have originated near the town of Volkmarsen, Ger., prior to 1795. Tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive. Fruit small, oval, yellow, almost entirely covered with brown, sprinkled with numerous dots of a brighter color; calyx open; flesh half-melting, juicy, piquant, sweetish; Sept. =Von Zugler. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 877. 1869. Said by Downing in 1869 to be a new Belgian variety. Tree slender, productive. Fruit medium, roundish-acute-pyriform, yellow, nearly covered with cinnamon-russet; stem rather short, inclined in a slight depression by a fleshy lip; calyx small, open; segments short, erect; basin small; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic; very good; Sept. =Voscovoya. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 320, 323. 1885. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 60, 61. 1887. _Waxy_. 3. _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 323. 1885. A Russian variety introduced by the Iowa Agricultural College from P. J. Tretjakoff, Orel, Russia, about 1883, and said to be "an extra fine pear." Professor Budd thought it identical with _Vosovoya_ or _Waxen_. =Vosschanka. 1.= _Can. Hort._ =17=:291. 1894. A variety grown by M. Mitschurin, one of the most celebrated Russian horticulturists, in the Russian Province of Tambow, 53 north latitude. Fruit medium, yellow; "flavor excellent, ripens in the month of August, and keeps till October." =Wade. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. Grown by I. C. Wade, Cornelia, Ga. Fruit rather large, roundish, short-pyriform, irregular, yellow; dots raised, russet, very prominent; stem short, very stout, fleshy, inserted in a round, very small, shallow, abrupt, russeted cavity; calyx small, closed, in shallow, abrupt basin; flesh white with yellow fibers, moderately juicy, tender, rather coarse, nearly sweet; good; mid-season. =Wadleigh. 1.= Cole _Am. Fr. Book_ 154. 1849. Originated in New Hampshire. Tree rather hardy, moderately vigorous. Fruit medium, almost globular, yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet; stem short, stout, inserted in a slight cavity, sometimes by a fold or lip; basin slight; calyx with small short lobes; flesh white, fine, a little gritty, juicy, melting, pleasant; good; Sept. =Wahre Canning. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:56. 1856. Said by Dochnahl to have originated in England about 1842. Tree vigorous and very productive. Fruit medium large, obovate, bright green becoming greenish-yellow, often blushed with bright brown, sparsely dotted; stem thin, 1-3/4 inches long; flesh non-aromatic, not juicy, sweet, becoming mealy; Aug. and Sept. =Wahre Faustbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:3. 1856. According to Dochnahl this pear originated in Germany about 1801. Tree very large and productive. Fruit very large, pyriform, regular, even yellow, flecked and dotted with russet; calyx large, deep set; stem an inch long; Oct. =Wahre Schneebirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:199. 1856 Probably a wild pear of Austria, first mentioned in 1810. Fruit round, green becoming yellow, somewhat blushed on the sunny side; dots yellowish; stem thick, flesh very sour becoming sweeter; Dec. =Wallis Kieffer. 1.= Stark Bros. _Year Book_ =5=:40. 1914. The introducers of this pear, Stark Brothers Nurseries and Orchards Company, received it from Henry Wallis of St. Louis County, Missouri. It is reported as a strong-growing tree, blight resistant, and a heavy bearer, fruit of better quality than Kieffer and two weeks earlier. =Warner. 1.= _Ind. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 123. 1885. Originated in Indiana in 1832. Tree said to be blight-resistant. Fruit medium, symmetrical, light yellow; flesh buttery, melting, mild; fair to good; last of Aug. and first of Sept. =Washington. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 187. 1832. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =10=:296, fig. 1844. _Robertson_. =3.= _N. E. Farmer_ =7=:259. 1830. Discovered in a thorn hedge at Naaman's Creek, Del., about 1801, by General Robertson or Robinson, the owner of the land, and said to have been named by him in honor of his friend and commander, George Washington. Tree vigorous, not large, an abundant bearer. Fruit medium, obovate, ending very obtusely at the stem, regular, smooth, clear yellow with a sprinkling of reddish dots on the sunny side; stem an inch and a half long, inserted in a slight depression; calyx small, partly closed, set in a shallow basin; flesh white, very juicy, melting, sweet, agreeable; very good; Sept. =Waterloo. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 663. 1884. Fruit medium, turbinate, broad at the apex, pale green becoming brownish-red, with a few streaks of brighter red next the sun, thickly covered with gray russety dots; stem rather short, inserted in a small round cavity; calyx open, in a deep, wide, even basin; flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, sugary, perfumed; second-rate; Sept. =Watson. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =10=:212. 1844. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 878. 1869. Originated in Plymouth, Mass., on the farm of William Watson prior to 1843. Tree productive. Fruit below medium to above, roundish to obtusely obovate, yellowish, covered mostly with russet; flesh whitish, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet; of low quality; early Sept. =Webster. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 878. 1869. Said to have originated at Hudson, N. Y. Tree a moderate grower, productive. Fruit medium, globular-obtuse-pyriform, yellow with traces and nettings of russet and many brown dots; stem long, slender, inclined, set in a small russeted cavity; calyx open, segments long, reflexed; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic; good to very good; Nov. =Weeping Willow. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 37. 1867. A seedling by Asahel Foot "called Weeping Willow, from the remarkably pendulous habit of the tree, but the fruit is of third quality." =Weidenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:189. 1856. Said to have originated in Germany about 1807. Fruit medium large, pyriform, uneven, bright green becoming golden yellow, often blushed with red and strongly dotted with gray, flecked with dark spots; calyx large, open; stem crooked, an inch and a half long; flesh firm, fine-grained, sweet, aromatic; Sept. =Weidenblättrige Herbstbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:15. 1856. Said to have originated in Württemberg, Ger., about 1830. Tree of medium size. Fruit in clusters, medium large, pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, becoming somewhat striped with red or marked by reddish dots; Sept. =Weihmier Sugar. 1.= _Hopedale Nurs. Cat._ 18. 1912. It is said by the Hopedale Nursery Company, introducer of this variety, that it is not a new pear but an unknown old one renamed. Tree thrifty, blights somewhat. Fruit medium to large and regarded by some as of "highest possible flavor." =Weiler'sche Mostbirn. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 107. 1876. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 178, fig. 1913. A native of Austria and valued highly for perry. Tree vigorous, an early and heavy bearer. Fruit small, globular, greenish-yellow, dotted, russet at the apex; stem medium in length, somewhat curved and set in a slight depression; calyx open; flesh yellowish-white, firm, with a sweet, aromatic flavor; Oct. and Nov. =Weisse Fuchsbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 180, fig. 1913. A perry pear probably of Austrian origin. Tree rather vigorous, pyramidal, becoming more spreading. Fruit medium, usually turbinate, light yellowish-green, covered with numerous fine dots, flaked with russet around stem and calyx; calyx small, open; stem long, same color as the fruit and continuous with it; flesh white, rather fine-grained, juicy, sweet; Oct. =Weisse Hangelbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 70, fig. 1913. A perry pear probably of Austrian origin. Tree vigorous, broadly pyramidal, large, a late but regular and heavy bearer. Fruit small, round, greenish-yellow, covered with numerous fine, brown-russet dots and small russet splotches; calyx small, open; stem short, inserted without depression; flesh pure white, granular, very juicy, slightly acid; Oct. =Weisse Kochbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 102, fig. 1913. A perry pear of unknown origin. Tree pyramidal, not a dependable bearer. Fruit medium to above, globular, light-yellow, covered with numerous russet dots; calyx open, set in a narrow, abrupt basin; stem medium, brown; flesh pure white, slightly granular, very juicy, pleasantly sweet; Oct. =Weisse Pelzbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 144, fig. 1913. A perry pear of Austria. Tree moderately vigorous, compact, an early and regular bearer. Fruit medium, variable, turbinate, greenish-yellow to yellowish-white, heavily dotted and splotched with russet, especially about stem and calyx, often marked with scab spots; calyx open; stem medium, strong, set with little or no depression; flesh yellowish-white, slightly granular, juicy, sweetish, sometimes slightly bitter; Sept. and Oct. =Welbeck Bergamot. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 89. 1845. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 663. 1884. _Bergamotte Welbeck_. 3. Mas _Pom. Gen._ 5:87, fig. 332. 1880. Fruit above medium, roundish, uneven in outline, bossed about the stalk, smooth, shining, lemon-yellow, thickly sprinkled with large russet specks, blushed with light crimson on side next the sun; calyx small, open, set in a shallow depression; stem medium, inserted in an uneven cavity; flesh white, rather coarse-grained, half-melting, very juicy, sugary, without flavor; inferior; Oct. and Nov. =Wellington. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 43. 1864. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 879. 1869. This, with other seedlings, was imported from France about 1854 by A. Wellington, Braintree, Mass. It was exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1864. It may be that there is a second Wellington pear, or even a third, for in 1852 there was exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society "Wellington, (two varieties)." A description of a Wellington pear is given in the _Magazine of Horticulture_ of the following year, while in 1854 the American Pomological Society included a variety of similar name in its list of rejected fruits. At all events, the pear herein described is the one now known as Wellington. Fruit large, similar in shape to Beurré d'Anjou, but longer, yellow, clouded with green; calyx small, open, with short, stiff, slightly incurved lobes, basin shallow; stem very short, set in a slight cavity; flesh yellowish-white, somewhat coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, with a peculiar "confectionery" flavor or aroma; Nov. =Welsche Bratbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:2. 1856. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 26; fig. 1913. A perry pear of first rank which is said to have originated in Württemberg about 1823. Tree a very late yet regular and productive bearer. Fruit medium, roundish-oval to turbinate, whitish, splotched with yellowish-green, covered with numerous fine russet dots; calyx large, open, star-shaped; stem medium, rather stout, set in a small cavity as though stuck into the fruit; flesh greenish-white, granular, slightly firm, juicy, sweet; last of Sept. and Oct. =Weltz. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 52. 1871. A seedling introduced by Leo Weltz, Wilmington, Ohio. Fruit large, oblong-obovate-pyriform, good for cooking only. =Wendell. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =16=:460. 1850. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 879. 1869. The name given, in honor of H. Wendell, Albany, N. Y., to one of Van Mons' seedlings which fruited in the Pomological Garden at Salem previous to 1850. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit rather small to medium, roundish-pyriform, yellow, having a somewhat russety skin, tinged with red on the sunny side, sprinkled with dots; calyx small, partially open; stem short, stout; flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, pleasant; good; Sept. =Wesner. 1.= _N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 32. 1886. A pear from W. D. Wesner, Prairiesville, Ark., which is said to be a very productive early variety and one that may be valuable for shipping. =Westcott. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:515. 1847. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =17=:261, fig. 30. 1851. _Trescott._ 3. _Horticulturist_ 2:241, 287. 1847. The Westcott, or _Wescott_, and the _Trescott_ are the same. Through a typographical error in the description of Westcott, later corrected, the name _Trescott_ first appeared. Westcott originated on the farm of Niles Westcott in Cranston, R. I., previous to 1847. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, productive. Fruit medium, roundish-obovate, occasionally slightly flattened laterally, greenish-yellow becoming a light orange-yellow, covered with numerous minute russet dots and with many conspicuous specks of the same color; calyx medium, open, set in a shallow basin; stem very long, rather slender, curved, inserted by a fleshy nob in a shallow cavity; flesh whitish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sweet, agreeable; good; last of Sept. and early Oct. =Westphälische Melonenbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:116. 1856. First reported from Westphalia and Thuringia, Ger., about 1803. Tree very productive. Fruit oblong-obovate, pale green becoming pale yellow; dots grayish; skin thick; calyx open; stem rather short; flesh yellowish, deliciously melon-flavored; Jan. and Feb. =Westrumb. 1.= Liebel _Syst. Anleit._ 132. 1825. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:754, fig. 1869. Raised by Van Mons about 1825. Tree very productive. Fruit medium, turbinate, greenish-yellow, overcast with bronze and netted with gray; heavily dotted; stem very short, thick, continuous with the fruit; flesh very juicy, of a very savory perfume; of highest quality; Sept. =Wetmore. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 879. 1869. Raised by E. B. Wetmore, Westmoreland, N. Y. Tree upright, vigorous. Fruit small, roundish-oval, pale yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, slender, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip; calyx open; lobes short, erect; basin shallow, slightly corrugated; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; Oct. =Wharton Early. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 560. 1857. _Précoce de Wharton._ =2.= _Guide Prat._ 113. 1876. Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, pale yellow, with traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, curved, rather slender, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip; calyx open in a small basin; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly musky; good to very good; Aug. =Wheeler. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =24=:505, fig. 21. 1858. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 880. 1869. About 1836 a maiden lady of Greenwich, R. I., planted the core of a Gardener pear, from which sprang a tree, fruit of which was brought to the attention of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society by Dr. Wheeler of Greenwich in 1851. The Society named the pear in honor of Dr. Wheeler. Tree vigorous, upright. Fruit medium, roundish-obovate, pale yellowish-green, mottled with greenish patches and dotted with numerous gray and green dots; stem medium, set in a small contracted cavity; calyx open, set in an uneven, abrupt basin; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; Aug. =Whieldon. 1.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._ 127, fig., Pl. XI. 1863. _McLellan._ =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 151. 1862. Originated in the garden of Wm. W. Whieldon, Concord, Mass., and first brought to notice about 1862. Tree moderately vigorous, upright-spreading, a profuse bearer. Fruit medium or above, obtuse-obovate, yellowish-green, tinged with red in the sun, dotted and netted with russet, stem long, slender, slightly inclined, set in a shallow cavity; calyx open, set in a medium sized, uneven basin; segments recurved; flesh whitish, a little gritty near the core, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic; good to very good; Sept. =White Genneting. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 593. 1629. "The White Genneting is a reasonable good peare, yet not equall to the other." =White Longland. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 664. 1884. Said to be a good stewing pear, cooking to a splendid red color, but coarse and rough in flavor; also used for perry. Fruit medium, turbinate, even, regular, yellowish-green, pale red next the sun, thickly sprinkled with large russet dots, with lines of russet and a patch round the stalk; calyx open, set in a shallow basin; stem rather short, straight, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; flesh yellowish, firm, coarse-grained, with a brisk, sweet juice. =White Seedling. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =19=:522. 1853. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 881. 1869. _Semis de White._ =3.= _Guide Prat._ 75, 292. 1895. A native of New Haven, Conn., exhibited in 1853. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit medium, roundish-obovate to oblong-obovate, greenish-yellow, sometimes with a brownish-blush in the sun, considerably netted and patched with russet, sprinkled with many russet dots; stem long, inclined, set in a shallow cavity, often by a fleshy lip; calyx open, with short, erect lobes, set in a small, uneven basin; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting; sweet, aromatic; good to very good; Oct. to Feb. =White Squash. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 664. 1884. A Herefordshire, Eng., perry pear. Fruit medium, roundish-turbinate, even and regular in outline, yellowish-green, strewn with small russety dots, with here and there a patch of russet, but always russety round the stalk and the calyx; calyx open, set in a saucer-like basin; stem medium, inserted without depression and with a fleshy swelling on one side; flesh coarse, crisp, very juicy, harshly astringent. =White Star. 1.= _Spring Hill Nurs. Cat._ 10, fig. 1921. Tree reported as hardy, productive and fruit as of the size of Bartlett, keeping until May and June, and good for dessert. =Whitfield. 1.= _Cultivator_ 66. 1839. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =16=:296. 1850. Placed on the list of Rejected Fruits by the second Congress of Fruit Growers in 1850. Tree a good bearer. Fruit medium, oblong-obovate, yellowish-brown, buttery, very good; Oct. and Nov. =Wiest. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =18=:492. 1852. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 882. 1869. Reported from Pennsylvania in 1852. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, inclined to be alternate. Fruit medium or below, roundish-obovate, green, shaded with dull red and sprinkled with green and gray dots; stem rather stout, medium in length; calyx small, closed; lobes connivent; flesh whitish-green, juicy, melting, subacid; good; Sept. =Wilbur. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ 10:211. 1844. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 882. 1869. _Early Wilbur._ =3.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 4. 1843. The original tree, which was found growing wild in a piece of mowing land on the farm of D. Wilbur, Jr., in Somerset, Mass., was said in 1844 to be 66 years old. Shoots slender, light olive-brown. Fruit below medium, roundish-obovate, dull green, becoming pale yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem small, set in a small cavity; calyx open; segments long; basin small; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly astringent; good; Sept. =Wilde Filzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:1. 1856. A wild pear reported from Belgium about 1800. Fruit small, roundish, greenish, becoming yellowish, dotted with gray; stem long; flesh acid, becoming sweetish; poor; fall and winter. May be used for dwarfing. =Wilde Herrnbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:188. 1856. Reported from Germany about 1804. Tree very large. Fruit medium, broad, bright green becoming yellowish-green, often somewhat blushed on the sunny side, often flecked and patched with russet; dots light gray; stem rather long, inserted by a fleshy protuberance; flesh white, slightly musky, sweet; fair and below; Sept. =Wilde Holzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:196. 1856. Reported as wild and widely disseminated as early as 1641; its seedlings are said sometimes to be used for stocks. Tree very large and productive. Fruit small, round, green, dotted with light russet; seeds numerous, dark brown; flesh very acid; Oct. =Wilder Sugar. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 135. 1920. Reported by Orange County Nursery Company, Anaheim, Cal., as "Medium large, greenish yellow shaded brown, excellent quality. Vigorous and productive. August." =Wilding von Einsiedel. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:2. 1856. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 182, fig. 1913. This perry pear, which has also been recommended as a street tree, was reported from Württemberg about 1832. Tree very vigorous, pyramidal, not leafy, very productive. Fruit bluntly conic pyriform, small, greenish-yellow, brownish on side next the sun; covered with characteristic brown to reddish-brown dots, russeted about stem and calyx; calyx half open; stem short, thick; flesh juicy, firm, acid; Oct. =Wilding von Gronau. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:96. 1856. Reported from Hesse, Ger., about 1844. Fruit small, blunt, broad-conic-pyriform, yellow, blushed on the sunny side, flecked and dotted with gray, russeted about base and apex; calyx closed; stem short; flesh sweet-scented, sweet; end of Sept. =Wilford. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. "A good and fair pear." =Wilkinson. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 187. 1832. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:470, fig. 25. 1854. This pear, one of the oldest American kinds, was introduced by the exhibition of specimens before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in October, 1829, and given the name "Wilkinson," in compliment to the owner of the farm on which the tree originated and was then growing, Mr. Jeremiah Wilkinson, Cumberland, R. I., brother of the noted Jemima Wilkinson. Tree thrifty, hardy, a regular bearer; shoots long, upright, stout, olive-yellow, with oblong white specks. Fruit medium, ovoid, obtuse at both ends, smooth, glossy, yellow dotted with brown points; stem rather long, rather stout, inserted obliquely in a rather wide and deep cavity; calyx medium, open, set in a shallow basin; flesh very white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, with a slight perfume; good; Oct. to Dec. =Wilkinson Winter. 1.= _Ill. Hort Soc. Rpt._ 113. 1876. =2.= _Ibid._ 83. 1880. A variety raised near Peoria, Ill., from seed planted by A. Wilkinson, and first reported before the Illinois State Horticultural Society about 1876. Tree said to be hardy, vigorous, productive, blight-resistant. Fruit said to be large, golden; very good; season until spring. =Willermoz. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:86, 461. 1854. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:756, fig. 1869. Fruited with M. Bivort, Jodoigne, Bel., in 1848. Tree an extremely good grower, forming a fine pyramidal growth, with young shoots dark, dull, olive-brown, very productive. Fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, tinged with red, with nettings and some large patches of russet and with many small russet dots; stem medium, rather stout, inclined, set in a small cavity; calyx open or partially closed, set in an abrupt basin; flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, coarse at core, slightly vinous; good to very good; Nov. to Jan. =William. 1.= _Cultivator_ 175, fig. 8. 1845. =2.= _Mag. Hort._ =11=:252. 1845. _William Edwards._ =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 420. 1845. This seedling pear is said to be a "species of Virgoulouse," and was raised by Governor H. W. Edwards of New Haven, Conn., previous to 1845. Tree very productive. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, terminating rather abruptly at the stalk, yellow, becoming profusely dotted with red and russet points or dots on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, sweet, buttery, not juicy or melting enough for dessert purposes but good for baking; Sept. =William Prince. 1.= Mag. Hort. =17=:472. 1851. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 883. 1869. Other than that this variety was reported from the United States about 1848, nothing of its origin is known. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit medium, roundish-pyriform, greenish-yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, covered with many brown dots; stem medium to below; calyx open, set in a shallow basin; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet; good to very good; Sept. and Oct. =Williams Double Bearing. 1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:215. 1832. Raised from a seed of the Saint Germain, in the garden of Mrs. Williams, Salem, Mass. Tree said to bear two crops, the fruit of the first of the size herein mentioned and ripening in early October, that of the second much smaller and ripening from two to four weeks later. Fruit large, resembles its parent but greater in diameter; flesh of fine quality, melting, but not highly flavored. =Williams Early. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =3=:51. 1837. =2.= _Ibid._ =14=:344, fig. 37. 1848. Originated with Aaron Davis Williams on his farm in Roxbury, Mass., probably about 1830. Tree a moderate grower, young shoots brownish red. Fruit medium to below, roundish-pyriform, ending obtusely at the stem, yellow, covered with bright crimson and thickly sprinkled with scarlet dots on the sunny side; stem rather long, stout, slightly fleshy at the base, inserted without any cavity; calyx open, slightly sunken in a furrowed basin; flesh yellowish-white, a little coarse-grained at first, becoming juicy, half buttery, with a slight musky flavor; good; middle of Sept. =Williams d'Hiver. 1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:760, figs. 1869. =2.= _Am. Jour. Hort._ =9=:219, fig. 1871. _Williams Winter_. =3.= _Can. Exp. Farms Rpt._ 380. 1902. Raised by M. Leroy, Angers, Fr., and first fruited in 1862. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit blunt-pyriform, variable in shape, somewhat bossed, yellow, finely dotted and veined with yellow in basin, with lightish gray about stalk and on face next the sun; stem short, strong, thick, set rather obliquely and often to one side of the axis; calyx medium, half-closed, slightly sunken; flesh white, very fine, very melting, very juicy, sugary, acidulated, with a fine, fresh perfume, Dec. to Feb. =Williams panachée. 1.= _Guide Prat._ 80, 312. 1876. From the name, it is to be supposed that this is merely a striped-leaf variety of Bartlett. =Williamson. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =6=:494. 1851. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 883. 1869. This seedling sprang up in a piece of woodland belonging to Nicholas Williamson on the south side of Long Island. Tree hardy, vigorous, a good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish-obovate to roundish-oblate, obtuse at stem, greenish-yellow, sprinkled with russet dots and considerably russeted at both ends; stem short, stout, set in a medium sized cavity; calyx open, often wanting, set in a deep, rather narrow basin; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse, half-melting, juicy, sugary, vinous; good to slightly above; Oct. =Wilmington. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 90. 1856. =2.= _Horticulturist_ =12=:111, fig. 1857. This is a seedling of Passe Colmar, raised in 1847 by Dr. Brincklé of Philadelphia, and first fruited in 1855. Tree a moderate grower, late bearer; young wood dull yellowish-brown. Fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform to roundish-ovate, greenish-yellow, netted and patched with russet, thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, curved, inserted obliquely in a small cavity, often by a lip; calyx medium, open, set in a wide, moderately deep basin; flesh whitish green, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic; good to very good; Sept. =Windsor. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592, fig. 10. 1629. =2.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 204. 1920. _Madame._ =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ 2:369, fig. 1869. _Summer Bell._ =4.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 571. 1885. According to Leroy this variety originated in Holland, and was published in 1771 under the name _Hallemine Bonne_ by Knoop. In French gardens it received the name _Madame_. In England, Windsor is often called _Cuisse Madame_. A "Windsor," which appears to be identical with the Windsor of Knoop, is described by English writers as early as 1629. Hogg quotes an English writer as saying, "It was raised from seed of the _Cuisse Madame_, by a person of the name of Williamson ..." before 1750. Moreover, it is mentioned in 1592 as being cultivated about Naples, and 1563 in England. What the origin is appears undeterminable. Tree one of the strongest growers, upright, tall, a regular and abundant bearer; shoots remarkably stout, perfectly upright, dark brown. Fruit large, pyriform or bell-shaped, very smooth, greenish becoming pale yellow; stem long, fairly stout, inserted without depression; calyx open, set on level with prominent ribs around; flesh white, tender, buttery, rather coarse-grained, slightly acid, somewhat astringent; rots at the core; Aug. =Winship. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =10=:212. 1844. =2.= _Ibid._ =13=:485, fig. 41. 1847. Originated in the nurseries of the Messrs. Winship, Brighton, Mass., about 1832. Tree vigorous, an early and productive bearer; young wood yellowish-reddish-brown. Fruit medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow with traces and patches of russet; stem long, rather slender, inserted with no cavity; calyx large, closed, set in a small, corrugated basin; flesh white, rather coarse, not juicy, not melting; poor to fair; Aug. =Winslow. 1.= _Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 45. 1866. A seedling pear fruited by S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., in 1865, and described by him as, "Diam. 2-1/2 inches; color, brown russet; flesh, sweet, juicy, buttery and high flavored; ripens well. Oct. 21. Roundish." =Winter. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 60. 1887. =2.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =3=:74. 1888. _Osimaya_. =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 60. 1887. Received by the Iowa Agricultural College in 1879 from R. Shroeder, Moscow, Russia. The tree is said to be hardy and free from blight and the fruit to be large than Bessemianka, quite as good in quality, and in season in central Russia the last days of September. =Winter Jonah. 1.= _N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 214. 1889. =2.= _Can. Exp. Farms Rpt._ 422. 1903. Tree a medium grower. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow with a faint blush on the sunny side, a few small, dark greenish-yellow spots, and many small, gray dots; stem medium, short, set in a very slight depression; calyx large, open, set in a narrow and shallow basin; winter. =Winter Pear. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =20=:75. 1854. Sent to the Fruit Committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society in 1854 by Charles Kessler, Reading, Pa. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, scarcely "good" in quality. =Winter Popperin. 1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 592. 1629. One of two "very good dry firme peares, somewhat spotted, and brownish on the outside." =Winter Rousselet. 1.= Mawe-Abercrombie _Univ. Gard. Bot._ 1778. _Rousselet d'Hiver_. =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =2=:593, fig. 1869. An ancient French pear of unknown origin, though it was described by Claude Saint-Étienne in 1670 and by Duhamel in the eighteenth century. Fruit small, turbinate, more or less obtuse, usually somewhat contracted toward the top, and often depressed on one side and mammillate on the other, yellow-green dotted with gray russet and blushed with reddish-brown on the face exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-breaking, watery, rather granular, juice abundant, saccharine, rarely having much aroma and sometimes acid; second; Feb. and Mar. =Winter Seckel. 1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 562. 1857. Said to have originated near Fredericksburg, Va., and to have been introduced by H. R. Roby. Fruit small, obovate, yellow, with a brownish cheek in sun, patched and netted with russet, and covered with many large and brown dots; stem slender; calyx large, open; flesh white, a little coarse at core, juicy, half-melting. =Winter Sweet Sugar. 1.= Brookshaw _Hort. Reposit._ =2=:151, Pl. 81. 1823. Tree productive. Fruit turbinate, greenish, juicy, sweet, not very richly flavored; will keep till March. =Winter Williams. 1.= _Garden_ =67=:18. 1905. A cross between Bartlett and Glou Morceau shown before the Royal Horticultural Society in 1905 by Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, England. Fruit said to resemble Glou Morceau in shape; skin yellow; flavor like Bartlett; later than Bartlett. =Winterbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:70. 1856. Reported from northern Germany about 1773. Fruit medium, turbinate, smooth, bright green, dotted with gray; stem long; flesh yellowish, half breaking, sweetish; Dec. to Apr. =Winterliebesbirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 301. 1889. _Poire d'Amour d'Hiver._ =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =6=:15, fig. 392. 1880. This pear is of German origin and bears also the name of _Kirschbirnen_ or _Church Pear_. Fruit small or nearly medium, conic or globular-conic, sometimes short and sometimes long; skin thick, firm, rough, water-green with numerous and conspicuous brown dots; changing to pale yellow covered over a large area of the side next the sun with a vivid currant red on the central part and more brown on the borders; flesh white, coarse, breaking, a little gritty around the core, juice sufficient in quantity and sweet, vinous and musky; good for kitchen purposes and keeps a long time; Oct. and Nov. =Winterrobine. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 500. 1817. =2.= Dochnahl Führ_. Obstkunde_ =2=:111. 1856. Thuringia, Ger., 1799. Fruit fairly large, ventriculous-conic, obtuse; apex inclined, sides unequal, green turning yellow-green, often somewhat blushed, dotted with dark green, speckled with russet; flesh gritty near the center, whitish-yellow, sweet, musky, buttery, melting, aromatic; first for all purposes; Jan. to Mar. =Witte Princesse. 1.= Knoop _Pomologie_ 96, 139, fig. 1771. An old pear, probably of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium to above, oblong-pyriform, drawn to a point at the stem; whitish-yellow or whitish-green, dotted with pale brown dots and occasionally patched here and there with brown; stem medium to above in length; flesh mellow, gritty, agreeably but not highly flavored; Aug. and Sept. =Wolfsbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:2. 1856. =2.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 104, fig. 1913. A perry pear common to Württemberg from an early date. Tree medium vigorous, large, roundish, a late but good bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, covered with russet dots, devoid of red; calyx large, open; stem very long, set obliquely without depression; flesh yellowish-white, firm, acid; Oct. =Woodbridge Seckel. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 121. 1860. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 885. 1869. In 1860 a Mr. Woodbridge, Detroit, Mich., exhibited a seedling known as No. 2 before the Fruit Committee of the American Pomological Society. This seedling was subsequently named Woodbridge Seckel. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and marbled with crimson in the sun, thickly sprinkled with brown and crimson dots; stem long, slender; calyx open; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous; very good, but rapidly decays at the core; Sept. =Woodstock. 1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 201. 1856. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 416. 1859. Said to have originated at Woodstock, Vt., and first reported about 1856. Tree a moderate grower, very productive; young wood olive-brown. Fruit medium to below, roundish-obtuse to obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, netted and patched, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, rather slender, inserted in a small cavity, often by a lip; calyx large, open, placed in a rather deep, abrupt basin; lobes long, slender, persistent; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly musky; good to very good; Sept. =Worden Meadow. 1.= _Cultivator_ N. S. =2=:340. 1845. Schuyler Worden, who originated the Worden grape, stated in 1845 that he had raised this pear in Oswego, N. Y., from grafts given him by an old countryman. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit medium to large, shape variable and surface uneven; skin yellow at maturity; flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, with a musky flavor; ripens about the middle of Sept. =Wörlesbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:194. 1856. A perry pear reported from Württemberg about 1830. Tree not vigorous, large, long-lived, very productive. Fruit small, oval or pyriform, solid bright green, turning lemon-yellow, numerously dotted with gray, somewhat flecked with russet; calyx in a slight depression; flesh juicy, acid, bitter. =Wormsley Grange. 1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 187. 1832. This is a variety which is said to have been sent to the Hon. John Lowell by Mr. Knight with the remarks that it requires to be gathered before it is quite ripe and that it is a variety of first-rate excellence in Herefordshire, Eng. In 1842 it was listed as having been removed from the gardens of the London Horticultural Society because of inferior merit. =Wurzer. 1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit_. 114. 1825. _Wurzer d'Automne._ =2.= _Mag. Hort_. =16=:296. 1850. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 240. 1854. Reported from Belgium about 1821. Tree vigorous, leafy, thorny. Fruit rather large, pyriform, solid green, becoming covered with russet, heavily dotted with reddish-brown; calyx small, set in a shallow basin; stem medium long, fleshy, set in a rather deep cavity; flesh pithy, sweet, vinous; Nov. =Yat. 1.= Lindley _Guide Orch. Gard_. 351. 1831. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom_. =2=:762, fig. 1869. _Gute Graue._ =3.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 124. 1825. _Beurré Gris d'Été de Hollande._ =4.= Mas _Le Verger_ =2=:85, fig. 41. 1866-73. _Beurré Gris d'Été._ =5.= _Guide Prat._ 70, 245. 1876. This pear is said to have been brought to England from Holland about 1770 by Thomas Harvey. It is not to be confused with the Grise-Bonne. Tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive. Fruit variable, small to above medium, obovate-pyriform to oblong-turbinate, green, thickly covered with russet, sprinkled with numerous gray specks, sometimes colored brownish-red when exposed to the sun; calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin; stem rather long, slender, obliquely inserted without depression and often by a fleshy protuberance; flesh white, tender, melting, juicy with a rich, sugary and highly perfumed flavor; rated as of little value by Downing, of first quality by Mas, as highly estimable by the Germans, and as an excellent early pear by Hogg; Aug. and Sept. =Yellow Huff-cap. 1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 669. 1884. A Herefordshire perry pear. Fruit quite small, obovate or turbinate, entirely covered with rough brown russet, and with only portions of the ground color showing through in specks; calyx small, open, with short horny segments, set even with the surface; stem rather long, inserted without depression; flesh yellowish, with a greenish tinge. =Youngken Winter Seckel.= According to correspondence this pear was raised from seed of Seckel by David Youngken, Richlandtown, Pa., about 1868. The tree is reported as being upright and prolific, and the fruit as keeping through the winter. =Zache. 1.= _Mich. Sta. Bul._ =177=:39. 1899. =2.= _Ibid._ =187=:75. 1901. A Chinese sand pear, of value only as a novelty, grown at the South Haven Substation of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station in 1894. Tree a fine, strong grower with large, thick, glossy leaves. Fruit roundish oblate, resembling an apple in appearance, orange with many light yellowish dots and specks; flesh coarse, crisp; poor; winter. =Zapfenbirn. 1.= Christ _Handb._ 559. 1817. Tree large, very productive. Fruit long-acute-pyriform, yellow, finely dotted; flesh breaking, not juicy, musky; used for drying and for cooking; early winter. =Zarskaja. 1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 61. 1880. Reported by J. L. Budd to be a Russian variety which has gritty thorn-like wood and which therefore does not unite well when grafted upon apple stock. =Zénon. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 302. 1884. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 62. 1895. Of European origin, first reported in 1884. Tree moderately vigorous, producing excellent fruit upon quince stock. Fruit medium, of the form of White Doyenné; flesh very fine, juicy, sweet, agreeable, slightly aromatic, granular near the core; first; end of autumn. =Zéphirin Grégoire. 1.= _Horticulturist_ =9=:78, fig. 1854. =2.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =3=:79, fig. 1855. =3.= Bunyard _Handb. Hardy Fr._ 205. 1920. M. Grégoire, pomologist, Jodoigne, Bel., raised this variety supposedly from seeds of Passe Colmar about 1831. Tree pyramidal, vigorous, very productive, succeeds best upon pear stock; young wood smooth, light olive-yellow-brown. Fruit medium to above, roundish-obovate, pale greenish-yellow, becoming uniform pale waxen-yellow, covered with patches of russet and many green and gray dots, often reddish in the sun; stem medium in length, fleshy, very fleshy at insertion, set obliquely without depression; calyx small, open, set in a slight depression; lobes long; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous, highly aromatic; good to very good; Nov. to Feb. =Zéphirin Louis. 1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =4=:95, fig. 1856. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 886. 1869. This pear was raised by M. Xavier Grégoire, Jodoigne, Bel. It was first reported in 1849. Tree a moderately healthy grower, rather scraggly, moderately productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly obovate, greenish-yellow, rusty-red becoming bright vermilion in the sun, thickly sprinkled with large dark brown-russet patches and dots; stem very short, inserted in a small round cavity; calyx small, open, set in a deep basin; flesh yellowish-white, tinged with green, coarse-grained, crisp, rather half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic; good; Dec. and Jan. =Zieregger Mostbirne. 1.= Löschnig _Mostbirnen_ 146, fig. 1913. A perry pear which is said to have sprung from seed in Styria. Tree medium, roundish, a rather late and rather light bearer. Fruit roundish-oblate, medium in size, similar to Rummelter Birne but smaller, greenish-yellow, finely dotted, russeted; stem short, thick, brown; calyx half open to open, with erect lobes; flesh granular, whitish-green, not especially juicy, rich in sugar; Oct. =Zimmtfarbige Schmalzbirne. 1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:58. 1856. Middle Germany; first published in 1826. Fruit rather large, pyramidal, often obtuse, slightly ribbed; skin rough, entirely covered with light cinnamon russet, without dots; flesh granular and pulpy, sweet; third for dessert, very good for household use; Oct. =Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne. 1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 302. 1889. _Weisse Pfalzgrafenbirne._ =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =2=:49. 1856. Reported from Germany about 1766. Tree a late but productive bearer. Fruit medium, bulging pyriform, irregular, greenish-yellow, becoming lemon yellow, often blushed, dotted with yellow, later dotted with brown and green; stem thick, fleshy, rather long; calyx open; lobes long; flesh sweet, perfumed; fair; early Sept. =Zoar Beauty. 1.= _Mag. Hort._ =13=:110. 1847. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 347, fig. 1854. _Belle de Zoar._ 3. _Guide Prat._ 112, 234. 1876. Originated at Zoar, Ohio. Tree vigorous, an early and abundant bearer; shoots dark brown. Fruit medium or below, acute-pyriform, light yellow, thickly dotted with minute green dots, beautiful crimson or carmine in the sun with deep red dots; stem long, curved, slender, fleshy at insertion, often by a ring or lip, in a small cavity; calyx large for size of fruit, open; lobes erect or recurved; flesh white, granular, half breaking, moderately juicy, sweet, aromatic; good; early Aug. =Zoé. 1.= _Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt._ 72. 1883. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 101. 1895. A foreign sort, probably French. Tree very vigorous, thrifty. Fruit very large, oblong, deep green; flesh tender, melting, sweet; Dec. and Jan. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES, WITH ABBREVIATIONS USED The list of books which follows contains all American pomological works in which the pear is discussed at any length. Only such European books are listed, however, as were found useful in writing _The Pears of New York_. Only periodicals are listed to which references are made in the text of the book. The reports and bulletins of experiment stations and horticultural societies are not included since the abbreviations used for such publications will be recognized by all. The date of copyright has been preferred to that of publication, though sometimes it has been necessary to use the latter, as when there were several editions from the same copyright. Aepfel u. Birnen Aepfel und Birnen. Die wichtigsten deutschen Kernobstsorten. Herausgegeben im engen Anschlusse an die "Statistik der deutschen Kernobstsorten" von R. Goethe, H. Degenkolb und R. Mertens und unter der Leitung der Obstund Weinbau-Abteilung der Deutschen Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft. (_Illustrirt._) Berlin: 1894. Am. Gard American Gardening. An Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Gardener's Chronicle. New York: 1892-1904. Copyright, 1903. (Before its union with Popular Gardening in 1892, the publication was known as The American Garden. Both Popular Gardening and The American Garden resulted from the union or absorption of several other horticultural periodicals.) Am. Gard. Mag. The American Gardener's Magazine, and Register of Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Horticulture and Rural Affairs. See Mag. Hort. Am. Hort. An. American Horticultural Annual. A Year-book of Horticultural Progress for the Professional and Amateur Gardener, Fruit-grower, and Florist. (_Illustrated._) New York: 1867. Copyright, 1867. New edition. New York: 1870. Copyright, 1869. Am. Jour. Hort. The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Companion. (_Illustrated._) Volumes 1-5. Boston: 1867-1869. Copyrights, 1867-1869. Continued as Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Floral Magazine. (_Illustrated._) Volumes 6-9. Boston: 1869-71. Copyrights, 1869-1871. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. Proceedings of the American Pomological Society. Issued usually biennially from 1850 to date. First published as the Proceedings of the National Convention of Fruit Growers in 1848. Ann. Hort. Annal of Horticulture and yearbook of information on practical gardening. 5 Volumes. London: 1846-1850. Ann. Pom. Belge Annales de Pomologie Belge et Étrangère; publiées par la Commission royale de Pomologie Instituée par S. M. le Roi des Belges. (_Illustré._) Huit Tomes. Bruxelles: 1853-1860. Bailey, Ann. Hort. Annals of Horticulture in North America for the Years 1889-1893. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record of Progress. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1890-1894. Copyrights, 1889, 1891-1894. Baltet, Cult. Fr. Traité de la Culture Fruitière Commerciale et Bourgeoise. Par Charles Baltet. (_Illustré._) Quatrième Édition. Paris: 1908. Barry, Fr. Garden The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. (_Illustrated._) New York: 1852. Copyright, 1851. Revised Edition, 1896. Copyright, 1883. Black, Cult. Peach & Pear The Cultivation of the Peach and the Pear, on the Delaware And Chesapeake Peninsula; with a Chapter on Quince Culture and the Culture of Some of the Nut-Bearing Trees. By John S. Black, M. D. (_Illustrated._) Wilmington: 1886. Copyright, 1886. Bradley, Gard. New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both Philosophical and Practical. In three parts. By Richard Bradley. (_Illustrated._) Seventh Edition with Appendix. London: 1739. Bridgeman, Gard. Ass't. The Young Gardener's Assistant, in three parts. By Thomas Bridgeman. New Edition, with an Appendix. New York: 1857. Copyright, 1847. Brookshaw, Hort. Reposit. The Horticultural Repository, containing Delineations of the best Varieties of the Different Species of English Fruits. By George Brookshaw. (_Illustrated._) In Two Volumes. London: 1823. Brookshaw, Pom. Brit. Pomona Britannica, or A Collection of the Most Esteemed Fruits at present Cultivated In Great Britain; selected principally from the Royal Gardens At Hampton Court, and the remainder from The Most Celebrated Gardens Round London; Accurately Drawn and Colored from Nature, with Full Descriptions of their Various Qualities, Seasons, &c. By George Brookshaw. Volumes I and II. London: 1817. Vol. II. The Pear. Budd-Hansen, Am. Hort. Man. American Horticultural Manual. By J. L. Budd, assisted by N. E. Hansen. (_Illustrated._) In Two Volumes. Volume 2, New York and London: 1903. Copyright, 1903. Bunyard, Handb. Hardy Fr. A Handbook of Hardy Fruits more commonly grown in Great Britain. Apples and Pears. By Edward A. Bunyard. London: 1920. Bunyard-Thomas, Fr. Gard. The Fruit Garden. By George Bunyard and Owen Thomas. (_Illustrated._) London and New York: 1904. Can. Hort. The Canadian Horticulturist. (_Illustrated._) Toronto and Peterboro: 1878 to date. Cat. Cong. Pom. France Société Pomologique de France Catalogue Descriptif des Fruits Adoptés par le Congrès Pomologique. Lyon: 1887. Ibid.: 1906. Cecil, Hist. Gard. Eng. A History Of Gardening In England. By the Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil. Third and enlarged edition. (_Illustrated._) New York: 1910. Christ, Handb. Handbuch über die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre. Von J. L. Christ. Vierte, sehr verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Frankfurt: 1817. Cole, Am. Fr. Book The American Fruit Book; containing directions for Raising, Propagating, and Managing Fruit Trees, Shrubs and Plants; with a description of the Best Varieties of Fruit, including New and Valuable Kinds. By S. W. Cole. (_Illustrated._) Boston: 1849. Copyright, 1849. Country Gent. The Country Gentleman. Albany: 1853-1865. The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. Albany: 1866-1897. The Country Gentleman. Albany and Philadelphia: 1898 to date. Coxe, Cult. Fr. Trees A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, and the Management of Orchards and Cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of Native and Foreign Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums and Cherries, cultivated in the middle states of America. By William Coxe. (_Illustrated._) Philadelphia: 1817. Copyright, 1817. Cultivator The Cultivator. Albany: 1834-1865. In 1866 united with The Country Gentleman. Cult. & Count. Gent. The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. See Country Gent. De Candolle, Or. Cult. Plants Origin of Cultivated Plants. By Alphonse de Candolle. Geneva [Switzerland]: 1882. New York: 1885. Decaisne & Naudin, Man. Amat. Jard Manuel de L'Amateur Des Jardins Traité Général D'Horticulture. Par Jh. Decaisne et CH. Naudin. (_Illustré._) Quatre Tomes. Paris. Vol. 4. Pears. Deut. Obstsorten Deutschland's Obstsorten bearbeitet von Müller-Diemitz, Grau-Körbelitz, Bissmann-Gotha unter Mitwirkung hervorragender Fachmänner. Sechs Bände; Hefte 1-18. Stuttgart: 1905-10. Dochnahl, Führ. Obstkunde Der sichere Führer in der Obstkunde auf botanisch-pomologischen Wege oder Systematische Breschreibung aller Obstsorten. Von F. J. Dochnahl. Vier Bände. Nürnberg: 1855-60. Vol. 2, 1856. Pears. Downing, Fr. Trees Am. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America: or the culture, propagation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of fruit trees generally; with Descriptions Of All The Finest Varieties Of Fruit, Native and Foreign, Cultivated In This Country. By A. J. Downing. (_Illustrated._) New York & London: 1845. Copyright, 1845. Second edition, same text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by Charles Downing. New York: 1857. Copyright, 1857. Second revision by Charles Downing. New York: 1869. First appendix, 1872. Second appendix, 1876. Third appendix, 1881. Downing, Selected Fr. Selected Fruits: from Downing's Fruits And Fruit-Trees of America. With Some New Varieties: including Their Culture, Propagation, and Management in the Garden and Orchard. By Charles Downing. (_Illustrated._) New York: 1872. Copyright, 1871. Duhamel, Trait. Arb. Fr. Traité Des Arbes Fruitiers; Contenant Leur Figure, Leur Description, Leur Culture, &c. Par M. Duhamel Du Monceau. (_Illustré._) Tomes I et II. Paris: 1768. Édition publié en 1872, en trois tomes. Nouvelle Édition en six tomes, 1807-1835. Elliott, Fr. Book Elliott's Fruit Book; or, the American Fruit-Grower's Guide in Orchard and Garden. By F. R. Elliott. (_Illustrated._) New York: 1858. Copyright, 1854. Revised edition, 1859. Field, Pear Cult. Pear Culture. A Manual for the Propagation, Planting, Cultivation, and Management of The Pear Tree. By Thos. W. Field. (_Illustrated._) New York: 1859. Copyright, 1858. Flor. & Pom. The Florist And Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine of Flowers, Fruits, and General Horticulture. Conducted at first by Robert Hogg and John Spencer, later by Thomas Moore and William Paul. (_Illustrated._) London: 1862-1884. Forsyth, Treat. Fr. Trees. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By William Forsyth. London: 1802. Same with an Introduction and Notes, by William Corbett. Albany: 1803. Seventh edition [English] London: 1824. Gard. Chron. The Gardener's Chronicle. (_Illustrated._) London: 1841 to date. Gard. & For. Garden And Forest. A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry. Conducted by Charles S. Sargent. (_Illustrated._) Volumes I-X. New York: 1888-1897. Copyrights, 1888-1897. Gard. Mon. The Gardener's Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser. Edited by Thomas Meehan. (_Illustrated._) Philadelphia: 1859-1887. Garden The Garden. (_Illustrated._) London: 1872 to date. Gaucher, Pom. Prak. Obst. Pomologie des Praktischen Obstbaumzüchters. Von N. Gaucher. (_Illustrirt._) Stuttgart: 1894. Gen. Farmer The Genesee Farmer. Edited by Luther Tucker, Rochester: 1831-1839. Then consolidated with the Cultivator. Another periodical of the same name was published in Rochester from 1845 to 1865. Also New Genesee Farmer and Monthly Genesee Farmer. Gerarde, Herball The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. By John Gerarde. Enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson. London: 1633. Reprinted without alteration, 1636. Guide Prat. Guide Pratique de L'Amateur De Fruits. Description Et Culture Des Variétés De Fruits classées par séries de mérite Composant Les Collections Pomologiques De L'Etablissement Horticole des Frères Simon-Louis. A Plantières-Les-Metz (Lorraine Annexée) Suivi D'Une Table Générale Alphabétique de Tous Les Synonymes Connus, Français et Étrangers, appartenent à chaque variété. Par O. Thomas. Nancy: 1876. Deuxième Édition. Paris et Nancy: 1895. Hoffy, N. Am. Pom. Hoffy's North American Pomologist, containing numerous Finely Colored Drawings, accompanied by letter press descriptions, &c., of Fruits of American Origin. Edited by William D. Brincklé. Book No. 1. Philadelphia: 1860. Copyright, 1860. Hoffy, Orch. Com. The Orchardist's Companion. Alfred Hoffy, Editor and Publisher. A quarterly journal. Vol. I, 1841-2; Vol. II, 1842-3. Philadelphia. Hogg, Fruit Man. The Fruit Manual: A Guide to the Fruits and Fruit Trees of Great Britain. By Robert Hogg. First edition, London: 1860. Second edition, 1861. Third edition, 1866. Fourth edition, 1873. Fifth edition, 1884. Hort. Reg. (Am.) Horticultural Register and Gardener's Magazine. Edited by T. G. Fessenden and J. E. Teschemacher. Volume I. Boston: 1835. Hort. Reg. (Eng.) The Horticultural Register and General Magazine. By Joseph Paxton and Joseph Harrison. Vol. I. London: 1833. Horticulturist The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste. Founded and first edited by A. J. Downing. (_Illustrated._) Volumes 1 to 30. Albany, Philadelphia and New York: 1846-1875. Hovey, Fr. Am. The Fruits of America, containing Richly Colored Figures, and full Descriptions of all the choicest Varieties cultivated in the United States. By C. M. Hovey. Volume I. Boston and New York: 1852. Volume II. Boston: 1856. Copyright, 1851. Jour. Hort. The Journal of Horticulture: Began as The Cottage Gardener; or Amateur's and Cottager's Guide to out-door gardening and spade cultivation. 25 Volumes. London: 1849-1861. Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman. A Journal of Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany and Natural History. New Series. 38 Volumes. London: 1861-1880. Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Home Farmer. A Chronicle of Country Pursuits and Country Life, including Poultry, Pigeon, and Bee-keeping. Third Series. 59 Volumes. London: 1880-1909. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. The Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. London: 1846 to date. Vols. 1-9, 1846-55, bear the title of The Journal of the Horticultural Society of London. Kenrick, Am. Orch. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston: 1833. Copyright, 1832. Second edition. Boston: 1835. Copyright, 1835. Seventh edition, enlarged and improved, with a supplement. Boston: 1845. Copyright, 1841. Knoop, Fructologie Part I. Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes de Pommes et de Poires. Part II. Fructologie, ou Description des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Jean Herman Knoop. (_Illustré._) Amsterdam: 1771. Koch, Deut. Obst. Die Deutschen Obstgehölze. Vorlesungen gehalten zu Berlin im Winterhalbjahr 1875-76. Von Karl Koch. Stuttgart: 1876. Kraft, Pom. Aust. Pomona austriaca, Abhandlung von den obstbäumen worinn ihre gestalt, erziehung und pflege angezeigt und beschrieben wird. Von Johann Kraft. Zwei Theile. Vienna: 1792. Langley, Pomona Pomona, or the Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley. London: 1729. Lauche, Deut. Pom. Deutsche Pomologie. Chromolithographische Abbildung, Beschreibung und Kulturanweisung der empfehlenswerthesten Sorten Aepfel, Birnen, Kirschen, Pflaumen, Aprikosen, Pfirsche und Weintrauben. Nach den Ermittelungen des Deutschen Pomologen-Vereins herausgegeben von W. Lauche. (_Illustrirt._) Bände I-VII. Berlin: 1882-3. Vol. II. Pears. Le Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier. 126^e Édition Almanach Horticole, 1882 et 129^e Édition, 1884. Paris. Leroy, Dict. Pom. Dictionnaire de Pomologie. Par André Leroy. (_Illustré._) Six Tomes. Paris: 1867-1879. Vols. 1 & 2. Pears. Liegel, Syst. Anleit. Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der vorzüglichsten Sorten des Kern-, Stein-, Schalen- und Beerenobster. Von Georg Liegel. Passau: 1825. Lindley, Guide Orch. Gard. A Guide to the Orchard And Kitchen Garden; or, an account of the most valuable fruit and vegetables cultivated In Great Britain: with Kalendars of the Work Required in the Orchard and Kitchen Garden during every month in the year. By George Lindley. Edited by John Lindley. London: 1831. Lindley, Pom. Brit. Pomologia Britannica; or, Figures and Descriptions of the most important Varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. By John Lindley. Three Volumes. London: 1841. Vol. 2. Pears. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of London. London: 1826. Second edition, 1831. Third edition, 1842. A supplement was published in 1853. Loudon, Enc. Gard. An Encyclopedia Of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. (_Illustrated._) New edition. London: 1834. Lucas, Handb. Obst. Vollständiges Handbuch der Obstkultur. Von Ed. Lucas. (_Illustrirt._) Stuttgart: First edition, 1880; second edition, 1886; third edition, 1893. Third edition edited by Fr. Lucas, 1894. McIntosh, Bk. Gard. The Book of the Garden. By Charles McIntosh. (_Illustrated._) Two Volumes. London: 1853-5. McMahon, Am. Gard. Cal. The American Gardener's Calendar. By Bernard McMahon. Philadelphia: 1806. Mag. Hort. The Magazine of Horticulture. Boston: 1837-1868. First published as The American Gardener's Magazine, 1835-6. Edited by C. M. Hovey with P. B. Hovey, Jr., associate editor during 1835-6. Manning, Book of Fruits Book of Fruits. By Robert Manning. (_Illustrated._) Salem: 1838. Copyright, 1838. Mas, Le Verger Le Verger ou Histoire, Culture Et Description avec planches coloriées Des Variétés De Fruits Les Plus Généralement Connues. Par M. Mas. Huit Tomes. Paris: 1866-73. Vols. 1-3. Pears. Mas, Pom. Gen. Pomologie Générale. Par M. Mas. (_Illustré._) Douze Tomes. Paris: 1872-83. Vols. 1 & 3-7. Pears. Mathieu, Nom. Pom. Nomenclator Pomologicus. Von Carl Mathieu. Berlin: 1889. Mawe-Abercrombie, Com. Gard. The Complete Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John Abercrombie. London: 1829. Miller, Gard. Dict. The Gardener's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. Sixth edition. London: 1752. Revised edition. By Thomas Martyn. London: 1807. Nat. Nur. The National Nurseryman. Published by The National Nurseryman Publishing Co. (_Illustrated._) Rochester: 1893 to date. Noisette, Man. Comp. Jard. Manuel Complet du Jardinier; Maraicher, Pépiniériste, Botaniste, Fleuriste et Paysagiste. Par M. Louis Noisette. Quatre Tomes. Paris: 1860. Vol. 2. Pears. Oberdieck, Obst-Sort. Deutschlands beste Obst-Sorten. Von F. G. C. Oberdieck. Leipzig: 1881. Parkinson, Par. Ter. Paradisi in Sole. Paradisus Terrestris. By John Parkinson. (_Illustrated._) London: 1629. Phillips, Com. Orch. The Companion for the Orchard. An Historical And Botanical Account of Fruits Known In Great Britain. By Henry Phillips. New Edition. London: 1831. Pom. France Pomologie De La France ou Histoire Et Description de tous Les Fruits Cultivés En France Et Admis Par Le Congrès Pomologique. (_Illustré._) Tomes I-VIII. Lyon: 1863-1873. Vols. 1-4. Pears. Pom. Mag. The Pomological Magazine; or, Figures And Descriptions of the Most Important Varieties Of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Three Volumes. London: 1828-30. This work has also been published under the title Pomona Brittanica. Popular Gard. Popular Gardening. An Illustrated periodical devoted to Horticulture in all its branches. Volume I. Buffalo: 1886. Continued as Popular Gardening and Fruit Growing. Volumes II-IV. Buffalo: 1887-1891. Consolidated with The American Garden and continued as American Gardening. New York: 1892-1904. Prince, Cat. Fr. Trees Catalogue of Fruit And Ornamental Trees & Plants, Bulbous Flower Roots, Green-House Plants, &c. &c. Cultivated at the Linnæan Botanic Garden, William Prince, Prop. Twenty-second edition. New York: 1823. Prince, Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual: or, A Treatise on Fruits. By William Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. Second Edition. Part I. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1831. Part II. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1832. Prince, Treat. Hort. A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York: 1828. Copyright, 1828. Prince, Treat. Trees & Plants A Treatise on Fruit and Ornamental Trees And Plants, cultivated at the Linnæan Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long Island, near New-York. By William Prince. New York: 1820. Ragan, Nom. Pear. B. P. I. Bul. Nomenclature of the Pear; A Catalogue-Index of the Known Varieties Referred to in American Publications from 1804 to 1907. Complied by W. H. Ragan. Issued as U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bul. 126: 1908. Rea, Flora Flora: Seu, De Florum Cultura; or A Complete Florilege. By John Rea. 3 Books. London: 1676. Book 3. Pears. Rev. Hort. Revue Horticole. Journal D'Horticulture Pratique (_Illustré._) Paris: 1829 to date. Rural N. Y. The Rural New-Yorker. A Journal for the Suburban and Country Home. (_Illustrated._) Rochester and New York: 1850 to date. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. Société Nationale D'Horticulture De France. Section Pomologique. Les Meilleurs Fruits au début du XX^e siècle. (_Illustré._) Paris: 1904. Thacher, Am. Orch. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher. Boston: 1822. Copyright, 1822. Thomas, Am. Fruit Cult. The American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas. (_Illustrated._) First Edition. Geneva and Auburn, N. Y.: 1846. Copyright, 1846. Revised Edition. Auburn, N. Y.: 1851. Copyright, 1849. Revised Edition. New York: 1869. Copyright, 1867. Revised Edition. New York: 1885. Copyright, 1875-1885. Twentieth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: 1897. Copyright, 1897; Twenty-first Edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: 1911. Copyright, 1903. Thompson, Gard. Ass't. The Gardener's Assistant; Practical and Scientific. By Robert Thompson. (_Illustrated._) Two Volumes. London: 1859. Same, revised by William Watson. Six Volumes. London: 1901. Tilton, Jour. Hort. Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Floral Magazine. See Am. Jour. Hort. Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Volume I. London: 1815. Volume II. London: 1817. Volume III. London: 1820. Volume IV. London: 1822. Volume V. London: 1824. Volume VI. London: 1826. U. S. D. A. Rpt. Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1862-1894. U. S. D. A. Yearbook Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1894 to date. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. Reports of the Agricultural section of the United States Patent Office: 1837 to 1861. Wickson, Cal. Fruits The California Fruits and How To Grow Them. By Edward J. Wickson. (_Illustrated._) Second Edition. San Francisco: 1891. Copyright, 1889. Fourth Edition. Los Angeles: 1909. Copyright, 1908. Seventh Edition. San Francisco: 1914. Copyright, 1914. Willich, Dom. Enc. Domestic Encyclopedia or a Dictionary of Facts. By A. F. M. Willich. First American edition with additions by James Mease. In five volumes. Volume 4. Philadelphia: 1803. Wilson, Nat. W. China A Naturalist In Western China with Vasculum, Camera, and Gun. Being some account of Eleven Years' Travel, Exploration, and Observation in the More Remote Parts of the Flowery Kingdom. By Ernest Henry Wilson. Two Volumes. New York: 1913. INDEX _Á Gobert_ (syn. of Angobert), 248 A. J. Cook, 236 Aarer Pfundbirne, 236 Abbé Fétel, 236 Abbé Pérez, 236 Abbott, 236 Abbott, Mrs. T., orig. of Abbott, 236 Abdon Birne, 236 Abele de St. Denis, 236 Abercromby, 236 Achalzig, 237 Achan, 237 Acidaline, 237 Acme, 237 Adams, 237 Adams, Dr. H., orig. of Adams, 237 _Adanson Apothekerbirne_(syn. of Aglaë Adanson), 239 Adélaïde de Rèves, 237 _Adèle_ (syn. of Adèle de Saint-Denis), 237 Adèle Lancelot, 237 Adèle de Saint-Denis, 237 Admirable, 238 _Admiral Cécile_ (syn. of Amiral Cécile), 245 Admiral Farragut, 238 Admiral Foote, 238 Adolphe Cachet, 238 Adolphe Fouquet, 238 Adolphine Richard, 238 Aehrenthal, 238 _Agathe de Lescours_ (syn. of Agathe de Lescourt), 238 Agathe de Lescourt, 238 Aglaë Adanson, 239 Aglaë Grégoire, 239 Agnès 239 Agricola, 239 Agua de Valence, 250 Ah-Mon-Dieu, 239 Aigue, 239 Aiken, 239 Aime Ogereau, 240 Aimée Adam, 240 Akatsupo, 240 Alamo, 240 Albertine, 240 Alcinöus, pear in garden of, 4 Alexander, 240 Alexander Lucas, 240 Alexandre Bivort, 240 Alexandre Chomer, 241 Alexandre de la Herche, 241 Alexandre Lambré, 241 Alexandre de Russie, 241 Alexandrina, 241 Alexandrine Douillard, 241 _Alexandrine Hélie_ (syn. of Belle Julie), 265 Alexandrine Mas, 241 Alexiens Bros., orig. of Pius X, 500 Alfred de Madre, 242 Alice Payne, 242 Allerton, 242 Alliance franco-russe, 242 Alouette, 242 Alpha, 242 Alphonse Allegatière, 242 Alphonse Karr, 242 Amadotte, 243 Amande Double, 243 Amandine, 243 Ambrette, 243 Ambrette d'Été, 243 _Ambrette d'Hiver_ (syn. of Ambrette), 243 Ambrosia, 244 Amédée Leclerc, 244 Amelanchier, relationship of, to pear, 57 Amélie Leclerc, 244 America, 244 America, arrival of pear in, 40; climate of, uncongenial to pears, 38; importation of European pear varieties into, 52; pear in, 37 American pear culture, influence of Oriental pears on, 55 American pear districts, 38 Amie Verdier, 244 Amiral, 244 Amiral Cécile, 245 Amiré Joannet, 245 Amlisberger Mostbirne, 245 _Amoselle panachée_ (syn. of Bergamote de Hollande Panachée), 269 Amour, 245 Amstettner Mostbirne, 245 Ananas, 245 Ananas de Courtrai, 245 _Ananas de Courtray_ (syn. of Ananas de Courtrai), 245 Ananas d'Été, 246 _Andenken an den Congress_ (syn. of Souvenir du Congrès), 218 Andouille, 246 André Desportes, 122 Andrew Murray, 246 Andrews, 246 Ange, 246 Angel, 246 Angeline, 246 Angélique de Bordeaux, 247 Angélique Cuvier, 247 Angélique Leclerc, 247 Angélique de Rome, 247 Angers, Horticultural Society of, orig. of Cassante du Comice, 329; Colmar d'Automne Nouveau, 342; Dhommée, 359; Gros Lucas, 404; Sucrée du Comice, 555 _Angleterre_ (syn. of Beurré d'Angleterre), 284 Angleterre d'Hiver, 247 Angleterre Nain, 247 Angobert, 248 Angoisse, 248 Angora, 248 Angoucha, 248 _Angouleme_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême), 154 _Anjou_ (syn. of Beurre d'Anjou), 127 _Anna Audisson_ (syn. Anna Audusson), 249 Anna Audusson, 249 Anna Nelis, 249 Anne de Bretagne, 249 _Anne of Brittany_ (syn. of Anne de Bretagne), 249 Ansault, 123 Anthoine, Dieudonné, orig. of Dieudonné Anthoine, 359 Anthony Thacher, 249 Antoine, 249 Antoine Delfosse, 249 Antoinette, 249 Anversoise, 250 Apfelblättrige Azerolbirne, 250 Apothekerbirne, 250 Apple, 250 Apple Pear, 250 Apples, relationship to pears, 58 Appoline, 250 Aqueuse d'Esclavonie, 250 Aqueuse de Meiningen, 251 Arabella, 251 Arbre Courbé, 251 Arcedeckene, Andrew, orig. of Suffolk Thorn, 556 Archduke of Austria, 251 Archiduc Charles, 251 Archiduc d'Été, 251 Archiduc Jean d'Autriche, 251 Archiduchesse d'Autriche, 251 Arendt Dechantsbirne, 252 Argent, 252 Argusbirne, 252 Arkansas, 252 _Arkansas Mammoth_ (syn. of Arkansas), 252 Arlequin Musqué, 252 Arlingham Squash, 252 Armand Prévost, 253 Arménie, 253 Arnold, 253 Arnold & Frazier, orig. of Arnold, 253 Arthur Bivort, 253 Arthur Chevreau, 253 Arundell, 253 Aspasie Aucourt, 253 _Aspidiotus perniciosus_ on pear, 117 Aston Town, 254 Audibert, 254 Audusson, Alexis, orig. of Lucie Audusson, 453 Audusson, Anne-Pierre, orig. of Beurré Audusson, 284 Augier, 254 Augustbirne, 254 Auguste de Boulogne, 254 Auguste Droche, 254 Auguste Jurie, 254 Auguste von Krause, 254 Auguste Miguard, 255 Auguste Royer, 255 Augustine, 255 Augustine Lelieur, 255 Augustus Dana, 255 Aurate, 255 Auray, 255 Autocrat, 256 Autumn Bergamot, parent of Gansel Bergamot, 391 Autumn Bergamot (English), 256 Autumn Colmar, 256 Autumn Joséphine, 256 Autumn Nelis, 256 Avocat Allard, 257 Avocat Nélis, 257 Avocat Tonnelier, 257 Ayer, 257 Ayer, O. H., orig. of Ayer, 257; Douglas, 150 Aylton Red, 257 Azerole, 257 _B. S. Fox_ (syn. of Fox), 168 Bachelier, Louis-François, orig. of Beurré Bachelier, 285 _Bacillus amylovorous,_ cause of pear blight, 112 Backhouse, James, orig. of Beurré Backhouse, 285 _Bacterium tumefaciens_, cause of crown-gall on pears, 116 Baguet, 257 Bailly, orig. of Beurré Bailly, 285 Bakholda, 258 Baking, 258 Baldschmiedler, 258 Balduinsteiner Kinderbirne, 258 Ballet, orig. of Madame Ballet, 456 Balosse, 258 Balsambirne, 258 Baltet, Charles, introd. of Roosevelt, 213; orig. of Virginie Baltet, 573 Baltet, Ernest, orig. of Beurré d'Avril, 285; Comte Lelieur, 346; Madame Lyé-Baltet, 458 Baltet Bros., orig. of Beurré Baltet Père, 286; Charles Ernest, 334; Docteur Joubert, 361; Guyot, 174; Ministre Viger, 473; Professeur Opoix, 514 _Baltet Senior_ (syn. of Beurré Baltet Père), 286 Bankerbine, 258 Bankhead, Capt., orig. of Jewel, 430 Banks, 258 Baptiste Valette, 258 _Bar Seckel_ (syn. of Barseck) 260 Barbancinet, 258 Barbe Nélis, 259 Barker, 259 Barland, 259 Barnadiston, 259 Baron Deman de Lennick, 259 _Baron d'hiver_ (syn. of Baronsbirne), 260 Baron Leroy, 259 Baron Trauttenberg, 259 Baron Treyve, 259 Baronne de Mello, 260 Baronsbirne, 260 Barry, 260 Barry, Patrick, biography of, 203 Barry, William Crawford, biography of, 204 Barseck, 260 Barthélemy du Mortier, 260 Barthère, discov. of Duchesse d'Hiver, 372 Bartlett, 124 Bartlett, Enoch, dissem. of Bartlett, 125 Bartlett, parent of Barseck, 260; Big Productive, 309; Dempsey, 357; Eva Baltet, 379; Favorite Morel, 381; Félix Sahut, 381; Le Lecher, 444; Lucy Duke, 194; Lyerle, 454; Professeur Barral, 514; S. T. Wright, 533; Ulatis, 567; Winter Williams, 584 Bartlett and Kieffer leading commercial pears, 84 Bartram, 260 Bartram, Ann, orig. of Bartram, 260 Bartram, John, orig. of Petre, 497 Bartranne, 260 Baseler Sommer-Muskatellerbirne, 261 Basiner, 261 _Bassin_ (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178 Baudry, 261 Baumann Brothers, orig. of Beurré Bollwiller, 288 Beacon, 261 Beadnell, 261 Beadnell, John, orig. of Beadnell, 261 Beau de la Cour, 261 Beau Présent d'Artois, 261 Beauchamp, orig. of Beurré de l'Assomption, 284; Beurré Beauchamp, 286; Souvenir de Gaëte, 550 Beaufort, 262 Beauvalot, 262 Beernaert, Reynaert, discov. of Fondante de Cuerne, 384 Beier Meissner Eierbirne, 262 _Belgische Blutbirne_ (syn. of Sanguinole de Belgique), 540 _Belgische Pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of Fondante des Prés), 385 _Belgische Zapfenbirne_ (syn. of Long Green), 449 Belgium, pear in, 16 Belle Angevine, 262; parent of Bon-Chrétien Vermont, 315 _Belle Angevine_ (syn. of Pound), 208 _Belle après Noël_ (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 164 Belle des Arbrés, 262 _Belle Audibert_ (syn. of Audibert), 254 Belle de Beaufort, 262 Belle Bessa, 262 Belle de Bolbec, 263 Belle et Bonne de Hée, 263 Belle et Bonne de la Pierre, 263 Belle de Brissac, 263 Belle de Bruxelles sans Pepins, 263 Belle de Craonnais, 263 Belle de la Croix Morel, 263 Belle de Décembre, 264 _Belle Epine Dumas_ (syn. of Épine du Mas), 377 _Belle de Esquermes_ (syn. of Fontenay), 165 Belle de Féron, 264 Belle du Figuier, 264 _Belle de Flanders_ (syn. of Flemish Beauty), 163 Belle-Fleurusienne, 264 _Belle de Flushing_ (syn. of Harvard), 412 Belle Fondante, 264 Belle de Forêts, 264 Belle de Guasco, 264 Belle Guérandaise, 264 Belle Hugevine, 265 Belle Isle d'Angers, 265 Belle d'Ixelles, 265 _Belle de Jarnac_ (syn. of Nouvelle Fulvie), 483 Belle de Juillet, 265 Belle Julie, 265 Belle de Kain, 265 Belle de Lorient, 265 Belle Lucrative, 125; parent of P. Barry, 203; President Clark, 509 Belle de Malines, 265 Belle de Martigny, 265 Belle-Moulinoise, 265 _Belle de Noël_ (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 164 Belle de Noisette, 266 _Belle de l'Orient_ (syn. of Belle de Lorient), 265 Belle Picarde, 266 Belle Rouennaise, 266 _Belle de Septembre_ (syn. of Grosse September Birne), 406 Belle de Stresa, 266 Belle Sucrée, 266 Belle de Thouars, 266 Belle Williams, 267 _Belle de Zoar_ (syn. of Zoar Beauty), 588 Bellissime d'Automne, 267 _Bellissime d'Été_ (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178 Bellissime d'Hiver, 267 Belmont, 267 Beman, 267 Benadine, 267 Benoist, Auguste, orig. of Duchesse de Brissac, 372; Marie Benoist, 463; prop, of Beurré Benoist, 287 Benoist, Jean-Henri, orig. of Belle de Brissac, 263 Benoist Nouveau, 267 Benoit Caroli, 268 Bensell, 268 Bensell, orig. of Bensell, 268 Benvie, 268 Béquesne, 268 Berckmans, Louis, orig. of varieties, 240, 308, 373, 389, 540, 549, 563 Bergamot de Chantilly, 268 Bergamot Louvain, 268 Bergamot Seckel, 268 Bergamot Winter, 268 Bergamote Arsène Sannier, 268 Bergamote d'Automne Panachée, 269 Bergamote Balicq, 269 Bergamote Boussière, 269 _Bergamote du Bugey_ (syn. of Bergamotte Bugi), 270 Bergamote Espéren, parent of Directeur Varenne, 360 _Bergamote Gansel_ (syn. of Gansel Bergamot), 391 Bergamote Hamdens, 269 _Bergamote d'Hildesheim_ (syn. of Hildesheimer Bergamotte), 418 Bergamote de Hollande Panachée, 269 _Bergamote Lucrative_ (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126 _Bergamote de Pâques_ (syn. of Easter Bergamot), 374 _Bergamote de la Pentecôte_ (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159 Bergamote Philippot, 269 Bergamote Rose, 269 Bergamotte d'Anvers, 269 Bergamotte d'Automne, 270 _Bergamotte Ballicq_ (syn. of Bergamote Balicq), 269 Bergamotte Bouvant, 270 Bergamotte Bufo, 270 Bergamotte Bugi, 270 Bergamotte de Coloma, 270 Bergamotte de la Cour, 271 _Bergamotte Crassane_ (syn. of Crassane), 350 _Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver_ (syn. of Beurré Bruneau), 289 Bergamotte de Darmstadt, 271 Bergamotte de Donauer, 271 Bergamotte Double, 271 Bergamotte Dussart, 271 _Bergamotte Éliza Mathews_ (syn, of Groom Prince Royal), 403 Bergamotte Espéren, 271; parent of Beurré Henri Courcelle, 297; Bergamotte la Gantoise, 272; Président Barabé, 508 Bergamotte d'Espéren, parent of Frau Louise Goethe, 389 _Bergamotte d'Espéren_ (syn. of Bergamotte Espéren), 271 Bergamotte Espéren Souvenir de Plantières, 271 Bergamotte d'Été, 271 _Bergamotte d'été de Kraft_ (syn. of Kraft Sommer Bergamotte), 438 Bergamotte d'été de Lubeck, 272 Bergamotte Fertile, 272 Bergamotte Fortunée, parent of Le Lecher, 444 _Bergamotte Fortunée_ (syn. of Fortunée), 387 Bergamotte la Gantoise, 272 Bergamotte Heimbourg, 272 Bergamotte Hérault, 272 Bergamotte Hertrich, 272 Bergamotte-d'Hiver de Furstenzell, 273 Bergamotte d'Hollande, 273 Bergamotte Jars, 273 Bergamotte de Jodoigne, 273 Bergamotte Klinkhardt, 273 Bergamotte Laffay, 273 Bergamotte Lesèble, 273 Bergamotte Liabaud, 274 Bergamotte Mico, 274 Bergamotte de Millepieds, 274 Bergamotte Nicolle, 274 Bergamotte Oeuf de Cygne, 274 Bergamotte d'Oisan, 274 Bergamotte de Parthenay, 274 Bergamotte Picquot, 275 Bergamotte Ploskui, 275 Bergamotte Poiteau, 275 Bergamotte Pomme, 275 Bergamotte du Quercy, 275 Bergamotte Reinette, 275 _Bergamotte de Roe_ (syn. of Roe Bergamot), 522 Bergamotte de Rouen, 276 Bergamotte Rouge, 275 Bergamotte Rouge de Mayer, 276 Bergamotte Sageret, 276 Bergamotte Sanguine, 276 Bergamotte Sannier, 276 _Bergamotte Sapieganka_ (syn. of Sapieganka), 541 Bergamotte Silvange, 276 Bergamotte de Souchait, 276 Bergamotte de Soulers, 277 Bergamotte de Stryker, 277 _Bergamotte Suisse_ (syn. of Bergamote d'Automne Panachée), 269 Bergamotte Suisse Rond, 277 Bergamotte Tardive Collette, 277 _Bergamotte Tardive de Gansel_ (syn. of Gansel Late Bergamot), 391 Bergamotte Thuerlinckx, 277 Bergamotte de Tournai, 277 Bergamotte de Tournay, 278 _Bergamotte von Vezouzière_ (syn. of Vezouzière), 571 Bergamotte Volltragende, 278 _Bergamotte Welbeck_ (syn. of Welbeck Bergamot), 577 Bergbirne, 278 Bergen, 278 Bergen, Cornelius, orig. of Island, 425 Berlaimont, 278 Bernard, 278 Berriays, 278 Bertrand Guinoisseau, 278 Berzelius, 279 Besi de Caen, 279 Besi de Caffoy, 279 Besi-Carême, 279 _Besi de Chaumontel_ (syn. of Chaumontel), 335 Besi Dubost, 279 _Besi de l'Echasserie_ (syn. of Echasserie), 374 Besi Espéren, 279 _Besi Garnier_ (syn. of Garnier), 392 Besi Goubault, 279 Besi de Grieser de Böhmenkirsch, 279 Besi d'Héry, 280 _Besi Incomparable_ (syn. of Besi Sans Pareil), 281 Besi Liboutton, 280 Besi de Mai, 280 Besi de Moncondroiceu, 280 Besi de Montigny, 280 Besi de la Motte, 280 Besi de Naghin, 281 Besi de la Pierre, 281 Besi de Quessoy, 281 Besi de Saint-Waast, 281 Besi Sans Pareil, 281 _Besi Sanspareil_ (syn. of Besi Sans Pareil), 281 Besi Tardif, 281 Besi de Van Mons, 282 Besi des Vétérans, 282 Besi de Vindré, 282 Besi de Wutzum, 282 Bessard-Duparc, orig. of Madame Duparc, 457 Bessemianka, 282 Best Favorite, 282 Bettina, 282 Betzelsbirne, 283 Betzy, 283 Beurré Ad. Papeleu, 283 Beurré Adam, 283 Beurré d'Adenaw, 283 Beurré Alexandre Lucas, 283 _Beurré Alexandre Lucas_ (syn. of Alexander Lucas), 240 Beurré Allard, 283 Beurré Amandé, 283 Beurré d'Amanlis, 283 Beurré Ananas, 284 Beurré d'Angleterre, 284 Beurré d'Anjou, 127; parent of Huggard, 421; place in commercial pear culture, 84 Beurré Antoine, 284 Beurré Antoinette, 284 _Beurré d'Apremont_ (syn. of Beurré Bosc), 130 Beurré Aqualine, 284 Beurré d'Arenberg, 129; confusion of, with Glou Morceau, 129 _Beurré d'Arenberg_ (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172 Beurré de l'Assomption, 284; parent of Souvenir de Gaëte, 550 Beurré Audusson, 284 Beurré des Augustins, 285 Beurré Aunénière, 285 Beurré d'Automne de Donauer, 285 Beurré d'Avoine, 285 Beurré d'Avril, 285 Beurré Bachelier, 285; parent of S. T. Wright, 533 Beurré Backhouse, 285 Beurré Bailly, 285 Beurré Baltet Père, 286 Beurré Baud, 286 Beurré Beauchamp, 286 Beurré Beaulieu, 286 _Beurré Beaumont_ (syn. of Beurré de Mortefontaine), 301 Beurré Beek, 286 Beurré des Béguines, 286 Beurré Bennert, 286 Beurré Benoist, 287 Beurré Berckmans, 287 Beurré de Biseau, 287 Beurré Blanc Doré, 287 Beurré Blanc de Nantes, 287 Beurré Boisbunel, 287 Beurré Bollwiller, 288 Beurré de Bordeaux, 288 Beurré Bosc, 130; parent of Harris, 412; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84 Beurré Bourbon, 288 Beurré de Brême, 288 Beurré Bretonneau, 288 Beurré de Brigné, 288 Beurré Bronzé, 288 Beurré de Brou, 288 Beurré Brougham, 289 Beurré Bruneau, 289 Beurré de Bruxelles, 289 Beurré Burnicq, 289 Beurré du Bus, 289 Beurré Bymont, 289 Beurré de Caen, 289 Beurré Capiaumont, 289 Beurré Caty, 290 Beurré Caune, 290 Beurré du Cercle Pratique de Rouen, 290 Beurré du Champ Corbin, 290 Beurré Charron, 290 Beurré Chatenay, 290 Beurré Chaudy, 290 Beurré Christ, 290 Beurré Citron, 290 Beurré Clairgeau, 132; parent of Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, 328; Huggard, 421; Louis Vilmorin, 451; Thérèse Appert, 562; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84 Beurré Clotaire, 290 Beurré de Coit, 291 Beurré Colmar, 291 Beurré Coloma, 291 Beurré du Comte Marcolini, 291 Beurré de Conitz, 291 Beurré Copretz, 291 _Beurré Curtet_ (syn. of Lamy), 184 Beurré Dalbret, 291 Beurré Daras, 291 Beurré Daviss, 291 Beurré Defays, 292 Beurré Degalait, 292 Beurré Delannoy, 292 Beurré Delbecq, 292 Beurré Délicat, 292 Beurré Derouineau, 292 Beurré Diel, 133; parent of Jeanne d'Arc, 429; Pierre Corneille, 499 Beurré Dilly, 292 Beurré Docteur Pariset, 292 _Beurré Doré de Bilboa_ (syn. of Golden Beurré of Bilboa), 398 Beurré Doux, 292 Beurré van Driessche, 293 Beurré Driessen, 293 Beurré Dubuisson, 293 Beurré Duhaume, 293 Beurré Dumont, 293 Beurré Dumortier, 293 Beurré Dupont, 293 Beurré Duquesne, 293 Beurré Durand, 293 Beurré Duval, 294 _Beurre Duvivier_ (syn. of Général Duvivier), 395 Beurré d'Ellezelles, 294 _Beurré d'Enghien_ (syn. of Beurré Colmar), 291 Beurré Épine, 294 _Beurré Épine_ (syn. of Colmar Épine), 343 Beurré d'Espéren, 294 Beurré d'Esquelmes, 294 Beurré Eugène Furst, 294 Beurré Fauve de Printemps, 294 Beurré Favre, 294 Beurré Fenzl, 294 Beurré de Février, 294 Beurré Fidéline, 295 Beurré Flon, 295 Beurré Fouqueray, 295 Beurré Gambier, 295 Beurré Gaujard, 295 Beurré van Geert, 295 Beurré Gendron, 295 Beurré de Germiny, 295 Beurré de Ghélin, 296 Beurré Giffard, 134; parent of August Jurie, 254; Fin Juillet, 382 Beurré Gilles, 296 Beurré Goubault, 296; parent of Fertility, 381 Beurré Graue Herbst, 296 Beurré Grétry, 296 Beurré Gris, 296; parent of Cabot, 323 Beurré-Gris d'Enghien, 296 _Beurré Gris d'Été_ (syn. of Yat), 586 _Beurré Gris d'Été de Hollande_ (syn. of Yat), 586 _Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau_ (syn. of Beurré de Luçon), 300 Beurré de Grumkon, 296 Beurré Grumkower, 296 _Beurré Haffner_ (syn. of Haffner Butterbirne), 410 Beurré Hamecher, 297 Beurré d'Hardenpont, parent of Directeur Tisserand, 360 _Beurré d'Hardenpont_ (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172 Beurré d'Hardenpont d'Automne, 297 Beurré Hardy, 135 Beurré Hennau, 297 Beurré Henri Courcelle, 297; parent of Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, 328; Pierre Curie, 499 Beurré Hillereau, 297 Beurré d'Hiver, 297 Beurré d'hiver de Dittrich, 297 Beurré d'Hiver de Kestner, 297 Beurré de Hochheim, 297 Beurré Hudellet, 297 Beurré Jalais, 298 Beurré Jean Van Geert, 298 Beurré de Jonghe, 136 _Beurré Keele Hall_ (syn. of Styrian), 554 Beurré Kennes, 298 Beurré Kenrick, 298 Beurré Knight, 298 Beurré Knox, 298 Beurré de Koninck, 298 Beurré Kossuth, 299 Beurré de Ladé, 299 Beurré Lagasse, 299 Beurré Lamoyeau, 299 Beurré Langelier, 299 Beurré de Lederbogen, 299 Beurré Lefèvre, 299 Beurré de Lenzen, 299 Beurré Liebart, 299 Beurré de Lindauer, 300 Beurré Loisel, 300 Beurré de Longrée, 300 Beurré de Luçon, 300; parent of Casimir, 329 Beurré Luizet, 300 Beurré de Mans, 300 Beurré Mauxion, 300 Beurré Menand, 300 _Beurré de Mérode_ (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152 Beurré Millet, 300 Beurré Moiré, 300 Beurré Mondelle, 301 Beurré de Mons, 301 Beurré de Montgeron, 301 Beurré Morisot, 301 Beurré de Mortefontaine, 301 Beurré de Mortillet, 301 Beurré Motte, 302 Beurré des Mouchouses, 302 Beurré de Naghin, 302 Beurré de Nantes, 302 Beurré de Nesselrode, 302 Beurré Obozinski, 302 Beurré Oudinot, 302 Beurré de Paimpol, 302 Beurré de Palandt, 303 Beurré Pauline, 303 Beurré Pauline Delzent, 303 Beurré Payen, 303 Beurré Perran, 303 _Beurré Perrault_ (syn. of Duchesse de Bordeaux), 371 Beurré Philippe Delfosse, 303 Beurré Pointillé de Roux, 303 Beurré de Popuelles, 303 Beurré Preble, 303 Beurré Précoce, 304 Beurré Pringalle, 304 Beurré de Quenast, 304 Beurré de Ramegnies, 304 Beurré de Rance, 304 Beurré Reine, 304 Beurré Richelieu, 304 _Beurré Robert_ (syn. of Doyenné du Comice), 153 Beurré Roland, 304 Beurré Romain, 304 Beurré Rome Gaujard, 305 Beurré Rose, 305 Beurré Rouge d'Automne, 305 _Beurré Rouppé_ (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159 Beurré Royal de Turin, 305 Beurré de Saint-Amand, 305 Beurré de Saint Arnaud, 305 Beurré Saint-Aubert, 305 Beurré Saint-François, 305 Beurré Saint-Marc, 305 _Beurré de Saint-Nicolas_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Orléans), 156 Beurré Samoyeau, 305 Beurré Scheidweiller, 306 Beurré Seutin, 306 Beurré de Silly, 306 Beurré Six, 306 Beurré Soulange, 306 Beurré Spence, 306 Beurré Stappaerts, 306 Beurré Steins, 306 Beurré Sterckmans, 306 Beurré de Stuttgardt, 307 Beurré Sucré, 307 Beurré Superfin, 137; parent of Comte de Lambertye, 346 Beurré Thoury, 307 _Beurré Thuerlinckx_ (syn. of Thuerlinckx), 563 Beurré Triguer, 307 Beurré de Ulm, 307 Beurré Vanille, 307 Beurré Varenne de Fenille, 307 Beurré Vauban, 307 Beurré Vert d'Été, 307 Beurré Vert Tardif, 308 _Beurré Vert de Tournai_ (syn. of Bergamotte de Tournai), 277 _Beurré Vital_ (syn. of Vital), 574 Beurré Wamberchies, 308 Beurré de Wetteren, 308 Beurré Winter, 308 Beurré Witzhumb, 308 Beurré Woronson, 308 Beurré Zotman, 308 Beyer Martinsbirne, 308 Beymont, 308 Bezi Blanc, 309 Bezi de Naples, 309 _Bezi Vaet_ (syn. of Besi de Saint-Waast), 281 _Bezy de Caissoy_ (syn. of Besi de Quessoy), 281 Bidwell, General, orig. of Kennedy, 434 Bied-Charreton, 309 Bierbaumer Mostbirne, 309 Big Productive, 309 Bijou, 309 Bill Campbell, 309 Binsce, 309 _Birn von Fontenay_ (syn. of Fontenay), 166 Birne von Turschud, 309 Biseau d'Hauteville, A. de, orig. of Beurré de Biseau, 287 Biseau d'Hauteville, Chevalier de, orig. of Président Watier, 511 Bishop Thumb, 309 Bivort, Alexandre, orig. of varieties, 237, 241, 264, 269, 284, 287, 303, 326, 340, 355, 431, 464, 465, 475, 490, 511, 520, 523, 528, 530, 531, 544, 581; work as pear breeder, 19 Bivort Zuckerbirne, 309 Black Hawk, 310 Black Huffcap, 310 Black mold of pear, 117 _Black Pear of Worcester_ (syn. of Black Worcester), 310 Black Sorrel, 310 Black Worcester, 310 Blackeney Red, 310 Blanchet, Claude, orig. of Claude Blanchet, 340; La France, 440 Blanquet Anastère, 310 Blanquet Long, 311 Blanquet à Longue Queue, 311 Blanquet Précoce, 311 Blanquet de Saintonge, 311 Blanquette de Toulouse, 311 Bleeker Meadow, 311 Blessed, 311 Blickling, 311 Blight, pear, control of, 113; notes on, 111 Blight resistance of _Pyrus ovoidea_, 81; _Pyrus ussuriensis_,78 Blight resistant pear varieties, 112 Block, 311 Block, A., orig. of Acme, 237; Block, 311 Blodget, 312 Blodget, David, orig. of Blodget, 312 Bloodgood, 138 Bloodgood, James, introd. of Bloodgood, 139 _Bloodgood's Sommerbirne_ (syn. of Bloodgood), 138 Blooming season of pear varieties, 88 Blooming time of pears, notes on, 87 Blumenbirne, 312 Blutbirne, 312 Bocksbirne, 312 Bödiker Dechantsbirne, 312 Bogenäkerin, 312 Böhmische frühe Jakobsbirne, 312 Boïeldien, 312 Boisbunel, orig. of varieties, 200, 243, 245, 266, 275, 278, 287, 290, 295, 324, 344, 347, 349, 361, 366, 370, 395, 427, 440, 451, 452, 462, 469, 470, 471, 472, 491, 493, 505, 509, 510, 512, 544, 555, 570 Boisselot, orig. of Fortunée Boisselot, 387; Président de la Bastie, 509; Professeur Barral, 514 Bolarmud, 312 Bollweiler, orig. of Bollweiler Butterbirne, 312 Bollweiler Butterbirne, 312 Bologna, 312 Bonamy, orig. of Paul Bonamy, 492 _Bon-Chrétien d'Auch_ (syn. of Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver), 314 Bon-Chrétien d'Auch (Calvel), 312 Bon-Chrétien d'Automne, 313 Bon-Chrétien Bonnamour, 313 _Bon-Chrétien de Bruxelles_ (syn. of Bon-Chrétien Fondant), 313 Bon-Chrétien d'Espagne, 313 Bon-Chrétien d'été, 313 Bon-Chrétien Fondant, 313 _Bon-Chrétien Fred Baudry_ (syn. of Baudry), 261 Bon-Chrétien Frédéric Baudry, 313 Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver, 314 Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver Panaché, 314 Bon-Chrétien Mathieu Joseph Lamarche, 314 _Bon-Chrétien de Nikita_ (syn. of Nikitaer Grüne Herbst-Apothekerbirne), 482 Bon-Chrétien Prevost, 314 _Bon-Chrétien de Rance_ (syn. of Beurré de Rance), 304 Bon-Chrétien du Rhin d'Automne, 314 Bon-Chrétien Ricchiero, 314 Bon-Chrétien Vermont, 315 Bon-Chrétien de Vernois, 315 _Bon-Chrétien de Vernois_ (syn. of Flemish Bon-Chrétien), 382 _Bon-Chrétien Williams'_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124 Bon Gustave, 315 Bon Parent, 315 Bon-Roi-René, 315 Bon Vicaire, 315 Bonne d'Anjou, 315 Bonne-Antonine, 315 Bonne de Beugny, 316 Bonne Carmélite, 316 Bonne de la Chapelle, 316 Bonne Charlotte, 316 _Bonne-Ente_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228 Bonne d'Ezée, 316 Bonne de Jalais, 316 Bonne-Jeanne, 316 _Bonne Louise d'Avranches_ (syn. of Louise Bonne de Jersey), 193 Bonne de Malines, parent of Léger, 444 _Bonne de Malines_ (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232 Bonne Sophia, 316 _Bonne de Soulers_ (syn. of Bergamotte de Soulers), 277 Bonne Thérèse, 317 Bonne des Zoes, 317 Bonnefond, orig. of Madame Bonnefond, 456 Bonnefoy, orig. of Doyenné Nérard, 368; Madame Élisa Dumas, 457 Bonners, 317 Bonneserre de Saint-Denis, 317 Bonnet, orig. of Beurré Hardy, 136; Lesbre, 447 Bonnet Zuckerbirne, 317 _Bordeaux_ (syn. of Duchesse de Bordeaux), 371 Bordine Musk, 317 Borers on pear, 120 Bosc, introd. of Styrian, 554 _Bosc_ (syn. of Beurré Bosc), 130 _Bosc's Butterbirne_ (syn. of Beurré Bosc), 130 _Bosc's Flaschenbirne_ (syn. of Beurré Bosc), 130 _Boston_ (syn. of Pinneo), 499 Botany, structural, of pear, 58 Bouchamp, 317 Boucqueau, Albert, orig. of Fondante Albert, 383 Boucquia, 317 Bouet, Henri, orig. of Henri Bouet, 415 Bourdon de Roi, 317 _Boussock_ (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152 Boutoc, 317 _Bouvert Musqué_ (syn. of Parfum d'Hiver), 490 Bouvier, Simon, orig. of varieties, 184, 240, 241, 315, 318, 328, 343, 355, 356, 378, 416, 426, 446, 545, 546, 565, 568; work as pear breeder, 19 Bouvier d'Automne, 318 Bouvier Bourgmestre, 318 Bouviers Herbstbirne, 318 Bouzin, Norbert, orig. of Doyenné de Ramegnies, 369 Bowdoin, 318 Bowne Winter Russet, 318 Boyken June, 318 Braconot, 318 Brandes, 318 Brandywine, 140 Braunrote Speckbirne, 318 Braunrothe Frühlingsbirne, 319 Braunrothe Sommerrusselet, 319 Brederode, 319 Breeding pears, Van Mons' theory of, 18 Bremer Butterbirne, 319 Brewer, 319 Brewster, 319 Brialmont, 319 Brielsche Pomeranzenbirne, 319 Briffaut, 319 Briffaut, orig. of Président Payen, 510 Brincklé, Dr. W. D., orig. of Catherine Gardette, 330; Edward Seedling St. Germain, 375; President Felton, 509; Wilmington, 582 Brindamour, 320 Bringewood, 320 British Queen, 320 _Brockworth Park_ (syn. of Bonne d'Ezée), 316 Broncirte Winterbirne, 320 Bronx, 320 Bronzée Boisselot, 320 Bronzée d'Enghien, 320 Brookline, 320 Broom Park, 320 Brough Bergamot, 320 Brown, Samuel, orig. of Sam Brown, 539 _Brown Beurré_ (syn. of Beurré Gris), 296 Brown-Blotch of pear, 116 Bruant, introd. of Figueira, 382; orig. of Commandant Belaieff, 345 Bruce, A. L., orig. of Alamo, 240 _Bruderbirne_ (syn. of Pound), 208 Brugmans, 321 Brumbirne, 321 Brune Minême, 321 Brunet, 321 Brüsseler Herbstbergamotte, 321 _Brüssler Zuckerbirne_ (syn. of Sucrée Van Mons), 555 Brute Bonne, 321 Bryan, Edwards, 321 Bryant, mention of fruits in California by, 54; orig. of Cedarmere, 331 Brymer, Col., introd. of Santa Claus, 540 Buchanan, 321 Buchanan, Isaac, orig. of Buchanan, 321 Buckman, Benjamin, orig. of Timpling, 563 Bud-moth on pear, 120 Budd, J. L., introd. of Russian pears, 56; orig. of Gibb, 396 Buffalo, 321 _Buffam_ (syn. of Buffum), 141 Buffum, 141 _Bugiarda_ (syn. of Bon-Chrétien Fondant), 313; (Épine d'Été), 377 Buneau, Jules, orig. of Marie Jallais, 464 Bunte Mannabirne, 321 Buntebirne, 321 Burbank, Luther, orig. of Test, 560 Burchardt, Judge, orig. of Malvoisie de Landsberg, 461 Burchardt Butterbirne, 322 Buree Winter, 322 Burgoyne, 322 Burkett, 322 Burlingame, 322 Burlingame, Mrs., orig. of Burlingame, 322 Burnett, 322 Burnett, Joel, orig. of Burnett, 322 Burton, R. E., orig. of Ulatis, 567 Butt Pear, 322 Butterartige Bergamotte, 322 _Butterbirne von Saint-Nicolas_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Orléans), 156 Büttner Sachsische Ritterbirne, 322 Cabot, 323 Cabot, J. S., orig. of Cabot, 323 Cadeau, 323 Cadet de Vaux, 323 Caen de France, 323 Caesar, 323 _Caillot_ (syn. of Naquette), 480 Caillot Rosat (English), 323 Caillot Rosat (French), 323 Calbasbirn, 324 Calebasse, 324 _Calebasse Abbé Fétel_ (syn. of Abbé Fétel), 236 Calebasse d'Anvers, 324 Calebasse de Bavay, 324 Calebasse Boisbunel, 324 Calebasse Bosc, 324 Calebasse Delvigne, 325 Calebasse d'Été, 325 Calebasse Fondante, 325 _Calebasse Grosse_ (syn. of Van Marum), 569 Calebasse d'Hiver, 325 Calebasse Kickx, 325 Calebasse Leroy, 325 Calebasse Oberdieck, 325 Calebasse d'Octobre, 326 _Calebasse princesse Marianne_ (syn. of Princesse Marianne), 513 Calebasse Rose, 326 Calebasse Tougard, 326 Calebasse Verte, 326 Calhoun, 326 California, first commercial pear orchard in, 54 Caliorosa, 326 _Caliroa cerasi_ on pear, 119 Calixte Mignot, 326 _Calliot_ (syn, of Caillot Rosat (French)), 324 Calvillebirne, 326 Calvin, 326 Camak, 326 Camak, J., orig. of Camak, 326 Cambacérès, 327 Camerling, 327 Camille de Rohan, 327 _Camperveen_ (syn. of Kamper-Venus), 433 Canandaigua, 327; parent of Ontario, 202 _Canners Japan_ (syn. of Japan Golden Russet), 428 Canning, 327 Canning pears, 109 Canourgues, 327 Cantelope, 327 Canton, 327 Capeinick, orig. of Duchesse de Brabant, 372 Capiaumont, orig. of Beurré Capiaumont, 289 Capsheaf, 328 Capucine Van Mons, 328 Carasi, 328 Carcas, orig. of Roux Carcas, 532 Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, 328 _Cardinale_ (syn. of Amiral), 244 Carleton, 328 Carmel, 328 Carminbirne, 328 Caroline Hogg, 328 _Carpocapsa pomonella_ on pear, 118 Carrière, 329 Cartheurserbirne, 329 Case, William, orig. of Mary (Case), 467 Casimir, 329 Cassante du Comice, 329 Cassante de Mars, 329 Cassel, 329 Cassel Nurs. Co., introd. of Cassel, 329 Casser, orig. of Columbia, 344 _Casserule_ (syn. of Poire de Casserole), 502 Cassolette, 329 Cassolette (Knoop), 329 Castelain, Florimond, orig. of Castelline, 330 Castelline, 330 Catch crops for pear orchards, 102 Caterpillars on pear, 120 Catherine Gardette, 330 Catherine Lambré, 330 Catherine Royal, 330 Catillac, 330 Catinka, 330 Cato, mention of pear by, 7 Cauwenberghe, Lievin Van, orig. of Henriette Van Cauwenberghe, 416 Cavaignac, 330 Cavelier de la Salle, 331 Cecil, Mrs. Evelyn, mention of pears by, 31 Cedarmere, 331 Cels Butterbirne, 331 Century, 331 _Cephalothecium roseum_, cause of pink-rot of pear, 117 Cerise Brune, 331 Cerise Double, 331 Cerruttis Durstlösche, 331 Certeau, 331 Certeau d'Automne, 331 Certeau d'Été, 331 Certeau d'Hiver, 332 Cesile, 332 Chænomeles, relationship of, to pear, 57 Chaigneau, 332 Chair-a-Dame, 332 _Chalk_ (syn. of Crawford), 350 _Chambers_ (syn. of Early Harvest), 158 Chambrette, Marquis, introd. of Virgouleuse, 573 Chamness, 332 Chamness, orig. of Chamness, 332 Champ Riche d'Italie, 332 Champagner Bratbirne, 333 Chancelier de Hollande, 333 Chancellor, 333 Chancellor, orig. of Chancellor, 333 Chantry, 333 Chaploux, 333 Chapman, 333 Chaptal, 333 Charlemagne, promotion of pear culture by, 12 Charles Bivort, 333 Charles Cognée, 334 Charles Ernest, 334 Charles Frederickx, 334 Charles de Guelin, 334 Charles Smet, 334 Charles van Hooghten, 334 Charles Van Mons, 334 Charli Basiner, 334 Charlotte de Brouwer, 334 Charlotte de Roucourt, 335 Charnock, 335 Charon, orig. of Beurré Charon, 290 Chat Brulé, 335 Chatenay, Pierre, orig, of Beurré Chatenay, 290 Chattanooga, 335 Chaudfontaine, 335 Chaudy, orig. of Madame Chaudy, 456 Chaumontel, 335; parent of Chaumontel Gras, 335 Chaumontel Gras, 335 Chaumontel Swan Egg, 336 Chaumontelle d'été, 336 Chelmsford, 336 Cher à Dames (Knoop), 336 Cherroise, 336 Chesill, 336 Chesneau, discov. of Fondante de la Roche, 385 Chevreau, Arthur, orig. of Arthur Chevreau, 253 Chilton, 336 China, 336 Chinese Pear. (See _Pyrus serotina_) _Chinese Sand_ (syn. of Sha Lea), 545 Chio, 337 Choak-pear, 337 Choisnard, 337 Cholwell, 337 Christmas, 337 Christmas Beurré, 337 Church, 337 Churchill, Mrs., orig. of Alexander, 240 Chypre, 337 Cincincis, 338 Cincincis Seedling, 338 Cinquantième anniversaire, 338 Cire, 338 Cité Gomand, 338 Citrina, 338 Citron, 338 _Citron des Carmes_ (syn. of Madeleine), 195 Citron d'Hyver, 339 Citron de Saint Paul, 339 Citron de Sierentz, 339 Citronnée, 339 Clairgeau, Pierre, orig. of Beurré Clairgeau, 132 _Clairgeau_ (syn. of Beurré Clairgeau), 132 _Clairgeau's Butterbirne_ (syn. of Beurré Clairgeau), 132 Clap, 339 Clap, William, orig. of Clap, 339 Clapp, F. & L., orig. of Newhall, 481; Nicholas, 481 Clapp, Lemuel, orig. of Dorset, 149; Frederick Clapp, 169; Harris (Massachusetts), 412 Clapp, Thaddeus, orig. of Clapp Favorite, 143; Sarah, 541 Clapp Favorite, 142; parent of Tolstoy, 564; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84 _Clapp No. 22_ (syn. of Frederick Clapp), 169 _Clapp's Favourite_ (syn. of Clapp Favorite), 142 _Clapp's Liebling_ (syn. of Clapp Favorite), 142 Clara, 339 Clara Durieux, 339 Claretenbirne, 339 Clark, 339 Clarksville, 340 Claude Blanchet, 340 Claude Mollet, 340 Clay, 340 Clean culture versus sod for pear orchards, 102 Clémence de Lavours, 340 Clémence van Rumbeck, 340 Clément Bivort, 340 Clementine, 340 Climate adapted to pear culture, 85 Climate of America uncongenial to pears, 38 Clinton, 340 _Clion_ (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 227 Cloche de Wittenberg, 340 Clot, orig. of Beurré Clotaire, 290 Cludius, orig. of Hildesheimer Späte Sommerbirne, 418 Codling moth on pear, 118 _Coeur-de-Boeuf_ (syn. of Ochsenherz), 484 Coit, Colonel, orig. of Beurré de Coit, 291; Coit Beurré, 340 Coit Beurré, 340 Cold resistant pears, 86 Cold storage of pears, 109 Cole, 341 Cole Winter, 341 Colland, Jean, orig. of Triomphe de Vienne, 566 Collins, 341 Colmar, 341 Colmar d'Alost, 341 Colmar d'Arenberg, 341 Colmar Artoisenet, 341 Colmar d'Automne Nouveau, 342 Colmar Bretagne, 342 Colmar Charni, 342 Colmar Daras, 342 Colmar Delahaut, 342 Colmar Demeester, 342 Colmar Dewez, 342 Colmar Épine, 342 Colmar d'Été, 343 Colmar Flotow, 343 Colmar-Hirondelles, 343 _Colmar des Invalides_ (syn. of Colmar Van Mons), 344 Colmar de Jonghe, 343 Colmar de Mars, 343 Colmar du Mortier, 343 Colmar Navez, 343 Colmar Neill, 344 Colmar Sirand, 344 Colmar Van Mons, 344 Colmart, 344 Coloma, Count de, orig. of Beurré Coloma, 291; Coloma Carmeliterbirne, 344; Reine des Poires, 519; Suprême Coloma, 557 Coloma Carmeliterbirne, 344 _Coloma's Herbst Butterbirne_ (syn. of Urbaniste), 224 Colonel Wilder, 143 Colorado Seedless, 344 Colorée de Juillet, 344 Columbia, 144 _Columbia_ (syn. of Barseck), 260 _Comet_ (syn. of Lawson), 186 _Cometbirne_ (syn. of Lawson), 186 _Comice_ (syn. of Doyenné du Comice), 153 Comice Horticole, originator of Doyenné du Comice, 154 Commandant Belaieff, 345 Commercial varieties of pears, 84; in New York, 101 Commissaire Delmotte, 345 Commodore, 345 Compotbirne, 345 Compote d'Été, 345 Comprette, 345 Comstock, 345 Comte Canal de Malabaila, 345 Comte de Chambord, 345 Comte d'Egmont, 346 Comte de Flandres, 346 Comte de Lambertye, 346 _Comte de Lamy_ (syn. of Lamy), 184 Comte Lelieur, 346 Comte de Meladore, 346 Comte de Morny, 346 Comte de Paris, 346 Comtesse d'Alost, 346 Comtesse de Chambord, 346 Comtesse Clara Frijs, 347 Comtesse de Grailly, 347 Comtesse de Paris, 347 Condorcet, 347 Conference, 347 Congrès de Gand, 347 Congrès Pomologique, 347 Conkleton, 348 Conklin, 348 Connecticut, 348 Conseiller de Hollande, 348 Conseiller Ranwez, 348 Constant, Thomas, orig. of Sudduth, 220 Constant Claes, 348 Constitutional characters of pear-trees, 59 Cooke, 348 Cooke, Elijah, orig. of Beurré Preble, 303 Coolidge, D. W., introd. of Winter Bartlett, 231 Copia, 348 Coppiers, orig. of Vice-Président Coppiers, 572 Cordus, discussion of pears by, 20 Cornélie Daras, 348 Cornemuse, 348 Cornewell, 349 Cost of growing pears, 110 Coter, 349 Coule-Soif de Cerutti, 349 Courte-queue d'Automne, 349 Courte-queue d'Hiver, 349 Cousin Blanc, 349 Couteau, 349 Coxe, experimental orchards of, 52; first American pomology by, 52 Craig, 349 Craig Favourite, 350 Crassane, 350; parent of Boïeldien, 312; Lydie Thiérard, 454 Crassane Libotton, 350 Crassane du Mortier, 350 Crawford, 350 Crawford, N. W., orig. of Carmel, 328 Crede kegelförmige Zuckerbirne, 350 Crede Sommerrusselet, 350 Crescenzi, discussion of pear by, 11 Crisco, 351 Crisco, Robert, orig. of Crisco, 351 [vC]rnivka, 351 Crocker, 351 Croft Castle, 351 Crosby, J. W., orig. of Redfield, 518 Cross, 351 Cross, orig. of Cross, 351 Crouch, 351 Crow, 351 Crown-gall on pear, 116 Cuissard and Barret, orig. of Madame Cuissard, 456 Cuisse Madame, parent of Windsor, 583 _Cuisse Madame_ (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178 Cullem, 351 Culture, pear, notes on, 83 Cumberland, 351 _Curé_ (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 227 Curé d'Oleghem, 352 _Curtet's Butterbirne_ (syn. of Lamy), 184 Cushing, 352 Cushing, Col. Washington, orig. of Cushing, 352 Cydonia, relationship of, to pear, 57 Czernowes, 352 D'Amboise, 352 _D'Ane_ (syn. of Langbirne), 441 _D'Aout Allemande_ (syn. of Deutsche Augustbirne), 358 D'Arad, 352 D'Auch, 352 D'Oeuf, 352 Daimyo, 353 Dallas, 353 Dame, 353 Dame-verte, 353 Dana, Francis, orig. of varieties, 146, 238, 244, 255, 380, 388, 396, 455, 466, 509, 545 Dana Hovey, 146; parent of Luola, 454 _Dana's Hovey_ (syn. of Dana Hovey), 146 _Dana's No. 16_ (syn. of Dana Hovey), 146 _Danas Hovey_ (syn. of Dana Hovey), 146 Daras de Naghin, orig. of varieties, 242, 250, 260, 268, 269, 296, 324, 335, 342, 347, 348, 392, 396, 418, 424, 429, 444, 446, 458, 459, 463, 464, 492, 493, 517, 527, 550, 559, 565 Darimont, 353 Darlington, 353 Dathis, 353 Dauvesse, orig. of Esther Comte, 378 David, 353 David d'Angers, 353 Davis, 354 Davis, orig. of Davis, 354; Gold Nugget, 399 _De Bavay_ (syn. of Autumn Colmar), 256 De Cerciaux, 354 De Chasseur, 354 De Croixmare, 354 De Duvergnies, 354 De la Farge, A., orig. of Belle et Bonne de la Pierre, 263; Besi de la Pierre, 281; Citron de Saint Paul, 339 De Fer, 354 De Fosse, 354 De Jonghe, J., introd. of varieties, 450; orig. of varieties, 261, 280, 292, 334, 343, 348, 370, 447, 522; work of, as pear breeder, 19 _De Jonghe's Butterbirne_ (syn. of Beurré de Jonghe), 136 De Lamartine, 355 De Longueval, orig. of Louise Bonne de Jersey, 193 De Louvain, 355 De Nelis, work of, as pear breeder, 19 De Prêtre, 355 _De Quentin_ (syn. of Rousselet Saint-Quentin), 530 De Rachinquin, 355 De Serres, discussion of the pear by, 14 _De Tongres_ (syn. of Durandeau), 373 Dearborn, 147 Dearborn, Gen. H. A. S., biography of, 147; orig. of Dearborn, 147 _Dearborn's Seedling_ (syn. of Dearborn), 147 _Dechantsbirne von Alençon_ (syn. of Doyenné d'Alençon), 150 Defays, François, orig. of Beurré Defays, 292; Doyenné Defays, 366 Degaud, Isidore, orig. of Délices de Froyennes, 356 Dehove, François, orig. of Rondelet, 523 Delannoy, Alexandre, orig. of Beurré Delannoy, 292 Delcange, 355 _Délices d'Angers_ (syn. of Fondante du Panisel), 385 Délices de la Cacaudière, 355 Délices de Charles, 355 Délices de Chaumont, 356 Délices Everard, 356 Délices de Froyennes, 356 Délices d'Hardenpont, 356 _Délices d'Hardenpont d'Angers_ (syn. of Fondante du Panisel), 385 Délices d'Hiver, 356 Délices de Huy, 356 Délices de Jodoigne, 356 Délices de Ligaudières, 356 Délices de Lovenjoul, 356 Délices de la Meuse, 357 Délices de Naghin, 357 Délices de Saint-Médard, 357 Délices de Tirlemont, 357 Délicieuse de Grammont, 357 Délicieuse de Swijan, 357 Délisse, 357 Delpierre, 357 Delporte Bourgmestre, 357 Democrat, 357 _Demoiselle_ (syn. of Vigne), 572 Demorest, 357 Dempsey, 357 Denis Dauvesse, 358 Derouineau, orig. of Beurré Derouineau, 292 Dervaes Bros., orig. of Bergamotte la Gantoise, 272 Des Chartreux, 358 _Des Chasseurs_ (syn. of Poire des Chasseurs), 502 _Des Chevriers de Stuttgardt_ (syn. of Rousselet de Stuttgardt), 531 Des Deux Soeurs, 358 Deschamps, Monseigneur, orig. of Beurré d'Arenberg, 129 Description blank for pear, opposite 68 Désiré Cornélis, 358 Desportes, François, orig. of Doyenné Downing, 366 Dessauer Weissbirne, 358 Deutsche Augustbirne, 358 Deutsche Glasbirne, 358 Deutsche Kümmelbirne, 358 Deutsche Muskateller, 358 _Deux Fois l'An_ (syn. of Honey), 420 Deux Têtes, 359 Devergnies, 359 Devergnies, orig. of Devergnies, 359 Dewey, 359 Dhommée, 359 _Diamant-peer_ (syn. of Gansel Bergamot), 391 Dickerman, 359 Dickinson, orig. of Eureka, 379 Diego, 359 _Diel_ (syn. of Beurré Diel), 133 _Diel's Butterbirne_ (syn. of Beurré Diel), 133 Dienstbotenbirne, 359 Dieudonné Anthoine, 359 _Dikeman_ (syn. of Dickerman), 359 Diller, 360 Dilly, V., orig. of Beurré Dilly, 292 Diman, 360 Dion, orig. of Belle Guérandaise, 264 Directeur Alphand, 360 Directeur Hardy, 360 Directeur Tisserand, 360 Directeur Varenne, 360 Dirkjes Peer, 360 Diseases of the pear, 110 Dix, 360 Dix, Madame, orig. of Dix, 360 Dixie, 360 Doat, 361 Doat, orig. of Doat, 361 Docteur Andry, 361 Docteur Bénit, 361 Docteur Bourgeois, 361 Docteur Bouvier, 361 Docteur Capron, 361 Docteur Chaineau, 361 Docteur Delatosse, 361 Docteur Gromier, 361 Docteur Joubert, 361 _Docteur Jules Guyot_ (syn. of Guyot), 173 Docteur Koch, 361 Docteur Lentier, 362 Docteur Lindley, 362 Docteur Meniere, 362 Docteur Nélis, 362 Docteur P. Bruzon, 362 Docteur Pariset, 362 Docteur Pigeaux, 362 _Docteur Rhéder_ (syn. of Reeder), 211 Docteur Trousseau, 362 Doctor Bachmann, 362 Doctor Engelbrecht, 363 Doctor Hogg Bergamot, 363 Doctor Hoskins, 363 Doctor Howe, 363 Dr. Jules Guyot, 173 _Doctor Reeder_ (syn. of Reeder), 211 Doctor Turner, 363 Dodge, 363 Dodoens, mention of pear varieties by, 16 Doktorsbirne, 363 Donatienne Bureau, 363 Dones, 363 Donville, 363 _Doppelte Philippsbirne_ (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152 Doppelttragende gelbe Muskatellerbirne, 364 Dörell Herbst Muskateller, 364 Dorlain, orig. of Saint Ghislain, 536 Dorothée Nouvelle, 364 Dorothée Royale Nouvelle, 364 Dorr, 364 Dorschbirne, 364 Dorset, 149 Dosoris, 364 Double d'Automne, 364 _Double Blossom_ (syn. of Double-Fleur), 364 Double-Fleur, 364 Double de Guerre, 365 Double-Plouvier, 365 Double Rousselet, 365 Douglas, 150 Douillard, orig. of Alexandrine Douillard, 241 Dow, 365 Downer, Samuel, introd. of Andrews, 246 Dowler, 365 Downton, 365 Doyen Dillen, 365 _Doyenné_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228 Doyenné d'Alençon, 150; parent of Bergamotte Tardive Collette, 277; Pierre Curie, 499 Doyenné Bizet, 365 _Doyenné Blanc_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228 Doyenné Blanc Long, 366 Doyenné Boisnard, 366 Doyenné Boisselot, 366 Doyenné de Bordeaux, 366. _Doyenné Boussoch_ (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152 Doyenné Boussock, 152; parent of Fondante des Emmurées, 384 _Doyenné Boussock Nouvelle_ (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152 Doyenné Bouyron, 366 Doyenné du Cercle, 366 Doyenné à Cinq Pans, 366 Doyenné du Comice, 153; parent of Directeur Tisserand, 360; Doyenné Georges Boucher, 367; Jeanne d'Arc, 429; Pierre Corneille, 499 Doyenné Defays, 366 Doyenné Downing, 366 _Doyenné d'Effay_ (syn. of Doyenné Defays), 366 Doyenné d'Été, parent of Eliot Early, 375 _Doyenné d'Été_ (syn. of Summer Doyenné), 221 Doyenné Flon Ainé, 367 Doyenné Fradin, 367 Doyenné Georges Boucher, 367 Doyenné Goubault, 367 _Doyenné Gray_ (syn. of Doyenné Gris), 367 Doyenné de la Grifferaye, 367 Doyenné Gris, 367 _Doyenné Gris_, parent of Avocat Allard, 257 Doyenné Guillard, 367 Doyenné des Haies, 367 _Doyenné d'Hiver_ (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159 Doyenné Hudellet, 368 Doyenné Jamin, 368 _Doyenné de Juillet_ (syn. of Summer Doyenné), 221 Doyenné de Lorraine, 368 Doyenné Louis, 368 _Doyenné de Mérode_ (syn. of Doyenné Boussock), 152 Doyenné de Montjean, 368 Doyenné Nérard, 368 Doyenné Nouveau, 368 Doyenné Perrault, 368 Doyenné Picard, 368 Doyenné Rahard, 369 Doyenné de Ramegnies, 369 Doyenné Robin, 369 Doyenné Rose, 369 Doyenné Saint-Roch, 369 Doyenné de Saumur, 369 Doyenné Sentelet, 369 Doyenné Sieulle, 369 _Doyenné Sterckmans_ (syn. of Beurré Sterckmans), 306 Drapiez, 369 Driessche, orig. of Beurré van Driessche, 293 _Driessen's Pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of Beurré Driessen), 293 Drone, 370 _Drouard_ (syn. of Président Drouard), 210 Du Breuil, Alphonse, orig. of Du Breuil Père, 370; Souvenir de du Breuil Père, 549 Du Breuil Père, 370 Du Mirror, 370 Du Mortier, orig. of Bergamotte de Tournai, 278 Du Roeulx, 370 Dubreuil, orig. of Professeur Dubreuil, 514 Dubrulle, 370 Dubuisson, Isidore, orig. of Beurré Dubuisson, 293 Duc Alfred de Croy, 370 Duc d'Aumale, 370 Duc de Brabant, 370 Duc de Morny, 370 Duc de Nemours, 370 _Duchess of Angoulême_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême), 154 _Duchess Bronze_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême Bronzée), 371 _Duchess of Orleans_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Orléans), 156 Duchesse d'Angoulême, 154; parent of Bill Campbell, 309; Cassel, 329; Dempsey, 357; Douglas, 150; Duchesse Précoce, 372; General Wauchope, 395; Henri Bouet, 415; place of, in New York pear culture, 85 Duchesse d'Angoulême Bronzée, 371 Duchesse d'Angoulême Panachée, 371 Duchesse Anne, 371 Duchesse d'Arenberg, 371 Duchesse de Berry d'Été, 371 Duchesse de Bordeaux, 371; parent of Doyenné à Cinq Pans, 366 Duchesse de Brabant, 372 Duchess de Brabant (De Capeinick), 372 Duchesse de Brissac, 372 Duchesse Grousset, 372 Duchesse Hélène d'Orléans, 372 Duchesse d'Hiver, 372 Duchesse Hybrid, 372 Duchesse de Mars, 372 Duchesse de Mouchy, 372 Duchesse d'Orléans, 156 Duchesse Précoce, 372 Duchovaya, 373 Dudley, 373 Dudley, mention of pears by, 45; orig. of Dudley, 373 _Duhamel_ (syn. of Duhamel du Monceau), 157 Duhamel du Monceau, 157 _Duhamel's Butterbirne_ (syn. of Duhamel du Monceau), 157 Duke, Lucy, orig. of Beaufort, 262; Lucy Duke, 194 _Dumas_ (syn. of Épine du Mas), 377 Dumon-Dumortier, 373 Dumont, Joseph, orig. of Bergamotte de Tournai, 277; Beurré Dumont, 293; Beurré d'Esquelmes, 294 Dundas, 373 Dunmore, 373 Dupuy Charles, 373 Duquesne, Abbé, orig. of Colmar Van Mons, 344; Marie Louise, 198 Durand-Gasselin, orig. of Poire Brune de Gasselin, 501 Durandeau, 373 Durandeau, Charles Louis, orig. of Durandeau, 373 Durée, 374 Durst-Lösche, 374 Dussart, orig. of Bergamotte Dussart, 271 "Dutch Jacob", discoverer of Seckel, 215 Duval, orig. of Archiduc Charles, 251; Beurré Duval, 294 Dwarfing, best pear varieties for, 95; of pears, 94 Earl, S., orig. of Herkimer, 417 Early Ely, 374 Early Green Sugar, 374 Early Harvest, 158 _Early Butter of Indiana_ (syn. of Craig), 349 _Early Rousselet_ (syn. of Rousselet Hâtif), 528 _Early Wilbur_ (syn. of Wilbur), 580 _Early Wilder_ (syn. of Wilder Early), 230 Easter Bergamot, 374 Easter Beurré, 159; parent of Directeur Varenne, 360; Louis Cappe, 451; Souvenir de Renault Père, 550 Eastern Belle, 374 Echasserie, 374 Eckard, W. C., orig. of Luola, 454 Economic considerations in pear culture, 94 Edle Sommerbirne, 375 Edward Seedling St. Germain, 375 Edwards, Bryan, orig. of Bryan Edwards, 321 Edwards, Henry W., biography of, 375; orig. of varieties, 326, 327, 338, 340, 353, 375, 388, 416, 567, 568, 581 Effie Holt, 375 Eliot, Judge Charles, orig. of Eliot Early, 375 Eliot Early, 375 Élisa d'Heyst, 375 Elizabeth, 161 Elizabeth (Edwards), 375 _Élizabeth de Manning_ (syn. of Elizabeth), 161 Elizabeth Maury, 376 Ellis, 376 Ellis, Annie E., orig. of Ellis, 376 Ellis (New York), 376 Ellison, M. P., orig. of Ford, 386 Ellwanger, George, biography of, 205 Ellwanger & Barry, introd. into America of Alexander Lucas, 240 Ely, Silas, orig. of Early Ely, 374 Emerald, 376 Émile d'Heyst, 376 Endicott pear tree, 41 Enfant Nantais, 376 Enfant Prodigue, 376 England, pear in, 29 English and American pear-growing compared, 37 _Épargne_ (syn. of Jargonelle), 177 Épine d'Été, 377 Épine d'Été Rouge, 377 Épine d'Hiver, 377 Épine de Jernages, 377 Épine du Mas, 377 Épine Royale, 377 Épine-Royale de Courtray, 378 _Eriophyes pyri_ on pear, 119 Ermsinde, 378 Ernestine Auzolle, 378 Ernst, A. H., introd. of Prairie du Pond, 506 Eseme, 378 Espéren, Major, orig. of varieties, 165, 180, 219, 242, 271, 279, 288, 289, 315, 325, 329, 330, 334, 338, 362, 365, 375, 376, 384, 400, 430, 457, 462, 477, 478, 491, 492, 494, 513, 531, 542, 548, 558, 563, 573; work of, as a pear breeder, 19 _Esperen Waldbirne_ (syn. of Belle de Forêts), 264 _Esperen's Herrenbirne_ (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126 Esperine, 378 Esperione, 378 Essex, 378 Essington, W. E., orig. of Autumn Joséphine, 256 Esther Comte, 378 Estienne, list of pears given by, 13 Estranguillon, 378 Esturion, 378 Eugène Appert, 379 Eugène Furst, 379 Eugène Maisin, 379 Eugène des Nouhes, 379 Eugène Thirriot, 379 Euratsfelder Mostbirne, 379 Eureka, 379 Europe, eastern and central, pear in, 19 European pear varieties imported into America, 52 Eva Baltet, 379 Everard, Gabriel, orig. of Délices Everard, 356 Excellente de Moine, 380 Excelsior, 380 Eyewood, 380 _Fabræa maculata_, cause of leaf-blight, 115 Fall, 380 Fall Beurré d'Arenburg, 380 Famenga, 380 _Farragut_ (syn. of Admiral Farragut), 238 _Fassbirne_ (syn. of Tonneau), 564 Faurite, 380 Fauvanelle, 380 _Favorite de Clapp_ (syn. of Clapp Favorite), 142 Favorite Joanon, 380 Favorite Morel, 381 Favre, orig. of Madame Favre, 458; Souvenir Favre, 550 Feast, 381 Feast, Samuel, orig. of Feast, 381 Feaster, Aaron, orig. of Bleeker Meadow, 311 Félix de Liem, 381 Félix Sahut, 381 Feraut, orig. of Augier, 254 Ferdinand Gaillard, 381 Ferdinand de Lesseps, 381 Fertility, 381 Fertility of pear, 99 Fertilizers for pears, 98 _Feuille de chêne_ (syn. of Naples), 479 Figue, 381 Figue d'Alençon, 382 Figue de Naples, 382 Figueira, 382 Fin Juillet, 382 Fin-Or d'Orleans, 382 Fin-Or de Septembre, 382 _Fine Gold of Summer_ (syn. of Fin-Or d'Orléans), 382 Fitzwater, 382 Flack, W., orig. of Essex, 378 Fleming, Mrs. Maria, orig. of Lincoln, 191 Flemish Beauty, 163; parent of Bergamotte Nicolle, 274; Doctor Hoskins, 363; Eva Baltet, 379; Max, 469 Flemish Bon Chrêtien, 382 Flon, orig. of Bertrand Guinoisseau, 278; Beurré Flon, 295; Doyenné Flon Ainé, 367; Fortunée supérieure, 387; Maréchal Pelissier, 462 Flon-Grolleau, orig. of Général Bosquet, 394; Lieutenant Poidevin, 448; Saint Vincent de Paul, 538 _Florelle_ (syn. of Forelle), 167 Florent Schouman, 383 Florida Bartlett, 383 Florimond Parent, 390 Flower-buds of pear, characteristics of, 62 Flowers of pear, characteristics of, 62 Fluke, 383 Fluke, N. K., introd. of Fluke, 383 Fondante Agréable, 383 Fondante Albert, 383 Fondante d'Angers, 383 _Fondante d'Automne_ (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126 Fondante de Bihorel, 383 _Fondante des Bois_ (syn. of Flemish Beauty), 163 Fondante de Brest, 383 Fondante de Charleville, 384 Fondante de Charneau, 384 Fondante de Cuerne, 384 Fondante des Emmurées, 384 Fondante d'Ingendal, 384 Fondante de Ledeberg, 384 Fondante de la Maitre-École, 384 Fondante de Malines, 384 Fondante de Mars, 384 Fondante de Moulins-Lille, 385 Fondante de Nees, 385 Fondante de Noël, 164 Fondante du Panisel, 385 Fondante des Prés, 385 Fondante de la Roche, 385 Fondante de Rome ou Sucré Romain, 385 Fondante de Saint-Amand, 385 _Fondante de Schönert_ (syn. of Schönerts Omsewitzer Schmalzbirne), 542 Fondante-de-Septembre, 385 Fondante Sickler, 386 Fondante de Thines, 386 Fondante Thirriot, 386 Fondante Van Mons, 386 Fondante de Wollmet, 386 Fontaine de Ghélin, orig. of Général Totleben, 395 Fontarabie, 386 Fontenay, 165 Foote, Asahel, orig. of Fall Beurré d'Arenburg, 380; Foote Seckel, 386; Homestead, 420; Hoosic, 420; Weeping Willow, 576 Foote Seckel, 386 Ford, 386 Forelle, 167 _Forellenbirne_ (syn. of Forelle), 167 Forme de Bergamotte Crassane, 387 Forme de Curtet, 387 Forme de Délices, 387 Fortune, 387 Fortunée, 387; parent of Bergamotte Hertrich, 272; Fortunée Boisselot, 387; Fortunée supérieure, 387; Olivier de Serres, 200 Fortunée Boisselot, 387 _Fortunée de Printemps_ (syn. of Fortunée), 387 Fortunée supérieure, 387 Foster, Suel, orig. of Snow, 547 Fouqueray, orig. of Beurré Fouqueray, 295 Fourcine, W., orig. of Comtesse de Paris, 347 Fourcroy, 387 Fouron, 387 Fowler, Dr., orig. of Muscadine, 476 Fox, 168 Fox, Bernard S., biography of, 168; orig. of Colonel Wilder, 144; Fox, 168; P. Barry, 203 Franc-Réal, 388 _Franc Réal d'Hiver_ (syn. of Franc-Réal), 388 France, pear in, 12; rapid increase in pear varieties in, 15 Frances, 388 Franchimont, 388 Franchipanne, 388 Francis, 388 Francis Dana, 388 François Hutin, 388 _Frangipane_ (syn. of Franchipanne), 388 Frangipane d'Hiver, 388 Frankenbirne, 389 Frankfurter Birne, 389 _Französische Gute Graue Sommerbirne_ (syn. of Grise-Bonne), 403 _Französische Zapfenbirne_ (syn. of Brute Bonne), 321 Frau Louise Goethe, 389 Frederic Leclerc, 389 Frédéric de Wurtemberg, 389 Frederica Bremer, 389 Frederick Clapp, 169 Fremion, 390 French, connection of the, with history of pear in America, 46 French pear stocks, notes on, 95 Frensdorff Rothe Flaschenbirne, 390 Frühe Backhausbirne, 390 Frühe Schweizer Bergamotte, 390 Fruit characters of pomes, 63 Fruit setting of pears, discussion of, 99 Fuller, 390 Fullero, 390 Fulton, 390; parent of Tudor, 567 Fulton, orig. of Fulton, 390 _Fumago vagans_, cause of black mold of pear, 117 Fusée d'Automne, 390 Fusée d'Hiver, 391 Gabourell Seedling, 391 Gakovsky, 391 Gallo, mention of pears by, 12 Galopin, orig. of Chaudfontaine, 335 Galston Muirfowl Egg, 391 Gambier, orig. of Beurré Gambier, 295; Fondante d'Ingendal, 384; Marie Louise d'Uccle, 464 Gans, 391 Gans, Joseph, discoverer of Gans, 391 Gänsekopf, 391 Gansel, Lieutenant-General, orig. of Gansel Bergamot, 391 Gansel Bergamot, 391; parent of Gansel Seckel, 170 Gansel Late Bergamot, 391; parent of Doctor Hogg Bergamot, 363 Gansel Seckel, 170 _Gansel-Seckle_ (syn. of Gansel Seckel), 170 Garber, 171; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84 Garber, J. B., orig. of Garber, 171 _Garber's Hybrid_ (syn. of Garber), 171 Garden, pomological, of Robert Manning, 53 Garden, T. J., introd. of Cole Winter, 341 _Garden Pear_ (syn. of Poirer de Jardin), 505 Garnier, 392 Garnier, orig. of Garnier, 392; Maria de Nantes, 463 Garnons, 392 Gassenbirne, 392 Gaston du Puys, 392 Gaudry, 392 Gaujard, orig. of Mademoiselle Marguerite Gaujard, 460 Géant, 392 Gefleckte Pomeranzenbirne, 392 Gefleckte Sommerrusselet, 392 Gefundene, 392 Geigenschnabel, 392 Geishirtle, 392 _Gelbe Frühbirne_ (syn. of Jaune Hâtive), 428 Gelbe frühe Sommerapothekerbirne, 392 Gelbe Fürsten-Tafelbirne, 393 Gelbe Heckenbirne, 393 Gelbe Holzbirne, 393 Gelbe Landlbirne, 393 Gelbe langstielige Alantbirne, 393 Gelbe Laurentiusbirne, 393 Gelbe Leutsbirne, 393 Gelbe Scheibelbirne, 393 _Gelbe Sommerrusselet_ (syn. of Rousselet Jaune d'Été), 529 Gelbe Wasserbirne, 393 Gelbmostler, 394 _Gellert's Butterbirne_ (syn. of Beurré Hardy), 135 Gemeine Kochbirne, 394 Gemeine Pfundbirne, 394 Gendron, orig. of Beurré Gendron, 295 Général de Bonchamp, 394 Général Bosquet, 394 Général Canrobert, 394 Général Delage, 394 Général Dutilleul, 394 Général Duvivier, 395 General Kearney, 395 General Lamoricière, 395 General Sherman, 395 General Taylor, 395 Général Thouvenin, 395 Général Totleben, 395 General Wauchope, 395 Gensbirne, 395 George Augustus, 396 Georges Delebecque, 396 Gerando, 396 Gerarde, mention of pears by, 32 Gérardine, 396 Gerdessen, 396 Gerdessen, Pastor, orig. of Gerdessen, 396 _Gergonell_(syn. of Jargonelle), 177 Gerippte Pomeranzenbirne, 396 _German Muscat_ (syn. of Deutsche Muskateller), 358 Germany, pomological literature of, 20 Gernröder Pomeranzenbirne, 396 Gestreiffe Winter-Apothekerbirne, 396 Ghélin, Fontaine de, orig. of Beurré de Ghélin, 296 Ghellinck de Walle, 396 Ghellinck de Walle, orig. of Ghellinck de Walle, 396 Gibb, 396 Gibb, introd. of Russian pears by, 56 Gibey-Lorne, orig. of Monseigneur des Hons, 474 _Giffard_ (syn. of Beurré Giffard), 134 _Giffard's Butterbirne_ (syn. of Beurré Giffard), 134 Gilain, 397 Gilles ô Gilles, 397 Giram, 397 Girandoux, orig. of Girardon, 397 Girardon, 397 _Girogile_ (syn. of Gilles ô Gilles), 397 Glace d'hiver, 397 Glastonbury, 397 Gleck, 398 Gliva, 398 Gloire de Cambron, 398 Glou Morceau, 172; confusion with Beurre d'Arenberg, 129; parent of Bergamotte de Toumai, 277; Beurré Ad. Papeleu, 283; Souvenir Favre, 550; Winter Williams, 584 _Glout Morceau_ (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172 _Gloux Morceau_ (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172 Gloward, 398 Gnoico, 398 Goat-herd, 398 _Goemans Gelbe Sommerbirne_ (syn. of Passe-Goemans), 491 Gogal, 398 Gold Dust, 399 Gold Nugget, 399 Goldbirne, 399 Goldbordirte Holzbirne, 399 Golden Bell, 399 Golden Beurré of Bilboa, 398 Golden June, 399 Golden Knap, 399 Golden Queen, 399 Golden Russet, 399 _Golden Russet_ (syn. of Japan Golden Russet), 428 Goldwörther Lederbirne, 399 Gönnersche Birne, 399 Goodale, 400 Goodale, E., orig. of Goodale, 400 Goodrich, Chauncey, orig. of Paddock, 489 Gore, Gov., orig. of Heathcot, 413 Got, 400 Goubault, Maurice, orig. of varieties, 138, 274, 279, 281, 293, 296, 304, 310, 367, 465, 471 Governor Carver, 400 Grabel, Jacob, orig. of Posey, 506 Grabenbirne, 400 Grading of pears, 108 Graf Moltke, 400 Grafting pears, 106 Graham, F. J., orig. of Autumn Nelis, 256 _Graham Autumn Nelis_ (syn. of Autumn Nelis), 256 Grand Bretagne, 400 Grand Isle, 400 _Grand Monarque_ (syn. of Catallac), 330 Grand-Soliel, 400 Grant, 401 Graslin, 401 Grasshoff Leckerbissen, 401 Gratiola, 401 _Graue Flaschenbirne_ (syn. of Calbasbirn), 324 Graue Herbstrusselet, 401 Graue Holzbirne, 401 Graue Honigbirn, 401 Graue Pelzbirne, 401 Graue Speckbirne, 401 Graue Zuckerbirne, 402 Grazbirne, 402 Great Cassolette, 402 Great Citron of Bohemia, 402 Great Mammoth, 402 Greece, ancient, pear in, 3 Greeks, monographs on husbandry by, 7 Green, Charles A., introd. into America of Président Drouard, 210 Green Chisel, 402 Green Mountain Boy, 402 Green Pear of Yair, 402 _Green Yair_ (syn. of Green Pear of Yair), 402 Gregoire, Xavier, orig. of varieties, 238, 239, 249, 255, 257, 259, 273, 302, 303, 304, 338, 342, 345, 362, 396, 397, 414, 415, 425, 429, 432, 440, 445, 446, 451, 457, 458, 467, 473, 474, 483, 507, 510, 511, 512, 514, 529, 531, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 572, 573, 587; work as pear breeder, 19 Grégoire Bordillon, 403 Grey Good-Wife, 403 Gris, M. le, orig. of Doyenné de la Grifferaye, 367 Grise-Bonne, 403 Grolez-Duriez, orig. of Belle-Moulinoise, 265; Fondante de Moulins-Lille, 385 Groom, introd. of Groom Prince Royal, 403 Groom Prince Royal, 403 Gros Blanquet Long, 403 Gros Blanquet Rond, 403 Gros-Hativeau, 404 Gros Loijart, 404 Gros Lucas, 404 Gros Muscat Rond, 404 Gros Rousselet, 404 Gros Rousselet d'Aout, 405 Gros Trouvé, 405 _Grosse Angleterre de Noisette_ (syn. of Grosse Poire d'Amande), 406 Grosse Eisbirne, 405 Grosse Figue, 405 Grosse gelbe Weinbirne, 405 Grosse-Herbst-Bergamotte, 405 Grosse Landlbirne, 405 Grosse Leutsbirne, 405 Grosse-Louise, 405 Grosse Mostputzer, 405 Grosse Petersbirne, 406 Grosse Poire d'Amande, 406 Grosse Poire de Vitrier, 406 Grosse Queue, 406 Grosse Rommelter, 406 Grosse schöne Jungfernbirne, 406 Grosse September Birne, 406 Grosse Sommer-Zitronenbirne, 407 Grosse Sommersirene, 406 Grosse späte Weinbirne, 407 _Grosse Verte-Longue Précoce de la Sarthe_ (syn. of Verte-Longue de la Sarthe), 571 Grosser Roland, 407 Grousset, orig. of Enfant Nantais, 376 Groveland, 407 Grubbirne, 407 Grumkow, 407 Grunbirne, 407 Grüne Confesselsbirne, 407 Grüne frühe Gewurzbirne, 407 Grüne fürstliche Tafelbirne, 407 Grüne gesegnete Winterbirne, 408 _Grüne Lange Herbstbirne_ (syn. of Long Green), 449 Grüne langstielige Winterhirtenbirne, 408 _Grüne Magdalene_(syn. of Madeleine), 195 Grüne Pfundbirne, 408 Grüne Pichelbirne, 408 Grüne Sommer-Bergamote, 408 Grüne Sommer-Citronenbirne, 408 _Grüne Sommer-Magdalene_ (syn. of Madeleine), 195 Grüne Wiedenbirne, 408 Grüne Winawitz, 408 Grünmostler, 408 _Guenette_ (syn. of Green Chisel), 402 Gueniot, orig. of Le Brun, 443 Guéraud, orig. of Adèle de Saint-Denis, 237 Guillot, orig. of Bon-Chrétien Bonnamour, 313 Gulabi, 409 Guntershauser Holzbirne, 409 Gustave Bivort, 409 Gustave Bourgogne, 409 Gustin Summer, 409 _Gute Graue_ (syn. of Yat), 586 Gute Grüne, 409 _Gute Louise von Avranches_(syn. of Louise Bonne de Jersey), 193 Guyot, 173 Habichtsbirne, 409 Habit of growth of pear-trees, 59 Habitat of _Pyrus auricularis_, 73; _Pyrus betulaefolia_, 79; _Pyrus calleryana_, 80; _Pyrus communis_, 70; _Pyrus nivalis_, 72; _Pyrus serotina_, 75; _Pyrus serotina culta_, 76; _Pyrus serrulata_, 78; _Pyrus ussuriensis_, 77 Hacon Incomparable, 409; parent of Hoosic, 420 Haddington, 409 Haffner Bros., orig. of Haffner Butterbirne, 410 Haffner Butterbirne, 410 Hagar, 410 _Hagerman_ (syn. of Hegeman), 414 Haight, 410 Hallische gelbe Honigbirne, 410 Hamburg, 410 Hamburger Birne, 410 Hamilton, 410 Hammelsbirne, 410 Hamon, 410 Hampden Bergamot, 410 Hampton, W. C., orig. of Hampton Bergamot, 411; Hampton Cluster, 411 Hampton Bergamot, 411 Hampton Cluster, 411 Hampton Virgalieu, 411 Hancock, 411 Hancock, Thomas, orig. of Tatnall Harvest, 559 Hangelbirne, 411 Hannover'sche Jakobsbirne, 411 Hannover'sche Margarethenbirne, 411 Hanover, 411 Hansen, N. E., orig. of Pushkin, 515; Tolstoy, 564 Hardenpont, Abbé, efforts in breeding pears by, 16; orig. of varieties, 172, 206, 304, 356, 385 Hardenpont frühe Colmar, 411 _Hardenpont's Winter Butterbirne_ (syn. of Glou Morceau), 172 _Hardy_ (syn. of Beurré Hardy), 135 Harigelsbirne, 412 Harnard, 412 Harnard, John, orig. of Harnard, 412 Harris (Georgia), 412 Harris (Massachusetts), 412 Harrison Large Fall, 412 Hartberger Mostbirne, 412 Harte Neapolitanerin, 412 Hartwiss, M. De, orig. of Beurré Woronson, 308 Harvard, 412 Harvest, 412 Harvesting pears, 106 Harvey, Eli, owner of original tree of Brandywine, 140 Hassler, 413 Hassler, J. E., orig. of A. J. Cook, 236; Hassler, 413 Hastings, J. C., introd. of Frederica Bremer, 389 Hausemerbirne, 413 Hautmonté, 413 Hawaii, 413 Hawes Winter, 413 Hawkesbill, 413 Hays, 413 Heat resistant pears, 86 Heathcot, 413 Hebe, 413 _Hebron_ (syn. of Pinneo), 499 Hedwig von der Osten, 413 _Hedwige d'Osten_ (syn. of Hedwig von der Osten), 413 Hegeman, 414 Hegeman, Andrew, orig. of Hegeman, 414 Heilige Angelika-Birne, 414 Hélène Grégoire, 414 Hélin, Dr., orig. of Beurré Caty, 290 Hellinckx, orig. of Colmar d'Alost, 341 Hellmann, orig. of Melon de Hellmann, 470 Hellmann, Melonenbirn, 414 Hemminway, 414 Henkel, 414 _Henkel d'Automne_ (syn. of Henkel), 414 Henrard, Denis, orig. of Beurré Fenzl, 294; Bon-Chrétien de Vernois, 315 Henri Bivort, 414 Henri Bouet, 415 Henri de Bourbon, 415 Henri Capron, 415 Henri Decaisne, 415 Henri Desportes, 415 Henri Grégoire, 415 Henri Ledocte, 415 Henri Quatre, 415 _Henri Van Mons_ (syn. of Fleur de Neige), 382 Henrietta, 416 Henriette, 416 Henriette Van Cauwenberghe, 416 Henry, Henry C., orig. of Henry (Illinois), 416 Henry (Connecticut), 416 Henry (Illinois), 416 _Henry the Fourth_ (syn. of Henri Quatre), 415 Hérault, A., orig. of Bergamotte Hérault, 272; Fin Juillet, 382; Joyau de Septembre, 432 Herbelin, 416 Herbin, 416 Herborner Schmalzbirne, 416 Herbst-Citronenbirne, 417 Herbst-Klöppelbirne, 417 _Herbstbirne ohne Schale_ (syn. of Lansac), 443 Herbsteierbirne, 417 Herbstlanger, 417 _Herbstsylvester_ (syn. of Frédéric de Wurtemberg), 389 Héricart, 417 Héricart de Thury, 417 Herkimer, 417 Herr, A. G., orig. of Herr Late Winter, 417 Herr Late Winter, 417 Hert, 417 Hertrich, orig. of Bergamotte Hertrich, 272 Hervy, Michel-Christophe, orig. of Chaptal, 333 _Herzogin von Angoulême_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême), 154 Hessenbirne, 418 Hessle, 418 Hewes, 418 Heyer Zuckerbirne, 418 Hicks, Isaac, orig. of Durée, 374 Higginson, mention of pears by, 45 Hilda, 418 Hildegard, 418 Hildesheimer Bergamotte, 418 Hildesheimer späte Sommerbirne, 418 Hildesheimer Winterbirn, 418 Hingham, 419 Hirschbirne, 419 Hirsenbirne, 419 History of pear, long lapse in, 11 Hitzendorfer Mostbirne, 419 _Hochfeine Butterbirne_ (syn. of Beurré Superfin), 137 Hoe Langer Hoe Liever, 419 Hofsta, 419 Holland Green, 419 Holländische Butterbirne, 419 Holländische Gewürzbirne, 419 Holländische Zuckerbirne, 419 Holmer, 420 Holt, L. W., orig. of Effie Holt, 375 _Holzfarbige Butterbirne_ (syn. of Flemish Beauty), 163 Home ripening of pears, 109 Homer, mention of pear by, 4 Homestead, 420 Honey, 420 Honey (Russia), 420 Honey Dew, 420 Honigbergamotte, 420 Honnelbirne, 420 Hood, George, orig. of Lycurgus, 454 Hoosic, 420 Hopedale Nurs. Co., introd. of Weihmier Sugar, 576 Hopfenbirne, 421 Hosenschenk, 421 Houdin, orig. of Belle des Arbrés, 262 Houghlin, Joe, orig. of Golden June, 399 Housatonic, 421 Houser, 421 Hovey, 421 Howard, 421 Howe, Dr. John P., orig. of Doctor Howe, 363 Howe, John J., orig. of Housatonic, 421 Howe Winter, 421 Howell, 174; place in commercial pear culture, 84 Howell, Thomas, orig. of Howell, 175 _Howell's Seedling_ (syn. of Howell), 174 Hubert Grégoire, 421 Hudellet, Jules, orig. of Doyenné Hudellet, 368 Huffcap, 421 Hüffel Bratbirne, 421 Huggard, 421 Huguenot, 422 Huhle de Printemps, 422 Hull, 422 Hungerford Oswego, 422 Hunt Connecticut, 422 Huntington, 422 Hurbain d'Hiver, 422 Hussein Armudi, 422 Hutcherson, 422 Huyshe, Rev. John, orig. of "Royal Pears," 423 _Huyshe Bergamot_ (syn. of Huyshe Prince of Wales), 423 Huyshe Prince Consort, 423 Huyshe Prince of Wales, 423 Huyshe Princess of Wales, 423 Huyshe Victoria, 423 Hyacinthe du Puis, 423 Ickworth, 423 Ida, 423 Idaho, 175 Ilinka, 424 Impériale à Feuilles de Chêne, 424 Incommunicable, 424 Incomparable de Beuraing, 424 Inconstant, 424 Indian Queen, 424 Infortunée, 424 Ingénieur Wolters, 424 Ingram, Thomas, orig. of British Queen, 320 Innominée, 424 Insects affecting pear, 117 International, 425 Iris Grégoire, 425 _Iron Pear_ (syn. of Black Worcester), 310 Isabella, 425 Isabelle de Malèves, 425 Island, 425 Italienische Winterbergamotte, 425 Ives, 425 Ives, Dr. Eli, orig. of Dow, 365; Ives, 425; Ives August, 425; New Haven, 481 Ives August, 425 Ives Bergamotte, 426 Ives Seedling, 426 Ives Virgalieu, 426 Ives Winter, 426 Ives Yale, 426 Jablousky, 426 Jackson, 426 Jackson, S. S., orig. of Jackson Elizabeth, 426 Jackson Elizabeth, 426 Jacqmain, 426 Jacques Chamaret, 426 Jacques Mollet, 427 Jakobsbirne, 427 Jalais, Jacques, orig. of Beurré du Champ Corbin, 290; Beurré Jalais, 298; Bonne de Jalais, 316; Chaigneau, 332; Duchesse Anne, 371 Jalousie, 427 _Jalousie de Fontenay_ (syn. of Fontenay), 166 _Jalousie de Fontenay Vendée_ (syn. of Fontenay), 165 Jalousie de la Réole, 427 Jalousie Tardive, 427 Jalvy, 427 Jamin & Durand, origs. of Doyenné Jamin, 368 Jaminette, 427 Jansemine, 427 Japan, 428 Japan Golden Russet, 428 Japan Wonder, 428 Japanese Pear. (See _Pyrus serotina_) Japanese Sand, 428 Jargonelle, 177; ancient names of, 177 Jargonelle (French), 178; parent of Henri Bouet, 415 Jargonelle d'Automne, 428 Jaune Hâtive, 428 Jaune de Merveillon, 428 Jean Baptist, 428 Jean-Baptiste Bivort, 428 Jean-Baptiste Dediest, 429 Jean Cottineau, 429 Jean Laurent, 429 Jean Sano, 429 Jean de Witte, 429 Jeanne, 429 Jeanne d'Arc, 429 Jefferson, 429 Jersey Gratioli, 430 Jerusalem, 430 Jeschil Armudi, 430 Jewel, 430 Jewess, 430 Joanon, orig. of Favorite Joanon, 380; Professeur Willermoz, 514; Sainte Anne, 538 John Cotton, 430 John Griffith, 430 John Monteith, 430 John Williams, 430 Johonnot, 431 Johonnot, G. S., orig. of Huguenot, 422; Johonnot, 431; Naumkeag, 480 Joie du Semeur, 431 Jolie Lille de Gust, 431 Joly de Bonneau, 431 Jonah, 431; parent of Howell, 175 Jones, 431 Joseph Lebeau, 431 Joseph Staquet, 431 Joséphine de Binche, 431 Joséphine de Malines, 179; parent of Autumn Joséphine, 256; Georges Delebecque, 396; Joie du Semeur, 431 Joséphine de Maubrai, 431 _Joséphine von Mecheln_ (syn. of Joséphine de Malines), 179 Josephsbirne, 432 Josselyn, mention of pears by, 45 Joyau de Septembre, 432; parent of Fin Juillet, 382 Judge Andrews, 432 Jules d'Airoles (Grégoire), 432 Jules d'Airolles (Leclerc), 432 _Jules Bivort_ (syn. of Délices de Lovenjoul), 356 Jules Blaise, 432 Jules Delloy, 432 _Juli Dechantsbirne_ (syn. of Summer Doyenné), 221 Julie Duquet, 432 Julienne, 432 Juneberry, relationship of, to pear, 57 Juvardeil, 432 Kaestner, 433 Kalchbirne, 433 Kalmerbirne, 433 Kamper-Venus, 433 Kathelenbirne, 433 Katy, 433 _Keiffer_ (syn. of Kieffer), 180 Keiser, 433 Kelsey, 434 Kelsey, William, orig. of Kelsey, 434 Kennedy, 434 Kenrick, William, introd. into America of Beurré Bosc, 131; Doyenné Boussock, 152 Kentucky, 434 Kenyon, 434 Kermes, 434 Kessler, Charles, introd. of Reading, 517 Kieffer, 180; parent of Cassel, 329; Douglas, 150; Eureka, 379; Theodore Williams, 561 Kieffer, Peter, orig. of Kieffer, 181 Kieffer and Bartlett leading commercial pears, 84 _Kieffer's Hybrid_ (syn. of Kieffer), 180 Kilwinning, 434 King, 434 _King Catherine_ (syn. of Catherine Royal), 330 King Edward, 434 King Seedling, 434 King Sobieski, 435 Kingsessing, 182 Kirtland, 435 Kirtland, Prof., orig. of Kirtland, 435 Klein Landlbirne, 435 Kleine Fuchselbirne, 435 Kleine gelbe Bratbirne, 435 Kleine gelbe Hessenbirne, 435 Kleine gelbe Maukelbirne, 435 Kleine gelbe Sommer-Zuckerbirne, 435 Kleine gelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne, 435 Kleine grüne Backbirne, 435 Kleine Lange Sommer-Muskatellerbirne, 436 Kleine Leutsbirne, 436 _Kleine Petersbirne_ (syn. of Petersbirne), 495 Kleine Pfalzgrafin, 436 Kleine Pfundbirne, 436 Kleine runde Haferbirne, 436 Kleine schlesische Zimmbirne, 436 _Kleine Schmalzbirne_ (syn. of Petite Fondante), 497 Kleine Sommer-Zuckerratenbirne, 436 Kleine Zwiebelbirne, 437 _Kleiner Katzenkopf_ (syn. of Petit Catallac, 496) Kloppelbirne, 437 Knabenbirne, 437 Knausbirne, 437 Knechtchensbirne, 437 Knight, 437 Knight, Thomas Andrew, orig. of varieties, 289, 320, 351, 365, 373, 380, 423, 462, 473, 474, 484, 494, 524, 527, 546, 563 Knight, William, orig. of Knight, 437 _Knight Monarch_ (syn. of Monarch), 474 Knollbirne, 437 Knoop, Herman, orig. of Calebasse, 324 Knoop, Misses, orig. of Des Deux Soeurs, 358 Knoops Simmtbirne, 437 Kolmasbirne, 438 Kolstuck, 438 König Karl von Württemberg, 438 Königliche Weissbirne, 438 Königsbirne, 438 Konstanzer Langler, 438 Koolstock, 438 Koonce, 183 _Kopertscher_ (syn. of Suprême Coloma), 557 _Köstliche Van Mons_ (syn. of De Duvergnies), 354 Kraft Sommer Bergamotte, 438 Krauelbirne, 438 _Kreiselförmige Blankette_ (syn. of Gros Blanquet Long), 403 Kreiselförmige Flegelbirne, 438 Kriegebirne, 439 Krivonogof, 439 Krockhals, 439 _Kröten Bergamotte_ (syn. of Bergamotte Bufo), 270 Krull, 439 Krull, orig. of Krull, 439 _Krull Winter_ (syn. of Krull), 439 Krummgestielte Feigenbirne, 439 _Krummholzige Schmalzbirne_ (syn. of Arbre Courbé), 251 Kuhfuss, 439 _Kümmelbirne_ (syn. of Besi d'Héry), 280 Kurskaya, 439 L'Inconnue Van Mons, 439 L'Inconstante, 439 La Béarnaise, 440 _La Bonne Malinoise_ (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232 La Cité Gomand, 440 La France, 440 _La Grosse Oignonette_ (syn. of Onion), 486 La Moulinoise, 440 La Quintinye, 440 La Savoureuse, 440 La Solsticiale, 440 La Vanstalle, 440 Lachambre, Octave, orig. of Octave Lachambre, 484 Lacroix, 441 _Lady_ (syn. of Vigne), 572 Lady Clapp, 441 Lafayette, 441 Lagrange, orig. of Sénateur Vaisse, 544 Lahérard, 441 _Lamartine_ (syn. of De Lamartine), 355 Lammas, 441 Lämmerbirne, 441 Lampe, orig. of Belle de Juillet, 265 Lamy, 184 Lancaster, 441 Lancaster, T. S., orig. of Lancaster, 441 Landsberger Malvasier, 441 Langbirne, 441 Lange gelbe Bischofsbirne, 442 Lange Gelbe Muscatellerbirne, 442 _Lange grüne Herbstbirne_ (syn. of Long Green of Autumn), 449 Lange grüne Winterbirne, 442 Lange Mundnetzbirne, 442 Lange Sommer-Bergamotte, 442 Lange Wasserbirne, 442 Langelier, Réné, orig. of Beurré Langelier, 299 Langstieler, 442 Langstielige Pfaffenbirne, 442 Langstielige Zuckerbirne, 442 Lansac, 443 _Large Blanquet_ (syn. of Gros Blanquet Long), 403 Large Duchess, 443 Larissa, 443 Laure Gilbert, 443 Laure de Glymes, 443 Lawrence, 185; place of, in New York pear culture, 85 Lawson, 186 Lawson, owner of original tree of, 186 Laxton, orig. of Laxton Bergamot, 443 Laxton, Bergamot, 443 Le Breton, 443 Le Brun, 443 Le Congo, 444 Le Conte, 187; parent of Big Productive, 309; Conkleton, 348 _Le Curé_ (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 227 Le Lecher, 444 Le Lectier, 188 Le Lectier, improvement of pears by, 14 Leaf-blight of pear, notes on, 115 Leaf-buds of pear, characteristics of, 61 Leaf-spot of pear, notes on, 115 Leaves of pear, characteristics of, 61 Leclerc, Léon, orig. of varieties, 190, 244, 247, 318, 426, 432, 510 Leclerc-Thouin, 444 Lederbirne, 444 Lederbogen, orig. of Beurré de Lederbogen, 299 Lee, 444 Lee Seckel, 444 Leech, Isaac, owner of original tree of Kingsessing, 182 Lefèvre, orig. of Beurré de Mortefontaine, 301 Lefèvre-Boitelle, orig. of Beurré Pauline Delzent, 303 Léger, 444 Lehoferbirne, 444 _Leipsic Radish_ (syn. of Leipziger Rettigbirn), 444 Leipziger Rettigbirn, 444 Lemon (Massachusetts), 445 Lemon (Russia), 445 Lenawee, 445 Leochine de Printemps, 445 Léon Dejardin, 445 Léon Grégoire, 445 Léon Leclerc (Van Mons), 189; parent of Rutter, 214 Léon Leclerc Épineux, 445 Lèon Leclerc de Laval, 446 Lèon Recq, 446 Léon Rey, 446 Léonce de Vaubernier, 446 Léonie, 446 Léonie Bouvier, 446 Léonie Pinchart, 446 Léontine Van Exem, 446 Leopold I., 446 Leopold Riche, 447 Lepine, 447 _Leptothyrium pomi_, cause of brown-blotch of pear, 116 Leroy, André, discussion of increase in pear varieties by, 15; introd. of varieties, 258, 260, 262; orig. of varieties, 122, 123, 157, 238, 240, 242, 299, 300, 304, 315, 325, 349, 354, 362, 372, 379, 381, 403, 415, 421, 447, 450, 451, 455, 456, 458, 459, 466, 468, 472, 479, 486, 495, 497, 499, 501, 506, 508, 515, 521, 523, 528, 539, 562, 582 Lesbre, 447 Lesèble, Narcisse, orig. of Bergamotte Lesèble, 273 Lesuer, A., orig. of Le Lecher, 444; Le Lectier, 188 Levard, 447 Levester Zuckerbirne, 447 Lewes, 447 Lewis, 447 Lewis, John, orig. of Lewis, 447 Lexington, 447 Liabaud, orig. of Alexandre Chomer, 241; Bergamotte Liabaud, 274 Liard, orig. of Napoleon, 479 Liberale, 448 Libotton, orig. of Crassane Libotton, 350 Liegel Honigbirne, 448 Lieutenant Poidevin, 448 _Limbertwig_ (syn. of Tonkovietka), 564 Limon, 448 Lincoln, 190 Lincoln Coreless, 192 Linzer Mostbirne, 448 _Little Blanquet_ (syn. of Petit-Blanquet), 495 _Little Muscat_ (syn. of Petit-Muscat), 496 Livingston, Judge, orig. of Nonpareil, 482 Livingston Virgalieu, 448 _Livre_ (syn. of Black Worcester), 310 Locations and soils for pears, 91 Locke, 448 Locke, James, orig. of Locke, 448 Lodge, 448 Loire, orig. of Loire-de-Mons, 449 Loire-de-Mons, 449 Loisel, orig. of Beurré Loisel, 300 London Sugar, 449 Long Green, 449 Long Green of Autumn, 449 Long Green of Esperin, 449 _Long Green Panache_ (syn. of Verte-longue panachée), 571 Longland, 449 Longue du Bosquet, 450 Longue-garde, 450 Longue-Sucrée, 450 _Longue-Verte_ (syn. of Long Green), 449 _Longue Verte d'Hiver_ (syn. of Lange Grüne Winterbirne), 442; (Sächsische Lange Grüne Winterbirne), 534 Longueville, 450 Longworth, 450 Loose, Henry, orig. of Tiffin, 563 Lorenzbirne, 450 Loriol de Barny, 450 Lothrop, 450 Loubiat, 450 Louis Cappe, 451 Louis Grégoire, 451 Louis Noisette, 451 Louis Pasteur, 451 Louis-Philippe, 451 Louis Van Houte, 451 Louis Vilmorin, 451 _Louise_ (syn. of Louise Bonne de Jersey), 193 Louise-Bonne, 451 Louise Bonne d'Avanches Panachée, 452 Louise Bonne de Jersey, 193; parent of Du Breuil Père, 370; Magnate, 460; Princess, 512; Professeur Dubreuil, 514; Souvenir de du Breuil Père, 549 _Louise Bonne of Jersey_ (Syn. of Louise Bonne de Jersey), 193 Louise-Bonne de Printemps, 452; parent of Baron Leroy, 259 Louise Bonne Sannier, 452; parent of Boieldien, 312 Louise de Boulogne, 452 Louise Dupont, 452 Louise d'Orléans, 452 Louise de Prusse, 452 Louison, 453 Lovaux, 453 Lovell, W. G. L., orig. of Glastonbury, 397 Lowell, John, introd. into America of Forelle, 167; Marie Louise, 198; Winter Nelis, 233 Lübecker Prinzessin Birne, 453 Lubin, 453 Lucie Audusson, 453 Lucien Chauré, 453 Lucien Leclercq, 453 Lucné Hative, 454 _Lucrative_ (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126 Lucy Duke, 194 Lucy Grieve, 454 Luizet, orig. of Prémices d'Écully, 508 Luola, 454 Lutovka, 454 Lutzbirne, 454 Luxemburger Mostbirne, 454 Lycurgus, 454 Lydie Thiérard, 454 Lyerle, 454 Lyerle, orig. of Lyerle, 454 Lyon, 454 Mace, 455 Machländer Mostbirne, 455 Mackleroy, 455 Mackleroy, Davis, orig. of Mackleroy, 455 McLaughlin, 455; parent of Goodale, 400 McLaughlin, Henry, orig. of Eastern Belle, 374; Indian Queen, 424 _McLellan_ (syn. of Whieldon), 579 Macomber, 455 Macomber, Benjamin, orig. of Grand Isle, 400; Refreshing, 518; prop. of Vermont Beauty, 226 Macomber, J. T., orig. of Macomber, 455 McVean, 455 _Madame_ (syn. of Windsor), 583 _Madame Adélaïde de Rêves_ (syn. of Adélaïde de Rèves), 237 Madame Alfred Conin, 455 Madame André Leroy, 455 Madame Antoine Lormier, 455 Madame Appert, 456 Madame Arsène Sannier, 456 Madame Ballet, 456 Madame Baptiste Desportes, 456 Madame Blanchet, 456 Madame Bonnefond, 456 Madame Charles Gilbert, 456 Madame Chaudy, 456 Madame Cuissard, 456 Madame Delmotte, 457 Madame Ducar, 457 Madame Duparc, 457 Madame Durieux, 457 Madame Élisa, 457 Madame Élisa Dumas, 457 Madame Ernest Baltet, 458 Madame Favre, 458 Madame Flon, 458 Madame Grégoire, 458 _Madame Hemminway_ (syn. of Hemminway), 414 Madame Henri Desportes, 458 Madame Loriol de Barny, 458 Madame Lyé-Baltet, 458 Madame de Madre, 458 Madame Millet, 459 Madame Morel, 459 Madame Planchon, 459 Madame Du Puis, 459 Madame de Roucourt, 459 Madame Stoff, 459 Madame Torfs, 459 Madame Treyve, 459 Madame Vazille, 459 Madame Verté, 460 Madame Von Siebold, 460 Madeleine, 195; parent of Eliot Early, 375 Madeleine d'Angers, 460 Mademoiselle Blanche Sannier, 460 Mademoiselle Marguerite Gaujard, 460 Mademoiselle Solange, 460 Magherman, 460 Magnate, 460 Magnolia, 461 Maine-et-Loire, Horticultural Society of, orig. of Plantagenet, 500 Maisonneuve, François, orig. of Beurré Favre, 294 Malassis, Abbé, orig. of Doyenné d'Alençon, 151 Malconnaître d'Haspin, 461 _Malines_ (syn. of Joséphine de Malines), 179 Malus, relationship to pear, 58 Malvoisie de Landsberg, 461 Manchester, 461 Mandelblättrige Schneebirne, 461 Manning, 461 Manning, Robert, biography of, 162; introd. into America of varieties, 131, 162; orig. of varieties, 264; pomological garden of, 53 _Manning's Elizabeth_ (syn. of Elizabeth), 161 Mannington, John, orig. of Caroline Hogg, 328; Maud Hogg, 468; Meresia Nevill, 470 Mannsbirne, 461 Mansfield, 461 Mansuette, 461 Mansuette Double, 462 Mapes, Prof., orig. of Quinn, 516 Marasquine, 462 March Bergamot, 462 Maréchal de Cour, 462 Maréchal Dillen, 462 Maréchal Pelissier, 462 Maréchal Vaillant, 462 Margaret, 196 Margarethenbirne, 463 _Marguerite-Acidule_ (syn. of Säuerliche Margarethenbirne), 541 Marguerite d'Anjou, 463 Marguerite Chevalier, 463 Marguerite Marillat, 463 Maria, 463 Maria de Nantes, 463 Maria Stuart, 463 Marianne de Nancy, 463 Marie Benoist, 463 Marie Guisse, 464 Marie Henriette, 464 Marie Jallais, 464 Marie Louise, 197; parent of British Queen, 320; Marie Louise d'Uccle, 464; Pierre Paternotte, 499 _Marie-Louise Delcourt_ (syn. of Marie Louise), 197 Marie Louise Nova, 464 Marie Louise d'Uccle, 464 Marie Mottin, 464 Marie Parent, 464 Marietta, 464 Mariette de Millepieds, 465 Marillat, orig. of Marguerite Marillat, 463 Markbirne, 465 Marketing pears, 106 Markets, local, pears for, 101 Marksbirne, 465 Marmion, 465 _Marmorirte Schmalzbirne_ (syn. of Doyenné d'Alençon), 150 Marquise, 465 Marquise de Bedman, 465 Marsaneix, 465 Marshall, 466 Marshall, William, orig. of Marshall, 466 Marshall Wilder, 466 Martha Ann, 466 Martin, 466 Martin-Sec, 466 Martin-Sire, 466 Marulis, 467 Mary (Case), 467 Mary (Van Mons), 467 _Mary_ (syn. of Margaret), 196 Mas, orig. of varieties, 241 Mascon Colmar, 467 Masselbacher Mostbirne, 467 Masuret, 467 Mather, 467 Mather, John, orig. of Mather, 467 Mathilde, 467 Mathilde Gomand, 467 Mathilde Recq, 467 Mathilde de Rochefort, 467 Matou, 468 Matthews, 468 Maud Hogg, 468 Maude, 468 Maurice Desportes, 468 Maurier, discov. of Duchesse d'Orléans, 156 Maury, Reuben, orig. of Elizabeth Maury, 376 Mausebirne, 468 Max, 469 Mayflower, 468 Maynard, 468 Mayr frühzeitige Butterbirne, 469 Mecham, 469 Medaille d'été, 469 _Medaille d'Or_ (syn. of Frédéric de Wurtemberg), 389 Medicine, pears used for, 10 Medlar, relationship of, to pear, 57 Medofka, 469 Meissner Grossvatersbirne, 469 Meissner Hirschbirne, 469 Meissner langstielige Feigenbirne, 469 Meissner Liebchensbirne, 469 Meissner Zwiebelbirne, 469 Mélanie Michelin, 469 Mellish, 470 Melon, 470 Melon de Hellmann, 470 Ménagère Sucrée de Van Mons, 470 Mendenhall, 470 Merchant, Mrs. Ezra, orig. of Tea, 560 Meresia Nevill, 470 Merlet, 470 Merriam, 470 Merriweather, orig. of Taylor, 560 Méruault, 471 _Merveille d'Hiver_ (syn. of Petit-Oin), 496 Merveille de Moringen, 471 Mespilus, relationship of, to the pear, 57 Messire Jean, 471 Messire Jean Goubault, 471 Meuris, discov. of Beurré Diel, 133 Michaelmas Nelis, 471 Michaux, 471 Mignonne d'été, 471 Mignonne d'Hiver, 472 Mikado, 472 Milan d'hiver, 472 Milan de Rouen, 472 Miller, 472 Miller, Judge S., introd. of Victor, 572 _Miller Victor_ (syn. of Victor), 572 Millet, orig. of Jules Blaise, 432 Millet, Charles, orig. of Madame Millet, 459 Millot de Nancy, 472 Milner, 472 Mima Wilder, 472 Ministre Bara, 473 Ministre Pirmez, 473 Ministre Viger, 473 Minot, orig. of Sebastopol, 543 Minot Jean Marie, 473 Missile d'Hiver, 473 Mission, 473 Mitchell Russet, 473 Mite on pear, 119 Mitschurin, 473 Mitschurin, orig. of Roulef, 527; Vosschanka, 575 Moccas, 473 Mollet, Charles, orig. of Mollet Guernsey Beurré, 473 Mollet Guernsey Beurré, 473 Monarch, 474 Monchallard, 474 Monchallard, discov. of Monchallard, 474 Mongolian, 474 Monseigneur Affre, 474 Monseigneur des Hons, 474 Monseigneur Sibour, 474 Moon, 475 Moorcroft, 475 Moore, Jacob, orig. of Barseck, 260 Moorfowl Egg, 475 Morel, 475 Morel, François, orig. of Favorite Morel, 381; Perrier, 495; Professeur Hortolès, 514; Morgan, 475; Souvenir du Congrès, 218 Morgan, orig. of Morgan, 475 Morley, 475 Morosovskaja, 475 Mortier, M. du, orig. of Beurré Daras, 291 Mortillet, M. de, orig. of Agricola, 239; Bijou, 309; Bon-Chrétien Ricchiero, 314 Moskovka, 475 Mostbirne, 475 Mount Vernon, 199; value of for local market in New York, 101 Moyamensing, 475 Mr. Hill's Pear, 473 Mrs. Seden, 476 Muddy Brook, 476 Muir, Hal, orig. of Muir Everbearing, 476 Muir Everbearing, 476 _Muirfowl Egg_ (syn. of Moorfowl Egg), 475 Mulkey, Mrs., orig. of Idaho, 176 Müller, orig. of König Karl von Württemberg, 438 Mungo Park, 476 Munz Apothekerbirne, 476 Muscadine, 476 Muscat Allemand d'Automne, 476 _Muscat Allemand d'Hiver_ (syn. of Deutsche Muskateller), 358 Muscat Fleuri d'Été, 476 Muscat Robert, 477 Muscat Royal, 477 Muscat Royal de Mayer, 477 Muscat Roye, 477 Muscatelle, 477 Musette d'Anjou, 477 Musette de Nancy, 478 Muskateller-Bergamotte, 478 _Müskierte Pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of Orange Musquée), 487 Muskingum, 478 _Müskirte Schmeerbirne_ (syn. of Petit-Oin), 496 Muskirte Wintereirbirne, 478 Musquée d'Espéren, 478 Mussette, 478 Mützchensbirne, 478 _Mycosphærella sentina_, cause of pear leaf-spot, 115 Naegelgesbirn, 479 Nain Vert, 479 Napa, 479 Naples, 479 Napoleon, 479; parent of Fondante de Moulins-Lille, 385 _Napoleon I._ (syn. of Napoleon), 479 Napoleon III., 479 _Napoleon Butterbirne_ (syn. of Napoleon), 479 Napoléon Savinien, 479 Naquette, 480 Nassau Ehre, 480 Naudin, 480 Naumkeag, 480 Navez Peintre, 480 Neapolitan, 480 Nec Plus Meuris, 480; parent of General Wauchope, 395 _Nec plus Meuris_ (syn. of Beurré d'Anjou), 127 Nectarine, 480 Negley, 481 Negley, J. S., orig. of Negley, 481 Nelis, Jean Charles, orig. of Joseph Lebeau, 431; Winter Nelis, 233 _Nélis d'Hiver_ (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232 Nérard, orig. of Bergamotte Jars, 273; Beurré Antoine, 284; Colmar de Mars, 343; Hamon, 410; Seringe, 545 Nerbonne, M. de, orig. of Nain Vert, 479 Neuburg, orig. of Bremer Butterbirne, 319 New Bridge, 481 New England, introduction of pear in, 45 New Haven, 481 New Meadow, 481 Newhall, 481 Newtown, 481 Nicholas, 481 Nickerson, 481 Nicolas Eischen, 481 Nicolle, orig. of Bergamotte Nicolle, 274 Niell d'Hiver, 481 Nikitaer grüne Herbst-Apothekerbirne, 482 Niles, 482 Niles, J. M., orig. of Niles, 482 _Nina_ (syn. of Elizabeth), 161 Niochi de Parma, 482 Noir Grain, 482 Noire d'Alagier, 482 Noisette, Louis, introd. of Beurré d'Hiver, 297; Summer Saint Germain, 556; orig. of Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver Panaché, 314; De Rachinquin, 355 Nonpareil, 482 Nordhäuser Winter-Forellenbirne, 482 Norfolk County, 482 Normännische Ciderbirne, 482 _Northford Seckel_ (syn. of Talmadge), 559 Notaire Lepin, 483 Notaire Minot, 483 Nouhes, orig. of Délices de la Cacaudière, 355; Président Parigot, 510; Royale Vendée, 532 Nouveau Doyenne d'Hiver, 483 Nouveau Poiteau, 483 Nouvelle Aglaé, 483 Nouvelle Fulvie, 483 Nussbirne, 483 Nypse, 484 _Oak-Leaved Imperial_ (syn. of Impériale à Feuilles de Chêne), 424 Oakley Park Bergamotte, 484 Occidental pears, description of species of, 69 Ochsenherz, 484 Ockletree, 484 Ockletree, orig. of Ockletree, 484 Ockletree pear tree, 49 Octave Lachambre, 484 Oesterreichische Muskatellerbirne, 484 Oeuf de Woltmann, 484 Ogereau, 484 Ognon, 485 _Ognonet_ (syn. of Archiduc d'Été), 251 Ognonnet, 485 Oignon, 485 Oignonet de Provence, 485 Oken, 485 Oldfield, 485 Olivenbirne, 485 Oliver, G. W., orig. of Oliver Russet, 485 Oliver Russet, 485 Oliver, discov. of Président Drouard, 210 Olivier de Serres, 200; parent of Cavelier de la Salle, 331 _Omer-Pacha_ (syn. of Saint Menin), 537 One-third, 486 Oneida, 486 Onion, 486 Onondaga, 201 Ontario, 202 Orange, 486 Orange-Bergamot, 486 _Orange de Briel _(syn. of Brielsche Pomeranzenbirne), 319 Orange County Nurs. Co., introd. of Wilder Sugar, 580 Orange d'Hiver, 486 Orange Mandarine, 486 Orange Musquée, 487 Orange pear tree, old, 42 Orange Rouge, 487 Orange Tulipée, 487 Orange de Vienne, 487 Orchards, pear, care of, 97; catch crops for, 102 Orchards of mixed varieties of pears, 100 Ordensbirne, 487 Orel 15, 487 Oriental pears, descriptions of species of, 74; influence of, on American pear culture, 55 Orpheline Colmar, 488 _Orpheline d'Enghien_ (syn. of Beurré d'Arenberg), 129 Osband Summer, 488 Osborne, 488 Osborne, John, orig. of Osborne, 488 _Osimaya_ (syn. of Winter), 583 Oswego Beurré, 488 Oswego Incomparable, 488 Ott, 488 Ott, Samuel, orig. of Ott, 488 Owen, 488 Owen, John, orig. of Owen, 488 Owener Birne, 489 Oyster-shell scale on pear, 120 Ozark, 489 P. Barry, 203 Pacific states, introduction of pear-growing in, 53 Paddock, 489 Padres, early growers of pears, 54 Pailleau, 489 Pain-et-Vin, 489 Palmischbirne, 489 Papeleu, Adrien, orig. of Beurré Payen, 303; Navez Peintre, 480 _Paquency_ (syn. of Payenche), 493 Paradiesbirne, 489 Pardee, 489 Pardee, S. D., orig. of Dickerman, 359; Pardee, 489 Parfum d'Aout, 490 Parfum d'Hiver, 490 Parfum de Rose, 490 Parfumé, 490 Parfumée, 490 Parigot, orig. of Appoline, 250; Beurré Bourbon, 288; Comptesse de Chambord, 347; Doyenné Fradin, 367; Eugène des Nouhes, 379 Pariset, orig. of varieties, 239, 249, 279, 292, 307, 329, 344, 453, 471, 490, 536, 543, 544, 562 Parkinson, discussion of pears by, 32 Parkinson's pears known at present, 36 Parmentier, Andrew, introd. of Surpasse Virgalieu, 557; orig. of Bergamotte de Stryker, 277 Parrot, 490 Parry, William, orig. of Cincincis Seedling, 338 Parsonage, 490 Passa-tutti, 490 Passans du Portugal, 491 Passe Colmar, 205; parent of Alexandrine Mas, 241; Félix Sahut, 381; Wilmington, 582; Zéphirin Grégoire, 587 Passe-Colmar des Belges, 491 Passe Colmar d'été, 491 _Passe Colmar François_ (syn. of Jean de Witte), 429 Passe Colmar Musqué, 491 Passe Crassane, 491; parent of Prince Napoléon, 512 Passe-Goemans, 491 Passe Madeleine, 491 Passe-Tardive, 492 Pastor, 492 Pastorale, 492 _Pastorenbirne_ (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 227 Pater Noster, 492 Patemotte, Pierre, orig. of Pierre Patemotte, 499 Patten, Charles G., orig. of Seckel Seedling No. 1, 543 Paul Ambre, 492 Paul Bonamy, 492 Paul Coppieters, 492 Paul d'Hoop, 493 Paul Thielens, 493 Pauls Birne, 493 Payen, 493 Payenche, 493 Payne, James, discov. of Seneca, 544 Payton, 493 Payton, orig. of Payton, 493 Peach, 494 Pear, adaptability of the, to soils and locations, 92; black mold of the, 117; brown-blotch of the, 116; codling moth on the, 118; crown-gall on the, 116; descriptive blank of the, opposite 68; fertility of the, 99; history of the, 1; leaf-blight of the, 115; leaf-spots of the, notes on, 115; oyster-shell scale on the, 120; pink-rot of the, 117; San Jose scale on the, 117; structural botany of the, 58 Pear-blight, control of, 113; early occurrence of, in America, 51; notes on, 111 -borers, 120 -breeding, Van Mons' theory of, 18 -characteristics of the, unchanged since time of Pliny, 9 -culture, climate adapted to, 85; economic considerations important to, 94; importance of stocks in, 94; notes on, 83; statistics of, 83 -diseases, 110 -districts in America, minor, 51 -growing, a comparison of English and American, 37 -insects, 117 -mites, 119 -orchards, care of, 97; catch crops for, 102; sod versus clean culture for, 102; tillage of, 102 -psylla, 118 -scab, 114; treatment of, 114 -slug, 119 -stocks, notes on, 95 -thrips, 121 -trees, characters of, 59; description of leaf-buds and leaves of, 61; description of trunk and branches of, 60; flower-buds and flowers of, 62; age of, 40; setting of, notes on, 101 -varieties, adaptability of, for dwarfing, 95; blight resistant, 112; blooming season of, 88; ripening season of, 88 Pears, canning of, 109; cold storage of, 109; commercial, leading varieties of, 84; cost of growing, 110; descriptions of species of, 69; discussion of the setting of fruit of, 99; fertilizers for, 98; grading of, 108; grafting of, 106; hardy, notes on, 86; harvesting and marketing of, 106; home ripening of, 109; local market for, 101; methods of planting of, 99; mixed varieties of, in orchards, 100; occidental, description of species of, 69; oriental, description of species of, 74; pruning of, 103; self-fertile varieties of, 100; self-sterile varieties of, 100; soils and locations for, 91; wild, 1; wild, species of, 2 _Pêche_ (syn. of Peach), 494 Peck, Thomas R., orig. of Royal, 532 Pei-li, 494 Pemberton, 494 Penderson, 494 Penderson, Samuel, orig. of Penderson, 494 Pendleton Early York, 494 Pengethley, 494 Penn, 494 Pennsylvania, 494 Pepin, 495 Perpetual, 495 Perrier, 495 Perry, William, introd. of Lincoln Coreless, 192 Pertusati, 495 Pests, damage to American pears by, 38 Petersbirne, 495 Petit-Blanquet, 495 Petit Catillac, 496 Petit-Chaumontel, 496 Petit-Hativeau, 496 Petit-Muscat, 496 Petit-Oin, 496 _Petite Bergamotte Jaune d'Été_ (syn. of Kleine gelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne), 435 Petite Charlotte, 497 _Petite Comtesse Palatine_ (syn. of Kleine Pfalzgrafin), 436 Petite Fondante, 497 Petite Marguerite, 497 _Petite Muscat Long d'Été_ (syn. of Kleine Lange Sommer-Muskatellerbirne), 436 _Petite Poire de Pierre_ (syn. of Petersbirne), 495 Petite Tournaisienne, 497 Petite Victorine, 497 Petre, 497; first variety to originate in America, 51 Pfaffenbirne, 497 Pfingstbirne, 498 Philiberte, 498 _Philipp der Gute_ (syn. of Philippe-Le-Bon), 498 Philippe-Le-Bon, 498 Philippe Couvreur, 498 Philippe Goes, 498 Philippot, 498 Philippot, orig. of Philippot, 498 Philopena, 498 Picciola, 498 Pickering, or Warden pear tree, 44 _Pickering_ (syn. of Pound), 208 Pie IX, 498 _Pied-de-Vache_ (syn. of Kuhfuss), 439 Pierre Corneille, 499 Pierre Curie, 499 Pierre Macé, 499 Pierre Paternotte, 499 Pierre Pépin, 499 Pierre Tourasse, 499 Pimpe, 499 Pink-rot of pear, 117 Pinneo, 499 Pitmaston, 207 Pitmaston, William, orig. of Bergamot Seckel, 268 _Pitmaston Duchess_ (syn. of Pitmaston), 207 _Pitmaston Duchesse d'Angoulême_ (syn. of Pitmaston), 207 Piton, 500 Piton, discov. of Piton, 500 Pitson, 500 _Pius IX_ (syn. of Pie IX), 498 Pius X, 500 Plantagenet, 500 Planting methods for pears, 99 Plascart, 500 Platt, 500 Platte Honigbirne, 500 Pliny, medicinal qualities ascribed to pears by, 10; mention of pear varieties by, 8; pear characteristics given by, 9 Plutarch, discussion of the pear in Greece by, 4 Pocahontas, 500 Pöckelbirne, 501 Poëte Béranger, 501 Poire d'Abbeville, 501 _Poire d'Amour d'Hiver_ (syn. of Winterliebesbirne), 584 Poire d'Ange de Meiningen, 501 _Poire d'Aunée d'Été_ (syn. of Sommeralantbirne), 548 Poire d'Avril, 501 _Poire Baronne Leroy_ (syn. of Baron Leroy), 259 _Poire du Breuil Père_ (syn. of Souvenir de du Breuil Père), 549 Poire Brune de Gasselin, 501 _Poire Canelle_ (syn. of Knoops Simmtbirne), 437 Poire de Casserole, 502 Poire des Chartriers, 502 Poire des Chasseurs, 502 _Poire de Chevalier de Buttner_ (syn. of Buttner Sachsische Ritterbirne), 322 Poire de Coq, 502 _Poire Dingler_ (syn. of Lamy), 184 Poire de Graisse, 502 Poire de gros queue, 502 _Poire Henri_ (syn. of Henri Bivort), 414 Poire de Hert, 502 Poire de Houblon, 502 Poire de Klevenow, 503 _Poire de Lard Brune_ (syn. of Braunrote Speckbirne), 318 _Poire Livre Verte_ (syn. of Grüne Pfundbirne), 408 _Poire de Miel de Liegel_ (syn. of Liegel Honigbirne), 448 Poire Noire à Longue Queue, 503 _Poire des Nonnes_ (syn. of Beurré de Brigné), 288 _Poire de Paul_ (syn. of Pauls Birne), 493 Poire du Pauvre, 503 Poire des Peintres, 503 Poire de Pendant, 503 _Poire-Pomme_ (syn. of Apple Pear), 250 Poire de Preuilly, 503 Poire de Rateau, 503 Poire Rigoleau, 504 Poire du Roeulx, 504 _Poire de Saint Père_ (syn. of Saint Père), 538 _Poire Seutin_ (syn. of Seutin), 545 Poire Souvenir d'Hortolès Père, 504 Poire Thouin, 504 Poire de Torpes, 504 Poire des Trois Fréres, 504 Poire des Trois Jours, 504 _Poire Trompette_ (syn. of Trompetenbirne), 566 _Poire des Urbanistes_ (syn. of Urbaniste), 224 _Poire de Vallée_ (syn. of Vallée Franche), 568 _Poire de Vitrier_, 504 Poire du Voyageur, 505 Poirer de Jardin, 505 _Poirier sauger_. (See _Pyrus nivalis_) Poiteau, 505 Poiteau, orig. of Bergamotte Poiteau, 275 _Poiteau_ (_des Français_) (syn. of Bergamotte Poiteau), 275 Polish Lemon, 505 Polk, 505 Pollan, 505 Pollvaskaja, 505 Polnische grüne Krautbirne, 505 Polnische Seidenbirne, 505 Pome, definition of, 58; fruit characters of, 63 Pomeranzenbirn von Zabergäu, 506 Pomme d'Été, 506 Pomological garden of Robert Manning, 53 Pomology, first American by Coxe, 52 Pope Quaker, 506 Pope Scarlet Major, 506 Portail, 506 Porter, 506 Portingall, 506 Posey, 506 Pound, 208 Pradel Bros., orig. of Rousselet de Pomponne, 529 Prager Schaferbirne, 506 Prairie du Pond, 506 _Präsident Drouard_ (syn. of Président Drouard), 210 Pratt, 507 Pratt Junior, 507 Pratt Seedling, 507 Precilly, 507 Précoce de Celles, 507 Précoce de Jodoigne, 507 Précoce de Tivoli, 507 Précoce de Trévoux, 507 Précoce Trottier, 507 _Précoce de Wharton_ (syn. of Wharton Early), 579 Premature, 508 Prémices d'Écully, 508 Prémices de Wagelwater, 508 Premier, 508 Premier Président Métivier, 508 _Present Royal of Naples_ (syn. of Beau Présent d'Artois), 261 Présent de Van Mons, 508 President, 508 Président Barabé, 508 Président de la Bastie, 509 Président Boncenne, 509 Président Campy, 509 President Clark, 509 Président Couprie, 509 Président Deboutteville, 509 President Dr. Ward, 509 Président Drouard, 210 Président d'Estaintot, 509 President Felton, 509 Président Fortier, 509 Président Héron, 510 Président Mas, 510 Président Muller, 510 Président Olivier, 510 Président d'Osmonville, 510 Président Parigot, 510 Président Payen, 510 President Pouyer-Quertier, 510 Président Royer, 510 Président le Sant, 511 Président Watier, 511 Présidente Senente, 511 _Preul's Colmar_ (syn. of Passe Colmar), 205 Prévost, 511 Pricke, 511 Primating, 511 Prince, William, introd. of Sha Lea, 545; orig. of Prince Harvest, 511; Saint-Germain, 512 Prince Albert, 511 Prince Harvest, 511 Prince Impérial, 511 Prince Impérial de France, 512 Prince de Joinville, 512 Prince Napoléon, 512 Prince d'Orange, 512 Prince de Printemps, 512 Prince Saint-Germain, 512 Prince Seed Virgalieu, 512 Princess, 512 Princess Maria, 513 Princesse Charlotte, 513 _Princesse de Lubeck_ (syn. of Lübecker Prinzessin Birne), 453 Princesse Marianne, 513 Princesse d'Orange, 513 _Princesse-Royale_ (syn. of Groom Prince Royal,) 403 Princière, 513 Pringalle, Célestin, orig, of Beurré Pringalle, 304 Priou, 513 Priou, discov. of Priou, 513 Professeur Barral, 514 Professeur Bazin, 514 Professeur Dubreuil, 514 Professeur Grosdemange, 514 Professeur Hennau, 514 Professeur Hortolès, 514 Professeur Opoix, 514 Professeur Willermoz, 514 Prud'homme, 515 Pruning pears, 103 Psylla, pear, 118 Pudsey, 515 Puebla, 515 Pulsifer, 515 Pulsifer, Dr. John, orig. of Pulsifer, 515 Pushkin, 515 Pyrolle, orig. of Jaminette, 427 Pyrus, characters of, 57 _Pyrus amygdaliformis_, note on, 73 _Pyrus auricularis_, habitat of, 73; specific description of, 73 _Pyrus betulaefolia_, habitat of, 79; specific description of, 79 _Pyrus calleryana_, habitat of, 80; specific notes on, 80 _Pyrus communis_, behavior of, as a wild pear, 2; habitat of, 70; specific description of, 69 _Pyrus communis cordata_, specific notes on, 72 _Pyrus communis longipes_, specific notes on, 72 _Pyrus communis mariana_, specific notes on, 72 _Pyrus communis pyraster_, specific notes on, 71 _Pyrus communis sativa_, specific notes on, 72 _Pyrus elæagrifolia_, relationship of, to _Pyrus nivalis_, 73 _Pyrus heterophylla_, note on, 73 _Pyrus kotschyana_, relationship of, to _Pyrus nivalis_, 73 _Pyrus lindleyi_, relationship of, to _Pyrus serotina_, 75 _Pyrus nivalis_, behavior of, as a wild pear, 2; habitat of, 2, 72; specific description of, 72 _Pyrus ovoidea_, blight resistance of, 81; parent of Tolstoy, 564; specific description of, 80 _Pyrus pashia_, distinction of, from _Pyrus variolosa_, 82 _Pyrus salicifolia_, note on, 74 _Pyrus salvifolia_, relationship of, to _Pyrus nivalis_, 73 _Pyrus serotina_, behavior of, as a wild pear, 2; habitat of 3, 75; specific description of, 74; value of, as a pear stock, 96 _Pyrus serotina culta_, habitat of, 76; specific description of, 75 _Pyrus serotina stapfiana_, note on, 75 _Pyrus serrulata_, habitat of, 78; specific notes on, 78 _Pyrus sinensis_, relationship of, to _Pyrus serotina_, 74 _Pyrus syriaca_, note on, 74 _Pyrus ussuriensis_, blight resistance of, 78; habitat of, 77; specific description of, 77 _Pyrus variolosa_, notes on, 81 Queen Jargonelle, 515 Queen Victoria, 515 Quiletette, 515 Quince, 515 Quince, Japanese, relationship of, to the pear, 57 Quince stocks for pear, 96 Quinn, 515 Quintinye, La. (See La Quintinye) Raabe, orig. of Honey Dew, 420 _Radis de Leipsick_ (syn. of Leipziger Rettigbirn), 444 Ragan, Reuben, discov. of Philopena, 498 Rahm, Rev. W. L., introd. into England of Vicar of Winkfield, 227 Rainbirne, 516 Rallay, 516 Rameau, 516 Ramilies, 516 Rankin, 516 Rankin, W. H., discov. of Rankin, 516 Rannaja, 516 Rapelje, 516 Rastlerbirne, 516 Rateau Blanc, 516 Ravenswood, 517 _Ravu_ (syn. of Ravut), 517 Ravut, 517 Raymond, 517 Raymond de Montlaur, 517 Raymould, 517 Rayner, Mrs., orig. of Hacon Incomparable, 409 Re Umberto primo, 517 Read, Walter, orig. of Oswego Beurré, 488 Reading, 517 Recq de Pambroye, 517 _Red Doyenné_ (syn. of Doyenné Gris), 367 Red Garden, 518 _Red Muscadel_ (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178 _Red Orange_ (syn. of Orange Rouge), 487 Red Pear, 518 Redfield, 518 Reeder, 211 Reeder, Dr. Henry, orig. of Reeder, 211 _Reeder's Seedling_ (syn. of Reeder), 211 Refreshing, 518 _Regentin_ (syn. of Passe Colmar), 205 Regina Margherita, 518 Régine, 518 Regnier, 518 Regnier, Madame, orig. of Regnier, 518 Reichenäckerin, 518 Reine des Belges, 518 Reine d'Hiver, 519 Reine des Poires, 519 Reine des Précoces, 519 Reine des Tardives, 519 Reine Victoria, 519 Reliance, 519 Remy Chatenay, 519 René Dunan, 519 Rettigbirne, 519 Reuterbirne, 520 Rewell, 520 Rey, orig. of Léon Rey, 446 Reymenans, 520 Reynaert Beernaert, 520 Rheinische Birne, 520 Rheinische Herbstapothekerbirne, 520 Rheinische Paradiesbirne, 520 Rhenser Schmalzbirne, 520 Richards, 520 Richardson, 521 Riche Dépouille, 521 Ridelle, 521 Riehl, Edwin H., discov. of Riehl Best, 212 Riehl Best, 212 Riocreux, 521 Ripening of pears in the home, 109 Ripening season of pear varieties, 88 Ritson, 521 Ritson, Mrs. John, orig. of Ritson, 521 Ritter, 521 Ritter, Louis, discov. of Ritter, 521 Rival Dumont, 521 Rivers, 521 Rivers, Thomas, orig. of varieties, 308, 345, 347, 363, 381, 417, 460, 502, 512, 537, 538, 556 Robert, orig. of Belle du Figuier, 264; Général Canrobert, 394 Robert & Moreau, orig. of Beurré Fidéline, 295; Fondante de la Maitre-École, 384 Robert Hogg, 521 Robert Treel, 522 _Robertson_ (syn. of Washington), 575 Robin, orig. of Doyenné Robin, 369 Robine, 522 Robitaillié, orig. of Robitaillié père, 522 Robitaillié père, 522 Roby, H. R., introd. of Winter Seckel, 584; orig. of Cooke, 348 Rockeneirbirne, 522 Roe, William, orig. of Roe Bergamot, 522 Roe Bergamot, 522 Rogers, 522 Roggenhoferbirne, 522 _Roi Charles de Wurtemberg_ (syn. of König Karl von Württemberg), 438 _Roi d'Été_ (syn. of Gros Rousselet), 404 Roi-Guillaume, 522 Roi de Rome, 523 Roitelet, 523 Rokeby, 523 Roland, orig. of Beurré Roland, 304 Rollet, orig. of Notaire Lepin, 483 Rolmaston Duchess, 523 Rome, ancient, pear in, 7 Ronde du Bosquet, 523 Rondelet, 523 Rongiéras, orig. of Beurré des Mouchouses, 302 Rooks, orig. of Ozark, 489 Roosevelt, 213 Ropes, 523 Ropes, orig. of Ropes, 523 Rorreger Mostbirne, 523 Rosabirne, 523 Rosalie Wolters, 524 Rosanne, 524 Rose Doyenné, 524 Rose Water, 524 Rosenhofbirne, 524 Rosenwasserbirne, 524 Rosinenbirne, 524 Roslyn, 524 Ross, 524 Ross, Charles, orig. of General Wauchope, 395 Ross, Gideon, orig. of Japan, 428 Rossney, 524 Rostiezer, 525 _Rote Bergamotte_ (syn. of Bergamotte d'Automne), 270 Rote Hanglbirne, 525 Rote Holzbirne, 525 Rote Kochbirne, 525 Rote Pilchelbirne, 525 Rote Scheibelbirne, 525 Rote Winawitz, 525 Rotfleischige Mostbirne, 525 Rothbackige Sommerzuckerbirne, 525 Rothe Confesselsbirne, 526 Rothe Jakobsbirne, 526 Rothe langstielige Honigbirne, 526 Rothe oder grosse Pfalzgrafinbirne, 526 Rothe Rettigbirne, 526 Rothe Winterkappesbirne, 526 Rothe Winterkochbirne, 526 Rothe Zucherlachsbirne, 526 _Rother Sommerdorn_ (syn. of Épine d'Été Rouge), 377 Rother Winterhasenkopf, 526 Rothgraue Kirchmessbirne, 527 Rougeaude, 527 Rouget, 527 Roulef, 527 Rouse Lench, 527 Rousselet Aelens, 527 Rousselet d'Anvers, 527 _Rousselet d'Aout_ (syn. of Gros Rousselet d'Aout), 405 Rousselet Baud, 527 Rousselet Bivort, 527 Rousselet Blanc, 528 Rousselet de la Cour, 528 Rousselet Decoster, 528 Rousselet Doré d'Hiver, 528 _Rousselet Enfant Prodigue_ (syn. of Enfant Prodigue), 377 _Rousselet d'été Brun Rouge_ (syn. of Braunrothe Sommerrusselet), 319 Rousselet Hâtif, 528 _Rousselet d'Hiver_ (syn. of Winter Rousselet), 584 Rousselet de Janvier, 528 Rousselet Jaune d'Été, 529 Rousselet de Jodoigne, 529 Rousselet de Jonghe, 529 Rousselet de Meestre, 529 Rousselet Panaché, 529 Rousselet de Pomponne, 529 Rousselet Précoce, 529 Rousselet de Reims, parent of Bon Chrétien Vermont, 315 Rousselet de Rheims, 530 Rousselet de Rheims Panaché, 530 Rousselet Royal, 530 Rousselet Saint Nicolas, 530 Rousselet Saint-Quentin, 530 Rousselet Saint Vincent, 530 Rousselet de Stuttgardt, 531 Rousselet Thaon, 531 Rousselet Theuss, 531 Rousselet Vanderwecken, 531 Rousseline, 531 Rousselon, 531 Roux Carcas, 532 Rové, 532 Rowling, 532 Royal, 532 Royal d'Hiver, 532 Royale Vendée, 532 Ruhschiebler, 532 Rummelter Birne, 533 Runde gelbe Honigbirne, 533 Runde Sommerpomeranzenbirne, 533 _Rushmore_ (syn. of Harrison Large Fall), 412 Russbirne, 533 Russelet Petit, 533 Russet Bartlett, 533 Russet Catherine, 533 Russian pears, introduction into America, 56 Rutter, 214 Rutter, John, orig. of Rutter, 214 Rylsk, 533 S. T. Wright, 533 Sabine, 533 Sabine d'Été, 534 Sacandaga, 534 Sächsische Glockenbirne, 534 Sächsische Lange Grüne Winterbirne, 534 Safran, 534 Sage-leaved Pear. (See _Pyrus nivalis_) Sageret, orig. of Angleterre Nain, 247; Beauvalot, 262; Bergamotte Sageret, 276; Doyenné Rose, 369 Saint André, 534 Saint Andrew, 534 Saint Aubin sur Riga, 534 Saint-Augustin, 535 Saint Denis, 535 Saint Dorothée, 535 Saint François, 535 Saint Gallus Weinbirne, 535 Saint George, 535 Saint Germain, 535; parent of Marie Guisse, 464; Williams Double Bearing, 582 Saint Germain Gris, 536 Saint Germain Panaché, 536 Saint Germain de Pepins, 536 Saint Germain Puvis, 536 Saint Germain du Tilloy, 536 Saint Germain Van Mons, 536 _Saint-Germain Vauquelin_ (syn. of Vauquelin), 570 Saint Ghislain, 536 Saint Herblain d'Hiver, 537 _Saint-Laurent Jaune_ (syn. of Gelbe Laurentiusbirne), 393 Saint Lézin, 537 Saint Louis, 537 Saint Luc, 537 Saint Luke, 537 _St. Martial_ (syn. of Angélique de Bordeaux), 247 Saint Menin, 537 _Saint-Michael_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228 St. Michel Archange, 538 _Saint-Nicolas_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Orléans), 156 Saint Patrick, 538 Saint Père, 538 St. Swithin, 538 Saint Vincent de Paul, 538 Sainte Anne, 538 _Sainte Germain d'Été_ (syn. of Summer Saint Germain), 556 _Sainte Madelaine_ (syn. of Madeleine), 195 Sainte Thérèse, 539 Salisbury, 539 Salviati, 539 Salzburger von Adlitz, 539 Sam Brown, 539 Samenlose, 539 San Jose scale on pear, 117 Sand Pear. (See _Pyrus serotina_) Sand pear, Chinese, parent of Garber, 171; Kieffer, 181; Le Conte, 187 _Sanguine de France_ (syn. of Sanguinole), 539 Sanguine d'Italie, 539 Sanguinole, 539 Sanguinole de Belgique, 540 Sannier, Arséne, orig. of varieties, 241, 276, 283, 297, 315, 360, 361, 381, 429, 451, 452, 453, 455, 456, 499, 508, 509, 510, 511, 519, 543, 549, 550, 551, 572 Sans-Pareille du Nord, 540 Sans Peau, 540 Santa Anna, 540 Santa Claus, 540 Santa Rosa, 541 Sapieganka, 541 Sarah, 541 Sarrasin, 541 Sary-Birne, 541 Säuerliche Margarethenbirne, 541 Scab, pear, 114; treatment of, 114 Scale insects on pear, 120 _Scented_ (syn. of Duchovaya), 573 Schellesbirne, 541 Schenk, John, orig. of Hosenschenk, 421 Schmalblättrige Schneebirne, 542 Schmotzbirne, 542 Schnackenburger Winterbirne, 542 Schöberlbirne, 542 _Schöne Angevine_ (syn. of Pound), 208 Schöne Müllerin, 542 _Schöne Zuckerbirne_ (syn. of Belle Sucrée), 266 Schönebeck Tafelbirne, 542 Schönerts Omsewitzer Schmalzbirne, 542 Schönlin Stuttgarter späte Winterbutterbirne, 542 _Schönste Sommerbirne_ (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178 Schuman, 542 Schwarze Birne, 542 Schweizer Wasserbirne, 543 Sdegnata, 543 Seal, 543 Sébastien, 543 Sebastopol, 543 Secher, orig. of Duchesse de Bordeaux, 371 Seckel, 215; parent of Adams, 237; Barseck, 260; Eureka, 379; Feast, 381; Gansel Seckel, 170; Luola, 454; President Clark, 509; Worden Seckel, 234; Youngken Winter Seckel, 586; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84 Seckel Seedling No. 1, 543 _Seckle_ (syn. of Seckel), 215 Secrétaire Maréschal, 543 Secrétaire Rodin, 543 _Seigneur_ (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126 Seigneur Daras, 544 _Seigneur d'Espéren_ (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126 Seigneur d'Été, 544 Self-fertile and self-sterile pears, 100 Selleck, 544 Semis d'Echasserie, 544 Semis Léon Leclerc, 544 _Semis de White_ (syn. of White Seedling), 579 Sénateur Préfet, 544 Sénateur Vaisse, 544 Seneca, 545 Senfbirne, 545 Seringe, 545 Serrurier, 545 Seutin, 545 Sha Lea, 545 Shawmut, 545 Sheldon, 217; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84 Sheldon, Major, owner of original tree of Sheldon, 217 Shenandoah, 545 Sheppard, 546 Sheppard, James, orig. of Sheppard, 546 Sheridan, 546 Shindel, 546 Shobden Court, 546 Shroeder, R., introd. of Winter, 583 Shurtleff, 546 Shurtleff, Dr. S. A., orig. of varieties, 238, 242, 258, 319, 320, 328, 335, 336, 338, 360, 387, 388, 395, 399, 400, 401, 411, 425, 430, 445, 450, 461, 468, 476, 482, 486, 494, 506, 508, 515, 538, 545, 546, 552, 570, 583 Sieboldii, 546 Sieulle, Jean, orig. of Doyenné Sieulle, 369 Sievenicher Mostbirne, 546 _Silberästige Gewürzbirne_ (syn. of Rameau), 516 _Silvange_ (syn. of Bergamotte Silvange), 276 Sikaya, 546 Simon Bouvier, 546; parent of Rousselet Bivort, 527 Sinai'sche Buschelbirne, 547 Sinclair, 547 Sirningers Mostbirne, 547 Six, orig. of Beurré Six, 306 Size and habit of pear-trees, 59 _Skinless_ (syn. of Sans Peau), 540 Slavonische Wasserbirne, 547 Slug on pear, 19 Slutsk, 547 _Small Blanquet_ (syn. of Petit-Blanquet), 495 Smet Fils Unique, 547 Smith, 547 Smith, J. B., orig. of Haddington, 409; Moyamensing, 475; Pennsylvania, 494 Smith, S. F., orig. of seedling pears, 338 Smith, W. & T., orig. of Ontario, 202 Smith Beauty, 547 Smith Duchess, 547 Snow, 547 Snow Pear. (See _Pyrus nivalis)_ Society Van Mons, distrib. of varieties, 264, 320, 500; orig. of varieties, 259, 316, 479, 527 Sod versus clean culture for pear orchards, 102 Soeur Grégoire, 547 Soils and locations for pears, 91 Soldat Bouvier, 548 Soldat Laboureur, 548; parent of Président d'Estaintot, 509 _Solitaire_ (syn. of Mansuette), 461 Sommeralantbirne, 548 _Sommerdechantsbirne_(syn. of Summer Doyenné), 221 Sommerkönigin, 548 Sommer-Russelet, 548 Sommerwachsbirne, 548 Sommer-Zuckerbirne, 548 Sophie de l'Ukraine, 548 Sotschnaja, 549 Soueraigne, 549 Soutmann, 549 _Souvenir_ (syn. of Souvenir du Congrès), 218 Souvenir de l'Abbé Lefebvre, 549 Souvenir de du Breuil Père, 549 Souvenir du Congrès, 218 Souvenir Deschamps, 549 Souvenir Désiré Gilain, 549 Souvenir d'Espéren, 219 _Souvenir d'Espéren_ (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 165 Souvenir d'Espéren de Berckmans, 549 Souvenir Favre, 550 Souvenir de Gaëte, 550 Souvenir de Julia, 550 _Souvenir de Leopold I^{er}_ (syn. of Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}), 573 Souvenir de Leroux-Durand, 550 Souvenir de Lydie, 550 Souvenir de Madame Charles, 550 _Souvenir de Madame Treyve_ (syn. of Madame Treyve), 459 Souvenir de la Reine des Belges, 550 Souvenir de Renault Père, 551 Souvenir de Sannier père, 551 Souvenir de Simon Bouvier, 551 _Souvenir de Simon Bouvier_ (syn. of Simon Bouvier), 546 Souvenir du Vénérable de la Salle, 551 Souveraine de Printemps, 551 Spae, 551 Spae, orig. of Spae, 551 _Spanish Warden_ (syn. of Bon-Chrétien d'Espagne), 313 _Sparbirne_ (syn. of Jargonelle), 177 Späte Rotbirne, 551 Späte Sommerbirne ohne Schale, 551 Späte Todemannsbirne, 552 Späte Wasserbirne, 552 Spätes Graumänchen, 552 Species of oriental pears, descriptions of, 74 Species of pears, 57; characters of, 57; descriptions of, 69 Speckbirne, 552 Speedwell, 552 Spillingsbirne, 552 Spindelförmige Honigbirne, 552 Spindelförmige Rehbirne, 552 Spinka, 552 Spreeuw, 553 _Squash_ (syn. of Taynton Squash), 560 Stair, discoverer of Bartlett, 125 Star of Bethlehem, 553 Stark, W. P., introd. of Victor, 572 Stark Bros., introd. of Florida Bartlett, 383 Statistics of pear culture, 83 Steinbirne, 553 Steinmitz Catharine, 553 Stephens, Prof., discov. of Rapelje, 516 Sterckmans, orig. of Beurré Sterckmans, 307 Sterility of pear, 99 Sterling, 553 Sterling, orig. of Sterling, 553 Stevens, M. F., orig. of Stevens Genesee, 553 Stevens Genesee, 553 Stocks for pears, importance of, 94; notes on, 95 Stoff, orig. of Madame Stoff, 459 Stoffels, orig. of Sabine d'Été, 534 Stone, 553 Stone, orig. of Stone, 553 Stone & Wellington, orig. of Pitson, 500 Stout, 553 Strassburger Sommerbergamotte, 553 Stribling, 554 Stribling, J. C., introd. of Stribling, 554 _Striped Bon Chrétien_ (syn. of Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver Panaché), 314 Structural botany of pear, 58 Stümplerbirne, 554 Sturges, 554 Sturges, Mrs, Mary S., orig. of Sturges, 554 _Stuttgarter Geisshirtel_ (syn. of Rousselet de Stuttgardt), 531 Stuyvesant, pear tree in garden of, 49 Styer, 554 Styer, Charles, orig. of Styer, 554 Styrian, 554 _Sucré de Tertolen_ (syn. of Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne), 569 Sucré-Vert, 554 _Sucré-Vert d'Hoyerswerda_ (syn. of Sucrée de Hoyerswerda), 555 Sucrée Blanche, 555 Sucrée du Comice, 555 _Sucrée d'Heyer_ (syn. of Heyer Zuckerbirne), 418 Sucrée de Hoyerswerda, 555 Sucrée de Montluçon, 555 Sucrée Van Mons, 555 Sucrée de Zurich, 555 Sudduth, 220 Sudduth, Titus, dissem. of Sudduth, 220 Suet Lea, 556 Suffolk Thorn, 556 Sugar Top, 556 Sülibirne, 556 Sullivan, 556 _Summer Bell_ (syn. of Windsor), 583 Summer Beurré d'Arenberg, 556 _Summer Franc Réal_ (syn. of Bergamotte d'Été), 271 Summer Hasting, 556 Summer Popperin, 556 Summer Portugal, 556 Summer Saint Germain, 556 Summer Virgalieu, 557 Summer, Col. William, introd. of Upper Crust, 567; orig. of Hebe, 413 _Superfin_ (syn. of Beurré Superfin), 137 Superfondanta, 557 Superstitions based on pears, 10 Suprême Coloma, 557 Surpasse Crassane, 557 Surpasse Meuris, 557 Surpasse St, Germain, 557 Surpasse Virgalieu, 557 Surprise, 558 Süsse Margarethenbirne, 558 Süsse Sommerlahnbirne, 558 Suwanee, 558 Suzanne, 558 Suzette de Bavay, 558 Swain, James R., orig. of Bronx, 320 Swan Egg, 558 _Swan's Orange_ (syn. of Onondaga), 201 Sweater, 558 Sylvie de Malzine, 559 Taglioretti, 559 Takasaki, 559 Talmadge, 559 Talmadge, Levi, orig. of Talmadge, 559 Tardive d'Ellezelles, 559 Tardive Garin, 559 Tardive de Mons, 559 Tardive de Montauban, 559 Tardive de Solesne, 559 _Tardive de Toulouse_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Hiver), 372 Tatnall Harvest, 559 Tavernier de Boulogne, 559 Taylor, 560 Taynton Squash, 560 Tea, 560 Templiers, 560 Tepka, 560 _Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne_ (syn. of Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne), 569 Test, 560 Tettenhall, 560 Teutsche Augustbirne, 561 Texas, 561 Thacher, Anthony, pear tree, 43 The Dean, 561 Theilersbirne, 561 Theodor Körner, 561 Theodore, 561 Theodore Van Mons, 561 Theodore Williams, 561 Théophile Lacroix, 561 Theophrastus, mention of pear by, 5 Thérèse, 562 Thérèse Appert, 562 Theveriner Butterbirne, 562 Thibaut Butterbirne, 562 Thick Stalked Pear, 562 Thiérard, Jules, orig. of Lydie Thiérard, 454 Thimothée, 562 _Thintwig_ (syn. of Tonkovietka), 564 Thirriot, orig. of Fondante Thirriot, 386 Thirriot Bros., orig. of Eugène Thirriot, 379 Thompson, Judge, orig. of Thompson, 562 Thompson (Eng.), 562 Thompson (N. H.), 562 Thooris, 562 _Thorp_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228 _Thouin_ (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232 Thrips on pear, 121 Throop, Calvin, orig. of Calvin, 326 Thuerlinckx, 563 Thurston Red, 563 _Thury Schmalzbirne_ (syn. of Héricart de Thury), 417 Tiffin, 563 Tigrée de Janvier, 563 Tillage of pear orchards, 102 Tillington, 563 Timpling, 563 Tindall, George & William, orig. of Tindall Swan Egg, 563 Tindall Swan Egg, 563 Tollbirne, 564 Tolstoy, 564 Tom Strange, 564 Tonkovietka, 564 Tonneau, 564 Toronto Belle, 564 Totten, Col., orig. of Totten Seedling, 564 Totten Seedling, 564 _Tougard_ (syn. of Calebasse Tougard), 326 Tourasse, orig, of Comte de Lambertye, 346; Directeur Hardy, 360; La Béarnaise, 440; Pierre Tourasse, 499; Professeur Bazin, 514 Tournay d'hiver, 565 Tout-il-faut, 565 Träublesbirne, 565 Tredwell, Thomas, orig. of Platt, 500 Trees, pear, characters of, 59 _Trescott_ (syn. of Westcott), 578 _Trésor_ (syn. of Amour), 245 Tressorier Lesacher, 565 Treyve, orig. of Madame Treyve, 459; Précoce de Trévoux, 507 Trinkebirne, 565 Triomphe de Jodoigne, 565 Triomphe de Louvain, 565 Triomphe de Touraine, 565 Triomphe de Tournai, 565 Triomphe de Vienne, 566 _Triumph_ (syn. of Triomphe de Vienne), 566 _Trockener Martin_ (syn. of Martin-Sec), 466 Trompetenbirne, 566 Troppauer Goldgelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne, 566 _Troppauer Muskateller_ (syn. of Troppauer Goldgelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne), 566 Trottier, orig. of Doyenné de Montjean, 368 _Trois Jours_ (syn. of Poire des Trois Jours), 504 _Trout Pear_ (syn. of Forelle), 167 Truchsess, 566 Truckhill Bergamot, 566 Tsar, 566 Tudor, 567 Turban, 567 Türkische müskirte Sommerbirne, 567 Turnep, 567 Turner, mention of pears by, 32 Tusser, mention of pears by, 32 Tussock moth caterpillars on pear, 120 _Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leopold I_ (syn. of Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}), 573 Twice flowering Pear-tree, 567 Tyler, 567 Tyson, 222; value of, for local market in New York, 101 Tyson, Jonathan, owner of original tree of Tyson, 223 Ulatis, 567 _Unbekannte Von Mons_ (syn. of L'Inconnue Van Mons), 439 _Union_ (syn. of Pound), 208 Unterlaibacher Mostbirne, 567 _Unvergleichliche_ (syn. of Sans-Pareille du Nord), 540 Upper Crust, 567 Urbaniste, 224; parent of Harris, 412; Poire du Pauvre, 503 _Urbanister Sämling_ (syn. of Urbaniste), 224 Ursula, 567 Uvedale, Dr., orig. of Pound, 209 _Uvedale's St. Germain_ (syn. of Pound), 208 Uwchlan, 568 Valentine, 568 Vallée Franche, 568 Valley, 568 Van Assche, 568 _Van Assene_ (syn. of Van Assche), 568 Van Buren, 568 Van Deventer, 568 Van Dooren, orig. of Rousselet Saint-Quentin, 530 Van Geert, Jean, orig. of Beurré Jean van Geert 298; Beurré Van Geert, 295 Van Lindley, J., introd. of Alice Payne, 242 Van Marum, 569 Van Mons, Dr., discov. of var., 533; orig. of varieties, 131, 152, 161, 221, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 260, 265, 269, 272, 273, 278, 279, 282, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 293, 297, 298, 299, 305, 307, 308, 312, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330, 331, 333, 334, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351, 353, 354, 355, 356, 358, 361, 362, 365, 368, 369, 370, 372, 373, 377, 378, 379, 381, 383, 385, 386, 387, 390, 392, 394, 405, 409, 413, 414, 415, 417, 418, 433, 434, 441, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448, 452, 457, 462, 463, 464, 467, 470, 472, 474, 476, 483, 485, 487, 488, 489, 491, 492, 493, 498, 502, 505, 508, 511, 512, 513, 515, 516, 518, 519, 520, 522, 527, 528, 531, 536, 545, 547, 553, 555, 556, 557, 558, 561, 562, 565, 569, 570, 578; prop. of var., 160; theory of, in pear breeding, 18; work of, in pear breeding, 17 _Van Mons Butterbirne_ (syn. of Léon Leclerc (Van Mons)), 189 Van Mons frühe Pomeranzenbirne, 569 _Van Mons Hermannsbirne_ (syn. of Saint Germain Van Mons), 536 Van Mons Sommer Schmalzbirne, 569 Van Mons späte Wirthschaftbirne, 569 Van Mons süsse Haushaltsbirne, 569 Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne, 569 Van Vranken, William, discov. of Sacandaga, 534 Van de Weyer Bates, 569 Vancouver, mention of fruits in California by, 54 Vanderveer, 570 Vanderveer, Dr. Adrian, orig. of Vanderveer, 570 Varet, A., orig. of Beurré Vauban, 307 Varro, fifty monographs of husbandry by Greeks named by, 7; forerunner of modern pear management, 7 Varuna, 570 Vauquelin, 570 Vauquelin, orig. of Vauquelin, 570 Veitch, Messrs., orig. of S. T. Wright, 533 _Venturia pyrina_, cause of pear scab, 114 Venusbrust, 570 _Vereins Dechantsbirne_ (syn. of Doyenné du Comice), 153 Vergoldete oder wahre graue Dechantsbirne, 570 Verguldete Herbstbergamotte, 570 _Verlain_ (syn. of Verlaine d'Été), 570 Verlaine d'Été, 570 Vermillion d'en Haut, 570 Vermont, 571 Vermont Beauty, 225; place of, in New York pear culture, 85; possibility of, being identical with Forelle, 167 Vernusson, 571 _Verschwenderin_ (syn. of Enfant Prodigue), 377 _Verte-Longue d'Automne_ (syn. of Long Green of Autumn), 449 Verte-longue panachée, 571 Verte-Longue de la Sarthe, 571 Verulam, 571 _Veterans_ (syn. of Besi des Vétérans), 282 Vezouzière, 571 _Vicar_ (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 226 Vicar Junior, 571 Vicar of Winkfield, 226 Vice-Président Coppiers, 572 Vice-Président Decaye, 572 Vice-Président Delbée, 572 Vice-Président Delehoye, 572 Vice-Président Delbée, parent of Cavelier de la Salle, 331 Victor, 572 _Victoria_ (syn. of Huyshe Victoria), 423 _Victoria d'Huyse_ (syn. of Huyshe Victoria), 423 Victoria de Williams, 572 Victorina, 572 Vigne, 572 Villain XIV, 572 Villéne de Saint-Florent, 573 Vin de Anglais, 573 _Vine Pear_ (syn. of Vigne), 572 Vineuse, 573 _Vineuse Esperen_ (syn. of Vineuse), 573 Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}, 573 _Virgalieu_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228 _Virgalieu d'été_ (syn. of Summer Virgalieu), 557 Virginale du Mecklembourg, 573 Virginie Baltet, 573 Virgouleuse, 573 Vital, 574 Vital, discov. of Vital, 574 Vitrier, 574 _Volkmarsen_ (syn. of Volkmarserbirne), 574 Volkmarserbirne, 574 Von Muckenheim, orig. of Argusbirne, 252 Von Zugler, 574 Voscovoya, 574 Vosschanka, 575 _Wachsbirne_ (syn. of Cire), 338 Wade, 575 Wade, I. C., orig. of Wade, 575 Wadleigh, 575 Wahre Canning, 575 Wahre Faustbirne, 575 Wahre Schneebirne, 575 Walker, Samuel, owner of original tree of Mount Vernon, 199 _Walker_ (syn. of Amande Double), 243 Wallis, Henry, orig. of Wallis Kieffer, 575 Wallis Kieffer, 575 _Walnut_ (syn. of Echasserie), 374 _Wälsche Birne_ (syn. of Jargonelle), 177 Warden pear tree, 44 Warner, 575 _Warwicke_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228 Washington, 575 Waterloo, 576 Watson, 576 Watson, William, orig. of Watson, 576 _Waxy_ (syn. of Voscovoya), 574 Weber, orig. of Duchesse d'Angoulême Bronzée, 371 Webster, 576 Weeping Willow, 576 Weidenbirne, 576 Weidenblättrige Herbstbirne, 576 Weihmier Sugar, 576 _Weihnachtsbirne_ (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 164 Weiler'sche Mostbirn, 576 _Weingifterin_ (syn. of Schweizer Wasserbirne), 543 Weisse Fuchsbirne, 576 Weisse Hangelbirne, 577 _Weisse Herbst Butterbirne_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228 Weisse Kochbirne, 577 Weisse Pelzbirne, 577 _Weisse Pfalzgrafenbirne_ (syn. of Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne), 587 Welbeck Bergamot, 577 Wellington, 577 Wellington, A., introd. of Wellington, 577 Welsche Bratbirne, 577 Weltz, 578 Weltz, Leo, introd. of Weltz, 578 Wendell, 578 Wesner, 578 Westcott, 578 Westphälische Melonenbirne, 578 Westrumb, 578 Wetmore, 578 Wetmore, E. B., orig. of Wetmore, 578 Wharton Early, 579 Wheeler, 579 Wheeler, Dr., discov. of Wheeler, 579 Whieldon, 579 Whieldon, Wm. W., orig. of Whieldon, 579 _White Beurré_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228 White Doyenné, 228; parent of Beurré Antoine, 284; Christmas Beurré, 337; Collins, 341; Hewes, 418; Homestead, 420; Vanderveer, 570 White Genneting, 579 White Longland, 579 White Seedling, 579 White Squash, 580 White Star, 580 Whitfield, 580 Wiegel, Christopher, orig. of Margaret, 197 _Wiener Pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of Orange de Vienne), 487 Wiest, 580 Wight, Joseph, orig. of Raymond, 517 Wilbur, 580 Wilbur, Jr., D., orig. of Wilbur, 580 Wilcomb and King, introd. of Lawrence, 185 Wild Pears. (See Pears, Wild) Wilde Filzbirne, 580 Wilde Herrnbirne, 580 Wilde Holzbirne, 580 Wilder, Col. Marshall P., biography of, 128; introd. into America of varieties, 127, 472, 571 _Wilder_ (syn. of Wilder Early), 230 Wilder Early, 230 Wilder Sugar, 580 Wilding von Einsiedel, 581 Wilding von Gronau, 581 _Wilding aus Suffolk_ (syn. of Suffolk Thorn), 556 Wilford, 581 Wilkinson, 581 Wilkinson, A., orig. of Wilkinson Winter, 581 Wilkinson, Jeremiah, orig. of Wilkinson, 581 Wilkinson Winter, 581 Willamette Valley, introduction of pear culture in, 54 Willermoz, 581 William, 581 _William Edwards_ (syn. of William), 581 William Prince, 582 Williams, orig. of Gansel Late Bergamot, 391; Gansel Seckel, 170; prop. of Bartlett, 125 Williams, Aaron Davis, orig. of Williams Early, 582 Williams, John, orig. of Chaumontel Swan Egg, 336; Pitmaston, 207 Williams, Mrs., orig. of Williams Double Bearing, 582 Williams, Theodore, orig. of Theodore Williams, 561 _Williams_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124 _Williams' Apothekerbirne_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124 _Williams' Bon Chrétien_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124 _Williams Christbirne_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124 Williams Double Bearing, 582 Williams Early, 582 Williams d'hiver, 582 Williams panachée, 582 _Williams Winter_ (syn. of Williams d'hiver), 582 Williamson, 582 Williamson, Nicholas, orig. of Williamson, 582 Willison, W., orig. of Queen Victoria, 515 Wilmington, 582 Windsor, 583 Winship, 583 Winship, Messrs., orig. of Winship, 583 Winslow, 583 Winter, 583 Winter Bartlett, 231 _Winter Bell_ (syn. of Pound), 208 _Winter Bon Chrétien_ (syn. of Angoisse), 248 _Winter Dechantsbirne_ (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159 Winter Doyenné, parent of Doyenné à Cinq Pans, 366 _Winter Eisbirne_ (syn. of Glace d'hiver), 397 Winter Jonah, 583 _Winter Meuris_ (syn. of Beurré d'Anjou), 127 Winter Nelis, 232; parent of Colmar Sirand, 344; Comptesse de Chambord, 347; Lycurgus, 454; Michaelmas Nelis, 471; Reeder, 211; place of, in commercial pear culture, 84 _Winter Oken_ (syn. of Oken), 485 _Winter Orange_ (syn. of Orange d'Hiver), 486 Winter Pear, 583 _Winter Pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of Orange d'Hiver), 486 Winter Popperin, 584 Winter Rousselet, 584 Winter Seckel, 584 Winter Sweet Sugar, 584 _Winter Thorn_ (syn. of Épine d'Hiver), 377 Winter Williams, 584 Winterbirne, 584 Winterliebesbirne, 584 Winterrobine, 584 _Winterwunder_ (syn. of Petit-Oin), 496 Witte Princesse, 585 Witzthumb, orig. of Jean de Witte, 429 Wolfsbirne, 585 Woodberry, William, orig. of Rossney, 524 Woodbridge, orig. of Woodbridge Seckel, 585 Woodbridge Seckel, 585 Woodstock, 585 Worden, Schuyler, orig. of Worden Meadow, 585 Worden, Sylvester, orig. of Worden Seckel, 234 _Worden_ (syn. of Worden Seckel), 234 Worden Meadow, 585 Worden Seckel, 234 Wörlesbirne, 585 Wormsley Grange, 585 Wormy pear, cause of, 118 _Worster_ (syn. of Black Worcester), 310 _Wredow_ (syn. of Délices de Charles), 355 Wright, Zaccheus, orig. of Chelmsford, 336 Wurzer, 586 _Wurzer d'Automne_ (syn. of Wurzer), 586 Yat, 586 Yellow Huff-cap, 586 York, Mrs. Jeremiah, orig. of Pendleton Early York, 494 _York-précoce de Pendleton_ (syn. of Pendleton Early York), 494 Youngken, David, orig. of Youngken Winter Seckel, 586 Youngken, Josiah, orig. of Red Garden, 518 Youngken Winter Seckel, 586 Zache, 586 Zapfenbirn, 586 Zarskaja, 587 Zénon, 587 Zéphirin Grégoire, 587 Zéphirin Louis, 587 Zieregger Mostbirne, 587 Zimmtfarbige Schmalzbirne, 587 Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne, 587 Zoar Beauty, 588 Zoé, 588 _Züricher Zuckerbirne_ (syn. of Sucrée de Zurich), 555 _Zwibotzenbirne_ (syn. of Deux Têtes), 359 FOOTNOTES: [1] _The Odyssey_, Book VII. Translated by S. H. Butcher and A. Lang. [2] Pliny _Nat. Hist._ =XV=: 15. From a translation made for the writer by Professor H. H. Yeames; Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y. [3] Goderonne: From godron, a sculptural ornament having the shape of an elongated egg. [4] Cordus, Valerius _Hist. Pl._ =3=:176-182. 1561. The writer is indebted to Professor H. H. Yeames, Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., for the translation of this chapter from the original text. [5] _A Hist. of Gard. in Eng._ 35-37. 1910. [6] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections_ 1st Ser. =1=:118. [7] _Mass. Records_ =1=:24. [8] _Mass. Hist. Collections_ 3d Ser. =23=:337. [9] _Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc._ p. 16. 1829-1878. [10] _Report of Me. Pom. Soc._ =7=:1873. [11] Prince, William _Cat._ 1771. [12] For a brief account of the life and work of John Bartram, see _The Grapes of New York_, page 97. [13] For an account of the life and work of Coxe, see _The Peaches of New York_, page 254. [14] For an account of the life and work of Budd, see _The Plums of New York_, page 145. [15] Rehder, Alfred _Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci_. =50=:228. 1915. [16] Wilson, E. H. _Jour. Inter. Gar. Club 598._ 1918. [17] Galloway, B. T. _Jour. Her._ 11:29. 1920. [18] Rehder, Alfred _Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci._ =50=:237. 1915. [19] Reimer, F. C. _Bull. Com. Hort. Calif._ =5=:167-172. 1916. [20] Galloway, B. T. _Jour. Her._ =11=:32. 1920. [21] Reimer, F. C. _Reprint from 1916 annual report of Pacific Coast Association of Nurserymen_, 7. 1916. [22] Some very good preliminary work on harvesting and storing pears has been done by the Oregon Experiment Station, and is reported in Bulletin 154, June, 1918, from that Station. [23] For costs and profits in growing apples see Bulletin 376, New York Agricultural Experiment Station. [24] Hesler and Whetzel. _Manual of Fruit Diseases_ 330-331. 1917. [25] Marshall P. Wilder contributed to all fields of American horticulture as an ardent amateur grower and as a most generous patron. But it was as a pomologist and especially as a grower of grapes and pears that he established a permanent place for himself in the horticulture of the country. He was born in New Hampshire in 1798 and died in Boston in 1886, having lived in Dorchester, a suburb of Boston, for upwards of a half century. By vocation a merchant, he was a captain of industry in his day, yet most of his life, especially after the prime had been passed, was devoted to the avocation of horticulture. He was one of the founders of the American Pomological Society and had the great honor of being its president, excepting a single two-year term, from the first meeting in 1850 until his death. During the last years of his presidency, Wilder actively engaged in the reform of pomological nomenclature which the Society was then carrying on. He was an active member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for fifty-six years and its president from 1841 to 1848. He was also one of the founders of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, of the United States Agricultural Society, and was a trustee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Besides membership and activity in these agricultural organizations, he served as colonel and commander in a military company and as president of the New England Historic and Genealogical Society from 1868 until his death. Wilder was a zealous collector and introducer of flowers. He specialized in camellias, azaleas, orchids, and roses. A rose bearing his name is still a garden favorite. Many floral novelties of his day owe their origin or introduction to Marshall P. Wilder. He was ever enthusiastic over American grapes and tested all of the many new varieties introduced about the middle of the last century. But the pear was even more to his fancy than the grape, and he endeavored to grow every native variety of any promise whatsoever. All told, he tested over 1200 varieties, and in 1873 exhibited more than 400 varieties. He originated several new pears and to him is due the honor of having introduced the Beurre d'Anjou in 1844. At his death he left the American Pomological Society $1000 for Wilder medals for new fruits and $4000 for general purposes. To the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, he left $1000 to encourage the introduction of new American pears and grapes. Among many distinguished American pomologists who sought to improve the pear, Marshall P. Wilder deserves most of any recognition for his services and a place is therefore accorded him for his likeness in the frontispiece of _The Pears of New York_ and the book is thereby dedicated to him. [26] The name is spelled by many writers Beurré d'Aremberg. [27] General Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, who followed the vocation of a soldier, statesman, and author, chose as his avocation horticulture and in several of its fields became eminent. A native of New England (1783-1851), son of General Henry Dearborn of Revolutionary fame, he was early educated to the profession of law and pursued that vocation until the war with Great Britain in 1812. Services in this war brought him the rank and title of general. After the war he served as Collector of the Port of Boston, in Congress, and as Mayor of Roxbury, Massachusetts, which office he held at the time of his death. But it is as a patron, friend, and lover of horticulture that the life and work of General Dearborn interest pomologists. He was one of the charter members in the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and a prime mover in its organization. He was elected its first president March 17, 1829. In the history of the Society published in 1880, of all the famous members of this truly remarkable organization, General Dearborn's portrait was chosen for the frontispiece. He was early interested in experimental gardens and rural cemeteries. The plans for experimental gardens advocated by him were never fully carried out, but no doubt his enthusiasm for such gardens, with his own garden as a model, did much to stimulate the planting in America in the early half of the nineteenth century of the many famous gardens which adorned and enriched every center of culture along the Atlantic seaboard. He helped to establish the Mount Auburn and Forest Hills cemeteries, famous among Boston cemeteries, and the first of rural cemeteries in this country. His life-long devotion to rural art as exemplified in gardens and cemeteries knew no bounds. On these subjects and on pomology he contributed many articles to the agricultural and horticultural papers of his time. Few men, it can be said, could better concentrate their thoughts and feelings on paper than he seems to have done. Besides the many papers from his own pen he published several translated treatises from the French, chief of which was a monograph on the Camellia in 1838 and another on _Morus multicaulis_ in 1830, the "Mulberry Craze" being in full swing at this time. General Dearborn was an ardent pear-grower and helped to test the hundreds of seedlings then being brought from Belgium and France and grew as well considerable numbers from his own seed-beds. Of all his seedlings, however, only Dearborn survives. [28] The fame of Robert Manning as an accurate and discriminating American pomologist will long endure. Few Americans, one conceives, as his life is reviewed, have rendered greater service in any field of the nation's agriculture. The quantity of his work was not remarkably large, but the quality was superfine. Systematic pomology in particular owes him much for his painstaking descriptions of fruits, and his corrections in nomenclature. Born in Salem, Mass., July 18, 1784, he made the town of his birth famous as a pomological center in America, where, at the time of his death, October 10, 1842, his garden probably contained a larger collection of fruits than had ever before been brought together in America. Manning began collecting fruits in 1823 when he established his "Pomological Garden" at Salem for the purpose of introducing and testing new varieties of fruits. He attempted to bring together all of the varieties of fruits that would thrive in eastern Massachusetts, and when his garden was fullest had about 2000 fruits, of which 1000 kinds were pears, to which fruit he gave most attention. He had many English, French, and Belgian correspondents from whom he received the most notable fruits grown in their countries. He is said to have had a most remarkable memory and could carry in mind the names, tree-habits, and qualities of any fruit he had ever seen and could identify it at sight. In whatever group of pomologists he chanced to be, his identifications and decisions on nomenclature were accepted as correct. Small wonder, therefore, that the _Book of Fruits_, published by Manning in 1838, at once took the place of authority for descriptions of tree-fruits and for such small-fruits, trees, and shrubs as the author described. It was the first, and is almost the only, American pomology in which the descriptions were all made with fruit in hand. The author intended this book to be the first of a series, but the books to follow never appeared. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Pear-growers are indebted to Manning for the work he did in testing the seedlings sent out by Van Mons, the famous Belgian breeder, most of whose pears came to American orchards through the agency of the Salem Pomological Garden. He also received and introduced valuable pears from the London Horticultural Society. His achievements mark Manning among the most notable American pomologists, of whom no other labored as devotedly for the attainment of better pears. [29] Bernard S. Fox was a pioneer nurseryman and fruit-grower in California who gave much time to improving the pear through seedlings. During his stay of thirty years in the state of his adoption he was noted for his energy and enterprise in every industry that had to do with fruit-growing. Fox was an Irishman who came to America in 1848 and began work in the garden and nurseries of Hovey and Company of Boston. A few years later he emigrated with the gold-seekers to California where, shortly, he settled at San Jose as a nurseryman and fruit-grower. Eventually he became possessed of a considerable amount of land the increasing value of which made him a very wealthy man, and he took pleasure in being a patron of horticulture as well as a worker in its several fields. Early in his career at San Jose his interest was aroused in the production of new pears from seed. He was a most conscientious selecter and only the best survived in his orchards. He was at all times extremely anxious not to cumber the list of pears with worthless varieties. Out of a great number of seedlings, only three finally received his approval, P. Barry, Fox, and Colonel Wilder. All have high places in the pear lists of California and the United States, and do honor to an enthusiastic and painstaking breeder of pears. For many years before his death in July, 1880, he was the Vice President of the American Pomological Society for California. Bernard S. Fox was one of the first fruit-growers to bring fame to California, and Californians are justly proud of him. [30] Peter Kieffer, a nurseryman of good reputation in his state, deserves pomological honors because of his keenness of vision in selecting for distribution the pear which bears his name. Few men would have recognized merit in the seedling from which the Kieffer pear came. Peter Kieffer was born in Alsace in 1812, whence he emigrated to America in 1834. In Europe he had worked for twelve years in the garden of the King of France and upon his arrival in America sought employment as a gardener which he found on the estate of James Gowen at Mt. Airy, near Philadelphia. In 1853 he started a small nursery at Roxborough, a short distance from Philadelphia. Much of his stock was imported from Europe, most of which came from Van Houtte, the famous Belgian nurseryman. From Van Houtte, Kieffer obtained seeds of the Chinese Sand pear from which came the Kieffer pear as described in the history of the variety. As a token of his faith in his new variety, Kieffer planted an orchard of this pear, some of the trees of which still live and bear. Peter Kieffer died in 1890, having made an important contribution to horticulture even though the variety sent out by him is far from perfect and has been much over-praised and over-planted. [31] Patrick Barry, one of the founders of the firm of Ellwanger and Barry, whose Mount Hope Nurseries at Rochester, New York, were long of national and international reputation, was born in Belfast, Ireland, in 1816 and died in Rochester, N. Y., in 1890. Besides contributing to the fame of the nursery company he helped to found, Barry was for many years one of the leading pomological editors and authors of the country. New York, especially western New York, is greatly indebted to George Ellwanger and Patrick Barry for the horticultural services of their firm. It is not an exaggeration to say that they introduced fruit-growing in western New York, a region now famous for its fruits. So, also, the parks and home grounds of the many beautiful cities, towns, and villages in western New York are adorned and enriched by ornamental trees, shrubs and vines from the nurseries of Ellwanger and Barry. Patrick Barry came to America in 1836 and with George Ellwanger founded the Mount Hope Nurseries in 1840. Here for a half century he devoted himself to the introduction and distribution of fruit and out-of-door ornamental plants. In the early life of the nursery company many importations were made from Europe and at a time when there were no railroads, telegraph wires, nor ocean steamboats. It was during this early period that the Mount Hope Nurseries began the importation of pears and soon built up one of the largest collections in the country and one which was maintained long after the famous collections farther east had disappeared. At one time or another over 1000 varieties of pears were tested on the grounds of this nursery. For a half century, fruit-growers have studied with pleasure and profit the exhibits of pears made by Ellwanger and Barry at the State and National exhibitions of note. From 1844 to 1852, Patrick Barry edited _The Genesee Farmer_, one of the best agricultural papers of its day and succeeded A. J. Downing in the editorship of _The Horticulturist_ which he brought to Rochester in 1855 where it was published until 1887. Barry's _Treatise on the Fruit-Garden_ appeared in 1851 and at once became one of the most popular books on pomology. In 1872 the "Treatise" was rewritten and published as _Barry's Fruit Garden_. Another notable work of which he was author was _The Catalogue of Fruits of the American Pomological Society_ which was compiled by him. Patrick Barry was one of the founders of the Western New York Horticultural Society, for many years the leading horticultural organization of the continent, and of which he was president for more than thirty years. Patrick Barry ranks with Coxe, Kenrick, the Downings, Warder, Eliot, and Thomas as a great leader in pomology of the time in which he lived. William Crawford Barry, son of Patrick Barry of the preceding sketch, was born in Rochester, New York, in 1847. As a boy he attended parochial schools at Rochester and at Seton Hall, South Orange, New Jersey. As a young man he studied in Berlin, Heidelberg, and the University of Louvain in Belgium. Upon returning to America he took a position in a seed house in New York that he might have practical knowledge of the seed business to bring to the firm of Ellwanger and Barry of which he was soon to become a member. After serving an apprenticeship in the seed business he returned to Rochester to enter the firm which his father and George Ellwanger had founded. From the time of entrance in this company he took a prominent part in its affairs, and for many years before his death, December 12, 1916, he was president of the corporation. Of his horticultural activities, he may be said to have been an organizer and promotor--one of the captains in the industry. For twenty-six years he was president of the Western New York Horticultural Society, having succeeded his father to this office. He was the first president of the American Rose Society, and in 1882 was president of the Eastern Nurserymen's Association. For three years he was president of the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. He helped to establish and took a leader's part in developing the parks of Rochester which have made that city famous among lovers of landscapes. Highland Park was almost a creation of the firm of Ellwanger and Barry. In 1888 the firm gave the city twenty acres of land adjoining the Highland reservoir as the first step in establishing a park system for Rochester. Mr. Barry was chairman of the committee of the park board having in charge Highland Park from the creation of the board until the year before his death when it passed out of existence. Besides these horticultural activities, Mr. Barry was either president or an officer in six banks and trust companies in Rochester. His was a commanding figure in the horticulture of New York. No one attending the meetings of the Western New York Horticultural Society during the twenty-six years he was president can forget Mr. Barry. His knowledge in every division of horticulture, his devotion to grape and pear culture, his genial manner and pleasant greeting to all members, and his force and tact as a presiding officer fitted him so preëminently well for the place that he was unopposed for the presidency during twenty-six terms following the death of his father and until his death. George Ellwanger, one of the founders and thereafter until his death one of the partners in the Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, New York, was born in Germany in 1816 and died in Rochester, New York, in 1906. He came to the United States in 1835, having been educated as a horticulturist in Stuttgart, although possibly the training he received throughout his youth from his father, a grower of grapes and fruits, taught him most, for Ellwanger often said that it was from his father that he acquired his love of horticulture and was by him persuaded to devote his life to the vocation of nurseryman. Ellwanger settled in Rochester in 1839, and the next year joined with Patrick Barry in forming the nursery and seed firm of Ellwanger and Barry, calling their place of business "Mount Hope Nurseries." Ellwanger was one of the founders of the American Pomological Society, and of the Western New York Horticultural Society and throughout his life took an active interest in both organizations. Mr. Ellwanger had large business interests in Rochester and western New York and helped most materially to develop the city and the country about. His chief contributions to horticulture were made through the Mount Hope Nurseries, the influence of which is briefly set forth in the sketch of the life of Patrick Barry. [32] Henry Waggoman Edwards, at one time Governor of Connecticut, was a pioneer American pear breeder credited with making the first systematic attempt to grow new pears in this country. He was a grandson of the eminent theologian, Jonathan Edwards, was born at New Haven, Conn., in 1779, graduated at Princeton College in 1797, studied law at the Litchfield School and almost immediately entered into public life shortly to become prominent and famous in state and nation. He served Connecticut with honors as its Governor, and in the nation he distinguished himself as Representative in the House from Connecticut, Speaker of the House and as Senator. But it is as a pomologist that his career is of concern to the reader. Always interested in pomology, and no doubt especially interested in pears through the spectacular work of Van Mons, he planted pear seeds in the fall of 1817 with the aim of obtaining new and superior varieties of this fruit. Great success did not attend his attempts at pear breeding, but Governor Edwards made a start in work which Manning, Wilder and a score of others were to carry forward with more striking results. Out of many seedlings, at least five were named and were grown for a longer or shorter time by the pear-growers of a century ago. These are Elizabeth, Calhoun, Dallas, Henrietta and Citron, all described among the minor varieties of this text. While hardly to be considered among the foremost pomologists of the country, Governor Edwards is in the front rank of the lesser men whose combined work has done so much to give weight and impulse to American pomology. Transcriber's Notes: Words surrounded by _ are italicized. Words surrounded by = are bold. In this e-text, [vC] represents a capital letter C with a diacritical mark caron (v-shaped symbol) above it. Illustrations were relocated to correspond to their references in the text. Obvious printer errors corrected and inconsistent spellings have been kept, including inconsistent use of hyphen (e.g. "after-flavor" and "after flavor"), accents (e.g. "Müskirte" and "Muskirte"), capitalisation (e.g. "Nec plus Meuris" and "Nec Plus Meuris"), and proper names (e.g. "Luxemburg" and "Luxembourg"). Index entries that do not match their referenced text corrected (except where the text is an obvious printer error) and if necessary moved to the correct position according to alphabetical order, e.g. "Langstielege Zuckerbirne" corrected to be "Langstielige Zuckerbirne". Index entries that refer to non-existent text have been deleted. Page 247, word "it" removed from sentence "...though it it seems...." Page 284, word "it" removed from sentence "...where it it is...."