{transcriber's note: this etext contains . a new orchard and garden, by william lawson . the country housewifes garden, by william lawson . a most profitable new treatise, from approved experience of the art of propagating plants, by simon harwood . the husband mans fruitful orchard the first edition of "a new orchard and garden", which included "the country housewifes garden" appeared in ; many further editions appeared over the period to . the "art of propagating plants" and "the husband mans fruitful orchard" appeared in all editions from . this transcript is taken from the edition. the transcriber used a modern facsimile of the edition to clarify some doubtful readings. the spelling and hyphenation in the original are erratic. no corrections have been made other than those listed at the end of the etext. the formatting of the original tables of contents has been normalised. sidenotes are enclosed in braces, prefixed with "sn" and placed before the paragraph in which they appear. transcriber's notes in the text are enclosed in braces and prefixed with "tn". } a nevv orchard and garden or the best way for planting, grafting, and to make _any ground good, for a rich orchard: particularly in the north,_ and generally for the whole kingdome of _england_, as in nature, _reason, situation, and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare_. with the country housewifes garden for hearbes of common vse: _their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models_ for trees, and plots for the best ordering of grounds and walkes. as also, _the husbandry of bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances_ being the experience of yeares labour, and now the second time corrected and much enlarged, by _william lawson_. whereunto is newly added the art of propagating plants, with the true _ordering of all manner of fruits, in their gathering, carrying home, & preseruation._ {illustration: skill and paines bring fruitfull gaines. _nemo sibi natus._} _london_, printed by _nicholas okes_ for iohn harison, at the golden vnicorne in pater-noster-row. . to the right worshipfvll sir henry belosses, knight and baronet, _worthy sir_, when in many yeeres by long experience i had furnished this my northerne orchard and countrey garden with needfull plants and vsefull hearbes, i did impart the view thereof to my friends, who resorted to me to conferre in matters of that nature, they did see it, and seeing it desired, and i must not denie now the publishing of it (which then i allotted to my priuate delight) for the publike profit of others. wherefore, though i could pleade custome the ordinarie excuse of all writers, to chuse a patron and protector of their workes, and so shroud my selfe from scandall vnder your honourable fauour, yet haue i certaine reasons to excuse this my presumption: first, the many courtesies you haue vouchsafed me. secondly, your delightfull skill in matters of this nature. thirdly, the profit which i receiued from your learned discourse of fruit-trees. fourthly, your animating and assisting of others to such endeuours. last of all, the rare worke of your owne in this kind: all which to publish vnder your protection, i haue aduentured (as you see). vouchsafe it therefore entertainement, i pray you, and i hope you shall finde it not the vnprofitablest seruant of your retinue: for when your serious employments are ouerpassed, it may interpose some commoditie, and raise your contentment out of varietie. _your worships most bounden_, william lavvson. the preface to all well minded. _art hath her first originall out of experience, which therefore is called the schoole-mistresse of fooles, because she teacheth infallibly, and plainely, as drawing her knowledge out of the course of nature, (which neuer failes in the generall) by the senses, feelingly apprehending, and comparing (with the helpe of the minde) the workes of nature; and as in all other things naturall, so especially in trees; for what is art more then a prouident and skilfull collectrix of the faults of nature in particular workes, apprehended by the senses? as when good ground naturally brings forth thistles, trees stand too thicke, or too thin, or disorderly, or (without dressing) put forth vnprofitable suckers, and suchlike. all which and a thousand more, art reformeth, being taught by experience: and therefore must we count that art the surest, that stands vpon experimentall rules, gathered by the rule of reason (not conceit) of all other rules the surest._ _whereupon haue i of my meere and sole experience, without respect to any former written treatise, gathered these rules, and set them downe in writing, not daring to hide the least talent giuen me of my lord and master in heauen: neither is this iniurious to any, though it differ from the common opinion in diuers points, to make it knowne to others, what good i haue found out in this facultie by long triall and experience. i confesse freely my want of curious skill in the art of planting. and i admire and praise _plinie_, _aristotle_, _virgil_, _cicero_, and many others for wit and iudgement in this kind, and leaue them to their times, manner, and seuerall countries._ _i am not determined (neither can i worthily) to set forth the praises of this art: how some, and not a few, euen of the best, haue accounted it a chiefe part of earthly happinesse, to haue faire and pleasant orchards, as in _hesperia_ and _thessaly_, how all with one consent agree, that it is a chiefe part of husbandry (as _tully de senectute_) and husbandry maintaines the world; how ancient, how profitable, how pleasant it is, how many secrets of nature it doth containe, how loued, how much practised in the best places, and of the best: this hath already beene done by many. i only aime at the common good. _i_ delight not in curious conceits, as planting and graffing with the root vpwards, inoculating roses on thornes, and such like, although i haue heard of diuers prooued some, and read of moe._ _the stationer hath (as being most desirous with me, to further the common good) bestowed much cost and care in hauing the knots and models by the best artizan cut in great varietie, that nothing might be any way wanting to satisfie the curious desire of those that would make vse of this booke._ _and i shew a plaine and sure way of planting, which i haue found good by . yeeres (and moe) experience in the north part of _england_: i preiudicate and enuie none, wishing yet all to abstaine from maligning that good (to them vnknowne) which is well intended. farewell._ thine, for thy good, _w. l._ a table of the things contayned in this booke chap. . _of the gardner his labour and wadges._ _pag. _ chap. . _of the soyle._ _p. _ _the kinds of trees._ _p. _ _of barren earth._ _p. _ _of grasse._ _p. _ _of the crust of the earth._ _p. _ chap. . _lowe & neere the riuer_. _p. _ _of windes._ _p. _ _of the sunne._ _p. _ _trees against a wall._ _p. _ chap. . _of the quantity._ _p. _ _orchards as good as a corne-field._ _p. _ _good as the vineyard._ _p. _ _what quantity of ground._ _p. _ _want no hinderance._ _p. _ _how land-lords by their tenants may make flourishing orchards._ _p. _ chap. . _the forme of the orchard._ _p. _ chap. . _of fences._ _p. _ _effects of euill fencing._ _p. _ _the kinds of fencinge._ _p. _ _of pales and rayles._ _p. _ _of stone-walles._ _p. _ _of quicksets and moates._ _p. _ chap. . _of setts._ _p. _ _of slipps._ _p. _ _of burknots._ _p. _ _of small setts._ _p. _ _tying of trees._ _p. _ _signes of diseases._ _p. _ _of suckers._ _p. _ _a running plant._ _p. _ _of bought setts._ _p. _ _the best sett._ _p. _ _times of remouing._ _p. _ _the manner of setting._ _p. _ chap. . _of the distance of trees._ _p. _ _the hurts of too neere planting._ _p. _ _all touches hurtfull._ _p. _ _the best distance._ _p. _ _of wast ground in an orchard._ _p. _ chap. . _of the placing of trees._ _p. _ chap. . _of grafting._ _p. _ _the kinds of grafting._ _p. _ _how to graft._ _p. _ _what a graft is._ _p. _ _the eies of a graft._ _p. _ _time of grafting._ _p. _ _gathering of grafts._ _p. _ _of incising._ _p. _ _of packing._ _p. _ _of inoculating._ _p. _ _grafting in the scutcheon._ _p. _ chap. . _the right dressing of trees._ _p. _ _timber-wood euill drest._ _p. _ _the cause of hurts in wood._ _p. _ _how to dresse timber._ _p. _ _the profit of dressing._ _p. - _ _trees will take any forme._ _p. _ _how to dresse all fruit-trees._ _p. _ _the best times for proyning._ _p. _ _faults of euill dressing and the remedies._ _p. _ _of water-boughes._ _p. _ _barke-pyld._ _p. - _ _instruments for dressing._ _p. _ chap. _of foyling._ _p. _ _time fit for foyling._ _p. _ chap. _of annoyances._ _p. _ _two euills in an orchard._ _p. _ _of galls cankers, mosse &c._ _p. _ _of wilfull annoyances._ _p. _ chap. . _of the age of trees._ _p. _ _the parts of a trees age._ _p. _ _of mans age._ _p. _ _the age of timber-trees._ _p. _ _to discerne the age of trees._ _p. _ chap. . _of gathering and keeping fruit._ _p. _ chap. . _the profit of orchards._ _p. _ _of cydar and perry._ _p. _ _of fruit, waters and conserue._ _p. _ chap. . _of ornaments._ _p. _ _of the delights._ _p. _ _the causes of delights._ _p. _ _of flowers, borders, mounts &c._ _p. _ _of bees._ _p. _ the best, svre and readiest vvay to make a good _orchard_ and _garden_. chapter. . _of the gardner, and his wages._ {sn: religious.} whosoeuer desireth & endeauoureth to haue a pleasant, and profitable orchard, must (if he be able) prouide himselfe of a fruicterer, religious, honest, skilful in that faculty, & therwithall painfull: by religious, i meane (because many think religion but a fashion or custome to go to church) maintaining, & cherishing things religious: as schooles of learning, churches, tythes, church-goods, & rights; and aboue all things, gods word, & the preachers thereof, so much as he is able, practising prayers, comfortable conference, mutuall instruction to edifie, almes, and other works of charity, and all out of a good conscience. {sn: honest.} honesty in a gardner, will grace your garden, and all your house, and helpe to stay vnbridled seruingmen, giuing offence to none, not calling your name into question by dishonest acts, nor infecting your family by euill counsell or example. for there is no plague so infectious as popery and knauery, he will not purloine your profit, nor hinder your pleasures. {sn: skilfull.} concerning his skill, he must not be a scolist, to make shew or take in hand that, which he cannot performe, especially in so weighty a thing as an orchard: than the which, there can be no humane thing more excellent, either for pleasure or profit, as shall (god willing) be proued in the treatise following. and what an hinderance shall it be, not onely to the owner, but to the common good, that the vnspeakeble benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost, by the audacious attempt of an vnskilfull arborist. {sn: painfull.} the gardner had not need be an idle, or lazie lubber, for to your orchard being a matter of such moment, will not prosper. there will euer be some thing to doe. weedes are alwaies growing. the great mother of all liuing creatures, the earth, is full of seed in her bowels, and any stirring giues them heat of sunne, and being laid neere day, they grow: mowles worke daily, though not alwaies alike. winter herbes at all times will grow (except in extreame frost.) in winter your young trees and herbes would be lightned of snow, and your allyes cleansed: drifts of snow will set deere, hares, and conyes, and other noysome beasts ouer your walles & hedges, into your orchard. when summer cloathes your borders with greene and peckled colours, your gardner must dresse his hedges, and antike workes: watch his bees, and hiue them: distill his roses and other herbes. now begins summer fruit to ripe, and craue your hand to pull them. if he haue a garden (as he must need) to keepe, you must needs allow him good helpe, to end his labours which are endlesse, for no one man is sufficient for these things. {sn: wages.} such a gardner as will conscionably, quietly and patiently, trauell in your orchard, god shall crowne the labours of his hands with ioyfulnesse, and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees, he will prouoke your loue, and earne his wages, and fees belonging to his place: the house being serued, fallen fruite, superfluity of herbes, and flowers, seedes, grasses, sets, and besides all other of that fruit which your bountifull hand shall reward him withall, will much augment his wages, and the profit of your bees will pay you backe againe. if you be not able, nor willing to hire a gardner, keepe your profits to your selfe, but then you must take all the pains: and for that purpose (if you want this faculty) to instruct you, haue i vndertaken these labours, and gathered these rules, but chiefly respecting my countries good. chap. . _of the soyle._ {sn: kinds of trees.} {sn: soyle.} fruit-trees most common, and meetest for our northerne countries: (as apples, peares, cheries, filberds, red and white plummes, damsons, and bulles,) for we meddle not with apricockes nor peaches, nor scarcely with quinces, which will not like in our cold parts, vnlesse they be helped with some reflex of sunne, or other like meanes, nor with bushes, bearing berries, as barberies, goose-berries, or grosers, raspe-berries, and such like, though the barbery be wholesome, and the tree may be made great: doe require (as all other trees doe) a blacke, fat, mellow, cleane and well tempered soyle, wherein they may gather plenty of good sap. some thinke the hasell would haue a chanily rocke, and the sallow, and eller a waterish marish. the soile is made better by deluing, and other meanes, being well melted, and the wildnesse of the earth and weedes (for euery thing subiect to man, and seruing his vse (not well ordered) is by nature subiect to the curse,) is killed by frosts and drought, by fallowing and laying on heapes, and if it be wild earth, with burning. {sn: barren earth.} if your ground be barren (for some are forced to make an orchard of barren ground) make a pit three quarters deepe, and two yards wide, and round in such places, where you would set your trees, and fill the same with fat, pure, and mellow earth, one whole foot higher then your soile, and therein set your plant. for who is able to manure an whole orchard plot, if it be barren? but if you determine to manure the whole site, this is your way: digge a trench halfe a yard deepe, all along the lower (if there be a lower) side of your orchard plot, casting vp all the earth on the inner side, and fill the same with good short, hot, & tender muck, and make such another trench, and fill the same as the first, and so the third, and so through out your ground. and by this meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life. but be sure you set your trees, neither in dung nor barren earth. {sn: plaine.} {sn: moyst.} your ground must be plaine, that it may receiue, and keepe moysture, not onely the raine falling thereon, but also water cast vpon it, or descending from higher ground by sluices, conduits, &c. for i account moisture in summer very needfull in the soile of trees, & drought in winter. prouided, that the ground neither be boggy, nor the inundation be past . houres at any time, and but twice in the whole summer, and so oft in the winter. therefore if your plot be in a banke, or haue a descent, make trenches by degrees, allyes, walkes, and such like, so as the water may be stayed from passage. and if too much water be any hinderance to your walks (for dry walkes doe well become an orchard, and an orchard them:) raise your walkes with earth first, and then with stones, as bigge as walnuts: and lastly, with grauell. in summer you need not doubt too much water from heauen, either to hurt the health of your body, or of your trees. and if ouerflowing molest you after one day, auoid it then by deepe trenching. some for this purpose dig the soile of their orchard to receiue moisture, which i cannot approue: for the roots with digging are oftentimes hurt, and especially being digged by some vnskilfull seruant: for the gardiner cannot doe all himselfe. and moreouer, the roots of apples & peares being laid neere day, with the heate of the sun, will put forth suckers, which are a great hinderance, and sometimes with euill guiding, the destruction of trees, vnlesse the deluing be very shallow, and the ground laid very leuell againe. cherries and plummes without deluing, will hardly or neuer (after twenty yeares) be kept from such suckers, nor aspes. {sn: grasse.} grasse also is thought needfull for moisture, so you let it not touch the roots of your trees: for it will breed mosse, and the boall of your tree neere the earth would haue the comfort of the sunne and ayre. some take their ground to be too moist when it is not so, by reason of waters standing thereon, for except in soure marshes, springs, and continuall ouerflowings, no earth can be too moyst. sandy & fat earth will auoid all water falling by receit. indeed a stiffe clay will not receiue the water, and therefore if it be grassie or plaine, especially hollow, the water will abide, and it wil seeme waterish, when the fault is in the want of manuring, and other good dressing. {sn: naturally plaine.} {sn: crust of the earth.} this plainnesse which we require, had need be naturall, because to force an vneuen ground will destroy the fatnesse. for euery soile hath his crust next day wherein trees and herbes put their roots, and whence they draw their sap, which is the best of the soile, and made fertile with heat and cold, moisture and drought, and vnder which by reason of the want of the said temperature, by the said foure qualities, no tree nor herbe (in a manner) will or can put root. as may be seene if in digging your ground, you take the weeds of most growth: as grasse or docks, (which will grow though they lie vpon the earth bare) yet bury them vnder the crust, and they will surely dye and perish, & become manure to your ground. this crust is not past . or . inches deepe in good ground, in other grounds lesse. hereby appeares the fault of forced plaines, viz. your crust in the lower parts, is couered with the crust of the higher parts, and both with worse earth: your heights hauing the crust taken away, are become meerely barren: so that either you must force a new crust, or haue an euill soile. and be sure you leuell, before you plant, lest you be forced to remoue, or hurt your plants by digging, and casting amongst their roots. your ground must be cleered as much as you may of stones, and grauell, walls, hedges, bushes, & other weeds. chap. . _of the site._ {sn: low and neere a riuer.} there is no difference, that i find betwixt the necessity of a good soile, and a good site of an orchard. for a good soile (as is before described) cannot want a good site, and if it do, the fruit cannot be good, and a good site will much mend an euill soile. the best site is in low grounds, (and if you can) neere vnto a riuer. high grounds are not naturally fat. and if they haue any fatnesse by mans hand, the very descent in time doth wash it away. it is with grounds in this case as it is with men in a common wealth. much will haue more: and once poore, seldome or neuer rich. the raine will scind, and wash, and the wind will blow fatnesse from the heights to the hollowes, where it will abide, and fatten the earth though it were barren before. {sn: psal. . .} {sn: ezek. . .} {sn: eccl. . .} {sn: mr. _markham_.} hence it is, that we haue seldome any plaine grounds, and low, barren: and as seldome any heights naturally fertill. it is vnspeakeable, what fatnesse is brought to low grounds by inundations of waters. neither did i euer know any barren ground in a low plaine by a riuer side. the goodnesse of the soile in _howle_ or _hollowdernes_, in _york-shire_, is well knowne to all that know the riuer _humber_, and the huge bulkes of their cattell there. by estimation of them that haue seene the low grounds in _holland_ and _zealand_ they farre surpasse the most countries in _europe_ for fruitfulnesse, and only because they lie so low. the world cannot compare with _�gypt_, for fertility, so farre as _nilus_ doth ouer flow his bankes. so that a fitter place cannot be chosen for an orchard, then a low plaine by a riuer side. for besides the fatnesse which the water brings, if any cloudy mist or raine be stirring, it commonly falls downe to, and followes the course of the riuer. and where see we greater trees of bulke and bough, then standing on or neere the waters side? if you aske why the plaines in _holderns_, and such countries are destitute of woods? i answer that men and cattell (that haue put trees thence, from out of plaines to void corners) are better then trees. neither are those places without trees. our old fathers can tel vs, how woods are decaied, & people in the roomth of trees multiplied. i haue stood somwhat long in this poynt, because some do condemne a moist soile for fruit-trees. {sn: winds. chap. .} a low ground is good to auoide the danger of winds, both for shaking downe your vnripe fruite. trees the most (that i know) being loaden with wood, for want of proyning, and growing high, by the vnskilfulnesse of the arborist, must needes be in continuall danger of the south-west, west, and north west winds, especially in _september_ and _march_, when the aire is most temperate from extreme heat, and cold, which are deadly enemies to great winds. wherefore chuse your ground low: or if you be forced to plant in a higher ground, let high and strong wals, houses, and trees, as wall-nuts, plane trees, okes, and ashes, placed in good order, be your fence for winds. the sucken of your dwelling house, descending into your orchard, if it be cleanly conueyed, is good. {sn: sunne.} the sunne, in some sort, is the life of the world. it maketh proud growth, and ripens kindly, and speedily, according to the golden tearme: _annus fructificat, non tellus_. therefore in the countries, neerer approching the zodiake, the sunnes habitation, they haue better, and sooner ripe fruite, then we that dwell in these frozen parts. {sn: trees against a wall.} this prouoketh most of our great arborists, to plant apricockes, cherries and peaches, by a wall, and with tackes, and other meanes to spread them vpon, and fasten them to a wall, to haue the benefit of the immoderate reflexe of the sunne, which is commendable, for the hauing of faire, good & soone ripe fruit. but let them know it is more hurtfull to their trees then the benefit they reape therby: as not suffering a tree to liue the tenth part of his age. it helpes gardners to worke, for first the wall hinders the roots, because into a dry and hard wall of earth or stone a tree will not, nor cannot put any root to profit, but especially it stops the passage of sap, whereby the barke is wounded, & the wood, & diseases grow, so that the tree becomes short of life. for as in the body of a man, the leaning or lying on some member, wherby the course of bloud is stopt, makes that member as it were dead for the time, till the bloud returne to his course, and i thinke, if that stopping should continue any time, the member would perish for want of bloud (for the life is in the bloud) and so endanger the body: so the sap is the life of the tree, as the bloud is to mans body: neither doth the tree in winter (as is supposed) want his sap, no more then mans body his bloud, which in winter, and time of sleep draws inward. so that the dead time of winter, to a tree, is but a night of rest: for the tree at all times, euen in winter is nourished with sap, & groweth as well as mans body. the chilling cold may well some little time stay, or hinder the proud course of the sap, but so little & so short a time, that in calme & mild season, euen in the depth of winter, if you marke it, you may easily perceiue, the sap to put out, and your trees to increase their buds, which were formed in the summer before, & may easily be discerned: for leaues fall not off, til they be thrust off, with the knots or buds, wherupon it comes to passe that trees cannot beare fruit plentifully two yeares together, and make themselues ready to blossome against the seasonablenesse of the next spring. and if any frost be so extreme, that it stay the sap too much, or too long, then it kils the forward fruit in the bud, and sometimes the tender leaues and twigs, but not the tree. wherefore, to returne, it is perillous to stop the sap. and where, or when, did you euer see a great tree packt on a wall? nay, who did euer know a tree so vnkindly splat, come to age? i haue heard of some, that out of their imaginary cunning, haue planted such trees, on the north side of the wall, to auoide drought, but the heate of the sunne is as comfortable (which they should haue regarded) as the drought is hurtfull. and although water is a soueraigne remedy against drought, ye want of sun is no way to be helped. wherefore to conclude this chapter, let your ground lie so, that it may haue the benefit of the south, and west sun, and so low and close, that it may haue moysture, and increase his fatnesse (for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth) and (as much as may be) free from great winds. chap. . _of the quantity._ {sn: orchard as good as a corn-field.} {sn: compared with a vinyard.} {sn: compared with a garden.} it would be remembred what a benefit riseth, not onely to euery particular owner of an orchard, but also to the common wealth, by fruit, as shall be shewed in the . chapter (god willing) whereupon must needes follow: the greater the orchard is (being good and well kept) the better it is, for of good things, being equally good, the biggest is the best. and if it shall appeare, that no ground a man occupieth (no, not the corne field) yeeldeth more gaine to the purse, and house keeping (not to speake of the vnspeakeable pleasure) quantity for quantity, than a good orchard (besides the cost in planting, and dressing an orchard, is not so much by farre, as the labour and feeding of your corne fields, nor for durance of time, comparable, besides the certainty of the on before the other) i see not how any labour, or cost in this kind, can be idly or wastfully bestowed, or thought too much. and what other things is a vineyard, in those countries where vines doe thriue, than a large orchard of trees bearing fruit? or what difference is there in the iuice of the grape, and our cyder & perry, but the goodnes of the soile & clime where they grow? which maketh the one more ripe, & so more pleasant then the other. what soeuer can be said for the benefit rising from an orchard, that makes for the largenesse of the orchards bounds. and (me thinkes) they do preposterously, that bestow more cost and labours, and more ground in and vpon a garden than vpon an orchard, whence they reape and may reape both more pleasure and more profit, by infinite degrees. and further, that a garden neuer so fresh, and faire, and well kept, cannot continue without both renewing of the earth and the hearbs often, in the short and ordinary age of a man: whereas your orchard well kept shall dure diuers hundred yeares, as shall be shewed chap. . in a large orchard there is much labour saued, in fencing, and otherwise: for three little orchards, or few trees, being, in a manner, all out-sides, are so blasted and dangered, and commonly in keeping neglected, and require a great fence; whereas in a great orchard, trees are a mutuall fence one to another, and the keeping is regarded, and lesse fencing serues sixe acres together, than three in seuerall inclosures. {sn: what quantity of ground.} now what quantity of ground is meetest for an orchard can no man prescribe, but that must be left to euery mans seuerall iudgement, to be measured according to his ability and will, for other necessaries besides fruite must be had, and some are more delighted with orchard then others. {sn: want is no hinderance.} {sn: how land-lords by their tenants may make flourishing orchards in _england_.} let no man hauing a fit plot plead pouerty in this case, for an orchard once planted will maintaine it selfe, and yeeld infinite profit besides. and i am perswaded, that if men did know the right and best way of planting, dressing, and keeping trees, and felt the profit and pleasure thereof, both they that haue no orchards would haue them, & they that haue orchards, would haue them larger, yea fruit-trees in their hedges, as in _worcester-shire_, &c. and i think, that the want of planting, is a great losse to our common-wealth, & in particular, to the owners of lord-ships, which land lords themselues might easily amend, by granting longer terme, and better assurance to their tenants, who haue taken vp this prouerbe _botch and sit, build and flit_: for who will build or plant for an other mans profit? or the parliament mighte ioyne euery occupier of grounds to plant and mainetaine for so many acres of fruitfull ground, so many seuerall trees or kinds of trees for fruit. thus much for quantity. chap. . _of the forme._ {sn: the vsuall forme is a square.} the goodnesse of the soile, and site, are necessary to the wel being of an orchard simply, but the forme is so farre necessary, as the owner shall thinke meete, for that kind of forme wherewith euery particular man is delighted, we leaue it to himselfe, _suum cuique pulchrum_. the forme that men like in generall is a square, for although roundnesse be _forma perfectissima_, yet that principle is good where necessity by art doth not force some other forme. if within one large square the gardner shall make one round labyrinth or maze with some kind of berries, it will grace your forme, so there be sufficient roomth left for walkes, so will foure or more round knots do. for it is to be noted, that the eye must be pleased with the forme. i haue seene squares rising by degrees with stayes from your house-ward, according to this forme which i haue, _crassa quod aiunt minerua_, with an vnsteady hand, rough hewen, for in forming the country gardens, the better sort may vse better formes, and more costly worke. what is needefull more to be sayd, i referre that all (concerning the forme,) to the chapter of the ornaments of an orchard. {illustration: _a._ al these squares must bee set with trees, the gardens and other ornaments must stand in spaces betwixt the trees, & in the borders & fences. _b._ trees . yards asunder. _c._ garden knots. _d._ kitchen garden. _e._ bridge. _f._ conduit. _g._ staires. _h._ walkes set with great wood thicke. _i._ walkes set with great wood round about your orchard. _k._ the out fence. _l._ the out fence set with stone-fruite. _m._ mount. to force earth for a mount, or such like set it round with quicke, and lay boughes of trees strangely intermingled tops inward, with the earth in the midle. _n._ still-house. _o._ good standing for bees, if you haue an house. _p._ if the riuer run by your doore, & vnder your mount, it will be pleasant.} chap. . _of fences._ {sn: effects of euill fencing.} {sn: let the fence be your owne.} all your labour past and to come about an orchard is lost vnlesse you fence well. it shall grieue you much to see your young sets rubd loose at the rootes, the barke pild, the boughes and twigs cropt, your fruite stolne, your trees broken, and your many yeares labours and hopes destroyed, for want of fences. a chiefe care must be had in this point. you must therefore plant in such a soile, where you may prouide a conuenient, strong and seemely fence. for you can possesse no goods, that haue so many enemies as an orchard, looke chapter . fruits are so delightsome, and desired of so many (nay, in a manner of all) and yet few will be at cost and take paines to prouide them. fence well therefore, let your plot be wholly in your owne power, that you make all your fence your selfe: for neighbours fencing is none at all, or very carelesse. take heed of a doore or window, (yea of a wall) of any other mans into your orchard: yea, though it be nayld vp, or the wall be high, for perhaps they will proue theeues. {sn: kinds of fences, earthen walles.} all fences commonly are made of earth, stone, bricke, wood, or both earth and wood. dry wall of earth, and dry ditches, are the worst fences saue pales or railes, and doe waste the soonest, vnlesse they be well copt with glooe and morter, whereon at _mighill-tide_ it will be good to sow wall-flowers, commonly called bee-flowers, or winter gilly-flowers, because they will grow (though amongst stones) and abide the strongest frost and drought, continually greene and flowring euen in winter, and haue a pleasant smell, and are timely, (that is, they will floure the first and last of flowers) and are good for bees. and your earthen wall is good for bees dry and warme. but these fences are both vnseemly, euill to repaire, and onely for need, where stone or wood cannot be had. whosoeuer makes such walles, must not pill the ground in the orchard, for getting earth, nor make any pits or hallowes, which are both vnseemly and vnprofitable. old dry earth mixt with sand is best for these. this kind of wall will soone decay, by reason of the trees which grow neere it, for the roots and boales of great trees, will increase, vndermine, and ouerturne such walles, though they were of stone, as is apparant by ashes, rountrees, burt-trees, and such like, carried in the chat, or berry, by birds into stone-walles. {sn: pale and raile.} fences of dead wood, as pales, will not last, neither will railes either last or make good fence. {sn: stone walls.} stone walles (where stone may be had) are the best of this sort, both for fencing, lasting, and shrouding of your young trees. but about this must you bestow much paines and more cost, to haue them handsome, high and durable. {sn: quicke wood and moates.} but of all other (in mine owne opinion) quickwood, and moats or ditches of water, where the ground is leuell, is the best fence. in vnequall grounds, which will not keepe water, there a double ditch may be cast, made streight and leuel on the top, two yards broad for a faire walke, fiue or sixe foot higher then the soyle, with a gutter on either side, two yards wide, and foure foot deepe set with out, with three or foure chesse of thorns, and within with cherry, plumme, damson, bullys, filbirds, (for i loue these trees better for their fruit, and as well for their forme, as priuit) for you may make them take any forme. and in euery corner (and middle if you will) a mount would be raised, whereabout the wood may claspe, powdered with wood-binde: which wil make with dressing a faire, plesant, profitable, & sure fence. but you must be sure that your quicke thornes either grow wholly, or that there be a supply betime, either with planting new, or plashing the old where need is. and assure your selfe, that neither wood, stone, earth, nor water, can make so strong a fence, as this after seuen yeares growth. {sn: moates.} moates, fish-ponds, and (especially at one side a riuer) within and without your fence, will afford you fish, fence, and moysture to your trees, and pleasure also, if they be so great and deepe that you may haue swans, & other water birds, good for deuouring of vermine, and boat for many good vses. it shall hardly auaile you to make any fence for your orchard, if you be a niggard of your fruit. for as liberality will saue it best from noysome neighbours, liberality i say is the best fence, so iustice must restraine rioters. thus when your ground is tempered, squared, and fenced, it is time to prouide for planting. chap. . _of sets._ there is not one point (in my opinion) about an orchard more to be regarded, than the choyce getting and setting of good plants, either for readinesse or hauing good fruite, or for continuall lasting. for whosoeuer shall faile in the choyce of good sets, or in getting, or gathering, or setting his plants, shall neuer haue a good or lasting orchard. and i take want of skill in this faculty to be a chiefe hinderance to the most orchards, and to many for hauing of orchards at all. {sn: slips.} some for readinesse vse slips, which seldome take roote: and if they doe take, they cannot last, both because their roote hauing a maine wound will in short time decay the body of the tree: and besides that rootes being so weakely put, are soone nipt with drought or frost. i could neuer see (lightly) any slip but of apples onely set for trees. {sn: bur-knot.} a bur-knot kindly taken from an apple tree, is much better and surer. you must cut him close at the roote ende, an handfull vnder the knot. (some vse in summer about _lammas_ to circumcise him, and put earth to the knots with hay roaps, and in winter cut him off and set him, but this is curiosity, needlesse, and danger with remouing, and drought,) and cut away all his twigs saue one, the most principall, which in setting you must leaue aboue the earth, burying his trunk in the crust of the earth for his root. it matters not much what part of the bough the twig growes out of. if it grow out of or neere the roote end, some say such an apple will haue no coare nor kirnell. or if it please the plantor, he may let his bough be crooked, and leaue out his top end, one foote or somewhat more, wherein will be good grafting, if either you like not, or doubt the fruite of the bough (for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit) or if you thinke he will not couer his wound safely. {sn: vsuall sets.} {sn: maine rootes cut.} {sn: stow sets remoued.} {sn: generall rule.} {sn: tying of trees.} {sn: generall rule.} {sn: signes of diseases, chap .} the most vsuall kind of sets, is plants with rootes growing of kirnels of apples, peares, and crabbes, or stones of cherries, plummes, &c. remoued out of a nursery, wood or other orchard, into, and set in your orchard in their due places i grant this kind to be better than either of the former, by much, as more sure and more durable. herein you must note that in sets so remoued, you get all the roots you can; and without brusing of any; i vtterly dislike the opinion of those great gardners, that following their bookes would haue the maine rootes cut away, for tops cannot growe without rootes. and because none can get all the rootes, and remouall is an hinderance, you may not leaue on all tops, when you set them: for there is a proportion betwixt the top and root of a tree, euen in the number (at least) in the growth. if the roots be many, they will bring you many tops, if they be not hindred. and if you vse to stow or top your tree too much or too low, and leaue no issue, or little for sap, (as is to be seene in your hedges) it will hinder the growth of rootes and boale, because such a kind of stowing is a kind of smothering, or choaking the sap. great wood, as oke, elme, ash, &c. being continually kept downe with sheeres, knife, axe, &c. neither boale nor roote will thriue, but as an hedge or bush. if you intend to graff in your set, you may cut him closer with a greater wound, and nearer the earth, within a foote or two, because the graft or grafts will couer his wound. if you like his fruite, and would haue him to be a tree of himselfe, be not so bold: this i can tell you, that though you do cut his top close, and leaue nothing but his bulke, because his rootes are few, if he be (but little) bigger than your thumbe (as i with all plants remoued to be) he will safely recouer wound within seuen yeares; by good guidance that is. in the next time of dressing immediatly aboue his vppermost sprig, you cut him off aslope cleanely, to that the sprigge stand on the backe side, (and if you can northward, that the wound may haue the benefit of sunne) at the vpper ende of the wound: and let that sprigge onely be the boale. and take this for a generall rule; euery young plant, if he thriue, will recouer any wound aboue the earth, by good dressing, although it be to the one halfe, and to his very heart. this short cutting at the remoue, saues your plants from wind, and neede the lesse or no staking. i commend not lying or leaning of trees against holds or stayres; for it breedes obstruction of sap and wounds incureable. all remouing of trees as great as your arme, or aboue, is dangerous: though sometime some such will grow but not continue long: because they be tainted with deadly wounds, either in the roote or top. (and a tree once throughly tainted is neuer good) and though they get some hold in the earth with some lesser taw, or tawes, which giue some nourishment to the body of the tree: yet the heart being tainted, he will hardly euer thriue; which you may easily discerne by the blackenesse of the boughes at the heart, when you dresse your trees. also, when he is set with moe tops than the rootes can nourish, the tops decaying, blacken the boughes, and the boughs the armes, and so they boile at the very heart. or this taint in the remouall, if it kill not presently, but after some short time, it may be discerned by blacknesse or yellownesse in the barke, and a small hungred leafe. or if your remoued plant put forth leaues the next and second summer, and little or few spraies, it is a great signe of a taint, and next yeares death. i haue knowne a tree tainted in setting, yet grow, & beare blossomes for diuers yeares: and yet for want of strength could neuer shape his fruit. {sn: suckers good sets.} next vnto this or rather equall with these plants, are suckers growing out of the roots of great trees, which cherries and plums do seldome or neuer want: and being taken kindly with their roots, will make very good sets. and you may helpe them much by enlarging their rootes with the taws of the tree, whence you take them. they are of two sorts: either growing from the very root of the tree: and here you must be carefull, not to hurt your tree when you gather them, by ripping amongst the rootes; and that you take them cleane away: for these are a great and continuall annoyance to the growth of your tree: and they will hardly be cleansed. secondly, or they do arise from some taw: and these may be taken without danger, with long and good rootes, and will soone become trees of strength. {sn: a running plant.} there is another way, which i haue not throughly proued, to get not onely plants for graffing, but sets to remaine for trees, which i call a _running plant_: the manner of it is this: take a roote or kirnell, and put it into the middle of your plot, and the second yeare in the spring, geld his top, if he haue one principall (as commonly by nature they haue) and let him put forth onely foure cyons toward the foure corners of the orchard, as neere the earth as you can. if he put not foure, (which is rare) stay his top till he haue put so many. when you haue such foure, cut the stocke aslope, as is aforesayd in this chapter, hard aboue the vttermost sprig, & keepe those foure without cyons cleane and straight, till you haue them a yard and a halfe, at least, or two yards long. then the next spring in grassing time, lay downe those foure sprayes, towards the foure corners of your orchard, with their tops in an heape of pure and good earth, and railed as high as the roote of your cyon (for sap will not descend) and a sod to keepe them downe, leauing nine or twelue inches of the top to looke vpward. in that hill he will put rootes, and his top new cyons, which you must spread as before, and so from hill to hill till he spread the compasse of your ground, or as farre as you list. if in bending, the cyons cracke, the matter is small, cleanse the ground and he will recouer. euery bended bough will put forth branches, and become trees. if this plant be of a burre knot, there is no doubt. i haue proued it in one branch my selfe: and i know at _wilton_ in _cleeue-land_ a peare-tree of a great bulke and age, blowne close to the earth, hath put at euery knot rootes into the earth, and from roote to top, a great number of mighty armes or trees, filling a great roomth, like many trees, or a little orchard. much better may it be done by art in a lesse tree. and i could not mislike this kind, saue that the time will be long before it come to perfection. {sn: sets bought.} many vse to buy sets already grafted, which is not the best way: for first, all remoues are dangerous: againe, there is danger in the carriage: thirdly, it is a costly course of planting: fourthly, euery gardner is not trusty to sell you good fruite: fifthly, you know not which is best, which is worst, and so may take most care about your worst trees. lastly, this way keepes you from practise, and so from experience in so good, gentlemanly, scholerlike, and profitable a faculty. {sn: the best sets.} {sn: vnremoued how.} the onely best way (in my opinion) to haue sure and lasting sets, is neuer to remoue: for euery remoue is an hinderance, if not a dangerous hurt or deadly taint. this is the way. the plot forme being layd, and the plot appointed where you will plant euery set in your orchard, digge the roomth, where your sets shall stand, a yard compasse, and make the earth mellow and cleane, and mingle it with a few coale-ashes, to auoide wormes: and immediately after the first change of the moone, in the latter end of _february_, the earth being a fresh turn'd ouer, put in euery such roomth three or foure kirnels of apples or peares, of the best: euery kirnell in an hole made with your finger, finger deepe, a foote distant one from another: and that day moneth following, as many moe, (lest some of the former misse) in the same compasse; but not in the same holes. hence (god willing) shall you haue rootes enough. if they all, or diuers of them come vp, you may draw (but not digge) vp (nor put downe) at your pleasure, the next _nouember_. how many soeuer you take away, to giue or bestow elsewhere, be sure to leaue two of the proudest. and when in your . and . yeare you graffe, if you graffe then at all, leaue the one of those two vngraffed, lest in graffing the other you faile: for i find by tryall, that after first or second graffing in the same stocke, being mist (for who hits all) the third misse puts your stocke in deadly danger, for want of issue of sap. yea, though you hit in graffing, yet may your graffes with winde or otherwise be broken downe. if your graffes or graffe prosper, you haue your desire, in a plant vnremoued, without taint, and the fruite at your owne choyce, and so you may (some little earth being remooued) pull, but not digge vp the other plant or plants in that roomth. if your graffe or stocke, or both perish, you haue another in the same place, of better strength to worke vpon. for thriuing without snub he will ouer-lay your grafted stocke much. and it is hardly possible to misse in graffing so often, if your gardiner be worth his name. {sn: sets vngrafted best of all.} it shall not be amisse (as i iudge it) if your kirnels be of choyce fruite, and that you see them come forward proudly in their body, and beare a faire and broad leafe in colour, tending to a greenish yellow (which argues pleasant and great fruit) to try some of them vngraffed: for although it be a long time ere this come to beare fruit, ten or twelue yeares, or moe; and at their first bearing, the fruit will not seeme to be like his owne kind: yet am i assured, vpon tryall, before twenty yeares growth, such trees will increase the bignesse and goodnesse of their fruite, and come perfectly to their owne kind. trees (like other breeding creatures) as they grow in yeares, bignes and strength, so they mend their fruit. husbands and houswiues find this true by experience, in the rearing of their yong store. more then this, there is no tree like this for soundnes and dureable last, if his keeping and dressing be answerable. i grant, the readiest way to come soone to fruit is graffing: because in a manner, all your graffes are taken of fruit bearing trees. {sn: time of remouing.} {sn: generall rule.} now when you haue made choise of your sets to remoue, the ground being ready, the best time is, immediatly after the fall of the leafe, in, or about the change of the moone, when the sap is most quiet: for then the sap is in turning: for it makes no stay, but in the _extremity_ of drought or cold. at any time in winter, may you transplant trees so you put no ice nor snow to the root of your plant in the setting: and therefore open, calme and moist weather is best. to remoue, the leafe being ready to fall and not fallen, or buds apparantly put forth in a moist warme season, for need, sometime may do well: but the safest is to walke in the plaine trodden path. some hold opinion that it is best remouing before the fall of the leafe, and i heare it commonly practised in the south by our best arborists, the leafe not fallen: and they giue the reason to be, that the descending of the sap will make speedy rootes. but marke the reasons following and i thinke you shall find no soundnesse, either in that position or practise, at least in the reason. . i say, it is dangerous to remoue when the sap is not quiet, for euery remoue giues a maine checke to the stirring sap, by staying the course therof in the body of your plant, as may appeare in trees remoued any time in summer, they commonly dye, nay hardly shall you saue the life of the most young and tender plant of any kinde of wood (scarcely herbes) if you remoue them in the pride of sap. for proud sap vniuersally staied by remoual, euer hinders; often taints and so presently, or in very short time kills. sap is like bloud in mans body, in which is the life, _cap. . p. ._ if the blood vniuersally be cold, life is excluded; so is sap tainted by vntimely remouall. a stay by drought, or cold, is not so dangerous (though dangerous if it be extreme) because more naturall. . the sap neuer descends, as men suppose, but is consollidated & transubstantiated into the substance of the tree, and passeth (alwayes aboue the earth) vpward, not onely betwixt the barke and the wood, but also into and in both body & barke, though not so plentifully, as may appeare by a tree budding, nay fructifying two or three yeres, after he be circumcised at the very root, like a riuer that inlargeth his channel by a continual descent. . i cannot perceiue what time they would haue the sap to descend. at _midsommer_ in a biting drought it staies, but descends not, for immediatly vpon moisture it makes second shoots, at (or before rather) _michaeltide_, when it shapens his buds for next yeares fruit. if at the fal of leafe, i grant, about that time is the greatest stand, but no descent, of sap, which begins somwhat before the leafe fall, but not long, therfore at that time must be the best remouing, not by reason of descent, but stay of sap. . the sap in this course hath his profitable and apparant effects, as the growth of the tree, couering of wounds, putting of buds, &c. wherupon it follows, if the sap descend, it must needs haue some effect to shew it. . lastly, boughs plasht and laid lower then the root, dye for want of sap descending, except where it is forced by the maine streame of the sap, as in top boughs hanging like water in pipes, or except the plasht bough lying on the ground put rootes of his owne, yea vnder boughs which we commonly call water boughs, can scarcely get sap to liue, yea in time dye, because the sap doth presse so violently vpward, and therefore the fairest shootes and fruits are alwayes in the top. {sn: remooue soone.} _obiect._ if you say that many so remoued thriue, i say that somewhat before the fall of the leafe (but not much) is the stand, for the fall & the stand are not at one instant, before the stand is dangerous. but to returne. the sooner in winter you remoue your sets, the better; the latter the worse: for it is very perillous if a strong drought take your sets before they haue made good their rooting. a plant set at the fall, shall gaine (in a a manner) a whole yeeres growth of that which is set in the spring after. {sn: the manner of setting.} i vse in the setting to be sure, that the earth be mouldy, (and somewhat moist) that it may runne among the small tangles without straining or bruising: and as i fill in earth to his root, i shake the set easily to and fro, to make the earth settle the better to his roots: and withall easily with my foot i put in the earth close; for ayre is noysome, and will follow concauities. some prescribe oates to be put in with the earth. i could like it, if i could know any reason thereof: and they vse to set their plant with the same side toward the sunne: but this conceit is like the other. for first i would haue euery tree to stand so free from shade, that not onely the root (which therefore you must keepe bare from graffe) but body, boughes, and branches, and euery spray, may haue the benefit of sunne. and what hurt, if that part of the tree, that before was shadowed, be now made partaker of the heat of the sunne? in turning of bees, i know it is hurtfull, because it changeth their entrance, passage, and whole worke: but not so in trees. {sn: set in the crust.} set as deepe as you can, so that in any wise you goe not beneath the crust. looke chap. . {sn: moysture good.} we speake in the second chapter of moysture in generall: but now especially hauing put your remoued plant into the earth, powre on water (of a puddle were good) by distilling presently, and so euery weeke twice in strong drought, so long as the earth will drinke, and refuse by ouerflowing. for moisture mollifies, and both giues leaue to the roots to spread, and makes the earth yeeld sap and nourishment with plenty & facility. nurses (they say) giue most & best milke after warme drinks. if your ground be such that it will keepe no moisture at the root of your plant, such plant shall neuer like, or but for a time. there is nothing more hurtfull for young trees then piercing drought. i haue known trees of good stature after they haue beene of diuers yeeres growth, & thriue well for a good time, perish for want of water, and very many by reason of taints in setting. {sn: grafts must be fenced.} it is meet your sets and grafts be fenced, till they be as big as your arme, for feare of annoyances. many waies may sets receiue dammages, after they be set, whether grafted or vngrafted. for although we suppose, that no noysome beast, or other thing must haue accesse among your trees: yet by casualty, a dog, cat, or such like, or your selfe, or negligent friend bearing you company, or a shrewd boy, may tread or fall vpon a young and tender plant or graft. to auoid these and many such chances, you must stake them round a pretty distance from the set, neither so neere, nor so thicke, but that it may haue the benefit of sun, raine, and ayre. your stakes (small or great) would be so surely put, or driuen into the earth, that they breake not, if any thing happen to leane vpon them, else may the fall be more hurtfull, then the want of the fence. let not your stakes shelter any weeds about your sets, for want of sunne is a great hinderance. let them stand so farre off, that your grafts spreading receiue no hurt, either by rubbing on them, or of any other thing passing by. if your stocke be long, and high grafted (which i must discommend (except in need) because there the sap is weake, and they are subiect to strong wind, and the lighting of birds) tie easily with a soft list three or foure prickes vnder the clay, and let their tops stand aboue the grafts, to auoid the lighting of crowes, pyes, &c. vpon your grafts. if you sticke some sharpe thornes at the roots of your stakes, they will make hurtfull things keepe off the better. other better fences for your grafts i know none. and thus much for sets and setting. chap. . _of the distance of trees._ {sn: hurts of too neere planting.} i know not to what end you should prouide good ground, well fenced, & plant good sets; and when your trees should come to profit, haue all your labours lost, for want of due regard to the distance of placing your trees. i haue seene many trees stand so thicke, that one could not thriue for the throng of his neighbours. if you doe marke it, you shall see the tops of trees rubd off, their sides galled like a galled horses backe, and many trees haue more stumps then boughes, and most trees no well thriuing, but short, stumpish, and euill thriuing boughes: like a corne field ouer seeded, or a towne ouer peopled, or a pasture ouer-laid, which the gardiner must either let grow, or leaue the tree very few boughes to beare fruit. hence small thrift, galls, wounds, diseases, and short life to the trees: and while they liue greene, little, hard, worme-eaten, and euill thriuing fruit arise, to the discomfort of the owners. {sn: remedy.} {sn: generall rule.} {sn: all touches hurtfull.} to preuent which discommodity, one of the best remedies is the sufficient and fit distance of trees. therefore at the setting of your plants you must haue such respect, that the distance of them be such, that euery tree be not annoyance, but an helpe to his fellowes: for trees (as all other things of the same kind) should shroud, and not hurt one another. and assure your selfe that euery touch of trees (as well vnder as aboue the earth) is hurtfull. therefore this must be a generall rule in this art: that no tree in an orchard well ordered, nor bough, nor cyon, drop vpon, or touch his fellowes. let no man thinke this vnpossible, but looke in the eleuenth chapter of dressing of trees. if they touch, the winde will cause a forcible rub. young twigs are tender, if boughes or armes touch or rub, if they are strong, they make great galls. no kind of touch therefore in trees can be good. {sn: the best distance of trees.} {sn: the parts of a tree.} now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite, and that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth, that each tree by probability will take and fill. and herein i am of a contrary opinion to all them, which practise or teach the planting of trees, that euer yet i knew, read, or heard of. for the common space betweene tree and tree is ten foot: if twenty foot, it is thought very much. but i suppose twenty yards distance is small enough betwixt tree and tree, or rather too too little. for the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able to ouer spread, and fill, so they touch not by one yard at least. now i am assured, and i know one apple-tree, set of a slip _finger-great_, in the space of yeares, (which i account a very small part of a trees age, as is shewed chapter .) hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue yards compasse, that is, fiue or sixe yards on euery side. here i gather, that in forty or fifty yeares (which yet is but a small time of his age) a tree in good soile, well liking, by good dressing (for that is much auaileable to this purpose) will spread double at the least, viz. twelue yards on a side, which being added to twelue alotted to his fellow, make twenty and foure yards, and so farre distant must euery tree stand from another. and looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes aboue, so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth, or rather further, if there be no stop, nor let by walls, trees, rocks, barren earth and such like: for an huge bulk, and strong armes, massie boughes, many branches, and infinite twigs, require wide spreading roots. the top hath the vast aire to spread his boughs in, high and low, this way and that way: but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth, they may not goe downward, nor vpward out of the earth, which is their element, no more then the fish out of the water, camelion out of the aire, nor salamander out of the fire. therefore they must needs spread farre vnder the earth. and i dare well say, if nature would giue leaue to man by art, to dresse the roots of trees, to take away the tawes and tangles, that lap and fret and grow superfluously and disorderly, (for euery thing _sublunary_ is cursed for mans sake) the tops aboue being answerably dressed, we should haue trees of wonderfull greatnes, and infinite durance. and i perswade myselfe that this might be done sometimes in winter, to trees standing in faire plaines and kindly earth, with small or no danger at all. so that i conclude, that twenty foure yards are the least space that art can allot for trees to stand distant one from another. {sn: waste ground in an orchard.} if you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree and tree? i answer: if you please to plant some tree or trees in that middle space, you may, and as your trees grow contigious, great and thick, you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees. and this i take to be the chiefe cause, why the most trees stand so thicke. for men not knowing (or not regarding) this secret of needfull distance, and louing fruit of trees planted to their handes, thinke much to pull vpp any, though they pine one another. if you or your heires or successors would take vp some great trees (past setting) where they stand too thicke, be sure you doe it about _midsummer_, and leaue no maine root. i destinate this space of foure and twenty yards, for trees of age & stature. more then this, you haue borders to be made for walkes with roses, berries, &c. and chiefly consider: that your orchard, for the first twenty or thirty yeeres, will serue you for many gardens, for safron, licoras, roots, and other herbs for profit, and flowers for pleasure: so that no ground need be wasted if the gardiner be skillfull and diligent. but be sure you come not neere with such deepe deluing the roots of your trees, whose compasse you may partly discerne, by the compasse of the tops, if your top be well spread. and vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees, be sure no herbes will like. let this be said for the distance of trees. chap. . _of the placing of trees._ the placing of trees in an orchard is well worth the regard: for although it must be granted, that any of our foresaid trees (chap. .) will like well in any part of your orchard, being good and well drest earth: yet are not all trees alike worthy of a good place. and therefore i wish that your filbird, plummes, damsons, bulesse, and such like, be vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your orchard into your fence: for there is not such fertility and easefull growth, as within: and there also they are more subiect to, and can abide the blasts of _�olus_. the cherries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of summer, and the rest standing longer, are not so soone shaken as your better fruit: neither if they suffer losse, is your losse so great. besides that, your fences and ditches will deuoure some of your fruit growing in or neere your hedges. and seeing the continuance of all these (except nuts) is small, the care of them ought to be the lesse. and make no doubt but the fences of a large orchard will containe a sufficient number of such kind of fruit trees in the whole compasse. it is not material, but at your pleasure, in the said fences, you may either intermingle your seueral kinds of fruit-trees, or set euery kind by himselfe, which order doth very well become your better and greater fruit. let therefore your apples, peares, and quinches, possesse all the soile of your orchard, vnlesse you be especially affected to some of your other kinds: and of them let your greatest trees of growth stand furthest from sunne, and your quinches at the south side or end, and your apples in the middle, so shall none be any hinderance to his fellowes. the warden-tree, and winter-peare will challenge the preheminence for stature. of your apple-trees you shall finde difference in growth. a good pippin will grow large, and a costard-tree: stead them on the north side of your other apples, thus being placed, the least will giue sun to the rest, and the greatest will shroud their fellowes. the fences and out-trees will guard all. chap. . _of grafting._ {sn: of grauing or caruing.} {sn: grafting what.} {sn: a graffe.} now are we come to the most curious point of our faculty: curious in conceit, but indeede as plaine and easie as the rest, when it is plainely shewne, which we commonly call _graffing_, or (after some) _grafting_. i cannot _etymologize_, nor shew the originall of the word, except it come of _grauing_ and _caruing_. but the thing or matter is: the reforming of the fruite of one tree with the fruit of another, by an artificiall transplacing, or transposing of a twigge, bud or leafe, (commonly called a _graft_) taken from one tree of the same, or some other kind, and placed or put to, or into another tree in one time and manner. {illustration} {sn: kinds of grafting.} of this there be diuers kinds, but three or foure now especially in vse: to wit, grafting, incising, packing on, grafting in the scutchion, or inoculating: whereof the chiefe and most vsuall, is called grafting (by the generall name, _catahexocen_:) for it is the most knowne, surest, readiest, and plainest way to haue store of good fruit. {sn: graft how.} it is thus wrought: you must with a fine, thin, strong and sharpe saw, made and armed for that purpose, cut off a foot aboue the ground, or thereabouts, in a plaine without a knot, or as neere as you can without a knot (for some stocks will be knotty) your stocke, set, or plant, being surely stayed with your foot and legge, or otherwise straight ouerthwart (for the stocke may be crooked) and then plaine his wound smoothly with a sharpe knife: that done, cleaue him cleanly in the middle with a cleauer, and a knocke or mall, and with a wedge of wood, iron or bone, two handfull long at least, put into the middle of that clift, with the same knocke, make the wound gape a straw bredth wide, into which you must put your graffes. {sn: a graft what.} the graft is a top twig taken from some other tree (for it is folly to put a graffe into his owne stocke) beneath the vppermost (and sometime in need the second) knot, and with a sharpe knife fitted in the knot (and some time out of the knot when need is) with shoulders an ynch downeward, and so put into the stocke with some thrusting (but not straining) barke to barke inward. {sn: eyes.} {sn: generall rule.} let your graffe haue three or foure eyes, for readinesse to put forth, and giue issue to the sap. it is not amisse to cut off the top of your graffe, and leaue it but fiue or sixe inches long, because commonly you shall see the tops of long graffes die. the reason is this. the sap in graffing receiues a rebuke, and cannot worke so strongly presently, and your graffes receiue not sap so readily, as the naturall branches. when your graffes are cleanely and closely put in, and your wedge puld out nimbly, for feare of putting your graffes out of frame, take well tempered morter, soundly wrought with chaffe or horse dung (for the dung of cattell will grow hard, and straine your graffes) the quantity of a gooses egge, and diuide it iust, and therewithall, couer your stocke, laying the one halfe on the one side and the other halfe on the other side of your graffes (for thrusting against your graffes) you moue them, and let both your hands thrust at once, and alike, and let your clay be tender, to yeeld easily; and all, lest you moue your graffes. some vse to couer the clift of the stocke, vnder the clay with a piece of barke or leafe, some with a sear-cloth of waxe and butter, which as they be not much needfull, so they hurt not, vnlesse that by being busie about them, you moue your graffes from their places. they vse also mosse tyed on aboue the clay with some bryer, wicker, or other bands. these profit nothing. they all put the graffes in danger, with pulling and thrusting: for i hold this generall rule in graffing and planting: if your stocke and graffes take, and thriue (for some will take and not thriue, being tainted by some meanes in the planting or graffing) they will (without doubt) recouer their wounds safely and shortly. {sn: time of graffing.} the best time of graffing from the time of remouing your stocke is the next spring, for that saues a second wound, and a second repulse of sap, if your stocke be of sufficient bignesse to take a graffe from as big as your thumbe, to as big as an arme of a man. you may graffe lesse (which i like) and bigger, which i like not so well. the best time of the yeere is in the last part of _february_, or in _march_, or beginning of _aprill_, when the sunne with his heat begins to make the sap stirre more rankely, about the change of moone before you see any great apparancy of leafe or flowers but onely knots and buds, and before they be proud, though it be sooner. cheries, peares, apricocks, quinces, and plummes would be gathered and grafted sooner. {sn: gathering graffes.} {sn: graffes of old trees.} the graffes may be gathered sooner in _february_, or any time within a moneth, or two before you graffe or vpon the same day (which i commend) if you get them any time before, for i haue knowne graffes gathered in _december_, and doe well, take heed of drought. i haue my selfe taken a burknot of a tree, & the same day when he was laid in the earth about mid _february_, gathered grafts and put in him, and one of those graffes bore the third yeere after, and the fourth plentifully. graffes of old trees would be gathered sooner then of young trees, for they sooner breake and bud. if you keepe graffes in the earth, moisture with the heat of the sun will make them sprout as fast, as if they were growing on the tree. and therefore seeing keeping is dangerous, the surest way (as i iudge) is to take them within a weeke of the time of your grafting. {sn: where taken.} the grafts would be taken not of the proudest twigs, for it may be your stocke is not answerable in strength. and therefore say i, the grafts brought from south to vs in the north although they take and thriue (which is somewhat doubtfull, by reason of the difference of the clime and carriage) yet shall they in time fashion themselues to our cold northerne soile, in growth, taste &c. {sn: emmits.} nor of the poorest, for want of strength may make them vnready to receiue sap (and who can tell but a poore graft is tainted) nor on the outside of your tree, for there should your tree spread but in the middest; for there you may be sure your tree is no whit hindered in his growth or forme. he will stil recouer inward, more then you would wish. if your clay clift in summer with drought, looke well in the chinkes for emmits and earewigs, for they are cunning and close theeues about grafts you shall finde them stirring in the morning and euening, and the rather in the moist weather. i haue had many young buds of graffes, euen in the flourishing, eaten with ants. let this suffice for graffing, which is in the faculty counted the chiefe secret, and because it is most vsuall it is best knowne. graffes are not to be disliked for growth, till they wither, pine, and die. vsually before _midsummer_ they breake, if they liue. some (but few) keeping proud and greene, will not put till the second yeere, so is it to be thought of sets. the first shew of putting is no sure signe of growth, it is but the sap the graffe brought with him from his tree. so soone as you see the graft put for growth, take away the clay, for then doth neither the stocke nor the graffe need it (put a little fresh well tempered clay in the hole of the stocke) for the clay is now tender, and rather keepes moistture then drought. the other waies of changing the naturall fruit of trees, are more curious then profitable, and therefore i mind not to bestow much labour or time about them, onely i shall make knowne what i haue proued, and what i doe thinke. {sn: incising.} {sn: a great stocke.} and first of incising, which is the cutting of the backe of the boale, a rine or branch of a tree at some bending or knee, shoulderwise with two gashes, onely with a sharpe knife to the wood: then take a wedge, the bignes of your graffe sharpe ended, flat on the one side, agreeing with the tree, and round on the other side, and with that being thrust in, raise your barke, then put in your graffe, fashioned like your wedge iust: and lastly couer your wound, and fast it vp, and take heed of straining. this will grow but to small purpose, for it is weake hold, and lightly it will be vnder growth. thus may you graft betwixt the barke and the tree of a great stocke that will not easily be clifted: but i haue tryed a better way for great trees, viz first, cut him off straight, and cleanse him with your knife, then cleaue him into foure quarters, equally with a strong cleauer: then take for euery clift two or three small (but hard) wedges iust of the bignesse of your grafts, and with those wedges driuen in with an hammer open the foure clifts so wide (but no wider) that they may take your foure graffes, with thrusting not with straining: and lastly couer and clay it closely, and this is a sure and good way of grafting: or thus, clift your stocke by his edges twice or thrice with your cleauer, and open him with your wedge in euery clift one by one, and put in your grafts, and then couer them. this may doe well. {sn: packing thus.} packing on is, when you cut aslope a twig of the same bignesse with your graft, either in or besides the knot, two inches long, and make your graft agree iumpe with the cyon, and gash your graft and your cyon in the middest of the wound, length-way, a straw breadth deepe, and thrust the one into the other, wound to wound, sap to sap, barke to barke, then tie them close and clay them. this may doe well. the fairest graft i haue in my little orchard, which i haue planted, is thus packt on, and the branch whereon i put him, is in his plentifull roote. to be short in this point, cut your graft in any sort or fashion, two inches long, and ioyne him cleanly and close to any other sprig of any tree in the latter end of the time of grafting, when sap is somewhat rife, and in all probability they will close and thriue: thus {illustration: _the sprig._ _the graft._ _the twig._ _the graft._} or any other fashion you thinke good. {sn: inoculating.} inoculating is an eye or bud, taken barke and all from one tree, and placed in the roome of another eie or bud of another, cut both of one compasse, and there bound. this must be done in summer, when the sap is proud. {sn: graffing in the scutchion.} much like vnto this is that, they call grafting in the scutchion, they differ thus: that here you must take an eie with his leafe, or (in mine opinion) a bud with his leaues. (note that an eie is for a cyon, a bud is for flowers and fruit,) and place them on another tree, in a plaine (for so they teach) the place or barke where you must set it, must be thus cut with a sharpe knife, and the barke raised with a wedge, and then the eie or budde put in and so bound vp. {tn: a diagram of an h} i cannot denie but such may grow. and your bud if he take will flowre and beare fruit that yeere: as some grafts & sets also, being set for bloomes. if these two kinds thriue, they reforme but a spray, and an vndergrowth. thus you may place roses on thornes, and cherries on apples, and such like. many write much more of grafting, but to small purpose. whom we leaue to themselues, & their followers; & ending this secret we come in the next chapter to a point of knowledge most requisite in an arborist, as well for all other woods as for an orchard. chap. . _of the right dressing of trees._ {sn: necessity of dressing trees.} {sn: generall rule.} if all these things aforesaid were indeed performed, as we haue shewed them in words, you should haue a perfect orchard in nature and substance, begunne to your hand; and yet are all these things nothing, if you want that skill to keepe and dresse your trees. such is the condition of all earthly things, whereby a man receiueth profit or pleasure, that they degenerate presently without good ordering. man himselfe left to himselfe, growes from his heauenly and spirituall generation, and becommeth beastly, yea deuillish to his owne kind, vnlesse he be regenerate no maruell then, if trees make their shootes, and put their spraies disorderly. and truly (if i were worthy to iudge) there is not a mischiefe that breedeth greater and more generall harme to all the orchard (especially if they be of any continuance) that euer i saw, (i will not except three) then the want of the skilfull dressing of trees. it is a common and vnskilfull opinion, and saying. let all grow, and they will beare more fruit: and if you lop away superfluous boughes, they say, what a pitty is this? how many apples would these haue borne? not considering there may arise hurt to your orchard, as well (nay rather) by abundance, as by want of wood. sound and thriuing plants in a good soile, will euer yeeld too much wood, and disorderly, but neuer too little. so that a skilfull and painfull arborist, need neuer want matter to effect a plentifull and well drest orchard: for it is an easie matter to take away superfluous boughes (if your gardner haue skill to know them) whereof your plants will yeeld abundance, and skill will leaue sufficient well ordered. all ages both by rule and experience doe consent to a pruining and lopping of trees: yet haue not any that i know described vnto vs (except in darke and generall words) what or which are those superfluous boughes, which we must take away, and that is the chiefe and most needfull point to be knowne in lopping. and we may well assure our selues, (as in all other arts, so in this) there is a vantage and dexterity, by skill, and an habite by practise out of experience, in the performance hereof for the profit of mankind; yet doe i not know (let me speake it with the patience of our cunning arborists) any thing within the compasse of humane affaires so necessary, and so little regarded, not onely in orchards, but also in all other timber trees, where or whatsoeuer. {sn: timber wood euill drest.} {sn: the cause of hurts in woods.} {sn: dresse timber trees how.} how many forrests and woods? wherein you shall haue for one liuely thriuing tree, foure (nay sometimes .) euill thriuing, rotten and dying trees, euen while they liue. and instead of trees thousands of bushes and shrubs. what rottennesse? what hollownesse? what dead armes? withered tops? curtailed trunkes? what loads of mosses? drouping boughes? and dying branches shall you see euery where? and those that like in this sort are in a manner all vnprofitable boughes, canked armes, crooked, little and short boales: what an infinite number of bushes, shrubs, and skrogs of hazels, thornes, and other profitable wood, which might be brought by dressing to become great and goodly trees. consider now the cause: the lesser wood hath beene spoiled with carelesse, vnskilfull, and vntimely stowing, and much also of the great wood. the greater trees at the first rising haue filled and ouer-loaden themselues with a number of wastfull boughes and suckers, which haue not onely drawne the sap from the boale, but also haue made it knotty, and themselues and the boale mossie for want of dressing, whereas if in the prime of growth they had bene taken away close, all but one top (according to this patterne) and cleane by the bulke, the strength of all the sap should haue gone to the bulke, and so he would haue recouered and couered his knots, and haue put forth a faire, long and streight body (as you see) for timber profitable, huge great of bulke, and of infinite last. {illustration: _imagine the roote to be spread farre wider._} if all timber trees were such (will some say) how should we haue crooked wood for wheeles, courbs, &c. _answ._ dresse all you can, and there will be enough crooked for those vses. more than this, in most places, they grow so thicke, that neither themselues, nor earth, nor any thing vnder or neere them can thriue, nor sunne, nor raine, nor aire can doe them, nor any thing neere or vnder them any profit or comfort. i see a number of hags, where out of one roote you shall see three or foure (nay more, such as mens vnskilfull greedinesse, who desiring many haue none good) pretty okes or ashes straight and tall, because the root at the first shoote giues sap amaine: but if one onely of them might bee suffered to grow, and that well and cleanely pruned, all to his very top, what a tree should we haue in time? and we see by those rootes continually and plentifully springing, notwithstanding so deadly wounded. what a commodity should arise to the owner, and the common-wealth, if wood were cherished, and orderly dressed. {sn: profit of trees dressed.} {sn: the end of trees.} the wast boughes closely and skilfully taken away, would giue vs store of fences and fewell, and the bulke of the tree in time would grow of huge length and bignes. but here (me thinkes) i heare an vnskilfull arborist say, that trees haue their seuerall formes, euen by nature, the peare, the holly, the aspe, &c. grow long in bulke with few and little armes, the oke by nature broad, and such like. all this i graunt: but grant me also, that there is a profitable end, and vse of euery tree, from which if it decline (though by nature) yet man by art may (nay must) correct it. now other end of trees i neuer could learne, than good timber, fruit much and good, and pleasure. vses physicall hinder nothing a good forme. {sn: trees will take any forme.} neither let any man euer so much as thinke, that it vnprobable, much lesse vnpossible, to reforme any tree of what kind soeuer. for (beleeue me) i haue tried it, i can bring any tree (beginning by time) to any forme. the peare and holly may be made to spread, and the oke to close. {sn: the end of trees.} but why do i wander out of the compasse of mine orchard, into the forrests and woods? neither yet am i from my purpose, if boales of timber trees stand in need of all the sap, to make them great and straight (for strong growth and dressing makes strong trees) then it must needes be profitable for fruit (a thing more immediately seruing a mans need) to haue all the sap his roote can yeeld: for as timber sound, great and long, is _the good of timber trees_, and therefore they beare no fruite of worth: so fruit, good, sound, pleasant, great and much, is the end of fruit-trees. that gardner therefore shall performe his duty skilfully and faithfully, which shall so dresse his trees, that they may beare such and such store of fruit, which he shall neuer do (dare vndertake) vnlesse he keepe this order in dressing his trees. {sn: how to dresse a fruit-tree.} a fruit tree so standing, that there need none other end of dressing but fruit (not ornaments for walkes, nor delight to such as would please their eye onely, and yet the best forme can not but both adorne and delight) must be parted from within two foote, or thereabouts, of the earth, so high to giue liberty to dresse his roote, and no higher, for drinking vp the sap that should feede his fruit, for the boale will be first, and best serued and fed, because he is next the roote, and of grenest waxe and substance, and that makes him longest of life, into two, three, or foure armes, as your stocke or graffes yeelde twigs, and euery arme into two or more branches, and euery branch into his seuerall cyons, still spreading by equall degrees, so that his lowest spray be hardly without the reach of a mans hand, and his highest be not past two yards higher, rarely (especially in the middest) that no one twig touch his fellow. let him spread as farre as he list without his maister-bough or lop equally. and when any bough doth grow sadder and fall lower, than his fellowes (as they will with weight of fruite) ease him the next spring of his superfluous twigs, and he will rise: when any bough or spray shall amount aboue the rest; either snub his top with a nip betwixt your finger and your thumbe, or with a sharpe knife, and take him cleane away, and so you may vse any cyon you would reforme, and as your tree shall grow in stature and strength, so let him rise with his tops, but slowly, and earely, especially in the middest, and equally, and in bredth also, and follow him vpward with lopping his vndergrowth and water boughes, keeping the same distance of two yards, but not aboue three in any wise, betwixt the lowest and the highest twigs. {sn: benefits of good dressing.} . thus you shall haue well liking, cleane skind, healthfull great, and long-lasting trees. . thus shall your tree grow low, and safe from winds, for his top will be great, broad and weighty. . thus growing broad, shall your trees beare much fruit (i dare say) one as much as sixe of your common trees, and good without shadowing, dropping and fretting: for his boughes, branches, and twigs shalbe many, and those are they (not the boale) which beare the fruit. . thus shall your boale being little (not small but low) by reason of his shortnesse, take little, and yeeld much sap to the fruit. . thus your trees by reason of strength in time of setting shall put forth more blossomes, and more fruite, being free from taints; for strength is a great helpe to bring forth much and safely, whereas weakenesse failes in setting though the season be calme. some vse to bare trees rootes in winter, to stay the setting til hotter seasons, which i discommend, because, . they hurt the rootes. . it stayes it nothing at all. . though it did, being small, with vs in the north, they haue their part of our _aprill_ and _mayes_ frosts. . hinderance cannot profit weake trees in setting. . they wast much labour. . thus shall your tree be easie to dresse, and without danger, either to the tree or the dresser. . thus may you safely and easily gather your fruite without falling, bruising or breaking of cyons. this is the best forme of a fruit tree, which i haue here onely shadowed out for the better capacity of them that are led more with the eye, than the mind, crauing pardon for the deformity, because i am nothing skilfull either in painting or caruing. imagine that the paper makes but one side of the tree to appeare, the whole round compasse will giue leaue for many more armes, boughes, branches, and cyons. {illustration: _the perfect forme of a fruit-tree._} if any thinke a tree cannot well be brought to this forme: _experto crede roberto_, i can shew diuers of them vnder twenty yeeres of age. {sn: time best for proining.} the fittest time of the moone for proyning is as of grafting, when the sap is ready to stirre (not proudly stirring) and so to couer the wound, and of the yeere, a moneth before (or at least when) you graffe. dresse peares, apricocks, peaches, cherries, and bullys sooner. and old trees before young plants, you may dresse at any time betwixt leafe and leafe. and note, where you take any thing away, the sap the next summer will be putting: be sure therefore when he puts a bud in any place where you would not haue him, rub it off with your finger. {sn: dressing betime.} and here you must remember the common homely prouerbe: _soone crookes the tree, that good camrell must be._ {sn: faults of euill drest trees, and the remedy.} beginne betime with trees, and do what you list: but if you let them grow great and stubborne, you must do as the trees list. they will not bend but breake, nor bee wound without danger. a small branch will become a bough, and a bough an arme in bignesse. then if you cut him, his wound will fester, and hardly, without good skill, recouer: therefore, _obsta principys_. of such wounds, and lesser, of any bough cut off a handfull or more from the body, comes hollownesse, and vntimely death. and therefore when you cut, strik close, and cleane, and vpward, and leaue no bunch. {sn: the forme altered.} this forme in some cases sometimes may be altered: if your tree, or trees, stand neere your walkes, if it please your fancy more, let him not breake, till his boale be aboue you head: so may you walke vnder your trees at your pleasure. or if you set your fruit-trees for your shades in your groues, then i expect not the forme of the tree, but the comelinesse of the walke. {sn: dressing of old trees.} all this hitherto spoken of dressing, must be vnderstood of young plants, to be formed: it is meete somewhat be sayd for the instruction of them that haue olde trees already formed, or rather deformed: for, _malum non vitatur nisi cognitum_. the faults therefore of the disordered tree, i find to be fiue: {sn: faults are fiue, and their remedies.} . an vnprofitable boale. . water-boughes. . fretters. . suckers: and, . one principall top. {sn: . long boale.} {sn: no remedy.} a long boale asketh much feeding, and the more he hath the more he desires, and gets (as a drunken man drinke, or a couetuous man wealth) and the lesse remaines for the fruit, he puts his boughes into the aire, and makes them, the fruit, and it selfe more dangered with windes: for this i know no remedy, after that the tree is come to growth, once euill, neuer good. {sn: . water boughs.} water boughes, or vndergrowth, are such boughes as grow low vnder others and are by them ouergrowne, ouershadowed, dropped on, and pinde for want of plenty of sap, and by that meanes in time die: for the sap presseth vpward; and it is like water in her course, where it findeth most issue, thither it floweth, leauing the other lesser floes dry: euen as wealth to wealth, and much to more. these so long as they beare, they beare lesse, worse, and fewer fruit, and waterish. {sn: remedy.} {sn: barke-pild, and the remedy.} the remedy is easie if they be not growne greater then your arme. lop them close and cleane, and couer the midel of the wound, the next summer when he is dry, with a salue made of tallow, tarre, and a very little pitch, good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree: vnlesse it be barke-pild, and then sear-cloath of fresh butter, hony, and waxe, presently (while the wound is greene) applyed, is a soueraigne remedy in summer especially. some bind such wounds with a thumbe rope of hay, moist, and rub it with dung. {sn: fretters.} {sn: touching.} {sn: remedy.} fretters are, when as by the negligence of the gardner, two or moe parts of the tree, or of diuers trees, as armes, boughes, branches, or twigs, grow to neere and close together, that one of them by rubbing, doth wound another. this fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care (at least) in the arborist: for here the hurt is apparant, and the remedy easie, seene to betime: galls and wounds incurable, but by taking away those members: for let them grow, and they will be worse and worse, & so kill themselues with ciuill strife for roomth, and danger the whole tree. auoide them betime therefore, as a common wealth doth bosome enemies. {sn: suckers.} a sucker is a long, proud, and disorderly cyon, growing straight vp (for pride of sap makes proud, long, and straight growth) cut of any lower parts of the tree, receiuing a great part of the sap, and bearing no fruit, till it haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree. these are like idle and great drones amongst bees; and proud and idle members in a common wealth. {sn: remedy.} the remedy of this is, as of water-boughes, vnlesse he be growne greater then all the rest of the boughs, and then your gardner (at your discretion) may leaue him for his boale, and take away all, or the most of the rest. if he be little, slip him, and set him, perhaps he will take: my fairest apple-tree was such a slip. {sn: one principall top or bough, and remedy.} one or two principall top boughes are as euill, in a manner, as suckers, they rise of the same cause, and receiue the same remedy; yet these are more tolerable, because these beare fruit, yea the best: but suckers of long doe not beare. {sn: instruments for dressing.} i know not how your tree should be faulty, if you reforme all your vices timely, and orderly. as these rules serue for dressing young trees and sets in the first planting: so may they well serue to helpe old trees, though not exactly to recouer them. the instruments fittest for all these purposes, are most commonly: for the great trees an handsome long, light ladder of firpoles, a little, nimble, and strong armed saw, and sharpe. for lesse trees, a little and sharpe hatchet, a broad mouthed chesell, strong and sharpe, with an hand-beetle, your strong and sharpe cleeuer, with a knock, & (which is a most necessary instrument amongst little trees) a great hafted and sharpe knife or whittle. and as needfull is a stoole on the top of a ladder of eight or moe rungs, with two backe-feet, whereon you may safely and easefully stand to graffe, to dresse, and to gather fruit thus formed: the feet may be fast wedged in: but the ladder must hang loose with two bands of iron. and thus much of dressing trees for fruit, formerly to profit. {illustration} chap. . _of foyling._ {sn: necessity of foiling.} there is one thing yet very necessary for make your orchard both better, and more lasting: yea, so necessary, that without it your orchard cannot last, nor prosper long, which is neglected generally both in precepts and in practice, viz. manuring with foile: whereby it hapneth that when trees (amongst other euils) through want of fatnesse to feed them, become mossie, and in their growth are euill (or not) thriuing, it is either attributed to some wrong cause, as age (when indeed they are but young) or euill standing (stand they neuer so well) or such like, or else the cause is altogether vnknowne, and so not amended. {sn: trees great suckers.} {sn: great bodies.} can there be deuised any way by nature, or art, sooner or soundlier to seeke out, and take away the heart and strength of earth, then by great trees? such great bodies cannot be sustained without great store of sap. what liuing body haue you greater then of trees? the great sea monsters (whereof one came a land at _teesmouth_ in _yorkeshire_, hard by vs, . yards in length, and neere as much in compasse) seeme hideous, huge, strange and monstrous, because they be indeed great: but especially because they are seldome seene: but a tree liuing, come to his growth and age, twice that length, and of a bulke neuer so great, besides his other parts, is not admired, because he is so commonly seene. and i doubt not, but if he were well regarded from his kirnell, by succeeding ages, to his full strength, the most of them would double their measure. about fifty yeeres agoe i heard by credible and constant report, that in _brooham_ parke in _west more-land_, neere vnto _penrith_, there lay a blowne oake, whose trunke was so bigge, that two horse men being the one on the one side, and the other on the other side, they could not one see another: to which if you adde his armes, boughs, and roots, and consider of his bignesse, what would he haue been, if preserued to the vantage. also i read in the history of the _west-indians_, out of _peter martyr_, that sixteene men taking hands one with another, were not able to fathome one of those trees about. now nature hauing giuen to such a faculty by large and infinite roots, taws and tangles, to draw immediately his sustenance from our common mother the earth (which is like in this point to all other mothers that beare) hath also ordained that the tree ouer loden with fruit, and wanting sap to feed all she hath brought forth, will waine all she cannot feed, like a woman bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats. see you not how trees especially, by kind being great, standing so thicke and close, that they cannot get plenty of sap, pine away all the grasse, weeds, lesser shrubs, and trees, yea and themselues also for want of vigor of sap? so that trees growing large, sucking the soile whereon they stand, continually, and amaine, and the foyzon of the earth that feeds them decaying (for what is there that wastes continually, that shall not haue end?) must either haue supply of sucker, or else leaue thriuing and growing. some grounds will beare corne while they be new, and no longer, because their crust is shallow, and not very good, and lying they scind and wash, and become barren. the ordinary corne soiles continue not fertile, with fallowing and foyling, and the best requires supply, euen for the little body of corne. how then can we thinke that any ground (how good soeuer) can containe bodies of such greatnesse, and such great feeding, without great plenty of sap arising from good earth? this is one of the chiefe causes, why so many of our orchards in _england_ are so euill thriuing when they come to growth, and our fruit so bad. men are loth to bestow much ground, and desire much fruit, and will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse, nor yet feed them with manure. therefore of necessity orchards must be foiled. {sn: time fit for foyling.} {sn: kind of foyle.} the fittest time is, when your trees are growne great, and haue neere hand spread your earth, wanting new earth to sustaine them, which if they doe, they will seeke abroad for better earth, and shun that, which is barren (if they find better) as cattell euill pasturing. for nature hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good, and to auoid hurt. the best time of the yeere is at the fall, that the frost may bite and make it tender, and the raine wash it to the roots. the summer time is perillous if ye digge, because the sap fills amaine. the best kind of foile is such as is fat, hot, and tender. your earth must be but lightly opened, that the dung may goe in, and wash away; and but shallow, lest you hurt the roots: and the spring closely and equally made plaine againe for feare of suckers. i could wish, that after my trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine orchard, that euery seuen yeeres at least, the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke at least. puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully, will not onely moisten but fatten especially in _iune_ and _iuly_. if it be thicke and fat, and applied euery yeere, your orchard shall need none other foiling. your ground may lye so low at the riuer side, that the floud standing some daies and nights thereon, shall saue you all this labour of foiling. chap. . _of annoyances._ a chiefe helpe to make euery thing good, is to auoid the euils thereof: you shall neuer attaine to that good of your orchard you looke for, vnlesse you haue a gardner, that can discerne the diseases of your trees, and other annoyances of your orchard, and find out the causes thereof, and know & apply fit remedies for the same. for be your ground, site, plants, and trees as you would wish, if they be wasted with hurtfull things, what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell? it is with an orchard and euery tree, as with mans body, the best part of physicke for preseruation of health, is to foresee and cure diseases. {sn: two kinds of euils in an orchard.} all the diseases of an orchard are of two sorts, either internall or externall. i call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular trees. galles. canker. mosse. weaknes in setting. barke bound. barke pild. worme. deadly wounds. {sn: galls.} galles, canker, mosse, weaknes, though they be diuers diseases: yet (howsoeuer authors thinke otherwise) they rise all out of the same cause. galles we haue described with their cause and remedy, in the . chapter vnder the name of fretters. {sn: canker.} canker is the consumption of any part of the tree, barke and wood, which also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes. {sn: mosse.} mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all, the cause is pointed out in the same chapter, in the discourse of timber-wood, and partly also the remedy: but for mosse adde this, that at any time in summer (the spring is best) when the cause is remoued, with an harecloth, immediatly after a showre of raine, rub off your mosse, or with a peece of weed (if the mosse abound) formed like a great knife. {sn: weaknesse in setting.} weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the same chapter, and his remedy. all these flow from the want of roomth in good soile, wrong planting, chap. . and euill or no dressing. {sn: barke-bound.} bark-bound (as i thinke) riseth of the same cause, and the best, & present remedy (the causes being taken away) is with your sharpe knife in the spring, length-way to launch his bark throughout, on . or . sides of his boale. {sn: worme.} {sn: remedy.} the disease called the worme is thus discernd: the barke will be hoald in diuers places like gall, the wood will die & dry, and you shall see easily the barke swell. it is verily to be thought, that therin is bred some worm i haue not yet thorowly sought it out, because i was neuer troubled therewithall: but onely haue seene such trees in diuers places. i thinke it a worme rather, because i see this disease in trees, bringing fruit of sweet taste, and the swelling shewes as much. the remedy (as i coniecture) is so soone as you perceiue the wound, the next spring cut it out barke and all, and apply cowes pisse and vineger presently, and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space: for i well perceiue, if you suffer it any time, it eates the tree or bough round, and so kils. since i first wrote this treatise, i haue changed my mind concerning the disease called the worme, because i read in the history of the _west-indians_, that their trees are not troubled with the disease called the worme or canker, which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted humor or sap, witnesse _pliny_, by reason their country is more hot then ours, whereof i thinke the best remedy is (not disallowing the former, considering that the worme may breed by such an humor) warme standing, sound lopping and good dressing. {sn: barke pild.} bark-pild you shall find with his remedy in the . chapter. {sn: wounds.} deadly wounds are when a mans arborist wanting skill, cut off armes, boughes or branches an inch, or (as i see sometimes) an handfull, or halfe a foot or more from the body: these so cut cannot couer in any time with sap, and therefore they die, and dying they perish the heart, and so the tree becomes hollow, and with such a deadly wound cannot liue long. {sn: remedy.} the remedy is, if you find him before he be perished, cut him close, as in the . chapter: if he be hoald, cut him close, fill his wound, tho neuer so deepe, with morter well tempered & so close at the top his wound with a seare-cloth doubled and nailed on, that no aire nor raine approach his wound. if he be not very old, and detaining, he will recouer, and the hole being closed, his wound within shall not hurt him for many yeeres. {sn: hurts on trees.} {sn: ants, earewigs, caterpillars, and such like wormes.} hurts on your trees are chiefly ants, earewigs, and caterpillars. of ants and earewigs is said chap. . let there be no swarme of pismires neere your tree-root, no not in your orchard, turne them ouer in a frost, and powre in water, and you kill them. for caterpillars, the vigilant fruterer shall soone espy their lodging by their web, or the decay of leaues eaten around about them. and being seene, they are easily destroyed with your hand, or rather (if your tree may spare it) take sprig and all: for the red peckled butterfly doth euer put them, being her sparm, among the tender spraies for better feeding, especially in drought, and tread them vnder your feet. i like nothing of smoke among my trees. vnnaturall heates are nothing good for naturall trees. this for diseases of particular trees. {sn: externall euils.} externall hurts are either things naturall or artificiall. naturall things, externally hurting orchards. beasts. deere. birds. bulfinch. goates. thrush. sheepe. blackbird. hare. crow. cony. pye. cattell. horse. &c. _the other things are_, winds. cold. trees. weeds. wormes. mowles. filth. poysonfull smoke. _externall wilfull euils are these._ walls. trenches. other works noisome done in or neere your orchard. euill neighbours. a carelesse master. an vndiscreet, negligent or no keeper. see you here an whole army of mischeifes banded in troupes against the most fruitfull trees the earth beares? assailing your good labours. good things haue most enemies. {sn: remedy.} a skilfull fructerer must put so his helping hand, and disband and put them to flight. {sn: deere, &c.} for the first ranke of beasts, besides your out strong fence, you must haue a faire and swift greyhound, a stone-bow, gun, and if need require, an apple with an hooke for a deere, and an hare-pipe for an hare. {sn: birds.} your cherries and other berris when they be ripe, will draw all the black-birds, thrushes, and maw pies to your orchard. the bul-finch is a deuourer of your fruit in the bud, i haue had whole trees shald out with them in winter-time. {sn: remedy.} the best remedy here is a stone bow, a piece, especially if you haue a musket or spar-hawke in winter to make the black bird stoope into a bush or hedge. {sn: other trees.} the gardner must cleanse his soile of all other trees: but fruit-trees aforesaid chapter for which it is ordained, and i would especially name oakes, elmes, ashes, and such other great wood, but that i doubt it should be taken as an admission of lesser trees: for i admit of nothing to grow in mine orchard but fruit and flowers. if sap can hardly be good to feed our fruit-trees, why should we allow of any other, especially those, that will becom their masters, & wrong them in their liuelyhood. {sn: winds.} {sn: frosts.} and although we admit without the fence of wall-nuts in most plaine places, trees middle-most, and ashes or okes, or elmes vtmost, set in comely rowes equally distant with faire allies twixt row and row to auoide the boisterous blasts of winds, and within them also others for bees; yet wee admit none of these into your orchard-plat: other remedy then this haue wee none against the nipping frosts. {sn: weeds.} weeds in a fertile soile (because the generall curse is so) till your trees grow great, will be noysome, and deforme your allies, walkes, beds, and squares, your vnder gardners must labour to keepe all cleanly & handsome from them and all other filth with a spade, weeding kniues, rake with iron teeth: a skrapple of iron thus formed. ic for nettles and ground-iuy after a showre. {sn: remedy.} when weeds, straw, stickes and all other scrapings are gathered together, burne them not, but bury them vnder your crust in any place of your orchard, and they will dye and fatten your ground. {sn: wormes. moales.} wormes and moales open the earth, and let in aire to the roots of your trees, and deforme your squares and walkes, and feeding in the earth, being in number infinite, draw on barrennesse. {sn: remedy.} worms may be easily destroyed. any summer euening when it is darke, after a showre with a candle, you may fill bushels, but you must tred nimbly & where you cannot come to catch them so; sift the earth with coale ashes an inch or two thicknes, and that is a plague to them, so is sharpe grauell. moales will anger you, if your gardner or some skilful moale-catcher ease you not, especially hauing made their fortresses among the roots of your trees: you must watch her wel with a moal spare, at morne, noon, and night, when you see her vtmost hill, cast a trench betwixt her and her home (for she hath a principall mansion to dwell and breed in about _aprill_, which you may discerne by a principall hill, wherein you may catch her, if you trench it round and sure, and watch well) or wheresoeuer you can discerne a single passage (for such she hath) there trench, and watch, and haue her. {sn: wilfull annoyances.} wilfull annoyances must be preuented and auoided by the loue of the master and fruterer, which they beare to their orchard. {sn: remedy.} iustice and liberality will put away euill neighbours or euill neighbour-hood. and then if (god blesse and giue successe to your labours) i see not what hurt your orchard can sustaine. chap. . _of the age of trees._ {sn: the age of trees.} it is to be considered: all this treatise of trees tends to this end, that men may loue and plant orchards, whereunto there cannot be a better inducement then that they know (or at least be perswaded) that all that benefit they shall reape thereby, whether of pleasure or profit, shall not be for a day or a moneth, or one, or many (but many hundreth) yeeres. of good things the greatest, and most durable is alwaies the best. if therefore out of reason grounded vpon experience, it be made (i thinke) manifest, but i am sure probable, that a fruit tree in such a soile and site, as is described so planted and trimmed and kept, as is afore appointed and duely foiled, shall dure yeeres, why should we not take paines, and be at two or three yeeres charges (for vnder seuen yeeres will an orchard be perfected for the first planting, and in that time be brought to fruit) to reape such a commodity and so long lasting. {sn: gathered by reason out of experience.} let no man thinke this to be strange, but peruse and consider the reason. i haue apple trees standing in my little orchard, which i haue knowne these forty yeeres, whose age before my time i cannot learne, it is beyond memory, tho i haue enquired of diuers aged men of . yeeres and vpwards: these trees although come into my possession very euill ordered, mishapen, and one of them wounded to his heart, and that deadly (for i know it will be his death) with a wound, wherein i might haue put my foot in the heart of his bulke (now it is lesse) notwithstanding, with that small regard they haue had since, they so like, that i assure my selfe they are not come to their growth by more then . parts of . which i discerne not onely by their owne growth, but also by comparing them with the bulke of other trees. and i find them short (at least) by so many parts in bignesse, although i know those other fruit-trees to haue beene much hindred in their stature by euill guiding. herehence i gather thus. {sn: parts of a trees age.} if my trees be a hundred yeeres old, and yet want two hundred of their growth before they leaue encreasing, which make three hundred, then we must needs resolue, that this three hundred yeere are but the third part of a trees life, because (as all things liuing besides) so trees must haue allowed them for their increase one third, another third for their stand, and a third part of time also for their decay. all which time of a tree amounts to nine hundred yeeres, three hundred for increase, three hundred for his stand, whereof we haue the terme stature, and three hundred for his decay, and yet i thinke (for we must coniecture by comparing, because no one man liueth to see the full age of trees) i am within the compasse of his age, supposing alwaies the foresaid meanes of preseruing his life. consider the age of other liuing creatures. the horse and moiled oxe wrought to an vntimely death, yet double the time of their increase. a dog likewise increaseth three, stanns three at least, end in as many (or rather moe) decayes. {sn: mans age.} euery liuing thing bestowes the least part of his age in his growth, and so must it needs be with trees. a man comes not to his full growth and strength (by common estimation) before thirty yeeres, and some slender and cleane bodies, not till forty, so long also stands his strength, & so long also must he haue allowed by course of nature to decay. euer supposing that he be well kept with necessaries, and from and without straines, bruises, and all other dominyring diseases. i will not say vpon true report, that physicke holds it possible, that a cleane body kept by these . doctors, _doctor dyet_, _doctor quiet_, and _doctor merriman_, may liue neere a hundred yeeres. neither will i here vrge the long yeeres of _methushalah_, and those men of that time, because you will say, mans dayes are shortned since the floud. but what hath shortned them? god for mans sinnes: but by meanes, as want of knowledge, euill gouernment, ryot, gluttony, drunkenesse, and (to be short) the encrease of the curse, our sinnes increasing in an iron and wicked age. now if a man, whose body is nothing (in a manner) but tender rottennesse, whose course of life cannot by any meanes, by counsell, restraint of lawes, or punishment, nor hope of praise, profet, or eturnall glory, be kept within any bounds, who is degenerate cleane from his naturall feeding, to effeminate nicenesse, and cloying his body with excesse of meate, drinke, sleepe &c. and to whom nothing is so pleasant and so much desired as the causes of his owne death, as idlenesse, lust, &c. may liue to that age: i see not but a tree of a solide substance, not damnified by heate or cold, capable of, and subiect to any kinde of ordering or dressing that a man shall apply vnto him, feeding naturally, as from the beginning disburdened of all superfluities, eased of, and of his owne accord auoiding the causes that may annoy him, should double the life of a man, more then twice told; and yet naturall phylosophy, and the vniuersall consent of all histories tell vs, that many other liuing creatures farre exceed man in the length of yeeres: as the hart and the rauen. thus reporteth that famous _roterodam_ out of _hesiodus_, and many other historiographers. the testimony of _cicero_ in his booke _de senectute_, is weighty to this purpose: that we must _in posteras ætates ferere arbores_, which can haue none other fence: but that our fruit-trees whereof he speakes, can endure for many ages. what else are trees in comparison with the earth: but as haires to the body of a man? and it is certaine, without poisoning, euill and distemperate dyet, and vsage, or other such forcible cause, the haires dure with the body. that they be called excrements, it is by reason of their superfluous growth: (for cut them as often as you list, and they will still come to their naturall length) not in respect of their substance, and nature. haires endure long, and are an ornament and vse also to the body, as trees to the earth. so that i resolue vpon good reason, that fruit-trees well ordered, may liue and like a thousand yeeres, and beare fruit, and the longer, the more, the greater, and the better, because his vigour is proud and stronger, when his yeeres are many: you shall see old trees put their buds and blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then young trees by much. and i sensibly perceiue my young trees to inlarge their fruit, as they grow greater, both for number and greatnesse. young heifers bring not forth the calues so faire, neither are they so plentifull to milke, as when they become to be old kine. no good houswife will breed of a young but of an old bird-mother: it is so in all things naturally, therefore in trees. {sn: the age of timber trees.} and if fruit-trees last to this age, how many ages is it to be supposed, strong and huge timber-trees will last? whose huge bodies require the yeeres of diuers _methushalaes_, before they end their dayes, whose sap is strong and bitter, whose barke is hard and thicke, and their substance solid and stiffe: all which are defences of health and long life. their strength withstands all forcible winds, their sap of that quality is not subiect to wormes and tainting. their barke receiues seldome or neuer by casualty any wound. and not onely so, but he is free from remoualls, which are the death of millions of trees, where as the fruit-tree in comparison is little, and often blowne downe, his sap sweet, easily and soone tainted, his barke tender, and soone wounded, and himselfe vsed by man, as man vseth himselfe, that is either vnskilfully or carelessely. {sn: age of trees discerned.} it is good for some purposes to regard the age of your fruit trees, which you may easily know, till they come to accomplish twenty yeeres, by his knots: reckon from his root vp an arme and so to hys top-twig, and euery yeeres growth is distinguished from other by a knot, except lopping or remouing doe hinder. chap. . _of gathering and keeping fruit._ {sn: generall rule.} {sn: cherries, &c.} although it be an easie matter, when god shall send it, to gather and keepe fruit, yet are they certaine things worthy your regard. you must gather your fruit when it is ripe, and not before, else will it wither and be tough and sowre. all fruit generally are ripe, when they beginne to fall. for trees doe as all other bearers doe, when their yong ones are ripe, they will waine them. the doue her pigeons, the cony her rabbets, and women their children. some fruit tree sometimes getting a taint in the setting with a frost or euill wind, will cast his fruit vntimely, but not before he leaue giuing them sap, or they leaue growing. except from this foresaid rule, cherries, damsons and bullies. the cherry is ripe when he is sweld wholy red, and sweet: damsons and bulies not before the first frost. {sn: apples.} apples are knowne to be ripe, partly by their colour, growing towards a yellow, except the leather-coat and some peares and greening. {sn: when.} timely summer fruit will be ready, some at midsummer, most at lammus for present vse; but generally noe keeping fruit before _michal-tide_. hard winter fruit and wardens longer. {sn: dry stalkes.} gather at the full of the moone for keeping, gather dry for feare of rotting. gather the stalkes with all: for a little wound in fruit, is deadly: but not the stumpe, that must beare the next fruit, nor leaues, for moisture putrifies. {sn: seuerally.} gather euery kind seuerally by it selfe, for all will not keepe alike, and it is hard to discerne them, when they are mingled. {sn: ouerladen trees.} if your trees be ouer-laden (as they will be, being ordered, as is before taught you) i like better of pulling some off (tho they be not ripe) neere the top end of the bough, then of propping by much, the rest shall be better fed. propping puts the bough in danger, and frets it at least. {sn: instruments.} {sn: bruises.} instruments: a long ladder of light firre: a stoole-ladder as in the . chapter. a gathering apron like a poake before you, made of purpose, or a wallet hung on a bough, or a basket with a siue bottome, or skinne bottome, with lathes or splinters vnder, hung in a rope to pull vp and downe: bruise none, euery bruise is to fruit death: if you doe, vse them presently. an hooke to pull boughs to you is necessary, breake no boughes. {sn: keeping.} for keeping, lay them in a dry loft, the longest keeping apples first and furthest on dry straw, on heapes ten or fourteene dayes, thicke, that they may sweat. then dry them with a soft and cleane cloth, and lay them thinne abroad. long keeping fruit would be turned once in a moneth softly: but not in nor immediately after frost. in a loft couer well with straw, but rather with chaffe or branne: for frost doth cause tender rottennesse. chap. . _of profits._ now pause with your selfe, and view the end of all your labours in an orchard: vnspeakable pleasure, and infinite commodity. the pleasure of an orchard i referre to the last chapter for the conclusion: and in this chapter, a word or two of the profit, which thorowly to declare is past my skill: and i count it as if a man should attempt to adde light to the sunne with a candle, or number the starres. no man that hath but a meane orchard or iudgement but knowes, that the commodity of an orchard is great: neither would i speake of this, being a thing so manifest to all; but that i see, that through the carelesse lazinesse of men, it is a thing generally neglected. but let them know, that they lose hereby the chiefest good which belongs to house-keeping. compare the commodity that commeth of halfe an acre of ground, set with fruit-trees and hearbs, so as is prescribed, and an whole acre (say it be two) with corne, or the best commodity you can wish, and the orchard shall exceed by diuers degrees. {sn: cydar and perry.} in _france_ and some other countries, and in _england_, they make great vse of cydar and perry, thus made: dresse euery apple, the stalke, vpper end, and all galles away, stampe them, and straine them, and within . houres tun them vp into cleane, sweet, and sound vessels, for feare of euill ayre, which they will readily take: and if you hang a poakefull of cloues, mace, nutmegs, cinamon, ginger, and pils of lemmons in the midst of the vessell, it will make it as wholesome and pleasant as wine. the like vsage doth perry require. these drinks are very wholesome, they coole, purge, and preuent hot agues. but i leaue this skill to physicians. {sn: fruit.} the benefit of your fruit, roots and hearbs, though it were but to eate and sell, is much. {sn: waters.} waters distilled of roses, woodbind, angelica, are both profitable and wondrous pleasant, and comfortable. {sn: conserue.} saffron and licoras will yeeld you much conserues and preserues, are ornaments to your feasts, health in your sicknesse, and a good helpe to your friend, and to your purse. he that will not be moued with such vnspeakable profits, is well worthy to want, when others abound in plenty of good things. chap. . _ornaments._ me thinks hitherto we haue but a bare orchard for fruit, and but halfe good, so long as it wants those comely ornaments, that should giue beauty to all our labours, and make much for the honest delight of the owner and his friends. {sn: delight the chiefe end of orchards.} {sn: an orchard delightsome.} {sn: an orchard is paradise.} {sn: causes of wearisomnesse.} {sn: orchard is the remedy.} for it is not to be doubted: but as god hath giuen man things profitable, so hath he allowed him honest comfort, delight, and recreation in all the workes of his hands. nay, all his labours vnder the sunne without this are troubles, and vexation of mind: for what is greedy gaine, without delight, but moyling, and turmoyling in slauery? but comfortable delight, with content, is the good of euery thing, and the patterne of heauen. a morsell of bread with comfort, is better by much then a fat oxe with vnquietnesse. and who can deny, but the principall end of an orchard, is the honest delight of one wearied with the works of his lawfull calling? the very workes of, and in an orchard and garden, are better then the ease and rest of and from other labours. when god had made man after his owne image, in a perfect state, and would haue him to represent himselfe in authority, tranquillity, and pleasure vpon the earth, he placed him in _paradise_. what was _paradise_? but a garden and orchard of trees and hearbs, full of pleasure? and nothing there but delights. the gods of the earth, resembling the great god of heauen in authority, maiestie, and abundance of all things, wherein is their most delight? and whither doe they withdraw themselues from the troublesome affaires of their estate, being tyred with the hearing and iudging of litigious controuersies? choked (as it were) with the close ayres of their sumptuous buildings, their stomacks cloyed with variety of banquets, their eares filled and ouerburthened with tedious discoursings? whither? but into their orchards? made and prepared, dressed and destinated for that purpose, to renue and refresh their sences, and to call home their ouer-wearied spirits. nay, it is (no doubt) a comfort to them, to set open their cazements into a most delicate garden and orchard, whereby they may not onely see that, wherein they are so much delighted, but also to giue fresh, sweet, and pleasant ayre to their galleries and chambers. {sn: all delight in orchards.} and looke, what these men do by reason of their greatnes and ability, prouoked with delight, the same doubtlesse would euery of vs doe, if power were answerable to our desires, whereby we shew manifestly, that of all other delights on earth, they that are taken by orchards, are most excellent, and most agreeing with nature. {sn: this delights all the senses.} for whereas euery other pleasure commonly filles some one of our senses, and that onely, with delight, this makes all our sences swimme in pleasure, and that with infinite variety, ioyned with no lesse commodity. {sn: delighteth old age.} that famous _philosopher_, and matchlesse orator, _m.t.c._ prescribeth nothing more fit, to take away the tediousnesse and heauy load of three or foure score yeeres, then the pleasure of an orchard. {sn: causes of delight in an orchard.} what can your eye desire to see, your eares to hear, your mouth to tast, or your nose to smell, that is not to be had in an orchard, with abundance and variety? what more delightsome then an infinite variety of sweet smelling flowers? decking with sundry colours, the greene mantle of the earth, the vniuersall mother of vs all, so by them bespotted, so dyed, that all the world cannot sample them, and wherein it is more fit to admire the dyer, then imitate his workemanship. colouring not onely the earth, but decking the ayre, and sweetning euery breath and spirit. {sn: flowers.} the rose red, damaske, veluet, and double double prouince rose, the sweet muske rose double and single, the double and single white rose. the faire and sweet senting woodbinde, double and single, and double double. purple cowslips, and double cowslips, and double double cowslips. primerose double and single. the violet nothing behinde the best, for smelling sweetly. a thousand more will prouoke your content. {sn: borders and squares.} and all these, by the skill of your gardner, so comely, and orderly placed in your borders and squares, and so intermingled, that none looking thereon, cannot but wonder, to see, what nature corrected by art can doe. {sn: mounts.} {sn: whence you may shoote a bucke.} {sn: dyall.} {sn: musique.} when you behold in diuers corners of your orchard _mounts_ of stone, or wood curiously wrought within and without, or of earth couered with fruit-trees: kentish cherry, damsons, plummes, &c. with staires of precious workmanship. and in some corner (or moe) a true dyall or clocke and some anticke-workes and especially siluer-sounding musique, mixt instruments and voices, gracing all the rest: how will you be rapt with delight? {sn: walkes.} {sn: seates.} large walkes, broad and long, close and open, like the _tempe_ groues in _thessalie_, raised with grauell and sand, hauing seats and bankes of cammomile, all this delights the minde, and brings health to the body. {sn: order of trees.} view now with delight the workes of your owne hands, your fruit-trees of all sorts, loaden with sweet blossomes, and fruit of all tasts, operations, and colours: your trees standing in comely order which way soeuer you looke. {sn: shape of men and beasts.} your borders on euery side hanging and drooping with feberries, raspberries, barberries, currens, and the rootes of your trees powdred with strawberries, red, white, and greene, what a pleasure is this? your gardner can frame your lesser wood to the shape of men armed in the field, ready to giue battell: or swift running greyhounds: or of well sented and true running hounds, to chase the deere, or hunt the hare. this kind of hunting shall not waste your corne, nor much your coyne. {sn: mazes.} mazes well framed a mans height, may perhaps make your friend wander in gathering of berries, till he cannot recouer himselfe without your helpe. {sn: bowle-alley.} {sn: buts.} to haue occasion to exercise within your orchard: it shall be a pleasure to haue a bowling alley, or rather (which is more manly, and more healthfull) a paire of buts, to stretch your armes. {sn: hearbes.} rosemary and sweete eglantine are seemely ornaments about a doore or window, and so is woodbinde. {sn: conduit.} looke chapter , and you shall see the forme of a conduite. if there were two or more, it were not amisse. {sn: riuer.} {sn: moats.} and in mine opinion, i could highly commend your orchard, if either through it, or hard by it there should runne a pleasant riuer with siluer streames; you might sit in your mount, and angle a peckled trout, or fleightie eele, or some other dainty fish. or moats, whereon you might row with a boate, and fish with nettes. {sn: bees.} store of bees in a dry and warme bee-house, comely made of fir-boords, to sing, and sit, and feede vpon your flowers and sprouts, make a pleasant noyse and sight. for cleanely and innocent bees, of all other things, loue and become, and thriue in an orchard. if they thriue (as they must needes, if your gardiner bee skilfull, and loue them: for they loue their friends, and hate none but their enemies) they will, besides the pleasure, yeeld great profit, to pay him his wages yea, the increase of twenty stockes or stooles, with other fees will keepe your orchard. you need not doubt their stings, for they hurt not whom they know, and they know their keeper and acquaintance. if you like not to come amongst them, you need not doubt them: for but neere their store, and in their owne defence, they will not fight, and in that case onely (and who can blame them?) they are manly, and fight desperately. some (as that honorable lady at _hacknes_, whose name doth much grace mine orchard) vse to make seates for them in the stone wall of their orchard, or garden, which is good, but wood is better. {sn: vine.} a vine ouer-shadowing a seate, is very comely, though her grapes with vs ripe slowly. {sn: birds.} {sn: nightingale.} {sn: robin-red-brest.} {sn: wren.} one chiefe grace that adornes an orchard, i cannot let slip: a brood of nightingales, who with their seuerall notes and tunes, with a strong delightsome voyce, out of a weake body, will beare you company night and day. she loues (and liues in) hots of woods in her hart. she will helpe you to cleanse your trees of caterpillers, and all noysome wormes and flyes. the gentle robin-red-brest will helpe her, and in winter in the coldest stormes will keepe a part. neither will the silly wren be behind in summer, with her distinct whistle (like a sweete recorder) to cheere your spirits. {sn: black-bird.} {sn: thrush.} the black-bird and threstle (for i take it the thrush sings not, but deuoures) sing loudly in a _may_ morning and delights the eare much (and you neede not want their company, if you haue ripe cherries or berries, and would as gladly as the rest do you pleasure:) but i had rather want their company than my fruit. what shall i say? a thousand of pleasant delightes are attendant in an orchard: and sooner shall i be weary, then i can recken the least part of that pleasure, which one that hath and loues an orchard, may find therein. what is there of all these few that i haue reckoned, which doth not please the eye, the eare, the smell, and taste? and by these sences as organes, pipes, and windowes, these delights are carried to refresh the gentle, generous, and noble mind. {sn: your owne labour.} to conclude, what ioy may you haue, that you liuing to such an age, shall see the blessings of god on your labours while you liue, and leaue behind you to heires or successors (for god will make heires) such a worke, that many ages after your death, shall record your loue to their countrey? and the rather, when you consider (_chap. ._) to what length of time your worke is like to last. _finis._ the covntry hovse-vvifes garden. _containing rules for hearbs and seedes_ of common vse, with their times and seasons, when to set and sow them. together, with the husbandry of bees, published with secrets _very necessary for euery house-wife_. as also diuerse new knots for gardens. the contents see at large in the last page. genes. . . _i haue giuen vnto you euery herbe, and euery tree, that shall be to you for meate._ ic _london_, printed by _nicholas okes_ for iohn harison, at the golden vnicorne in pater-noster-row. . the covntry hovsvvifes garden. chap. . _the soyle._ {sn: dry.} {sn: hops.} the soyle of an orchard and garden, differ onely in these three points: first, the gardens soyle would be somewhat dryer, because hearbes being more tender then trees, can neither abide moisture nor drought, in such excessiue measure, as trees; and therefore hauing a dryer soyle, the remedy is easie against drought, if need be: water soundly, which may be done with small labour, the compasse of a garden being nothing so great, as of an orchard, and this is the cause (if they know it) that gardners raise their squares: but if moysture trouble you, i see no remedy without a generall danger, except in hops, which delight much in a low and sappy earth. {sn: plaine.} secondly, the soyle of a garden would be plaine and leuell, at least euery square (for we purpose the square to be the fittest forme) the reason: the earth of a garden wanting such helpes, as should stay the water, which an orchard hath, and the rootes of hearbes being short, and not able to fetch their liquor from the bottome, are more annoyed by drought, and the soyle being mellow and loose, is soone either washt away, or sends out his heart by too much drenching and washing. thirdly, if a garden soyle be not cleere of weedes, and namely, of grasse, the hearbes shall neuer thriue: for how should good hearbes prosper, when euill weeds waxe so fast: considering good hearbes are tender in respect of euill weedes: these being strengthened by nature, and the other by art? gardens haue small place in comparison, and therefore may be more easily be fallowed, at the least one halfe yeare before, and the better dressed after it is framed. and you shall finde that cleane keeping doth not onely auoide danger of gathering weedes, but also is a speciall ornament, and leaues more plentifull sap for your tender hearbes. chap. . _of the sites._ i cannot see in any sort, how the site of the one should not be good, and fit for the other: the ends of both being one, good, wholesome, and much fruit ioyned with delight, vnlesse trees be more able to abide the nipping frostes than tender hearbes: but i am sure, the flowers of trees are as soone perished with cold, as any hearbe except pumpions, and melons. chap. . _of the forme._ let that which is sayd in the orchards forme, suffice for a garden in generall: but for speciall formes in squares, they are as many, as there are diuices in gardners braines. neither is the wit and art of a skilfull gardner in this poynt not to be commended, that can worke more variety for breeding of more delightsome choyce, and of all those things, where the owner is able and desirous to be satisfied. the number of formes, mazes and knots is so great, and men are so diuersly delighted, that i leaue euery house-wife to her selfe, especially seeing to set downe many, had bene but to fill much paper; yet lest i depriue her of all delight and direction, let her view these few, choyse, new formes, and note this generally, that all plots are square, and all are bordered about with priuit, raisins, fea-berries, roses, thorne, rosemary, bee-flowers, isop, sage, or such like. {illustration: the ground plot for knots.} {illustration: cinkfoyle.} {illustration: flower-deluce.} {illustration: the trefoyle.} {illustration: the fret.} {illustration: lozenges.} {illustration: crosse-bow.} {illustration: diamond.} {illustration: ouall.} {illustration: maze.} chap. . _of the quantity._ a garden requireth not so large a scope of ground as an orchard, both in regard of the much weeding, dressing and remouing, and also the paines in a garden is not so well repaied home, as in an orchard. it is to be graunted, that the kitchin garden doth yeeld rich gaines by berries, roots, cabbages, &c. yet these are no way comparable to the fruits of a rich orchard: but notwithstanding i am of opinion, that it were better for _england_, that we had more orchards and gardens, and more large. and therefore we leaue the quantity to euery mans ability and will. chap. . _of fence._ seeing we allow gardens in orchard plots, and the benefit of a garden is much, they both require a strong and shrowding fence. therefore leauing this, let vs come to the hearbes themselues, which must be the fruit of all these labours. chap. . _of two gardens._ hearbes are of two sorts, and therefore it is meete (they requiring diuers manners of husbandry) that we haue two gardens: a garden for flowers, and a kitchen garden: or a summer garden: not that we meane so perfect a distinction, that the garden for flowers should or can be without hearbes good for the kitchen, or the kitchen garden should want flowers, nor on the contrary: but for the most part they would be seuered: first, because your garden flowers shall suffer some disgrace, if among them you intermingle onions, parsnips, &c. secondly, your garden that is durable, must be of one forme: but that, which is for your kitchens vse, must yeeld daily rootes, or other hearbes, and suffer deformity. thirdly, the hearbs of both will not be both alike ready, at one time, either for gathering, or remouing. first therefore _of the summer garden._ these hearbs and flowers are comely and durable for squares and knots and all to set at _michael-tide_, or somewhat before, that they may be setled in, and taken with the ground before winter, though they may be set, especially sowne in the spring. roses of all sorts (spoken of in the orchard) must be set. some vie to set slips and twine them, which sometimes, but seldome thriue all. rosemary, lauender, bee-flowers, isop, sage, time, cowslips, pyony, dasies, cloue gilliflowers, pinkes, sothernwood, lillies, of all which hereafter. _of the kitchen garden._ though your garden for flowers doth in a sort peculiarly challenge to it seise a profit, and exquisite forme to the eyes, yet you may not altogether neglect this, where your hearbes for the pot do growe. and therefore, some here make comely borders with the hearbes aforesayd. the rather because aboundance of roses and lauender yeeld much profit, and comfort to the sences: rose-water and lauender, the one cordial (as also the violets, burrage, and buglas) the other reuiuing the spirits by the sence of smelling: both most durable for smell, both in flowers and water: you need not here raise your beds, as in the other garden, because summer towards, will not let too much wet annoy you. and these hearbes require more moysture: yet must you haue your beds diuided, that you may goe betwixt to weede, and somewhat forme would be expected: to which it auaileth, that you place your herbes of biggest growth, by walles, or in borders, as fenell, &c. and the lowest in the middest, as saffron, strawberries, onions, &c. chap. . _diuision of hearbs._ garden hearbs are innumerable, yet these are common and sufficient for our country house-wifes. _hearbs of greatest growth._ fenell, anglica, tansie, hollihock, louage, elly campane, french mallows, lillies, french poppy, endiue, succory and clary. _herbes of middle growth._ burrage, buglas, parsley, sweet sicilly, floure-de-luce, stocke gilliflowers, wall-flowers, anniseedes, coriander, feather fewell, marigolds, oculus christi, langdibeefe, alexanders, carduus benedictus. _hearbes of smallest growth._ pansy, or harts-ease, coast margeram, sauery, strawberries, saffron, lycoras, daffadowndillies, leekes, chiues, chibals, skerots, onions, batchellors buttons, dasies, peniroyall. hitherto i haue onely reckoned vp, and put in this ranke, some hearbs. their husbandry follow each in an alphabeticall order, the better to be found. chap. . _husbandry of herbes._ _alexanders_ are to be renewed as _angelica_. it is a timely pot-hearbe. _anglica_ is renued with his seede, whereof he beareth plenty the second yeare, and so dieth. you may remoue the rootes the first yeare. the leaues distilled, yeeld water soueraigne to expell paine from the stomacke. the roote dried taken in the fall, stoppeth the poares against infections. _annyseedes_ make their growth, and beareth seeds the first yeere, and dieth as _coriander_: it is good for opening the pipes, and it is vsed in comfits. _artichoakes_ are renewed by diuiding the rootes into sets, in _march_, euery third or fourth yeare. they require a seuerall vsage, and therefore a seuerall whole plot by themselues, especially considering they are plentifull of fruite much desired. _burrage_ and _buglas_, two cordials, renue themselues by seed yearely, which is hard to be gathered: they are exceeding good pot-hearbes, good for bees, and most comfortable for the heart and stomacke, as quinces and wardens. _camomile_, set rootes in bankes and walkes. it is sweete smelling, qualifying head-ach. _cabbages_ require great roome, they seed the second yeare: sow them in _february_, remoue them when the plants are an handfull long, set deepe and wet. looke well in drought for the white caterpillers worme, the spaunes vnder the leafe closely; for euery liuing creature doth seeke foode and quiet shelter, and growing quicke, they draw to, and eate the heart: you may finde them in a rainy deawy morning. it is a good pothearbe, and of this hearbe called _cole_ our countrie house-wiues giue their pottage their name, and call them _caell_. _carduus benedictus_, or blessed thistle, seeds and dyes the first yeere, the excellent vertue thereof i referre to herbals, for we are gardiners, not physitians. _carrets_ are sowne late in _aprill_ or _may_, as turneps, else they seede the first yeere, and then their roots are naught: the second yeere they dye, their roots grow great, and require large roome. _chibals_ or _chiues_ haue their roots parted, as garlick, lillies, &c. and so are they set euery third or fourth yeere: a good pot-hearb opening, but euill for the eies. _clarie_ is sowne, it seeds the second yeere, and dyes. it is somewhat harsh in taste, a little in pottage is good, it strengtheneth the reines. _coast_, roote parted make sets in _march_: it beares the second yeere: it is vsed in ale in _may_. _coriander_ is for vsage and vses, much like anniseeds. _daffadowndillies_ haue their roots parted, and set once in three or foure yeere, or longer time. they flower timely, and after _midsummer_, are scarcely seene. they are more for ornament, then for vse, so are daisies. _daisie_-rootes parted and set, as flowre-deluce and camomile, when you see them grow too thicke or decay. they be good to keepe vp, and strengthen the edges of your borders, as pinkes, they be red, white, mixt. _ellycampane_ root is long lasting, as is the louage, it seeds yeerely, you may diuide the root, and set the roote, taken in vvinter it is good (being dryed, powdered and drunke) to kill itches. _endiue_ and _succory_ are much like in nature, shape, and vse, they renue themselues by seed, as fennell, and other hearbs. you may remoue them before they put forth shankes, a good pot-hearbe. _fennell_ is renued, either by the seeds (which it beareth the second yeere, and so yeerely in great abundance) sowne in the fall or spring, or by diuiding one root into many sets, as artichoke, it is long of growth and life. you may remoue the roote vnshankt. it is exceeding good for the eyes, distilled, or any otherwise taken: it is vsed in dressing hiues for swarmes, a very good pot-hearbe, or for sallets. _fetherfewle_ shakes seed. good against a shaking feuer, taken in a posset drinke fasting. _flower-deluce_, long lasting. diuide his roots, and set: the roots dryed haue a sweet smell. _garlicke_ may be set an handfull distance, two inches deepe, in the edge of your beds. part the heads into seuerall cloues, and euery cloue set in the latter end of _february_, will increase to a great head before _september_: good for opening, euill for eyes: when the blade is long, fast two & two together, the heads will be bigger. _hollyhocke_ riseth high, seedeth and dyeth: the chiefe vse i know is ornament. _isop_ is reasonable long lasting: young roots are good set, slips better. a good pot-hearbe. _iuly-flowers_, commonly called _gilly-flowers_, or _cloue-iuly-flowers_ (i call them so, because they flowre in _iuly_) they haue the name of _cloues_, of their sent. i may well call them the king of flowers (except the rose) and the best sort of them are called _queene-iuly flowers_. i haue of them nine or ten seuerall colours, and diuers of them as big as roses; of all flowers (saue the damaske rose) they are the most pleasant to sight and smell: they last not past three or foure yeeres vnremoued. take the slips (without shanks) and set any time, saue in extreme frost, but especially at _michael tide_. their vse is much in ornament, and comforting the spirits, by the sence of smelling. _iuly flowers_ of the wall, or wall-_iuly-flowers_, wall-flowers, or bee-flowers, or winter-_iuly-flowers_, because growing in the walles, euen in winter, and good for bees, will grow euen in stone walls, they will seeme dead in summer, and yet reuiue in winter. they yeeld seed plentifully, which you may sow at any time, or in any broken earth, especially on the top of a mud-wall, but moist, you may set the root before it be brancht, euery slip that is not flowr'd will take root, or crop him in summer, and he will flower in winter: but his winter-seed is vntimely. this and palmes are exceeding good, and timely for bees. _leekes_ yeeld seed the second yeere, vnremoued and die, vnlesse you remoue them, vsuall to eate with salt and bread, as onyons alwaies greene, good pot-hearb, euill for the eyes. _lauendar spike_ would be remoued within yeeres, or eight at the most. slips twined as isop and sage, would take best at _michael-tide_. this flower is good for bees, most comfortable for smelling, except roses; and kept dry, is as strong after a yeere, and when it is gathered. the water of this is comfortable. white _lauendar_ would be remoued sooner. _lettice_ yeelds seed the first yeere, and dyes: sow betime, and if you would haue them _cabbage_ for sallets, remoue them as you doe _cabbage_. they are vsuall in sallets, and the pot. _lillies_ white and red, remoued once in three or foure yeeres their roots yeeld many sets, like the garlicke, _michael-tide_ is the best: they grow high, after they get roote: these roots are good to breake a byle, as are mallowes and sorrell. _mallowes_, french or gagged, the first or second yeere, seed plentifully: sow in _march_, or before, they are good for the house-wifes pot, or to breake a bunch. _marigolds_ most commonly come of seed, you may remoue the plants, when they be two inches long. the double marigold, being as bigge as a little rose, is good for shew. they are a good pot-hearbe. _oculus christi_, or christs eye, seeds and dyes the first or second yeere: you may remoue the yong plants, but seed is better: one of these seeds put into the eye, within three or foure houres will gather a thicke skinne, cleere the eye, and bolt it selfe forth without hurt to the eye. a good pot-hearbe. _onyons_ are sowne in _february_, they are gathered at _michael-tide_, and all the summer long, for sallets; as also young parsly, sage, chibals, lettice, sweet sicily, fennell, &c. good alone, or with meate as mutton, &c. for sauce, especially for the pot. _parsly_ sow the first yeere, and vse the next yeere: it seedes plentifully, an hearbe of much vse, as sweet sicily is. the seed and roots are good against the stone. _parsneps_ require and whole plot, they be plentifull and common: sow them in _february_, the kings (that is in the middle) seed broadest and reddest. parsneps are sustenance for a strong stomacke, not good for euill eies: when they couer the earth in a drought, to tread the tops, make the rootes bigger. _peny-royall_, or pudding grasse, creepes along the ground like ground iuie. it lasts long, like daisies, because it puts and spreads dayly new roots. diuide, and remoue the roots, it hath a pleasant taste and smell, good for the pot, or hackt meate, or haggas pudding. _pumpions_: set seedes with your finger, a finger deepe, late in _march_, and so soone as they appeare, euery night if you doubt frost, couer them, and water them continually out of a water-pot: they be very tender, their fruit is great and waterish. _french poppy_ beareth a faire flower, and the seed will make you sleepe. _raddish_ is sauce for cloyed stomacks, as capers, oliues, and cucumbers, cast the seeds all summer long here and there, and you shall haue them alwaies young and fresh. _rosemary_, the grace of hearbs here in _england_, in other countries common. to set slips immediately after _lammas_, is the surest way. seede sowne may proue well, so they be sowne in hot weather, somewhat moist, and good earth: for the hearbe, though great, is nesh and tender (as i take it) brought from hot countries to vs in the cold north: set thinne. it becomes a window well. the vse is much in meates, more in physicke, most for bees. _rue, or hearbe of grace_, continually greene, the slips are set. it lasts long as rosemary, sothernwood, &c. too strong for mine housewifes pot, vnlesse she will brue ale therewith, against the plague: let him not seede, if you will haue him last. _saffron_ euery third yeere his roots would be remoued at _midsummer_: for when all other hearbs grow most, it dyeth. it flowreth at _michael-tide_, and groweth all winter: keepe his flowers from birds in the morning, & gather the yellow (or they shape much like lillies) dry, and after dry them: they be precious, expelling diseases from the heart and stomacke. _sauery_ seeds and dyes the first yeere, good for my housewifes pot and pye. _sage_: set slips in _may_, and they grow aye: let it not seed it will last the longer. the vse is much and common. the monkish prouerbe is _tritum_: _cur moritur homo, cum saluia crescit in horto?_ _skerots_, roots are set when they be parted, as _pyonie_, and flower-deluce at _michael-tide_: the roote is but small and very sweet. i know none other speciall vse but the table. sweet _sicily_, long lasting, pleasantly tasting, either the seed sowne, or the root parted, and remoued, makes increase, it is of like vse with parsly. _strawberries_ long lasting, set roots at _michael-tide_ or the spring, they be red, white and greene, and ripe, when they be great and soft, some by _midsummer_ with vs. the vse is: they will coole my housewife well, if they be put in wine or creame with sugar. _time_, both seeds, slips and rootes are good. if it seed not, it will last three or foure yeeres or more, it smelleth comfortably. it hath much vse: namely, in all cold meats, it is good for bees. _turnep_ is sowne. in the second yeere they beare plenty of seed: they require the same time of sowing that carrets doe: they are sicke of the same disease that cabbages be. the roots increaseth much, it is most wholesome, if it be sowne in a good and well tempered earth: soueraigne for eyes and bees. i reckon these hearbs onely, because i teach my countrey housewife, not skilfull artists, and it should be an endlesse labour, and would make the matter tedious to reckon vp _landtheefe_, _stocke-iuly-flowers_, _charuall_, _valerian_, _go-to bed at noone_, _piony_, _licoras_, _tansie_, _garden mints_, _germander_, _centaurie_, and a thousand such physicke hearbs. let her first grow cunning in this, and then she may enlarge her garden as her skill and ability increaseth. and to helpe her the more, i haue set her downe these obseruations. chap. . _generall rules in gardening._ in the south parts gardening may be more timely, and more safely done, then with vs in _yorkeshire_, because our ayre is not so fauourable, nor our ground so good. secondly most seeds shakt, by turning the good earth, are renued, their mother the earth keeping them in her bowels, till the sunne their father can reach them with his heat. in setting hearbs, leaue no top more then an handfull aboue the ground, nor more then a foot vnder the earth. twine the roots of those slips you set, if they will abide it. gilly-flowers are too tender. set moist, and sowe dry. set slips without shankes any time, except at _midsummer_, and in frosts. seeding spoiles the most roots, as drawing the heart and sap from the root. gather for the pot and medicines, hearbs tender and greene, the sap being in the top, but in winter the root is best. all the hearbs in the garden for flowers, would once in seuen yeeres be renued, or soundly watered with puddle water, except rosemary. in all your gardens and orchards, bankes and seates of camomile, peny-royall, daisies and violets, are seemely and comfortable. these require whole plots: artichokes, cabbages, turneps, parsneps, onyons, carrets, and (if you will) saffron and scerrits. gather all your seeds, dead, ripe, and dry. lay no dung to the roots of your hearbs, as vsually they doe: for dung not melted is too hot, euen for trees. thin setting and sewing (so the rootes stand not past a foot distance) is profitable, for the hearbs will like the better. greater hearbs would haue more distance. set and sow hearbs in their time of growth (except at _midsummer_, for then they are too too tender) but trees in their time of rest. a good housewife may, and will gather store of hearbs for the pot, about _lammas_, and dry them, and pownd them, and in winter they will make good seruice. thus haue i lined out a garden to our countrey housewiues, and giuen them rules for common hearbs. if any of them (as sometimes they are) be knotty, i referre them to chap. . the skill and paines of weeding the garden with weeding kniues or fingers, i refer to themselues, and their maides, willing them to take the opportunitie after a showre of raine: withall i aduise the mistresse, either be present her selfe, or to teach her maides to know hearbs from weeds. chap. . _the husbandry of bees._ there remaineth one necessary thing to be prescribed, which in mine opinion makes as much for ornament as either flowers, or forme, or cleanlinesse, and i am sure as commodious as any of, or all the rest: which is bees, well ordered. and i will not account her any of my good house-wiues, that wanteth either bees or skilfulnesse about them. and though i knowe some haue written well and truely, and others more plentifully vpon this theame: yet somewhat haue i learned by experience (being a bee-maister my selfe) which hitherto i cannot finde put into writing, for which i thinke our house-wiues will count themselues beholding vnto me. {sn: bee-house.} the first thing that a gardiner about bees must be carefull for, is an house not stakes and stones abroad, _sub dio_: for stakes rot and reele, raine and weather eate your hiues, and couers, and cold most of all is hurtfull for your bees. therefore you must haue an house made along, a sure dry wall in your garden, neere, or in your orchard: for bees loue flowers and wood with their hearts. this is the forme, a frame standing on posts with a floore (if you would haue it hold more hiues, two floores boorded) layd on bearers, and backe posts, couered ouer with boords, slate-wise. ic let the floores be without holes or clifts, least in casting time, the bees lye out, and loyter. and though your hiues stand within an hand breadth the one of another: yet will bees know their home. in this frame may your bees stand drye and warme, especially if you make doores like doores of windows to shroud them in winter, as in an house: prouided you leaue the hiues mouths open. i my self haue deuised such an house, and i find that it keeps and strengthens my bees much, and my hiues will last sixe to one. {sn: hiues.} m. _markham_ commends hiues of wood. i discommend them not: but straw hiues are in vse with vs, and i thinke with all the world, which i commend for nimblenesse, closenesse, warmnesse and drinesse. bees loue no externall motions of dawbing or such like. sometimes occasion shall be offered to lift and turne hiues, as shall appeare hereafter. one light entire hiue of straw in that case is better, then one that is dawbed, weighty and cumbersome. i wish euery hiue, for a keeping swarme, to hold three pecks at least in measure. for too little hiues procure bees, in casting time, either to lye out, and loyter, or else to cast before they be ripe and strong, and so make weake swarmes and vntimely: whereas if they haue roome sufficient, they ripen timely, and casting seasonably, are strong, and fit for labour presently. neither would the hiue be too too great, for then they loyter, and waste meate and time. {sn: hiuing of bees.} your bees delight in wood, for feeding, especially for casting: therefore want not an orchard. a _mayes_ swarme is worth a mares foale: if they want wood, they be in danger of flying away. any time before _midsummer_ is good, for casting and timely before _iuly_ is not euill. i much like m _markhams_ opinion for hiuing a swarme in combes of a dead or forsaken hiue, so they be fresh & cleanly. to thinke that a swarme of your owne, or others, will of it selfe come into such an hiue, is a meere conceit. _experto crede roberto._ his smearing with honey, is to no purpose, for the other bees will eate it vp. if your swarme knit in the top of a tree, as they will, if the winde beate them not to fall downe: let the stoole or ladder described in the orchard, doe you seruice. {sn: spelkes.} the lesse your spelkes are, the lesse is the waste of your honey, and the more easily will they draw, when you take your bees. foure spelkes athwart, and one top spelke are sufficient. the bees will fasten their combes to the hiue. a little honey is good: but if you want, fennell will serue to rub your hiue withall. the hiue being drest and ready spelkt, rubd and the hole made for their passage (i vse no hole in the hiue, but a piece of wood hoal'd to saue the hiue & keep out mice) shake in your bees, or the most of them (for all commonly you cannot get) the remainder will follow. many vse smoke, nettles, &c. which i vtterly dislike: for bees loue not to be molested. ringing in the time of casting is a meere fancie, violent handling of them is simply euill, because bees of all other creatures, loue cleanlinesse and peace. therefore handle them leasurely & quietly, and their keeper whom they know, may do with them, what he will, without hurt: being hiued at night, bring them to their seat. set your hiues all of one yeere together. signes of breeding, if they be strong: they will auoid dead young bees and droanes. they will sweat in the morning, till it runne from them; alwaies when they be strong. _signes of casting._ they will fly droanes, by reason of heat. the young swarme will once or twice in some faire season, come forth mustering, as though they would cast, to proue themselues, and goe in againe. the night before they cast, if you lay your eare to the hiues mouth, yo shall heare two or three, but especially one aboue the rest, cry, vp, vp, vp; or, tout, tout, tout, like a trumpet, sounding the alarum to the battell. {sn: catching.} {sn: clustering.} much descanting there is, of, and about the master-bee, and their degrees, order and gouernment: but the truth in this point is rather imagined, then demonstrated. there are some coniectures of it, _viz._ we see in the combs diuers greater houses then the rest, & we heare commonly the night before they cast, sometimes one bee, sometimes two, or more bees, giue a lowd and seueral sound from the rest, and sometimes bees of greater bodies then the common sort: but what of all this? i leane not on coniectures, but loue to set downe that i know to be true, and leaue these things to them that loue to diuine. keepe none weake, for it is hazard, oftentimes with losse: feeding will not helpe them: for being weake, they cannot come downe to meate, or if they come downe, they dye, because bees weake cannot abide cold. if none of these, yet will the other bees being strong, smell the honey, and come and spoile, and kill them. some helpe is in casting time, to put two weake swarmes together, or as m. _markham_ well saith: let not them cast late, by raising them with wood or stone: but with impes (say i.) an impe is three or foure wreathes, wrought as the hiue, the same compasse, to rase the hiue withall: but by experience in tryall, i haue found out a better way by clustering, for late or weake swarmes hitherto not found out of any that i know. that is this: after casting time, if i haue any stocke proud, and hindered from timely casting, with former winters pouerty, or euill weather in casting time, with two handles and crookes, fitted for the purpose, i turne vp that stocke so pestred with bees, and set it on the crowne, vpon which so turned with the mouth vpward, i place another empty hiue well drest, and spelkt, into which without any labour, the swarme that would not depart, and cast, will presently ascend, because the old bees haue this qualitie (as all other breeding creatures haue) to expell the young, when they haue brought them vp. ic there will the swarme build as kindely, as if they had of themselues beene cast. but bee sure you lay betwixt the hiues some straight and cleanly sticke or stickes, or rather a boord with holes, to keepe them asunder: otherwise they will ioyne their workes together so fast, that they cannot be parted. if you so keepe them asunder at _michael-tide_, if you like the weight of your swarme (for the goodnesse of swarmes is tryed by weight) so catched, you may set it by for a stocke to keepe. take heed in any case the combes be not broken, for then the other bees will smell the honey, and spoyle them. this haue i tryed to be very profitable for the sauing of bees. the instrument hath this forme. the great straight piece is wood, the rest are iron claspes and nailes, the claspes are loose in the stapes: two men with two of these fastened to the hiue, will easily turne it vp. they gather not till _iuly_; for then they be discharged of their young, or else they are become now strong to labour, and now sap in flowers is strong and proud: by reason of time, and force of sunne. and now also in the north (and not before) the hearbs of greatest vigour put their flowers; as beanes, fennell, burrage, rape, &c. the most sensible weather for them, is heat and drought, because the nesh bee can neither abide cold or wet: and showres (which they well fore-see) doe interrupt their labours, vnlesse they fall on the night, and so they further them. {sn: droanes.} after casting time, you shall benefit your stockes much, if you helpe them to kill their droanes, which by all probability and iudgement, are an idle kind of bees, and wastefull. some say they breed and haue seene young droanes in taking their honey, which i know is true. but i am of opinion, that there are also bees which haue lost their stings, and so being, as it were gelded, become idle and great. there is great vse of them: _deus, et natura nihil fecit frustra_. they hate the bees, and cause them cast the sooner. they neuer come foorth but when they be ouer heated. they neuer come home loaden. after casting time, and when the bees want meate, you shall see the labouring bees fasten on them, two, three, or foure at once, as if they were theeues to be led to the gallowes, and killing them, they cast out, and draw them farre from home, as hatefull enemies. our housewife, if she be the keeper of her owne bees (as she had need to be) may with her bare hand in the heate of the day, safely destroy them in the hiues mouth. some vse towards night, in a hot day, to set before the mouth of the hiue a thin board, with little holes, in at which the lesser bees may enter, but not the droanes, so that you may kill them at your pleasure. {sn: annoyances.} snayles spoile them by night like theeues: they come so quietly, and are so fast, that the bees feare them not. looke earely and late, especially in a rainie or dewey euening or morning. mice are no lesse hurtfull, and the rather to hiues of straw: and therefore couerings of straw draw them. they will in either at the mouth, or sheere themselues an hole. the remedy is good cats, rats-bane and watching. the cleanly bee hateth the smoake as poison, therefore let your bees stand neerer your garden then your brew-house or kitchen. they say sparrowes and swallowes are enemies to bees, but i see it not. more hiues perish by winters cold, then by all other hurts: for the bee is tender and nice, and onely liues in warme weather, and dyes in cold: and therefore let my housewife be perswaded, that a warme dry house before described, is the chiefest helpe she can make her bees against this, and many more mischiefes. many vse against cold in winter, to stop vp their hiue close, and some set them in houses, perswading themselues, that thereby they relieue their bees. first, tossing and mouing is hurtfull. secondly, in houses, going, knocking, and shaking is noysome. thirdly, too much heate in an house is vnnaturall for them: but lastly, and especially, bees cannot abide to be stopt close vp. for at euery warme season of the sunne they reuiue, and liuing eate, and eating must needs purge abroad, (in her house) the cleanly bee will not purge her selfe. iudge you what it is for any liuing creature, not to disburden nature. being shut vp in calme seasons, lay your care to the hiue, and you shall heare them yarme and yell, as so many hungred prisoners. therefore impound not your bees, so profitable and free a creature. {sn: taking of bees.} let none stand aboue three yeares, else the combes will be blacke and knotty, your honey will be thinne and vncleanly: and if any cast after three yeares, it is such as haue swarmes, and old bees kept all together, which is great losse. smoaking with ragges, rozen, or brimstone, many vse: some vse drowning in a tub of cleane water, and the water well brewde, will be good botchet. drawe out your spelkes immediatly with a paire of pinchars, lest the wood grow soft and swell, and so will not be drawne, then must you cut your hiue. {sn: straining honey.} let no fire come neere your hony, for fire softeneth the waxe and drosse, and makes them runne with the hony. fire softneth, weakeneth, and hindereth hony for purging. breake your combes small (when the dead empty combes are parted from the loaden combes) into a siue, borne ouer a great bowle, or vessell, with two staues, and so let it runne two or three dayes. the sooner you tunne it vp, the better will it purge. runne your swarme honey by it selfe, and that shall be your best. the elder your hiues are, the worse is your honey. {sn: vessels.} vsuall vessels are of clay, but after wood be satiated with honey (for it will leake at first: for honey is maruellously searching, the thicke, and therefore vertuous.) i vse it rather because it will not breake so soone, with fals, frosts, or otherwise, and greater vessels of clay will hardly last. when you vse your honey, with a spoone take off the skin which it hath put vp. and it is worth the regard, that bees thus vsed, if you haue but forty stockes, shall yeeld you more commodity cleerely than forty acres of ground. and thus much may suffice, to make good housewiues loue and haue good gardens and bees. _deo laus._ _finis._ the contents of the countrey _house-wifes garden._ chap. . _the soyle._ _pag. _ chap. . _site._ _p. _ chap. . _forme._ _p. _ chap. . _quantity._ _p. _ chap. . _fences._ _p. ibid._ chap. . _two gardens._ _p. _ chap. . _diuision of herbs._ _p. _ chap. . _the husbandry of herbes._ _p. ibid._ chap. . _generall rules._ _p. _ chap. . _the husbandry of bees._ _p. _ _bee-house._ _p. ._ _hiues._ _p. ._ _hiuing of bees._ _p. ibid._ _spelkes._ _p. ._ _catching._ _p. ._ _clustering._ _p. ._ _droanes._ _p. ._ _annoyances._ _p. ._ _taking of bees._ _p. ._ _straining honey._ _p. ibid._ _vessels._ _p. ibid._ a most profitable newe treatise, from approued experience of the art _of propagating plants: by_ simon harward. chap. . _the art of propagating plants._ {sn: .} there are foure sorts of planting, or propagating, as in laying of shootes or little branches, whiles they are yet tender in some pit made at their foote, as shall be sayd hereafter, or vpon a little ladder or basket of earth, tyed to the bottome of the branch, or in boaring a willow thorow, and putting the branch of the tree into the hole, as shall be fully declared in the chapter of grafting. {sn: .} there are likewise seasons to propagate in; but the best is in the spring, and _march_, when the trees are in the flower, and doe begin to grow lusty. the young planted siens or little grafts must be propagated in the beginning of winter, a foot deepe in the earth, and good manure mingled amongst the earth, which you shall cast forth of the pit, wherein you meane to propagate it, to tumble it in vpon it againe. in like manner your superfluous siens, or little plants must be cut close by the earth, when as they grow about some small impe, which we meane to propagate, for they would doe nothing but rot. for to propagate, you must digge the earth round about the tree, that so your rootes may be laid in a manner halfe bare. afterward draw into length the pit on that side where you meane to propagate, and according as you perceiue that the roots will be best able to yeeld, and be gouerned in the same pit, to vie them, and that with all gentlenesse, and stop close your siens, in such sort, as that the wreath which is in the place where it is grafted, may be a little lower then the siens of the new wood, growing out of the earth, euen so high as it possible may be. if the trees that you would propagate be somewhat thicke, and thereby the harder to ply, and somewhat stiffe to lay in the pit: then you may wet the stocke almost to the midst, betwixt the roote and the wreathing place, and so with gentle handling of it, bow downe into the pit the wood which the grafts haue put forth, and that in as round a compasse as you can, keeping you from breaking of it: afterward lay ouer the cut, with gummed waxe, or with grauell and sand. chap. . _grafting in the barke._ grafting in the barke, is vsed from mid-_august_, to the beginning of winter, and also when the westerne winde beginneth to blow, being from the . of _february_, vnto . of _iune_. but there must care be had, not to graffe in the barke in any rainy season, because it would wash away the matter of ioyning the one and the other together, and so hinder it. {sn: .} grafting in the budde, is vsed in the summer time, from the end of _may_, vntill _august_, as being the time when the trees are strong and lusty, and full of sap and leaues. to wit, in a hot countrey, from the midst of _iune_, vnto the midst of _iuly_: but cold countries, to the midst of _august_, after some small showres of raine. if the summer be so exceeding dry, as that some trees doe withhold their sap, you must waite the time till it doe returne. graft from the full of the moone, vntill the end of the old. you may graft in a cleft, without hauing regard to the raine, for the sap will keepe it off. you may graft from mid-_august_, to the beginning of _nouember_: cowes dung with straw doth mightily preserue the graft. it is better to graft in the euening, then the morning. the furniture and tooles of a grafter, are a basket to lay his grafts in, clay, grauell, sand, or strong earth, to draw ouer the plants clouen: mosse, woollen clothes, barkes of willow to ioyne to the late things and earth before spoken, and to keepe them fast: oziers to tye againe vpon the barke, to keepe them firme and fast: gummed wax, to dresse and couer the ends and tops of the grafts newly cut, that so the raine and cold may not hurt them, neither yet the sap rising from belowe, be constrained to returne againe vnto the shootes. a little sawe or hand sawe, to sawe off the stocke of the plants, a little knife or pen-knife to graffe, and to cut and sharpen the grafts, that so the barke may not pill nor be broken; which often commeth to passe when the graft is full of sap. you shall cut the graffe so long, as that it may fill the cliffe of the plant, and therewithall it must be left thicker on the barke-side, that so it may fill vp both the cliffe and other incisions, as any need is to be made, which must be alwaies well ground, well burnished without all rust. two wedges, the one broad for thicke trees, the other narrow for lesse and tender trees, both of them of box, or some other hard and smooth wood, or steele, or of very hard iron, that so they may need lesse labour in making them sharpe. a little hand-bill to set the plants at more liberty, by cutting off superfluous boughs, helu'd of iuory, box, or brazell. chap. . _grafting in the cleft._ the manner of grafting in a cleft, to wit, the stocke being clou'd, is proper not onely to trees, which are as great as a mans legs or armes, but also to greater. it is true that in as much as the trees cannot easily be clouen in their stocke, that therefore it is expedient to make incision in some one of their branches, and not in the maine body, as we see to be practised in great apple trees, and great peare-trees, and as we haue already declared heretofore. to graft in the cleft, you must make choise of a graft that is full of sap and iuyce, but it must not bee, but till from after _ianuary_ vntill _march_: and you must not thus graft in any tree that is already budded, because a great part of the iuyce and sap would be already mounted vp on high, and risen to the top, and there dispersed and scattered hither and thither, into euery sprigge and twigge, and vse nothing welcome to the graft. you must likewise be resolued not to gather your graft the day you graft in, but ten or twelue dayes before: for otherwise, if you graft it new gathered, it will not be able easily to incorporate itselfe with the body and stocke, where it shall be grafted; because that some part of it will dry, and by this meanes will be a hinderance in the stocke to the rising vp of the sap, which it should communerate vnto the graft, for the making of it to put forth, and whereas this dried part will fall a crumbling, and breaking thorow his rottennesse, it will cause to remaine a concauity, or hollow place in the stock, which will be an occasion of a like inconuenience to befall the graft. moreouer, the graft being new and tender, might easily be hurt of the bands, which are of necessity to be tyed about the stocke, to keepe the graft firme and fast. and you must further see, that your plant was not of late remoued, but that it haue already fully taken root. when you are minded to graft many grafts into one cleft, you must see that they be cut in the end all alike. {sn: .} see that the grafts be of one length, or not much differing, and it is enough, that they haue three or foure eylets without the wrench when the plant is once sawed, and lopped of all his small siens and shootes round about, as also implyed of all his branches, if it haue many: then you must leaue but two at the most, before you come to the cleauing of it: then put to your little saw, or your knife, or other edged toole that is very sharpe, cleaue it quite thorow the middest, in gentle and soft sort: first, tying the stocke very sure, that so it may not cleaue further then is need: and then put to your wedges into the cleft vntill such time as you haue set in your grafts, and in cleauing of it, hold the knife with the one hand, and the tree with the other, to helpe to keepe it from cleauing too farre. afterwards put in your wedge of boxe or brazill, or bone at the small end, that so you may the better take it out againe, when you haue set in your grafts. {sn: .} if the stocke be clouen, or the barke loosed too much from the wood: then cleaue it downe lower, and set your grafts in, and looke that their incision bee fit, and very iustly answerable to the cleft, and that the two saps, first, of the plant and graft, be right and euen set one against the other, and so handsomely fitted, as that there may not be the least appearance of any cut or cleft. for if they doe not thus lumpe one with another, they will neuer take one with another, because they cannot worke their seeming matter, and as it were cartilaguous glue in conuenient sort or manner, to the gluing of their ioynts together. you must likewise beware, not to make your cleft ouerthwart the pitch, but somewhat aside. the barke of your plant being thicker then that of your graft, you must set the graft so much the more outwardly in the cleft, that so the two saps may in any case be ioyned, and set right the one with the other but the rinde of the plant must be somewhat more out, then that of the grafts on the clouen side. {sn: .} {sn: .} to the end that you may not faile of this worke of imping, you must principally take heed, not to ouer-cleaue the stockes of your trees. but before you widen the cleft of your wedges, binde, and goe about the stocke with two or three turnes, and that with an ozier, close drawne together, vnderneath the same place, where you would haue your cleft to end, that so your stocke cleaue not too farre, which is a very vsuall cause of the miscarrying of grafts, in asmuch as hereby the cleft standeth so wide and open, as that it cannot be shut, and so not grow together againe; but in the meane time spendeth it selfe, and breatheth out all his life in that place, which is the cause that the stocke and the graft are both spilt. and this falleth out most often in plum-trees, & branches of trees. you must be careful so to ioyne the rinds of your grafts, and plants, that nothing may continue open, to the end that the wind, moisture of the clay or raine, running vpon the grafted place, do not get in: when the plant cloueth very straight, there is not any danger nor hardnesse in sloping downe the graft. if you leaue it somewhat vneuen, or rough in some places, so that the saps both of the one and of the other may the better grow, and be glued together, when your grafts are once well ioyned to your plants, draw out your wedges very softly, lest you displace them againe, you may leaue there within the cleft some small end of a wedge of greene wood, cutting it very close with the head of the stocke: some cast glue into the cleft, some sugar, and some gummed waxe. {sn: .} if the stocke of the plant whereupon you intend to graft, be not so thicke as your graft, you shall graft it after the fashion of a goates foot, make a cleft in the stocke of the plant, not direct, but byas, & that smooth and euen, not rough: then apply and make fast thereto, the graft withall his barke on, and answering to the barke of the plant. this being done, couer the place with the fat earth and mosse of the woods tyed together with a strong band: sticke a pole of wood by it, to keepe it stedfast. chap. . _grafting like a scutcheon._ in grafting after the manner of a scutcheon, you shall not vary nor differ much from that of the flute or pipe, saue only that the scutcheon-like graft, hauing one eyelet, as the other hath yet the wood of the tree whereupon the scutcheon-like graft is grafted, hath not any knob, or budde, as the wood whereupon the graft is grafted, after the manner of a pipe. {sn: .} in summer when the trees are well replenished with sap, and that their new siens begin to grow somewhat hard, you shall take a shoote at the end of the chiefe branches of some noble and reclaimed tree, whereof you would faine haue some fruit, and not many of his old store or wood, and from thence raise a good eylet, the tayle and all thereof to make your graft. but when you choose, take the thickest, and grossest, diuide the tayle in the middest, before you doe any thing else, casting away the leafe (if it be not a peare plum-tree: for that would haue two or three leaues) without remouing any more of the said tayle: afterward with the point of a sharpe knife, cut off the barke of the said shoote, the patterne of a shield, of the length of a nayle. {sn: .} in which there is onely one eylet higher then the middest together, with the residue of the tayle which you left behinde: and for the lifting vp of the said graft in scutcheon, after that you haue cut the barke of the shoote round about, without cutting of the wood within, you must take it gently with your thumbe, and in putting it away you must presse vpon the wood from which you pull it, that so you may bring the bud and all away together with the scutcheon: for if you leaue it behinde with the wood, then were the scutcheon nothing worth. you shall finde out if the scutcheon be nothing worth, if looking within when it is pulled away from the wood of the same sute, you finde it to haue a hole within, but more manifestly, if the bud doe stay behind in the vvood, which ought to haue beene in the scutcheon. {sn: .} thus your scutcheon being well raised and taken off, hold it a little by the tayle betwixt your lips, without wetting of it, euen vntill you haue cut the barke of the tree where you would graft it, and looke that it be cut without any wounding of the wood within, after the manner of a crutch, but somewhat longer then the scutcheon that you haue to set in it, and in no place cutting the wood within; after you haue made incision, you must open it, and make it gape wide on both sides, but in all manner of gentle handling, and that with little sizers of bone, and separating the wood and the barke a little within, euen so much as your scutcheon is in length and breadth: you must take heed that in doing hereof, you do not hurt the bark. {sn: .} {sn: .} this done take your scutcheon by the end, and your tayle which you haue left remaining, and put into your incision made in your tree, lifting vp softly your two sides of the incision with your said sizers of bone, and cause the said scutcheon to ioyne, and lye as close as may be, with the wood of the tree, being cut, as aforesaid, in waying a little vpon the end of your rinde: so cut and let the vpper part of your scutcheon lye close vnto the vpper end of your incision, or barke of your said tree: afterward binde your scutcheon about with a band of hempe, as thicke as a pen or a quill, more or lesse, according as your tree is small or great, taking the same hempe in the middest, to the end that either part of it may performe a like seruice; and wreathing and binding of the said scutcheon into the incision of a tree, and it must not be tyed too strait, for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap to the other, being hindred thereby, and neither the scutcheon, nor yet the hempe must be moist or wet: and the more iustly to binde them together, begin at the backe side of the tree, right ouer against the middest of the incision, and from thence come forward to ioyne them before, aboue the eylet and tayle of the scutcheon, crossing your band of hempe, so oft as the two ends meet, and from thence returning backe againe, come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets: and thus cast about your band still backward and forward, vntill the whole cleft of the incision be couered aboue and below with the said hempe, the eylet onely excepted, and his tayle which must not be couered at all; his tayle will fall away one part after another, and that shortly after the ingrafting, if so be the scutcheon will take. leaue your trees and scutcheons thus bound, for the space of one moneth, and the thicker, a great deale longer time. afterward looke them ouer, and if you perceiue them to grow together, vntye them, or at the leastwise cut the hempe behinde them, and leaue them vncouered. cut also your branch two or three fingers aboue that, so the impe may prosper the better: and thus let them remaine till after winter, about the moneth of _march_, and _aprill_. {sn: .} if you perceiue that your budde of your scutcheon doe swell and come forward: then cut off the tree three fingers or thereabouts, aboue the scutcheon: for if it be cut off too neere the scutcheon, at such time as it putteth forth his first blossome, it would be a meanes greatly to hinder the flowring of it, and cause also that it should not thriue and prosper so well after that one yeere is past, and that the shoote beginneth to be strong: beginning to put forth the second bud and blossome, you must goe forward to cut off in byas-wise the three fingers in the top of the tree, which you left there, when you cut it in the yeere going before, as hath beene said. {sn: .} {sn: .} {sn: .} when your shoote shall haue put foorth a great deale of length, you must sticke down there, euen hard ioyned thereunto, little stakes, tying them together very gently and easily; and these shall stay your shootes and prop them vp, letting the winde from doing any harme vnto them. thus you may graft white roses in red, and red in white. thus you may graft two or three scutcheons: prouided that they be all of one side: for they will not be set equally together in height because then they would bee all staruelings, neither would they be directly one ouer another; for the lower would stay the rising vp of the sap of the tree, and so those aboue should consume in penury, and vndergoe the aforesaid inconuenience. you must note, that the scutcheon which is gathered from the sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre, must be cut in square forme, and not in the plaine fashion of a scutcheon. it is ordinary to graffe the sweet quince tree, bastard peach-tree, apricock-tree, iuiube-tree, sowre cherry tree, sweet cherry-tree, and chestnut tree, after this fashion, howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily, and more profitably; although diuers be of contrary opinion, as thus best: take the grafts of sweet quince tree, and bastard peach-tree, or the fairest wood, and best fed that you can finde, growing vpon the wood of two yeeres old, because the wood is not so firme nor solid as the others, and you shall graffe them vpon small plum-tree stocks, being of the thicknes of ones thumbe; these you shall cut after the fashion of a goats foot: you shall not goe about to make the cleft of any more sides then one, being about a foot high from the ground; you must open it with your small wedge: and being thus grafted, it will seeme to you that it is open but of one side; afterward you shall wrap it vp with a little mosse, putting thereto some gummed wax, or clay, and binde it vp with oziers to keepe it surer, because the stocke is not strong enough it selfe to hold it, and you shall furnish it euery manner of way as others are dealt withall: this is most profitable. _the time of grafting._ all moneths are good to graft in, (the moneth of _october_ and _nouember_ onely excepted). but commonly, graft at that time of the winter, when sap beginneth to arise. in a cold countrey graft later, and in a warme countrey earlier. the best time generall is from the first of _february_, vntill the first of _may_. the grafts must alwaies be gathered, in the old of the moone. for grafts choose shootes of a yeere old, or at the furthermost two yeeres old. if you must carry grafts farre, pricke them into a turnep newly gathered, or lay earth about the ends. if you set stones of plummes, almonds, nuts, or peaches: first let them lye a little in the sunne, and then steepe them in milke or water, three or foure dayes before you put them into the earth. dry the kernels of pippins, and sow them in the end of _nouember_. the stone of a plum-tree must be set a foot deepe in _nouember_, or _february_. the date-stone must be set the great end downwards, two cubits deepe in the earth, in a place enriched with dung. the peach-stone would be set presently after the fruit is eaten, some quantity of the flesh of the peach remaining about the stone. if you will haue it to be excellent, graft it afterward vpon an almond tree. the little siens of cherry-trees, grown thicke with haire, rots, and those also which doe grow vp from the rootes of the great cherry-trees, being remoued, doe grow better and sooner then they which come of stones: but they must be remoued and planted while they are but two or three yeeres old, the branches must be lopped. the contents of the art of _propagating plants_. _the art of propagating plants._ _page ._ _grafting in the barke._ _p. ._ _grafting in the cleft._ _p. ._ _grafters tooles._ _time of planting & seting._ _time of grafting._ _how to cut the stumps in grafting._ _sprouts and imps: how gathered._ _grafting like a scutcheon._ _p. ._ _inoculation in the barke._ _emplaister-wise grafting._ _to pricke stickes to beare the first yeere._ _to haue cherries or plums without stones._ _to make quinces great._ _to set stones of plummes._ _dates, nut, and peaches._ _to make fruit smell well._ _to plant cherry-trees._ the hvsband mans frvitefvll orchard. for the true ordering of all sorts of _fruits in their due seasons; and how double_ increase commeth by care in gathering _yeere after yeare: as also the best way_ of carriage by land or by water: _with their preseruation for_ longest continuance. {sn: cherries.} of all stone fruit, cherries are the first to be gathered: of which, though we reckon foure sorts; _english_, _flemish_, _gascoyne_ and _blacke_, yet are they reduced to two, the early, and the ordinary: the earely are those whose grafts came first from _france_ and _flanders_, and are now ripe with vs in _may_: the ordinary is our owne naturall cherry, and is not ripe before _iune_; they must be carefully kept from birds, either with nets, noise, or other industry. {sn: gathering of cheries.} they are not all ripe at once, nor may be gathered at once, therefore with a light ladder, made to stand of it selfe, without hurting the boughes, mount to the tree, and with a gathering hooke, gather those which be full ripe, and put them into your cherry-pot, or kybzey hanging by your side, or vpon any bough you please, and be sure to breake no stalke, but that the cherry hangs by; and pull them gently, lay them downe tenderly, and handle them as little as you can. {sn: to carry cherries.} for the conueyance or portage of cherries, they are best to be carried in broad baskets like siues, with smooth yeelding bottomes, onely two broad laths going along the bottome: and if you doe transport them by ship, or boate, let not the siues be fil'd to the top, lest setting one vpon another, you bruise and hurt the cherries: if you carry by horse-backe, then panniers well lined with fearne, and packt full and close is the best and safest way. {sn: other stone-fruit.} now for the gathering of all other stone-fruite, as nectarines, apricockes, peaches, peare-plumbes, damsons, bullas, and such like, although in their seuerall kinds, they seeme not to be ripe at once on one tree: yet when any is ready to drop from the tree, though the other seeme hard, yet they may also be gathered, for they haue receiued the full substance the tree can giue them; and therefore the day being faire, and the dew drawne away; set vp your ladder, and as you gathered your cherries, so gather them: onely in the bottomes of your large siues, where you part them, you shall lay nettles, and likewise in the top, for that will ripen those that are most vnready. {sn: gathering of peares.} in gathering of peares are three things obserued; to gather for expence, for transportation, or to sell to the apothecary. if for expence, and your owne vse, then gather them as soone as they change, and are as it were halfe ripe, and no more but those which are changed, letting the rest hang till they change also: for thus they will ripen kindely, and not rot so soone, as if they were full ripe at the gathering. but if your peares be to be transported farre either by land or water, then pull one from the tree, and cut it in the middest, and if you finde it hollow about the choare, and the kernell a large space to lye in: although no peare be ready to drop from the tree, yet then they may be gathered, and then laying them on a heape one vpon another, as of necessity they must be for transportation, they will ripen of themselues, and eate kindly: but gathered before, they will wither, shrinke and eate rough, losing not onely their taste, but beauty. now for the manner of gathering; albeit some climb into the trees by the boughes, and some by ladder, yet both is amisse: the best way is with the ladder before spoken of, which standeth of it selfe, with a basket and a line, which being full, you must gently let downe, and keeping the string still in your hand, being emptied, draw it vp againe, and so finish your labour, without troubling your selfe, or hurting the tree. {sn: gathering of apples.} now touching the gathering of apples, it is to be done according to the ripening of the fruite; your summer apples first, and the winter after. for summer fruit, when it is ripe, some will drop from the tree, and birds will be picking at them: but if you cut one of the greenest, and finde it as was shew'd you before of the peare: then you may gather them, and in the house they will come to their ripenesse and perfection. for your winter fruit, you shall know the ripenesse by the obseruation before shewed; but it must be gathered in a faire, sunny, and dry day, in the waine of the moone, and no wind in the east, also after the deaw is gone away: for the least wet or moysture will make them subiect to rot and mildew: also you must haue an apron to gather in, and to empty into the great baskets, and a hooke to draw the boughes vnto you, which you cannot reach with your hands at ease: the apron is to be an ell euery way, loopt vp to your girdle, so as it may serue for either hand without any trouble: and when it is full, vnloose one of your loopes, and empty it gently into the great basket, for in throwing them downe roughly, their owne stalkes may pricke them; and those which are prickt, will euer rot. againe, you must gather your fruit cleane without leaues or brunts, because the one hurts the tree, for euery brunt would be a stalke for fruit to grow vpon: the other hurts the fruit by bruising, and pricking it as it is layd together, and there is nothing sooner rotteth fruit, then the greene and withered leaues lying amongst them; neither must you gather them without any stalke at all: for such fruit will begin to rot where the stalke stood. {sn: to vse the fallings.} for such fruit as falleth from the trees, and are not gathered, they must not be layd with the gathered fruit: and of fallings there are two sorts, one that fals through ripenesse, and they are best, and may be kept to bake or roast; the other windfals, and before they are ripe, and they must be spent as they are gathered, or else they will wither and come to nothing: and therefore it is not good by any meanes to beate downe fruit with poales, or to carrie them in carts loose and iogging or in sacks where they may be bruised. {sn: carriage of fruit.} when your fruit is gathered, you shall lay them in deepe baskets of wicker, which shall containe foure or sixe bushels, and so betweene two men, carry them to your apple-loft, and in shooting or laying them downe, be very carefull that it be done with all gentlenesse, and leasure, laying euery sort of fruit seuerall by it selfe: but if there be want of roome hauing so many sorts that you cannot lay them seuerally, then such some fruite as is neerest in taste and colour, and of winter fruit, such as will taste alike, may if need require, be laid together, and in time you may separate them, as shall bee shewed hereafter. but if your fruit be gathered faire from your apple-loft, them must the bottomes of your baskets be lined with greene ferne, and draw the stuborne ends of the same through the basket, that none but the soft leafe may touch the fruit, and likewise couer the tops of the baskets with ferne also, and draw small cord ouer it, that the ferne may not fall away, nor the fruit scatter out, or iogge vp and downe: and thus you may carry fruit by land or by water, by boat, or cart, as farre as you please: and the ferne doth not onely keepe them from bruising, but also ripens them, especially peares. when your fruit is brought to your apple-loft or store house, if you finde them not ripened enough, then lay them in thicker heapes vpon fearne, and couer them with ferne also: and when they are neere ripe, then vncouer them, and make the heapes thinner, so as the ayre may passe thorow them: and if you will not hasten the ripening of them, then lay them on the boords without any fearne at all. now for winter, or long lasting peares, they may be packt either in ferne or straw, and carried whither you please; and being come to the iourneys end must be laid vpon sweet straw; but beware the roome be not too warme, nor windie, and too cold, for both are hurtfull: but in a temperate place, where they may haue ayre, but not too much. {sn: of wardens.} wardens are to be gathered, carried, packt, and laid as winter peares are. {sn: of medlers.} medlers are to be gathered about _michaelmas_, after a frost hath toucht them; at which time they are in their full growth, and will then be dropping from the tree, but neuer ripe vpon the tree. when they are gathered, they must be laid in a basket, siue, barrell, or any such caske, and wrapt about with woollen cloths, vnder, ouer, and on all sides, and also some waight laid vpon them, with a boord betweene: for except they be brought into a heat, they will neuer ripen kindly or taste well. now when they haue laine till you thinke some of them be ripe, the ripest, still as they ripen, must be taken from the rest: therefore powre them out into another siue or basket leasurely, that so you may well finde them that be ripest, letting the hard one fall into the other basket, and those which be ripe laid aside: the other that be halfe ripe, seuer also into a third siue or basket: for if the ripe and halfe ripe be kept together, the one will be mouldy, before the other be ripe: and thus doe, till all be throughly ripe. {sn: of quinces.} quinces should not be laid with other fruite; for the sent is offensiue both to other fruite, and to those that keepe the fruite or come amongst them: therefore lay them by themselues vpon sweet strawe, where they may haue ayre enough: they must be packt like medlers, and gathered with medlers. {sn: to packe apples.} apples must be packt in wheat or rye-straw, and in maunds or baskets lyned with the same, and being gently handled, will ripen with such packing and lying together. if seuerall sorts of apples be packt in one maund or basket, then betweene euery sort, lay sweet strawe of a pretty thicknesse. {sn: emptying and laying apples.} apples must not be powred out, but with care and leasure: first, the straw pickt cleane from them, and then gently take out euery seuerall sort, and place them by themselues: but if for want of roome you mixe the sorts together, then lay those together that are of equall lasting; but if they haue all one taste, then they need no separation. apples that are not of the like colours should not be laid together, and if any such be mingled, let it be amended, and those which are first ripe, let them be first spent; and to that end, lay those apples together, that are of one time ripening: and thus you must vse pippins also, yet will they endure bruises better then other fruit, and whilst they are greene will heale one another. {sn: difference in fruit.} pippins though they grow of one tree, and in one ground, yet some will last better then other some, and some will bee bigger then others of the same kinde, according as they haue more or lesse of the sunne, or more or lesse of the droppings of the trees or vpper branches: therefore let euery one make most of that fruite which is fairest, and longest lasting. againe, the largenesse and goodnesse of fruite consists in the age of the tree: for as the tree increaseth, so the fruite increaseth in bignesse, beauty, taste, and firmnesse: and otherwise, as it decreaseth. {sn: transporting fruit by water.} if you be to transport your fruit farre by water, then prouide some dry hogges-heads or barrells, and packe in your apples, one by one with your hand, that no empty place may be left, to occasion sogging; and you must line your vessell at both ends with fine sweet straw; but not the sides, to auoid heat: and you must bore a dozen holes at either end, to receiue ayre so much the better; and by no meanes let them take wet. some vse, that transport beyond seas, to shut the fruite vnder hatches vpon straw: but it is not so good, if caske may be gotten. {sn: when not to transport fruit.} it is not good to transport fruite in _march_, when the wind blowes bitterly, nor in frosty weather, neither in the extreme heate of summer. {sn: to conuay small store of fruit.} if the quantity be small you would carry, then you may carry them in dossers or panniers, prouided they be euer filled close, and that cherries and peares be lined with greene fearne, and apples with sweete straw; and that, but at the bottomes and tops, not on the sides. {sn: roomes for fruite.} winter fruite must lye neither too hot, nor too cold; too close, nor too open: for all are offensiue. a lowe roome or cellar that is sweet, and either boorded or paued, and not too close, is good, from _christmas_ till _march_: and roomes that are seeled ouer head, and from the ground, are good from _march_ till _may_: then the cellar againe, from _may_ till _michaelmas_. the apple loft would be seeled or boorded, which if it want, take the longest rye-straw, and raise it against the walles, to make a fence as high as the fruite lyeth; and let it be no thicker then to keepe the fruite from the wall, which being moyst, may doe hurt, or if not moist, then the dust is offensiue. {sn: sorting of fruit.} there are some fruite which will last but vntill _allhallontide_: they must be laid by themselues; then those which will last till _christmas_, by themselues: then those which will last till it be _candlemas_, by themselues: those that will last till _shrouetide_, by themselues: and pippins, apple-iohns, peare-maines, and winter-russettings, which will last all the yeere by themselues. now if you spy any rotten fruite in your heapes, pick them out, and with a trey for the purpose, see you turne the heapes ouer, and leaue not a tainted apple in them, diuiding the hardest by themselues, and the broken skinned by themselues to be first spent, and the rotten ones to be cast away; and euer as you turne them, and picke them, vnder-lay them with fresh straw: thus shall you keepe them safe for your vse, which otherwise would rot suddenly. {sn: times of stirring fruit.} pippins, iohn apples, peare maines, and such like long lasting fruit, need not to be turned till the weeke before _christmas_, vnlesse they be mixt with other of a riper kind, or that the fallings be also with them, or much of the first straw left amongst them: the next time of turning is at _shroue-tide_, and after that, once a moneth till _whitson-tide_; and after that, once a fortnight; and euer in the turning, lay your heapes lower and lower, and your straw very thinne: prouided you doe none of this labour in any great frost, except it be in a close celler. at euery thawe, all fruit is moyst, and then they must not be touched: neither in rainy weather, for then they will be danke also: and therefore at such seasons it is good to set open your windowes, and doores, that the ayre may haue free passage to dry them, as at nine of the clocke in the fore-noone in winter; and at sixe in the fore-noone, and at eight at night in summer: onely in _march_, open not your windowes at all. all lasting fruite, after the middest of _may_, beginne to wither, because then they waxe dry, and the moisture gone, which made them looke plumpe: they must needes wither, and be smaller; and nature decaying, they must needes rot. and thus much touching the ordering of fruites. _finis._ * * * * * ic london, printed by _nicholas okes_ for iohn harison, at the golden vnicorne in pater-noster-row. . {transcriber's notes the following corrections have been made: title page "carring home" changed to "carrying home". sig. a r "sir henry belosses" possible error for "sir henry belloses"; not changed. sig. a v "how ancient, how, profitable," changed to "how ancient, how profitable,". "roses on thornes. and such like," changed to "roses on thornes, and such like,". sig. a r "_of bough setts._" changed to "_of bought setts._" for consistency with the text. sig. a v page number for "_of foyling_" in chapter changed from to , for consistency with the text. page number for "_of flowers, borders, mounts &c._" in chapter changed from to , for consistency with the text. chapter , page "other offall, that fruit" changed to "all other of that fruit" chapter , page "nor searcely with quinces," changed to "nor scarcely with quinces,". "(not well ordered," changed to "(not well ordered)". page "will pu forth suckers" changed to "will put forth suckers". page "become manure to your ground" changed to "become manure to your ground.". " . or inches deepe" changed to " . or . inches deepe". chapter , page "(as is before described," changed to "(as is before described)". page "in _holland_ and _zealand_" the "a" in "and" is italicised in the original. "our old fathers can telvs" changed to "our old fathers can tel vs". page "chuse your ground low or if you be forced" changed to "chuse your ground low: or if you be forced". page "(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth," changed to "(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth)". chapter , page "for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)" changed to "(for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)". page "arse from some taw" changed to "arise from some taw". page "i could not mislke this kind" changed to "i could not mislike this kind". page "let not you stakes" changed to "let not your stakes". "or of auy other thing" changed to "or of any other thing". chapter , page "forty or fity yeares" changed to "forty or fifty yeares". "alotted to his felllow" changed to "alotted to his fellow". page "vpward out of he earth" changed to "vpward out of the earth". chapter , page "they are more subiect," changed to "they are more subiect to,". chapter , page "commonly called a _graft_)" changed to "(commonly called a _graft_)". chapter , page "(nay more) such as mens" changed to "(nay more, such as mens". page "it stayes it nothing at al" changed to "it stayes it nothing at all.". chapter , page "wastes cotinually" changed to "wastes continually". chapter , page "take sprig and all (for" changed to "take sprig and all: for". page "cleanse his foile" changed to "cleanse his soile". chapter , page "growth: for cut them" changed to "growth: (for cut them". page "to inlarge their frust" changed to "to inlarge their fruit". chapter , page "orchrad shall exceed" changed to "orchard shall exceed" chapter , page "double double cowslips" not changed. the country housewifes garden chapter , page "drunke to kill itches" changed to "drunke) to kill itches". page "it floweth at _michael-tide_" changed to "it flowreth at _michael-tide_". page "_cur moritur homo, cum saluia crescit in horto?_" not changed. possible error for "... cui saluia ...". chapter , page "for then they are too too tender" not changed. chapter , page "the beees lye out" changed to "the bees lye out". page "neither would the hiue be too too great" not changed. page "hey cannot come downe" changed to "they cannot come downe". page "claspes are loose in the stapes" not changed. page "combes into a siue" changed to "combes) into a siue". the art of propagating plants chapter , page the last side note has been changed from " ." to " .". chapter , page "aud these shall stay" changed to "and these shall stay". "sowre cherry treee" changed to "sowre cherry tree". the husband mans fruitefull orchard page "_gascoyne_ and blacke" changed to "_gascoyne_ and _blacke_". page "if you doe trasport them" changed to "if you doe transport them". "nertarines, apricockes" changed to "nectarines, apricockes". } note: project gutenberg also has an html version of this file which includes the original illustrations. see -h.htm or -h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/ / / / / / -h/ -h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/ / / / / / -h.zip) trees, fruits and flowers of minnesota [illustration: monument erected in lobby of west hotel, minneapolis, place of annual meeting of the society, december to . height of monument, feet. number of bushels of apples used, twenty-five. enlarged seal of the society on its front.] embracing the transactions of the minnesota state horticultural society from december , , to december , , including the twelve numbers of "the minnesota horticulturist" for . edited by the secretary, a. w. latham, office and library, kasota block, minneapolis, minn. vol. xliv. [illustration: minnesota state horticultural society "perseverantia vincimus" organized .] minneapolis harrison & smith co., printers while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. january, no. president's greeting, annual meeting, . thos. e. cashman, president. this is the forty-ninth annual meeting of the minnesota state horticultural society. nearly half a century has elapsed since that little band of pioneers met in rochester and organized that they might work out a problem that had proven too difficult for any of them to handle single handed and alone. those men were all anxious to raise at least sufficient fruit for themselves and families. they had tried and failed. they were not willing to give up. they knew they could accomplish more by interchanging ideas, and, furthermore, if they were able to learn anything by experience they wanted to pass it on to their neighbors. those men built better than they knew. the foundation was properly laid, and the structure, while not finished, is an imposing one. a great many people believe that this structure has been completed, that we have reached our possibilities in fruit raising. this is only half true. we are still building on this splendid foundation erected by those few enthusiasts. none of those men are left to enjoy the benefits of their labor. the present generation and the generations to come are and will be the beneficiaries, and i believe as a tribute to their memory and the good that they have done that we should fittingly celebrate our fiftieth anniversary. at this time i can not suggest how this should be done; i simply make this suggestion in hopes that it may be worked out. i was in hopes that a home for this society might have been erected this year or at least made ready for the meeting. this would surely have been an occasion worthy of the anniversary which we hope to celebrate. the building committee appointed by the last meeting went before the legislature and tried with all the eloquence at their command to make the members of the legislature see the necessity of appropriating sufficient money to build a permanent home for this organization. the members saw the force of our argument, but we could not convince a majority of the appropriation committee that they should deviate from their plan of retrenchment which seemed to permeate their every act. we were disappointed but not disheartened. we were promised better success in the session. so we are living in hopes, and i firmly believe that if our efforts are renewed at that time that this and the auxiliary societies may have an opportunity of meeting and transacting business in a home that, while it will belong to the state, will be for the use of these organizations, and that we may be able to take up our abode in it not later than the winter meeting of . secretary latham has prepared an excellent program for you. many friends of this society are with us again, full of enthusiasm and vigor, and i know that we will have one of the most successful meetings ever enjoyed by this organization. owing to the fullness of the program, i should consider it an imposition on my part if i should attempt to make an extended address at this time and will hasten to call on the gentlemen who are to contribute to the success of this meeting. [illustration: new varieties of strawberries originated at the minnesota state fruit-breeding farm.] annual meeting, , minnesota state horticultural society. a. w. latham, secretary. did you attend the meeting of this association, held in the west hotel, minneapolis, four days, december - inclusive? of course as a member of the society you will get in cold print the substance of the papers and discussions that were presented at this meeting, but you will fail altogether in getting the wonderful inspiration that comes from contact with hundreds of persons deeply interested in the various phases of horticultural problems that are constantly passing in review during the succeeding sessions of the meeting. with such a varied program there is hardly any problem connected with horticulture that is not directly or indirectly touched upon at our annual gathering, and the present meeting was no exception to this. in all there were sixty-nine persons on the program, and with the exception of prof. whitten, whom we expected with us from the missouri state university, and whom sickness kept at home, and one other number, every person on the program was on hand to perform the part assigned to him. isn't this really a wonderful thing where so many are concerned, emphasizing as it does the large interest felt in the work of the society? the meeting was held in the same room in the west hotel which was used for the banquet two years ago. it seats comfortably , and was approximately filled at all of the sessions of the meeting. at the first session there were in attendance about when the meeting opened at ten o'clock tuesday morning. later in the morning the seats were practically all filled. making allowance for the change in the personnel of those in attendance at the various meetings, it is easily within the limit to say that between and were in attendance at these meetings. immediately adjoining the audience room on the same floor, and opening out of the spacious balcony, were the various rooms occupied by the fruit exhibit and the vegetable exhibit. the plant exhibit was in two alcoves on this balcony, and the cut flowers were displayed along either side of the balcony, making altogether a wonderful showing of nature's floral products. the accommodations for this meeting were almost ideal, and judging from the expressions of the members we have never been more happily situated than on this occasion. i have endeavored to draw a plan of the arrangements at this meeting and submit it to you, not for criticism, but to assist you in understanding the situation. we were greatly disappointed that prof. whitten was detained at home by illness, but others from abroad took up the time so that there was really no interim as a result of his absence. we were fortunate in having with us the last day and a part of thursday afternoon sen. h.m. dunlap and mrs. dunlap, and their parts on the program were listened to with intense interest, and i am sure much good was gained for our membership from the service they rendered the society, which it must be understood is a gratuitious one--indeed that applies to all of those whose names appear upon the program. that is one good thing about the horticulturist, he is willing to tell what he knows for the benefit of others. to hold any other view than this would be too narrow and selfish certainly for the true lover of horticulture. the exhibits were in every case in excess of what we anticipated. notwithstanding the light crop of apples in the larger portion of the state, there was really a fine showing, and quality was very high. of boxes of apples there were shown eleven, and of barrels of apples six, for each one of which exhibits some premium was paid, as besides the first, second and third premiums in each case there was also a sum to be divided pro rata. there were twenty-nine pecks of apples exhibited, for which premiums were also paid in the same way. four collections of top-worked apples were on the list. premiums were awarded to forty seedling apples, an exceedingly good showing for the season. as to the number of single plates shown the record is not easily available, but the accompanying list of awards will give information as far as they are concerned, there being of course many plates to which no awards were made. the vegetable exhibit was an extraordinarily fine one and filled comfortably the convenient room assigned for its use. it was excellently managed by mr. n.h. reeves, president of the minneapolis market gardeners' association. as to the flower exhibit under the fine management of w.h. bofferding, it was so much better than we anticipated that it is hard to find words suitably to express our thought in regard to it. besides the splendid collections of plants and the large display of cut flowers from the state, there was shown from several eastern parties rare flowers, many of them new productions, which had a great deal to do with the beautiful appearance of the balcony, where all of these flowers were shown. [illustration: sketch showing arrangement of hall and adjacent rooms, &c., used at annual meeting, in west hotel, minneapolis.] mention ought to be made of the monument erected in the center of the lobby on the ground floor of the west hotel, a structure ten feet high, containing at its base some dozen or fifteen single layer boxes of choice apples and on its sides something like twenty bushels of apples put on in varying shades of red and green with a handsome ornamental plant crowning the whole. the seal of the society decorated with national colors appears upon the front. the picture taken of this monument is shown as a frontispiece of this number. it is incomplete in that the photographer cut off both ends of it, which is unfortunate in results obtained. nevertheless it helped materially to advertise the meeting and was a distinct ornament in the lobby. as to subjects in which there was a special interest on our program, the only one to which i will here refer is that of "marketing," which received particular attention from a considerable number of those on the program or taking impromptu parts at the meeting. the ladies' federation assisted us splendidly on the woman's auxiliary program, one number, that by mrs. jennison, being beautifully illustrated by lantern slides. delegates from abroad as usual and visitors were with us in considerable number. prof. f. w. brodrick came from winnipeg, representing the manitoba society; prof. n. e. hansen, as usual, represented the south dakota society; mr. earl ferris, of hampton, ia., the northeastern iowa society; and mr. a. n. greaves, from sturgeon bay, wis., the wisconsin society. we were especially favored in having with us also on this occasion mr. n. a. rasmusson, president of the wisconsin horticultural society, and secretary frederick cranefield of the same society. if all the members of that society are as wide awake as these three the minnesota society will have to look to its laurels. i must not fail to mention mr. b. g. street, from hebron, ill., who was present throughout the meeting, an earnest brother, and gave us a practical talk on "marketing." our friend, chas. f. gardner, of osage, iowa, managed to get here friday morning after the close of the meeting of the iowa horticultural society, which he had been attending, and so spent the last day of the meeting with us. welcome, brother gardner! the meeting would certainly have been incomplete without the presence of those old veterans and long time attendants at our annual gatherings, geo. j. kellogg and a. j. philips, both from the wisconsin society. we need you, dear brothers, and hope you may long foregather with us. as to that war horse of horticulture, c. s. harrison, of york, nebr., what would our meeting be without the fireworks in language which he has provided now for many of these annual occasions. the wonderful life and sparkle of his message survives with us from year to year, and we look forward eagerly to his annual coming. there were three contestants who spoke from the platform in competition for the prizes offered from the gideon memorial fund as follows: first prize--g. a. nelson, university farm school, st. paul. second--a. w. aamodt, university farm school, st. paul. third--p. l. keene, university farm school, st. paul. their addresses were all of a practical character and will appear in our monthly. prof. richard wellington conducted a fruit judging contest, in connection with which there was a large interest, and prizes were awarded as follows: d. c. webster, la crescent, first $ . p. l. keene, university farm, st. paul, second . marshall hurtig, st. paul, third . at the annual election the old officers whose terms had expired were all re-elected without opposition, and later the secretary was re-elected by the executive board for the coming year, so that no change whatever was made in the management of the society. j. m. underwood, being absent in the south, was nevertheless re-elected by the board as its chairman for the coming year. a pleasant event of this gathering was the presentation of a handsome gold watch and chain to the secretary, a memento in connection with the termination of his twenty-fifth year as secretary of the society, which expression of appreciation on the part of the members it may well be believed was fully appreciated by the recipient. the hall was brilliantly decorated with the national colors, which had never been used before at any of our annual gatherings. what can be more beautiful than the stars and stripes entwined with the colors of foliage and flower. never has our place of meeting shown so brightly or been more enjoyed than in this favorable environment. during the meeting upon the recommendation of the executive board there were five names by the unanimous vote of the society placed upon the honorary life membership roll of the society, as follows: john bisbee, madelia; j. r. cummins, minneapolis; chas. haralson, excelsior; f. w. kimball, waltham, and s. h. drum, owatonna. the meeting closed with seventy-five members in the hall by actual count at : , and we certainly hated to say the parting word to those whom we earnestly hope to gather with again a year hence. what can we say about the crowning event of our meeting, the annual banquet? two hundred and two members sat down together and fraternized in a most congenial way. gov. w. s. hammond was the speaker of the evening and greatly enjoyed. all the other numbers on the program were on hand to perform their parts. here follows the program and you can judge for yourself. why don't you come and enjoy this most entertaining event of the meeting? program. prof. n.e. hansen, toastmaster. grace rev. j. kimball, duluth opening song trafford n. jayne, minneapolis why wake up the dreamers--aren't they getting their share? prof. e. g. cheyney, university farm, st. paul reading miss marie bon, minneapolis what joy in the garden, provided e. e. park, minneapolis every true horticulturist has a private rainbow with a pot of gold at the end mrs. t. a. hoverstad, minneapolis song s. grace updegraff bergen, minneapolis the joy of service gov. w. s. hammond what care i while i live in a garden a. g. long, minneapolis song trafford n. jayne, minneapolis never too late to mend--unless you are " ," a. j. philips, west salem, wis. reading miss marie bon right living and happiness--you can't have one without the other, t. e. archer, st. paul closing song trafford n. jayne, minneapolis * * * * * "don'ts" issued to prevent forest fires.-- . don't throw your match away until you are sure it is out. . don't drop cigarette or cigar butts until the glow is extinguished. . don't knock out your pipe ashes while hot or where they will fall into dry leaves or other inflammable material. . don't build a camp fire any larger than is absolutely necessary. . don't build a fire against a tree, a log, or a stump, or anywhere but on bare soil. . don't leave a fire until you are sure it is out; if necessary smother it with earth or water. . don't burn brush or refuse in or near the woods if there is any chance that the fire may spread beyond your control, or that the wind may carry sparks where they would start a new fire. . don't be any more careless with fire in the woods than you are with fire in your own home. . don't be idle when you discover a fire in the woods; if you can't put it out yourself, get help. where a forest guard, ranger or state fire warden can be reached, call him up on the nearest telephone you can find. . don't forget that human thoughtlessness and negligence are the causes of more than half of the forest fires in this country, and that the smallest spark may start a conflagration that will result in loss of life and destruction of timber and young growth valuable not only for lumber but for their influence in helping to prevent flood, erosion, and drought.--u.s. dept. agri., forest service. award of premiums, annual meeting, , minnesota state horticultural society. the list of awards following will give in full detail the awards made in connection with the fruit exhibit: vegetables. carrots chas. krause, merriam park second . celeriac " " third . cabbage j. t. olinger, hopkins second . carrots " " third . onions (red) " " second . onions (yellow) " " fourth . celeriac daniel gantzer, merriam park first . lettuce " " third . onions (red) " " third . onions (white) " " fourth . onions (yellow) " " second . onions (pklg) " " second . beets karl kochendorfer, so. park third . carrots c. e. warner, osseo first . onions (white) " " first . beets mrs. john gantzer. st. paul first . cabbages " " fourth . onions (red) " " first . onions (yellow) " " first . beets mrs. edw. haeg, minneapolis second . cabbages " " third . celeriac " " second . carrots alfred perkins, st. paul fourth . lettuce " " first . onions (red) " " fourth . onions (white) " " first . onions (yellow) " " third . onions (white) h. g. groat, anoka second . onions (pickling) " " fourth . beets chas. krause, merriam park fourth . cabbages " " first . lettuce mrs. edw. haeg, minneapolis second . onions (white pklg) " " third . onions (white) aug. sauter, excelsior third . globe onions (red) p. h. peterson, atwater first . salsify mrs. john gantzer, st. paul first . turnips (white) " " first . rutabagas " " fourth . parsley mrs. edw. haeg, minneapolis fourth . hubbard squash " " third . potatoes c. w. pudham, osseo fourth . hubbard squash " " fourth . potatoes frank dunning, anoka second . pie pumpkins " " first . hubbard squash " " second . turnips (white) alfred perkins, st. paul fourth . potatoes fred scherf, osseo first . rutabagas " " first . pie pumpkins " " fourth . parsley chas. krause. merriam park third . parsnips " " first . salsify chas. krause, merriam park second . turnips (white) " " second . parsnips j. t. olinger, hopkins third . turnips " " third . rutabagas " " second . parsley daniel gantzer second . parsnips " " second . pie pumpkins " " second . parsnips karl k. kochendorfer, so. park fourth . potatoes aug. bueholz, osseo third . hubbard squash " " first . rutabagas " " third . parsley frank l. gerten, so. st. paul first . pie pumpkins " " third . radishes " " first . e. o. ballard, judge. collection of apples. collection of apples p. clausen, albert lea $ . collection of apples henry husser, minneiska . collection of apples d. c. webster, la crescent . collection of apples p. h. perry, excelsior . collection of apples f. i. harris. la crescent . collection of apples w. s. widmoyer, la crescent . single plates of apples. yahnke f. i. harris, la crescent first $. utter w. s. widmoyer, la crescent first . n.w. greening " " first . malinda " " second . plumb's cider " " first . patten's greening f. w. powers, minneapolis first . duchess " " first . malinda f. i. harris, la crescent third . peerless " " first . wolf river " " second . wealthy " " second . antonovka " " second . fameuse " " second . gilbert " " first . duchess p. h. perry, excelsior third . yellow transparent " " first . tetofsky " " first . charlamoff " " third . yahnke " " second . evelyn " " first . lowland raspberry p. clausen, albert lea second . hibernal " " first . okabena francis willis, excelsior first . milwaukee " " first . patten's greening " " second . longfield " " second . university " " first . longfield p. h. perry, excelsior first . fameuse " " third . hibernal e. w. mayman, sauk rapids second . wealthy sil matzke, so. st. paul first . peerless " " second . n.w. greening " " second . mcmahon " " first . yellow transparent henry husser second . fameuse " " first . walbridge " " first . mcmahon d. c. webster, la crescent third . n.w. greening " " third . brett " " first . gideon " " first . superb " " first . okabena m. oleson, montevideo second . peerless " " third . hibernal " " third . longfield " " third . university " " second . charlamoff henry husser, minneiska second . mcmahon " " second . wolf river " " first . jewell's winter " " first . anisim p. clausen, albert lea first . jewell's winter " " second . antonovka " " first . iowa beauty " " first . yahnke " " third . borovinca " " first . patten's greening p. h. peterson, atwater third . malinda " " first . okabena " " third . lord's l. " " first . lowland raspberry " " first . charlamoff " " first . duchess " " second . tetofsky w. j. tingley, forest lake second . wealthy h. b. hawkes, excelsior third . grimes' golden p. h. peterson, atwater first . jno. p. andrews, judge. seedling apples. early winter--arnt johnson, viroqua, wis. $ . " " --w.s. widmoyer, la crescent . " " --j. flagstad & sons, sacred heart . " " --no. --henry rodenberg, mindora, wis. . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --dr. o. m. huestis, minneapolis . " " --jacob halvorson, delavan . " " --no. --henry rodenberg, mindora, wis. . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --h. h. pond, minneapolis . " " " . " " " . " " " . " " --henry husser, minneiska . " " --o. o.--m. oleson, montevideo . " " --o. k.-- " . " " --g. n.-- " . " " --g. s.-- " . " " --e. t.--m. oleson . " " --e. a. gross, la moille . " " -- " . " " -- " . " " --no. --arnt johnson, viroqua, wis. . late winter--no. --henry rodenberg, mindora, wis. . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " --no. -- " " . " " w. s. widmoyer, la crescent . " " --chas. ziseh, dresbach . " " --j. a. howard, hammond . " " " . " " --f. w. powers, excelsior . " " --j. flagstad & sons, sacred heart . " " henry husser, minneiska . " " --no. --henry rodenberg, mindora, wis. . clarence wedge, n. e. hansen, judges. collection of top-worked apples. collection of top-worked p. h. peterson, atwater . collection of top-worked p. clausen, albert lea . collection of top-worked henry husser, minneiska . collection of top-worked w. s. widmoyer, dresbach . dewain cook, judge. pecks of apples. n.w. greenings aug. sauter, excelsior . wealthy h .b. hawkes, excelsior . wealthy p. h. peterson, atwater . fameuse henry husser, minneiska . wolf river " " . peerless " " . n.w. greening " " . n.w. greening d. c. webster, la crescent . wealthy " " . bethel " " . scotts' winter " " . wealthy w. p. burow, la crescent . n.w. greening " " . wealthy e. w. mayman, sauk rapids . hibernal e. w. mayman, sauk rapids . wealthy francis willis, excelsior . duchess " " . okabena " " . milwaukee " " . wealthy p. h. perry, excelsior . fameuse " " . seedlings " " . peter " " . wealthy f. i. harris, la crescent . n.w. greening " " . seedlings t. e. perkins, red wing . n.w. greenings f. w. powers, minneapolis . wealthy " " . duchess r. e. olmstead, excelsior . geo. w. strand, judge. bushel boxes of apples. wealthy--h. b. hawkes, excelsior . wealthy--p. h. peterson, atwater . wealthy--henry husser, minneiska . wealthy--d. c. webster, la crescent first . n.w. greening--w. p. burow, la crescent . wealthy--p. h. perry, excelsior . wealthy--j. f. bartlett, excelsior third . wealthy--f. i. harris, la crescent second . n.w. greenings--f. w. powers, excelsior . wealthy--f. w. powers, excelsior . wealthy--s. h. drum, owatonna . w. g. brierley, judge. barrels of apples. h. b. hawkes, excelsior . henry husser, minneiska . d. c. webster, la crescent first . w. p. burow, la crescent . wealthy--p. h. perry, excelsior third . f. i. harris, la crescent second . w. g. brierley, judge. collection grapes. collection grapes--sil matzke, so. st. paul first . george w. strand, judge. nuts. walnuts henry husser, minneiska first . butternuts " " first . hickory nuts " " second . hickory nuts d. c. webster, la crescent first . h. j. ludlow, judge. plants. palms minneapolis floral co. first $ . ferns " " third . blooming plants " " third . ferns merriam park floral co. first . blooming plants " " first . palms l. s. donaldson co., mpls. second . ferns " " second . blooming plants " " second . cut flowers. carnations (pink) l. s. donaldson co., mpls. third . carnations (white) " " second . roses (red) minneapolis floral co. third . roses (white) " " third . roses (yellow) " " first . roses (red) n. neilson, mankato first . roses (pink) " " first . roses (white) " " first . roses (yellow) " " second . roses (pink) hans rosacker, minneapolis second . roses (red) " " second . roses (white) " " second . carnations (white) " " first . carnations (pink) " " second . carnations (red) " " first . carnations (red) minneapolis floral co. second . carnations (pink) " " first . carnations (white) " " third . chrysanthemums (yellow) john e. sten, red wing first . chrysanthemums (any color) " " first . chrysanthemums (any color) minneapolis floral co. second . chrysanthemums (yellow) l. s. donaldson co., mpls. second . chrysanthemums (any color) " " third . flowers. basket for effect minneapolis floral co. first $ . bridesmaid bouquet minneapolis floral co. first diploma corsage bouquet minneapolis floral co. first diploma bridal bouquet minneapolis floral co. first diploma o. j. olson, judge. judging contest of hennepin county high schools. (held at annual meeting, december , .) the contest consisted of the judging of three crops, apples, potatoes and corn. two varieties of each crop were used. each school was represented by a team of three men. each man was allowed as perfect score on each crop or a total perfect team score of points. two high schools entered the contest, namely central high, minneapolis, and wayzata high. central high, of minneapolis, won first with a total score of . . wayzata ranked second with a score of . minneapolis won on apples and potatoes, wayzata winning on the corn judging. chester groves, of wayzata, was high man of the contest. county adviser k. a. kirkpatrick, gives a banner to the winning school. judges of the contest were: apples, prof. t. m. mccall, crookston; potatoes, prof. r. wellington, a. w. aamodt; corn, prof. r. l. mackintosh. fruit judging contest. (at annual meeting, december, .) one of the important features of the wednesday afternoon program of the state horticultural society was the apple judging contest. this contest was open to all members of the society and students of the agricultural college. the contest consisted of the judging of four plates each of ten standard varieties. the total score of each contestant was considered by allowing per cent for identification of varieties, per cent for oral reasons and per cent for correct placings. the prizes offered were: first, $ . ; second, $ . ; third, $ . . d.c. webster of la crescent, ranked first; p.l. keene, university farm, second; and marshall hertig, third. score first--d. c. webster - / second--p. l. keene - / third--marshall hertig - / fourth--timber lake - / there were twelve men in the contest. judges: prof. t. m. mccall, crookston; frederick cranefield, wisconsin; prof. e. c. magill, wayzata. annual report, , collegeville trial station. rev. john b. katzner, supt. it is with pleasure and satisfaction that we are able to make a material correction of our estimate of this year's apple crop as noted in our midsummer report. we stated that apples would be about per cent of a normal crop, and now we are happy to say it was fully per cent. we picked twice as many apples as we anticipated. considering that, as prof. le roy cady informed us, the apple crop would be rather small farther south and that they would practically get no apples at the state farm, we may well be satisfied with our crop. in general, the apple crop was not so bad farther north as it was farther south in the state. this may have been due to the blossoms not being so far advanced here when the frost touched them as farther south. the best bearing varieties this year were the wealthy, charlamoff and duchess, in the order named. these three kinds gave us the bulk of the crop. the wealthy trees were not overloaded, and the apples were mostly fine, clean and large. the charlamoffs were bearing a heavy crop of beautiful, large-sized apples and were ahead of the duchess this year. the hibernals, too, were fairly good bearers. most other varieties had some fruit, but it was not perfect; it showed only too well the effect of frost. more than half of the blossoms were destroyed. many flowers were badly injured and though they were setting fruit the result of frost showed off plainly on the apples. while some had normal size and form, many of them were below size, gnarled, cracked or undeveloped and abnormal. most all of them had rough blotches or rings about the calix or around the body. malformed apples were picked not larger than a crab, with rough, cracked, leather-like skin, which looked more like a black walnut than an apple. of plums only some young trees gave us a good crop of nice, perfect fruit. the old trees have seen their best days and will have to give place to the new kinds as soon as they are tested. we have quite a variety of the new kinds on trial from the minnesota state fruit-breeding farm and wish to say that they are very vigorous growers. many of them made a growth of four feet and more. we expect that some will bear next year and we are only waiting to see what the fruit will be before making a selection for a new plum orchard. we have already selected no. for that purpose, as one tree was bearing most beautiful and excellent plums, of large size and superior quality, this year. they were one and three-fourths inches long by five and one-half inches in circumference and weighed two ounces each. they kept more than week before they got too soft for handling and are better than many a california plum. it seems to us if a man had ten acres of these plum trees, he could make a fortune out of them. we will propagate only the very best kinds for our own use and may have more to say about them another year. [illustration: cluster of alpha grapes from collegeville.] two or three of the imported pears bloomed again last spring, but the frost was too severe and they set no fruit. we have lost all interest in them and so, too, in our german seedling pears. the latter are now used as stocks and are being grafted with chinese and hybrid pears. of those already grafted this way some have made a growth of four and five feet. we have been successful in grafting the six varieties of hybrid pears obtained last spring from prof. n.e. hansen, of brookings, s. dak., and have trees of every variety growing. these, too, are very good growers, have fine large leaves and are promising. from the manner of growth in stem and leaf we would judge that at least two distinct asiatic varieties have been used in breeding. we have gathered a little grafting wood and next spring some more german seedlings will lose their tops. it is only from continued efforts that success may be obtained in growing pears in minnesota. who would have thought it possible that in spite of all the frost and cold rains we would get a pretty good crop of cherries? and yet this is a fact. we have four varieties, and among them is one originated by the late clem. schmidt, of springfield, minn., which was bearing a good crop of very fine cherries while the three other sorts did not do a thing. to get ahead of the many birds we picked the cherries a few days before they were ripe and put them up in thirty-two half-gallon jars. as the cherries become very soft when dead-ripe, it was of advantage to can them when they were still hard. these canned cherries are meaty and most delicious. we never tasted any better. it is only a pity that this seedling cherry is not quite hardy. as most everywhere in the state, our grapes were a complete failure. the early growth with its good showing of fruit having been frozen in may, it was well toward the end of june when the vines had recovered from the shock and were able to grow vigorously again. there were a few grapes on some of the vines, but they never got ripe. the alpha showed the most fruit, and a few bunches were just about getting ripe when the frost spoiled them. this may freeze was more severe than we thought it was. the wood of the old vines was not injured, but the one year old wood of young plants was killed to the ground. the lesson we learned from this is very important. it may be stated that vines full of sap and in growing condition can endure very little cold, but when the wood is ripe and dormant the vines will seldom be injured by sub-zero weather. this injury to vines from frost might have been averted at least in part by precautionary measures. in other countries people start smoldering fires, making much smoke in the vineyard so that the whole is covered with a cloud of smoke. this raises the temperature a few degrees and keeps the frost out. such preventive means might have been used here very well to save the grapes, but it was not done. our currants were not very good; they ripened unevenly and showed that they, too, were touched by frost. a few bushes were also attacked by the currant worm. we never cultivated any raspberries before. but last year we planted raspberry no. , sent to us from the fruit-breeding farm. this sort is a very vigorous grower; some canes grew over six feet high. it fruited this year; it is very prolific; the fruit is very large and of good quality. it would be quite satisfactory if it were a little hardier. not being protected more than half of the plants were lost last winter. but the everbearing strawberry no. received from the fruit-breeding farm is a complete success. they were properly planted and well taken care of. all flowers were removed up to july th and then left alone. in early august the first berries were picked, and we kept right on picking till the frost killed the fruit stalks. the growing of this strawberry will be continued. a new bed will be planted next spring with young plants that were not allowed to bear last season. the fruit was all that could be desired, fine, large and of very good quality. it seems to be of greater advantage to grow the everbearing than the june-bearing sorts. the everbearing planted in spring will grow a large crop in fall and bear again in june next year. from the first we get two crops in fifteen months, from the second two crops in three years. and to fruit any sort oftener than two seasons is not considered very profitable. most all trees of apples, pears, plums, evergreens and grafts which were planted last spring, have done very well, and we don't know of any that failed to grow. the hybrid plums received last spring are all alive. the same may be said of the norway pine obtained from the minnesota state forester, w. f. cox, not one failing to grow. if evergreens are handled right in transplanting they are just as sure to grow as any other trees. this year was especially favorable for transplanting on account of the many rains and cool weather. this, too, was the kind of weather which pleased our vegetable gardener. he found it scarcely ever necessary throughout the season to apply water to the growing plants for their best development. all grew fine and large. cabbage heads were grown that weighed thirty-five pounds; carrots, onions, beets, lettuce and in fact all the different varieties were first-class. yet there was something that did not please the gardener nor ourselves, namely, the tomatoes did not get ripe. we had a few early kinds all right, but the bulk, the large, fine varieties, were hanging on the vines still green when the first heavy frost touched them. it was too cool for them to ripen. the same may be said of the melons. not once did we have melons at table this year. they were too poor to be served. our floral plantings were a great success. the many artistic foliage designs developed wonderfully and were the admiration of all visitors. our peonies were a mass of exceedingly beautiful flowers, filling the air with fragrance as of roses. we are not surprised that these flowers have gained so much popularity of late, for their great beauty and ease of culture recommend them to all lovers of flowers. the dahlias, too, were very excellent; in fact, we never saw them better. they are quite ornamental in flower and plant. the newer varieties have exceptionally large flowers, but the plants do not show off so well and bend down from the weight of the flowers. for symmetry and uniformity of growth the old varieties are hard to be excelled. some of the roses were not so good as desired, the buds got too much rain at times and rotted away. the mock oranges, syringas and others were all very good, but the spireas suffered much when in flower from rains. as a whole, however, our lawns and grounds were beautiful and satisfactory and the new greenhouse has done good work. the growing of fruit this year has been a disappointment to many horticulturists. indeed, some got quite a showing of fruit in favored localities, but the majority got not much of a crop to be proud of. well, we cannot regulate the weather conditions, but we are pleased with the thought that such abnormal conditions are not of frequent occurrence in minnesota. yet there is one redeeming feature of the season and that is, the wonderful growth of plants and trees which gives promise that with the usual normal conditions our expectations for a better fruit crop will be realized. * * * * * storing cabbage in the field.--in choosing a site for a storage pit, select a ridge, well drained and as gravelly a soil as possible. the pit should be to inches deep, the length and width depending upon the amount to be stored. it is well to have it wide enough to accommodate to heads on the bottom row. in harvesting the heads, pull up by the roots. break off only the dead or diseased leaves, and fold the remaining leaves over the head as much as possible to protect them. overripe or cracked heads should not be stored. the heads are placed in the pit with their heads down and roots up. the second layer is also placed heads down between the roots of the first layer. it is well not to have more than two layers, on account of the weight having a tendency to crush the lower layer. when the cabbages are put in place they are covered with a layer of earth. when cold weather comes, straw or manure can be added. cabbages can often be kept better in pits than in common cellars.--e. f. mckune, colorado agricultural college, fort collins, colorado. wintering of bees. francis jager, apiarist, university farm, st. paul. the winter losses of bees in minnesota are great every year. bee keepers can reduce these losses by preparing bees for their winter-quarters. the chief known cause for winter losses are: queenlessness, smallness of number of bees in colonies, insufficient food, improper food, dampness, bad air, the breaking of the clusters, and low temperature. more colonies die from lack of food and from cold than from all other causes. in fact, most of the other causes can be traced to lack of food and cold. queenless colonies will certainly die in a few months. if the number of bees in a colony is small the clusters cannot generate enough heat or keep it generated and the bees will perish. to avoid this, small colonies should be united in the fall into one big colony. bees must have food in the winter in order to generate heat. about forty pounds of honey to the colony should be provided when the bees are put into winter-quarters. should the colony be short of honey of its own, finished frames may be supplied early in the fall or sugar syrup may be fed. bee keepers should keep about one well filled extracting frame out of every seven for feeding purposes. dark (not amber) honey is poor food for bees in winter. all black honey should be removed and combs of white honey should be substituted. experiments made by dr. phillips, in washington, d. c., have shown that bees consume least honey and winter best when the temperature inside the hive is degrees fahrenheit. dampness in a cellar causes the comb and frames of the hive walls and cover to get damp and mouldy, and the bees perish from wet and cold after exhausting their vitality in generating heat. bees need fresh air. foul air will cause excitement, causing an overheated condition; and the bees will scatter and die. any excitement among bees in winter is fatal. cellars on high ground, covered with straw over timbers, are best for wintering bees. if the bee cluster divides or splits up during the winter, the smaller clusters will perish from cold. the present style of hoffman frames divides the bee cluster into eleven divisions separated from each other by a sheet of wax comb, with no direct communication between different divisions except over, below or around the frames. if the bee cluster contracts during the winter on account of cold the divisions of the outside frames are sometimes left behind and die. some bee keepers perforate their frames to keep an easy passage for bees from one compartment to another. if kept warm, even weak colonies may pass over or around the frames without much difficulty. when cold, only the strongest will be able to accomplish this difficult task. wintering bees in division hives or in two story hives, which give them a horizontal bee space through the middle between the two divisions, is highly recommended for successful wintering. [illustration: francis jager, professor of apiculture, university farm, st. paul.] in long-continued severe cold the bee clusters will contract into a very small, compact mass. the tendency of this cluster is to move upward where the air is warmer. if enough honey is stored above them they will keep in contact with it. if the honey is stored at the side, the bees sometimes lose their contact with it and die of starvation and cold. this is another argument in favor of wintering in two story hives. often they will move towards one corner and die there, leaving the other corners filled with honey. if you must winter in one story hives give bees plenty of honey in the fall and place the cluster at one side of the hive so that they move necessarily toward the honey supply. bees should be kept in a cellar at a temperature of about degrees. the difference in the temperature between the outside and the inside of the hive will be between and degrees. very strong colonies, no matter where kept, will keep themselves warm and will survive any degree of cold, but there is no doubt that their vitality and ability to stand wintering will suffer a great deal thereby, causing dwindling in the spring. cellar wintering is at present general in minnesota. the bee cellar should be warm, dry, dark and ventilated. the bees should not be disturbed during their winter sleep by pounding, jarring, shaking and feeding. mice also may cause the bees to get excited and perish. a four to one inch wire screen in front of the entrance will prevent mice from getting inside. the fundamental principles to guide the bee keeper in wintering his bees are: first, strong colonies, at least six frames covered with bees when clustered; second, ample store, not less than forty pounds of honey; and third, a hive with not less than degrees inside temperature. this temperature may be maintained outside in a double walled hive or in a hive lined with flax or felt, now manufactured for that purpose, or by packing the hives in leaves, straw or shavings--or by putting them into a warm cellar. bees in our climate should be put into winter quarters about november and should not be put on their summer stands in the spring until soft maples are in bloom. by following these suggestions winter losses may be reduced to an insignificant percentage, and these mostly from accidents and causes unforseen, for bees respond wonderfully to proper treatment. the currant as a market garden product. b. wallner, jr., west st. paul. the currant is essentially a northern fruit, therefore does well in minnesota. i plant my currants on a clay loam as it retains moisture and coolness, which the currant prefers. their roots run somewhat shallow, and hence sandy or friable soils are not desirable. soils such as will prevent a stagnant condition during heavy rainfalls are essential. i plant my currants early in spring as soon as the frost leaves the ground and a proper preparation can be secured. i plant them five by five feet apart, as they require a thorough cultivation the first two years from planting. i plant mangels between the rows the first year; second year continued cultivation is practiced; third year i apply a mulch consisting of mushroom manure to a depth of from four to six inches, which answers a double purpose, to keep out weeds and to act as mulch at the same time. during a prolonged dry spell the soil is moist under this covering, and it makes it more pleasant for the picking, as it prevents the berries getting soiled after a rain during the picking season. you cannot fertilize the currant too abundantly, as it is a gross feeder and requires plenty of manure to get best results, as such fruit commands the best price on the market. i planted my currants on ground previously well fertilized with well decayed barnyard manure. i prefer strong well rooted two-year-old plants. the long straggling roots are shortened, and bruised portions cut off with a sharp knife. the tops are somewhat reduced, depending on the size of plants. i set them in a furrow, sufficiently deep to admit the roots to spread out in a natural position, fill in with surface soil and pack around the roots, so that when the earth is firmly settled the roots will not protrude out any place. in regard to pruning i find the best and largest fruit is produced on canes not over four years old, and if judicious cutting out of the old canes is followed nice, large, full clusters of fruit of excellent character will be obtained. this is a fact that i want to emphasize: if the market is glutted with currants, you can readily dispose of your product, providing they are qualified as extra large, which results can be attained by following these rules. pertaining to insects and diseases, i spray my currants twice for the currant worm with arsenate of lead at the rate of two pounds to fifty gallons of water. i also use hellebore (dry powdered form), especially valuable in destroying the worms when berries are almost ready for market, and on which it is dangerous to use arsenical poisons. i never was troubled with the currant worm cane borer. i attribute the absence of this dreaded insect to my keeping all old wood cut out, which is generally infested with it. as to varieties i planted the following: wilder, victoria, prince albert, red cross, diploma and white grape. the wilder is the best commercial berry, very productive and large, while the diploma is one of the largest fruited varieties in existence, its main drawback consisting of a straggling habit of growth which requires either tying up the branches or pruning back somewhat short. the prince albert is late and can be recommended for commercial use. victoria is a prolific bearer, fair size fruit and requires little pruning. red cross is large fruited, but shy bearer. the white grape meets with little demand as a market berry, fine to eat out of hand and an excellent table berry. i also planted a few black champion; have not grown it long enough to know definite results. the demand for black currants is limited, but the prices are fair. as to picking would say we pick them when not quite ripe, as the average housewife claims they jell better than when over-ripe. they must be picked by the stem and not stripped off--all defective, over-ripe and bruised berries should be eliminated at the picking. when the box is being filled a few gentle raps should be given to settle the clusters into place, as they shake down considerably. all the conveniences and same character of boxes and crates used in handling of other small fruits are equally adapted to the currant. * * * * * welcome the thrushes--these birds do the farmer little harm and much good.--that thrushes--the group of birds in which are included robins and bluebirds--do a great deal of good and very little harm to agriculture is the conclusion reached by investigators of the united states department of agriculture who have carefully studied the food habits of these birds. altogether there are within the limits of the united states eleven species of thrushes, five of which are commonly known as robins and bluebirds. the other six include the townsend solitaire, the wood, the veery, the gray-cheek, the olive-back, and the hermit thrushes.--u.s. dept. of agri. report of committee on examination of minnesota state fruit-breeding farm for the year . dr. o. m. huestis, minneapolis; frank h. gibbs, st. anthony park. on the morning of october , , your committee visited the state fruit-breeding farm, was met at the zumbra heights station, on the m. & st. louis r.r., by superintendent haralson and were very soon in the midst of a plat of over , everbearing strawberry plants all different--some plants with scores of ripe and green berries as well as blossoms, others with few berries and many runners. the superintendent had already made selections and marked some plants for propagation. in another plat of , varieties it was very apparent that no. , a cross between pan-american and dunlap, was the superior, although others were choice, both as plant makers and fruit-bearers. no doubt many excellent kinds will come from those selected. it certainly was encouraging to be able, even after the heavy frost of a week before, to pick three quarts of large, well ripened berries, a photo of which we obtained on reaching the city and will appear in the horticulturist. [illustration: field of no. june-bearing strawberries at state fruit-breeding farm.] of the june-bearing varieties no. , a cross between senator dunlap and pocomoke, would seem to surpass anything else we saw as to strength of plant and health of foliage. as to its fruiting ability, will refer to the display made at the last summer meeting of the society, which was so much admired. we have no doubt there is a great future for no. , as has been for its illustrious parent, the dunlap. next we went over to the raspberry field containing, it seemed, thousands of strong, straight, healthy plants, which would have to be seen to be appreciated and only then when in fruiting. no. took our special attention. the canes were especially clean, well branched and healthy--a cross between loudon and king. many others seem to be very promising. [illustration: everbearing strawberries, no. . minnesota state fruit-breeding farm. gathered october , .] next we were shown a variety of everbearing raspberry from which we indulged in ripe fruit of good size and flavor and which it is hoped will be as valuable as the everbearing strawberry. of the thousands of everbearing seedlings selections had been made of about which were fine looking plants, well cultivated and free from disease. we were then shown some hundreds of wild peach seedlings, seedlings of burbank plums, thousands of hybrid plums of all ages, and a plat of thousands of plum seedlings which will be disposed of to nurserymen this fall and bring a nice income to the state; also wild pears from manchuria with good prospects of being hardy and free from blight. we saw a number of nice plum trees, of which the superintendent told us the fruit would color before ripening and would stand long shipments, which so far promise well. several hundred beta grape seedlings probably even more hardy than the parent, many crosses in roses which if judged by the foliage must be seen in bloom to be appreciated, seedlings of compass cherry crossed with apricot; compass cherry crossed with nectarines; seedling currants, over , from which to select the best. over a hundred commercial varieties of apples from east and west, and over varieties of peaches from china and manchuria, walnuts, butternuts and many dwarf apple trees on paradise stocks, which fruit early. a good field of corn in shock, for feed for the horses. the old orchard on the place when bought, which had been top-worked to some extent, looked healthy everywhere. the farm seemed to be free from noxious woods, free from pocket gophers or moles and well cultivated, we thought, for the small number of men employed. machinery and tools were well housed. we were also pleased to be shown through the new home of the superintendent, not yet occupied, which seemed to be complete in all its appointments. we think the state has a great asset in the farm and recommend that as far as possible members of this society visit it during the coming summer and that the society use its influence with the board of regents that more land be procured as soon as possible in order that trial plants may remain longer to more definitely prove their worth and that a greater work may be done for the state. we notice in a report made just six years before, viz., october , , by brothers wedge, underwood and the then president of the society, prof. green, that even runnerless everbearing strawberries were represented and that they had the usual pleasure of picking strawberry blossoms in october. had they been with us they would have had a large dish of no. covered with rich cream and served at the hand of mrs. haralson. mr. c. s. harrison: mr. chairman, i think the slogan of this society should be "urbanize the country and ruralize the town." i see tremendous changes going on all the while. can you think of the possibilities of minnesota? about per cent of the land under cultivation and that half worked. by and by there is going to be a crop of boys who will raise seventy-five to bushels of corn to the acre where their dads raised twenty-five. you got to keep out of their way, you got to help them along. marketing fruit by association. a. n. gray, mgr. bay lake fruit growers' assn., deerwood. marketing fruit or any farm product by association is the modern farmer's insurance of results. a great deal might be said on this subject, but i shall tell you briefly what the bay lake fruit growers' association have accomplished. the first raspberry growing for market at bay lake was back in . nick newgard, one of our first settlers, sold quite a few berries that year. bay lake is seven miles from deerwood, the nearest railroad point, and at that time there was only a trail between these places, and it was necessary for mr. newgard to pack his berries in on his back. this same method was used in transporting supplies. [illustration: strawberry field on place of a. n. gray, at bay lake.] mr. newgard told me recently that he received a very good profit on his berries the first ten years, but each year the acreage increased and each year the growers' troubles increased in disposing of the crop. in there was an unusually large crop and, shipping individually, as we did at that time, it was a case of all shipments going to duluth one day, flooding the market, then the next day every one shipping to fargo and flooding that market, and at the end of the season when the growers received their final returns they found that they had received very small pay for their berries. in the fall of that year the growers around bay lake called a meeting to see if some organization could not be formed to handle their berries and look after the collections. the result of this meeting was the incorporation of the bay lake fruit growers' association. when the berry season opened in we had a manager, hired for the season, on a salary, who worked under a board of five managing directors. it was the manager's business to receive the berries at the station, find a market for them, make the collections and settlements with the growers. the result of this first year was so satisfactory to the members that the total membership increased that fall to almost . this new system had eliminated all the worry, and we received a good price for our berries after the expense of our manager had been deducted. we have just closed our sixth season, which by the way has been a very successful one, as the prices received have been above the average. we now have about members, and we have two shipping stations, deerwood and aitkin. we market strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, gooseberries, plums, compass cherries, apples, sweet corn and celery. we have a nice trade worked up and have little trouble in finding a ready market for any of our products. it is our aim, as growers, to give our customers all a no. quality. during the berry season we have an inspector whose duty it is to inspect the berries as they arrive at the station and any found to be of poor quality we dispose of locally for canning. the grower of these berries receives a credit for the amount we realize. in this way we keep the standard of our berries up, and we have very few complaints from our customers on soft berries. as for losses on bad debts, we have thus far had very few. we usually get a credit rating from the prospective customer's bank and ship to him accordingly. our old customers file standing orders with us to ship them so many crates each day, and each year brings us new customers who have heard of the fine bay lake berries. in the association built a potato warehouse at a cost of about $ , , and we store the members' potatoes for them at a nominal cost. in the association decided to put in a stock of flour and feed and keep the manager the year around. our business in this line has been increasing all the time. it is very interesting to note that over per cent of our flour and feed customers are not members of the association. we are growing all the time and branching out. a few months ago we added a small stock of hardware and some groceries, and these have taken so well that we would not be at all surprised if eventually we find ourselves in the retail store business. evergreens for both utility and ornament. earl ferris, nurseryman, hampton, iowa. as far as horticulture is concerned, the only touch of color on the northwestern landscape during the coming winter will be furnished by the greens and blues of evergreens. did you ever pass a farm home in the winter that was protected by a good evergreen grove and notice how beautiful it looked? did you ever stop to think of the difference in temperature that an evergreen grove makes, to say nothing of the contrast in the appearance of the place to that of a home with no grove? [illustration: a shelter of old scotch pine at mr. earl ferris'.] when i was a small boy i was fortunate enough to be raised on a farm in butler county, iowa, that was well protected by a good norway spruce, white pine and scotch pine windbreak. the norway spruce and white pine are still there and if anything better than they were thirty years ago. at that time my father fed from one to five carloads of stock every winter back of this grove, and i honestly believe that he fed his steers at a cost of from $ to $ per steer less than a neighboring feeder who fed out on the open prairie with a few sheds to furnish the only winter protection. i shall never forget the remark a german made who was hauling corn to us one cold winter day. as he drove onto the scales back of this grove, he straightened up and said: "well, the evergreen grove feels like putting on a fur coat," and i never heard the difference in temperature described any better. our evergreen grove moved our feeding pens at least miles further south every winter, as far as the cold was concerned. [illustration: thrifty windbreak of norway spruce at mr. earl ferris' place, in hampton, ia.] near hampton, iowa, we have three or four of the best stock raisers in the united states. every one of them is feeding cattle back of a large evergreen grove. in recent years they have divided up some of their large farms into smaller places and made new feeding sheds, and the first improvement that they made on each and every one of these places was an evergreen grove. they buy the best trees that can be obtained that have been transplanted and root pruned, and most of them prefer the norway spruce in the two to three foot size. after planting, they take as good care of them as they do of any crop on the farm, for they fully realize that cultivation is an all important thing in getting a good evergreen grove started. several days ago, i talked with one of these feeders who has time and again topped the chicago market. he made the remark that the buildings on his farm cost thousands of dollars while his evergreen grove had only cost from $ to $ , but that he would rather have every building on the place destroyed than to lose that windbreak. as the price of land and feed increases, the farmers of the northwest are waking up to the fact that an evergreen grove is an absolute necessity, and that they cannot afford to plant any other. the maple, willow, box elder and other similar trees take so much land that they cannot afford them. they are a windbreak in the summer, but a joke in the winter. the time is not far distant when every up-to-date farmer in minnesota, iowa, nebraska and other northwest states will have a good evergreen grove which will be considered as much of a necessity as his barn, house or other outbuildings. [illustration: evergreens adorn old home of otto kankel, at fertile, minn., in red river valley.] late this fall, my wife and i left hampton for an automobile trip through minnesota, north dakota and into canada. it seemed to me on this trip that the most beautiful thing we saw about the farm buildings were the evergreen groves that many of the farmers now have all through minnesota and dakota. i was certainly very much surprised at some of these windbreaks and at some of the varieties of evergreens that were being grown successfully as far north as fargo. near fargo we found some extra good specimens of norway spruce, which i consider the best of all windbreak makers. we also found the scotch pine doing well miles northwest of fargo, and other varieties which were naturally to be expected being planted to a considerable extent. as far as usefulness is concerned, the farmer of the prairie states is bound to get more real value from an evergreen than any other person, but i am very glad to say that the homes of the wealthy in the cities each season are being improved more and more by the planting of the more ornamental evergreens. cities like detroit, cleveland, buffalo, boston, st. paul, minneapolis, and other large cities of the united states are using thousands of evergreens every season to beautify the homes, of not only the wealthy but of the laboring man also. the price of evergreens at the present time is within the reach of everyone owning a home, and there is no other improvement that can be placed upon a piece of ground at so little expense and so little labor that will add so many dollars in real value to that property as will the evergreen, either as a windbreak or in landscape work. annual report, , executive board. j. m. underwood, chairman the report of the executive board is necessarily brief from the fact that the machinery of our society is kept in such excellent condition by our secretary, that there is little left for our board to do. his monthly issues of the "horticulturist" keep the membership posted on all important items of interest and are a splendid examplification to the public of the value of our publications and of the meetings of our society. your executive board meets twice a year to verify the accounts of the secretary and treasurer and at other times when there is something of importance to attend to. we wish to call your attention to the fact that your board is practically self supporting. the members work for nothing and board themselves, which is a mighty good way to do. there is a work of very great importance for the _members_ of our society to do the coming year. that is to help in every legitimate way to _secure an appropriation_ by the next legislature with which to build for our society a _home_. we should have had it provided so that we could celebrate our semi-centennial a year from now in our own home. if we were a private society, we would have had a home years ago. we should be closely affiliated with the horticulture of the state university. our home should be located on the grounds of the agricultural college, where the building could be used for other purposes when not needed by our society. let every member of our society interview the senator and member of the house from his or her district next fall and secure their promise to support a bill to appropriate $ , for building us a home. annual report of treasurer, . geo. w. strand, taylors falls, treasurer. receipts. . dec. . balance on hand $ , . interest on certificate of deposit, six months, to november , . . mar. . semi-annual allowance , . apr. . interest on deposit, six months, to april . a. w. latham, receipts secretary's office, november , to june , , . sept. . state treasurer, semi-annual allowance , . dec. . a. w. latham, receipts secretary's office june , , to december , , . ---------- $ , . disbursements. . dec. . order , a .w. latham, revolving fund $ . dec. . order , premiums annual meeting . . mar. . order , a. w. latham, first quarter salary . apr. . a. w. latham, interest on deposit . june . order , a. w. latham, second quarter salary . june . order , a. w. latham, expenses secretary's office november to june , , . june . order , premiums summer meeting . sept. . order , a. w. latham, third quarter salary . dec. . order , a. w. latham, fourth quarter salary . dec. . order , a. w. latham, expenses secretary's office june , to december , , . ---------- $ , . dec. . balance on hand , . ---------- $ , . deposits, farmers & mechanics bank $ , . deposits, first & security national bank . ---------- $ , . annual meeting, , n.e. iowa horticultural society. c. e. snyder, preston, delegate your delegate arrived at decorah at nine-thirty, wednesday, november seventeenth. full accommodations offered by the winneshiek hotel made the trip complete and homelike to delegates and members. the convention was held in the old marsh hall, a very suitable place, offering ample room with all necessary accommodations for such a gathering. decorations showed much time and skill, resulting in a beautiful display of shrubbery-boughs, evergreen, etc. the area of a table about one hundred feet long and six feet wide, running through the center of the hall, contained a great variety of apples surprising for this season. many, including c.h. true, of clayton county, proved themselves successful orchardists. [illustration: mr. c. e. snyder, preston.] on various other tables large displays of agriculture, apiary, greenhouse and garden products completed the harmonizing of horticulture, floriculture and agriculture, including mentioned decorations appearing as a striking feature and an encouragement to the cause. the meeting was called to order shortly after ten o'clock by president geo. s. woodruff. the mingling of many instructive papers with humorous selections and music proved the program well arranged. same carried out very successfully held the interest of a not large but fair attendance throughout. a paper and address by wesley greene, of des moines, should have reached the ears of every iowa and minnesota citizen. a striking selection on "the tree," by j. a. nelson, was descriptive, instructive, humorous and poetic. a topic of great interest was the everbearing strawberry, which persistently bobbed up every now and then in interesting discussion. brother gardner, with his practical experience, was right at hand, a leader and authority on this fruit. clarence wedge, who always contended that the progressive was away ahead of all others, was endorsed by every man that grew them in this convention, by a vote on merit of varieties. reports from the different districts showed a heavy rainfall throughout the season, resulting in rust and scab. sprayed orchards showed better results than others. small fruits were abundant and good. shortly after four o'clock wednesday afternoon automobiles drew up and took delegates and members over beautiful decorah, stopping at symond's greenhouses, and on through the most beautiful park in this section, then to the palatial residence of john harter, where a very bountiful banquet was enjoyed. during convention secretary black's and treasurer true's reports showed the society in flourishing condition. all officers were re-elected, place of next meeting to be chosen later by the executive committee. * * * * * handling raspberries.--in the government investigators made comparative tests of the keeping qualities of carefully handled raspberries and commercially handled raspberries. several lots of each kind were held in an ice car for varying periods and then examined for the percentage of decay. other lots were held a day after being withdrawn from the refrigerator car and then examined. the results are most significant. after days in the ice car it was found that the carefully handled berries showed only . per cent. decay, while the commercially handled fruit had . per cent. after days in the car the difference was vastly greater. the carefully handled fruit showed only . per cent. decay, but with the commercially handled this percentage had risen to . , or more than one-quarter of the entire shipment. when the fruit was examined a day after it had been taken out of the ice car, the evidence was equally strong in favor of careful handling. carefully handled fruit that had remained days in the car was found a day after its withdrawal to show only per cent. of decay against . per cent. in commercially handled berries. carefully handled fruit left in the car days, and then held one day, showed only . per cent. of decay as against . per cent. in commercially handled fruit. the following year experiments were made with actual shipments instead of with the stationary refrigerator car, and the results confirmed previous conclusions. it was found, for example, that there was less decay in the carefully handled berries at the end of days than in the commercially handled berries at the end of . carefully handled fruit that was days in transit, and had then been held one day after withdrawal from the refrigerator car showed less than per cent of decay, whereas commercially handled berries subjected to the same test showed nearly per cent. orcharding in minnesota. richard wellington, asst. horticulturist, university farm, st. paul. this paper is purposely given a broad title so that it may cover any questions which come under the head of orcharding. many of you who have been pestered with an "orchard survey blank" can easily guess what subjects are to be taken up. thanks to many of the members of this society and other fruit growers for their hearty co-operation, a large amount of data has been collected from fifty-three counties, representing most of the districts within the state. as would be expected certain counties have contributed much more information than others, probably owing to their greater interest in orcharding. for example: thirty-one replies have already been received from hennepin county, seven from goodhue, six from renville, five each from houston, meeker and rice, four each from chippewa, dakota, mower, polk and wabasha, three each from blue earth, nicollet, ottertail, pine, ramsey, steele, washington and watonwan and one or two each from the remaining counties. perhaps if the right parties had been reached the low-standing counties would have a higher ranking. the best way to present the data is an enigma. if all the information was given at one time we would need a whole day instead of fifteen minutes. of course much of the material is a repetition, and a general summary will cover the main facts in most cases. nevertheless it is not feasible to take up all of the subject matter in this short period, and therefore the first two topics on the survey blank have been selected, namely, orchard sites and protective agencies. at a later date, if you are sufficiently interested in dry facts other subjects, as soils, dynamiting, orchard management, stock of fruit trees, methods of planting and pruning, varieties for various localities, etc., will be taken up. some of the subjects, like sites and soils, will be treated as state problems, while others must be considered as sectional. minnesota, as you all know, contains many different climatic conditions, and consequently its orchard practices and recommendations must vary accordingly. to meet this problem the writer, in consultation with prof. cady, divided the state into six sections, namely, the southeastern, east central, northeastern, northwestern, west central and southwestern. many counties are, of course, in an intermediate position and might be thrown into either of the adjoining sections, but an arbitrary line must be drawn somewhere. freeborn, waseca, rice, goodhue and all the counties east of them are placed in the southeastern section. nicollet, lesueur, sibley, mcleod, wright, isanti and the counties to the east are included in the central east, and pine, mille lacs, morrison and the counties to the north and east are placed in the northeastern section. beltrami, hubbard, ottertail and the counties to the west are placed in northwestern section; traverse, douglas, todd, stearns, meeker, renville, yellow medicine and the enclosed counties in the west central, and the remainder to the south and west are in the southwestern section. thus, when the various sections are mentioned, you will know what part of the state is being referred to. _site of orchard._ by site of orchard we refer to its location, that is, whether it is on rolling, level or hilly ground, and the direction of its slope, provided it has one. from past experience it is believed that an orchard situated on a north slope is ideally located for minnesota conditions, as its blossoming period is retarded and consequently the liability of injury from late frosts decreased. but all people who want orchards do not possess such a slope, so they set out their orchards on the most convenient location. a few growers have orchards sloping in all directions, and their opinion on the influence of slope on hardiness and retardation of the blooming period should be valuable. it is of interest to note that, out of reporting on the levelness of the orchard ground, only twelve had level ground, two level to nearly level, one level to decidedly rolling, twenty-nine nearly level, seven nearly level to slightly rolling, three nearly level to medium rolling, twenty-nine slightly rolling, four slightly rolling to medium rolling, eighteen rolling and three decidedly rolling. a glance at the figures shows that the majority of orchards are on nearly level to slightly rolling land. in addition to the numbers given thirteen reported a slight slope, one a slight slope to a medium slope, two a slight to a steep slope, sixteen a medium slope, one a medium to a steep slope, and five a steep slope--the emphasis being laid on the moderate rising ground. no grower reported an orchard location entirely at the base of a slope, but six reported orchards extending from the base to the top of the slope, two from the base to midway of the slope, twenty-five at midway of the slope, seven from midway to the top and twenty-two at the top of a slope--the high ground evidently being preferred for orchard sites. as a general rule, as would naturally be expected, those who reported their orchards on the top of the slope usually reported their ground as either high or medium. of ninety-six reports on the elevation of the orchards only four reported low land, and two of these were on top of a slope, two low and medium, one low and high, forty-six medium, fourteen medium and high, and twenty-seven high--the medium taking the lead. these figures have been given of the state as a whole, but when the sections are considered the southeastern and the west central take the lead in the highest percentage of high ground in comparison with the lower ground; the southeastern and east central, for the greatest amount of rolling land; and the southwestern, for the most level or nearly level land. [illustration: down the long row. view in well cared for orchard of j. m. barclay, madison lake.] as for the effect of direction of slope on hardiness, there were many varied opinions. thirty stated without question that the direction had an effect, thirty-one stated that it had no effect, and seventy-two admitted that they did not know. of those answering in the affirmative only seven had two or more distinctly different slopes, while fifteen of the negatives had two or more slopes for comparison. nine of those who stated they didn't know had two or more slopes upon which to base their judgment. in summing up the direction of sites preferred, seventy-seven recommended a northerly slope, nine had no preference, one preferred southeast, one west, one west and east, two east, one north and east, one northeast or east, and sixty-four expressed no opinion. two growers stated that the north slope prevented early bloom and thereby lessened liability to injury from late frosts, two growers stated that northern slopes decreased the loss of moisture, and one stated that the northeast slope gives the largest fruit and the west the best colored. as a brief summary of the reports on orchard sites, it may be stated that high ground, rolling or sloping to the north, is preferred by the majority of growers who filled out these orchard survey blanks. _protective agencies._ under this heading comes windbreaks of all kinds, whether hills, natural timber or planted trees, and bodies of water which ameliorate the climate. out of fifty-four replies from the central east section, sixteen reported that their orchards were favorably affected by lakes, the benefit coming in most cases from the prevention of early and late frosts. one grower attributed the cooling of the air during the summer as a benefit and two stated that the bodies of water furnished moisture. two growers in the southeast section received favorable influences from the mississippi river, and one in the southwestern and two in the west central sections thought they received beneficial effects from lakes. according to this data, orchards in the east central section, owing largely to the influence of lake minnetonka, are greatly benefited by the presence of water. windbreaks are a very important factor in successful orcharding in minnesota, even though one party in the southeast section and three parties in the central east noted no beneficial effects. according to reports from the central west and southwest sections they are of great benefit and in some cases indispensable to apple growing. as would be expected by any one who is acquainted with minnesota, the planted windbreaks are a more important factor in the prairie country than in the natural wooded and hilly regions. in the southeast section, five orchards were reported as protected by bluffs and hills, three by both hills and natural woods, two by natural woods, two by both natural and planted woods, and twenty-one by planted woods; in the central east section, one by a hill and a planted windbreak, one by a town, fifteen by natural timber, two by natural and planted timber, and nineteen by planted windbreaks; in the northeast section, two by natural and four by planted windbreaks; in the northwest section, three by natural and two by planted windbreaks; in the west central section, one by a hill and natural timber, five by natural timber, two by natural timber and planted windbreaks, and eighteen by planted windbreaks; and in the southwest section, one by a hill and natural woods, one by a hill and planted windbreak, two by natural timber, and fifteen by planted windbreaks. if meeker county, which has natural timber, was not included in the central west--and perhaps it should have been included in central east--this section would have only one orchard protected alone by natural timber; and if blue earth county was eliminated from the southwest, this section would have no orchard protected alone by natural timber. the beneficial effects from windbreaks may be summed up as follows: twenty-five reported that they prevented fruit from being blown off trees, nine that they prevented trees and limbs being broken by winds and storms, ten that they protected trees from injury by winds without specifying the kind of injury, four that they reduced injury from frosts, ten that they either prevented or reduced winter injury, four that they helped to retain moisture, five that they helped to hold snow, eight that they prevented snow drifting, five that they protected orchards from hot and dry winds, three that they permitted the growing of apples, and one that they supplied all advantages. the kinds of trees recommended for windbreaks and the methods of planting are numerous and variable and to discuss them at length would take too much time. however, the principal facts may be briefly enumerated. in eighty-five reports that listed set out windbreaks, it was found that fifty-seven growers had used evergreens, thirty-seven willows, twenty-nine box elders, twenty-five maples, seventeen cottonwoods, thirteen ashes, eleven elms, eight poplars, four oaks, four plums, three nuts and one apple. the evergreens consisted of thirteen scotch pine, eleven evergreens (not named), eight norway spruce, five spruce (not named), three balsam, three austrian pine, two white pine, one yellow pine, two cedar, two white spruce, two pine (variety not named), two fir, two jack pine, one black hills spruce, and one tamarack. in the willows were given twenty willows (variety not named), two laurel-leaved, seven white and eight golden; in the maples, sixteen soft maples, two hard maples, one silver-maple and six maples (kind not named); in the poplars, five norway, one carolina, two poplar (kind not named); and in the nuts, one black walnut, one butternut and one walnut. the major part of the box elders, cottonwoods, willows and ashes were noted in the central west and southwest sections. thirty-seven experienced growers of windbreaks, the most of them living in the southwest, west central and southeast sections, recommended the following trees for windbreaks in the given proportions, twenty-four evergreens, fifteen willows, seven maples, six poplars, five elms, five box elders, three elms, two plum, two cottonwood, three hedges, one oak, one hackberry and one black walnut. the evergreens are decidedly the most popular, and among the varieties mentioned norway spruce takes the lead for those recommended, and the scotch pine for those planted. there are about as many different systems of planting used as growers. the main point in all cases was to have a planting that would stop the wind and storms. a few growers advocated the use of a hedge or plum trees to fill in under the windbreak, while one grower desires a circulation of air under the branches of his trees. cultivation and intercropping of windbreaks are also recommended in a few cases. the distance of planting varies, of course, with the trees or shrubs used. for example: one grower recommends ft. x ft. for large deciduous trees, and another grower, ft. x ft. apart in rows and two rows, ft. apart. for scotch pine one grower advocates eight feet. in some cases a mixture of many kinds of trees is recommended, and then again only one kind. one very solid windbreak is made up of a lilac hedge, four rows of jack pine, four rows of norway poplar and one row of willow. another is one row willow, one of evergreen, one of willow and one of evergreen. various distances between windbreak and orchard were used and recommended. a large number of orchards were started at about twenty feet from the windbreak and a few as close as one rod, but these distances proved to be too close. one grower, however, recommended close planting and later the removal of a row of trees in the windbreak when more space was needed. the recommended distances for planting varied from thirty to feet, although seventy-five to was satisfactory in most cases. more details have been given in regard to orchard sites and windbreaks than many of you are probably interested in, but for one who is planning to set out an orchard they should prove of value and profit, as they are based upon the experiences of many of minnesota's best orchardists. my experience with a young orchard. roy viall, spring valley. about ten years ago we acquired some land three and one-half miles north of spring valley. this land is very rough and was originally covered with heavy timber, in fact, about one-third of our large orchard was cleared and grubbed out the fall before planting. when i became interested in fruit growing one of the first things i did was to join the horticultural society and to the knowledge obtained through this membership we owe in large measure what success has come to us. the eighteen acres selected for our main orchard slopes quite abruptly to the north and northeast. in fact, the slope is so steep that the ground, if kept under cultivation, would wash badly, and this was the real reason for seeding down our orchard at the time of planting. the orchard is now seven years old, and the trees have never had a particle of cultivation. part of this ground was in grain and seeded to alsike and timothy the year before; the balance was the new land referred to, which we had broken and immediately seeded down to alsike and timothy, with oats as a nurse crop. our first problem was what varieties to plant, in what proportion and where to buy them. in this we adopted the recommendation of this society at that time, choosing wealthy, duchess, patten greening and northwestern greening, with fifty malinda and fifty iowa beauty. we now have in addition two small orchards with nearly forty varieties altogether. the varieties, for the large orchard were divided as follows: duchess, patten greening, northwestern greening, , wealthy. were i to set another commercial orchard of the same size it would contain duchess and the balance wealthy. while the patten greening is an ideal tree and an early and prolific bearer, there is with us a much larger per cent of imperfect and diseased fruit than of any other variety. tree for tree, i believe the duchess will produce _more_ saleable _fruit_. where to buy our trees was decided for us in one of our first numbers of the horticulturist, viz., at the nearest reliable nursery. that this was good advice is evidenced by the fact that out of the , trees we have found but two that were not as ordered. our next problem was, at what distance to plant the trees. the more information we sought the less sure were we of the best plan. we were advised to plant all distances from feet by feet to feet by feet. we finally concluded to take about an average of them all and decided on feet by feet, and so far have had no reason to regret it. we have put up the alsike and timothy every year for hay with the usual machinery, and there has not been over a half dozen trees seriously damaged. our trees were nearly all three years old, to feet, and we find they do much better in sod than a smaller tree. having the orchard set out the next thing was to protect the trees from mice and rabbits. this we did by making protectors out of wire cloth, using different widths, from to inches, cutting it in strips inches wide and holding it about the trees by three pieces of stove pipe wire at the top, middle and bottom. not counting the time of making and putting them on these cost us from - / cents to - / cents each, and lasted from three to four years. we used a few made of galvanized wire cloth, which lasted much longer. three years ago we commenced replacing these protectors with a wash of white lead and raw linseed oil mixed to the consistency of separator cream. the first year we painted only fifty trees, the next year , the next , and this last year we painted every tree on the place. we can see no bad effects, and it certainly protects against mice and rabbits and, what is equally as important, against borers also, and the cost per tree, including labor, is much less. we have also used the lead and oil with splendid results in treating trees affected with canker. we had quite a number of wealthy so affected, and we cut out the affected bark and wood and then covered the wound with lead, and in almost every case it has proved a cure, that is, stopped the spread of the canker. the second year our orchard was set out we began to mulch the trees with grass cut in the orchard, clover straw, pea straw--anything we could get. we were unable to mulch the entire orchard that year, and before we got the balance mulched you could tell as far as you could see the orchard which trees were mulched and which were not. the former not only made a better growth, but had a healthier look. now i do not want you to get the idea that i am advocating the sod system except in locations similar to ours. were our orchard on more level ground i not only should have cultivated the first three years, as advocated by most authorities, but would have continued the cultivation in some degree at least. nevertheless, on account probably of the very favorable location, i think our orchard will compare favorably with any cultivated orchard of the same age. having the orchard set out, protected against mice and rabbits and mulched, we found that the real work of raising an orchard had just begun. first came the gray beetles the following june, and they ate the new growth off several hundred trees before we discovered them. at that time, not knowing what else to do, we hand picked every one we could find and destroyed them. these beetles we found came from oak groves on the south and west, and the next year we sprayed with arsenate of lead six or eight rows of trees on that side of the orchard, and as we have since then sprayed the entire orchard each year we have had no further trouble. next came pocket gophers, and before we learned how to stop them we had lost a number of trees by their chewing off the roots just beneath the surface of the ground. by opening their runways and placing well down in them a piece of carrot or potato in which has been placed a little strychnine we succeeded in getting rid of them entirely. next came the woodchucks. they were very destructive with us, chewing the bark above the protectors as well as the roots. trapping is the most successful method we have found, and by keeping a half dozen traps out all the time we held them in check. eternal vigilance must be the motto of the successful orchardist. in the year we picked our first crop of apples, that is, in sufficient quantity to be considered in a commercial way. our duchess we sold in barrels at $ . net. wealthy we packed in bushel boxes, making two sizes, the larger, three inches and over, we called no. , and they sold for $ . per box net. the balance or smaller ones were also sold in boxes and brought us $ . per box net. patten greenings brought us cents and northwestern greenings, cents per box. our neighbors, who sold to the local and transient buyers in bulk and in barrels, received cents to cents per hundred pounds, or $ . per barrel. the past year we had only about bushels of all kinds. with the exception of duchess and possibly patten's greening we shall certainly sell our next crop in bushel boxes. we are top-working about patten's greening to jonathan, delicious, mcintosh red and king david. as the work was only started a year ago last spring i cannot tell you of its success or failure. so far the best results seem to be with the jonathan. we also have about thirty varieties of plums, including many of prof. hansen's new hybrids. of these the opata seems to be the most hardy and prolific, but it is subject to brown rot, which, this past year was so bad that we lost more than half the fruit. we have it top-worked on several varieties of native plums, and it was similarly affected there also. this was the only variety in our orchard of trees that was so affected. we have fifteen surprise plums, set seven years, that have not yielded altogether a peck of plums. only lack of time kept me from grubbing them out last spring. this past season they were so heavily loaded that we had to prop the limbs and then thin out the fruit. we endeavor to spray all our trees twice with commercial lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead--the first time immediately after the blossoms fall, the second two weeks later. our spraying outfit consists of a morrill & morley hand pump, fitted in a -gallon tank, which we mounted on a small, one-horse truck. we operate it with three men, one to drive and pump and one for each line of hose, spraying two rows of trees at once. with this outfit we can spray to trees (of the size of ours) a day. * * * * * the national forests--besides being the american farmer's most valuable source of wood, which is the chief building material for rural purposes, are also his most valuable source of water, both for irrigation and domestic use. in the west, they afford him a protected grazing range for his stock; they are the best insurance against flood damage to his fields, his buildings, his bridges, his roads, and the fertility of his soil. the national forests cover the higher portions of the rocky mountain ranges, the cascades, the pacific coast ranges, and a large part of the forested coast and islands of alaska; some of the hilly regions in montana and in the dakotas, oklahoma, and arkansas, and limited areas in minnesota, michigan, florida, and porto rico. in addition, land is now being purchased for national forests in the white mountains of new england and in the southern appalachians. in regions so widely scattered, agricultural and forest conditions necessarily differ to a great degree, bringing about corresponding differences in the effect of the national forests on the agricultural interests of the various localities. wherever agriculture can be practiced, however, the farmer is directly benefited by the existence of national forests and by their proper management.--u.s. dept. of agri. garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. some suggestions for the use of coal ashes-- this is the time of the year when the unsightly heaps of coal ashes are likely to appear in one's back yard--eyesores and apparently useless. yet there are several ways in which they can be used to advantage about the garden. they should first be sifted, using a quarter-inch wire mesh. the rough or coarser parts are well adapted for use on paths and driveways, forming a clean, firm surface with use. these paths are especially good in the garden, for weeds do not grow readily in them, and they dry off quickly after a rain. such parts of the ashes as will pass through an inch mesh will make a very good summer mulch about fruit trees and bushes that require such care. this mulch will conserve the moisture at the roots of the tree or plant at a time when it is very necessary to have it. about a pyramid of these coarse ashes one may plant anything that requires much water. the roots of the plants will run under the ashes and keep moist and cool. through a drought a little water poured upon the ashes will be distributed to the roots without loss. the fine sifted ashes will render the tougher hard soils more friable, their chief virtue being lightening it. in a very mild degree they are a fertilizer, though in no degree comparable in this respect to hardwood ashes. yet it has been proved that soil to which sifted coal ashes had been added grew plants of richer, darker foliage. they must be very well mixed with the soil by a thorough spading and forking. the following experiment was noted in the garden magazine: a soil was prepared as follows: one-eighth stable manure, one-eighth leaf mold, one-quarter garden soil (heavy), one-half sifted coal ashes. plants grown in this soil surpassed those grown in the garden soil next to them. coal ashes would not be advised for a light soil. * * * * * watch this page for announcement of garden flower society meetings. january th, public library, minneapolis, tenth and hennepin, directors' room, : p.m. subjects: hotbeds, coldframes, management and care of the young plants, mr. frank h. gibbs. the minnesota cypripediums. can they be successfully cultivated? miss clara leavitt. five-minute talks on "the best things of ." members are urged to bring their friends to this meeting. no one who contemplates having a garden this year can afford to miss it. let us be generous and share our good programs with as many as possible. each member is host or hostess for that day. secretary's corner annual meeting wisconsin state horticultural socy.--this meeting is to be held at madison, wis., on january - . mr. chas. haralson, superintendent of our state fruit-breeding farm, is to represent this society at that meeting. we may look for an interesting report from him in the february issue of our monthly. is your annual fee paid?--if not, won't you please send it in promptly, remitting by a $ . bill, which is a safe medium of payment, instead of using check unless you draw on a bank in one of the larger cities of the state. checks on country banks, as a rule, can only be collected here by a payment of ten cents, which the society can ill afford to pay for so many members. annual meeting s.d. hort. socy.--the annual gathering of this sister association will be held in huron, s.d., january - . quite a good many of our members live so near the state line that they may find it convenient to attend this meeting, which will certainly be a profitable one. prof. n. e. hansen is secretary. mr. wm. pfaender, jr., of new ulm, is to be the representative of this society at the south dakota meeting. annual meeting southern minnesota hort. socy.--this very wide-awake auxiliary of the state society will hold its annual meeting in austin, january th and th next. the program of the meeting is not yet at hand, but you may be sure that it will be an interesting and practical one. if the reader is living anywhere within convenient range of austin by all means attend this meeting and get inspiration and help for the work of another season. you are not forgotten.--this refers to members of the society who have paid their annual fee for and are wondering why they have not yet received the membership ticket. there is always a little unavoidable delay in sending out these tickets after the annual meeting. first the tickets must be printed, and then the society folder that goes out with them must be prepared, and the material making up this folder comes from quite a number of sources, and it takes more or less time to get all of these matters together and in shape. you need not be solicitous in regard to membership fees remitted, as the chance of loss in transmission is approximately nothing; hardly half a dozen instances of the kind have come up in the twenty-five years of service of the secretary. passing of michael bendel, sr.--this old member of our society and resident of madison has just been called away, december rd, at the age of seventy-nine years. while not an attendant at our meetings he was a most loyal member of the society, and especially conspicuous in the western part of the state, where he lived, as a successful experimenter in orcharding, in which work he had a large experience. his portrait and a brief sketch of his life appear in the volume of our report, on page . mr. bendel was for many years president of the lac qui parle county agricultural society, was always greatly interested in everything to improve the interests of his community, and especially those pertaining to farm life. he has left an enviable record. farmers and home makers week.--university farm, midway between minneapolis and st. paul, have prepared a royal program for all interested in agricultural work and life, including the needs of the household, filling all of next week, from january rd to th, inclusive. seventy-nine professors and instructors by count are on the program for the week, and it is so arranged that those attending pass from one lecture room to another, from hour to hour, selecting the subjects that they have a special interest in. horticulture, or subjects closely akin, have a place on this program monday afternoon, tuesday forenoon and afternoon, wednesday forenoon and thursday forenoon; thursday afternoon the horticultural program is devoted entirely to vegetables; friday forenoon and afternoon; and saturday forenoon altogether spraying. when this magazine is received it will be too late to send for a program, but not too late to attend the meetings, which we hope many of our members may have the opportunity to do. attendance at annual meeting.--the badge book, which is issued at every annual meeting, containing the list of those who notify the secretary of a purpose to attend the meeting, is a pretty good index of the attendance. this year the badge book contained names. of course not all of these were present at the meeting, but a great many who were there had not sent notice of attendance and whose names were not in the badge book, so that the figures given elsewhere in this magazine as to attendance, estimated at from to , are certainly not any too high. of this number not to exceed fifteen members, including vice presidents and superintendents of trial stations living at a distance, receive their railroad fare to and from the annual meeting, which is the only compensation they receive for their work in operating the trial stations and preparing the annual or semi-annual reports connected with their positions. this is not in fact any compensation for service but rather a recognition of the large obligation under which the society rests towards them for such gratuitous service. plant premiums for .--on the inside front cover page of this monthly will be found a list of the plant premiums offered to our membership the coming spring. this list is also published in the society folder, of which copies will be sent to each member and which can be supplied in any number desired by application to the secretary. the list of plant premiums includes a considerable variety of plants both ornamental and otherwise useful. those of special interest this year are the new fruits being sent out from the state fruit-breeding farm, including no. june-bearing strawberry, which gives promise of being a very valuable fruit for minnesota planters; no. everbearing strawberry, the kind which has been selected from thousands of varieties fruiting at the station, a good plant maker and also a prolific fruiter of high quality berries; no. raspberry, a variety of extraordinary vigor and hardiness, large fruited, and a prolific bearer; and several varieties of large fruited plums. every member of the society with facilities for growing fruits should be interested in trying these new varieties, which of course are still being sent out on trial, and we desire to hear from our membership as to their measure of success with them. [illustration: a. w. latham o. c. gregg chas. g. patten from photograph taken in front of administration building, at university farm, on the morning of january , just before presentation of certificates referred to on opposite page.] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. february, no. open letter to members of the minnesota state horticultural society from its secretary. probably members of the society very generally noticed a few weeks since in the daily papers of the twin cities and elsewhere an announcement that "certificates of award for special meritorious services in the advancement of agriculture" would be made by the minnesota state university to mr. o. c. gregg, hon. w. g. leduc, mr. chas. g. patten and mr. a. w. latham. these certificates were awarded saturday, january th, , at the closing exercises of the farmers week at the university farm before an audience of twelve hundred people, gathered in the chapel in the administration building. appropriate exercises were conducted by the president, geo. e. vincent, and the dean of the university farm, a.f. woods, in the presence of hon. fred b. snyder, president of the board of regents of the state university, and other members of the board and a large representation of the professorship of university farm school, also occupying the platform. dean woods read a sketch of the life of each one of the recipients, and the certificates were formally presented to each in turn by the president of the state university. all the persons who were to receive this honor were in attendance except gen. leduc, who was probably unable to be present on account of his extreme age. when this matter was first called to my attention i felt that it would be entirely out of place, being its editor, that i should make reference to it in the society monthly, but as the fact has been widely published throughout the state, and whatever honor is connected with this presentation is to be shared with the members of the horticultural society, i have changed my view point in regard to this, and it seems to me now that the members of the society should be fully informed as to what has taken place. mr. o. c. gregg received this distinction on account of his connection with the farmers' institutes of the state, of which he was the pioneer, and in connection with which he remained as superintendent for some twenty-two years. gen. leduc was for a number of years commissioner of agriculture at washington and introduced many important reforms in the management of that department. mr. chas. g. patten is well known to our members of course as the originator of the patten's greening apple, although this is quite an infinitesimal part of the work that he has done in connection with the breeding of fruits, the results from which the public are to profit by largely, we believe, in the early future. at his advanced age of eighty-four we feel that this honor has been wisely placed. "mr. a. w. latham has been secretary of the minnesota state horticultural society for twenty-five years, during which period its membership has advanced from one or two hundred to thirty-four hundred, making it the largest horticultural society in the country, and probably," as stated by the dean in his address, "the largest in the world." while this distinction has been conferred upon the secretary of your society it is not to be considered as so much a personal tribute to him as a recognition of the splendid work done by the society as a whole, in which every member has had some share. to express fully my thought in this i will refer briefly to the organization of the society, just half a century ago, when a handful of earnest men united their efforts under the name of the minnesota state horticultural society in an endeavor to solve the difficult problems connected with fruit growing in this region. none of the men who at that time organized this society are now living, but others have taken their places, and the important service that was so well cared for by the earlier membership is being equally as well prosecuted by those who have succeeded them. my personal connection with the society began the third year of its existence, so that i had the high privilege of enjoying personal acquaintance with practically all those earlier workers in the society, and indeed most of them were still alive when i came into the secretaryship twenty-five years ago. it will not be out of place to speak here particularly of a few of those who are no longer with us: john s. harris, that staunch friend, one of the original twelve, whose medallion hangs on the wall of the horticultural classroom at university farm; peter m. gideon, whose self-sacrifice gave us the wealthy apple, now of worldwide planting--he in whose memory the gideon memorial fund was created; col. john h. stevens, that large hearted man of unquenchable public spirit; p.a. jewell, searcher for new fruits and founder of the jewell nursery company; truman m. smith, seven years president during many dark days; wyman elliot, one of the original twelve, well called by one "king of the horticultural society"--so recently taken from us. the institution of learning conferring this distinction upon us has contributed a full share of workers now no longer with us; w. w. pendergast, first principal of the university farm school, and for many years president of the society until stricken with a fatal illness; and prof. saml. b. green of blessed memory, whose loss we shall never cease to mourn. there are many others who did great service to the society that i should be glad to speak of here if space would permit. in the list of those who are still with us and have served with such self devotion and courage in advancing the interests of the society, and that for which it stands, are to be found the names of many men prominent in various walks of life in our state. it would be out of place for me to select from this list a few and give them special prominence where hundreds have contributed to the life and growth of the association all these many years until the present enviable place now occupied by the association has been attained. to the executive board of the society, most of whom have been members of the board for a long period of years, of course the success of the association is especially due. men of initiative in an ambitious and unselfish way working for the success of the association, they have had very much indeed to do with its progress. as i endeavor to recall the personality of those who have been of special service to us i find the list almost without limit. with what pleasure and satisfaction have i been permitted to serve with the members of this society! what willingness to perform the duties suggested has ever characterized the assistance that has been rendered by the membership of this society! it has been an exceedingly rare thing for any member to offer an objection to undertaking any service asked of him, and with such support as this so readily and heartily given, and often at large expense to the member, what can be expected other than such success as has come to our society. i wish i had the ability to express at this time the thought that is in my heart as i recall all of these helpful brothers and sisters to whom indeed belongs as much as to the writer any distinction that comes to the society as a result of these years of labor. notwithstanding the state university have seen fit to refer to this in a way to indicate that our society has reached some certain vantage ground, it must not be lost sight of that the real work of the society is still before it. whether to be carried on under the present management or under a changed management we have a right to look ahead and anticipate the definite and widely expanding results that are still to come from the services of the members of the society, which we are sure in the future, as in the past, will be heartily rendered. a. w. latham, secy. june-bearing strawberries. geo. j. kellogg, retired nurseryman, janesville, wis. any fool that knows enough can grow strawberries, which reminds me of the preacher in york state who both preached and farmed it. he was trying to bore a beetle head and could not hold it; a foolish boy came along and said, "why don't you put it in the hog trough?" "well! well!" the preacher said. "you can learn something from most any fool." the boy said, "that is just what father says when he hears you preach." i don't expect to tell you much that is new, but i want to emphasize the good things that others have said: _soils._ i once had twenty-one acres of heavy oak, hickory, crab apple and hazel brush, with one old indian corn field. i measured hazel brush twelve feet high, and some of the ground was a perfect network of hazel roots; the leaf mould had accumulated for ages. the first half acre i planted to turnips, the next spring i started in to make my fortune. i set out nineteen varieties of the best strawberries away back in the time of the wilson, than which we have never had its equal. the plants grew well and wintered well, but they did not bear worth a cent, while just over the fence i had a field on ground that had been worked twenty years without manure that gave me two hundred and sixty bushels to the acre. it took three years with other crops to reduce that loose soil before i could make strawberries pay. my fortune all vanished. last june while judging your strawberry show, i found a large collection of twenty-five kinds of the poorest strawberries i ever saw, grown on the college grounds. i visited the field, found over a hundred varieties, well tallied, well cultivated, on new oak opening soil. first crop, the soil seemed ideal, every thing good except the plants and the fruit. the foliage was defective and the fruit very poor. was it the new soil? i have always found good garden soil would produce good strawberries; the best beds were those that followed potatoes. cut worms and white grubs seldom follow two years of hoed crops. [illustration: mr. geo. j. kellogg ten years ago] _preparation._ preparation for the best strawberries should be started three years before planting. using soil from sand to clay, well drained, well manured, sowed to clover, take off the first cutting of clover, then more manure plowed under deep with the second crop of clover, as late as can before freezing up, to kill insects and make the soil friable and ready for a crop of potatoes the next spring. after harvesting bushels of potatoes to the acre use a heavy coat of well rotted manure without weed seed, plowed under late in fall. the following spring, as soon as the ground will work, thoroughly disk and harrow, and harrow twice more. then roll or plank it, mark both ways two by four feet, set by hand either with dibble or spade, no machine work. crown even with the surface, with best of plants from new beds, leaving on but two leaves, and if the roots are not fresh dug, trim them a little. firm them good. now start the weeder and go over the field every week till the runners start, then use the nine-tooth cultivator with the two outside teeth two inches shorter than the others. cultivate every week till the middle of october. use the hoe to keep out all weeds and hoe very lightly about the plants. weeds are a blessing to the lazy man, but i don't like to have it overdone. don't let the soil bake after a rain. keep the cultivator running. in garden work a steel tooth rake is a splendid garden tool. volume , page (an. report minn. state hort. society). mr. schwab gets an ideal strawberry bed, then kills it with twelve inches of mulch. if the ice and snow had not come perhaps the plants would have pulled through. volume , page . mr. wildhagen gives an ideal paper on strawberries, it will pay you to read it again and again. instead of one year's preparation, i would have three. _winter protection._ unless in an exposed place, marsh hay is the best and cleanest mulch, but high winds may roll it off. clean straw away from the tailings of the machine is next best. for small acreage if one inch can be put on as soon as the ground is frozen a half inch, it will save the many freezings and thawings before winter sets in. for large acreage it is not practical to cover till frost will hold up a loaded wagon. two inches of mulch, that covers the plants and paths from sight is enough, but i see you cover deeper, from four to twelve inches in minnesota, and often smother the plants. if we could have a snow blanket come early and stay on late in spring, that would protect the plants, but we want the mulch also to protect from drouth and keep the berries clean. a january thaw is liable to kill out any field that is not properly mulched. a two inch mulch will not hinder the plants coming through in spring; four inches will require part of the mulch raked into the paths; if plants don't get through readily loosen the mulch. i have known some successful growers to take off all the mulch from the paths in spring and cultivate lightly but thoroughly, then replace the mulch to protect from drouth and to keep the berries clean, but i don't think it pays. _weeds._ in the best fields and beds i ever saw there will come up an occasional weed in spring, and it pays to go over the ground with a spade or butcher knife and take out such weeds. we almost always get a drouth at picking time, better a drought than too much rain. a good straw mulch will usually carry us through. _irrigation._ if irrigation is attempted the fields must be prepared before planting to run water through between the rows. sprinkling will not do except at sundown. rain always comes in cloudy weather; you cannot wet foliage in sun in hot weather without damage. a good rainfall is one inch, which is a thousand barrels to the acre, so what can you do with a sprinkling cart? showers followed by bright sunshine damage the patch. if your plants are set too deep they rot, if too high they dry, if not well firmed they fail. when i have used a tobacco planter i have had to put my heel on every plant. of course you know that newly planted june varieties must have the blossom buds cut out, and everbears bearing must also till july. _picking._ the man who has acres to pick must secure his boxes the winter before and have at least part of them made up if they are to be tacked. i have found a boy can make up boxes as fast as thirty pickers can fill. if you use the folding box no tacks are needed. too many boxes made up ahead are liable to be damaged by the mice. _pickers._ engage your pickers ahead; agree on the price and that a part of the pay is to be kept back till the close of the season, which is forfeited if quitting before time. if pickers are too far away, transportation must be furnished--free boxes of berries are appreciated by the pickers. _marketing._ sometimes the marketing of the fruit is harder than the growing of it. if enough is grown form an association to sell it, get advice from a successful association how to form and how to run it. sometimes a well made wagon, a good team and a good man can sell from house to house in the country and city and make good returns. in this way you get back your crates and part of the boxes. i know a successful grower in iowa, who sold his crop of ten acres to the farmers and city people, they doing their own picking and furnishing their own boxes, at a given price. all the proprietor had to do was sit at the gate and take in the cash. it is worth a good deal to know how to grow the best of strawberries and often it is worth more to know how to turn them into cash. _what varieties?_ dunlap and warfield have a general reputation for profit, can be picked together and sell well; dark color, good canners and good shippers. if you want a third variety take lovett. some of your growers want nothing but bederwood, but it is too light and too soft to ship, though it is a good family berry. i expect minnesota no. will soon be the only variety you will want of the june kinds. _insects._ winter drouth often injures the roots and some lay it to insects. the winter of was the worst winter drouth i ever knew; it killed every thing. if you are troubled with the crown borer, root lice, leaf roller or rust, grow one crop and plow under, or move your fields a good distance from the old bed. what shall be done with the old bed? if you have insects or rust plow under and get the best place to start a new bed, and don't set any of your own plants if you have insects or rust--and be sure you buy of a reliable grower. _old beds._ if the first crop is big, plow under, if light and you have a good stand of plants, no insects or rust, you can mow and teddy up the mulch and in a high wind burn it over--a quick fire will do no harm. then you can plow two furrows between rows and drag it every way till not a plant is seen. soon, if the rows are left a foot wide, the plants will come through. then manure (better be manured before plowing), and you may get a good second crop. some mow and rake off and burn outside the bed, then with a two horse cultivator dig up the paths and cultivate and get the ground in condition. put on the manure and hoe out part of the old plants. i like the plan of wildhagen; mow, burn and then cover three inches deep with one hundred big loads of manure to the acre and don't go near the patch till picking time next year. he gets a nice early crop, and if berries are a little small it pays better than any other way. try it! i have known some fields carried to fourth crop, and amateur beds kept up for ten years. it takes lots of work to keep an old bed in good condition. j.m. smith, of green bay, wis., almost always took one crop and plowed under. if the first crop was injured by frost, he took a second crop. he raised four hundred bushels to the acre. wm. von baumbach, of wauwatosa, wis., raised from five acres less ten square rods seventeen hundred bushels big measure beside quantities given the pickers. i have had beds and fields where i have timed my boys picking a quart a minute. i had one small boy that picked quarts a day. but in all my sixty years growing strawberries i never properly prepared an acre of ground before planting. i could take a five acre patch now, as young as i am, and beat anything i have ever done. _mulch._--for mulch for small beds, if straw or marsh hay is not handy, use an inch of leaves, then cut your sweet corn and lay the stalks on three inches apart and your plants will come up between in spring and give you clean fruit. cut cornstalks are good for field covering, also shredded cornstalks. i have used the begass from the cane mill, but it is too heavy. evergreen boughs are very good if well put on for small beds. in my paper, vol. , page (minn. report), it should read five bushels to the square _rod, not acre_. who ever heard of five bushels an acre! _big yields._--you all know of friend wedge's - / quarts from one square rod of everbearers the season of planting. i believe that can be beaten. let our society put a few hundred dollars in premiums for best yield of square rod of everbearers and of june varieties, and of a quarter of an acre; also the best product of one hill, and the best product of one plant, and its runners fourteen months from planting. i believe one plant of everbearers can produce a quart the season of setting. i know of the five bushels to the square rod, and the other fellow had four and a half bushel of wilson. surprise plum a success. c. a. pfeiffer, winona. i realize at the outset that i am treading on delicate ground in undertaking to defend the surprise plum, on account of it having been discarded by our fruit list committee, but after seeing our young trees producing this year their third consecutive heavy crop i feel justified in taking exception to the action of the committee. my first experience with the surprise plum dates back to , when mr. o. m. lord, of minnesota city, probably the best authority on the plum in the state in his time, presented me with one tree, which at that time were being sold at $ . each, and i was cautioned against giving it too much care or i would kill the tree, and that is just what happened to it. [illustration: c. a. pfeiffer, winona.] the following year, , i bought twenty-five trees from mr. lord and planted them late in march, on very sandy land on a southerly slope, pruning the trees back almost to a stump. these trees were very slow in getting started but made a satisfactory growth before the season was over. they commenced to bear the third year after planting, and are still producing good crops, but it is my more recent experience with this variety that finally induced me to prepare this article. in the spring of , we set out plum trees, on rich, black, loamy soil on low land, nineteen of them being surprise, the other varieties being, according to numbers, terry, ocheeda, stoddard, hawkeye, bursota, wolf, omaha also a few jewell, desoto, forest garden, american and stella. the surprise trees bore a crop in , again in , and , making it to the present time not only the most productive but the most profitable variety on our place. while we did not keep an accurate record of the exact yield in and , some of the trees produced fully five quart cases in . a fair average would perhaps be about four cases per tree. in the crop was somewhat lighter, yielding an average of three cases per tree. this year we picked and sold eighty-five cases, which brought us a gross revenue of $ . . we lost part of the crop on account of continual rain in the picking season, or we would have had fully cases. nine of the trees being in a more sheltered location than the other ten held their fruit better during the growing season, and produced a relatively heavier crop than the ten that were exposed to our fierce winds all summer. we have never been able to supply the demand for them, at good prices, while other varieties went begging at any kind of a price. among their good qualities with us are productiveness, good size, extra fine quality and attractive color. they are delicious to eat out of hand just as they are ripe enough to drop from the tree. they are fine for canning, preserving or jelly. they are practically curculio proof, and have never been affected with brown rot as have some other varieties. aphis never bothers them, while terry and some other varieties nearly had the whole crop ruined by this pest in . the branches form good, strong shoulders at the trunk and do not split or break down in heavy storms or under their heavy loads of fruit, as the terry and forest garden do. the flower buds and fruit form as freely on the new growth as on the old spurs. the crop is therefore about evenly distributed all over the tree, and while we picked almost eight cases from one tree this year it did not appear to be overloaded, as some varieties frequently are, the surprise tree always being capable of maturing all the fruit that sets. we have shipped them miles by freight with perfect success, but we pick them from the tree before fully ripe. if allowed to ripen on the tree they drop badly, which bruises and damages them. the trees are thrifty, vigorous growers with beautiful glossy foliage that can be distinguished from all other varieties. you would note on examination of the buds that we have promise of another crop next year, but this will depend somewhat on the weather during the blooming season. we attribute one of the reasons for our success with the surprise plum to the fact that they are planted among and alongside of varieties that have the same season of blooming, and which undoubtedly are good pollenizers, namely the bursota, wolf, ocheeda and omaha. the bloom of surprise being almost sterile, they will not be a success planted alone. [illustration: a surprise plum tree growing on the place of prof. a.g. ruggles. it bore in four bushels, having been well sprayed with arsenate of lead and bordeaux mixture.] you will perhaps ask if there are no faults or diseases they are subject to, and we will state, for one thing, the fruit drops too easily when ripe, and you will either have to pick them before fully matured or find a good many of them on the ground. they are also occasionally subject to blossom blight, which was rather a benefit, as it thinned the crop out to about the proper proportion. we also had considerable plum pocket and fungous growth one season about ten years ago. such has been our experience with the surprise plum--and will again repeat that until the society finds a plum equally as good or better, instead of discarding it on account of unproductiveness and recommending such poor quality varieties as wolf, desoto and some others, our learned horticulturists should make a special study of this variety and ascertain the cause of its unproductiveness, and also to what localities in the state it may be adapted. mr. pfeiffer: right here i will say to those gentlemen who are looking for a cure for brown rot or curculio, they had better plant surprise plums. (applause.) pres. cashman: i am glad the surprise plum has at least one good friend in this audience. i think it has several. mr. ludlow: what has been your experience with the ocheeda? i see you mention it. mr. pfeiffer: the ocheeda at the present time, i am sorry to say, i am disappointed with. i planted some fifteen years ago, and they were nice large plums, as you have described, and they were on sandy soil. i have twenty ocheeda trees now, and they are quite badly subject to brown rot. their quality is very nice to eat from the tree out of hand, nice and sweet. mr. street: i want to second everything mr. pfeiffer has said. i joined this society about twelve years ago, and it was through studying the reports of this society that i got interested in the native plum. the surprise plum does very well with us in illinois. professor hansen is one of those that are responsible for my starting in with the surprise. it was years ago at our state meeting that he mentioned that as one of the good plums for northern illinois. well, i put it alongside of the wyant and the native plums that are of the same sort. i may state the conditions under which we grow them. we always cultivate before bloom, cultivate thoroughly. before the growth starts we give them a very thorough spraying with lime-sulphur spray; then just before the bloom, just before the blossoms open, as late as we can wait, we use about to or of the lime-sulphur solution, also put in three pounds of arsenate of lead. then after the blossoms fall we use the same spray again, perhaps two weeks after that again, and we keep that up for about four times. we have had abundant crops, and they have been very profitable. pres. cashman: i am very glad to know that the surprise plum has friends in illinois, and we are also pleased to know that mr. street is with us and we hope to hear from him later. the president of the wisconsin horticultural society, mr. rasmussen. mr. rasmussen: i will say the surprise plum has given just about the same results with us--it is the most profitable we have. mr. sauter: i was over to the anoka county fair; it was the first part of september, and all the other plums weren't ripe, all the stuff they had in was green. but all the surprise were ripe, so that certainly must be an early ripener. mr. pfeiffer: not especially early. mr. hall: i was certainly glad to hear mr. pfeiffer so ably defend the surprise plum. the surprise plum was the only one i got any good from. the desoto, wolf and stoddard and all those, the brown rot got them, but the surprise plum had perfect fruit. i am surprised that it has a black eye from the society. mr. pfeiffer: your location is where? mr. hall: sibley county. mr. kellogg: thirteen years ago i set out a root graft that made about five feet of growth and just as quick as it got big enough to bear it was loaded with surprise plums, but since then it hasn't been worth a cent. mr. miller: if mr. pfeiffer had been in my orchard he could not have given us a better description of it than he did, of the surprise plum. i set it out about fifteen years ago. i think i paid sixty cents for those seedlings, they stood about three and one-half feet. i never had brown rot in them. when i set them out i put them with other varieties and set them so the inside ones would fertilize the outside ones. afterwards i set these on the east side of the orchard, where they got protection from the west wind. they have borne almost every year, and this year they are the only ones we had a crop on. pres. cashman: i think we get as near to agreeing on this question as on most others. it is suggested that we find out how many have had success and how many have had failures with the surprise plum. all those who have been successful in raising surprise plums will please raise their hands. (certain hands raised.) now, hands down. those who have been unsuccessful will please raise their right hands. (other hands raised.) it seems there were more successes than failures. a member: it has been mentioned that the frost this year killed the plum crop. i noticed in my orchard previous to that frost when we had a snow storm, i noticed that the blossoms dried up and fell from the trees before that hard frost. i think the question of success or failure with the surprise, as with other plums, is sort of comparative. i don't know of any plum of the americana type that we have a success with every year any more than any other. so it is relative. i would like to ask if anyone had the same experience with the blossoms drying and falling off the trees before that frost. mr. crawford: perhaps the gentleman will recall the fact we had two nights in succession of quite severe frost. the first night it was almost a freeze, and the second we had the snow storm which is given credit for the plum failure. mr. anderson: the gentleman who read the paper, he is from winona, where he has a very much better location for any kind of fruit than the general run of the state. the other gentleman is from illinois. now, this good location near winona and the temperature down in illinois, does that favor the surprise plum, and has it anything to do with their success and our failure? pres. cashman: we will have to leave that to the audience. mr. s.d. richardson: down in winnebago i got three trees from the originator of the surprise plum, and while i was at the nursery i never saw any plums, but i propagated some from there and a man in our town has some surprise plums from it, and since i left the nursery i think the man has had some plums from them. i got them from mr. penning when they were first originated, but they never bore plums for me. i had no other plums around there. perhaps if they need pollen from other plums they didn't get it, and this man that has had the first success with them he had other plums near them. perhaps that is the secret. the tree is hardy and good, and if you can get a crop of plums by having something else to fertilize them, the surprise plum is all right. pres. cashman: i think mr. richardson has struck the keynote to a certain extent, we must put them near another variety to pollenize them. northeast demonstration farm and station. w. j. thompson, supt., duluth. last may the station orchard was set out, the same consisting of about apple trees with a fringe of cherries and plums. the apples consisted of year old stock (purchased the year preceding and set in nursery rows) and included these six varieties: duchess, patten's greening, okabena, wealthy, hibernal, anisim. good growth was made the past season and the stock went into winter quarters in good shape. however, per cent died, the loss being in this order: wealthy, anisim, hibernal, pattens' greening--okabena and duchess were tied for smallest loss. in addition to the above, we made a considerable planting of small fruits, principally currants and gooseberries, together with a limited quantity of blackberries and raspberries. twelve varieties of strawberries were set out, each including plants. all made a splendid growth this season. an interesting test is under way in the dynamiting work. alternate trees have been set in blasted holes, a stick about one and one-half inches long being sufficient to make a hole three feet in diameter and perhaps twenty inches in depth. it is yet too early to measure the results of this work, but owing to the nature of the subsoil in this region, we are looking for splendid results. with regard to the stock secured from the fruit farm, we have not been uniformly successful. much of the stock seems to be weak and dies readily from some cause unknown to us. next season we should be able to render a more complete report, as our work will then be fairly started. annual report, , west concord trial station. fred cowles, supt., west concord. [illustration: fred cowles at home.] of the new varieties of plums that i received from the fruit-breeding farm most all have done well. the only one that has borne is no. . this one had two plums on last season, and several this. they were a medium size red plum, very good flavor, and seem to come into bearing very young. no. is a very thrifty grower, but when it bears that will tell what it is worth. hansen's plums are doing well, but we believe they are more adapted to a better drained soil than we have here, as we are on a heavy prairie soil. but these varieties are very thrifty and bear so young. the grapes have all stood the winter with no protection and have not killed back any. we expect some fruit next season. the raspberries that we received have all done well. no. seems to take the lead for flavor and is a good grower. notwithstanding the cold season our strawberry crop was very good, and we are much impressed with no. , it is so strong and healthy; it is just the plant for the farmer, as it will thrive under most any condition. i believe it will fight its way with the weeds and come out ahead. we reported very favorably on the heritage when it was in bloom, but it does not set enough fruit to pay for its space. the berries are large but very few on my grounds. i will discard it. our apple crop was very good, especially duchess, wealthy and northwestern greening. we have been trying some of the tender varieties top-worked. northern spy gave us five nice apples on a two year graft. we also have jonathan, talman sweet and king david doing well. delicious grafted three years ago has not fruited yet. this has been a splendid summer for flowers, and they seemed to enjoy the damp, cool season, especially the dahlia. if you have not tried the countess of lonsdale you should; it is a cactus dahlia and a very free bloomer. everblooming roses did well--we had them in october. * * * * * plant lice on blossoms.--aphids infesting the apple buds appeared in serious numbers during the present season in the illinois university orchards when the buds began to swell. they were also observed in neighboring orchards. in , apple aphids caused serious damage in certain counties in illinois, and some damage was reported from many sections of the state. the aphids attack the opening buds, the young fruits, the growing shoots, and the leaves, sucking the plant juices from the succulent parts by means of long, very slender, tube-like beaks, which they thrust through the skins of the affected organs into the soft tissues beneath. they weaken the blossom buds by removing the sap; they dwarf and deform the apples so that varieties of ordinary size frequently fail to grow larger than small crab apples, and the fruits have a puckered appearance about the calyx end; they suck the juice from the growing shoots, dwarfing them; and they cause the leaves to curl, and if the insects are present in large numbers, to dry up and fall off. they are more injurious to the growth of young trees than of old trees. in old trees their chief injuries are on the fruit. this species of aphids are easily killed in the adult stage by certain contact sprays. winter applications of lime sulphur cannot be depended on to destroy eggs. poison sprays such as arsenate of lead are not eaten by this type of insect, and consequently are ineffective remedies for aphids. kerosene emulsion is effective but is uncertain in its effect on the foliage of the trees. the best available sprays are the tobacco decoctions, of which the one most widely in use is "black leaf ," a proprietary tobacco extract, made by the kentucky tobacco products company, louisville, kentucky. this material is used at the rate of one gallon in one thousand gallons of spray. it may be combined with lime sulphur, lime sulphur arsenate of lead, bordeaux, or bordeaux arsenate of lead, not with arsenate of lead alone. the ideal time to spray for these aphids is just as soon as all or nearly all the eggs appear to have hatched. observations made in the university orchards this season indicate that all the eggs hatched before the blossom buds began to separate. after the leaves expand somewhat and the blossom buds separate, the aphids are provided with more hiding places and are more difficult to hit with the spray. unfortunately, spraying at this time would require an extra application in addition to the cluster bud (first summer) spray (made for scab, curculio, bud moth, spring canker worms, etc.), and would thus add seriously to the cost of the season's operations. spraying for aphids at the time of the cluster bud spray is, however, highly effective, and in general it is advised that this method be followed. if, however, previous experience has shown serious losses from aphids, or if they are present in extremely large numbers, the extra application may be well worth while.--ill. agri. exp. station. annual report, , duluth trial station. c. e. rowe, supt., duluth. [illustration: a rosa rugosa hybrid rose grown by c. e. rowe, duluth.] although this was an off year for apples, results were probably as good here as in other sections of the state. the spring gave promise of an unusual crop, but the constant dropping of fruit during the summer months left us with about two-thirds as many apples as were harvested in . the quality was much poorer, owing to extremely cool weather and the presence of scab in many localities. the plum crop failed almost completely, and many trees were injured from aphis attacks. i have never known the aphis so hard to control as they were last summer. nearly all fruit trees made an excellent growth this season, and the new wood was well ripened when the freeze-up came. the fall rains provided plenty of moisture, and our trees should come through the winter in excellent shape. raspberries and currants produced about one-half the usual crop this year, probably owing to our may freeze. strawberries were almost a failure, largely due to winter-killing. last winter did more damage to perennial plants than any other winter within the recollection of the writer. the fall was rather dry, and our snow covering did not come until january. we received from supt. haralson for trial four plum trees, variety no. ; and fifty everbearing strawberry plants, variety no. . both plum trees and strawberry plants made a good growth. although the strawberries were set heavily with fruit, but little of it ripened before the heavy frosts came. the plant is very vigorous, and the berry is large and of excellent quality. annual report, , vice-president, tenth congressional district. m. h. hegerle, supt., st. bonifacius. on may th we had several inches of snow accompanied by a fierce northwest wind, and orchards without any shelter suffered seriously, and both apples and plums in such orchards were scarce and of a rather inferior quality. a few orchards had a fair crop, while a couple of others with a natural windbreak had a fairly good crop, but on an average it was the lightest apple and plum crop we have had for some time. mr. beiersdorf and mr. swichtenberg report a good crop of wealthy and peter. their orchards are close to a lake and are well protected on the north and west by a natural grove. of the twenty-four report blanks sent out, eleven were returned properly filled in, and they all report conditions about as above outlined. cherries and grapes suffered even more from the cold than the apples, and that crop was very light. my homer cherry trees look healthy and are growing fine, but the past two years had not enough fruit to supply the birds. raspberries and strawberries were a good crop and of exceptional fine quality, but the currants and gooseberries were a total failure in my garden as well as elsewhere, according to all reports received. there were not many fruit trees planted in this district the past year. for instance, at this station the deliveries last spring consisted principally of bundles containing one-half dozen or a dozen trees each, and the total number delivered in that way did not exceed trees and, according to all information, the planting throughout this district was very light. i know of only one new orchard started with four and five year old trees. about are wealthys and the balance patten greenings. the trees made a good start but were somewhat neglected during the summer, the field being planted to corn and some to barley, and all was handled rather rough. there was very little blight in this district the past year. i noticed just a little on two or three transcendents, and mr. jos. boll, who has about , bearing trees, reports no blight at all. i did no spraying this year, did not consider it worth while, as there was no fruit, and most others felt the same way. other years though a lot of spraying is done, and the more progressive ones spray two and three times. there is plenty of moisture in the soil, and the trees are going into winter quarters in good shape, therefore prospects for apple and plum crop the coming season are excellent. [illustration: residence of m. h. hegerle, st. bonifacius.] probably a hundred or more different kinds of apple and plum trees and berries of all kinds are grown here. farmers in the past usually bought what the salesman recommended, just to get rid of him; lately though they are taking more interest in the selection, and the wealthy, patten's or northwestern greenings, okabena, peter and perhaps a few duchess are about the only apple trees planted now. surprise plums, dunlap and everbearing strawberries are the leaders. ornamental shrubs are found here of all names and descriptions and colors, and they all seem to do well. * * * * * honey vinegar.--vinegar made from honey has an exceptionally fine flavor and is not expensive. a small amount of honey furnishes a large amount of vinegar. follow these directions: dissolve thoroughly in two gallons of warm, soft water one quart jar of extracted honey. give it air and keep it in a warm place, where it will ferment and make excellent vinegar.--missouri college of agriculture. thirty years in raspberries. gust johnson, retired fruit grower, minneapolis. of the growing of fruit, it may well be said, "experience is a good teacher, but a dear school." when i began fruit growing, some thirty years ago, i did not begin it merely as an experiment. i was interested in every branch of the work and, being very much in earnest about it, i felt confident of success. thinking that the failures and drawbacks sometimes experienced could be easily overcome by a thorough understanding of the work at hand, i began by getting all the information possible. i found that great books such as by downing, thomas, etc., were more suitable for the advanced fruit grower, but i studied all the pamphlets and books obtainable during the winter months and put this knowledge into practice during the summer. of course i could not put into practice all i had obtained from this reading, but i remembered distinctly the advice to all amateur fruit growers to start out slowly. this was particularly suited to my case, for the land was covered with timber, some of which i grubbed each summer, gradually adding acres as i cleared the land. my first venture was in planting raspberries, planting potatoes between the rows the first year. one delusion i had was in planting as many different and untested varieties as i could afford to buy and not confining myself to those that had been tried and had proven satisfactory. fortunately for me, the high cost of plants at this time did not warrant my buying as many different varieties as i desired, and i had to be contented with fewer plants. from the most promising of these, i saved all the plants possible. i had an idea that i could do better by sending to some of the eastern states for my plants, but here again i was mistaken, for the plants often did not arrive until late in may, and by the time they had reached their destination were practically all dried out. the warm weather then coming on, i lost the greater part of them, although i had carefully hoed and tended them in the hope that they would finally revive. here i might also mention that the express charges added considerably to the cost of these already expensive plants. as a beginner i put much unnecessary labor on these plants. while i do not wish to leave the impression that hoeing and caring for them is not all right, still there should be a happy medium which i later learned as i became more experienced along this line. i must admit, however, that this rich, new land thus cultivated certainly yielded some wonderful fruit. as time went by, i kept adding to my plantation, and owing to the large yield and the good demand for the black caps i took a fancy to raising them. when the palmer variety was first introduced, i planted quite a field of them. i shall never forget the way these berries ripened, and such a lot of them as there were. practically every one by this time having planted black caps, their great yield soon overstocked the market, and berries finally dropped as low as c or c a crate. having decided to dig up these black caps, i began paying closer attention to the red raspberry. i noticed that the raspberries growing wild on my place grew mostly in places where big trees had been cut down and young trees had grown up, thus partly shading the plants. having this fact in mind, i planted the raspberries as follows: i planted an orchard, having the trees in parallel rows, and between the trees in these same rows i planted the raspberries. by planting in this manner, the cultivation would benefit the trees as well as the smaller plants. of course after the trees began bearing heavily, the plants nearest the trees had to be removed, and later the other plants likewise were removed. as a beginner it was a puzzle to me which varieties i should plant. all varieties listed in the numerous catalogs were so highly recommended as being hardy, large yielders, good shippers, etc., that the selection of plants was not an easy matter. the speed with which a new variety of raspberry is sent out over the country and discarded is surprising. the most popular sort at this time was the "turner" variety. i did not, however, fancy this variety, for it suckered so immensely that it required continual hoeing to keep the new plants cut down. the berries were unusually soft and settled down in the boxes, which greatly detracted from their appearance in the crates. there were also at this time a few of the "philadelphia" variety being planted. they are a dark, soft variety and somewhat similar to the turner. just at this time there was being sent out a new variety, known as the cuthbert, or queen of the market, and queen it was indeed. this was a large, firm berry, and after ripening it would remain on the plant a long time without falling off. these plants grew up in remarkably long canes, but not knowing how to head them back they would often topple over during a heavy storm. this added another valuable lesson to my increasing experience, which resulted in my pinching of the new canes as soon as they had attained a height of from three to four feet. this made the plants more stocky and more able to support their load of berries without the aid of wire or stakes. next came the marlboro, plants of which sold at as much as a dollar apiece in the east. i then set out a bed of marlboro, which proved to be even better than the cuthbert, previously mentioned. they could be picked while still quite light in color, thus reaching the market while still firm and not over-ripe. there was only one possible drawback, and that was the fact that i had planted them on a southern exposure, while they were more adapted to a colder or northern exposure. this variety on a new field, as it was, practically bore itself to death. about this time, there originated in wisconsin a berry known as the loudon. a committee of nurserymen having gone to see this variety returned with the report that the half had not been told concerning this great berry. wanting to keep up with the times, i decided to plant some of this variety in the spring. the yield from these plants was immense, and the berries large, but unlike the marlboro already mentioned they could not be picked until very dark and real ripe. this variety was more subject to anthracnose than any i had seen, and served to give me a thorough understanding of the various raspberry diseases, which i had heretofore blamed to the drouth. the leaves would dry up and the berries become small and crumbly when affected by anthracnose. it might be said of this variety as regards public favor, that it went up like a rocket and came down equally fast. i next tried the thompson early as an experiment, but this variety proved a failure, or at least a disappointment. these berries ripened very slowly, just a few at a time, and did not compare favorably with either the marlboro or the loudon. a party close by had at this time planted out a large field of a variety of raspberry which i had not seen before. these plants produced a large berry, more like a blackberry in appearance. having by this time had experience with so many kinds of raspberries, i examined this new variety carefully, and all in all decided that this was the coming berry. here, too, i also noticed the first signs of disease. the plants had only begun to bear fruit, however, and judging from the strong, tall canes, they looked good for at least fifteen years. this disease, however, practically destroyed the entire field within two years. before too badly diseased, i had obtained and planted out a couple of acres of these plants and immediately began spraying them. the following spring i sprayed them again, and although the plants became perfectly healthy, i sprayed them once or twice during the summer, and it is needless to say the result was a berry which, considering all its good points, was certainly deserving of the name it bore, which was "king." in fact, i do not hope to see anything better in the raspberry line during the next thirty years, that is, any seedling having all its merits: a strong growth, hardiness of cane, an immense bearer and a good shipper. it's only fault is that the berries will drop from the plants when real ripe, but if you are on the job this can easily be averted. as far as anthracnose is concerned, i have found that there is not a variety of raspberry standing out in an open field, unsprayed or partly shaded, that will stand up under a heavy crop without being affected by this disease. after increasing my plantation, as i had by this time, i found i required more help. ability in managing my helpers was a necessity. my experience with them in the field was that when i set them to hoeing a newly set raspberry field if not watched they would destroy half the roots, loosening the little hold the struggling plants had, by cutting close and hoeing the soil away from the roots. i have seen supposedly intelligent men plowing alongside of the plants, thinking they were doing their work so much more thoroughly, but if they would dig up one plant before plowing and another after, they would readily see the results of their plowing. a born farmer assumes that everybody knows how to handle a hoe or a plow, but why should they, not having had practical experience? when put to work such as hoeing, they would make the most outlandish motions with the hoe, often destroying valuable plants, not being able to distinguish them from the weeds. though they may labor just as hard, they cannot possibly accomplish as much as the expert who can skillfully whirl a hoe around a plant in such a manner as to remove every weed and yet not injure the plant in the least. in other words, the best efforts of the novice cannot possibly bring the results so easily accomplished by the more skillful laborer. except in a few cases, i have found inexperienced help a discouragement. in hiring pickers who had to come quite far each morning, i found that if the morning had been wet and rainy, but had later turned out to be a nice day, they would not come at all. the sun coming out after these showers would cause the berries to become over-ripe and to drop from the bushes, or if still on the bush would be too ripe for shipping. these same pickers, when berries were scarce, would rush through the rows, merely picking the biggest and those most easily acquired. having tried pickers as mentioned, i decided that to get pickers from the city and board them would be the better plan. while they seemed to work more for the pleasure connected with life on the farm than with the idea of making money, yet after a little training and a few rules, most of them would make splendid pickers, and my berries being carefully picked and in first class condition, would readily sell to the best trade. leaving the subject of berries and berry picking, i will dwell briefly on my experience with the winter covering of the plants. at first i would cover the canes in an arch-like manner, which would require more than inches of soil to cover them, and it was necessary to shovel much by hand. in the spring i found it quite a task to remove all this soil and get it back in place between the rows. after i learned to cover them properly, that is flat on the ground, i found it required but a small amount of soil to cover them, and in the spring it was only necessary to use a fork to remove the covering, and with a little lift they were ready to start growth again. after getting more and more fruit, i found i could not dispose of it in the home market, and tending to the picking and packing of the fruit did not leave enough time to warrant my peddling it. i had been advised to ship my berries to two or three different commission houses in order to see where i could obtain the best results. i frequently divided my shipments into three parts: consequently some of my fruit would meet in competition with another lot of my fruit, and not only would one concern ask a higher or lower price than the other, but they would not know when to expect my shipments, which they would receive on alternate days. i finally came to the conclusion that i would send all my fruit to one party, and i found that it was not only more of an object to them, but people would come every day to buy some, knowing they were getting the same quality each time. although it has been my experience that the raspberry is never a failure, still i have found that it is a good policy not to depend entirely on the raspberry, but to extend the plantation in such a way as to have a continuous supply of fruits and vegetables in season, from the asparagus and pie plant of the early spring to the very latest variety of the grape and apple ripening just before the heavy frost of fall, when it is again time to tuck them all away for the winter. mr. ludlow: do i understand that you have to lay down and cover up those red raspberries? mr. johnson: yes, sir; otherwise you only get a few berries right at the top of the cane, and if you cover them the berries will be all along down the cane. the president: do you break off many canes by covering them? mr. johnson: no, it is the way you bend them. when you bend them down, make a kind of a twist and hold your hand right near them. you can bend them down as quick as a couple of men can shovel them down. mr. anderson: do you bend them north or south or any way? mr. johnson: i generally bend one row one way and the other the other way. where you want to cultivate, it is easier for cultivation; you don't have to go against the bend of those plants. that bend will never be straight again, and when you come to cultivate you are liable to rub them. mr. anderson: how far have you got yours planted apart? mr. johnson: about five feet. mr. sauter: what is your best raspberry? mr. johnson: i haven't seen anything better than the king. mr. sauter: do you cover the king? mr. johnson: yes. mr. sauter: we don't do it on the experimental station. i never covered mine, and i think i had the best all around berry last summer. mr. johnson: that might be all right when they are young, but i find it pays me. a member: don't they form new branches on the sides when you pinch off the ends? mr. johnson: yes, sir; then you pinch them off. a member: don't they break right off from the main stalk in laying down? mr. johnson: no, no. a member: we have a great deal of trouble with that. how do you get these bushy bushes to lie down? mr. johnson: i take three or four canes, and kind of twist them, give them a little twist, and lay them flat on the ground. mr. anderson: don't you take out any dirt on the sides? mr. johnson: no, sir; sometimes i might put a shovel of ground against them to bend the canes over. mr. rogers: do you plant in the hedge row or in the hill system? mr. johnson: in the hedge row. i think it is better because they protect one another. mr. ludlow: how far do you put them apart in the hedge row? mr. johnson: four feet. that is the trouble with the king, if you don't keep them down, your rows will get too wide. a member: i heard you say a while ago you covered these. do you plow them after you get them down or do you cover them with a shovel? mr. johnson: i cover mostly with a shovel. sometimes i take a small plow through. a member: don't you think in covering them with a plow you might disturb the roots? mr. johnson: that is the danger. a member: i saw a fellow covering up twelve acres of black caps and he plowed them shut. after i heard what you said i thought maybe that he was injuring his roots. mr. johnson: you know the black cap has a different root system from the reds. the roots of the reds will run out all over the road. mr. willard: how thick do you leave those canes set apart in the row, how many in a foot? mr. johnson: i generally try to leave them in hills four feet apart, not let them come in any between. about three or four in a hill. i generally try to cut out the weak ones. mr. willard: you pinch the end of the tops, i think? mr. johnson: yes, sir. a member: when do you cut those sucker canes? mr. johnson: i generally hoe them just before picking time and loosen the ground in the row. that is very important, to give them a hoeing, not hoe down deep, but just loosen that hard crust there and cut all the plants that you don't want, and then generally, after the berries commence to ripen, your suckers don't come so fast, and you keep on cultivating once in a while. mr. brackett: i have some king raspberries, and i never covered them up in ten years. i will change that. the first year i did cover a part of my patch, at least one-half of them, and that left the other half standing, and i couldn't see any difference. around excelsior there are very few people that cover up the king raspberry. but the king raspberry has run out; all of the old varieties have run out. we have at our experiment station the no. --you can get double the amount of fruit from the no. than from the king. the best way to grow the king raspberry or any other raspberry is to set them four feet apart and cultivate them. if you grow a matted row you are bound to get weeds and grass in there, you are bound to get them ridged up, but by planting in hills and cultivating each way you can keep your ground perfectly level. as far as clipping them back my experience has been it is very hard to handle them--they will spread out. it is a big job to cover the plants and then to uncover them again. i know it is not necessary with the no. ; that is hardy. that is what we want. hardiness is what we want in a berry, and you have it in the no. . mr. hall: i would like to ask you what you spray with and when you spray? mr. johnson: the bordeaux mixture. i spray them early in the spring and just before they start to ripen. mr. wick: with us the loudon raspberry seems to be the coming raspberry. mr. johnson: is it doing well now? mr. wick: yes, it is doing well. mr. ludlow: how many years is the planting of the king raspberry good for? mr. johnson: i think it would be good for fifteen years or more if they are handled as i do it. keep at the plant, hoeing and spraying them twice a year; trim out the old wood and keep them healthy. the president: you take out all the old wood every year? mr. johnson: yes, sir. mr. ludlow: when do you do that? mr. johnson: in the fall. i figure this way, every extra cane that you grow on the plant is a waste. if i see a cane a little higher than the others i just stop it, and it throws the sap back. mr. berry: do you fertilize and how and when? mr. johnson: i found i didn't need much fertilizer. i put on wood ashes and such things when i burn the trimming of the berries and such things. a member: when do you spray? mr. johnson: i generally spray in the spring after they get started and just before they are starting to ripen. i spray them sometimes when they are starting to ripen, and the berries would pick up in one day. a member: you mean to say you could grow them for fifteen years without fertilizing? mr. johnson: yes, sir. * * * * * knowledge of the temperature of the pantry and cellar is important, in order that one may make improvements in conditions. putrefaction will start at °, so that a pantry or closet where food is kept should have a temperature at least as low as that. cellars where canned goods are stored should have a temperature of ° or over. apples are frequently stored in outside cellars, where the temperature should be kept at ° or °; but apples may be kept satisfactorily at ° or °. when stored at the higher temperatures, the fruit should be placed there soon after being picked. annual report, , nevis trial station. jas. arrowood, supt., nevis. we would say that the station is in good condition; all trees and shrubbery have done well; no complaint as far as growth is concerned. this being an off year for fruit in this section, the fruit crop in general was light, the late frost and heavy rains destroying most all, both wild and tame fruits. the strawberries, raspberries and currants were fairly good; plums and apples were very light, except some seedlings, both apples and plums, which seemed to hold their fruit. most all the large apples were destroyed by the freeze, such as duchess, wealthy, greening and hibernal. there were some of the duchess seedlings that seemed to stand all kinds of freezing. [illustration: jas. arrowood in his trial orchard, at nevis, in northern minnesota.] now in regard to the fruits that were sent here from central station. the majority are doing fairly well, especially in regard to strawberry no. , which is doing splendidly and points to be the coming strawberry of northern minnesota. it is a good runner and has a large, dark foliage. plants that we left out last winter without covering came through in splendid condition and made a heavy crop. in regard to the fruit, it is of the best quality, large and firm and a good keeper. in regard to raspberries, nos. , and did very well, and stood the winter without laying down, and bore a good crop. in regard to the eighteen plum trees i received three years ago, nos. , , , , , and have done very well and have made a good growth, but have had no fruit so far. the sand cherry that was received the same year, no. , has done very well and bore some fruit this last year of a fair quality. hansen cherries are doing fairly well and bore some fruit this year. now in regard to plums that were received in nos. , , , , , , have all made a good growth. what was received in have all grown. the grapes that we received two years ago have made but little growth. there were no grapes in this section this year; they all froze off about twice. i received at the county fair about sixteen first prizes on apples and plums this year. we did considerable top-working, mostly on hibernals and native seedlings, which are doing very well. some of our seedling cherries are commencing to bear and show to be perfectly hardy. they are of the oregon strain of sweet cherry. in regard to gardens, they were fairly good throughout the section. corn crop a failure. in regard to the condition of the trees and shrubbery, this are going into their winter quarters with lots of moisture and with a large amount of fruit buds, with a good prospect for fruit next year. * * * * * destroying plant lice.--according to the results of experiments a per cent kerosene emulsion should prove effective against the green apple aphis. the kerosene emulsion made either with per cent stock, per cent, or with naphtha soap and cold water, seemed to kill all the green apple aphides. the per cent nicotine solution, with a dilution up to to , combined with soap, were likewise effective aphidicides. the kerosene emulsions under per cent were not satisfactory, neither were the soaps at the strengths tested, except that fish-oil soap, to , killed per cent of the aphides. laundry soap, to , was effective against the young aphides only. arsenate of lead alone, as was to be expected, had little or no effect upon the aphides. the combination of arsenate of calcium with kerosene emulsions is not a desirable one, since an insoluble calcium soap is formed, thereby releasing some free kerosene.--u.s. dpt. of agri. new fruits originated at minnesota fruit-breeding farm. chas. haralson, supt., excelsior. the subject on which i am to talk is rather difficult to present at this time, but i will mention a few of the most promising new varieties. [illustration: the new and valuable hardy raspberry no. , growing at state fruit-breeding farm.] we have developed several hundred new varieties of fruit since we started fruit-breeding at the state fruit farm. many of them are very promising, but it probably will take several years before we really know what we have that will be of value to the public. we have been growing thousands of seedlings of apples, plums, grapes, raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries and currants, from which valuable varieties have been selected. all of them have been put under propagation in a small way for testing at the fruit farm, trial stations and many other places. some very favorable reports from several places have been received during the last year from parties who have fruited these new creations. we also have some hybrid peach and apricot seedlings which have stood the test of the last two winters. some of them blossomed very freely last spring, but on account of the hard freeze in may they did not set any fruit. i hope to be able to report on these another year. [illustration: hybrid plum no. --at minnesota state fruit-breeding farm.] the results of breeding strawberries have given us one everbearing and one june-bearing variety, which have been tested in many places throughout the state. the june-bearing variety has been introduced as minnesota no. . the berries are almost identical with senator dunlap in color and shape, but somewhat larger and, i think, more productive. the plants are equal to dunlap in hardiness, or more so, a stronger plant, and a good plant-maker. the fruiting season is about a week earlier than dunlap. it is a firm berry and stands shipping a long distance. my belief is that this variety will make one of the best commercial berries for the northwest. the everbearing variety is known as no. . it is a large, round berry, dark red color, and is of the best quality. this variety is strong and vigorous and a good plant-maker when blossoms are picked off early in the season. it is also very productive. the blossoms and berries on a number of plants were counted in october, and we found all the way from to berries and blossoms on single plants. this is, of course, a little more than the average, but it shows what it will do under ordinary conditions. this variety has been growing next to progressive, on the same soil, with the same cultivation, and i think that persons who have seen it this summer will agree with me that it is far ahead of progressive in size and productiveness. i will say right here, if you expect to have a good crop of fruit in the fall, keep the most of the runners off. if you encourage them to make runners, or plants, you will have less fruit. the raspberries sent out as nos. , , , , , and , are all worthy of trial. the no. has fruited several years and gave the best showing so far. the fruit resembles the marlboro somewhat, but the color is darker. it is not one of very high quality, but the size of the berry and its appearance will more then make up for this. the canes and foliage are generally healthy and very hardy. this variety will be planted very extensively just as soon as enough stock can be supplied to fruit growers. the burbank crossed with wolf, hybrid plums. there have been several of these sent out to trial stations, and as premiums to members of the horticultural society. i will mention them in order as to size of fruit. no. , , , and will measure - / inch in diameter. nos. , , , , and no. are nearly as large. the kinds which have given best all around satisfaction up to the present time, are nos. , , , , , , and . one or two years more trial should give us an idea which ones will be worthy of general propagation. there are also several varieties of abundance and wolf crosses which have fruited for several years. the quality of the fruit of these hybrids is probably somewhat better than the burbank and wolf hybrids, but the fruit in most cases runs smaller. no. is probably one of the best; its fruit is about - / inch in diameter, colors up all over before it is ripe, and will stand shipping a long distance, as they can be picked quite green and still are colored up all over. there are several numbers equally, or nearly, as promising as no. . sand cherry x satsuma plum no. is in the same class as sapa. the color of the fruit is bluish black when ripe, the flesh purple, pit small and nearly freestone; fruit ripens first part of august. this tree is a strong grower and makes a large tree. we also have another plum, compass cherry x climax, about the only variety which fruited this year. the color of the skin is almost blue when fully ripe; the meat is green and of a very pleasant flavor. the pit is small and clingstone; size of fruit is about - / inches in diameter. the tree is a strong, upright grower. this variety has been propagated this summer. i will not try to describe any more as there are some , hybrid plums on the place and only a small per cent have fruited. [illustration: ornamental purple leaf plum, originated at state fruit-breeding farm.] in grapes we have several varieties worthy of propagation, but i will just mention two varieties. one is a red grape about the size of wyoming red. the bunches are large and very compact; the season for ripening is about with moore's early; the quality is good enough to make it a table grape. the vine is just as hardy as beta grape, of which it is a seedling. it has good foliage and the vine is a rank grower. the other variety is black when ripe, nearly as large as moore's early. the fruit is ripe first part of august; the vine is vigorous and hardy. strawberries and raspberries were a good crop this year, but all other fruit was a total failure on account of the killing frost and snowstorm on may th. apples were in full bloom at the time, and a good crop of plums had set on the trees, but all fell off a few days later. there were no currants or gooseberries and only a few grapes. mr. waldron: what do you think the male parent was of the red grape? mr. haralson: i couldn't say. we don't know what the cross is. mr. waldron: did you have any red grapes growing there? mr. haralson: i presume there were quite a number of varieties growing near by. in the beta seedlings we find a number of grapes that ripen green and also some black and a number red, but not a great many, i would say from five to seven per cent of the seedlings. mr. wellington: have you been able to cross the european plum with the japanese? mr. haralson: we have one or two varieties, but the fruit is very small, the fruit isn't very much larger than the compass cherry. the tree is a very strong grower and makes a large tree, but the fruit is not up to what it should be. mr. cook: what number do you hold that red grape under? mr. haralson: the red grape is no. . mr. sauter: which is the next best raspberry besides the no. ? mr. haralson: i couldn't tell you at present. i thought the no. , but from reports i have had from several places some think no. is better. no. is the best of them all so far. a member: i would like to ask which of those raspberries is the best quality. mr. haralson: they run very much the same, very little difference in the quality. the quality i should say compares very favorably with the king. the president: those of you who know of the wonderful work done by mr. haralson can not help but say, "well done, good and faithful servant." he has surely accomplished wonderful results out there, and the people of this state and adjoining states will all in time enjoy the fruits of his labor. (applause.) * * * * * kill wild onions in november.--the secret of the vitality of the wild onion lies in the two sorts of underground bulbs. each plant produces one large bulb, which germinates in the fall, and four or five small ones, which start growth in the spring. late fall plowing, followed by early spring plowing and planting the infested land to some clean cultivated crop destroys the wild onion pest by killing both sorts of bulbs as the growth from them appears and before they have a chance to multiply. the fall plowing should be deep, and care should be taken to completely bury all green tops of the onion. if very much top growth has been made, a harrow run before the plow will facilitate the thorough covering of the tops. another interesting and valuable point about the wild onion is that the spring bulbs rarely produce heads; consequently, if the infested land is plowed in the fall, a spring oat crop practically free of onions can always be secured. but for complete eradication of the onion, both fall and spring plowing is necessary, and november is the best time to do the fall work. annual meeting, , wisconsin horticultural society. chas. haralson, excelsior, minn., delegate. the meeting was held january , and , , in the assembly room of the state capitol in madison, wis. your delegate was present in time for the opening session and given a chance with other delegates to deliver the greetings of their societies. the opening address by governor phillip was very interesting. he told of the possibilities the state of wisconsin offered fruit growers in a commercial way with markets all around them. he advocated honest grading and packing to obtain the top prices for the fruit. he also urged every farmer to have a small orchard and fruit garden for home consumption. spraying and spray mixtures, illustrated, was ably presented by professor geo. f. potter, university of wisconsin. a speaking contest by ten students from university of wisconsin competed for prizes of $ . , $ . and $ . . this brought out almost every phase of horticulture and was one of the most interesting sessions. commercial orcharding in the middle west was shown with moving pictures and explanations by sen. dunlap, savoy, ill. these pictures illustrated spraying, cultivating, harvesting, grading, packing, caring for the fruit and marketing the same, and several other operations in connection with uptodate commercial orcharding. he also gave a talk on spraying and spraying materials. he said lime-sulphur is preferred in his locality. a half hour question and answer session was led by professor j.g. moore, university of wisconsin, on pruning. this brought out a very lively discussion about how to prune young orchards and what age of trees to plant for commercial orchards. this question was not settled, as some preferred one year old trees, while others would plant nothing but two year old trees. m. s. kellogg, janesville, wis., spoke of nurserymen's troubles. his paper was very interesting from a nurseryman's standpoint with all their troubles and what they have to go up against. c. o. ruste, blue mounds, wis., spoke about the farmer's orchard, what to plant and how to care for the same. the writer gave a paper, telling what is being done in the line of fruit-breeding at the minnesota fruit-breeding farm. the program was very full and interesting. the attendance, however, was not very large. a very good exhibit of apples was on display in the fruit room. the fruit was clean, well colored and up to size. many varieties, such as jonathan, fameuse, baldwin, windsor, talman sweet and wine sap were on display in great quantities. garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. at the annual meeting the following officers and members of the executive committee were elected. officers--mrs. e. w. gould, president, humboldt ave. s., minneapolis; mrs. phelps wyman, vice-president, third ave. s., minneapolis; mrs. m.l. countryman, secretary-treasurer, s. avon st., st. paul. directors--mrs. f. h. gibbs, st. anthony park; mr. g. c. hawkins, minneapolis; miss elizabeth starr, minneapolis; mrs. h. a. boardman, st. paul; mr. f. w. bell, wayzata; mr. f. f. farrar, white bear; mrs. r. p. boyington, nemadji; mrs. j. f. fairfax, minneapolis; mrs. h. b. tillotson, minneapolis. after a thorough discussion, it was unanimously agreed that more frequent meetings would be advisable. our program committee has, therefore, planned for a meeting each month, alternating between st. paul and minneapolis. it was, of course, impossible to set the dates for the three flower shows so early in the year, or to announce all of the speakers. the program in full for each month will appear on this page, and we hope to save our secretary a great deal of routine work as well as considerable postage to the society. so watch this page for announcements. we hope the following program will prove both interesting and profitable, and that our members will bring friends to each meeting, all of which will begin at : o'clock _promptly_. program for . february . wilder auditorium, : p.m., fifth and washington st., st. paul. soil fertility, prof. f. j. alway. birds as garden helpers. march . public library, minneapolis, : p.m. work of the state art commission, mr. maurice flagg. how can the garden flower society co-operate with it? our garden enemies. cultural directions for trial seeds. distribution of trial seeds. april . wilder auditorium, st. paul, : p.m. native plants in the garden. roadside planting. use and misuse of wild flowers. may. date to be announced. mazey floral co., s. th, minneapolis. informal spring flower show. what our spring gardens lack. good ground cover plants. june. date to be announced. university farm, st. paul, joint session with horticultural society. flower show. july. date to be announced. minneapolis rose gardens, lake harriet. picnic luncheon, : p.m. roses for the home garden. our insect helpers in the garden. august. date to be announced. holm and olson, : , w. fifth st., st. paul. informal flower show. how to grow dahlias. the gladiolus. september . public library, minneapolis, : p.m. fall work in the garden. vines. planting for fall and winter effect. october . wilder auditorium, st. paul, : p.m. what other garden clubs are doing. how my garden paid. reports on trial seeds. november. date to be announced. park board greenhouses, bryant ave. s. and th st., : p.m. chrysanthemum show. hardy chrysanthemums. december. annual meeting. {mrs. phelps wyman, program committee. {mrs. n. s. sawyer, {miss elizabeth starr, {mrs. e. w. gould, bee-keeper's column. conducted by francis jager, professor of apiculture, university farm, st. paul. queen bees for breeding.--queen bees for breeding purposes will be sent to beekeepers of the state from university farm during the coming summer with instructions how to introduce them and how to re-queen the apiary. mostly all bees in the state at present are hybrids, which are hard to manage. in many localities bees have been inbred for years, making the introduction of new blood a necessity. all queens sent out are bred from the leather colored italian breeding queens of choicest stock obtainable. the price of queens will be fifty cents for one, and not more than three will be furnished to each beekeeper. orders with cash must be sent directed to the "cashier," university farm, st. paul, minnesota. the queens will be sent out in rotation as soon as they are ready and conditions are right. secretary's corner membership numbers change.--a good many members when sending in annual membership fee give the number of their membership for the previous year. members will please note that membership numbers change each year, as all members are numbered in the order of their coming upon the membership roll. the only number that we care about in the office, if for any reason it is necessary to give it, is the number for the current year. a word from prof. whitten.--prof. j. c. whitten, of the university of missouri, who was on the program at our annual meeting for three numbers, and at the last moment was taken ill and unable to be with us, has written describing the condition of his illness and expressing his deep regret at his enforced absence from our meeting, and a hope that at some other time he may have an opportunity to be with us. we shall look forward to having him on our program another year with eager anticipation. prof. whitten ranks as one of the most prominent of professional horticulturists of the country, and we are certainly fortunate in being able to secure his attendance, as we hope to do another year. members in florida.--quite a number of members of the horticultural society are spending the winter in florida. some of these the secretary knows about, but addresses of only two are at hand. j. m. underwood, chairman of the executive board of the society, and family are at miami, fla., for the winter. mr. oliver gibbs, at one time secretary of the society for a number of years, is at melbourne beach, on the east coast of florida, where he has been now for some ten winters--and some summers also. his health makes it necessary for him to live in so mild a climate. we have the pleasure of meeting him here often during the summer. now in his eighties he is nearly blind but otherwise in good health and always in cheerful spirits. new life members.--since the report of was printed, in which there will be found on page a list of life members of the society, there have been added to the life membership roll fifteen names; five of these were made honorary members by the unanimous vote of the association for valuable service rendered to the society, and were well deserving of this honor, as follows: chas. haralson, excelsior; s. h. drum, owatonna; f. w. kimball, waltham; j. r. cummins, minneapolis; john bisbee, madelia. to the paid life membership roll there have been added ten names as follows: e. g. zabel, lamoure, n.d.; roy e. mcconnell, st. cloud; o. f. krueger, minneapolis; l.a. gunderson, duluth; mr. and mrs. f. h. gibbs, st. anthony park; herman goebel, wildrose, n.d.; t. torgerson, estevan, sask.; law swanson, st. paul; rev. saml. johnson, princeton. don't you want your name added to this life roll? if you have already paid an annual membership fee for this year a further payment of $ . made any time during the year will be received as first payment for a life membership fee. that is, the amount of the annual fee already paid may be deducted from a life membership fee paid any time during the current year. send in a new member.--have you noticed the advertisement on the inside of the back cover page of this and also the january issues of our monthly? there never was such an opportunity to secure valuable new fruits as this presents to you and to your neighbor, many of whom we feel sure would gladly take advantage of the opportunity if it were presented to them. take an evening off and do yourself and your neighbors this good service--and the society as well. number three strawberry.--very few of those who have so far selected plant premiums for next spring's delivery have chosen minnesota no. june-bearing strawberry. our members will surely make a mistake if they do not secure for next spring's planting a quantity of this splendid new berry, which seems likely to supplant the senator dunlap as the june-bearing variety in the near future. it is a very vigorous grower, equally attractive, of good quality, holds up well and is a healthy, hardy plant. do not leave this out of your list of selection for plant premiums. apple seed of large value.--a considerable quantity of apple seed has been secured of mr. john bisbee, of madelia, minn., from his orchard, top-worked, as it is, with many varieties of long keeping apples, so that this seed is almost certainly crossed with something that will keep well as well as of high quality. it will be found especially valuable to plant for growing seedlings. it would be well to secure this seed soon, mix it with damp sand and leave out of doors where it will freeze, keeping the package which holds it covered from the air so that it may not dry out. every member should have a little corner in his garden for growing apple seedlings. it is an enticing experiment, and such seed as this is likely to give good results. we are still looking for the $ , apple. you may grow it from some of this seed. package of twenty-five seed at ten cents, to be secured of secy. latham. a favorable winter for fruits.--the ground was in good condition last fall, with a reasonable amount of moisture, fruits, both trees and plants, well ripened up, and now with a fairly good blanket of snow and no long continued severe weather, we have to this point in the winter a very certain assurance of a good yield of fruit the coming spring. to be sure the thermometer was down in the neighborhood of thirty degrees one night, but it was there so short a time that it scarcely seems possible that any harm could have been done by it. the horticulturist should be a natural optimist and always anticipate something good ahead, which is one pretty sure way of getting it. minnesota nurserymen give memberships.--a considerable number of the nurserymen of minnesota are again giving memberships this year as premiums to purchasers of nursery stock in quantity of $ . or upwards. this is a commendable enterprise, not only on account of its material assistance in building up the membership roll of the society but more especially because it brings in the kind of members who have, or should have, a large practical interest in the workings of the association, and we believe also that it is like "casting bread upon the waters;" those receiving these memberships will have a warm feeling for the nurserymen which present them. if you who read this are minnesota nurserymen and are not in the list of those who are doing this service for the society, don't you want to take advantage of an immediate opportunity to align yourself with those who are showing so large an interest in the welfare of the association? [illustration: gathering the apple crop in harold simmons' orchard--at howard lake.] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. march, no. my orchard crop of from start to finish. harold simmons, orchardist, howard lake. in anticipation of a crop of apples for we commenced the season with the regular annual pruning in march. we begin pruning as soon after the th day of february as the weather is mild enough for us to work comfortably, as the pruning of fifteen hundred trees requires considerable time when one is obsessed with the idea that nothing short of a first class job will do, and that to be accomplished mainly by the efforts of one individual. we have endeavored to grow our trees so that they should all have from three to five or six main limbs, and any tendency of a limb to assume the leadership is suppressed. a tree grown upon this principle has the faculty of growing a great many laterals, necessitating an annual pruning. as far as possible we prune to prevent laterals from becoming too numerous, from growing so as to overtop or shade lower limbs, to let in light and sunshine, so as to get the maximum amount of color on the fruit and in a measure to help in thinning the fruit. having in view the idea of an annual crop instead of a biennial one, one essential point always in mind is that we want an open headed tree, and we also wish to insure our trees against blight, and so we eliminate all water sprouts. apparently, no minnesota orchard is immune against blight. some objections are raised to this type of tree, one criticism being that the tree is structurally weak from the fact that if one limb breaks off at the trunk the tree is about ruined. we offset the possibility of such a break by careful training and by wiring the trees, a plan i gathered some years ago from a mr. mason, at that time president of the flood river apple growers association. [illustration: young trees in full bloom in mr. simmons' orchard.] we use no. galvanized wire, a half inch galvanized harness ring, and screw-eyes with stout shanks and small eyes. locating up the main limbs what might be called the center of effort, or where the main pull would be when loaded with fruit, put in a good stout screw-eye in every main limb, eyes all pointing to the center of the tree, and then wire them all to the harness ring in the middle of the tree. when finished the ring and the wires are like the hub in a wheel with the spokes all around. we tried this first on our n.w. greening trees, and results were so satisfactory that we have applied it to a great number of other varieties with equal satisfaction. once put in a tree, it is good for the life of the tree. our objection to a tree with a central leader is that it is very difficult to create an open head, and if the blight strikes the leader it generally means the loss of the tree. low headed trees we have found by experience, are easiest cared for; they are the most economical for thinning, harvesting, spraying and pruning; they also shade the trunk and main limbs. after pruning all brush is removed from the orchard and burned. the next operation is spraying, and our first spraying was done when most of the petals were down, using a cushman power sprayer, running at two hundred pounds pressure, with two leads of hose and extension rods with two nozzles on each. spraying solution, six gallons of lime and sulphur, twelve pounds of arsenate of lead paste to each tank of water containing two hundred gallons. we aim to cover the tree thoroughly from top to bottom and spray twice each season. however, the past season half the orchard only was sprayed twice, the other half only once, the second spraying being applied about two weeks after the first, when we use lime and sulphur only, and then five gallons instead of six, in each tank of water. we use angle nozzles, the better to direct the spray into the calyxes. the orchard was mowed twice during the summer, early in june and the middle of july. a heavy growth of clover covers most of the orchard, and none is ever removed, all is left to decay just as it is left by the mowers. the next thing in line to take our attention is thinning the fruit. the past season we thinned the wealthy and top-worked varieties only; another season, we expect to carry this work to every tree in the orchard. the trees were gone over twice in the season, although the bulk of the work is done at the first operation. we use thinning shears made expressly for the purpose. by the end of july the trees in many instances were carrying maximum loads, and unless rendered assistance by propping in some way, the limbs, great numbers of them, must soon break. to get props to prop hundreds of trees, needing from five to six up to a dozen per tree, and apply them, looked like a big job. to purchase lumber for props the price was prohibitive; to get them from the woods was impossible. we finally solved the problem by purchasing bamboo fish poles, sixteen and twenty feet long, and by using no. wire, making one turn around the pole at the required height, turning up the end of the wire to hold it and making a hook out of the other end of the wire, using about seven or eight inches of wire for each. these made excellent props at small expense, the ringlike excresences on the pole preventing the wire from slipping. we propped as many as four and five limbs at different heights on one pole. this method carried the heavily loaded trees through the season in good shape. anyone afflicted with too many apples on their trees should try it. next in line came the harvesting of the crop. we use the "ideal bottomless bag" for a picking utensil, and almost all the fruit is picked from six foot step-ladders. we pack the apples in the orchard. fortunately we have had the same people pick our apples year after year, from the first crop until the last one of the past season. [illustration: apples by the carload at howard lake.] in packing we aim to use the kind of package the market demands. the crop this season was all barreled. the pickers have been on the job long enough so that they are as able to discriminate as to what should go into a barrel and what should not as i am myself. however, our system is to always have about twice as many barrels open ready for the apples as there are pickers. the barrels are all faced one layer at least, and two layers if we have the time, and as the pickers come in with approximately half a bushel of apples in the picking sack, they swing the sack over the barrel, lower it, release the catch and the apples are deposited without bruising in any way. the next picker puts his in the next barrel, and so on, so that each succeeding picker deposits his apples in the next succeeding barrel. in that way i personally have the opportunity to inspect every half bushel of apples, or, i might say, every apple, as a half bushel of apples in a barrel is shallow, making inspection a very simple matter. when the barrels are filled they are headed up, put in the packing shed until sufficient have accumulated, and when that point is reached they are loaded out, billed to minneapolis, where practically all our apples have been sold for years. all fruit up to date has been sold on a commission basis, the crop for the past season aggregating five carloads, or approximately barrels. we feel that we have worked out a fairly good method to handle both our trees and our apples, but we have not reached the conclusion that our methods in any way guarantee us a crop of apples, although in ten years, or since the orchard came into bearing, we have never had a season that we did not have a fair crop of apples. in we sold seven carloads, in four carloads, in five carloads, and the trees as far as they are concerned promise us a fair crop for . we are working as though this is assured, but in the final analysis it is up to the weather man. a member: i would like to ask mr. simmons in regard to his wiring. we are raising our trees in the same manner, the open-headed trees, and i wanted to ask him where the central ring is placed, in the crotch of the tree or where? mr. simmons: the ring is suspended by the wires in the center of the tree. it makes an excellent arrangement. you can stand on that wire and gather the apples from the topmost limbs of the trees. the screw-eyes should be put in at what might be termed the center of effort or pull, when the limb is heavily loaded. if not put in high enough, it causes a rather too acute angle where the screw-eye is inserted and the limb is likely to break. a member: we had considerable difficulty with broken branches. mr. ludlow: are the rings put on the outside or the inside of the trees? mr. simmons: on the inside, so that the screw eyes all point towards the center of the tree. after three or four years you can't see the screw eye, it grows right into the tree. mr. ludlow: i want to ask if you recommend the bamboo poles for general propping of trees? mr. simmons: yes, sir; most emphatically i would. it is the best and most economical prop you can use. of course, it is the general opinion among expert fruit growers that the crop should never be too heavy for the tree. the bamboo prop is the best we found. with reasonable care, bamboo poles will outlast common lumber. it is the general opinion among expert fruit growers that the tree should carry all fruit possible, but should not be permitted to be loaded so heavy as to need propping. mr. dyer: i have an orchard of acres and it would take a great many bamboo poles to prop that orchard. i use pieces of board, various lengths, inches wide and inch thick, of various lengths. i get them to feet long and sometimes i cut them in two. my trees are large, twenty-five and thirty and thirty-five years old, and that has been my most successful material to prop with. mr. simmons: what is the cost? mr. dyer: well, you know what the lumber is, i paid about $ . a thousand. mr. simmons: when i tried to buy the props from the lumber yard they would have cost me twenty cents each. i bought the twenty foot bamboo poles for $ . a hundred and the sixteen foot poles for $ . a hundred. a member: i didn't get where his orchard is located, and i would like to ask about the variety of apples he had the best success with. mr. simmons: the orchard is located at howard lake, forty-three miles west of minneapolis. we grow duchess, patten's greenings, hibernals and wealthys. mr. ludlow: what is your average cost per tree for thinning? mr. simmons: we have for years thinned the wealthy trees and our top-worked varieties, but i never kept any accurate account of the cost of thinning. mr. ludlow: how old are your wealthys? mr. simmons: fourteen years old. mr. huestis: mr. simmons stated that he used the wire and the ring and the screw-eyes. if he used that, why does he need props? i used the same thing this summer on some wealthys and thinned them besides, and i didn't need any props because i used the wire from the center ring to the branches. mr. simmons: well, the wire supports support the main limbs but there are a great many laterals. for instance, you have the main limb going up here at an angle of degrees and the limbs that come out of that are not supported. the props i use are supporting the laterals. mr. anderson: are your returns satisfactory shipping to the minneapolis market? mr. simmons: always have been very satisfactory; that has been my only market. * * * * * fighting moths with parasites.--over , , specimens of two parasites which prey on the gipsy moth and brown-tail moth were released in towns in maine, new hampshire, massachusetts and rhode island during the fall of and spring of , according to the annual report of the bureau of entomology, united states department of agriculture. as a result of the successful establishment of colonies of these and other parasites which feed on the gipsy and brown-tail moths, marked progress is being made in reducing these pests. effective co-operation is being afforded by the states, which carry on as much work as possible within the infested areas, thus allowing the federal authorities to carry on field work along the outer border of infestation, so as to retard the gipsy moth's spread.--u.s. dept. of agri. annual meeting. , s.d. state horticultural society. wm. pfaender, jr., new ulm, minn., delegate. arrived at huron, s.d., monday night, january , . the officers as well as the members gave me a very fine reception and, although i am a life member, i was made an honorary member of the society, and during my stay was entertained very agreeably. i attended all meetings. the society had three meetings each day, except thursday, the th, when there was no meeting held in the evening. on account of the very cold weather the attendance from outside was not as large as it should have been. some very interesting papers were read. mr. e. d. cowles, of vermillion, in his paper on "what to do when your grape vines freeze back," advocated to break off the shoots (do not cut them off) near the old wood, so that new shoots would start from the same bud or eye and would produce a crop. the papers by the president, rev. f. a. hassold, "relation of horticulture to home-making" at the meeting, and "community effort in rural life" at the banquet, were very fine and much appreciated by the audience. professor n. e. hansen in his paper, "new fruits," stated, among other things, that he had made a large number of crosses with chinese sand pears and other pears, and that he expects to get from the crosses varieties that will be blight proof, and that he intends to continue experiments along this line. two very able and much appreciated papers at the banquet were: "landscape gardening," by miss hazel j. kent, and "transforming a place into a home," by mrs. geo. h. whiting, both of yankton, s.d. governor byrney was present at the banquet and in his address congratulated the horticulturists of south dakota on what they have attained and encouraged them in their difficult undertakings. your delegate was asked to give notes on "minnesota fruit culture," which he did to the best of his ability. the discussions after each paper were interesting and instructive. the meeting was a very successful one and all present appreciated the fact that these gatherings assist in developing this great northwest in horticulture, forestry and many other ways. annual report, , sauk rapids trial station. mrs. jennie stager, supt. warm weather this last spring came quite early, and with bated breath we waited for the usual frost, but still it came not. the plum orchard became a wilderness of bloom; the buds of the apple trees began coyly to unfold their dainty loveliness; pussy willows flaunted their sweetness on the air--while the birds sang their love notes from trees and bushes. then frost came--not once, but night after night. thus our hopes, which had risen with every promise of a bountiful harvest, fell with the thermometer far below zero. when fall came both plum and apple orchards made so poor a showing, not only here but all around this part of the country, that we had hardly enough fruit for our own uses. [illustration: mrs. stager's grandchildren among the roses of one year's growth.] we had a great deal of rain, all through the spring and into the summer. strawberries, that generally do well in wet weather, did not bless us with their usual abundance. currants and gooseberries also left us in the lurch--but the snyder blackberries were loaded with luscious fruit, while raspberries--why the berries of the golden queen bent the stalks down with their weight. prof. hansen's sunbeams were covered with berries, as were all of the seedling raspberries sent from the breeding farm three years ago, nos. six and seven, of the red ones, bore the largest and firmest berries. i had quite a time keeping the blossoms off the everbearing strawberries sent here in the spring from the state breeding farm. although i had bought and planted three named--and very much extolled--other kinds of everbearers, none of them were as prolific in plants, and extra large berries, as those unnamed ones from the state breeding farm. we had our first berries from them in august. when we had our fair here, the last of september, i made quite a showing of them, from the size of a bean (green) to a crab apple (ripe), surrounded by leaves and blossoms. they were still covered with bloom when the hard frosts came. the two small hybrid plums sent did not make much growth. most vegetables that have always grown so well in other summers did very poorly this year. out of four hundred and seventy-five tomato plants, taken the best of care of by inez, my granddaughter, for the state tomato contest, we did not get one bushel of good ripe ones. lima and other table beans were planted three times (on account of rotting in the ground) and then did not ripen. no ripe corn. in fact, about all the vegetables that came to fruition were peas, cauliflower and cabbage. of flowers, sweet peas, pansies and early lilies were fine, although growing things were late. paeonies had very few flowers. however, roses were masses of bloom. moss roses did the best ever, also large bushes of rosa rugosa (you see this year, we had neither the ubiquitous potato bug, rose bug, caterpillar or any other varmint to war against); quite a number gave us blooms all summer. then most of them threw out strong new plants, as do the raspberries, from the roots. on the whole, with our bounteous harvest of grain and so forth in this blessed country, we can be thankful we are alive. * * * * * keep youth on the farm.--"what can we do to keep our young people free from the deceiving lure of the city and contented to remain on the farm?". the following was prepared by c. w. kneale, of niwot, colo., a student in civics in the colorado school of agriculture, as a part of his regular class work. young kneale, although a student, has some excellent ideas which "father" and "mother" might do well to ponder carefully: "get good books, magazines and farm papers for them to read. "have some kind of lodges for them to go to, such as the grange. "arrange it so they can have a party or entertainment once in a while. "go with them to church every sunday. "arrange it so they can have one or more picnics every year. "teach them how to do all kinds of farm work, by giving them a small tract of land to farm for themselves and showing them how to raise their crops, and have them help you with your work. "give them a horse which they can ride or drive when they haven't anything to do, or when they want to go anywhere. "teach them to love and be kind to animals." ravages of the buffalo tree hopper. "mr. latham recently sent me some twigs of apple tree very badly injured with what we call the buffalo tree hopper. these scars are made entirely by the female in the act of egg-laying. this process of egg-laying takes place from the last part of july until the leaves drop in the fall. the eggs hatch the following spring. the young forms do not feed at all upon the apple but get their nourishment by sucking the juices from the weeds and grasses in the immediate neighborhood of the orchard. [illustration: the buffalo tree hopper and its work] "the injury of this particular tree hopper is bad because the insect in egg-laying makes two slits, side by side, afterwards poking the eggs beneath the bark. as the tree continues to grow, the area between the slits dies, making a very rough appearance of the bark and an area into which spores of disease and bacteria may enter. the twig that is badly scarred very often dies, and sometimes young trees just set out are marked so badly that they succumb. "the only practical remedy against such a pest is clean cultivation of the orchard, as one can readily work out from knowing the life history. it is possible that some of the sprays like bordeaux mixture, or self-boiled lime-sulphur, sprayed and kept active on the trees during the month of august would deter these hoppers from laying eggs. however, we have had no practical experience along this line, although we do know that trees under clean cultivation are not affected."--a. g. ruggles, head of section of spraying and tree insects, university farm, st. paul. * * * * * minnesota no. strawberry.--a communication from peter jackson, cloquet, says: "i had my first trial of the minnesota no. strawberry last year and they did finely. i had one hundred twenty-five quarts from sixty plants." who can do better than that? growing tomatoes in northern minnesota. rev. geo. michael, walker, minn. sow seed in hotbed about april first, in rows five inches apart and five inches apart in each row. transplant in garden one week after danger of frost is past. the day before transplanting soak the hotbed thoroughly with warm water. in taking them up to transplant use a sharp butcher knife; the ground thus cut out will form a cube five inches in diameter. this block, should be set in a hole ten to twelve inches deep. the ground around the block must be made very firm. this block will be four to six inches below the surface. _fill the hole with warm rainwater_ and three or four hours later rake in loose dirt to fill the hole, being careful not to pack it in the least. _how to prepare the ground._ manure heavily; plow very deep; harrow thoroughly. then in forming the hills place two shovelfuls of fine manure and one-half shovelful of hen manure for each hill. spade this in from twelve to eighteen inches deep and eighteen to twenty inches wide. cultivate often. the plants should be staked at first to keep the wind storms from injuring them. when one and one-half feet high they should be trained over poles placed on each side of the row one and one-half feet from the ground. plant hills four feet apart, and _train each plant to four or five vines_, cutting off all side shoots and a few of the leaves. _never cut off_ the top of a vine to hasten the ripening. make the ground _as rich as possible, plough deep, plant deep, set deep and prune carefully_. if you do not use poles or a trellis the vines thus managed should spread over the ground as pumpkin vines grow, and instead of "going all to vines" the tendency will be to go all to tomatoes. _a big story._ over $ , per acre. in i had three rows each forty feet long and four feet apart, i.e., a row feet long, or square feet. more than $ . worth of ripe tomatoes were taken from these vines, the price never more nor less than five cents per pound. if square feet will produce $ . , , square feet would produce $ , . during the tomato season i was away from home when a neighbor gathered bushels which are not counted in the above figures, and our family used and gave away several bushels more. annual report, , vice-president, fourth congressional district. j. k. dixon, north st. paul, minn. the fourth district fruit crops--with the exception of strawberries and raspberries--were conspicuous by their absence this season of . a festive blizzard that came prancing our way the th of may effectually destroyed what promised to be a bumper crop of apples and plums. the trees were for the most part past the blossoming stage, and the fruit had started to develop. currants and grapes met the same disastrous fate. only in favored situations, adjacent to large bodies of water, were there any apples, plums, grapes or currants to speak of. [illustration: mr. j. k. dixon, north st. paul.] in my orchard, at north st. paul, we burned wet straw smudges every second row on the outside of the orchard, allowing the wind to drift the smoke through trees. this was done by adding the wet straw at intervals to the burning piles in order to create a continuous dense smoke. when daylight appeared we noticed the ground covered with a beautiful blanket of frost, and decided two men smoking pipes would have been as effective treatment as the smudge. in this, however, i have since concluded we were mistaken. as the season advanced we noticed the first three or four rows in from the smudges gave us our only apples, whereas the further one went in the fewer were found, until they finally disappeared entirely. question: if the above treatment had been given every second or third row throughout orchard, what would the results have been? strawberries and raspberries proved their superior ability to withstand the assaults of king boreas and jack frost. strawberries were in blossom and were saved from total loss by a two or three inch blanket of wet snow that fortunately preceded the frost. consequently they are reported as fair to good crop. raspberries, owing to the abundant and regular rainfall, are reported from all over the district as a fair crop. one grower having one-half acre of the st. regis everbearing red raspberry reports having ripe berries from the last week in june to the th day of october, when a big freeze-up put them out of commission. this one-half acre produced , pints, that sold for fancy prices. also the everbearing strawberries are reported as making good and proving their claim to recognition as an established institution in the fruit world. a few of the largest growers report spraying with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. however, the rainfall was too abundant at the right time (or wrong time) to get best results. very little blight is reported as present the past summer, and what little there was yielded readily to the pruning knife applied five or six inches below infected wood, being careful to sterilize tool in solution of corrosive sublimate. the most serious injury from blight is caused by its attacking tender sprout growths on trunks or large branches. the blight runs very rapidly down the tender wood, penetrating to the cambium layer, where it causes cankers, often girdling entire trunk and killing tree outright. this is especially true of the virginia crab and wealthy apple. trees and plants came through last winter in a condition as a consequence of a mild winter, and this fall they go into winter quarters with abundance of moisture and well ripened wood. considerable nursery stock was planted last spring with excellent results, due to plentiful supply of moisture from spring to fall. while fruit growing in minnesota is not so extensively engaged in as in some reputed fruit growers' paradises we read about, i wish to state that the south and east (to speak in the vernacular) "has nothing on us." i have reliable information that the same freeze that cleaned us out up here in the north did the same trick for growers at mobile, alabama. therefore, i advise members not to yield to discouragement. plant and care for varieties recommended in the society planting list and emulate the society motto, "perseverantia vincimus." from replies to letters sent out the following list of varieties appears to be in favor as the most desirable to plant in this district: apples: wealthy, okabena, duchess, patten's greening. crabs: florence, whitney, lyman's prolific. plums: desoto, hawkeye, wyant, wolf. raspberries: king, sunbeam, minnetonka ironclad. currants: perfection, prince albert, long bunch holland, wilder. gooseberries: carrie, houghton, downing. grapes: beta, concord, delaware. hardy shrubs: spirea van houtii, hydrangea p.g., snowball, syringa, tartarian honeysuckle, lilac, high-bush cranberry, barberry, sumac, elderberry, golden leaf elder, buckthorn for hedges. hardy perennials--flowers: delphinium, campanula, phlox, paeonies, iris, hermerocallis, tiger lilies. tender plants: dahlias, gladiolus. annual report, , mandan, n.d., trial station. w. a. peterson, supt., mandan, n.d. in the spring of a number of plums, grapes and raspberries were received from the minnesota fruit-breeding farm. the larger part of the plums were winter killed in - . those that survive after a few more winters may be considered as practically hardy. those remaining made a good growth in , but did not bear. the grapes lived through the winter in good shape, although they had been covered. these are all beta seedlings. the raspberries nos. , , and , were partly covered and partly left exposed--all three numbers died to the ground when not protected. no. was received in the spring of and made a good growth. strawberry no. was received in spring and bore heavily this fall but made only a very few runners. extensive experiments are being carried on in plant-breeding, pomology, vegetable gardening, arboriculture and ornamental horticulture, and in the course of time a lot of valuable information will be gathered. on the whole the season was backward in spring and the summer was abnormally cool. there was sufficient rainfall for all crops. fruit growing a successful industry in minnesota. a. w. richardson, fruit grower, howard lake, minn. it is now about eighteen years since i conceived the idea of fruit culture as a competency for old age, being then, as now, employed as representative for some concern and required to travel over this state, earning a livelihood for myself and family. the nature of my first work on the road necessitated my attendance (a large portion of the time) at minnesota farmers' institute meetings, where i came in contact with those gentlemen employed in that work, and among the number our friend clarence wedge, of albert lea, and other personal friends, such as o. c. gregg, the founder of the institute work, mr. greely, mr. trow and others. it was among these gentlemen i got my first desire for a piece of land, and was advised by them several times to get a piece of land, and if i could not afford to buy a large piece, to buy a small piece, which latter course i was compelled to adopt. i became imbued with a desire to grow fruit and was particularly interested in the subject of horticulture, and eagerly devoured all the literature obtainable on the subject, and listened very attentively to all discussions on the subject at these meetings. in i moved to howard lake and succeeded mr. e. j. cutts in the nursery and fruit growing business. mr. cutts was well known to a great many. he died just prior to my residence in howard lake, where i got in my first practical experience in the fruit-growing business. after conducting this business for about twelve months, i disposed of it and bought a home in another part of town and at once set out about apple trees and other small fruit. gradually i acquired more land and set out more trees, until today i have about , apple trees, about , of which are at bearing age. i made one grand mistake however, as a great many other growers have done and are still doing, i planted too many varieties. i used the list of tried and recommended sorts issued by the state horticultural society (long before i became a member) and planted accordingly and, like many other growers, have my quota of hibernals, minnesotas, marthas and other sorts which experience has demonstrated are not nearly as desirable as other varieties. i have demonstrated to my entire satisfaction that it is profitable and perfectly proper to grow also small fruits in a young orchard. in my second orchard, containing about trees, i planted the trees x feet and later the same season set out raspberries x feet, occupying all the space in the rows and between the rows, and for two successive seasons i grew a third crop between the raspberries, which plan works admirably. one mistake i made, however, was in planting a little too close to the apple trees, requiring more hoeing around the apple trees to keep the raspberries in subjection, which could have been obviated to a large extent by not planting so closely. i grew raspberries about seven years in this orchard. my returns after the second year brought me $ . to $ . annually, and i sold enough plants to more than pay me for all the labor expended on the orchard, to say nothing of corn, beans, cabbage, etc., raised the first two years between the raspberries. now the trees are about ten years old and all bearing. i have discontinued the cultivation and have seeded to clover, which we usually mow and allow to lie and rot. [illustration: residence of a. w. richardson, at howard lake.] i figure that outside the investment i have brought my orchard into bearing with practically no expense, having had a revenue every year since planting the trees, which are composed of patten greening, hibernal, duchess, wealthy, peerless, minnesota, virginia, okabena and whitney. my last orchard of trees consists principally of wealthy, and trees are set x , and i am following the same plan of growing a crop between. the year makes four crops taken from this young orchard, now four years old. about two more seasons will follow this year, and then about the time for bearing i will discontinue the planting of any crop and sow it to clover. i plant one or two year old trees trimmed to a whip, digging a much larger and deeper hole than is really necessary to accommodate the roots, but i am sure this plan gives the roots a much better start than if they are crowded into a small hole, and particularly if the ground is hardpan or similar soil. pinching off the buds the following year or two, when you commence shaping your trees to your liking, is good, thus eliminating severe pruning. i have endeavored to follow up this annual pruning when possible, often being compelled to hire additional help for this purpose, as the nature of my regular business keeps me from home when i should be pruning. i am sure you will agree with me so far that "fruit growing in minnesota is successful." four years ago or more i decided that in order to receive the top price for the products off my place i must produce a first class article, and so to that end i have worked. i bought a gasoline power sprayer, costing me about $ --by the way, the first one in howard lake, although two of us there each bought one the same spring, and now there are three power sprayers in our village. i have demonstrated that it is possible to get the top price of the market in more ways than one by furnishing a first class article. you will ask me how it is possible for me to do this and be away from home so much. i have been ably assisted by my wife, who sees that my general directions are carried out as i have outlined. this year we have marketed something over barrels and have received the top market price, netting me about $ . . i tried out a new plan this year, selling through a reliable commission firm. i have heretofore sold direct to the retailer with splendid results. was a bumper year and the market flooded everywhere with poor unsprayed stuff. i sold about barrels and received an average of $ . per barrel, f.o.b. howard lake, and in about the same amount was realized. there is always a good demand for a good article, carefully picked and honestly packed, discarding all bruised and scabby or wormy apples, or those undersized or less than - / inches in diameter. this season i sprayed my trees three times, the first time early in april, using what is known as a dormant spray, using commercial lime-sulphur solution degrees baume, gallons to a tank of gallons of water, or four times as strong as the two subsequent sprayings, after the blossoms fall, at which later time i use in addition arsenate of lead, pounds to a gallon tank of water, and work under pound pressure--and by doing thorough work can produce apples almost entirely free from any disease or worms. my last shipment of apples this year was october nd and consisted of barrels, one-third each of hibernals, patten greenings and wealthys, which brought top prices. [illustration: mr. a. w. richardson, howard lake.] i am a firm believer in co-operative marketing and think it is the only logical way to market any crop, but to conduct a successful marketing organization there should be stringent rules compelling all who join an association for marketing to spray thoroughly if nothing else, as i am firmly convinced that you cannot grow apples and compete with other localities without doing so, and doing so every year, whether a prospect for a good crop exists or not. i can prove this, as i only partly covered my entire orchard in with spraying. you could easily see which had been sprayed and which not. excessive rain at the vital time prevented my completion of the work. i am convinced by experience, too, that the dormant spray, usually neglected by most growers, is very necessary and am sure better and healthier foliage is obtained by this practice, and by it the scale can be controlled in a large degree. i had eight to ten patten's greening trees that had been attacked by a disease called by some "oyster scale." the trees abnormally lost their foliage early in the season, and i had about decided they were dead when, after a dormant spray the following spring, they entirely revived and are now as healthy as any trees on my place. i have practiced top-working to some extent and for the past three or four years have been able to put down in my cellar, several bushels of jonathan, grimes golden, delicious and other varieties. have now about jonathan trees top-worked on hibernals, and except for some blight they have done splendidly. there is no room for discussion, no room for argument in any way, why fruit-growing in minnesota is not a very successful business to be engaged in. i have demonstrated, i am sure, that if i can bring an orchard into bearing and hold down a good, fairly lucrative position at the same time and do so with very little expense, and others can do the some thing. now i am going to criticise some one and let the criticism fall where it belongs. there has been a great injustice done the commercial fruit grower, or those trying to grow fruit commercially, by advising, urging, or anything else you choose to call it, the farmer or small homekeeper to buy more fruit trees and plants than this class of individual needs for his own use. in order to receive some returns for this surplus, he rushes it into town and sells it to the best advantage, delivered in sacks, soap boxes, etc., carelessly handled and bumped into town in a lumber wagon. the merchant is loaded up with a lot of unsalable stuff and often finds himself overloaded and barrels up some and sends it to the commission row and expects some returns, which vary from nothing to a very small amount. why, last season i knew a large general merchandise concern in a town a little west of howard lake that thought they had struck a gold mine. they employed a packer or two, bought barrels, rented a building and bought this class of stuff right and left, offered at any old price, $ . per barrel to anything they could get, and sold clear up to the canadian line. i saw the stuff a great many times after it reached its destination, and it was hardly fit for sale at any price. this indiscriminate selling of nursery stock by eager salesmen and nurserymen is doing more to hurt the commercial fruit growing industry than any one thing. the only salvation for the grower making his living out of the business is to produce a better article, better picked, better packed and marketed through the proper channels. this matter just referred to i have often discussed by the hour, and during the past winter my views were thoroughly endorsed by prominent men in the extension work of our state. in conclusion will say, comparing the fruit industry in minnesota with that greatest of all industry, raising grain, it is so much easier (if ordinary care be exercised) to produce a finer article, more attractive in appearance, better packed and marketed properly, than the other fellow does, while in growing grain this is not the case, as all the grain is dumped into the hopper and bin, and the individuality of the grower is forever lost. the demand for the apple has increased wonderfully the last few years, and it is quite likely to be further increased owing to the european demand for american apples, which for the next fifteen or twenty years will increase by leaps and bounds, owing to the devastating of so many of the great orchard sections in parts of austria and northern france. this authentic information came through mr. h. w. collingwood, many years editor of the rural new yorker, and according to mr. collingwood's idea there has been no time in the history of the united states when the outlook for commercial orchards was so bright. he advises the widespread planting of commercial orchards to meet this new demand which has shown itself already in europe and will greatly increase after the war is over. [illustration: a two-acre field of dunlap strawberries on place of a. w. richardson, at howard lake.] mr. ludlow: i would like to know what you advise for that commercial orchard, what varieties? mr. richardson: wealthys, all the time. (applause.) mr. ludlow: i would like to ask for the comparative prices you received for the three apples you mentioned, wealthy, greening and hibernal. mr. richardson: the hibernal sold for around $ . a barrel and the wealthy sold for three something. mind you, i never sold apples at all until this year to minneapolis markets. i can sell all the apples i can grow myself without any trouble if i have the proper men to pick them and pack them at home. i had a son that was doing that until a few years ago, and he followed my instructions and would place nothing but first class stuff in the barrels and would sell my samples without any trouble and get the top market price. i run across down in my cellar some of last year's crop of northwest greenings, just two of them left, one of them partially decayed. something i never had known to happen before. they lay in the cellar just wrapped up. mr. ludlow: it wasn't embalmed? mr. richardson: no, sir. gentlemen, you need not be afraid of growing fruit in minnesota. mr. ludlow: what peculiar method have you for keeping those apples? mr. richardson: just wrapped in paper only. the president: what temperature do you keep in your cellar? mr. richardson: degrees about this time. the president: you have a heater in your cellar? mr. richardson: yes, sir, but this is shut off from that, though the pipes run through. a member: are your trees still as far apart as they were at first? mr. richardson: no, sir. i neglected to say that i sent east and got some roots, and i was advised to set them out between. i have part of my orchard set x , but that is too close together. a member: if you were going to do it again would you put them x ? mr. richardson: x , that is, wealthys, particularly. of course, for the hibernals, you got to put them farther apart. a member: you mentioned the delicious. what is your opinion of the delicious? mr. richardson: my experience has been so little with them. i have about jonathan trees coming on that will be all right. * * * * * marble pillar to famous mcintosh tree.--perhaps one of the most curious monuments in existence has recently been built in ontario by canadians. the farmers have just erected a marble pillar to mark the site on which grew a famous apple tree. more than a century ago a settler in canada named mcintosh, when clearing a space in which to make a home in the wilderness, discovered among a number of wild apple trees one which bore fruit so well that he cultivated it and named it mcintosh red. the apple became famous, and seeds and cuttings were distributed to all parts of canada, so that now the mcintosh red flourishes wherever apples grow in the great dominion. in the original tree from which this enormous family sprang was injured by fire, but it continued to bear fruit until five years ago. then, after years, it died, and the grateful farmers have raised a marble pillar in honor of the tree which has done so much for the fruit growing industry of their land. the story of this apple tree illustrates the african proverb that though you can count the apples on one tree, you can never count the trees in one apple.--january popular science monthly. report of committee on horticultural building. s. p. crosby, chairman, st. paul. as you know, at the last legislature there was a bill prepared and introduced asking for an appropriation of $ , to build a new home for this society. it was provided, that that home should be located on the grounds of university farm or upon the grounds of the state agricultural society, and that was to be left to the discretion of the executive board of this society. the bill is a very well drawn bill, and the committee appeared before the legislature some four or five times. we went before the committee of the senate and before the committee of the house and senate, and as a matter of fact the result was that the bill never came out of the committee. the cry last year, as it is every year, was that of retrenchment and low taxes. now, that is all right as a general proposition, but minnesota is not a poor state. in the cities of course we think we have all the taxes we ought to have, and we think they are pretty high; perhaps you gentlemen living in the country think you have as high taxes as you ought to have, but that the state, for instance, has over $ , , in the school fund, probably reaching up to fifty or sixty millions some day, with other figures which can be given here, shows that minnesota is not a poor state. on the other hand, it shows that minnesota is a rich state. certainly there is no good reason why it should not provide a good home for this society, which has earned it and is nearly fifty years old. now, ladies and gentlemen, i simply want to say one thing. don't depend upon the committee to do all this work. while we didn't get our bill through last year we came away full of courage, and just as sure as night follows the day we are going to have a new home for this society one of these days. (applause.) but i want it distinctly understood that every member of this society, men and women--and i certainly include the women because oftentimes they are the best politicians, and they know how to talk to people and get things--when the next legislature is elected must use his or her influence with the senators and representatives of the various districts of the state and make an impression upon them and get a promise out of them to vote for and support the bill. a bill will be introduced into the next legislature, and it will probably be this same bill, and if you don't forget this, but simply do your duty in seeing these representatives and taking the matter up, why there isn't very much doubt in my judgment but what we will be successful and have our bill passed. we have members, i think, in every county of the state, haven't we, president cashman? the president: yes. [illustration: mr. s. p. crosby, st. paul.] mr. crosby: if we only have two or three in some counties, if they would make an effort to see every representative and senator and talk the matter over, that is what is going to count. it is a year or something like that before the legislature meets again, but it don't want to be forgotten, and if every live member of this society will put his shoulder to the wheel, i don't think there is any possible doubt but what we will succeed and have the bill pass. we broke the ice last winter and got acquainted with some of the people. and another thing i want to say, and that is if that bill the next time is not reported favorably out of the committee i would be in favor for one of having it reported to the house or senate without any recommendation of the committee. i talked with probably fifteen or twenty, i should say, of the different members of the senate and house about that bill, and it had a great many friends both in the house and senate. some of them came to me and said: "crosby, why don't you put it in the house, and we will show you how we will vote." there was a whole lot of feeling that way, because if men investigate and find out what the society is standing for and what it has done they will know it is a perfectly meritorious bill. i think with a reasonable amount of work we will accomplish a great deal, and we shall succeed eventually in having the bill passed. another matter that is proper to speak of now is to see where the members of this organization stand. i am going to tell you something. i didn't hear it personally myself, but i did hear it from mr. yanish. he is a man of veracity and he told me. he said in the last legislature the hennepin delegation used all the strength they could against this bill. if it is a rivalry between the two cities, st. paul and minneapolis when we propose to put the building in neither minneapolis or st. paul, but practically midway between the two cities, if that rivalry can go to that extent, it seems to me mighty small business. we were very careful not to conflict in any way with the state university in getting any of those appropriations they were asking for. they wanted big sums of money. we didn't conflict with them, we didn't do anything against them. we made a gentlemanly campaign and put our case before the committee. there were a number of members who were favorable, but of course there were thousands of bills in there, and it didn't get out of the committees, as i said. we see more and more every year what great necessities there are for a home for this organization. we ought to have a building like as the plans given in mr. latham's last report, a building that would have a fine auditorium, a fine exhibit room, a place where we are at home instead of going from place to place and meeting at different places and not having the adequate facilities we ought to have. * * * * * store vegetables for the winter.--the basement is often the best place on the farm for storing vegetables, says r. s. gardner, of the university of missouri, college of agriculture. it must be properly built, and the temperature, moisture, and ventilation conditions kept right if the best results are to be obtained. if it is too warm the vegetables will dry and shrivel, and if the ventilation is poor, drops of water will form and the vegetables will be more likely to decay. if there is a furnace in the cellar, the storage room should be far enough away so that it can be kept cool, and during very cold weather the door may be opened to prevent freezing.--mo. exp. sta. tomatoes for the kitchen garden. c. w. purdham, market gardener, brooklyn center. the first and most important thing in raising tomatoes is good seed. to raise good tomatoes does not depend so much on the variety you have as it does on the seed. in the fall select your best tomatoes and save the seed. then about the first of april sow your seed. you can sow them in a box behind the stove, and as soon as they are up give them all the sunlight you can. when they are about two inches high, have some four-inch flower pots and transplant, giving them a good thorough wetting before removing them from the seed box to the flower pots. by this time it will be warm enough to have a cold frame, which may be prepared by nailing four boards together any size desired. one three by six feet will hold about plants. shelter it well from the north and slope it a little to the south with enough dirt in the frame to hold your pots. you can cover them with storm windows or cloth tacked onto frames. keep well covered nights and give all the sunlight possible through the day. after danger of frost is past, set them out. sandy loam is best, which must be well pulverized and fertilized. after you have removed the plant from the pot and set it in the ground, place the pot about two inches from the plant, also about two inches deep in the ground. then throw a small handful of dirt in each pot and fill with water as often as necessary. this is the best way of watering that i know. mr. sauter: what kind do you think is the best for an early variety? mr. purdham: well, the earliana is extensively raised and the dwarf champion. mr. sauter: what do you think of the red pear? mr. purdham: i don't know anything about that, but for a late variety of tomato the ponderosa is quite a tomato; it is a very large tomato. mr. sauter: how about the globe? mr. purdham: that is a good tomato. mr. sauter: what do you know of the paper cartons instead of flower pots? mr. purdham: i have never tried the cartons; i should think they would be all right. mr. miller: in saving your seed from year to year, is there any danger of the seed running out in time? mr. purdham: i don't think so. if you take your best tomatoes i think you will improve them. mr. miller: i should think the germination of that seed would run out? mr. purdham: that may be, i can't say as to that. there are people that make a specialty of studying that. annual report, , vice-president, first congressional district. f. i. harris, la crescent, minn. in making a report for the first congressional district, i will say at the beginning, that all my observations and interviews were taken in houston and winona counties, an especially favored locality this year, and i am well aware that the conditions and results are exceptional and do not form a just estimate for the district and are certainly very much above the average. the apple crop in the section named was a record breaker, and where trees were at all cared for and properly sprayed the quality and size of the fruit was very superior and remarkably free from insect pests and disease. [illustration: bridge on lakeside drive, at albert lea, in first congressional district.] the yield of several orchards in this vicinity was from , to , barrels of marketable fruit, an increase of nearly per cent above the largest previous crop. from this station twenty-one carload lots of apples, averaging barrels per car, were shipped, besides nearly as many more sold in the local markets of la crosse and winona and shipped in small lots by freight and express. the prices obtained were in all cases good, considering that the varieties grown are mostly summer and fall and had to be sold in competition with iowa and illinois fruit. while all markets were over-supplied, the demand for the quality of fruit grown here in the commercial orchards was greatly in excess of the supply and attracted buyers from chicago and the twin cities and has built a permanent market so long as the quality keeps up to this year's standard. at the same time, i am more than ever impressed with the necessity for some manner of utilizing the surplus and low grade fruit with which the local markets are flooded. it seems a great waste to have thousands of bushels of apples fed to hogs and left to rot on the ground which would be a large asset if converted into vinegar or canned. more than one-half the fruit brought from farms is only fit for such use and by being forced on the market serves to lower prices and demand for good fruit. i visited one farm orchard within twenty miles of here and saw at a low estimate bushels of apples lying on the ground, all of which could have been utilized in a factory, but not having been sprayed were not fit for barreling, and the owner had turned the hogs in to get rid of them. this is a condition that is sure to become worse in view of the many small orchards recently set, besides the commercial orchards that are just coming into bearing. from the reports received, in reply to circulars sent out, i gather that the crop varied from nothing to per cent and the quality in corresponding ratio, depending in most cases upon whether orchards were properly sprayed or neglected. scab and other diseases caused a large proportion of the fruit set to drop, and the remainder was unsalable in unsprayed orchards. considerable blight is reported in a number of orchards, especially where cultivated. trees growing in sod were noticeably free from it. practically nothing is being done to prevent its spreading. while cutting out the affected wood may in some cases check it, i am satisfied a better remedy will have to be found before it is wiped out. in my own orchard just a few trees located on low land and under cultivation were affected, and not a single case in sod. there is from all reports an abundance of moisture in the ground, and trees are in good condition to stand a hard winter, except that in some cases the buds started during the warm days of november. the crop of strawberries was generally a very light one on account of blossoms being injured by late frosts and winter killing, but a few correspondents report a full crop. other small fruits, including currants, raspberries and blackberries, were a practical failure and light crop. the crop of grapes was very light and in only a few favored localities ripened before killing frosts. plums, except in a few instances, were a failure, the exceptions being in case of the hansen hybrids. [illustration: residence of s.h. drum, owatonna, in first congressional district--a veteran member of the society] while more varieties of apples are successfully grown in this vicinity than elsewhere in the state, and some correspondents recommend a long list, my experience and advice is to set only a few varieties of known commercial value, and while far too many early apples are being grown, this condition is better than planting winter apples of unknown hardiness and quality. the northwestern greening is the most profitable winter apple here, but i understand it is not hardy in some localities in the state. * * * * * alaskan berry hybrids.--at the sitka experiment station in alaska a strain of hardy strawberries is in the making, the result of crosses between the native of the alaskan coast region and cultivated varieties. several thousand seedlings have been grown, all very vigorous and most of them productive and of high quality. the native variety of the interior of alaska is now to be used in similar crosses. the cuthbert raspberry has been crossed with its relatives, the native salmonberry (_rubus spectabilis_ pursh.) and the thimbleberry (_r. parviflorus_ nutt.). the only interesting fact so far developed is that the hybrids of the two species first named are almost entirely sterile. annual report, , vice-president, seventh congressional district. p. h. peterson, atwater, minn. from the answers received on blanks sent out i find there was a fair crop of apples raised throughout this district, with the trees in good condition for winter. wood is well ripened up, leaves all shed and plenty of moisture in the soil. [illustration: a productive strawberry field at p. h. peterson's atwater fruit farm.] all report none or very little blight this year. spraying is not done generally, but those few who do it are getting results. in our own orchard, which was sprayed twice last spring, we have not found one wormy apple. plums, none or a very few. mr. bjornberg, of willmar, reports the surprise plum a full crop, others a total failure. compass cherry bore a fair crop, but with me it rotted badly, as also did prof. hansen's plums, sapa and opata. grapes: not many are grown except the beta, which bore a heavy crop in spite of the late spring frosts. blackberries: nothing doing. raspberries and strawberries were a light crop. strawberries especially were badly damaged by late spring frosts--with me they were nearly a total failure except the everbearing, which gave us a good crop. and i want to add that they are here to stay for home use, and possibly as a market berry. plants are fully as hardy as the june-bearing sorts. no matter how many times the blossoms are frozen off in the spring they will come right out again and give us berries until it freezes up in the fall. currants and gooseberries were a fair crop. from the reports i gather that less nursery stock has been planted here than usual, but with good results, as the season has been favorable for plantings. the fruit list recommended by the state horticultural society can be relied on in this locality. there is a good deal of interest shown here in top-working the better quality winter apples onto hardy trees with good results, and the hibernal seems to be the best stock to use--it certainly ought not to be planted for any other purpose. the apple is a drug on the market, and those who planted largely of this variety find it difficult to dispose of the crop at any price. * * * * * studying fruits in illinois.--many seedling apples are being grown at the illinois experiment station. reciprocal hybridizations between standard orchard varieties and various species of the genus malus have been made, fifty-seven species and varieties which are not of commercial importance having been obtained from the arnold arboretum at boston. direct improvement through these violent crosses is not anticipated, but it is hoped to acquire valuable information regarding the affinities of the various species used, and also to produce material for use in back crossing. reciprocal crosses between standard orchard varieties are also being made in large numbers, while a difficult piece of work has been attempted in the reciprocal crossing of different strains of the same variety, and different individuals of the same strain. c.s. crandall writes: "this project has aimed at the selfing of particular individuals, and the use on trees here of pollen from trees of the same variety in orchards miles away and grown under quite different conditions. considerable effort has been expended in the prosecution of this project, but up to the present time we have recorded no successful pollinations. we have not as yet a very wide range of varieties, but as far as we have gone we have encountered complete sterility in the selfing within the individuals and in the attempt to use pollen of the same variety brought from a distance. the unfortunate feature about all the hybridizing work with apples is the mongrel character of the plants on which we work. we know nothing of the parentage of any of our varieties, and it seems quite useless to speculate on what the segregation of characters may be in crosses between different varieties. a further discouraging feature in apple breeding is the long period required to get results from any particular cross. effort is being made to shorten this period by grafting scions of hybrid seedlings on dwarf stocks and growing the plants in pots. this will help some, but at best the attainment of results is some distance in the future. we are endeavoring to maintain a reasonably complete record of every step that is taken so that a complete history may be available for those who may later continue the work. "in pursuing the projects as outlined above there are a number of minor problems that are receiving some attention: such as the retention of the vitality of pollen, the period of receptivity, the seed production in hybrid fruits, and the time for and percentage of the germination of seeds. on all of these points we are accumulating considerable information that it is hoped may be of some practical value."--journal of heredity. spraying the orchard. hon. h. m. dunlap, savoy, ills. i don't know whether i am out of place with this topic of mine or not with a minnesota audience, but i came through the exhibit rooms as i came up to the hall, and whether you spray or not you certainly need to, for i saw all sorts of fungous diseases upon your fruit. i presume that these are not the poorest specimens you have--very few people, you know, bring the poorest specimens they have to an exhibition place, mr. president, and i presume that if these are the best you have the poorest must be pretty bad in the way of fungous diseases. of course, people don't like to have their faults told them, but if we have anything the matter with us it is best for us to find out what the matter is and then get rid of it. it is better than to do as many did in the commercial fruit-growing states a number of years ago about the san jose scale, those that were interested in having that fact suppressed, or at least thought they were interested in having the fact suppressed that they had san jose scale within the confines of their state. they didn't want that information to get out, so they didn't discuss the matter of san jose scale in their societies. in illinois we took a different view of that proposition, and it was, that we had the san jose scale and we thought the thing to do was to stamp it out, to get after it. so we agitated that subject in our society and talked about it. we had the state entomologist canvass the entire state to find out where the san jose scale was doing its work and gave him authority to go in and spray those places or cut down the trees and get them out of the way. the effect of that work is very evident. the people of other states would point to us saying that they did not have the scale but that we had because we reported the fact, but i know they now have it a great deal worse than we do because of this neglect. in this matter of spraying and spraying materials, if we go back in history--we have to look for truth wherever we find it, whether it comes from low or high sources. as a matter of fact thieves and sheep ticks and ignorance are largely responsible for our spraying and the spraying materials of today. it doesn't sound very well in a scientific body to talk that way, but truth is truth wherever you find it, whether it comes from the university professor or from the farmer. if we recognize truth, from whatever source it comes, then we are open-minded and can take advantage of things that will be greatly to our benefit. in the matter of spraying materials: they were discovered through accident, in an effort to prevent thieving in the vineyards of bordeaux, france. it seems that workmen on the way to their places of employment were in the habit of foraging on the vineyards of the farmers along the way. to prevent that some of the fruit growers conceived the idea it would be a good thing in order to scare them to get blue vitriol and mix it with water and spray it on the fruit along the roadside. later in the season, very much to their surprise, they found that the grapes that were treated in that way were not affected with the brown rot. so they tried it again to see whether they were right about that being the cause, and it wasn't long before they used it for that purpose. they stopped the thieving, but they also discovered a scientific truth, that the bordeaux mixture was a fungicide and that fact has been of immense value to the world since then. when the san jose scale came into this country from the west, some man who had used sheep dip for sheep ticks, said: "if it is a good thing against sheep ticks, why isn't it good against this little vermin they call the san jose scale?" he tried it on the trees, and he found that it was an effective remedy for the san jose scale. so we have lime-sulphur today as one of the spray materials in very common use. among other things the scientists told us we couldn't use lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead together, that they would have to be sprayed over the orchard in separate sprays, that is, we would have to go over the orchard with lime-sulphur and then again with arsenate of lead, that when you combined the two the chemical combination was such that it deteriorated the lime-sulphur. some farmer who didn't know about that scientific proposition determined to put them both on together, and he found that it not only worked all right but that the two were really more effective when combined than if put on separately. so you see it was thieves, sheep ticks and ignorance that are responsible for three of our most successful ways of spraying at the present time. now, scientific men have come in and given us a great deal of information along various lines in regard to spraying, and i don't decry science in any sense at all. these men, while they were not scientifically educated, discovered scientific truths, and it is truths we want after all. just what your position on this spraying proposition is here in minnesota, whether you have commercial orchards up here or not, i have not been able to discover. i presume that your plantings here are very largely that of the farmer and amateur rather than the commercial orchardist. in illinois we have our large commercial orchards, and we have gotten beyond the question of whether it pays us to spray or not. for a man to be in the commercial apple business in illinois and not spray means that he doesn't accomplish very much and his product doesn't bring him any profit. now, whether you spray commercially or whether you spray for your family orchard in an amateur way, it doesn't matter so far as the spraying is concerned--you should spray in either case. if you have a community where you have few orchards and they are small, it behooves you to get together and buy a spraying outfit, combine with your neighbors and buy a good spraying outfit, and then have some man take that matter up who will do it thoroughly in that neighborhood and pay him for doing it. in that way, if you hire it done, it doesn't interfere with your farming operations and gets your spraying done on time. i have noticed this with stockmen and with grain farmers, men who are not directly interested in fruit but combine it with their regular business, that they consider fruit growing a side line and such a small part of their business that they usually neglect it altogether. in the matter of the spraying they keep putting it off until tomorrow. when the time arrives for spraying you must do it _today_ and not put it off until tomorrow. time is a very essential element in spraying. to give you an illustration: a few years ago, in spraying a willow twig orchard, consisting of eighteen rows of trees, i sprayed nine rows of those trees, or about half of the orchard, we will say, the first part of the week, the first two days. and then there came on a two or three days' rain, and the balance of those eighteen rows was sprayed the very last of the week or the first of the following week. the two following sprayings went on just at the right time for them, but when it came to the harvesting of that crop the trees that were sprayed first, that were sprayed immediately after the bloom fell, produced bushels of very fine no. fruit, free from scab, while the other nine rows, equal in every respect so far as the trees are concerned and the amount of bloom there was, produced seventeen bushels of no. fruit, no no. fruit at all. the willow twig is one of those varieties that is very susceptible to scab, and of course this is a marked illustration of what happens if you don't spray at the right time. notwithstanding the fact that the nine rows, the last ones, i speak of, were sprayed with the two following sprays at the same time that the other part of the orchard was sprayed, the results were entirely different because the first spraying, which was really the important one so far as the scab is concerned, was not put upon the tree at the right time. the scab fungus, which seems to appear on your apples out here, is one of the most insidious diseases we have in the whole fruit industry. i think that scab fungous disease is probably the one that affects you the most. now, scab fungus will not be noticed particularly in the spring of the year. the time that those spores are most prevalent, the period of their movement as spores in the atmosphere and the lodging upon the fruit, is right at the beginning, right about the time of the blossoming or immediately following. for a period of about two weeks at blooming time and after is the time that you have that condition. and the trouble is--it is just like typhoid fever. you let typhoid fever get into a family, and they do not think anything of it except to take care of the patient properly if he has it, but it doesn't scare the neighbors, it does not interest them. but let the smallpox break out in a community, and everybody is interested and scared to death for fear they are going to get the smallpox. well now, as compared with things of a fungous nature, the scab is a good deal like typhoid fever. the latter is insidious and it will destroy more--i take it there are more people die in the united states of typhoid fever every year than die of smallpox, ten to one. i haven't the statistics but i have that in mind, that it is a fact that they do, and yet there isn't half the fuss made about typhoid fever that there is about smallpox. now, that is so about the scab fungous disease. in illinois, to illustrate, we have what is called the bitter rot fungus in the southern part of the state. if any one has the bitter rot they are scared to death, they think they are suffering untold misfortune. the bitter rot attacks the apples when nearly grown. the ground is covered with the rotted apples, and you can see them in the trees, but this little bit of scab fungus, they do not seem to notice that. the reason is this, that scab comes from very minute spores that appear upon the apples in may or june, and as the summer advances they spread more and more. it depends, of course, upon the amount of moisture there is present, but it begins its work when the apples are very small. if it gets upon the stem of the apple it works around the stem and the apple drops off, and you have apples dropping from the time they are the size of peas until the very last of the fall, and while it looks in the month of june as if you are going to have a good crop of apples when it comes harvest time your crop has diminished greatly or to nothing, and you wonder where it has gone. with this scab fungus they just keep dropping, dropping, all through the season; whenever you have a little rain or wind these apples that are affected will drop off. you don't notice them very much because they go so gradually, one at a time or so, and you don't notice you are having any particular loss until it comes fall, and you find that your crop is very small. that is why i say, you should wake up to the fact that it is necessary for you to spray if you are going to have perfect fruit and plenty of it--and i doubt not you could increase the amount of fruit you have in the state of minnesota by ten times in one year by simply spraying your orchards thoroughly at the proper time with fungicide. to do this, as i said, you must have a spraying outfit, individually or collectively, in your neighborhood, and if you get one individually you can take the contract to spray your neighbor's trees, if you wish, and get back enough to pay you for the outlay. if you have only a few trees and you have some one who understands it, you could just as well spray a few other orchards in the neighborhood and get your spraying done for nothing in that way, charging them enough to cover the cost and enough for some profit. that is done in some sections and is a very satisfactory way. the only way, however, that i would do this, if i were you, would be to enter into a joint arrangement of not less than five years, because if you do it from year to year, if a man has good fruit one year, he may say, "i guess i don't want to go to that expense this year; i will drop that." you know how it is. if you make a contract for five years then you can make your plans accordingly and get your material and your spraying outfit and everything. i wouldn't trust to a one-year plan because they get "cold feet," as the saying is, after the first year, and perhaps they have not noticed any great advantage and they back out, but if they keep it up five years they wouldn't be without it. in a small way it isn't necessary to have a high power, high pressure engine to do this spraying with. a _good_ hand pump, as they make them now, has a very efficient force in applying this spray. it is not the force with which the spray material is applied that makes it effective, so much as it is the thoroughness with which it is done. you have to do a thorough job. in spraying you are providing insurance for your apple crop. that is just what it means, and not to spray is like doing without fire insurance on your buildings. you do that, not because you want fire, but you are doing it for protection, you are going to be on the safe side. you are doing like the darkey woman when she was about to be married. she had been working as cook, and the day came for her to be married. that morning she brought a roll of bills down to the boss. she said: "mr. johnson, i wish you would keep this money for me. i's gwine to be married." he said: "is that so? but why do you come to me with this? i should think having a husband you would have him take care of it for you." she said: "lord a' massy. do you think i was gwine to have that money around the house wid dat strange nigger there? no, sir." (laughter.) that lady was taking the precaution of being on the safe side, and that is what we do when we spray our orchards, we are going to be safe. there are a great many kinds of spraying materials. there is the bordeaux, one of our best fungicides, but we find in illinois that it also, while it is a good fungicide, has the effect sometimes of burning the fruit if the weather conditions are just right. if you have pretty fair weather conditions up here and don't have too much rain, you probably would not get your fruit affected too much, and if you are not growing it for market it doesn't matter so much because all it does is to russet the fruit. it doesn't do any particular harm except when the scab fungus is especially bad, for then it does injure the foliage more or less. on the whole, in illinois, we are using the lime-sulphur in preference to the bordeaux, and our commercial orchard growers there have completely abandoned the bordeaux except for bitter rot fungus or blotch fungus, which comes late in the season. the spray just before the bloom is a very important one for the scab fungus. after you can see the pink of the bloom on the trees as they begin to look pink, before the blossoms open, put on your lime-sulphur, or you can use bordeaux mixture at that time if you prefer it, without injury to your fruit. (to be continued in april no.) everbearing strawberries. geo. j. kellogg, janesville, wis. a few words about this new breed. progressive, superb and americus are the best three i have found in the last ten years--don't confound american with americus. pan-american was the mother of the whole tribe. this variety was found in a field of bismark, by s. cooper, new york, and exhibited all through the buffalo world's fair. there is where my first acquaintance with it was formed. from this one plant and its seedlings all the ten thousand everbearers have been grown. but pan-american don't make many plants. there are a great many good kinds in the ten thousand, and a great many of them worthless. so look out when and where you buy. i have great hopes of your no. , but kinds do not adapt themselves to all soils or climates. i have not found any success with the everbearers south of the ohio. i have tried them three years in texas. i sent plants to bro. loring, in california, and they failed to produce satisfactorily. missouri grows almost all aroma; california but two kinds commercially; texas only excelsior and klondike for shipment. i hope our no. minnesota june-bearing and our no. everbearing, will have as great a range as dunlap. friend gardener, of iowa, has a lot of "thousand dollar kinds." i hope some of them will do wonders. he sold , quarts of fruit after august . a firm at three rivers, mich., this season advertised , cases in september, but perhaps it was only , ; i have known printers to make mistakes. my boy's beds of superb, progressive and americus were loaded with ripe and green fruit and blossoms october st this year. most, if not all, know the fruit must be kept off the everbearers the season of planting till the plants get established, usually two or three months, then let them bear. if you want all fruit, keep off the runners; if all plants, keep off the fruit. beds kept over that have exhausted themselves will need rest till july to give big crops. beds kept over will fruit a week earlier than the june varieties, rest a few weeks, then give a fall crop, but don't expect too much unless you feed them. there are ten thousand kinds of new everbearers, so don't buy any that have not been tried and proven worthy. there are thousands that are worthless. friend haralson only got no. out of , sorts. he has now , new kinds, set out four feet apart each way, he is testing. from what many growers are doing this breed will pay commercially, but it will be by experts. i have not time to advocate cultivation in hills or hedge rows; if you want big berries this is the way to get them. be sure your straw mulch and manure mulch are free from noxious weed or clover and grass seeds. everbearers need the same winter care as june varieties and a good deal more manure. don't cover with asparagus tops unless free of seed. put manure either fresh or rotted on the old bed with a manure spreader or evenly by hand. there is a possibility of manuring too heavily. [illustration: a typical everbearing strawberry plant as it appears in september.] mr. durand: what is the best spray for leaf-spot and rust in strawberries? mr. kellogg: cut it out and burn it, but then there are some sprays with bordeaux mixture that will help you, but you have got to put it on before the rust shows itself. mr. miller: i would like to ask mr. kellogg if he advises covering the strawberries in the winter after snow has fallen and with what success? mr. kellogg: if the snow isn't too heavy you can do it just as well after the snow comes as before, but if your snow comes early and is a foot deep you have got to wait until the january thaw before you can successfully mulch them. that snow will protect them until it thaws off, until the ground commences to freeze. if the snow comes early and stays late it is all the mulch you need. mr. franklin: are oak leaves as they blow off from the trees on the strawberry beds, are they just as good to protect them as straw would be--when there are lots of oak leaves? mr. kellogg: if you don't put them on too thick. you don't want more than two inches of leaves. if you do they will mat down and smother your plants. mr. ludlow: have you had any experience with using cornstalks that have been fed off, just the stalk without the leaves. is that sufficient for a winter protection without the straw or leaves? i put on mine just to cover them. they are four inches apart one way and then across it the other way so as to hold it up and not get them smothered. mr. kellogg: that is all right. i have covered with cornstalks. mr. ludlow: would it be policy to leave that on and let the strawberries come up through, to keep them clean? mr. kellogg: if you get the stalks on one way and haven't them covered too thick the other way, leave them on; the strawberries will come through. mr. gowdy: i would like to ask mr. kellogg what he thinks of planting different varieties together. mr. kellogg: it is a good plan. i spoke of dunlap and warfield. the warfield is a pistillate. if you plant all warfields you get no fruit. if you plant all dunlap it will bear well but it will do better alongside of a pistillate, or it will do better alongside of some other perfect. it will do better to plant two or four kinds. they used to ask me what kinds of strawberries i wanted, and what was the best one kind. i told them i wanted six or eight in order to get the best kind. i want an early, and a medium, and a late, two of a kind. mr. gowdy: i planted one year three varieties with great success. mr. mcclelland: what time do you uncover your strawberries? mr. kellogg: i don't uncover them at all. if you got on four inches of mulch you want to take off enough so the plants can get through, but keep on enough mulch in the spring to keep your plants clean and protect from the drouth. mr. mcclelland: will they come through the mulch all right? m. kellogg: they will come through all right if it isn't more than two inches. if they shove up and raise the mulch open it up a little over the plants. mr. willard: i would like to ask the speaker, the way i understood him, why he couldn't raise as good strawberries on new ground as on old ground? mr. kellogg: the soil seems to be too loose. now, that twenty-one acres i had, it was full of leaf-mold. it was six inches deep and had been accumulating for ages. i couldn't account for it only that it was too loose, and i had to work it down with other crops before i could grow strawberries. mr. willard: so it would be better to plant on old ground or old breaking than new? mr. kellogg: yes, old ground that has been well manured, or old ground that has never been manured, will grow better strawberries than new soil, as far as i have tried it. new clover soil is a good soil. mr. wedge: it might add to the value of this discussion to state that mr. kellogg's soil at janesville is rather light soil anyhow. i am under the impression that if his soil at janesville which produced so poorly on new soil had been a heavy clay soil that the result would have been different. mr. kellogg: that twenty-one acres was clay after you got down to it and was in the woods; my other fields were out on the prairie. i don't think the light soil had anything to do with it, with my failure in the woods, i think it was the new soil. mr. sauter: can the everbearing and the common varieties be planted together? mr. kellogg: yes, if you are growing plants you want everything. mr. sauter: how far apart must they be planted? mr. kellogg: so their runners won't run together, and they won't mix. if the runners mix maybe you would get some crosses that are valuable. mr. clausen: i was just thinking it might interfere, that some one might not plant strawberries at all on account of new soil. i would say i have a neighbor, and he had entirely new soil. it was black oak and hickory--i have some of that myself. i never saw a better patch of strawberries than he had. i don't think i ever saw a better strawberry patch than he had of the everbearing kind, so i don't think it is just exactly the old soil. mr. willis: i have my strawberries on new ground, and they did very fine, couldn't be better. from a space of five feet square i got twenty-eight boxes, that is, of no. . mr. wedge: forest soil or prairie? mr. willis: it was light clay. i have got about an acre and a half on new soil now, and they look very fine. mr. glenzke: what would be the consequence of the berries being planted after tomatoes had been planted there the year before? what would be the consequence as to the white grub that follows the tomatoes, and other insects? mr. kellogg: that white grub don't follow tomatoes, if the ground was clear of white grubs before. it is a three year old grub, and it don't come excepting where the ground is a marsh or meadow, and doesn't follow in garden soil, hardly ever. if the ground has been cultivated two years, you don't have any white grub. mr. glenzke: part of this ground had been in red raspberries, and i found them there. this year i am going to put in tomatoes and prepare it for strawberries. will that be all right? mr. kellogg: you may get some white grubs after the raspberry bushes if your raspberries have been two or three years growing. potato ground is the best you can follow strawberries with. mr. rasmussen (wisconsin): what trouble have you experienced with overhead irrigation with the strawberries in the bright sunshine? mr. kellogg: everything is against it. you wet the foliage, and it is a damage to the plants. you can't sprinkle in the hot sun without damage. mr. rasmussen: i didn't mean in putting it on in that way, but where you use the regular spray system. we watered that way about seven years in the hottest sunshine without any difficulty, and i wondered if you ever put in a system and sprayed that way, as i think that is the only way to put water on. mr. kellogg: if you wait to spray after sundown it will be all right; the sun mustn't shine on the plants. mr. richardson: mr. yankee once said in this society if one man said anything another man would contradict it. so pay your money and take your choice. i sprinkle my strawberries in the hot sun, and i never had any damage done to the plants. his experience is different. ours is a heavy clay loam. mr. kellogg: tell the gentlemen about the peat soil, you had some experience with peat soil. mr. richardson: no, i never did. it wasn't peat, it was a heavy black clay and i had the best kind of strawberries, they came right through a tremendous drouth without any water at all. mr. kellogg: what did you use? mr. richardson: i used a common garden hoe. mr. willis: i heard some one talking about the grub worm. i read of somebody using fifty pounds of lime to the acre, slaked lime, and pounds of sulphur to the acre in a strawberry bed, and he killed the insects. mr. kellogg: i think that wouldn't kill the grub; he has a stomach that will stand most anything. the only thing i know is to cut his head off. (laughter.) mr. willis: would it improve the plants, fertilize the plants, this lime? mr. kellogg: lime and sulphur is all right, and the more lime you put on the better--if you don't get too much. (laughter.) mr. sauter: i am growing the minnesota no. , and also the no. as an everbearer. is there any kind better than those two? mr. kellogg: i don't believe there is anything yet that has been offered or brought out that i have examined thoroughly that is any better than june variety no. , as grown by haralson, and the no. of the everbearers. he had a number of everbearers that bore too much. there was no. and no. , i think, that i tried at lake mills, which bore themselves to death in spite of everything i could do. mr. simmons: the question has come up two or three times in regard to peat soil for growing strawberries. peat soil will grow strawberry plants first class, but the fruit is generally lacking. that is my experience. i grew some on peat soil for two or three seasons, and the plants grew prolific, but i didn't get any fruit. mr. ebler: i would like to ask mr. kellogg what treatment he would advise for a strawberry bed that through neglect has matted completely over, in which the rows have disappeared. mr. kellogg: plow out paths and rake out the plants and throw them away and work the bed over to rows about two feet wide. president cashman: i see you all appreciate expert advice. we have mr. kellogg well nigh tired. mr. kellogg: oh, no; i can stand it all day. mr. cashman: i am sure you all agree that it is a great privilege to listen to mr. kellogg on this subject. if you will follow his advice very closely it will save you a great many dollars, even to those who don't grow more than an ordinary family strawberry bed. he has had forty or fifty years of experience, and he has paid large sums of money for that experience and now turns it over to you free of charge, and i hope you will all profit by it. mr. kellogg: i have grown probably different varieties of strawberries, and the more kinds i grow the less money i make. (laughter.) mr. wedge: i would like to ask mr. kellogg and i think we would all be interested in knowing when he began growing strawberries? mr. kellogg: well, i don't hardly know. i didn't go into the business until , but i commenced picking strawberries in , and that was where the indians had planted them. my father commenced growing strawberries when i was a boy, but when i got to be a man i went at it myself in . (applause.) _in memoriam--mrs. melissa j. harris_ passed january , . mrs. melissa j. harris, widow of the late john s. harris, one of the charter members of our society and rightly called the godfather of the society, passed to her reward on january last, at the age of eighty-five years. since the death of her husband, which occurred in march, , mrs. harris has made her home with some one of her four surviving children, all of whom live in the southeastern part of the state, not far from la crescent, where mr. and mrs. harris resided from up to the time of mr. harris' death, some forty-five years. [illustration: mrs. melissa j. harris.] many of the older members of this society have enjoyed the hospitality of this kindly home, among them the writer, who passed a very pleasant day there, looking over the experimental orchards of mr. harris, some twenty years ago. no member of our society surpassed mr. harris in his zeal for its welfare, and he was ready to sacrifice anything apparently to advance its interests. if the card index of the reports of this society was examined it would be found that no member has begun to do the service for the society in the way of contributions to its program, reports on seedling fruits, experimental work, etc., that was done by him. his passing left a real void in the life of the association which has never really been filled. a splendid life size photo of mr. harris adorns the walls of this office; a reproduction from this in reduced size is opposite page , vol. of our annual reports. the funeral services of mrs. harris were conducted in the presbyterian church at la crescent, the same building in which services were held for her husband, at which there were present from our society as representatives mr. j.m. underwood, the late wyman elliot, and the writer. her body was laid to rest beside that of her husband in prospect hill cemetery at la crescent. mrs. harris is survived by four children, ten grandchildren, and nine great-grandchildren. frank i. harris, one of the two sons, is well known to our membership who attend the annual meetings or the state fair; another son, eugene e., who is also a life member (mr. harris saw to it that both of his sons were made life members during his life time) has occasionally been with us. mr. d.c. webster, of la crescent, at present in charge of one of the society trial stations, is a grandson of mrs. harris. exhibitors at our meetings and at the state fair are all well acquainted with this valuable member of our organization.--secy. eat minnesota apples. contributed monthly by r. s. mackintosh, horticulturist, extension division, university farm, st. paul. fruit notes. early spring is the best time to prune apple trees. more and more attention is being given to the pruning of young and old trees in order that they may be able to support large loads of fruit. yet too many trees have been neglected and now look like brush heaps instead of fruit trees. neglected trees should have all dead and interlocking branches removed this year. next year a few more needless branches should be taken out and some of the others shortened. after this a little attention each year will keep the tree in good form. each year the agricultural extension division of the university of minnesota arranges for pruning and spraying demonstrations in different orchards of the state. communities wishing this kind of help, should at once send in petitions signed by fifteen or more persons interested in fruit growing. send applications to director, agricultural extension division, university farm, st. paul. pruning is a good subject for farmers' clubs to take up in march and april. look out for rabbit injury this spring. apple trees cost too much garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. _cypripedia_, by miss clara leavitt. the showy lady's slipper (c. hirsutum) is found in swamps and rich meadows. old settlers tell of gathering the pink and white "moccasin flower" by the bushel, to decorate for some special occasion. today we are trying to shield a few in their last hiding places. the draining of swamps and cutting of meadows has had much to do with their disappearance. the picking of the leafy stem by the ruthless "flower lover" cripples the plant for a season or more and frequently kills it outright. attempts to transfer it to the home garden have succeeded for a year or so but rarely longer, perhaps because its native habitat is very difficult to duplicate. the small yellow lady's slipper (c. parviflorum), found in bogs, and the large yellow (c. parviflorum var. pubescens), growing on hillsides and in rich woods, as well as in swamps, are the most widely distributed and best known of this genus. they have often been transferred from the wild to the home garden. where they have been given their native soil and environment the stock has increased and seedlings have developed. they have even been brought into conservatory or window garden and forced to flower in february. the crimson stemless lady's slipper (c. acaule) is found in drier woods and on the stump knolls of swamps in certain locations. it has with difficulty been established in a few gardens. the small white lady's slipper (c. candidum) occurs locally in boggy meadows. it is a very dainty plant. it grows in at least one wild garden. the ram's head lady slipper (c. arietinum) is very rare and local. it is a very delicate and pretty thing, purple and white in color. all of these species are to be seen in season in the wild garden of the minneapolis park system. * * * * * committee on the protection of cypripedia: mrs. phelps wyman, chairman; miss clara leavitt, miss m. g. fanning, mrs. c. e. c. hall, mrs. e. c. chatfield, mr. guy hawkins. * * * * * our plant exchange should be of great benefit to our members, such a fine beginning having been made last spring. send a list of the plants you have for exchange and those you would like to receive to our secretary. these will be posted upon the bulletin board at our meetings, where exchanges can be arranged between the members. * * * * * march . public library, minneapolis, : p.m. meeting of garden flower society. program: our garden enemies. cultural directions for trial seeds. distribution of trial seeds. minnesota cypripedia. have they responded to cultivation? bee-keeper's column conducted by frances jager, professor of apiculture, university farm, st. paul. importance of good queens. the government census of gives the average of honey production per colony for the state of minnesota at five pounds per colony. allowing for mistakes which were made in making up this census, there is no doubt that the average amount of honey produced by a colony is not nearly as high as efficient beekeeping would make it. when some well known beekeepers will average year after year fifty, seventy and even a hundred pounds per colony, there must be something wrong with those who fall far below this amount. there are many causes responsible for this failure of honey crops. bad management, no management at all, antiquated or impossible equipment, locality, etc., are all factors contributing towards a shortage in the honey crop, but poor queens are the most universal cause of disappointment. the queen being the mother of the whole colony of bees, the hive will be what she is. if she is of a pure, industrious, gentle, hardy and prolific strain, the colony over which she presides will be uniform, hard working, easy to handle, easy to brave the inclemency of the weather and the severity of our winters, and populous in bees. the bees partake of the characteristics of the queen. the fact of the matter is, that more than % of our minnesota queens are either black germans or hybrids, neither of which lend themselves to pleasant and profitable beekeeping. having been inbred for years will make them still less valuable, and most of them have been inbred for generations. among many things in which the beekeepers of minnesota should begin to improve their beekeeping possibilities, the necessity of good queens comes first. with a new strain of pure, gentle, industrious, leather colored italian bees, their love for beekeeping should receive a new impetus, leading them to better equipment and better management. it was with this point in view that the university of minnesota has secured the best breeding queens obtainable from which to raise several thousands of queens for the use of beekeepers of the state. these queens will be sold each year during the months of june, july and august at a nominal price of fifty cents each, and not more than three to each beekeeper. the university is ready to book orders now. there is such a demand for these queens that last year only one-quarter of the orders could be filled. given three pure italian queens to start with, a beekeeper may easily re-queen his whole bee-yard in the course of a year. detailed printed instructions how to proceed will be sent out to all buyers of queens free of charge. time has come to start bee-keeping on a more profitable basis, and the first step towards better success should be a new strain of queens. entomological notes by f.l. washburn, professor of entomology, university of minnesota. rabbits; rabbit-proof fences; field mice. probably the thoughtful orchardist has before this date visited his orchard and trampled the deep snow down around his young fruit trees for a distance of two feet on all sides of each trunk, thus preventing rabbits from reaching the trunk above the protected part, or from eating the branches in the case of low-headed trees. even at this date, this should be done where the snow lies deep. frequent tramplings about the young trees also protects the trees from possible injury by field mice working beneath the snow. this leads us to speak of our experiences with so-called "rabbit-proof" fencing. in the summer time, when an abundance of food is everywhere offered, these small mesh fences are generally effective barriers, but, in the case of the low fences, drifting snow in winter permits an easy crossing, and in the case of the higher fences which have the narrow mesh at the bottom, gradually widening toward the top, it is possible for a rabbit to get his head and body through a surprisingly small space between the wires. the writer was astonished, late last autumn, previous to any snowfall, to see one of these pests, which had jumped from its "nest" in his (the writer's) covered strawberry-bed, run to the inclosing fence, which was provided with the long, narrow mesh above alluded to, raise himself on his hind feet and push his way through a space not more than three inches wide. it would seem, therefore, that one should accept with some reservation the assertion that these fences are actually "rabbit-proof." preparedness for (insect) war. however one may regard the agitation for or against preparing this country for (or against) war, we are doubtless of all one mind as to the desirability of being prepared to successfully cope with the various insect-pests which are sure to arrive during the coming spring and summer to attack shrubs, fruit trees, berry bushes, melons, cucumbers and practically all of our vegetables. the entomologist has every reason to be thankful that, early last spring, he laid in a supply of arsenate of lead, black leaf no. , commercial lime-sulphur, tree tanglefoot, tobacco dust, also providing himself with an abundance of air-slaked lime and a spraying outfit suitable for use in a small experiment garden and orchard at lake minnetonka. all gardeners, particularly those who cannot quickly purchase such things on account of distance from a supply, should take time by the forelock and obtain materials now, that they may be ready at hand when very much needed. an important discovery in entomology. an item of importance, and quite far-reaching in its significance is the fact (as reported at the recent meeting of entomologists at columbus) that the odor in stable manure which attracts house flies, has been "artificially" produced, if that expression may be used, by a combination of ammonia and a little butyric acid. a pan of this, covered by cotton, attracted hundreds of flies which deposited their eggs thereon. the possibilities of making use of this new-found fact are most promising, and the discovery is especially significant in that it opens an immense and practically an untried field in entomological work; that is, the making use of different odors to attract different species of insects. a series of experiments in this direction with the mediteranean fruit fly, also recently reported, have been most surprising but too extensive to permit of discussion here. * * * * * nurserymen intending to import currants or gooseberries from europe will be interested in learning that there is a possibility of a federal quarantine on shrubs of this genus grown abroad. state entomologist circular no. , issued in january, , and entitled the "red rose beetle," by s. marcovitch (illustrated), is available for distribution. application should be accompanied by one cent stamp. secretary's corner plant commercial orchards.--it is well established that in certain localities at least in the state commercial orcharding is on a safe basis, offering reasonable financial profits if managed by those who take pains to inform themselves on the subject, and are then thorough going enough to practice what they know. this spring will be a good time to plant such an orchard. orchard trees of suitable size were never more plentiful in the nurseries, and undoubtedly the sorts which you wish to plant can be readily purchased. ask some of your nearest nurseries for prices as to trees, either two or three years old, whichever you prefer. give your neighbor a chance too.--this means that you should not be satisfied simply in having secured something of value to yourself, but pass on to others the valuable opportunity which you yourself are enjoying. it is a well established principle of life that the greatest happiness consists in giving happiness to others. as any member can do his neighbor a favor, without any expense to himself, and indeed with profit, by putting his neighbor in touch with the valuable facilities offered by the horticultural society, there is evidently a double reason why he should do so. for the small membership fee charged you can put into his hands all the material referred to on the next page. read it over and lend your neighbor a helping hand. timely notes in our monthly.--there will be in our monthly magazine during most of the rest of the months of the year five pages devoted to timely topics. the experience of the past year or two in this direction encourages us to believe that this will prove to be the most valuable portion of our monthly. one page, as heretofore, will be operated in the interest of garden flowers, edited by mrs. e. w. gould; another page, prepared by prof. r.s. mackintosh, under the head of "fruit notes," which subject indicates clearly its purpose. prof. francis jager, the apiarist at university farm, will prepare another page, pertaining to the keeping of bees. prof. f.l. washburn, the state entomologist, will have a page devoted to insect life as interesting the horticulturist. the fifth page will be handled by profs. a.g. ruggles and e.c. stakman jointly devoted entirely to the subject of "spraying." each issue of the magazine will contain these notes as applying to the month just following. they will be found well worth studying. are you a life member?--of course if you are interested in the work of the horticultural society and likely to live ten years you ought to be a life member. experience with this roll for twenty-five years now as secretary of the society indicates that a life membership in the society is almost an assurance that you will prolong your days. a list of deaths in the life membership roll published year by year would indicate that our life members are going to be with us far beyond the average span of human life. since publishing a list of new life members in the february horticulturist, there have been added to this life list five names: tosten e. dybdal, elbow lake, minn.; gust carlson, excelsior; a.n. gray, deerwood; a.m. christianson, bismarck, n.d.; chas. h. lien, st. cloud. if you have already paid your annual fee for this year, send us $ . more and your name will be placed on the life roll with the balance of $ . to be paid one year from how--or send $ . , and that makes a full payment. [illustration: horticultural building (showing new greenhouses attached) at university farm, st. anthony park, minn.] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. april, no. dwarf apple trees. dr. o.m. huestis, minneapolis. i have here a sample of mcintosh red grown on a standard tree--a beautiful apple and well colored. here i have the same variety grown on one of my dwarf trees, not quite as well colored. now, the dwarf tree that bore these apples has been planted two years; this is the second year of its growth in my own ground at mound, on lake minnetonka. i have sixty dwarf trees, five of which have been in eight years, and they have borne six crops of apples. the last ones i got two years ago, and they were two years old when i got them. i planted five of these dwarf trees at the same time that i planted forty standards. the dwarfs have borne more fruit than the standards up to date. of course, they have only been in eight years. the standards are wealthy, duchess, northwestern greening and one or two hibernal and some crabs; the dwarf stock is the doucin. it is not the paradise stock, which is grown in england largely and some in france and germany. my trees are a little higher than my head, and i keep them pruned in a certain way. one of my older trees the second year had ninety-six apples on it. it was a yellow transparent, and they came to maturity very well. several of my trees are about four feet high. i had from twenty-five to fifty apples on them, and they all ripened nicely. the red astrachan and the gravenstein and one alexander had a few apples on them, and i notice that they are well loaded with fruit buds for another year, which will be the third year planted. the care of these trees is probably a little more difficult than that of the standard tree, or, at least, i give them special care. i have attempted to bud into some of these, but in my experience they do not take the bud very well. i can take a bud from one of the dwarfs and put it on a standard, and it will grow all right, but i can't take a bud from a standard and put it on a dwarf as successfully. i judge it is because it isn't as rapid growing as the hibernal, for instance, would be. i notice the hibernal is the best to take a bud because it is a rapid growing tree and an excellent one on which to graft. if i wanted to plant an orchard of forty or fifty acres i would plant standard trees and would put the dwarf between the rows, probably twelve feet apart. mine are about ten feet apart, some of them a little more, but i have two rows eight feet apart each way, nine in each row, which forms a double hedge. i expect them to grow four feet high. i will prune them just as i wish to make a beautiful double hedge between two cottages. [illustration: residence of dr. huestis, at mound, lake minnetonka.] in pruning those that have been in eight years i have tried to use the renewal system as we use it on grapes sometimes. i take out some of the older branches and fruit spurs that have borne two or three years. they must be thinned out. i counted twenty apples on a branch a foot long. i let them grow until they are large enough to stew and then take some off and use them, when apple sauce is appreciated. i thin them every year and get a nice lot of good fruit each year. i have noticed for two years that i have about ninety-eight per cent. of perfect apples, not a blotch nor a worm. i spray them all, first the dormant spray and then just as the blossoms are falling, and then one other spraying in two weeks and another spray three weeks later. mr. ludlow: do you mulch the ground? dr. huestis: well, i dig up the ground a little in the spring. the roots are very near the surface, not very penetrating, and i cultivate around the roots, but i am careful not to cut them. every fall i put a good mulch of leaves and hay around them. i have been a little fearful they would winter-kill. i wouldn't lose one of them for ten dollars, and i think it well to mulch them, leaving a little space at the base. mr. andrews: are the roots exposed in some cases? dr. huestis: yes, i noticed on two of the older trees, those that have been in eight years and have borne six crops, you can see the roots on one side, the top is exposed a little, and i think it would be well to put a little dirt on those another year. the stock of these dwarf trees is slow growing with a rapid growing top, and that is what dwarfs them. i have transplanted one tree three times, which would make four plantings in eight years, and that tree bore almost as much fruit last year as any of them. in another case once transplanted i think the tree is better than the others that were left. [illustration: dwarf yellow transparent, bearing apples, third year from planting at dr. huestis'.] as i said before, if i was planting an orchard i would put dwarf trees between, and by the time they had borne three or four crops, and you were expecting a crop of fruit from the standard trees--about seven years from the time you put them in--i would put the dwarf trees as fillers, costing about forty cents apiece, and by the time they are bearing nicely your friends would have seen those, and i believe would want them at the time you want to take them out. i believe i could sell any of mine for three or four dollars apiece. i think that would be one way of disposing of them after you wanted to take them out of the standard orchard on account of room. that is just a thought of mine. when i got my first ones eight years ago i gave one to a man who lives in north minneapolis, at bryant avenue north. any one can see it who lives up in that section. the first year he had twenty-nine apples, and it has borne each year since. the one which i have transplanted and which bore last year is a bismarck. it is a little better apple, in my mind, than the duchess. it is a good deal like the duchess but is a better keeper and has a better flavor than the duchess. [illustration: dwarf bismarck, fourth year, at dr. huestis'] i would like to read a quotation to show that the dwarf tree is not a late thing. recommending dwarf trees for gardens, "corbett's english garden," published in , says: "i do hope if any gentleman makes a garden he will never suffer it to be disfigured by the folly of a standard tree, which the more vigorous its growth the more mischievous its growth to the garden." marshall says, "the fewer standard trees in the garden the better." also that the dwarfs are less trouble to keep in order and are generally more productive, and that "placed eight or nine feet distant, pruned and kept in easy manner, they make a fine appearance and produce good fruit." w.c. drury, highly regarded as a modern english authority, writing in says: "for the private garden or for market purposes the dwarf, or bush, apple tree is one of the best and most profitable forms that can be planted." he also says: "the bush is one of the best forms of all, as it is of a pleasing shape and as a rule bears good and regular crops." mr. clausen: don't you have trouble with the mice? dr. huestis: no, sir, have never seen any. mr. clausen: i had an experience a few years ago. my neighbor made a mistake; he was hauling straw around his apple trees, and he happened to take one row of mine. we had no fence between us--and he laid the straw around the trees. i found when i came to examine these trees in the spring they were all girdled around the bottom. i am afraid to mulch. dr. huestis: i never have taken any chances. ever troubled with the mice at your place, mr. weld? mr. weld: a little. dr. huestis: i have never had any trouble with the mice. i always put on a lot of old screen that i take from the cottages that is worn out and put a wire around it so the mice can't get through it. we must protect from mice and rabbits. mr. kellogg: how soon do your dwarf trees pay for themselves? dr. huestis: i don't know. i reckon these four have paid about twelve per cent. on fifteen or twenty dollars this year, and they have right along. they have paid me better so far during the eight years than the standards. that might not apply in eight more years, but for a city lot, a man who has fifty square feet, how many apple trees could he put in that seventeen feet apart? nine standard trees. in that same plot of fifty feet square he could put in sixty-four dwarfs, and it would be a nice little orchard. i think it is more adapted to the city man. the ordinary farmer would neglect them, and i should hate to see a farmer get them, but i would like to do anything for the man living in the city with only a small plat of land--my vocation being in the city, my avocation being in the country. mr. kellogg: are those honest representations of the different apples from the dwarf and the standard? dr. heustis: i don't know. those are a fair sample of those i found in a box on exhibit and are red mcintosh. they are better colored than mine, most of them are like this (indicating). i find the yellow transparent that i have budded on the standard better on the dwarf than on the standard. mr. kellogg: does it blight any? dr. huestis: no blight; there hasn't ever been a blight. i think that is one reason why i feel i could recommend them quite conscientiously. other trees have blighted when the conditions were favorable. * * * * * twenty-five by seventy foot plot will produce enough vegetables for a small family.--even the smallest back yard may be made to yield a supply of fresh vegetables for the family table at but slight expense if two or three crops are successively grown to keep the area occupied all the time, according to the garden specialists of the department. people who would discharge a clerk if he did not work the year round will often cultivate a garden at no little trouble and expense and then allow the soil to lie idle from the time the first crop matures until the end of the season. where a two or three crop system is used in connection with vegetables adapted to small areas, a space no larger than twenty-five by seventy feet will produce enough fresh vegetables for a small family. corn, melons, cucumbers, and potatoes and other crops which require a large area should not be grown in a garden of this size. half an acre properly cultivated with a careful crop rotation may easily produce $ worth of various garden crops in a year. plums that we already have and plums that are on the way. _the brown rot (monilia) a controlling factor._ dewain cook, fruit grower, jeffers. by the term "plums we already have" for the purpose of this paper we shall include only those varieties that have given general satisfaction over a large territory and for long term of years, and in the writer's opinion every one of such varieties are of full blooded, pure americana origin. the desoto takes the lead of them all. it undoubtedly has more good points to its credit than any other plum we have ever grown. the wyant and the freestone wolf are considered as being the next two most popular varieties. these were all wild varieties, found growing in the woods of wisconsin and iowa many years ago. there are a few other americana varieties that are nearly as good as are some of those enumerated, but at present we shall not attempt to name them. there are many otherwise fine varieties that are not included in this list of plums we already have, but because of a certain weakness of the blossom they require to be intermingled with other varieties, or the blossoms do not fertilize properly. they only bear well when conditions are very favorable. we class such varieties as being not productive enough. many attempts, with more or less--generally less--success have been made to improve our native plums through the growing of seedlings. mr. h.a. terry, of crescent, iowa, has done more of such work in his day than any other one man. his method was to plant the americana kinds, like the desoto, alongside of varieties of the hortulana type, like the miner, then growing seedlings from the best plums thus grown. from such cross bred seedlings mr. terry originated and introduced a great many very fine varieties. but where are they today? the hawkeye and the terry are about the only ones the general public knows very much about. i will venture this statement, that as far as i know there is no variety of native plum in which there is an intermingling of hortulana or chickasaw type that has proven productive enough to be generally profitable. the surprise plum belongs to this type, as also does the terry plum. the terry plum we want to keep a while longer, not because it is a mortgage lifter for the growers but because of the extraordinarily large size of its fruit, as well as for its fine quality. there are many injurious insects and fungous diseases that tend to make life a burden to the man who tries to grow plums in a commercial way. among the insects are the plum curculio and the plum tree borer, better known as the peach tree borer. the curculio sometimes destroys all of the fruit on the tree, and the borer very often will destroy the whole tree of any variety. among the fungous diseases are the shot hole fungus and the plum pocket fungus, but the worst of all is that terribly destructive disease of the plum known as the brown rot. this brown rot fungus sometimes destroys the whole crop of certain varieties, besides injuring the trees sometimes as well. this one disease has done more to make plum growing unpopular than all other causes combined. give us a cheap and efficient remedy, one that will destroy the rot fungus and not do injury to the foliage, buds or tree, and a long stride will have been made towards making plum growing popular as well as profitable. _japanese hybrid plums._--just now the japanese hybrid varieties are attracting considerable attention. one prominent minnetonka fruit grower said this to me about them: "mr. cook, what is the use of making all of this fuss about these new plums? plums are only used for the purposes of making jelly anyway, and we can usually get a dollar a bushel for our plums, and they would not pay any more than that, no matter how large and fine they are." this brought me up with a jerk, and i have concluded that no matter how advanced a place in horticulture these new hybrid plums may eventually take, that there will always be a place for our native varieties, even if only for the purpose of making jelly. it seems to the writer that in view of the fact that after many years' attempt to improve our native plum through the process of seed selection--and we have made no material advancement in that line--that the varieties of plums that are on the way must almost of necessity be the product of the americana and some of the foreign varieties of plums. mr. theo. williams, of nebraska, a few years ago originated a great many varieties of these hybrid plums. he claimed to have upward of , of them growing at one time. only a few of them, however, were ever sent out. of these the writer has been growing for quite a number of years the eureka, emerald, stella, omaha, b.a.q. and some others. as a class they are all reasonably hardy for my section. they grow rapidly, bear early, usually the season after they are planted or the top grafts set. they set fruit more freely and with greater regularity, as the seasons come, than do the best of our native varieties. the fruit is of larger size and of firmer flesh, while the quality of some of them, like the b.a.q., ranks rather low. the quality of others of them, like the emerald, is almost beyond comparison. one year ago in answer to a question by the writer as to why the people of iowa did not take more interest in the planting of these hybrid plums of mr. williams, mr. c.g. patten stated that it was because the plums rotted so badly on the trees. now, mr. patten stated the situation exactly--most of these fine varieties are notoriously bad rotters. the brown rot seems to be a disease of moist climate. nature's remedy is an abundance of sunshine and a dry atmosphere, but we cannot regulate the climate. prof. hansen has sent out a few varieties of these japanese americana hybrid plums, and our supt. haralson is doing a great work along this line. we can only hope--but cannot expect--that mr. hansen's hybrids or mr. haralson's hybrids as a class will prove more resistant to the brown rot than do those of mr. williams of the same class. we have hopes that from some of mr. c.g. patten's hybrids of the americana and domestica plum will come some varieties worthy of general planting, and also of prof. hansen's crosses of the americana plum and the chinese apricots. there is another class of hybrid plums that are something wonderful in their way, beginning to bear nearly as soon as they are planted, the very earliest of all plums to ripen its fruit, immensely productive and of finest quality. i refer to prof. hansen's sand cherry hybrid plums. my opinion is that prof. hansen has done all that man can do in the way of producing elegant varieties of this class of fruit. but there is the uncertainty, however, or perhaps i had better say the certainty, that the brown rot will take a good portion of the crop nearly every season--sometimes only a part of the crop, and other seasons it may take the entire crop of these fine sand cherry hybrid plums. bordeaux mixture has been the one remedy advertised for years for the control of this disease, and however well it may work in the hands of experts of the various university farms, it has not proved uniformly successful in the hands of the ordinary fruit grower. now, if some medicine should be invented, or some magic made, whereby the brown rot would be banished from our orchards then a great many of the fine varieties of hybrid plums would be transferred from the "plums that are on the way" to the list of "plums that we already have." the brown rot is a controlling factor. mr. kellogg: what do you know about the surprise? mr. cook: oh, i know a little more than i want to know about it. i have had the surprise a good many years. mr. kellogg: you have been surprised with it? mr. cook: yes, sir, i have been surprised quite a bit, but in the last two years since the plum crop failed there have been a few plums on the surprise trees, but for a great many years when other plums bore heavily we got nothing. mr. hansen: do you know of any plum that has never had brown rot? mr. cook: in my paper--as they only allowed me fifteen minutes i had to cut it short, and i didn't say very much about the brown rot. all the americana plums, and all varieties of plums i have ever grown, have in some way been susceptible to the brown rot, but some have been more resistant than others. now, that is one reason, i believe, why the desoto takes the lead. it is less subject to the brown rot. we have here a moist climate, and sunshine and dry atmosphere is the remedy, but some of these varieties have such a peculiar skin it is resistant to brown rot, and it seems certain, i don't know, if it is not on account of the thick skin. the wolf has a thick skin and is subject to brown rot, but the desoto is not subject to that so much but more subject to the curculio. the japanese hybrid plums, mr. williams said at one time--i saw in one of the reports--that he had japanese plums enough to grow fifty bushels of plums, but he generally only got a grape basket full. he didn't think very much of them. in these sand cherry hybrids, i think mr. hansen has done all that man could do. mr. ludlow: what is the difference between the brown rot and the plum pocket fungus? mr. cook: professor stakman will tell you that in a later paper, but it is an entirely different disease. the brown rot will work the season through. it will commence on some varieties and work on the small plums and work on the plums half-grown and on the full-grown. the plum pocket fungus, it works on the plums in the spring of the year and sometimes takes the whole crop. the terry plum, i think, a year ago, it took the whole crop. mr. kellogg: what is the best spray you know of, how often do you apply it and when? mr. cook: which is that for, for the brown rot? mr. kellogg: yes, for the plum generally. mr. cook: oh, i don't know of any. let me tell you something, the plum as a class is very susceptible to injury from sprays. i know when professor luger was entomologist there was some talk of spraying plums for curculio, and some tried it, and while it generally got the curculio it killed the trees, and professor luger said that the foliage of the plum was the more susceptible to injury from arsenical poisoning than that of any other fruit in minnesota. the japanese hybrid plums, i think, will take injury a little bit quicker than the native, and when you come to the sand cherry plums it is extremely dangerous to spray with anything stronger than rain water. prof. hansen: i want to talk about the lime-sulphur. we will probably have that in the next paper, only i want to say that seems to have taken the place of the bordeaux mixture. brown rot, that is something that affects the peach men too. in the state of ohio in one year the peach men lost a quarter of a million dollars from the brown rot, the same rot that takes our plums. we are not the only ones that suffer from the brown rot. well, they kept on raising peaches because they learned to control it, and if you are not going to spray i think you better give up. as to trying to get something that won't take the rot, it is something like getting a dog that won't take the fleas. (laughter.) mr. older: i had considerable experience in putting out seedling plums. when large enough to get to bearing there wasn't a good one in the whole lot. i got some plums, the finest i could pick out, and three years ago they first came into bearing, and one of my neighbors went over there when they were ripe and said they were the best plums he had seen, but since then i have had none. i got some emerald plums from mr. cook. they were nice plums, and when he came to see them he said, "i came to see plums, i didn't come to see apples," but the brown rot gets a good many of them. i had some last year, and just before they ripened the brown rot struck them, and it not only took all the fruit but got the small branches as well. i don't know what to do about the brown rot. mr. drum: i would say that my experience was something like mr. older's with the sand cherry crosses. they grew until they were large and i sprayed them with lime-sulphur. i couldn't see any injury from that until they were grown, nearly ripe, and then in spite of me in a single day they would turn and would mummy on the trees. i had a hanska and opata and the other crosses, and they bore well. they were right close to them, and the brown rot didn't affect them particularly. mr. ludlow: i would like to ask these experts what is the life of a plum tree. now, an apple tree, we have them that have been bearing for forty years, but my plum trees that were put out less than twenty years ago, they got to be a thicket and they don't bear any large plums at all. i introduced years ago, if you remember, the ocheeda plum, that come from seedlings that we found in the wild plum at ocheeda lake. it is a very fine plum. i had about twelve bushels this year, and i have never seen a bit of brown rot in that variety of plums, although the other varieties, if they bore at all, they were brown rotted all over. the ocheeda plum has a very thin skin, and when the rain comes at the right time and the sun comes out they all split open. that is its fault. but my orchard is getting old; it is twenty years old. i had a young man work for me, and he left me and bought a new place. i told him he could take up all the sprouts he wanted of those ocheeda plums. he did so and put out an orchard of them. i think that was about ten years ago. this year while my plums didn't average me, my ocheedas didn't average, over an inch or an inch and an eighth in diameter from that old orchard--he had sold out and gone to california--but from that orchard a man that never thinks of cultivating sold three wagon loads of the finest plums i ever saw. mr. kellogg: how large were the wagons? (laughter.) mr. ludlow: well, the ordinary wagon box. he hauled them and sold them in town. that was from an orchard that had been left without any cultivation. mr. philips: i have heard george kellogg say you could prove anything in the world in a horticultural meeting. i was glad to have mr. cook say a word in favor of the desoto. the first plum i ever bought was a desoto thirty-five years ago. i planted it and never saw any brown rot on it and had five bushels on it this year. george kellogg saw it; i can prove anything by him. (laughter.) talking about prof. hansen's sand cherry crosses, i have a number of his trees. i have two in particular that are nice trees. my wife the last three years has selected her plums from these trees for preserving and canning. i never saw any brown rot on them. they are nice trees, and i propose to stick by hansen as long as he furnishes as good stuff as that. the locality makes a great difference in this brown rot. some of the smaller varieties of prof. hansen the brown rot takes. as some one has said, it will take the plums and the twigs after the plums are gone. it may be that the locality has something to do with it. mr. cook: a year ago i was talking with some gentlemen in the lobby of this hotel here and among them was a gentleman from the iowa society, and i was trying to urge and tell them about the great value of some of those hybrid plums. mr. reeves said to me: "mr. cook, if you were going out into the woods to live and could only take one variety of plum with you, what variety would you take?" if he said five or six different varieties i would have made a different answer but he said only one variety, and i said it would be the desoto, and his answer was, "so would any other man that has right senses about him." mr. anderson: it was my pleasure some time ago, i think it was in , to set out a few plum trees, desotos, and those trees grew and grew until they bore plums, and i was very much pleased with them. it was also my fortune about that time to sell plums that another man had grown, such varieties as the ocheeda, the wolf and the wyant. they were such beautiful plums, and i obtained such beautiful prices for them, i was very much enthused over growing plums. i purchased a number of trees of that variety, but up to the present time i have never marketed a bushel of plums from any tree of that kind. the desotos bore plums until they died a natural death, which was last year. mr. goudy: i have one desoto in my orchard which is seven years old, never had a plum on it, never had a blossom on it. what shall i do? (laughter.) mr. ludlow: cut it out. spraying plums for brown rot. prof. e. c. stakman, minn. exp. station, university farm, st. paul. the brown rot of plum is without doubt one of the important limiting factors in plum-growing in minnesota. in seasons favorable to its development, losses of from twenty to fifty per cent. of the crop in individual orchards are not uncommon. experiments on the control of the disease have been carried on by the sections of "plant pathology and tree insects and spraying," of the minnesota experiment station, since . no accurate results could be obtained in and on account of crop failure in the orchards selected for experiment. results are available for the years , and . brown rot is caused by a fungus (_sclerotinia cinerea (bon.) wor._). every plum grower knows the signs of the disease on the fruit. blossoms, leaves and twigs may also be affected. the diseased blossoms become brown and dry, and fall from the tree; the diseased leaves become brown and may die. young twigs may also be killed. infection may occur at blossoming-time. the amount of blossom blight depends very largely on weather conditions; in fairly warm, moist weather there is usually more than in drier weather. the same is true of the rot on the fruit; during periods of muggy weather it may spread with amazing rapidity. the rot does not usually attack the fruit until it is nearly or quite ripe, although green plums may rot, especially if they have been injured. it is important to know that a large percentage of rotted plums have been injured by curculio. counts have shown that in many cases as much as eighty-five per cent. of the rot followed such injury. rotted plums should be destroyed for two reasons: ( ) the spores produced on them may live during the winter and cause infection in the spring; ( ) if the mummies fall to the ground, late in april or early in may of the second spring the cup fungus stage may develop on them. this cup fungus produces a crop of spores capable of causing infection. spraying experiments, the summarized results of which are given here, show that the disease can be fairly well controlled even in badly affected orchards. some of the experiments were carried on in the orchards at university farm and some in commercial orchards. there were from twelve to forty-five trees in each plot, and the trees on which counts were to be made were selected before the rot appeared. the percentages given below refer to fruit rot and do not include blossom or twig blight. the object was to determine the times for spraying and the most effective spray mixtures. details are for the most part omitted, and the results of various experiments are averaged. for convenience the times of spraying are designated as follows: . when buds are still dormant. . when blossom buds begin to show pink. . when fruit is size of a pea. . two weeks after third spraying. . when fruit begins to color. it did not pay to apply spray . in the plots on which applications , , and were made there was an average of . per cent. of rot, while in those from which spray was omitted there was an average of . per cent. rot, a difference so slight as to be negligible. neither did spray seem to pay, there being an average of . per cent. brown rot when it was applied and . per cent. when it was omitted. the schedule finally adopted was therefore the application of sprays , , and . spray is necessary to prevent blossom blight, although it has not always reduced the amount of rot on the fruit. spray is the most important in reducing the amount of rot. in all of the experiments during three years the average amount of rot in the sprayed plots which did not receive spray , was . per cent. on the plots which received spray , with or without the other sprays, the average amount of rot was . per cent., and the average on unsprayed plots was . per cent. excellent results were sometimes obtained by applying only spray , although this did not, of course, have any effect on blossom blight. in the amount of brown rot in one plot which received only spray was . per cent., while in the unsprayed plots it was . per cent. in the amount of rot was reduced from . per cent. in unsprayed plots to . per cent. in the plots to which spray was applied. possibly spray could be omitted without seriously interfering with results; success in controlling the rot with spray alone seems to indicate this. it was hoped to settle the matter during the past summer, but spring frosts spoiled the experiment. for the present it seems advisable to recommend the application of sprays , , and . in the first two, two and a half pounds of arsenate of lead paste, or one and one-fourth pounds of the powder should be added to each fifty gallons of spray mixture in order to kill the curculio. in the plots sprayed in this way in ninety-six per cent. of the fruit was perfect, while in the unsprayed plots only . per cent. was perfect, and in and the amount of brown rot was reduced from . per cent. to . per cent. several growers have reported excellent results from these three applications, and there is no reason why other growers should not duplicate them. [illustration: brown rot of plums showing the small, grayish brown tufts of spores. can be controlled by destroying mummies and thorough spraying.] the efficiency of various fungicides was tried. self-boiled lime-sulphur, - - ; commercial lime-sulphur, to ; - - and - - bordeaux; iron sulphide made up with to commercial lime-sulphur, and iron sulphide made up with - - self-boiled lime-sulphur were tried and all gave good results. commercial lime-sulphur, to , has been used in commercial orchards with excellent results, and it will probably be used more than the other spray mixtures because it is so easy to use. possibly weaker solutions of lime-sulphur would do just as well as to . this will be determined, if possible, during the summer of . good results were obtained only when a high pressure was maintained in spraying. there was a clearly observable difference between plots sprayed with low pressure and those sprayed with a pressure of more than pounds. for large orchards a power sprayer is desirable; for small orchards a barrel sprayer with an air-pressure tank attached is large enough. such an outfit can be bought for $ or $ and can do good work. the cost of spraying three times should not exceed fifteen cents a tree. the results from spraying orchards which contain a great deal of brown rot and have never before been sprayed will probably not be so good the first year as in better kept orchards, but by spraying regularly each season the disease can be well controlled. mr. cashman: please state what you mean by - - there. mr. stakman: - - bordeaux mixture means three pounds of bluestone or copper sulphate, four pounds of lime, and fifty gallons of water. the copper sulphate should be dissolved in twenty-five gallons of water, the best way being to put it into a sack and hang the sack in the water. the lime should be slaked and then enough water added to make twenty-five gallons of milk of lime. here is where the important part of making up the spray comes in. two people should work together and pour the milk of lime and the bluestone solution together so that the streams mix in pouring. it is very important that the mixing be thorough and the mixture should be used fresh. the president: do you add any paris green at any time or arsenate of lead? mr. stakman: always add arsenate of lead two times, when the buds are swelling and when the plums are the size of green peas. the president: how much? mr. stakman: i would rather leave that to professor ruggles. we used from - / to pounds and mr. ruggles, i think, found - / pounds was enough. the president: that is, - / pounds to gallons of water with the other ingredients? mr. stakman: yes. mr. dyer: i would like to ask if you have ever used arsenate of lead for spraying plums? mr. stakman: in the experiments which we conducted in co-operation with mr. ruggles, of the division of entomology, we always used arsenate of lead in the first two sprayings to kill the curculio. mr. dyer: i had quite an experience, so i want to know what your experience was. mr. stakman: we never had any trouble with it. mr. dyer: i have had an experience of thirty years, and i have never seen or had on my place any brown rot, and i never was troubled with any curculio, and i practically always used arsenate of lead. mr. cashman: isn't it a fact if you begin spraying your plum trees when they are young and spray them early, at the right time, you have very little trouble with the brown rot? and spray them every year? mr. stakman: yes, that is it. you might be disappointed the first year if the orchard had never been sprayed, but by spraying year after year you finally cut it down. mr. cashman: you said a pressure of pounds ought to be used? mr. stakman: yes, but it isn't necessary to get an expensive power sprayer to keep up that pressure. there are sprayers on the market that cost from $ to $ which have a pressure tank by which the pressure can be maintained at from to pounds without any great amount of trouble, that is, for a small orchard. if you have a big enough orchard for a power sprayer, of course get it. mr. m'clelland: this summer my plum trees, the leaves all turned brown and came off. what is the reason? mr. stakman: when did it happen? mr. m'clelland: along in august, i think; july or august. mr. stakman: what kind of soil were they on? mr. m'clelland: clay. mr. stakman: did you spray? mr. m'clelland: yes, sir, i sprayed. mr. stakman: what did you use? mr. m'clelland: lime-sulphur, i think. mr. stakman: did the whole leaf turn brown? mr. m'clelland: yes, sir, the whole leaf turned brown and came off. mr. stakman: how strong did you use the lime-sulphur? mr. m'clelland: not very strong. mr. stakman: if you use very strong lime-sulphur you sometimes get such an effect on both plums and apples. sometimes the leaves fall, and almost immediately you get a new crop of leaves. mr. m'clelland: this was in august. mr. stakman: there was a perfect crop of new leaves? mr. m'clelland: yes, sir. mr. stakman: my only suggestion would be that you used the lime-sulphur too strong. that might account for it. mr. sauter: i never sprayed until this year. i tried it this year and with good results. i sprayed my apple trees at the same time, and i sprayed the plums with the same thing i sprayed the apple trees with. i had nice plums and nice apples; last year i had hardly any. mr. stakman: what did you use? mr. sauter: lime-sulphur and some black leaf mixture. i used it on the plum trees and the apple trees, and afterwards i used arsenate of lead. mr. stakman: you didn't get any injury to the plum trees? mr. sauter: no, sir, we had nice plums. a member: i have seventeen plum trees, and i have only sprayed with kerosene emulsion and the second time put in some paris green, and i have never seen any of the brown rot, but there have been a good many of the black aphids on the plum trees, on the end of the branches. i cut them off and burned them. i didn't know whether that would be the end of it or not. mr. ruggles: why don't you use "black leaf ," / pint in gallons of the spray liquid. it can be used in combination with arsenate of lead and lime-sulphur or arsenate of lead and bordeaux mixture. if you wash them with black leaf it will kill all the aphids. i did that myself this summer. a member: please give us a little better explanation of what black leaf is. mr. ruggles: it is an extract of tobacco that is for sale by wholesale drug companies and stores, or you can get it from kentucky, from the tobacco products company, at louisville, ky., or grasseli chemical co., st. paul. i am not advertising, mr. president, but they will send you a small package for seventy-five cents, about half a pint. of course, that looks kind of expensive, but it will go a long way. i think possibly it is the best thing we have to combat lice. mr. stakman: plum pocket is caused by a fungus which is supposed to infect mostly when the flower buds are just beginning to swell, especially in cold, wet weather. plum pocket causes the fruit to overgrow and destroys the pit, and big bladder or sack-like fruits are produced instead of the normal fruit. the fungus that causes it gets into the twig and is supposed to live there year after year. therefore pathologists usually recommend cutting out and burning affected branches and even trees that bear pocketed plums several seasons in succession. our experiments with plum pocket have not extended far enough to enable me to say anything definite about it. mr. hall: with us in western minnesota this year this plum pocket got all the plums that the frost didn't get. if we were to cut off the twigs we would have to chop off the trees. mr. stakman: when a tree becomes so badly infected that practically all of the branches produce pocketed plums year after year you can't expect very much normal fruit. sometimes you might get some, but usually not very many. mr. graves (wisconsin): do you use your black leaf in conjunction with your bordeaux or lime-sulphur? mr. ruggles: yes, you can. mr. graves: doesn't it counteract the result? mr. ruggles: no, it does not. mr. stakman: i used this year lime-sulphur and black leaf together. mr. graves: you say you got the same results from black leaf in that mixture? mr. stakman: it killed the plant lice; that is all i wanted. mr. graves: we had some experiences that indicated that black leaf counteracted the other results. mr. stakman: yes, sir, i think that has been the impression, but i think there have been some experiments more recently to show that the black leaf can be used in conjunction with other sprays without counteracting their results. mr. richardson: did you ever know the plum pocket to come unless we had cold weather about the time of blossoming and lots of east wind? mr. stakman: yes, a little; i have seen it mostly when there was cold weather, however, and as i said before it usually isn't so serious unless there is cold, wet weather. mr. richardson: i settled out in martin county, minnesota, in , and in all my experience i never saw plum pocket unless we had the right kind of cold weather at the time of the blossoming. i had my plums all killed and destroyed one year and never did anything for it, and when we had the right kind of weather i never had any trouble. mr. stakman: when you have cold, wet weather, as i mentioned before, infection takes place much more rapidly than it does at other times. there is some evidence to show that the fungus lives in the twigs and that affected ones should be cut out. mr. richardson: yes, but these didn't bear any for four or five years, and when we got the right kind of weather i got good plums. mr. norwood: my experience is something like this man's. i have had my plums killed off as many as five years with the plum pocket and then had a good crop of plums. i sprayed with lime-sulphur. mr. stakman: when did you spray? mr. norwood: i spray just before the buds open. mr. stakman: the flower or leaf? mr. norwood: flower, and then i spray when the plums are well started, just before they begin to ripen. mr. stakman: were you spraying for the pocket or brown rot? mr. norwood: i used lime-sulphur and arsenate of lime. mr. stakman: of course, spraying after buds open wouldn't do any good for the plum pockets at all. mr. norwood: i spray mainly for the brown rot, and i have pretty good luck. mr. cashman: have you had any experience in using orchard heaters to save plums in cold nights? mr. stakman: i will ask mr. cady to answer that. mr. cady: no, i haven't tried to use them. mr. cashman: we tried it this year, and we saved our plum crop. we have tried it the last four years and saved our plum crop each year. we also sprayed each year and had a very good crop of plums when neighbors who had not sprayed had very few, and i am satisfied if we use the proper ingredients and spray properly at the right time, and occasionally use an orchard heater when there is any danger of freezing, that we will raise a good crop of most any plum that is hardy enough for this climate. a member: what kind of heaters do you use? mr. cashman: we use oil heaters. we use crude oil, the same oil we use in our tractor engine. a member: where do you buy your heaters? mr. cashman: we have them made at the hardware store, of sheet iron, with a cover. we put about two gallons of oil in this heater. there is a small piece of waste that is used as a wick, which we light from a torch. it will heat quite a large space sufficiently for two or three hours and prevent frost. mrs. glenzke: do you put a canvas over the tree or leave it uncovered? mr. cashman: we do not put anything over the tree. mr. stakman: what does your oil cost? mr. cashman: about eight or nine cents a gallon. prof. hansen: just a thought occurred to me that out west on the pacific coast where men have to get down to business in order to raise fruit they have these horticultural commissioners that have absolute police power to make orchard men clean up. they will come into your old orchard and pull it up and burn it and add it to your taxes, charge it up to you, if you don't clean up. the same sort of police power should prevail here. if a man has an old plum orchard that is diseased through and through, it won't do for him to tell his tale of woe year after year and not do anything. a county agent will come along and clean it up for him. after it is cleaned up it will be an easier proposition. if you are not going to keep up with the times and spray, then the county agent ought to have police power to burn the orchard. either spray or go out of the plum business. * * * * * to make concentrated apple cider on a commercial scale.--the specialists of the fruit and vegetable utilization laboratory of the department have completed arrangements for a commercial test of the recently discovered method of concentrating apple cider by freezing and centrifugal methods. as a result, a cider mill in the hood river valley, ore., will this fall undertake to manufacture and put on the retail market , gallons of concentrated cider, which will represent , gallons of ordinary apple cider with only the water removed. the new method, it is believed, makes possible the concentrating of cider in such a way that it will keep better than raw cider, and also be so reduced in bulk that it can be shipped profitably long distances from the apple growing regions. the old attempts to concentrate cider by boiling have been failures because heat destroys the delicate flavor of cider. under the new method nothing is taken from the cider but the water, and the resultant product is a thick liquid which contains all the apple-juice products and which can be restored to excellent sweet cider by the simple addition of four parts of water. the shippers and consumers, therefore, avoid paying freight on the water in ordinary cider. in addition, the product, when properly barreled, because of its higher amount of sugar, keeps better than raw cider, which quickly turns to vinegar. the process, as described by the department's specialists, consists of freezing ordinary cider solid. the cider ice is then crushed and put into centrifugal machines such as are used in making cane sugar. when the cider ice is whirled rapidly the concentrated juice is thrown off and collected. the water remains in the machine as ice. at ordinary household refrigerator temperatures this syrup-like cider will keep perfectly for a month or six weeks, and if kept at low temperatures in cold storage will keep for prolonged periods. at ordinary house temperatures it, of course, will keep a shorter time. to make the concentrated syrup, the cider mill must add to its equipment an ice-making machine and centrifugal machinery, so that the process is not practicable on a small scale. the specialists are hopeful, however, that the commercial test soon to be inaugurated in oregon will show that it will be possible for apple growers to concentrate their excess cider and ship it profitably to the far south or to other non-producing regions. the specialists also believe that it will enable apple producers to prolong the market for cider.--u.s. dept. of agri., oct., . how mr. mansfield grows tomatoes. mrs. jennie stager, sauk rapids. somewhere around mr. wm. mansfield, of johnsons creek, wis., commenced to apply what gov. hoard, of wisconsin, told him was "persevering intelligence," to the propagating and improving of the tomato, and he soon found out that the tomato was capable of almost unlimited improvement. he has made a specialty of the tree tomato, of which he says he has demonstrated to the world that in the mansfield tree tomato he has produced one of the greatest wonders of the age. all who have seen them, tasted or grown them, with even a small degree of good sense, are loud in their praise for their good qualities: wonderful growth of tree, beauty of fruit, smoothness, solidity, flavor, earliness, etc. in giving directions how to grow them he says you should remember that if your brightest child is raised among indians he is not likely to become president. neither will the tree tomato if thrown on a brush pile, or just stuck in a poor, dry place and left to care for itself, be ready to jump on your table, on the fourth of july, or any other month, a ripe, delicious, two-pound tomato. he says first get your seed of some reliable person, who can warrant it pure and all right. then at the proper time, which in this climate would be some time in march, get some rich old earth for boxes in your house, hotbeds or greenhouse. sow the seed, cover lightly, wet down every day and keep warm, with all the sun possible. when up ten days transplant to other boxes, six inches apart, and not less than four inches deep. keep wet and give all the light and sun you can, and by the time it is safe to set them outside they should stand from twelve to twenty-four inches in height, with bodies half an inch thick. _to prepare the ground._--first select a place as near water as possible, and also, if you can, let your rows run east and west. throw out dirt two spades deep, then put in three or four inches of night soil if you can get it, if not use hen manure and wood ashes, equal parts, or some other strong manure, in the bottom of trench. then fill up the trench with the best dirt you can get, mixed with well rotted stable manure, as no fresh manure must come near the roots or bark to rot them. now set out your plants without disturbing the dirt about the roots. set eighteen inches apart in the row and have the dirt in the trenches a little lower than at the sides. place a strong stake at each plant or a trellis and tie them to it as fast as set. then if it does not rain use hard, soft, cold or warm water and give plenty each day. as your plants commence to grow, just above each leaf will start a shoot. let only the top of the plant, and only one or two of the best branches grow, so as to have not over one or two of the best stems to run up. now the buds for blossoms show themselves on the tops of the vines, and a few inches below. just above each leaf, a shoot starts; nip off every one of these just as soon as they appear. as the lower leaves get brown and old pick them off. train the fruit as it grows to the sun. tie often and well. let no useless wood grow. give all the sun possible and water, water and then water. then you can take the cake on tomatoes. [illustration: wm. mansfield and his big tomatoes, casselton, n.d.] mr. mansfield's record twenty-six years ago, at johnsons creek, wis., was: height of tomato tree, eleven feet. weight of single tomato, two pounds six ounces. he says, since he has moved to north dakota, his tomato has in no wise deteriorated. annual report, , central trial station. profs. le roy cady and r. wellington, university farm. since the coming of prof. wellington to the station to take up the pomological and vegetable divisions the work of this station, has been divided, prof. wellington taking the fruit and vegetable experimental work, while prof. cady continues the work in ornamentals, and on that basis the reports will be made this year. _ornamentals._--the campus of university farm has been very much enlarged this year by the building of the gymnasium, and consequent parking about it, and the grading of an athletic field. this will call for considerable planting work next spring. the season has been exceptionally good for the growth of all ornamental stock. all came through last winter in good shape. a late frost killed many of the early flowering plants, and this prevented the forming of fruit on such plants as barberry and wahoo. about seedling paeonies flowered again this year. some of these are promising. an excellent block of aquilegia was flowered. a trial ground of some hundred or more annuals was maintained and proved very interesting. it is hoped that many more annual novelties may be tried out this year. the perennial garden established last year was added to and furnished something of interest the whole season. it will be the aim of the division to have in this garden all the annuals and perennials of value in this section. some new shrubs were added by purchase and through the bureau of plant industry. the hedges have proved an interesting exhibit again this year, and it is planned to add a number of new ones to the group next season. about seventy-five varieties of chrysanthemums were flowered this autumn and were much enjoyed by our visitors. _fruit._--this year has been a very poor fruit year owing to the freeze on may , when the thermometer dropped to degrees fahrenheit. at that time a very promising crop of apples was frozen on the trees. currants and gooseberries were also frozen on the bushes, and the young shoots were frozen on the grape vines. later the grape vines sent out secondary shoots which bore a small crop of late maturing fruit. regardless of the heavy freeze an apple was found here and there throughout the orchard, although no one variety seemed to be particularly favored. on one-year-old compass and dyehouse cherry trees a few fruits were borne, and a similar amount of fruit was produced on one-year-old sapa and skuya plums. the old plum seedling orchard, which is located to the south of the college buildings and is partially protected by a wooded hill to the north, gave about five per cent of a crop. the one-year-old raspberries and blackberries bore a small crop, and the new strawberry bed, containing over varieties, yielded a good crop. records were made on the blossoming dates of practically all the varieties grown at the station, and complete descriptions were made of all the strawberry flowers, fruits and plants. [illustration: class in propagation at work at minnesota state agricultural college.] plants were taken from the strawberry bed and used for setting out a new bed, which is located on level and uniform ground. by another year sufficient data should be at hand to report on the performance of the varieties tested. the aphids were very numerous and unfortunately caused the defoliation of all the currants with the exception of the blacks. a new sidewalk through the currant patch necessitated the transplanting of about one-half of the varieties, and so the prospect for a good currant crop next season is poor. the mildew attacked the poorman gooseberry very severely but did practically no damage to the native varieties, as the carrie and houghton. blight was a negligible factor, and what little appeared was removed as soon as noted. this year's rest, especially as it has been coupled with a good growing season, should be very favorable for an abundant crop in . in summing up the varieties at the trial station, it is of interest to note that the following number are under observation: apple, apricot, cherry, peach, pear, plum, blackberry, dewberry, red currant, black currant, white currant, gooseberry, grape, black raspberry, red raspberry, purple raspberry and strawberry. _vegetables._--the vegetable work has been concentrated on the bean, cucumber, lettuce, pea, onion, potato and tomato. the chief work with the bean and pea has been to isolate desirable canning types from the present varieties. selection has also been carried on with the lettuce, with the object of securing a head type which matures uniformly. onion bulbs of various types have self-fertilized, and desirable fixed strains will be separated if possible. incidentally, the inheritance of various types and colors of the onion is under observation. in the tomato the influence of crossing on yield and earliness has been studied. increases nearly as high as five tons have been obtained, and the prospects are very bright for securing valuable combinations for gardeners who use greenhouses and high-priced land. results of this work will probably soon be published in a station bulletin. [illustration: chrysanthemums in flower in university farm greenhouses.] a better type of greenhouse cucumber is being sought by combining the european and white spine varieties. from past experience the author knows that a uniform type that is well adapted to market purposes can be obtained, and the only question will be its productiveness. unfortunately hybridizing was not performed early enough in the season, and disease prevented the making of crosses. this coming season the work will be repeated. the main work of the year has been on the potato, and the chief problem has been on the determination of the cause of degeneracy. incidentally, many varieties have been tested, and the exchange of seed with the grand rapids, crookston and duluth stations has been started. if possible, the effect of varying climatic and soil conditions on the potato will be noted. a few vegetable varieties have been tested and among them the reading giant, a rust-proof asparagus, has proved promising. malcolm, the earliest canadian sweet corn, ripened very early and will be tested further. washington, a late sweet corn ripening between crosby and evergreen, made an exceptionally good showing and may prove of much value for market purposes. the alacrity tomato was found to be similar to the earliana and superior in no way. bonny best and john baer tomatoes produced smooth, desirable fruit and are deserving of a wide test. the much advertised "seed tape" was given a trial, and it proved satisfactory in most cases. for kitchen gardeners who are ignorant of planting distances, methods of planting and varieties, and who can afford to pay a higher price for their seed, the tape may prove of value, that is, if a high grade of seed is maintained. * * * * * a correction.--in o. w. moore's interesting article on "sexuality in plants," which appeared in the november ( ) number of the horticulturist, two errors were present. the first is merely typographical, as kaelreuter's name, page , should be spelled kolreuter. the second, however, is misleading, as it states that the process of fertilization is called "mendel's law." it is true that mendel's law is based upon fertilization, but it concerns simply the splitting up of certain characters into definite mathematical proportions. for example, mendel found that when he crossed a yellow and green pea the first generation produced only yellow peas. these peas when self-fertilized split up into practically three yellows to one green. by self-fertilizing the progeny of the second generation it was found that one-third of the yellows bred true for yellow, and two-thirds of the yellows broke up into yellow and green, showing that they were in a heterozygous condition, and that all the greens bred true for green. at the present time this method of segregation has been proved to hold for many easily differentiated characters in both the animal and plant kingdom, but much more experimental work will have to be done before it can be said to hold for all inheritable characters.--prof. richard wellington, university farm. rose culture. martin frydholm, albert lea, minn. (annual meeting, , so. minn. hort. society.) rose culture is one of the most fascinating occupations in the line of horticulture. but when you come to talking or writing about it you scarcely know where to begin or what to say, there passes before your eye an exhibition of such an amazing fragrance and beauty of varying colors. even now as i am writing these lines i can see with my mind's eye every rose in my garden, some in their full glory, filling the air with the sweet fragrance; others just opening; others in bud; and so on in an ever pleasing variety. i have taken special interest in roses for some ten or twelve years and have grown a good many different varieties of them with success, good, bad and indifferent. i have succeeded well with some of the hybrid perpetual roses. at the present time i have in my garden paul neyron, general jacquiminot, ulric brunner, black prince, etoile de france, frau karl droschky and marshall p. wilder, also others of which i have lost the names. of climbing roses i have crimson rambler, thousand beauties, prairie queen and dorothy perkins. all the above named are everbloomers, except the climbers, and all need careful winter protection. _how to grow them._--get two year old no. plants and prepare your soil just like you would for your vegetable garden. if your soil is not particularly rich, spade in a liberal quantity of well rotted manure and mix well with soil. set your plants and keep up clean cultivation all summer and give them plenty of water, and you will have an abundance of roses the first year. in the fall get some clean straw, bend your rose bushes over, put a fence post across on top of them to hold them down and then cover with straw to a depth of one foot. or if you have a number of them planted in one row, make a long box about two feet wide and about twenty inches deep, fill about half full of straw, then place along side of the row of plants, bend your plants down lengthwise the row, then tip the box over them, put some straw around sides of box and on the outside put some posts or boards on to hold it down, when you will have the best protection possible. right here i want to put in a word of warning, and that is, if you do not like to do extra work don't attempt to grow roses; in other words, if you are lazy they don't like you well enough to stay with you, for it means work and lots of it. we have, however, one class of roses which can be grown by every one who wants them, the hybrid rosa rugosa roses. of them we have such as blanche d. caubet, pure white of large size, a perpetual bloomer; sir thomas lipton, also white, a little smaller in blossom but perfectly double; conrad meyer, clear silvery pink, of large size, very double and of choicest fragrance, a continuous bloomer (needs some winter protection); new century, rosy pink, shading to almost red in the center, good size and double. one of the hardiest is hansa, deep violet red, very large, double and an exceedingly profuse and continuous bloomer, absolutely hardy. these five varieties can be considered as everybody's roses, because of the easiness and sureness with which they can be grown, taking into consideration the elimination of winter protection. planting, preparation of ground and cultivation are the same as for all other roses. do not imagine for a minute that they will do well in sod or grass. [illustration: martin frydholm in his rose garden, at albert lea.] another class of roses is the baby ramblers. for borders and bedding roses these i think surpass all others on account of the easiness by which they may be grown. and they are a perfect mass of blossoms from june till freezing. they need winter protection, but that is not difficult on account of the low growth and small size of plant. above all do not forget that all roses need rich soil and lots of water. when your rose bushes are three years old you must begin to give some attention to trimming. cut out some of the oldest wood before you lay them down in the fall, and if some of the shoots have grown very tall cut back about half, although these rank canes may give you the best roses the following season if you can protect them well enough so that they do not winter-kill. in this photograph which is shown here is one ulric brunner with one shoot extending two feet above my head and covered all along with the most magnificent roses i have ever had in my garden. the same thing i have done with the general jacquiminot. asparagus by the acre. e. w. record, market gardener, brooklyn center. first i am careful about selecting seed of a good variety. my choice is palmetto, because it is hardy and the best seller on our market. in starting a bed i sow my seed as early as possible in the spring in rows about eighteen inches apart, and when the plants are well up i thin out to about an inch, so the roots will not be so hard to separate when ready to transplant. my experience has been that plants two years old are more easily handled than those one or three, because the one year plants are not matured enough, while the roots of the three year old have become too matured, and when separated too many of the roots are broken off. in preparing the ground for asparagus i plow and then harrow it and mark it off so the rows will be five feet apart. i plow a furrow from fourteen to sixteen inches deep, throwing the dirt both ways. then with my cultivator i loosen up the bottom of the furrow. i place the plants in the furrow about eighteen inches apart, being careful to spread the roots evenly over the bottom of the furrow, putting a little dirt over them to hold them in place. with my cultivator i keep filling in the furrow, at the same time plowing out the middle to keep down the weeds. in fertilizing a bed of asparagus my experience has been that the best way is to plow a furrow between the rows, filling it with barnyard manure, then covering this with earth. spreading the manure broadcast makes too many of the stalks grow crooked. i never cut my asparagus for market until the third year, and then only for a short time. by the fifth year the bed is strong enough to cut the whole season. when the season is over i cultivate often enough to keep down the weeds. i never cut the old stalks off until spring, because after the first freeze the stalks are hollow, and this would allow the frost to run down into the roots. annual report, , vice-president, second congressional district. john bisbee, madelia. a summer remarkable in many respects has passed. many of our people have labored hard, and the rewards of that labor have been meager and unsatisfactory. horticulture with all the other labors on the land has been rewarded like the other cultivators of the soil in our section of the state. i sent out twenty-five of the circulars and twenty were filled out and returned. apple raisers report, four a good crop, the balance poor or none. plums: one fair, others poor or none. cherries: one good, all others poor. grapes: one good, balance poor to none. blackberries: one good, balance poor to none. other fruits all poor. nursery stock: one place reports one car load planted, the balance a few, all making good growth. strawberries: five report good crop, balance few to poor. blight: some reported but little efforts made to eradicate. fruit trees did not suffer much last winter ( - ). all report plenty of moisture in ground. varieties of apples doing best: wealthy, duchess, longfield, salome, spitzenberg, northwestern greening, anisim, malinda, hibernal, jonathan. spraying neglected very largely. i am doing all of the top-working i can get done every spring. am setting largely the salome. i find the tree hardy here; a moderate bearer; apples fine and handsome; a good keeper; tree does not blight and grows very thriftily. it grows on a great share of the stocks in which i have placed it. my next best apple is the spitzenberg. i am not placing many wealthy scions, as i have about all i want of them. i tried thinning the fruit on some of my heavy bearers last summer and like it much. i think the best way to do it is to cut out the fruit spurs, as that can be done in the winter. annual report, , vice-president, fifth congressional district. chas. h. ramsdell, minneapolis. the horticultural interests of the fifth congressional district (of which minneapolis is the largest part) comprise three lines of activity, the raising of fruit, vegetables and flowers for home supply and profit, ornamental horticulture for pleasure and the city marketing of the produce of this and every other region, furnishing whatever is demanded by a large metropolitan market. therefore, i will report along these lines. [illustration: chas. h. ramsdell.] judging from the reports of my correspondents throughout the country, the "freeze" in may was responsible for a rather complete absence of local fruit the past season. sheltered orchards and those on the south side of any lake bore a small crop. of apples, the wealthy and malinda are mentioned as bearing fairly well. plums were entirely a failure, cherries are not raised to any extent, grapes and small fruits were not enough to supply the market as a whole. raspberry and strawberry growing seems to be on the decline, owing to the prevalence of insect pests which do _not_ receive attention to keep them in check. the importance of this is all the more apparent, because with the shorter distances of this district being the rule, the danger from rapid spread is more pronounced. the growing conditions of the season have been of the best, and all stock goes into the winter in excellent shape with a good amount of soil moisture and a promise for better conditions next season. several market reports have been received which give valuable information. prices of fruit, vegetables and floral stock have been low in almost all cases. the public demand has been rather below normal, although it has been steady and fair in volume. there seems to be a good deal of complaint about the care of the railroads, etc., with fruit and perishable products, but, on the other hand, a good deal of local produce is not put up in good shape. the uniformly good packing of western fruit reveals the cause of its popularity on the local markets. certain kinds of fruit almost glutted the market this season, notably florida grape fruit, western box apples and peaches. i quote one market statement as very pertinent: if minnesota apple growers would gather their apples before they are too ripe, carefully grade and pack uniformly through the barrel, thus making it possible for the wholesaler to ship out on orders, they would undoubtedly realize more for their product than to market them themselves in the usual manner in which apples are marketed. ornamental horticulture in my district is making rapid progress. large lots of nursery stock are yearly put in with excellent results. the influence and interest of the "garden flower society" and of these horticultural meetings is nowhere more felt than in hennepin county. the gardens of the minneapolis park board, in loring park, at lyndale farmstead, and near the parade and armory, give the horticultural public much valuable information. even the wild flower garden in glenwood park is yearly receiving an increasing number of visitors. the increasing use of perennials is creating a new gardening enthusiasm. the perennial exhibit at the summer meeting of the horticultural society was worthy of much study. careful use of hardy evergreens is increasing also, adding value especially to our winter landscapes. this season has been very favorable to gardening work and steady has been the progress made. greater care with insect pests, and better methods of preparing fruit for market seem to be the two greatest needs of the horticulturists of the fifth district. * * * * * apple production and prices.--according to the best authority available, the apple crop in the united states for promises to be about , , barrels, says the niagara county, new york, farm bureau news. this will be the lightest crop in several years, the crop being the next lightest, when about , , barrels were produced. in comparison, the crop was about , , barrels and the crop about , , barrels. the above refers to the commercial crop that is marketed in closed packages, and should not be confounded with the recent estimate of the united states department of agriculture, which is understood to refer to the total production of apples, including those used for cider and shipped to the market in bulk. annual report, , vice-president, sixth congressional district. e. w. mayman, sauk rapids. [illustration: residence of e. w. mayman, at sauk rapids, minn.] this district comprises quite a large area, and a large amount of fruit of various kinds is raised. besides the reports received, i visited a good many places where fruit is being raised and intended visiting more except for unfavorable weather. from all sources the reports were that all fruit trees, vines and other plants came through the previous winter in good condition, and that all fruit trees budded and blossomed earlier than usual. april being such a warm month caused this condition--and indications were for a record-breaking crop. but this was all changed after the severe freeze of may th, which destroyed nearly all blossoms of apple and plum and what promise there was of cherry and grape. the frost again on june the th did great damage to raspberries and strawberries, currants and gooseberries. from all reports received and from my own observation at my place i can sum up briefly as follows: apples not more than five per cent. of crop; crab apples, no crop; plums, from ten to fifteen per cent. of a crop; cherries, very few planted except the compass and crop very light; grapes, not very extensively raised, collegeville having the largest collection so far as i know, and at that place while the new growth had been frozen off still a second growth of new wood was formed and gave a light crop of fruit. blackberries: no crop reported. raspberries: there is in this immediate vicinity upwards of twenty acres or more planted of several varieties, but the crop was very light, and from other places the reports received were the same. strawberries: there is also quite a large acreage planted in this vicinity, but the crop the past season was very poor, except for the everbearing variety planted for experimental purposes. this variety did well and continued to fruit to november st. currants and gooseberries: reports gave no crop to speak of, and at my place and in this vicinity while there is quite a large planting there was no fruit. this, of course, was owing to the frost as before stated. very little nursery stock has been planted except in small quantities here and there, yet there is great interest taken in fruit raising. in regard to blight, none to speak of according to reports, and everything indicates a good healthy growth. as to spraying there seems to be little done along that line, although some orchards have been sprayed. all trees and shrubs and perennial plants planted the past season, as well as those previously planted, made an exceptionally good growth, owing, i think, to the cool, moist spring and continued cool summer. and, all wood maturing early, everything, i think, has gone into winter quarters in very good condition, and other things being favorable we may expect a good crop of everything next season. * * * * * the following poisoned wash has proved highly satisfactory in the west and promises to be one of the most popular methods of protecting trees from rabbits: _poisoned tree wash._--dissolve one ounce of strychnine sulphate in three quarts of boiling water and add one-half pint of laundry starch, previously dissolved in one pint of cold water. boil this mixture until it becomes a clear paste. add one ounce of glycerin and stir thoroughly. when sufficiently cool, apply to the trunks of trees with a paint brush. rabbits that gnaw the bark will be killed before the tree is injured. annual report, , vice-president, ninth congressional district. mrs. h. e. weld, moorhead. the fruit crop in general throughout this district was not very good. the spring was late and cold with a heavy frost in june. where the fruit trees were protected by a natural windbreak, we find the best conditions. wilkin, becker, ottertail counties' reports indicate that the apple crop was small, but the fruit was of good quality. [illustration: residence of louie wentzel, crookston, life member and vice-president in ] the varieties that are grown in this district in order of their importance and hardiness are the following: hibernal, duchess, okabena, patten's greening and wealthy. the hardier varieties of crabs are growing here. the transcendent is the most popular crab. the hyslop, florence and whitney are also grown. but very little blight is reported in this district. in localities where the trees have the protection of a windbreak there was a small crop of plums. the desoto, forest garden and hansen hybrids are giving very good results. even the wild plums were few, as the blossoms were hurt by frost. where there was windbreak protection the compass cherry tree looks healthy and has given a fair crop. grapes have not been very generally planted. the beta is the hardiest variety. the concord does well where properly planted and cared for. raspberry bushes made a good growth and look healthy; although damaged by frost there was a fair crop. strawberries yielded fairly well where they were given attention. the senator dunlap, warfield and everbearing plants should be more generally grown. gooseberries and currants were just fair in some localities, in others the late frost destroyed all prospects of small fruits. the houghton and downing gooseberries, red dutch and white grape currants are some of the varieties planted. in ottertail, wilkin and beltrami counties a good deal of nursery stock has been planted and with very good success. very little has been done in the way of spraying orchards, as trees are young. all fruits are going into winter in good condition, with fair amount of moisture in the ground and trees full of fruit buds. the hardy ornamental shrubs, honeysuckle, lilac, mock-orange and spirea van houttii can be grown here. hardy perennial flowers that do well are peony, phlox, golden glow and bleeding heart. this northern section of the state is the land for the hardy perennials. nowhere else do we get such beautiful colorings and bloom. annual report, , madison trial station. m. soholt, supt. this season has been very good. we have had plenty of rain, so that all nursery stock set out this last spring has made a good growth. the first part of may a hard frost did quite a good deal of damage to small stock just planted or lined out in the nursery. this frost also damaged the blossoms on the fruit trees. the plum trees happened to be in full bloom when this frost came, so that froze them entirely, and so we did not get any plums to speak of. we also had a light crop of apples, especially of the early varieties. the northwestern and patten's greening bore a good crop. the grapes also froze. i expected to get some fruit off those grape seedlings i received from the state fruit-breeding farm three years ago, but they went with the rest of it. the plum trees i received this and two years ago are all doing well. they did not freeze back any when we had that hard frost; so far they seem to be hardy for this location. had a medium crop of raspberries, also a light crop of currants and gooseberries. we had a good crop of strawberries. seedling strawberry no. is doing very well. everbearing strawberries are doing nicely. we had a nice fall and plenty of rain, so that trees and shrubbery went into winter quarters in good condition. growing beans and sweet corn. p. b. marien, st. paul. since it is one thing to grow beans and sweet corn and another to make money on them, i think from a market gardener's point of view my heading should have been "growing beans and sweet corn at a profit." i will talk of beans first, because while the two are planted at about the same time, beans make their appearance on the market long before sweet corn. beans have a nitrogen gathering power and are therefore a soil-improving crop. they are to the gardener what clover is to the farmer. for early beans we have found that sandy soil well fertilized is by far the best. if possible it should be sloping toward the south, although we have had good success on level land well drained. one should have the best seed possible, and if you get hold of a good strain of seed that produces nice, velvety beans earlier than your neighbor, save as much of that seed as you can. of course now that the price of seed is $ . to $ . a bushel one cannot be too particular. [illustration: p. b. marien, st. paul.] too much stress cannot be laid on the fact that to make money on beans one must have them on the market within a week after the first ones make their appearance. to do this one must plant them at the right time. the practical gardener knows that as he sits near the stove with the ground still frozen and a cold march wind blowing he cannot say "i will plant my beans on april or on april ." it is impossible to set a date for planting. after the ground has been plowed and well tilled he must wait until it is well warmed. sometimes it pays to take a chance, but we always wait until the buds appear on the white oak trees. however there is nothing infallible about this rule, but it is the one we generally follow. as to kinds we have two wax beans which we have planted for many years: the davis, which does well in wet weather, and the wardwell kidney, which does well in dry weather. every variety of green beans we have ever grown has done well. rows three feet apart, with the hills about six inches apart, three or four seed in a hill, might take up too much room on a small scale, but where one uses horses to cultivate, i think it is about right. beans should be cultivated at least two or three times a week, and they should be hoed three times during the season. never cultivate your beans while the dew is on, as it has a tendency to rust them. while st. paul has not offered a very good market for medium and late string beans in the last few years, it is a good plan to have a patch come in about every ten days. because you happen to get from $ . to $ . a bushel for your first beans this year, do not resolve to put the whole farm into beans next year, for they might come three or four days later than your neighbor's, and your profits might be like ours were one day last summer. i came to market with forty-eight bushels of beans. they cost twenty cents for picking. i sold thirty-two bushels at thirty cents and offered the remaining sixteen bushels at twenty cents, but found no sale for them. i brought them back home and to my surprise found two extra bushels, making eighteen instead of sixteen bushels. i concluded that someone had despaired of selling them and perhaps had poor success in trying to give them away and so forced them on me. however we consider we did well on our beans, as the first two pickings brought from $ . to $ . per bushel. now a few words about sweet corn. along about the th to the th of july the truck gardener should load his first sweet corn. sweet corn is of american origin, having been developed from field corn, or maize. no large vegetable is so generally grown throughout the country, the markets of the cities taking large quantities, and immense areas being grown for canning purposes. seed that fails entirely is not often found, but when one has a good strain that produces early corn it is best to save some. we generally have sweet corn to sell every day from about the middle of july until the first frost. to do this we plant every ten days from about the th of april to the th of june. our early variety is the peep-o'day, which is planted about the same time as the early beans. we also plant the golden bantam at this time. this is followed by red cob cory, pocahontas and some more bantam. then about may th to th we plant early and late evergreen, bantam and country gentleman. [illustration: a load of vegetables at marien's ready for market.] soil well adapted to common field corn will produce good sweet corn, thriving best on well fertilized land. sandy soil is best for the early varieties. sweet corn is often grown in drills, but we prefer the hills three feet apart, as it is easier to get an even stand, and cultivating both ways will push the crop. it should be cultivated shallow and never deep enough to hurt the roots. it is well to hoe it once. sweet corn is one of the few vegetables which is quite free from serious injury from either insects or diseases. sweet corn may be divided into three classes: early, medium and late. it is very important that the various kinds come in as early as possible, as a few days make a lot of difference in price. so you see that to make a profit on beans and sweet corn, four things are needed: good seed, planting at the right time, in the right kind of soil, and plenty of elbow grease--or hard work. a member: how far apart do you plant your beans in the row? mr. marien: the rows three feet apart and the hills six inches, putting three or four seeds in a hill. a member: don't you recommend testing your seeds before you plant them? mr. marien: hardly the bean seeds. i don't remember of ever having found any poor bean seeds. a member: i mean seeds generally, corn, etc.? mr. marien: yes, sir, we do; we always test our seed. mr. goudy: what is your method of harvesting your beans? mr. marien: well, we generally employ pickers, boys and girls, and we pay them about twenty-five cents a bushel when they are above a dollar and a quarter, and then we keep going down; as the price goes down we go down too; but we have paid as much as thirty cents when the price of beans was high and it is important to get many on the market the next day. [illustration: harvesting the hay crop at marien's.] mr. anderson: what are your gross receipts per acre for beans? mr. marien: that is a hard question to answer, as sometimes it is very poor for the medium and late beans, and sometimes there aren't any receipts at all. (laughter.) but the early beans sometimes go as high as $ . an acre. mr. anderson: how late can you plant them and be sure of a crop? mr. marien: we have planted them as late as the th of june. a member: you mentioned davis as your first variety. what is the second one? mr. marien: the wardwell kidney. we always plant the two varieties at the same time because if we strike a wet season then the davis does well, and the wardwell won't do as well in wet weather but will do better in dry weather. mrs. glenzke: will you tell me the color of your beans? are they golden wax? mr. marien: yes, some golden wax and some green string beans. we haven't as good a market for the green ones. mrs. glenzke: have they a string on the back? mr. marien: some have and some have not. there is the bountiful, or the thousand to one; that is a small green string bean that hasn't any string. but they are very hard to pick; so we don't raise many of them. mrs. glenzke: have you ever tried golden pod? mr. marien: i think that is a wax bean? mrs. glenzke: yes. mr. marien: oh, we don't like them, at least not on the st. paul market, because they are hard to pick. i don't know how it is in the minneapolis market. a member: what is the best of the green kind? mr. marien: we find that the bountiful is a very good bean; and then there is also the red valentine. a member: did you ever grow any crusset wax? mr. marien: no, sir, i have not. of course, there are some kinds that are just the same, but they go under different names in different places. different catalogs will catalog the same seeds in a different way. * * * * * beware blight cures.--almost every year orchardists are persuaded to try some new, so-called "blight cure" or preventative, only to find later that they have wasted time and money in the experiment. government regulations regarding fake remedies of this character are more strict than formerly, but there are still some agents trying to dupe the public into buying their wares. blight, which is often referred to as apple blight, fire blight, or pear blight, is caused by bacteria which live in the sap of the tree, and the principle followed by the blight-doctor is to introduce something into the sap which will prevent the working of the bacteria. the remedies are applied in various ways. sometimes the trunk is painted with a mixture of some kind, or holes are bored into the trunk and these filled with a powder. the orchardist is sometimes furnished with a box of nails as the first "course" and instructed to drive these into the roots of the trees. it is evident that anything introduced into the sap that is strong enough to kill the bacteria living there will likewise damage the cell tissue of the tree, and result in more harm than benefit. one powder that has been brought to the attention of the experiment station, sells for $ . per pound, and is administered in teaspoonful "doses." such a preparation as this is probably harmless, but is a waste of time and money. it would have no effect on the tree or the blight. some of the agents not only claim that their remedies will cure blight, but, due to ignorance or other causes, they also claim that trees treated will be immune from attacks of certain insects. orchardists may rest assured that up to the present time, no real preventative or cure has been found for blight, and that the only way it can be controlled is by cutting it out.--colorado agricultural college. in memoriam--mrs. e. cross. mrs. erasmus cross, of sauk rapids, and a member of the minnesota state horticultural society since ( years), passed away at that place on tuesday, december th. on december th mrs. cross sustained a painful injury by falling on the floor and breaking her hip. owing to her advanced age, eighty-two years, the limb could not be set without the use of chloroform, which could not be given on account of weakness of the heart. death finally released her from her suffering. [illustration: the late mrs. e. cross, daughter and grandaughters.] mrs. jane cross was always very enthusiastic about the horticultural society and the good it was doing, not only for this but other states. the ills of her age had prevented her from attending the meetings these late years, though she often did so in earlier years, but she always sent her fee through the writer, and eagerly awaited her return from the meeting to hear of its stimulating success. mr. cross died about six years ago. two sons, james, of st. paul, and robert, of sauk rapids, and two daughters, mrs. annie nicholson, of hamline, and mrs. emma sovereign, of sauk rapids, mourn her loss. our society has lost a most loyal friend.--mrs. jennie stager, sauk rapids. garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. notes from prof. alway's interesting and instructive talk on "maintaining the fertility of our gardens." requisites for proper plant growth are warmth, ventilation, root room, the absence of harmful alkalies or animals that destroy the beneficial bacteria in the soil, water and plant food. by far the most important requisite for growth is water. more plants and crops fail because of the lack of a proper amount of it than from any other cause. plenty of fresh air is needed by the plants, as they derive a portion of their food from it. they adapt themselves largely to conditions as to root-room, a plant thriving in a pot, but spreading to much greater root space when grown in the open with plenty of room. the more restricted the root space, the more food and water it will require. the fourth requisite for growth does not concern us as there are no alkali lands in the counties near the twin cities, and the harmful minute animals that destroy the beneficial bacteria in the soil are as a rule found only in greenhouses. the best fertilizer for the garden is the thorough use of the hose. each year stable manures become harder to obtain, but the fertility of the garden can be maintained by the use of commercial fertilizers, which are more concentrated foods and are much easier to work with. the perfect plant food consists of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. we can obtain these in separate form and use as we need them. nitrogen comes in the form of a salt, called nitrate of soda, and in dried blood. the nitrate of soda is very soluble in water and is taken up at once by the plant. it can be scattered upon the ground near but not touching the plant, as in the latter case it would burn it. it can also be dissolved in water--a tablespoonful to a pail--and the ground, but not the plant, watered. dried blood is slower in action and requires warmth, so should not be used early in the season. nitrogen promotes quick and luxuriant growth of leaves and stems and is good to use when a green growth of any kind is wished. in bone meal we find the phosphorus necessary to aid in the development of fine and many flowers, to expand root growth and to hasten maturity. it works slowly, so can be applied to the ground about a plant early in the season, and will be available in the ground the following year if enough is used. equal parts of nitrate and bone meal can be used at the rate of one to two pounds to every one hundred square feet. potash is almost off the market, as a result of the war, the main supply being imported from germany. it can be obtained from hardwood ashes, and every bit of these should be saved for the garden and stored in a dry place where they will not become leached out by the action of water. _april spraying._--snowball bushes and others that have been troubled with aphides, or plant lice, the previous year should receive a thorough spraying of black leaf no. (an extract of forty per cent. nicotine) before the leaf buds expand. for this early spraying, two tablespoonsful of the extract can be used to every gallon of water. it will stick to the branches better if some soap is dissolved in it. this spray will kill most of the eggs of these pests, which will be found near the leaf buds. when the leaves open another spraying should be given to kill all those that escaped the first treatment. for spraying after the leaves open use one tablespoonful to each gallon of water. * * * * * meeting of the minnesota garden flower society, april th, st. paul, wilder auditorium, fifth and washington streets, : p.m. native plants in the garden shall we collect or grow our native plants? roadside planting. bee-keeper's column. conducted by francis jager, professor of apiculture, university farm, st. paul. bees are kept both for profit and for pleasure. the old fashioned beekeeper with his hybrid bees, kept in immovable hives, logs or boxes, did not derive much profit from his bees. he kept them mostly for pastime. during the last fifteen years men with new methods of management and modern equipment have been rapidly superseding the picturesque old beekeepers. modern beekeeping courses are now taught in connection with our institutions of learning, and young men full of energy and ambition are beginning to realize that beekeeping is offering one of the few opportunities to make a comfortable living with a comparatively small expense. older beekeepers, both on the farm and professional men, also are beginning to study beekeeping. they attend short courses, subscribe to scientific bee papers and study bee literature. with increased study and knowledge the whole status of the beekeeping industry is just now undergoing a rapid change. professional beekeepers, men who devote their whole time to beekeeping, are increasing, and more amateurs are turning to professional beekeeping every year. organizations of beekeepers now exist in nearly every state. their object is to spread knowledge among their members and to secure better prices for their product by co-operative marketing. contrary to fears of more conservative beekeepers the demand for a first class article of honey is increasing more rapidly than the supply. a national organization of beekeepers and bee societies is taking up just now national problems in connection with their industry and has succeeded in making the government interested in this "infant industry." an appropriation of $ , has just been allowed by the agricultural committee of the congress to develop beekeeping in localities where help is needed. the state of minnesota allows an annual appropriation for beekeeping interests of $ , , divided among the following branches: bee inspection department, which takes charge of bee diseases, $ , ; state fair exhibits for premiums and maintenance of a bee and honey building in connection with our state fair, $ , . the division of bee culture at the university farm, which has charge of teaching, demonstration, extension work, research, queen rearing, correspondence, statistics and model apiaries, $ , . minnesota beekeepers should be grateful to those men who have helped them to raise their industry from a mere nothing, until we have become the acknowledged leaders in beekeeping among all the states of the union. they, however, are rapidly following, nearly all states now have efficient bee inspection laws, and twelve universities have followed our lead and have included beekeeping in their curriculum. but we must not be satisfied with what we have accomplished. out of $ , , worth of honey which this state produces (by figuring) only $ , , worth are gathered every year, and beekeeping in the state must grow to fourteen times its present proportions before it will be anywhere near its possibilities. orchard notes. conducted monthly by r. s. mackintosh, horticulturist, extension division, university farm, st. paul. minnesota orchardists are preparing for a full crop of apples this year. from the experiences of last year with apple scab and codling moth, more thorough spraying is to be done. senator dunlap stated an experience he had in spraying that should be carefully considered by all apple men. nine rows of trees were sprayed on monday or tuesday. owing to bad weather the other rows could not be sprayed until friday or saturday. what was the result? he had barrels of no. fruit from first part and only seventeen barrels of no. in rows sprayed later. some are planning their orchard work for the season along the following lines: _first: pruning._ to be done during the mild weather in march and april. thin out all dead wood, interlocking branches, water-sprouts and shorten others. pruning is to get the tree into better form to sustain a large load of fruit, to open the center to permit sunlight to get in to color fruit, and to permit of better spraying. there are too many trees in minnesota that have never been touched by knife or saw. such trees need attention, but the pruning should not be too severe at any one time. begin this year to do a little pruning; next year do more; the year after a little more; and after that very little attention will be needed to keep the tree in good condition. while pruning look out for rabbit and mouse injury. if good trees have been injured do some bridge grafting as soon as you can. this means connecting the healthy bark above the wound with the healthy bark below. small twigs cut from the same tree, that are long enough to span the wound, are cut wedge shaped on both ends, and these ends put under the healthy bark. if possible cover the wounded area with earth. if too high up tie the scions in place and cover all cut surfaces with grafting wax and cloth. several scions should be put in if the tree is large. _second: spraying._ three sprayings are needed on every bearing apple tree in minnesota. first spray: when the center of buds show pink. don't wait too long. second spray: when the petals have fallen. third spray: ten to fifteen days after the second. use lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead each time. it is important to do this at the right time, in the right way, and with the right materials. right is the word and not left-undone. further particulars will be found on the page devoted to spraying topics. _third: cultivation._ follow the plan that is best suited to location. this may mean sod, part sod and cultivation, cultivation and mulch, mulch only, or cultivation and cover crop. doubtless the last is the best in most instances. _fourth: thinning._ the thinning of apples in minnesota has not been received with as much consideration as its importance demands. more attention will be given to this topic in subsequent issues. home garden. what about the farm and home garden for ? is the garden to receive the undivided attention of one or more members of each family, so that all members and guests may share its fruits? let's make the home garden the best spot on every minnesota farm in . a conservative estimate of the actual value of the products from a half-acre garden is fifty dollars. in minnesota there are over , farms. this would mean a total value of over $ , , . this does not include the value of the products of the village and city gardens. careful estimates made in this state show that it costs about fifteen dollars for man and horse labor to take care of a garden of about three-fourths of an acre. now for a big garden movement this year--for all the year. not a big beginning kept up until the little weeds become big weeds. is anyone going to allow weeds to outdo him? notes on plant pests. prepared by section of insect pests, a. g. ruggles, and by section of plant diseases, e. c. stakman, university farm. buy spray materials as soon as possible. the orchardist will probably notice very little difference in the price of his spraying materials, like arsenate of lead and lime-sulphur, as compared with last year; but those who still think that paris green is the only good stomach insecticide, will be astounded by this year's price. at the present time, in one pound lots, the retailer cannot sell paris green for less than c per pound--over twice what it was last year. in large quantities, it is doubtful if it can be purchased for less than c per pound. fortunately arsenate of lead, a better stomach insecticide than paris green, has not advanced materially in price, the powdered form being obtained for about c per pound. one and one-half pounds of this powder is used in fifty gallons of spray mixture. in our experiments, we have found arsenate of lead superior to paris green as a remedy for potato bugs and all orchard insects. it is not necessary, therefore, to allow any injurious biting insect to live simply because paris green is high in price. arsenate of lead, if properly applied at the right time, will keep any of these insects in check. a dormant wash does little good in controlling scab. hence, on account of the high price of spraying compounds, do not spray when unnecessary. many diseases of nursery stock are controlled by spraying. begin spraying as soon as leaf buds unfold, with lime-sulphur - or bordeaux mixture - - . copper-sulphate has also advanced c or c per pound. lime-sulphur has not advanced materially; therefore, plan to use lime-sulphur or some of the made-up (paste) bordeaux instead of bordeaux mixture, whenever possible. _potatoes can not be sprayed with lime-sulphur._ the aphis problem is usually a very serious one, because they are such persistent little breeders. the trees or shrubs most affected are roses, snowball, currant, apple, plum and elm. the eggs of the plant lice pass the winter on the bark or buds of these plants and hatch as the buds begin to swell. spray with the lime-sulphur ( - ) at this time. as soon as the leaves appear, spray with nicotine-sulphate as per directions on the container. if plum pocket was bad last year, the trees should be thoroughly pruned. then spray with copper-sulphate, one pound to nine gallons of water, or lime-sulphur, one gallon with nine gallons of water, before the buds open. follow with one to forty lime-sulphur or other spray as for brown rot. control methods for plum pocket are not well worked out, so these methods cannot be depended upon entirely. be sure and look over the apple trees carefully; cut out and burn all cankers. black rot has been increasing in the state, and since a great deal of early infection may come from cankered limbs, it is important that cutting out and burning be resorted to. last year the spring canker worm was just as active in the state as the fall canker worm; therefore, just as soon as possible, trees affected last year should be banded with the tree tanglefoot. the moths come out of the soil the first two weeks in april and at that time attempt to crawl up the trunks of the trees to lay their eggs on the limbs. when raspberries are uncovered, be sure to cut out and burn all dead canes missed last fall. the gray bark disease and anthracnose, also snowy tree cricket and red-necked cane borer, are controlled in this way. plan to keep the young canes covered with a protective spray of resin-bordeaux mixture. try it on at least part of the patch. the benefit will not be apparent for a year. spray currants and gooseberries as soon as leaf buds begin to unfold, with either bordeaux mixture - - or lime-sulphur - , to prevent powdery mildew and leaf spots. for further information write to the section concerned. inquiries will receive prompt attention. secretary's corner annual meeting of american association of nurserymen.--information has reached this office to the effect that this national association will hold its annual meeting in milwaukee june th to th. this is so near by that it ought to bring a goodly number of minnesota nurserymen in attendance. for particulars in regard to the matter address john hill, granite bldg., rochester, n.y. passing of hans knudson.--mr. knudson, late of springfield, minn., was the originator of the compass cherry, which has been generally planted throughout the northwest these recent years. he grew this variety from a seed as a result of a handmade cross between the miner plum and the sand cherry. mr. knudson had other seedlings of similar origin which we thought might be of value, but nothing has been since heard from them. news of his passing early in january has just come to this office. the mcintosh red.--i think the mcintosh is quite hardy as a top-worked tree; there are two in my old orchard set in , and they have shown no signs of injury. they were grafted on crab whips, but they were planted on a knoll, that while clay was within twelve to fifteen inches of a deep bed of sand. they have been shy bearers, but i think on a clay subsoil, such as i now have, they might prove good bearers. i would not be afraid to risk them as to hardiness.--f. w. kimball, waltham, minn. reports for minneapolis members.--every member of the society is entitled to a copy of the annual report if desired. as there are not as many copies printed, however, as there are members, if every one asked for a copy we should be in trouble at once. copies are mailed as promptly as possible after receiving membership fee to all members except those living in minneapolis and those who come in as members of some auxiliary society. minneapolis members are requested to call at the society office and secure the copy to which they are entitled, which will then get into their hands in a good deal better shape than though it passed through the postoffice. members of auxiliary societies are entitled to a copy of the report, but only upon the prepayment of postage, which would be seven cents to points within miles of minneapolis and ten cents outside that limit. scions for top-working.--stark bros. nurseries, of louisiana, mo., have sent to us for use in testing on top-worked trees a quantity of scions of the following varieties: king david, jonathan, delicious, stayman winesap, york imperial and liveland raspberry. these scions are to be used primarily to fill orders for top-working from members who have selected them as one of the plant premiums, no. . there will, however, be a considerable surplus, we believe, and as far as they hold out we shall be glad to send them out to members of the society who have trees for top-working, and know how to graft properly, upon receipt of postage stamps to the amount of postage and packing, which would be approximately ten cents. we are not sure that we can supply all who may ask for them, but to a limited extent we can do so. i would suggest promptness in making application for these scions. address secy. latham. who is growing mcintosh red apple?--information from an interested member of the society is called for as to what success, if any, has been had in growing the mcintosh red top-worked on hardy trees here in minnesota. scions of this variety have been sent out several years by the society and probably some have already come into fruitage, or perhaps they have been secured from other sources. replies will be published. address secy. latham. no plant premiums after april st.--all members ordering plant premiums have undoubtedly noted this important condition that "all applications for plant premiums must be made prior to april st." this condition will be strictly adhered to, and those sending in selections for plant premiums after that date need not feel disappointed if they do not receive them. it is absolutely necessary to make a definite date beyond which no applications will be received in order to work out successfully the problem of distribution which faces us at that time. to members of auxiliary societies.--occasionally a member of an auxiliary society writes to this office asking for a copy of the annual volume of the society. members of auxiliary societies are entitled to this volume, but the state society does not pay postage on it, the amount received from auxiliary societies for memberships not permitting this expense. any member of any auxiliary society who wishes to have a copy of the annual volume mailed from this office should send with the application postage at the rate of seven cents if within one hundred fifty miles of minneapolis, and ten cents to points in the state more than one hundred fifty miles from minneapolis. buy nursery stock at home.--there are always more or less agents of foreign nurseries, that is nurseries located outside the state, canvassing for orders of nursery stock in our state, and many citizens are also tempted to reply to advertisements of outside nurseries who are trying to secure business in minnesota. it is not my purpose to condemn these outside nurseries nor their methods of doing business, which in most cases undoubtedly are honorable and straight forward. but there is a real advantage in buying nursery stock at home, that is, from nurserymen located in our own state, and especially from nurserymen who are in the immediate vicinity. there is no class of goods that one can buy in connection with which there is such opportunity for mistake and fraud as in nursery stock. it is impossible for any but an expert to tell by the appearance of a tree or plant of any kind what the variety is, and either through mistake or purposely it is no uncommon thing for those purchasing trees to be disappointed as to the names of varieties when they come into fruitage or flower. if the nurseries are in our own state, or in our vicinity, it is a very easy matter to get at them, and they will almost uniformly be found willing to make good such blunders, or if they don't and the matter is worth while they can be made to do so. don't place your orders outside of the state if the things you want can be purchased at home. you will find it a real advantage to act on this counsel. especially in the case of strawberry plants the element of distance is a very important one as on account of their leafy character they heat and spoil readily. a few plants near home are often worth more to the recipient than a large shipment from abroad. nurserymen of minnesota.--the secretary endeavors to keep a correct list of all those engaged in the nursery business in this state. as far as his personal acquaintance goes of course the list is known to be a correct one, but there are doubtless a number engaged in the nursery business in a small way of whom he does not know personally, and he would be glad to hear from any engaged in the nursery business who are not personally acquainted with him so that their names may be added to this list. the address of the secretary is always to be found on the front cover page of this magazine. the social element at our annual meeting.--those of our members who attended the last annual meeting could not have failed to note the large proportion of ladies in attendance at these meetings, not only at the one managed by the woman's auxiliary, but also at every other meeting during the four days session. you may be surprised to learn that approximately one-third of those who registered as purposing to attend the meeting belonged to the gentler sex, and the proportion in attendance was somewhere in that neighborhood. this is one of the delightful features of our annual gathering which is steadily increasing. more and more are the ladies attending our meetings, and in larger number are they becoming members of the association aside from any relation they may sustain as wives or daughters to those who are already members. this movement should be in every way encouraged, and we hope another year to be able to offer still more attractive accommodations in this direction. in planning for a new building for the society, this feature of our work should not by any means be lost sight of. i believe that very few organizations of this kind can boast so large an interest on the part of the ladies in the various branches of its work. did you select everbearing strawberries as your premium?--an altogether unexpected demand has been made upon us for the everbearing strawberries the society is offering as plant premiums to its members this spring. probably twice as many plants have been called for as can be furnished in the amount asked for. under the "right of substitution" which the society reserves in the matter of its plant premiums, probably plant premium no. will be substituted for nos. and if matters turn out as now appears, though the number of plants sent will be more than is offered under no. . as this everbearing strawberry, originated at the fruit-breeding farm, no. , is a very prolific plant maker, a dozen plants, if the runners are allowed to grow, will make plants enough to set out a bed of them next year, large enough in all probability for family use. in the matter of june-bearing strawberry no. , offered as premium, there is undoubtedly stock enough to fill all orders including those asked for for which money has been sent, and we are in hopes that orders for raspberry no. can be filled in their entirety, though it may be necessary to return money which has been sent for additional plants. in this distribution all members will be treated exactly alike and altogether in accordance with the conditions noted in connection with the list of premiums as found on page six of the society folder and on the inside front cover page of the magazine. [illustration: view in fruit-breeding greenhouse, state college, brookings, s.d. this is prof. n. e. hansen's laboratory, where he works out his problems in cross-breeding. (see opposite page.)] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. may, no. what is hardiness? prof. n. e. hansen, horticulturist, brookings, s.d. by the term hardiness is understood the capacity to resist against any special condition of environment. so in speaking of hardiness of the plant it may mean hardiness as to either cold, heat, drouth, fungus or insect trouble. in the present discussion hardiness against cold will be considered mainly, since that is the most difficult problem we have to meet in this horticultural field. it would be of great advantage could we determine by examination of the plant its power to resist cold. if we could determine by the looks of a new apple tree its power of resistance to our test winters, it would save us many thousands of dollars and much vexation of spirit. some years ago the iowa state horticultural society made a determined and praiseworthy effort to determine hardiness by some characteristic of the plant, especially in apple trees. a chemical test of the sap of hardy and tender varieties was made. the palisade cells of the leaf, and the cellular structure of the wood, were examined under high powers of the microscope to determine some means by which a tender variety could be distinguished from a hardy one, but no general rule or conclusion could be formulated. in a general way nurserymen and orchardists say that a variety that ripens its wood well in the fall shows it by the twigs being sturdy and not easily bent, while twigs that are not well ripened indicate lack of hardiness. the winter of - was preceded by a late, wet autumn that kept trees of all varieties growing very late, so that winter came before the wood was ripened. in all the literature on this subject, i have been unable to find any method by which a hardy variety could be distinguished from a tender one of the same species, or, in other words, there is no correlation between morphology and hardiness. although we do not know what determines hardiness, we may still go ahead with our experimental work. we do not really know what electricity is, but inventors in that line have enough of a theory on this subject so that they are able to work very successfully with this gigantic force of nature. we know there is a difference in hardiness between the red cedar of tennessee and the red cedar of minnesota, and that it is safest for us to plant the tree as it is found at the north. the same applies to many other trees that are found native over a wide area. at moscow, russia, the box elder as first imported was from st. louis, and it winter-killed. afterwards they got the box elder from manitoba, and it proved perfectly hardy. although botanically both are the same, yet there is a difference in hardiness. my way of securing hardiness is to work with plants that are already hardy. i like to work with native plums in my plant breeding experiments because there need be no concern about their hardiness. we know they are hardy, or they would not be here after thousands of years of natural selection in this climate. the other way of obtaining hardiness is by crossing a tender variety with a hardy one. when we cross the native plum with the japanese plum, we obtain seedlings that combine in a fair measure the hardiness of the native plum with the size and quality of the japanese plum. in many states of the union the question of varieties for commercial orchards has been to a large degree settled. there is always room for a new apple, but for commercial purposes the varieties already in cultivation are sufficiently satisfactory as to size, color and quality as well as in keeping and shipping capacity. so the main effort in their horticultural societies is along other lines, such questions as marketing, packing, spraying, insects, fungi and orchard management. but in this region the winter apple question is still a vital one. some promising winter apples have appeared recently, and it remains to be seen whether they will stand up under the next test winter. they are certainly satisfactory in size, color, quality and keeping capacity. the greatest question now presents itself in planting apple seed. what variety shall i choose? some pedigrees may be like a blind alley, they will lead us nowhere. the commercial apples of the east and of the pacific coast are the survivors of millions of apple seedlings raised by immigrants from western europe during the past three centuries. they survived because they were the best. from time to time very good varieties are super-ceded by new ones that appear. from the ashes of millions of seedlings will arise, phoenix-like, the creations that will dominate our future prairie pomology. here in the northwest thousands of farmers have already determined to a considerable extent what we may expect from planting the seed of certain standard varieties. [illustration: the waneta plum. a promising variety originated and introduced by prof. n. e. hansen.] wisconsin, minnesota and iowa are full of seedlings of the duchess. some of the best are okabena, peerless, patten's greening, milwaukee, dudley, pewaukee. a very large amount of wealthy seed has been planted, especially in minnesota. many of these give promise, but in none do we appear to have obtained the true winter-keeping capacity. the wealthy has given us the lord's l, evelyn, lyman sweet, perfect and many more, observed at minnesota state fairs from time to time. the malinda has given us in the perkins' seedlings a number of promising new varieties that evidently are true winter keepers. the fact that they appear hardy may come from the fact that the original orchard had hardy varieties, like the duchess, standing near the malinda. from the experience with these three varieties i would like to draw the conclusion that in order to get winter apples we should save the seed of winter apples, but it would not be safe to draw this conclusion without further experiments. there is an immense number of ben davis seedlings in missouri and adjoining states, but none appear to have come into extensive commercial notice except the black ben davis and gano. but as near as i can learn we cannot obtain real hardiness from this line of descent, unless the ben davis in the mother orchard is standing near varieties like the duchess. the seed of standard winter apples top-grafted on hardy stocks like hibernal should be carefully saved as nature may have smiled with indulgence upon your efforts and created the desired variety. i am watching with great interest a tree of very vigorous, smooth growth, from seed of talman sweet top-grafted on duchess. you would not expect to get anything hardy from seed of the talman sweet, but the entire hardiness so far of the young trees propagated from the original seedling, makes me impatient to see the fruit. a blend of talman sweet and duchess ought certainly to bring something good, but they will not all be hardy or all good. the fact that there are so many different lines of pedigree available to us in our apple work, makes it all the more necessary for us to divide the work. let us gather inspiration from the story of johnny apple-seed--one of the patron saints of american horticulture--who about one hundred and twenty-five years ago forced his way through the wilderness of indiana and ohio and planted many bushels of apple seed as he went along, so that when settlers came they found their orchards ready for them. the story of john chapman and his unselfish efforts in planting the seed of apples and other fruits in the american wilderness should give us courage and patience to give a little of our time to this work. make a record of what seeds you plant, and when the seedlings are one year of age plant them out in a row where they can be cultivated. select the best ones as they fruit and bring to the state fair or horticultural meeting. you may not win the grand prize, but you will have the satisfaction of having made some contribution to the common welfare. * * * * * in localities where cottontails are sufficiently abundant to be a continual menace, the safest and most nearly permanent method of securing immunity from their ravages is to fence against them. it has been found that woven wire netting of one and one-half inch mesh and thirty inches high will exclude rabbits, provided, that the lower border of the fence is buried five or six inches below the surface of the ground. in cases where a small number of trees are concerned, a cylinder of similar wire netting around each tree, if so fastened that it cannot be pushed up close against the tree, serves the purpose more economically. standardizing minnesota potatoes. a. w. aamodt, university farm, st. paul. (gideon memorial contest.) the potato is one of the large farm crops of the country, rating next to the cereals in importance. according to the census report of , united states produced , , bushels, and three-fourths of these were consumed in the states in which they were produced. the report also shows that the most extensive production was along the northern tier of states, from maine to minnesota. in the states ranked in production as follows: new york, michigan, wisconsin, maine, minnesota, pennsylvania, ohio, iowa, illinois and colorado. in the same year minnesota ranked fourth in surplus production, producing sixteen per cent. of the potatoes which entered into interstate commerce. wisconsin produced twenty per cent., michigan twenty-four per cent. and maine twenty-five per cent. [illustration: figure i. rural new yorker.] in minnesota the largest part of these potatoes are grown in certain districts of the state, and according to the census the counties rank in respective order, namely: hennepin, isanti, chisago, clay, anoka, sherburne, washington, ottertail, dakota, and mille lacs. this shows that the largest production is in the vicinity of st. paul and minneapolis, and the red river valley, especially in clay county. the following statement shows the per cent. of increase in acreage from to and that the older districts are being rapidly outdone by the counties towards the northern part of the state: clay, per cent.; sherburne, per cent.; polk, per cent.; todd, per cent.; hennepin, per cent.; anoka, per cent.; isanti, per cent.; chisago, per cent. from these reports it is also evident that the distribution of the surplus is entirely towards the southern states, either as table stock or as seed potatoes, which in turn varies with the different years because of differences in crop yields. but as a general rule maine, new york and michigan supply the states in the east, east central and southeastern part of the country, wisconsin the chicago market and minnesota the mississippi valley, especially nebraska and kansas. in addition minnesota ships seed potatoes to many of the southern states. [illustration: figure ii. burbank.] because of these markets, potato shippers maintain that competition is extremely keen between the potato growing sections of this country. there can be no doubt that the only way minnesota can meet her increase in yield and increase in demand is to determine whether or not she will expand her markets to the territory which is now being held by the other states. but before minnesota can get these markets and obtain the better prices, she must standardize her potatoes. that is, minnesota can obtain great improvement by adopting certain standards for the grading and sorting of potatoes. at a conference held in chicago, last february, of representatives from the growing, shipping and marketing interests, the following recommendations for greater uniformity in potato shipments were made: _size._--market stock of round white varieties shall be graded over a screen which measures - / inches in the clear. for long white varieties a screen of - / inches, in the clear, is recommended. _weight._--stock running over twelve ounces is undesirable and not over five per cent. of this maximum weight should be allowed in first class shipments. [illustration: figure iii. burbank russet.] _quality._--stock should be practically free from serious external imperfections, including late blight rot, common scab, sunburn, frost injury, bruises, knobbiness, second growth, etc. stock should be mature and clean. _varietal purity._--commercial potato shipments should be graded to one variety. all indications show that minnesota must grade and sort for commercial shipments of potatoes, and that a definite brand or grade designating a definite standard must be adopted in order to secure the highest prices. all inferior stock must be thrown out, and the best potatoes given a chance to make an attractive showing. the standing which minnesota potatoes will have in the market will be determined a great deal by the grading, which is usually the work of the dealer, although some farmers do their own grading by hand. ungraded potatoes injure the minnesota potato trade and reduce the profits, as the freight is the same on dirt, small and unsound potatoes as it is on the fine stock. as much as a ton of dirt and culls is sometimes found in a car on the chicago "team tracks" after the wholesale merchant has sacked all he is willing to accept. this freight, sorting charges and cost of disposing of refuse must be paid by some one. co-operating to improve the sorting done at loading stations is a means of establishing a grade to meet competition and to reach new markets. [illustration: figure iv. early ohio.] standardization also means grading to eliminate potatoes infected with disease, such as common scab and late blight, sunken discolorations or dry hard blisters, green, spongy and coarse stock. all of these defects tend to lower prices. in order to increase the value of the minnesota potato we must also supply the market with the variety which it demands, and, furthermore, this variety must be free from mixture. minnesota has already taken a step in this direction. the minnesota agricultural experiment station, minnesota crop improvement association and the minnesota potato growers' association have recommended the following varieties and types to be selected and grown. the rural new yorker, as shown in figure , is the leading round, white, late potato for minnesota. it is a good yielding and keeping variety, fine in quality, an excellent market sort and suitable for almost any soil. similar to the rural new yorker are the carman no. and sir walter raleigh. the green mountain is a desirable white late potato, similar to the rural new yorker, but more oblong and with squarer ends. it is better suited to rich heavy soils than the rural new yorker, as they are not so likely to grow hollow. [illustration: figure v. triumph.] other similar varieties are the carman no. , green mountain, jr., and state of maine. the burbank (fig. ii) is a long, white, late potato of excellent quality and suitable only for rich, loose, loam soils. thrives well upon new rich soils that are well supplied with humus. other inferior varieties confused with the burbank are the white chief, white star and pingree. the burbank russet (fig. iii) is a long, russet, late potato differing mainly from the burbank in its heavily russeted skin. very fine for baking. suitable for low, moist, friable and peaty soils. the early ohio (fig. iv) is the leading early potato in minnesota. the type is oval with a pinkish or flesh colored skin. it is particularly suited to the black, rich, friable soils. the triumph (fig. v) is a round, red, very early potato, valuable for southern seed trade. it suffers severely from drought, and, therefore, soils subject to this condition should be avoided. similar or identical varieties are red bliss, bliss, triumph and stray beauty. the irish cobbler is a promising white, early, roundish potato of good quality, although inferior to the early ohio. it has not been sufficiently tested out, but is promising for southern seed trade. similar variety is the extra early eureka. the king is a broad, oblong, reddish potato. very suitable for worn-out and sandy soils. similar or identical variety is the maggie murphy. in conclusion i would have you to remember the main points of this paper which may be summarized as follows: first. that minnesota is one of the leading potato producing states of the union. second. that minnesota must establish a reputation for a continuous supply of well graded stock practically free from diseases and blemishes. third. that minnesota must create a general interest in better seed, true to name and type. finally. minnesota must secure the co-operation of all agencies interested in the production, distribution and utilization of potatoes to get better production, better grading and better marketing. * * * * * insects help raise crop.--it is well known that most of our crop plants will not form fruit and seed unless the flowers are properly pollinated. the principal carriers of pollen are wind and insects. in some plants, such as the beet, both wind and insects play an important part in the spread of pollen. in all cereals and grasses, and in the potato, the pollen is carried mainly by wind. in most of our common plants of garden, field, and orchard, insects are the chief and most effective carriers of pollen. the following is a list of insect-pollinated plants: onions, asparagus, buckwheat, gooseberry, currant, cabbage, radish, turnip, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, alfalfa, clover, melons, cucumbers and squashes. we are very dependent upon the bees and other insects for a good crop yield.--w. w. robbins, colorado agri. college. annual report, , vice-president, eighth congressional district. frank h. cutting, duluth. this district embraces within its limits a very large area having different characteristics from a horticultural standpoint. much of the land has a high elevation and is rolling or hilly, and much is low and comparatively level. a considerable portion is close to lake superior and other large bodies of water and, therefore, governed by conditions with respect to frost different from those controlling land not so situated. the quality or character of the soil is also varying. the foregoing considerations probably furnish the reason for the widely differing reports secured on the blanks distributed, and which were quite generally answered. this prompts the suggestion that before planting commercially or on a large scale one should personally conduct a series of experiments on land designed for use to test its adaptability for the fruits intended. we suffered a frost and hard freeze on the th day of may which greatly damaged the fruit buds; the temperature registered on that day at the united states weather office being °. the month of june was the coolest in forty-five years. the low temperature of the summer months and lack of sunshine resulted in a tardy development of fall fruits and a failure to mature them. even the beta grape and the compass cherry did not ripen their fruit. the opata plum, however, bore a large crop of ripe plums early in september. very little blight has been reported. the weather report shows a deficiency of precipitation up to december of . inches. however, the heavy rains in november immediately before the ground froze supplied sufficient moisture to enable trees and shrubs to stand the winter. the following list is suggested by the reports: apples: duchess, okabena, wealthy, patten's greening. crab apples: florence, early strawberry, virginia. plums: cheney, aitkin, compass, opata. grape: beta. cherries: reports generally unfavorable. blackberries: no kinds reported favorably. raspberry: minnetonka ironclad, king, cuthbert, older. strawberries: dunlap; everbearing--progressive and superb. currants: red dutch, perfection, wilder, white grape. gooseberries: carrie, houghton, downing. hardy perennial flowers: peonies, phlox, sweet william, delphinium, canterbury bells, foxglove, oriental poppies, iceland poppies. hardy shrubs: snowball, hydrangea, lilac, honeysuckle, high bush cranberry. annual report, , paynesville trial station. frank brown, supt. the summer of will long be remembered as the summer with no warm weather. there was a heavy frost the morning of june th. the season's rainfall was very heavy, but trees at the best made only a normal growth, and with many varieties, especially of forest trees, the growth was much less than the usual growth of even a dry season. some fruit trees blossomed quite early, and the young fruit formed during a warm spell, and these trees were heavily loaded with fruit. this was especially noticeable with wealthy, duchess, okabena and whitney no. apples, and with some of the hansen hybrid plums. other trees, fully as good bearers, blossomed a few days later and set no fruit at all, the frost killing the blossoms while not severe enough to harm the fruit already set. the cool weather of this past season has probably helped fruit growers more than it has hindered them, for had it been as hot as it usually is when we have such a tremendous rainfall, blight would most certainly have caused much trouble, but as it was we have had practically no blight at all. this season has again demonstrated very plainly the advantages of top-working, such trees making a better growth, and the fruit being more even, and less troubled with spots, scab, etc. the plums sent to this station the spring of bore no fruit at all this season, but the trees made a fair growth and all appear healthy except a few that froze back the winter of - . the plum trees sent from the central station the spring of made a very poor growth that season, owing undoubtedly to the fact that the roots were dry when reaching here, but this last season all but one made a splendid growth, and one no. , to my surprise, produced five plums that for beauty and eating qualities would place this variety in the front rank with the best in the state. we shall watch these trees with great interest and will report on their actions as they develop. the four trees of no. plum, sent here the spring of from the central station, made a splendid growth, each tree developing fruit buds in abundance. of the seven varieties of raspberries sent here the spring of , three made good this last season. no. bore a tremendous crop of very large fruit, in quality the best; no. bore heavily, an all around good berry and apparently a good shipper; no. produced a good crop, not quite as large as no. , but continued in bearing for a long period. further testing will be necessary for these berries, but so far they look good. there is little to say about grapes, except the growth has been good, and the amount of fruit buds started immense, but the frost and unsuitable weather told the tale--we won't repeat it. of strawberries we will say this: if the central station did nothing in five years except to produce the strawberry known as minnesota no. , they have still done well. it is hardy, a good shipper, it is delicious with cream and sugar, a good canner, in fact a great big senator dunlap with no green core, but ripens to the tip. it is also a good plant producer. the strawberry known as no. , planted last spring, did well. it is a wonderful plant producer, having a very heavy, dark green foliage, it seems to be a good bearer of large, dark red berries. with the wood on the fruit trees thoroughly ripened, and fruit buds in good condition, we may look ahead to the future with courage, believing that all things come to him that waits in minnesota, providing he hustles while he waits. * * * * * red rose beetle is easily killed.--did you ever wait patiently in the spring for your favorite japanese rose to bloom and find when the buds were ready to burst that it was scaly and spotted around punctures made by the red rose beetle? then did you vow once more to destroy the beetles when you saw the roses begin to wither from punctures made by the beetle in the stem? the destruction of the red rose beetle is simple, according to a circular recently issued by the minnesota state entomologist, university farm, st. paul. the method is to cultivate the ground around the rose bush early this spring and cultivate it again in the late fall. this will destroy many of the beetles, for they live in the soil in the winter. then a few of the pests can be hand-picked and destroyed. if they are still too thick, they may be removed next fall for safety to next year's blooms. the beetle lays its eggs in the hip of the rose. these can be seen after the rose is in full bloom as a black spot, covered over with no noticeable depression. the growing pests leave the old blossom by the middle of september and go into the soil until next spring. the bush should be examined in the latter part of august for any flower hips containing insect larvae and all found should be plucked and burned. a few hours' work will insure a beautifully blooming bush next year. annual report, , jeffers trial station. dewain cook, supt. the apple crop at this station was a complete failure, owing to the freezes of late may and early june. this apple failure, so far as i have been able to ascertain, was prevalent over the entire county of cottonwood, although we could hear of plenty of apples being grown only a short distance over the county line in all directions excepting to the west of us. [illustration: a windbreak at dewain cook's, mostly white willow.] the season has been one of cool weather and much rainfall, so much so that although we had no killing frosts this fall until october th, yet no corn or melons ripened in this vicinity. we quit spraying our fruit trees when the freeze came last spring and destroyed the apple crop, and the result has been that there was much scab on the foliage of many varieties of our apple trees. the antonovka and the hibernal seem to be about the healthiest in this respect. as to the fire blight there has been absolutely none at this station the season just passed. as for plums we got a few bushels in the final roundup, de sotos, wolfs and wyants mostly. of the japanese hybrids, we got a few specimens of the b.a.q. the emerald bore freely, but the fruit mostly either was destroyed by the brown rot or cracked badly just as they were getting ripe. the tokata, one of hansen's hybrids, gave us specimens of very fine fruit. of the apricot hybrids only the hanska made any pretense of trying to bear anything, but the curculio got away with about all of them. when i made the midsummer report most of hansen's sand cherry hybrids were promising a good crop, but with the exception of the enopa and kakeppa, from which we gathered a few quarts of fruits, we got nothing. the brown rot, assisted by the curculio, took them all. it sure looks as if we ever expect to make a general success with these sand cherry hybrids and with the japanese hybrids, we will have to be better educated along the line of controlling this disease that is so very destructive to the fruit of some varieties of plums, especially of those varieties that have sand cherry or japanese blood in them. [illustration: a veteran white spruce at mr. cook's place.] [illustration: specimen colorado blue spruce at dewain cook's.] we have to report a grand success with everbearing strawberry no. , sent to this station from our state fruit-breeding farm last spring. the season all through was favorable for that class of fruit. we kept all blossoms picked off till about the first of august, when we let everything grow, and there is a great number of new plants. these new plants, with a few exceptions, did not bear, but the old plants, the ones set last spring, we gathered from them, from about september till the first hard frost, october th, a liberal crop of surprisingly fine fruit. the americus, also an everbearing variety, treated exactly as we did minnesota , bore a great number of plants and some fruit in the fall. the berries were not so large as the nor so many of them. while it is a perfect flowering variety, most of the late blossoms blighted, which seems to be a weakness of this variety. on november th our strawberry beds were all given a mulching with loose oat straw for a winter protection. the several varieties of grape vines originating at the minnesota state farm on trial here have all made a vigorous growth. we have them all pruned and laid on the ground, and we intend to give them no other winter protection. they are in a sheltered location. in spite of the various freezes early in the season we got samples of fruit from most of the varieties. minnesota no. seems to be the earliest to ripen its fruit. the wild grape flavor is noticeable in all these varieties. the various varieties of plum trees sent here from the state farm made vigorous growth the past season and are looking healthy with the exception of minnesota no. . of the five trees of this variety each one has a great many galls on the body of the tree. it is probably what is termed black knot, only the galls have not turned black yet. they are apparently of too recent growth for that. it is probable that we will plant other trees in their places next spring. * * * * * painting of small tree wounds useless.--it has long been the custom for horticulturists to recommend, and fruit growers to use, dressings of various kinds on the wounds of trees when branches are removed in pruning. a few years ago the new york experiment station decided to conduct some experiments to determine whether such practice was really of any value or not. from results of this work, which have recently been published in bulletin form, it is concluded that the use of white lead, white zinc, yellow ochre, coal tar, shellac and avenarious carbolineum as coverings for wounds under five inches in diameter is not only useless, but usually detrimental to the tree. this is particularly true of peaches, and perhaps of some other stone fruits, which, according to recommendations, should never be treated at all. the substances mentioned often injure the cambium layer to such an extent that the healing of wounds is greatly retarded. of the substances experimented with, white lead proved to be the best and is recommended wherever anything is used. but it is not thought worth while to use even white lead for wounds two or three inches or less in diameter, though it may be advisable to use it on wounds where very large branches have been removed. on the larger wounds, where much surface is exposed to decay, the white lead will help to keep out moisture and the organisms which cause decay. the smaller wounds, however, heal so quickly that the evil effects of the covering may more than offset the benefits derived from its use.--r.a. mcginty, colorado agricultural college, fort collins, colorado. annual report, , montevideo trial station. lycurgus r. moyer, supt. about twenty-six years ago a plantation of white spruce was made at this station. the trees flourished for several years and bade fair to become a permanent success, but some six or eight years ago they began to fail and many of them have since died. the survivors are all in poor condition. it seems that this tree is not well adapted to prairie conditions, at least not to the prairies of southwestern minnesota. its native range is much further north. here it evidently suffers from heat and dryness. the black hills spruce is commonly regarded as belonging to the same species. it has not been tested nearly so long, but so far it seems to be entirely hardy. something like thirty years ago a few trees of black spruce, a few trees of european larch and a few trees of balsam fir were planted here. they have long since disappeared. white pine planted at about the same time disappeared with them. a single tree of scotch pine planted at about the same time, standing in the open, is gnarled and crooked and shows a great many dead branches. a forest plantation of several thousand scotch pine, made something like twenty-two years ago, is still in good condition. many of the trees are from twenty-five to thirty feet high. some of the smaller trees have been over-topped and smothered out, but generally the trees seem healthy. a few hundred of the black, or austrian, pine were set at the same time. they are about two-thirds of the height of the scotch pine, but they are as healthy and vigorous trees as one would care to see. some trees of rock, or bull, pine (pinus scopulorum) were set at the same time. they have grown at about the same rate as the black pine and are healthy, vigorous trees. norway spruce has done better here than white spruce, some old trees fruiting freely. the colorado blue spruce (picea pungens) seems to be our best spruce, and so far as tested the black hills spruce is a good second. douglas fir has been planted in a small way in the parks, but it is young yet. it seems probable that the scotch pines in the forestry plantation owe their comparatively good condition to the shelter they get from the hot winds from being planted close together, and from the fact that they are partly protected by the black pines planted to the west of them. the single tree of scotch pine above referred to has had garden cultivation for thirty years, but it seems likely that it was injured by the same hot winds that killed the white pine and the larch. the scotch pine is a native of northern europe, norway, sweden, denmark, scotland, normandy (near the ocean) and germany and russia around the baltic, and all these countries have a moist, cool climate. the black pine is a native of southern europe, growing all the way from southern spain to the taurus mountains in asia minor. in its native habitat it has become accustomed to the hot winds that often sweep across the mediteranean, the burning sirocco of the great sahara. the dwarf mountain pine, pinus montana, grows in the pyrenees, in the alps, in the carpathians and in the balkan mountains, so that it, too, often encounters the hot winds that come across from the african deserts. it is probable that the ability of the black pine, the dwarf mountain pine, the black hills spruce, and the rock pine to flourish on the prairies of southwestern minnesota is due to the fact that all these trees have become accustomed to resisting the hot, dry winds that often reach them in their native habitats. the norway spruce (picea excelsa) in its many varieties is native to almost the whole of europe, extending from north of the arctic circle to the pyrenees and balkan mountains in southern europe. we could then expect that trees from the pyrenees or from the balkans might be so well accustomed to the hot winds from africa as to make them resist, at least for some time, the hot winds of the prairies. and they do seem to stand better than the white spruce or the balsam fir or the white pine. some report should be made on the material sent out for trial from the state fruit-breeding farm. the strawberry, no. , made a fine growth, and promised a large crop of fruit in september, but a few days of quite dry weather, following a very wet spell, ruined the crop at ripening time. the raspberry, no. , is a great producer of sprouts and multiplies enormously, but it seems to be a rather shy fruiter, and the fruit is not of the highest quality. it is intermediate in season. no. is a much larger and better berry, although not quite so hardy. both came through the winter, without covering, in good condition. no. seems to resemble the old columbian. it does not sucker much. it is a large, late berry of good quality. it was covered, so its hardiness is untested. prof. hansen's oheta is a berry of much promise. it is of fine quality and fruits abundantly. the hybrid plums were sprayed with a commercial dust spray but not effectively enough, for the fruit all rotted. we shall try more thorough spraying next season. patten's greening, oldenburg, okabena and simbrish no. produced a good crop of apples. with us okabena is undersized, of poor flavor and an extremely poor keeper. the growing of vegetables for canning. m. h. hegerle, pres. canning factory, st. bonifacius. the state authorities, through the agricultural farm and other sources, are doing good work promoting and encouraging the growing of vegetables, but it seems more could be done towards the marketing and conservation of these vegetables after they are grown. the growing season for vegetables in this state is comparatively short, and although during that short period everybody eats vegetables, every grocer's show windows, and even the sidewalks, are used to display them, and a tremendous business is done, yet there are tons and tons of nice fresh vegetables go to waste, not only for the market or truck farmer but in every family garden--be the same ever so small, there is a steady waste going on, all of which could easily be conserved _by canning_. canning is simply putting the fresh vegetables in tin cans or glass jars (the latter are much more expensive, but no better), steaming and sealing them and setting aside until wanted. by doing this every truck farmer, and any one having ever so small a garden, could conserve enough which otherwise would go to waste to keep them in real fresh vegetables all winter. of course the thousands living in the cities having no garden can not do this and are therefore dependent on the canning factory for their fresh vegetables, and here is where my topic comes in, _the growing of vegetables for canning_. it is no trick to grow vegetables for home canning, any variety will do. you need not select a big lot of one kind, and you need not sort for size or color. just take the surplus as you find it in your garden from day to day. all it needs is, it must be fresh and it must be thoroughly clean--but growing for the canning factory is different. to line up fifty to growers to sow the same seed, to plant, harvest and bring to the factory just when in right condition, requires time and hard work. this really is the hardest problem the canning factory has to solve, and that is the reason why all successful canners grow at least part of their product. you must remember vegetables put in cans will come out just as you put them in. if you put in stale, tough, stringy beans you will be sure to find them there when you open the can, but if you put in fresh, tender beans, peas, corn or whatever else, you will find these exactly as you put them in, and it's immaterial whether you open this can the first, second or tenth year. we must not forget that vegetables properly sterilized and sealed will keep indefinitely, and they require no preservative of any kind. no canning factory uses any preservative, and no home cannery should use them. [illustration: upland farm, st. bonifacius, minn.] there was a time when canning was considered an art or a secret. i remember receiving circulars offering for sale the secrets of canning, and while in the grocery business some twelve years ago i sold thousands of packages of canning compound. these canning compounds, after a thorough examination by our state food department, were found not only worthless but harmful if put in canned foods. _remember_, to can vegetables successfully, it requires no canning compound or preservative of any kind, simply fresh and thoroughly clean vegetables. fresh vegetables are a good, healthy food, we all know this; and besides they are cheaper than meat; therefore should be on our tables two or three times a day. but mind you, they must be fresh, and while for some of us during the growing season it is comparatively easy to get them fresh, yet during the rest of the year, say eight to ten months, real fresh vegetables in bulk are hard to find and high in price. a lot of so-called fresh vegetables shipped in from a distance at best require several days to make the rounds through the grower, the shipper, the jobber, the retailer--to our tables and are really not fresh. they have become stale, and by coming in contact with different kinds of material have lost their delicate flavor. therefore to insure real fresh vegetables for our tables, at least during the winter months, we must take the canned article. all of us remember how most everything in the grocery line was handled in bulk, dried fruits, cereals of all kinds, coffee, tea, etc., was displayed on the counters, along the aisles and even outside along the sidewalk, handled and examined by any one and exposed to dust and flies. just about the same way are vegetables in bulk handled today. where is the grocer who would go back to those days, and where is the public that would patronize him? mrs. glenzke: what vegetables do you can? mr. hegerle: we can corn; beans, string and wax; apples, tomatoes, etc. mrs. glenzke: how do you manage to get the farmers to bring them in? in wisconsin it was a failure. as you say, they came when they got their work done, and the whole bunch came there at one time. mr. hegerle: that is the hardest work, to get the growers to bring the vegetables when they are in the right condition and when they should be canned. mrs. glenzke: there are five canning factories in that neighborhood now, and there isn't a one of them that allows the farmers to bring their stuff. they rent the farmers' land for themselves. for miles and miles you can't find a farmer that hasn't rented his farm. mr. hegerle: you have to have the vegetables at the right time. mrs. glenzke: they use the farmer's team and give him all the assistance they can. it does away with having them all at one time. i have seen twenty-five farmers come at one time. i don't see how you manage it. mr. hegerle: we have had a lot of trouble, and we are growing some of our vegetables. mrs. glenzke: you can raise four successive crops of peas on the same ground, and you can make that work all right. they used to can squash, corn, tomatoes, and they have got down to peas entirely. a member: doesn't most of that trouble arise from the low prices? mr. hegerle: no, not entirely. the price when contracted is satisfactory, and we find in our experience in growing our own vegetables we can grow them cheaper than what we pay to the growers. but we wouldn't grow any if we could get the growers to bring them in when they are in the right shape. when corn is at a certain stage to make a good canned article it has got to be brought in that day, and if the farmer don't bring it, if he has a state fair on or a wedding or a funeral or something and delays it a day or two, then it is all off; that corn is lost. mr. sauter: i would like to know which is the best beans for canning, the yellow or the green? mr. hegerle: well, we prefer the refugee, both in wax and green. we prefer them because they are the best in flavor we have. mr. sauter: which is the best, the flat or the round of the wax? mr. hegerle: round is preferred by the trade, by the grocers or jobbers. i have kept the flat wax beans for my own use of those that we can. mr. sauter: don't the flat ones bring a little more than the round ones? mr. hegerle: well, probably the first or second picking, but you can't pick them as often as the other variety. the refugee you can pick four or five or six times, and the flat beans can only be picked two times. mr. anderson: i would like to ask what you pay for beans for canning purposes? mr. hegerle: we pay from / of a cent up to cents a pound. sometimes a man brings in some that are almost too good to throw away, they are big and stringy, and rather than send them home we think we have got to take them and pay him something for them. we would rather not have them, and we usually dump them. starting from that we pay up to three and four cents. four cents for well sorted and mostly small beans. they have got to be graded, , , , and . number is the smallest, and they bring the best price. we pay in proportion to the number 's and 's in the load. mr. sauter: what tomato do you find the best for canning? mr. hegerle: well, the earliana. mr. sauter: do you have any trouble with those bursting the cans? mr. hegerle: no, sir. mr. sauter: we had that trouble in canning for our own use. they burst the can, they expanded. mr. hegerle: that is the fault of the man, not of the tomato. mr. sauter: they were picked and canned the same day. mr. hegerle: probably not sterilized enough. sterilizing fruit is the main thing. a tomato is really one of the easiest things to can. mr. sauter: in other tomatoes we don't have that trouble. it seems to hurt the sale of them to the women folks. mr. hegerle: sterilize them a little more. mr. sauter: about how long would you cook them? mr. hegerle: i am not the man at the wheel on that part. i don't know. we have a superintendent that handles that part of it. top-grafting. an exercise led by a. j. philips, west salem, wis., at annual meeting of the society. mr. philips: when i first talked top-working in minnesota, professor green and some of the knowing ones felt a little leary about it, but i kept right on just the same. the most i have got out of top-working is the pleasure i have had, doing the work and seeing the fruit grow. i inherited a love for top-working from my father. he used to top-work some, and after i began planting trees my old friend wilcox used to come and visit me, and he was strong on top-working on hardy roots. i used to make a little sport of the old man, but no more i guess than people have made of me for doing the same thing. he made me a proposition about forty years ago. he says, "you plant ten trees of a good variety to top-work on--i will pick them out for you--and then you top-work them with wealthy, and then plant ten wealthy trees right beside them on the same land and in the same rows, right together, and see which will do the best." at the end of ten years the wealthy on their own roots had borne good crops but they began to fail, while the top-worked ones (on virginia crab) were just at their best bearing at that time. professor green came and looked them over at the end of fifteen years. the first ten on their own roots were dead, and the others grafted on virginia bore apples until they were twenty-five years old. that convinced me that top-working in certain cases would pay if done on a hardy stock. i have seen a northwestern greening tree that was crotched, split apart and lay down when it was loaded with apples, in waupacca county, but when grafted onto a stock whose limbs grew out horizontal it will carry a load of fruit until it ripens without injury. i won a first prize at the omaha exposition. my apples were not much better, but they were top-worked and were a little larger. i have some specimens here that show the practical difference. these grew on my own land. i found in showing apples in milwaukee at their fairs that i could always get the best specimens from the top-worked trees. that convinced me that you could grow better fruit that way. mr. brackett: what age do you commence the grafting? mr. philips: i like to commence at two years old. i like to set a virginia crab and let it grow one year and then commence top-working, and top-work about half the first year and the balance the second. mr. brackett: is that in the nursery row? mr. philips: no, where i am going to have it grow. i have found the virginia--and the hibernal, too, either of them, very vigorous trees. the virginia is very vigorous. you dig up a virginia tree, and you find a great mass of roots; it has strength, and it grows fast. i have top-worked about forty varieties on the virginia and some on hibernal. mr. cady was there and looked it over, prof. green was there and mr. kellogg has been there a number of times--and i always ask them this question: if they found any trees where the top had outgrown the stock? i have never seen an instance where the top of the tree put onto a virginia crab outgrew the virginia. i have some in my garden now where the union is so perfect it takes a man with good eyesight to see where it is. [illustration: a.j. philips, west salem, wis. photo taken in his eighty-second year.] mr. brackett: if you had virginia trees twelve years old would you top-work them? mr. philips: yes, sir, out towards the end of the limbs. mr. brackett: suppose the limbs were too big on the stock you are going to top-work, how would you do then? mr. philips: i practice cutting off those larger limbs and letting young shoots grow. mr. dartt did a good deal of top-working, and he top-worked large limbs. i told him he was making an old fool of himself, but he wouldn't believe it. he would cut off limbs as large as three inches and put in four scions and at the end of two years they had only grown eight inches each. i have put in one scion in a virginia limb that was about / -inch in diameter, and had it that season grow eight feet and one inch. that is the best growth i ever had. the reason that my attention was called to the virginia as being vigorous was, when i attended the meeting of this society about thirty years ago--i think it was at rochester--mr. a. w. sias, who was an active nurseryman and one of the pioneers of this society, offered a premium of $ . for the best growth of a crab apple tree, and then, in order to win the money himself (which he did), he brought in some limbs of a virginia that were six feet long that grew in one season; and i figured then that a tree that could make that growth in one season was a vigorous tree, which it is. nothing can outgrow it, and that was one reason why i commenced using it. mr. brackett: i have one trouble in grafting the wealthy to the hibernal on account of its making that heavy growth. i lost some of them by blight on that account. mr. philips: which was blighted, the hibernal? mr. brackett: no, the wealthy made such a big growth that it blighted. i cut the top back and put grafts in, and they made a good growth, but they blighted. did you have any trouble like that? mr. philips: no, sir, i think my soil is different from yours. my soil is of a poor order, a heavy clay, and it don't make the growth. mr. brackett: how many of those large limbs could you cut off in one year and graft? mr. philips: cut about half of the growth of the tree if not too large, don't cut enough to weaken the tree too much. next year cut the balance off. mr. crosby: in grafting, suppose you get scions from an eastern state, what time would you get those scions, say, from maine; maine is on a parallel with minnesota? mr. philips: i prefer cutting scions in the fall before they freeze. mr. crosby: how would you keep those scions? mr. philips: i have tried a great many ways, in dirt and burying them in the ground, but the best way to keep them is to put them in boxes and put some leaves among them. leaves will preserve them all winter if you keep them moist enough, wet them a little once in ten days just to keep them damp. leaves are a more natural protection than anything else. don't you think so, mr. brackett? mr. brackett: yes, sir. mr. crosby: what kind of a graft do you usually make? mr. philips: i have put in some few whip-grafts but use the cleft-graft with the larger limbs. mr. wallace: is the patten greening a good tree to graft onto? mr. philips: it is better for that than most anything else where i live. it is hardy and makes a good growth. if i had patten greenings, many of them, i would top-work them. the apple is not a good seller where i live. mr. kellogg: what was the condition of that tree where dartt put in four scions? mr. philips: they grew eight inches each in two years, then died. those scions were too weak to take possession of the big limb. it is like putting an ox yoke onto a calf. they can't adapt themselves. they hadn't strength to take hold of that limb and grow. that was a good illustration. put a graft on a small limb, and it will assimilate and grow better than if you take a large one. mr. brackett: where you put in more than one scion in a limb, is it feasible to leave more than one to grow? mr. philips: no, not if they grow crotchy. i let them grow one year to get firmly established and then i take off the lower one. i have trees in my garden i have done that with, and you couldn't see the crotch. it grows right over. mr. brackett: i have seen a great many of them where both of them were growing. mr. philips: it makes a bad tree, as bad as a crotchy tree. mr. kellogg: isn't it better to dehorn it and get some new shoots to graft? mr. philips: yes, sir, and if they are _very old_ the best way is to set out new trees. mr. crosby: in getting scions are there any distinguishing marks between a vigorous scion and one not vigorous? mr. philips: nothing, only the general appearance. if i see a scion that looks deficient i pass it by. mr. erkel: would it be practical to use water shoots for scions? mr. philips: i should rather not. i have always had scions enough to avoid using water shoots. they are an unnatural growth; i wouldn't use them. take a good healthy scion. mr. kellogg: would scions from bearing trees with the blossom buds on do you any good? mr. philips: well, not with a blossom bud on; i wouldn't use such a scion. some people say if you cut your scions from a bearing tree they will bear quicker, but i never saw any difference. inasmuch as this question has been asked a great many times by people, what age to plant a tree, whether it is best to plant young trees or trees four or five years old, i will say i am in favor of young trees, and i am in favor of grafting a tree when it is young. mr. brackett: isn't that a general opinion in the west where they make a business of planting large orchards? mr. philips: i think so. i think that is the case. mrs. cadoo: can you graft onto a martha crab and have success with that? mr. philips: i never had very good success with the martha crab; it isn't vigorous enough. mrs. cadoo: we had a tree twelve years and got seven apples. mr. philips: well, i think i got eight. (laughter.) i believe with the martha crab if you will plant it where there are other crab trees around it you get a pretty good crop, but not if you isolate it. i have an idea it is not self-fertilizing. i think that is the trouble with the martha. it is a nice crab. mr. brackett: you showed the difference in size there, those top-worked and those not--don't you think that is because of cutting the top back? you throw a heavy growth in there, which makes the fruit that much larger? mr. philips: well, it might be. mr. street: have you had any experience in budding in august or first of september on those trees? mr. philips: yes, sir, i do a little budding every year. budding is a hard thing to do, that is, it is a particular thing to get the bud matured enough and still have sufficient sap to slip. mr. street: would you put it on the top or bottom side of the limb? mr. philips: i would put it on the upper side of the limb every time, but i would put it a little further from the trunk of the tree than i would to graft for the reason, if the bud fails you have two chances, and you have that same limb to cut off and graft next year. [illustration: winesap apples top-worked on peerless, grown at northfield, minn.] mr. johnson: i want to ask if it has a tendency to make the apple any earlier? virginia crab is an early bloomer, and would grafting it with wealthy make it bloom earlier? mr. philips: i hardly think so. i think it is a great deal as it was with the man that had the boots. some told him his boots would wear longer if he greased them, and some one else told him they would wear longer if he did not. so he greased one and not the other, and the one that he greased wore fifteen minutes longer than the other. (laughter.) i don't think it makes much difference. i tell you what it does do. you graft a mcmahon onto a virginia and instead of having the mcmahon its usual color, you will get a very nice blush on it. mr. erkel: is the duchess a good stock to graft onto? mr. philips: i haven't found it very good. it is hardly vigorous enough for a stock. mr. erkel: you mentioned patten's greening a few minutes ago. isn't that considered a rather short-lived tree? mr. philips: not with me it hasn't been. i set some thirty years ago. i never had a patten's greening injured with the cold. it is very hardy. mr. street: how about the brier's sweet crab? i grafted some last year and had a larger percentage of the scions live on those than on the hibernal. mr. philips: you wouldn't get as good a growth afterwards. the scions on the virginia would grow better and have a better top. i don't think the brier's sweet is as vigorous as virginia. mr. m'clelland: i grafted on hibernals this spring and got hardly one failure. mr. philips: you did good work. mr. m'clelland: made a growth of three to four feet, some of them. mr. philips: that is good. mr. m'clelland: have you anything as good? mr. philips: if i had hibernals i would graft them, but if i had to set something on purpose for grafting i would set virginias. i have had better success with that variety for stocks. mr. kellogg: too big a growth on the graft is liable to be injured in the winter, is it not? mr. philips: too vigorous a growth on the tree is liable to get injured in the winter anyway. i like to see a good growth. i like to see it grow and then pinch it back in the fall. you can pinch it back a good deal easier when it has made a good growth than to make it grow big enough. mr. street: i would like to know whether we should force all of the growth into the scion the first year where we graft on trees that have been set two years. mr. philips: one of the pleasures of doing top-working is to watch the growth of the grafts. i did a good deal of that on sunday. you might do worse than communing with nature. you watch them same as you watch the growth of anything else, and if you think the graft is growing too fast let some of the shoots on the stock grow to take part of the sap, but if you think it is growing too slow and these shoots are robbing it, cut them off. i like a good growth on grafts; it looks more like doing business. mr. street: but the second year would you keep all of the growth in the graft? mr. philips: yes, sir, the second year i would, and if it makes too large a growth pinch off the end. i put in some for a neighbor this season, and i go down and see to them every two weeks. if i thought they made too much growth in august i pinched them back so as to make them ripen up quicker. i don't like to have them grow too late; as mr. kellogg said, frost will get them. (applause.) spraying the orchard. hon. h. m. dunlap, savoy, ills. (continued from march no.) then just as soon as your bloom falls, just as soon as the blossom petals fall, then you want to spray again. you should use arsenate of lead along with your lime-sulphur in both sprayings, because your arsenate of lead will take care of a great many insects that injure the fruit. the first spraying, immediately before the bloom, with arsenate of lead is for the curculio, what is called the palmer worm, for canker worm--if you have any of them--the tent caterpillar, the leaf roller and various other insects that injure the fruit and the foliage. the spray just immediately after the bloom in addition to fungous is a codling moth spray. to get rid of the codling moth worm you use the arsenate of lead. the codling moth egg hatches shortly after the bloom falls, and the little worm instinctively goes into the blossom end of the apple, because that is the only place it can enter the apple at that particular time. just why it does not enter on the side of the apple i can not say, but there is a little fuzz on the outer side of the apple at that stage of growth that perhaps prevents their getting in, and that fuzz as the apple grows larger disappears, so a little later they can enter on the side or at any other part of the apple that they choose. [illustration: hon. h. m. dunlap, savoy, ills.] when the blossoms fall the apples stand upright on the tree, and the little pointed leaves that are on the blossom end of the apples, that we call the calyx, are all open, and at that time you can spray so as to get the arsenate of lead on the inside. within a week or ten days after the bloom falls these sepals, or little leaf points, gradually close together until they are all closed up tight, and after that you can't get your spray in there. after the worm hatches he gets between the little leaves of the calyx and goes on the inside of the apple and into its center. you want to have your poison ready for mr. worm when he enters the blossom end of the apple, and the more thoroughly and more effectively you spray the better are the results. it has been said that if you spray thoroughly at that time, that that is the only spray you really need for the codling moth worm. i don't agree with that, as there is always a second brood of worms. i use the arsenate of lead along with the lime-sulphur for all these sprays, before the bloom and after the bloom, and if you don't spray more than three times you will be doing yourself a good service, and it will well pay you. in some parts of the country they spray as high as seven or eight times in the commercial orchards, but i would say in a farmer's orchard three times would be enough, once before the bloom and twice later, and you will notice the good results. there are other sprays besides these, but none perhaps of any importance to you up here except the winter spray for the san jose scale, if you have that, and i noticed one or two specimens out there that seemed to have the scale upon them. that spray should be done either in the fall or early winter or late winter while the trees are dormant. that has to be put on of winter spray strength, using lime-sulphur or some of the other san jose scale sprays without the arsenate of lead, as you don't need to use the lead with this spray. now, as i stated to start with, these remarks ought to be appropriate to your needs and to make them so it would be a good deal better for me to give you the opportunity of asking questions or of discussing this question of spraying yourselves rather than for me to go into this subject any further and not know just exactly what you would like to listen to. if you have any questions to ask i would be glad to answer them if i can. mr. horton: what proportion of the lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead do you use? mr. dunlap: if we get the commercial brand of lime-sulphur we use it in the proportion of three gallons of that commercial mixture to gallons of water and for the arsenate of lead in the same spray tank at same time we use four pounds of arsenate of lead to the gallons. mr. horton: have you ever carried over lime-sulphur from one year to another? mr. dunlap: yes, sir, we often do that, carry it over until the next year. it wants to be kept where it will not freeze. mr. horton: is there much danger of evaporation so it would be too strong to use next year? mr. dunlap: your barrel should be kept bunged tight. mr. richardson: mr. dunlap fails to say anything about dormant sprays. don't you use dormant sprays? mr. dunlap: i was just speaking about the dormant or winter spray. when you spray in the winter time use lime-sulphur or scalicide. mr. richardson: another thing: i take a little exception to what mr. dunlap says in advocating buying a spraying machine collectively in the neighborhood, for the simple reason that it is necessary to spray at one particular time, at the vital time just before the blossoms fall and at the time they have fallen. we have found it almost impossible to do any spraying for anybody except ourselves at that time. we talked that matter over before we bought spraying machines. you said you wondered whether there were any apples grown here commercially. out of our town we shipped this year eight car-loads of apples. we have three power sprays in our orchard, and we talked that matter over before we bought them, about buying collectively, and we decided it was absolutely impossible to do it. i don't think it is feasible for a small grower to depend on that kind of thing because he may be disappointed. my theory is for each one to have his own sprayer, large or small. another thing, we find a pressure of pounds is better than spraying without that pressure; we get better results. mr. dunlap: the gentleman misunderstood me. i said where you have just small orchards you could do it collectively. of course, i do not advocate where a man has enough to have use for a spray machine for his own orchard that he get one collectively. that would be a great mistake, but where a man has only fifty trees in a neighborhood where there are no big orchards, it would be better for a dozen or more to combine. if you can get around with it in a week you will be all right but not longer than that. mr. richardson: i beg to differ with you just the same. i think if you want to spray you must spray at the time; it might rain the next day, and you might miss the whole season. mr. dunlap: there are a good many people who don't like to go to the expense of a spray machine just for fifty trees or trees. if they would combine with a few neighbors they would do some spraying work, otherwise they wouldn't do any at all. if a man will buy a machine and do his own spraying, why, that is certainly the best thing to do, but if he won't do that it is better to combine with his neighbors and do it than for none of them to do it. community spraying is the best thing to do if you have only small orchards. mr. dyer: what pressure would you recommend in spraying for codling moth where arsenate of lead is used? mr. dunlap: you can do effective spraying all the way from sixty pounds to pressure. my preference is about pounds. i have known instances where considerable injury was done by using too high pressure. we have sprayed at pounds, but we have given that up. it is not as good as from to pounds. mr. dyer: i would like to know about what quantity of arsenate of lead and lime-sulphur combined would you recommend? how much of each? mr. dunlap: in gallons of water we put three gallons of the concentrated solution of lime-sulphur, as we buy it commercially, three gallons to gallons of water, that is, for the summer spray, and for the arsenate of lead we use four pounds of arsenate of lead to the gallons. mr. dyer: in connection with that i would like to ask if you have used or would recommend pulverized lime-sulphur? mr. dunlap: i haven't used any. mr. dyer: do you know anything about it? mr. dunlap: i think it is a more expensive proposition. mr. dyer: i never used any myself. i thought perhaps that might work better in connection with the arsenate of lead than the liquid. mr. dunlap: i couldn't say, i have always followed the policy of never departing from well-established lines of work until i am satisfied that the new one is absolutely all right. i have seen in our state men destroy the fruit from a forty or eighty acre orchard by taking up some new thing that was highly advertised and looked very attractive. it is not the same proposition, of course, but they tell us the devil comes in very attractive form. he comes with a swallow-tail coat and a red necktie and a buttonhole bouquet, and he looks very attractive. so it is with a lot of these things advertised; they look attractive but for our own good we ought to stick to the things we know and let the state experiment station try them and report upon them. mr. huestis: does mr. dunlap attribute the general dropping of apples to the scab fungus? mr. dunlap: not entirely. mr. huestis: do you think that it weakens the stem of the apples? mr. dunlap: yes, sir, the droppings of the apple is largely due to the scab fungus. of course, some of the dropping occurs as the result of too much rain or too much dry weather, something of that kind, that is not attributable to scab fungus. mr. kellogg: does spraying injure the bees? mr. dunlap: i have never had anybody prove to me that the bees were especially injured by spraying in the bloom. we do not practise spraying in the bloom, that is, we spray when we have about one-third of the bloom left on the trees. i have never had any injury, and we have orchardists who have bees in their orchards, and they go on spraying the same way. i do not believe bees are poisoned by the spray. maybe i am mistaken about it, but i have never seen any conclusive proof of the bees being poisoned by the spray. it is possible they might collect it and carry it into the hives and might poison the brood in the hive. i don't know. i thank you. (applause.) the value of horticulture to the farm. mrs. clarence wedge, albert lea. it is pleasant to have a good roomy subject. e. s. martin said in harper's weekly as christmas time approached, "there are just two places in the world, and one of these is home." i will paraphrase it by saying, "there are only two places in the world, and one of these is the farm." so the value of horticulture to the farm is a large subject. i passed a farm last summer that i shall never forget. it was quite unattractive, i believe, so far as variety of contour was concerned--quite level and commonplace. right across the road from the house was a half-grown windbreak of golden willow. against that as a background blazed out row upon row of the most brilliant flowers, graduated down to the edge of the road, and extending as far as half a city block or more. think what a beautiful surprise for every one that turned that corner. i think the occupants of the house must have enjoyed sitting on their porch watching the people in the cars start with pleasure and turn to look as they flew past. that farmer (or his wife) knew something of the value of horticulture to the farm. perhaps it was a device of the farmer's wife to divert the gaze of the passer-by from the porch, for you know we do stare shamelessly when we are on a joy ride. at any rate, that farm would not be forgotten by any one that passed it. the advertising that beauty spot gave his place would exceed in value a column a week in the county paper, and not cost a tenth as much. lowell remarks, "nature with cheap means still works her wonders rare." and there she stands with arms extended, offering the farmer all the wealth and beauty he will put forth his hand to take. last fall i passed another farm down in iowa, whose owner had tried to make his place conspicuous by putting a concrete wall and gateway in front of his house, and making lavish use of white paint in decorating his buildings and grounds. he succeeded, but i cannot help thinking that if he had put the money that useless concrete work cost into shrubbery and vines, it would have made his place twice as attractive. i dislike pretentious adornments to the farm, especially where the rest of the place doesn't measure up to them. like senator blaine, who, at the time the queen anne style of architecture became popular, on being asked why he did not have his old fashioned house queen anned, replied that he did not like to see a queen anne front and a mary anne back. a farm home can be something better than a city park. one of the beautiful things that i shall always remember about berlin was a way they had of bordering their parks and the enclosures of public buildings. they take tree-roses trimmed up to the height of a fence with a hemispherical head. then they plant them around the edge of their grounds a rod or two apart, festoon chains from the top of one rose stalk to the top of the next, and where the chain touches the ground midway between them, they plant a little ivy which climbs up and conceals the chain and gives the appearance of festoons of vines between the rose trees. i thought them so lovely that when i married a nurseryman i thought i would persuade him to do something of that kind on our grounds, but he has convinced me that while that is all right for a city park, it would not be in good taste in a country place. it would look too artificial. the charm of a country place is its natural beauty. for the same reason we do not have any trimmed evergreens or hedges on our place. moreover, the man who makes his living from the soil finds the upkeep of those decorations too pottering, and if he had money to hire it done he would rather put it into his automobile or into other improvements. the natural beauty that can be set about the farm home will become it better. wild grape vines or woodbine draping the wire fences tempt the eye of the passer-by to linger, and they cost nothing. once planted, they are there for a life-time. a walnut tree in a fence corner will grow to a fair size in ten years, in twenty it becomes a land-mark. a catalpa of a hardy strain will do the same thing in about half the time in our part of the state. take an elder from your woods and plant it in an angle of your house, and it makes a luxurious growth that rivals the castor bean of the city park and does not need to be replaced the next spring. it certainly pays to go in for some kind of horticultural adornments for the farm. they are so easy and inexpensive to obtain and make such a happy difference to the farmer's family and to all who pass his way. when you have a specially prosperous year on the farm, save a little of the surplus for new trees or shrubs. but i remember passing another farm, all of twenty-five years ago, where horticulture may once have been of value to the farmer but had become a burden to him. there was a dense grove of willow down at one side, through which the drive leading to the barn was kept wet and muddy by the shade. on the other side rose a high grove of trees casting a gloomy shade on the house and poultry buildings, and a few odd shrubs straggled along the roadside and gave the place an unkempt look. of all things, have sunshine! city people often have to sacrifice it, but no farmer is too poor to have it in plenty. don't let your trees tyrannize over you. it is, perhaps, unnecessary to mention the value of a windbreak to a farm. if it has not been provided by nature it is an absolute necessity to plant one as a matter of economy. it saves fuel inside and gives comfort outside. the cows give more milk, and all the animals put on more fat, if they have a sheltered place to take their airing. it is also a good thing to set some bushes or small spruces along the foundation wall of the house on the windy side. they are ornamental in summer, and in winter they catch the snow and tuck the house in against the wind. when it comes to the garden, the "value of horticulture to the farm" depends largely upon the farmer's wife, for a garden needs mothering as well as fathering. few farmers have time to do more for a garden than the actual labor of plowing, planting, and cultivating, and digging the root vegetables in the fall. somebody must watch the garden, go through it nearly every day, poison the cabbage worms and potato bugs, keep the asparagus and cucumbers picked, watch for the maturing of peas and beans, and dispose of any surplus either by canning or sending to market. to visit the garden only when you wish to gather some particular vegetable is like milking the cow only when you happen to want some milk. a garden well tended puts the farm far ahead of the city home for luxuries of the table and cuts the cost of living in two. fresh vegetables and cream are expensive articles in the city, inaccessible to any but the well-to-do, but it does not take a very thrifty farmer to have them, providing he has a thrifty wife. but to be a real helpmeet she must have an overall skirt and a pair of rubber boots. then the dewy mornings will be as much of a pleasure to her as to her husband, and she can do her garden work in the cool of the day. a garden is especially valuable to a farm, because the farm is usually somewhat isolated and must depend more or less upon its own resources for freshness and variety of food. a good garden on the farm will almost abolish the tin can, and strike off a large part of the grocer's bill, to say nothing of making the farmer live like a king. the strawberry weevil. as strawberries are about to blossom, it would be well to keep a look-out for a shortage in the number of blossoms, for this is the first indication of the work of the strawberry weevil. because of the diminutive size of the insect, few are acquainted with it, so that the shortage of blossoms or failure of the crop is often attributed to frost, hail, climatic conditions or some other agency. upon close examination, the buds will be found to be severed from the stem, some lying beneath on the ground, others being still attached by a few shreds in a drooping manner. further examination around the buds may reveal a small snout beetle, which is the cause of the injury, it being about one-tenth inch long and marked with two dark spots on each wing cover. the females oviposit in the buds, and then cut them off when oviposition is completed, in order to protect the larva within, which later develops to the adult beetle. [illustration: showing beetle of strawberry weevil and the damage it inflicts.] the strawberry weevil has been especially injurious around the vicinity of hopkins the past summer. it was not uncommon to find fields with from forty to ninety per cent. of the buds cut, and as the earliest and most mature buds, which would be the first to ripen, are among those cut, the losses inflicted may be quite serious. the weevil not only injures the cultivated strawberry, but is found to attack the buds of the red raspberry, dewberry and wild strawberry. it is a singular fact that only the staminate varieties are injured, especially those which furnish considerable pollen, since this constitutes the chief food supply of both larvae and adults. _life history._--the weevil appears as soon as the buds begin to form and soon after deposits an egg within the bud. she then immediately crawls down the stem and proceeds to sever the bud. the eggs hatch within five or six days, and in about three or four weeks the footless grubs become full-grown, coming out as adults about five days later. this new brood, upon emerging, will attack the leaves, making numerous small holes on the under surface, soon after picking time. as early as august the beetles were found to go into hibernation last summer, within the strawberry fields, being found especially among the dead leaves. the older beds were found to be more seriously infested because of the fact that they wintered over in the small fields. _control._--since the weevils do not disperse readily, and since they hibernate within the fields, the one crop system and the plowing up of the beds immediately after picking would probably do away with the injury entirely. this one crop system could be followed for about two years, when it might be advisable to return to the two crop system if the weevils have disappeared. on april , , the weevils were located by the writer underneath the straw, and beginning to move about. from observations last year, it would be advisable to remove the straw from one or two rows in order to hasten the maturity of the buds, and keep the straw on the remainder of the patch in order to force the weevils to the uncovered row. they could then be destroyed either by plowing under or burning. some recent experiments by prof. headlee, state entomologist of new jersey, appear to have been successful against the strawberry weevil. a dust spray of a mixture of arsenate of lead one pound, and sulphur one pound, was used as a repellent, giving almost perfect protection. the material was applied twice, april th and may th. the writer will be glad to co-operate with the growers, if they find the presence of the weevil in their strawberry beds.--s. marcovitch, section of economic entomology, division of economic zoology, university farm. secretary's annual report, . a. w. latham, secretary. twenty-five years is a long time to look forward to, but it does not seem so long when you look back, and yet when i review the changes that have taken place in the horticultural society since i assumed the position of secretary twenty-five years ago the way seems long indeed. in the year very nearly all of the old members of the society, those who had contributed their time and money to bring it into existence and keep it alive for its first twenty-four years were still on the membership roll and doing loyal work for the association. as year by year passed these veterans of the association one by one dropped away until at the present time the number of those in that class who are still with us here are so few in number that it becomes almost a vanishing point. in the year a photograph was taken of "ten veterans of horticulture," a copy of which is hanging in the secretary's office, and of these ten the only one now with us is that loyal friend and supporter of the society, seth h. kenney, of waterville, now eighty years of age and too feeble to attend this meeting. going back to a date still earlier, covering the first few years of the association, the only working members of the society as far as the secretary recalls are j. m. underwood, c. m. loring and himself. this is the order of nature, and we should remember only with gratitude and affection those who have served before us and with us and passed on. at the close of this, the forty-ninth year of the society, we find the membership roll somewhat larger in number than at any previous period in its history, there being on the annual roll , members, and on the life roll members, of whom are honorary. there have been added to this roll the past year one honorary life member, mr. lycurgus r. moyer, of montevideo, and paid life members. the number of deaths appearing on this life roll during the past year is fortunately only two, mr. e. a. webb, editor and manager of "the farmer," who had been a member since , and v. a. neil, of minneapolis, whose death occurred prior to the annual meeting but had not been spoken of heretofore. as usual a considerable number of sources have contributed towards this large membership roll. the auxiliary societies, of which there are have brought upon this roll in all members. one new auxiliary society has been added to the number this year, organized in st. paul under the name of "horticultural, poultry and improvement association of west st. paul." an auxiliary society maintained at crookston for a number of years seems to be no longer in existence and should probably be taken from the list of auxiliaries. the farmers' institutes have not contributed as largely to the membership roll as some previous years, on account in part of the fact that the work heretofore done by farmers' institutes is being done in farmers' clubs and schoolhouse meetings of farmers, which does not offer as good an opportunity for securing memberships, though the service to the cause of horticulture is probably even better. through this source the society has received this year memberships. many of the nurserymen have contributed liberally to the membership this year, memberships that were given by them to their customers in accordance with an arrangement made with this office. in all from this source have come upon our roll memberships. the state fruit-breeding farm continues to be the object of permanent central interest in our association. unfortunately the frosts of last spring interfered with the fruiting of the thousands of trees which under other circumstances would have borne fruit, many of them for the first time, so that practically few advances have been made the past year in breeding new tree fruits except in preparation for the future. in small fruits it was different, and the list of these worthy of trial which are standing the climate well is a growing one. our membership are exceedingly interested in these new fruits as manifested by the large number called for through the distribution of plant premiums. in all there were sent out this year , lots of these plant premiums. there is a growing interest in top-grafting late-keeping varieties of apples as indicated by the large number of calls made on this office for scions for this purpose the past season. the seedling contests continue and the interest in growing seedlings continues as well, there having been a call during the past year from this office for a considerable number of packages of apple seeds by our membership. so far no apple seedling has appeared to which we could award the $ , prize offered by the society for a winter apple. referring to the seedling contest inaugurated some years ago, the first $ premium in connection with which should have been awarded three years ago, it appears that the time limit for the fruitage of these seedlings was made too short. the fourth premium comes due at this meeting, but no claimants have as yet come forward for any of these premiums. probably it will be thought a wise thing to do to continue these awards during later years when these seedling trees will come into bearing. the "acre orchard" contest entered into a year ago last spring in which there entries finally materialized into a smaller number than anticipated, reports having come into the office last year from contestants. the reports for the current year are now being received but not all at hand. the executive board provided conditions under which these orchards should be conducted and the prizes awarded, which conditions will be found published in the report of the society on page . trial stations are continuing their work and are being used principally now as far as new material is concerned in testing of fruits from the state fruit-breeding farm. to this list has been added the government station at mandan under the management of a. w. peterson, reports from which point will also be made to our association from time to time, as well as from the trial stations connected with university farm, all of which stations have been added also to our society list. arrangements are being perfected for the purpose of extending to our membership opportunity to use the books from the society library, which is now increased to about , volumes. this list has been published in the report of the society, and we shall be prepared early in the year to send out books to all who desire them according to the regulations, which will be published in an early number of our monthly. the society is maintaining its card indexes and adding year by year to the amount of material which they represent. one of these cards indexes contains the names and titles of all the articles published in the society's annual reports and is indexed also with the names of the writers, the index being prepared in this double manner. another card index contains the list of books in our library, and the third one, indexed by subjects, the bulletins on horticulture coming from the various state experiment stations and the u.s. department of agriculture. these indexes are invaluable for their various purposes and may be used by the membership at their volition. the society maintained an office at the late state fair, at which a considerable number of memberships were received and a large number of members met by the secretary and other officers of the society. we believe this was an excellent move and should be continued in the future. as to the horticultural exhibit at the state fair, while the secretary has no official connection with it, it should be spoken of as a very satisfactory exhibition indeed and well handled. the building as a whole, covering all branches of horticultural work, was a real credit to the various interests represented and well deserves all the time and expense lavished upon it. probably the most important event of the year with which the secretary was officially connected was the effort made to secure an appropriation from the state legislature in session last winter for the construction of a building for the uses of the horticultural society. the building committee, with which the secretary served, held a number of meetings with members of the board of regents and various committees at the state legislature, at which a considerable number of our membership besides those regularly on the committee were in attendance and took part in appeals in the interest of the building. the secretary's service in this connection was largely the effort made to enlist the co-operation of the membership in the way of getting them to write letters or talk personally with the members of the legislature upon the subject, and an appeal was sent out through the mails to all of our membership with this object in view. the response was a most liberal one, far beyond our expectations. some of the members of the legislature received over thirty letters from their constituents asking their support to this measure. there was not a single member of the legislature who did not receive some communications about this matter. in all there were sent in this manner to members of the legislature , letters. while our efforts to secure this building failed, it was, as we believe, largely on account of the prevailing and unusual sentiment for economy which permeated the legislature to an extraordinary degree, and we have reasonable assurance that a similar effort with the next legislature will bring us success. in regard to this matter the chairman of the building committee speaks more fully. the financial report follows and to this your attention is respectfully requested. secretary's financial report, . a. w. latham, secretary. receipts. balance $ . g. w. strand, treasurer . life membership fees . books sold . cuts sold . banquet tickets sold at c each . garden flower society, account premiums . annual fees, . annual fees, , . annual fees, . --------- $ , . disbursements. postage $ . office rent . telephone . premium books . office supplies . plant premiums . assistance in office . printing . expenses annual meeting, . expenses annual meeting, . expenses summer meeting, . banquet . reporting annual meeting . expenses vice-presidents . expenses superintendents, trial stations . assistance annual meeting . expenses delegates, etc., meeting, . expenses delegates to other societies . discounts, membership fees, auxiliary societies, etc. . examining officers' books . treasurers salary, . collecting checks . plans of horticultural building . officers' bonds, . forestry association . insurance on library sundries . sundries . balance . --------- $ , . general statement, december , . balance in hennepin county bank december , $ . interest in $ . --------- total $ . loring fund, including interest . balance with secretary . balance with treasurer , . --------- total $ , . summer meeting, . premium list, summer meeting, . no duplicating of varieties permitted. out-door roses. st d d th prem. prem. prem. prem. collection--three blooms of each named variety, to be shown in separate vases $ . $ . $ . $ . collection of named varieties--three blooms of each, in separate vases, amateurs only . . . . three named varieties, white--each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem . . . three named varieties, pink--each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem . . . three named varieties, red--each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem . . . collection of rugosa and rugosa hybrids--each variety (consisting of one cluster of blooms on a single stem) in a separate vase . . . most beautiful rose in vase . largest rose in vase . seedling rose to be shown by the originator. (not previously exhibited in competition.) bronze medal donated by the american rose society. basket of out-door roses and foliage, arranged for effect without ribbon, not to exceed twelve inches in diameter . . . the following named varieties of roses to be entered separately and shown in separate vases, three to five blooms in each vase. prince camile derohan, general jacqueminot, margaret dickson, m. p. wilder, jules margottin, magna charta, paul neyron, madam gabriel luizet, baroness rothschild, anna de diesbach, ulrich brunner, john hopper, rosa rugosa (pink and white), baron debonstetten, karl druski, madam plantier, grus an teplitz. each, st prem., cents; nd prem., cents; rd prem., cents. peonies. st d d th prem. prem. prem. prem. vase of festiva maxima, blooms $ . $ . $ . " " flesh or light pink " " " " " " " medium or dark pink " " " " " " " white " " " " " " " red " " " " " collection--three blooms of each named variety in separate vases $ . $ . $ . $ . collection--three blooms of each named variety in separate vases, amateurs only . . . . seedling peony, three blooms . . . . collection--one bloom of each variety, shown each in a separate vase; for amateurs owning no more than ten varieties . . . annuals and perennials. st prem. d prem. d prem. th prem. vase of arabis $ . $ . $ . " " canterbury bells " " " " " dielytra " " " " " delphinium " " " " " evening primrose (oenothera) " " " " " forget-me-not " " " " " foxglove " " " " " gailardias " " " " " grass pinks " " " " " iceland poppies " " " " " iris " " " " " lilies " " " " " lupine " " " " " nasturtiums " " " " " oriental poppies " " " " " pansies " " " " " perennial coreopsis " " " " " pyrethrum " " " " " shasta daisies " " " " " sweet peas " " " " " sweet william " " " collection--named perennials, in separate vases $ . $ . $ . $ . collection of annuals and perennials in separate vases (not to exceed ) by amateurs who have never taken premiums on flowers . . . . vase of flowers grown and exhibited by child . . . vase of any kind of flowers not named in this list. (an exhibitor may make any number of entries desired under this head) . . . vase of flowers arranged for artistic effect . . . basket of outdoor-grown flowers, arranged by exhibitor . . . strawberries. one quart of each variety, to be shown on plate, not in box. st prem. d prem. d prem. th prem. collection (not less than six varieties) $ . $ . $ . $ . collection of three named varieties . . . . the following varieties of strawberries to be entered separately: st prem. d prem. d prem. th prem. bederwood, dunlap, crescent, splendid, clyde, warfield, lovett, enhance, glen mary, haverland, progressive, superb, americus, each $ . $ . $ . $ . best named variety not included in the above list . . . seedling, originated by exhibitor . . . garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. *notices of our may, june, july and august meetings will be mailed to members. being exhibition meetings, the dates will depend upon weather conditions. it is suggested that in cases where plants have not already been exchanged, the informal exhibition of spring flowers, our may meeting, be also "exchange day," and that plants for exchange be brought to that meeting. a shakespeare garden. so wide an interest in the commemoration of the tercentennial celebration of shakespeare's death has been awakened by the "drama league of america" that there will be many old english gardens planted in ,--gardens containing as many as possible of those flowers mentioned in his plays. not all of these many flowers and shrubs could be grown in our climate, some mentioned, such as nettles, burdocks, plantains and other weeds, would be entirely out of place in a garden, soon overrunning it. it must be remembered, too, that in shakespeare's time herbs and wild flowers were cultivated in most gardens, that many considered beautiful then are now almost forgotten, and that some have been so far surpassed by their improved hybrids, the originals would not now be cultivated. we have not attempted, therefore, to include all of the flowers so lovingly mentioned by the poet, but have used only those that will prove beautiful and hardy in minnesota, making a planting that will prove, with proper care, permanent. were each plant labeled with its proper quotation the garden would prove much more interesting, e.g., "there's rosemary, that's for remembrance--" hamlet, marking the plant of that name. _annuals._--gillyflowers (ten weeks' stocks); love in idleness (pansy, viola tricolor); mallow (lavatera splendens); marigold (calendula officinalis); poppy (somniferum, opium poppy). _trees._--hemlock, hawthorne. _vines._--honeysuckle, scarlet trumpet. _bulbs._--scilla nutans (hyacinthus nonscriptus); daffodils; saffron (crocus santious); crown imperial (frittilaria imperialis); lily, candidum, turk's cap (scarlet martagon), orange lily (croseum), spectabile, tigrinum. _herbs._--balm (lemon balm); camomile (anthemis); caraway; dian's bud (wormwood, artemisia absinthium); fennel (foeniculum officinalis); hyssop (hyssopus officinalis); lavender (lavendula vera); marjoram (origanum vulgare); mint; milfoil (yarrow); parsley; rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis); rue (ruta graveoleons); savory; thyme ( , thymus vulgaris, , thymus serpyllum). _perennials._--aconite (napellus); balm (bee-balm); brake; carnation (bizarre dianthus caryophyllus); clover (crimson trifolium incarnatus); columbine (aquilegia vulgaris); cowslip (primula veris); crowflower (ragged robin, lychnis floscuculi); cuckoo buds (butter cups, ranunculus acris); daisies (bellis perennis); eryngium m. (sea holly); flax; flower de luce (iris germanica, blue); fumitory (dicentra spectabilis; bleeding heart); harebell (campanula rotundifolia); larksheel (delphinium elatum, bee larkspur); peony; pinks (dianthus plumarius); violet (viola odorata). _roses._--brier (eglantine rose), provencal (cabbage rose), musk, damask, white provence, york and lancaster. for appropriate quotations to mark each flower the little book, "shakespeare's garden," by j.h. bloom, will be found very helpful. our other authorities have been biesley and l. grindon, all of which are in the public library. mrs. n. s. sawyer. mrs. e. w. gould. entomological notes by f. l. washburn, professor of entomology, university of minnesota. suggestions to parties planning to purchase nursery stock. it may be quite out of place to offer any suggestions along this line to readers of this magazine, and yet some buyers may find help in the following: for evident reasons it pays to buy minnesota stock where possible, stock which has been tried out and found to be hardy, rather than purchase new varieties, glowingly described in catalogues. always buy from an inspected nursery. for evident reasons it pays to buy from nurseries near at hand, so that the time elapsing from the shipping of the trees or shrubs and the planting is small. further, it is always desirable, if possible, to buy from the nurseryman himself, a responsible party, rather than from an agent. it is further very desirable to personally pick out your own stock in a visit to the nursery. when the goods are received, see that they bear an inspection certificate for the current year. the plants should be in good condition and show that the roots are protected from air and wrapped in moist packing material. the condition of the received goods indicates the carefulness of the nurseryman or the contrary. do not allow trees or shrubs to lie neglected after being received, where the roots will dry out. if you are not ready to plant they should be at once heeled in, first divesting them of their wrappings. if any injurious insects, like scales or fungus-looking growths, are found on the trees, the same should be reported to the experiment station. after planting the trees and shrubs, they should receive the best of care in regard to cultivation. finally, refuse to accept any raspberry or blackberry plants showing crown gall on roots or crowns. * * * * * crown gall on raspberries blackberries. all the nurserymen are able to recognize crown gall, and whatever we may think regarding its effect or lack of effect upon apple, we know by personal observation that it may and does cause the death of raspberries. this disease of course is, unfortunately, very common--almost universally present in our nurseries. the public, generally, are so well aware of its injurious effect upon canes that they are indignant when any such stock is received from nurseries. it behooves all nurserymen, therefore, for the sake of their own business interests if nothing else, to be extremely careful that no diseased stock of any kind is sent to patrons. * * * * * the destruction of a carload of diseased potatoes. the state entomologist, by virtue of being a collaborator with and agent for the united states horticultural board, supervised the destruction by burning of sacks of potatoes, seven per cent. of which, according to the testimony of our plant pathology division, were infested with powdery scab. the great northern railroad, which had brought the potatoes from canada, were given the choice by federal authorities, either to return the potatoes to canada or destroy them by burning, under our supervision. they chose the latter procedure and the use of the minneapolis crematory was secured for this purpose. ninety sacks of this same shipment which were illegally unloaded at casselton, n. dak., were buried by north dakota authorities. it is to be hoped that this disease does not find its way into the potato belt in the red river valley. notes on plant pests. prepared by section of insect pests, a. g. ruggles, and by section of plant diseases, e. c. stakman, university farm. the first real spraying of the apple orchard should be given just as the center bud of the flower cluster begins to show pink. the material to use in the spraying compound is lime-sulphur ( to ) plus arsenate of lead, - / pounds of the powder, or three pounds of the arsenate of paste to fifty gallons of the made-up lime-sulphur. if done properly this will get the scab of the apple, blossom blight or the brown rot in the plum, and is the most important spray for plum pocket. the arsenate of lead in the mixture will control the young of leaf eating insects and precocious plum curculios. the second most important spraying of the year is given within a week after the blossoms fall, the same spraying compound being used. this spraying kills many of the germinating spores of such things as apple scab and also is the important spray for codling worm as well as for the plum curculio and for leaf eating insects. watch carefully for the hatching of plant lice eggs. the ideal time to spray for these is just after hatching, and before the young lice become hidden in the bud scales or in the curl of the leaves. the spraying material to use at this time is a sulphate of nicotine. plow the plum orchard as soon as possible in order to turn under mummied plums, which are responsible for much of the primary infection of brown rot. plowing the apple orchard early to turn under the old leaves is also essential in preventing scab spreading to the flower stalks. cultivate the vineyard in order to turn under the mummies. practice clean cultivation from the very beginning in order to help control black rot and downy mildew. if the rot or mildew was very bad in the previous years, early spraying with the bordeaux mixture - - is very important. keep the radishes, cauliflowers, and cabbages covered with a poison spray from april to may to prevent the ravages of the cabbage maggot. this should be applied once a week in fair weather, and twice a week in rainy weather. the spray is made as follows: lead arsenate, three-fourths ounce; new orleans molasses, one-half pint; water, one gallon. look over the seedling cabbages carefully and destroy all which show any sign of wilting or rotting. cut out apple twigs badly injured by the buffalo tree hopper and burn them immediately. watch for plant lice on lettuce in cold frames. to combat the insects the plants should be sprayed with nicofume liquid, one teaspoonful to a gallon of water. bee-keeper's column conducted by francis jager, professor of apiculture, university farm, st. paul. comb honey, extracted honey, and increase. the practical beekeeper must decide at the beginning of the honey season whether he wishes to produce extracted honey, comb honey or merely to increase the number of his colonies. the manner of management of his apiary will depend upon such decision. at any rate a modern outfit, pure bred colonies in modern ten or eight frame hives, is required for successful beekeeping no matter in what line of bee industry he may feel inclined to engage. for production of extracted honey the ten frame hive is to be preferred. bees are less inclined to swarm in a ten frame hive, and two ten frame supers as a rule will be required where three eight frame supers would otherwise be necessary. in successful extracted honey production swarming may be reduced to a minimum if during the dandelion and fruit trees honey flow, and in the beginning of white clover flow, once a week an empty drawn comb be inserted into the middle of the brood nest. as soon as the brood chamber has eight frames of brood the queen excluder is added and an extracting super added filled with white extracting combs. if the beekeeper does not care to raise his extracted honey in snow white combs only, the excluder may be omitted, but the result will be that the queen will lay eggs throughout the whole hive, thus rendering extracting difficult on account of brood present. when raising extracted honey on a large scale two extracting supers may suffice for each colony. when the one next to the brood chamber is filled it is extracted at once, the top one taking its place next to the brood. the extracted super when empty is then given back to the bees and placed on top. when the second super is filled the process is repeated. this process of extracting honey requires a period of four or five weeks. all supers are removed at the end of the honey flow. the last full super, however, should not be extracted but saved for the feeding of light colonies in the fall and spring. the easier way to produce extracted honey is to have enough supers, say three or four for each colony. the first is added during the dandelion or fruit blossom flow as soon as the colony is strong enough to readily enter into it. when this super is nearly full and the combs can be seen through the top bars to whiten, another super is added next to the brood chamber, and the partly filled super is raised. when this second super begins to get well filled, a third and a fourth super is added on top. in the latitude of minneapolis it is not advisable to insert a super next to brood chambers after july th, or two weeks before the end of the honey flow, because such procedure would result in a large amount of uncapped honey. comb honey should not be produced where the honey flow is slow and intermittent. weak colonies will not produce comb honey profitably. in making up supers only a sections should be used, with full sheets of extra thin foundation and three-eighths inch bottom starters of thin foundation. care should be taken to fasten the foundation very solidly, else heat and weight of bees will cause it to drop. one or more bait sections should be used in the first comb honey super to induce the bees to enter into it more readily. bait sections are the half finished, unmarketable sections of the previous season. one to four are used near the center of each super. (to be continued in june no.) [illustration: the home of the lady slipper--moccasin flower. the minnesota state flower.] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. june, no. the state flower and state flag of minnesota. e. a. smith, vice pres. jewell nurs. co., lake city. the material in this paper has been gathered from several sources, part of which has never before been published. it is presented not so much in the spirit of criticism as it is in the spirit of making the best of a mistake which the writer believes occurred when the moccasin flower was designated as the state flower of minnesota. last spring an acquaintance of mine was rambling through the woods and came across the cypripedium, or the moccasin flower, or the lady slipper, the state flower of minnesota. he sent me a few specimens. although i had lived in the state of minnesota for a number of years, this was the first time that i had ever seen the state flower or known anything about it. the incident set me to thinking, and i went to work to find out what i could about this flower. i herewith present that information as briefly as possible. there are forty-one states in the union that have a state flower. other states have the matter under consideration. this fact alone would indicate that a state flower is of some importance as an emblem, or it would not be so generally considered by the various states. in most instances the flower was selected by a vote of the public school scholars of the respective states. the vote was then submitted to the state legislature and a resolution adopted making the state flower legal. i submit to you the question: are school children qualified to choose a flower as an emblem of the state? do they understand the conditions required in the state and the purpose of the selection sufficiently well to enable them to select intelligently? do the children in your school know what flower is common in the northern part of the state as well as in the southern part of the state? in minnesota, however, the state flower was not chosen by the school children of the state, but upon petition of the woman's auxiliary board of world's fair managers a resolution was introduced into the senate february th, , by the late senator w.b. dean, providing that the wild lady slipper, or the moccasin flower, cypripedium calceolus, be accepted and the same designated and adopted as the state flower, or the floral emblem of the state of minnesota. this resolution was also adopted in the house the same day. a few years later upon petition of the nature club of minneapolis the variety was changed to the reginae or spectabile, variety. [illustration: the lady slipper--minnesota state flower. somewhat under size.] the mystery of the selection in this state is, why was a flower chosen which is not common to any part of the state? we therefore have a state flower, beautiful in itself, but without special appeal to the people because it is comparatively unknown. there are about forty species of the cypripedium belonging to the north temperate zone. several of these species occur in the northern united states and canada, east of the rocky mountains, which are found in the state of minnesota. it is called the moccasin flower because it resembles the indian shoe. this plant grows preferably in cool and moist woods or in bogs. it flowers principally during the months of may and june. the varieties differ in color, being deep red, pink, yellow, white and variegated. all of the species, however, are very beautiful. the varieties more commonly found in minnesota are, acaule, rose purple; candidum, small white; arietinum, red and white; parviflorum, small yellow; pubescens, large yellow; and spectabile, description of which is as follows: plants stout, leaves oval, acute; sepals, roundish, white; petals, oblong, white; labellum, white or pale pink purple. very showy. it is unfortunate that the minnesota state flower does not take kindly to civilization and cultivation, as it is very difficult to transplant. about ten years ago at lake city, minnesota, we tried to propagate the moccasin flower. we dug the roots and transplanted them in ground especially prepared in a nearby grove where we could watch their development, but the plants were a failure. a state flower should be one of the common flowers of the state, so familiar to all, that its name would suggest a picture of the flower itself. probably not per cent of the people of the state have ever seen it. on this account it is to be regretted that this variety was chosen as the flower emblem of the state. a state flower, like the state flag, should be accessible and familiar to everyone, and yet, probably, the state flag of minnesota is a stranger to many residents of the state, for minnesota did not have a state flag until . an emblem should mean something to the individual. the family coat of arms and the iron cross are distinctive emblems. the shamrock in sentiment is as dear to an irishman as his native land. if an emblem means something to the individual, how much more it ought to mean to the state and nation. the flag is an emblem of loyalty and patriotism. men fight for it. they lay down their lives for it because it stands for home and country. i fancy if men did not know what the flag looked like, the fight would not be a very fierce one. do you know what the state flag of minnesota looks like? a description of it can be found in the legislative manual for . this flag bears a wreath of white moccasin flowers (spectabile) upon a blue background, in the center of which is the state seal. the design was chosen by a committee of six ladies. it is appropriate and beautiful, and was designed by mrs. edward h. center, of minneapolis. the state should furnish an attractive picture of the state flower and the state flag to every high school in the state, free of charge. the influence would be good, creating a deeper loyalty to the state. wisconsin state horticultural society. remarks at annual meeting by secy. f. cranefield, madison, wis. president cashman: we have with us today, prof. cranefield, secretary of the wisconsin society. i am sure everybody will be pleased to hear from him. mr. cranefield: mr. president, ladies and gentlemen: i thank you, mr. president, for your very kind introduction. i know you meant well when you introduced me as professor, but i really must plead "not guilty" to the charge. there was a time, long ago, when i was connected with our agricultural college, in a minor relation, that i was not in a position to resent it, but i have reformed since, and as secretary of the wisconsin horticultural society i am trying to live down the past. it goes without saying that i am glad to be here. i want to come as long as you will let me come. we of the wisconsin society are watching you closely to see if we can by any means learn the secret of your success, and to that end we are here in considerable force. our president is here, and the managers of two of our largest co-operative fruit shippers associations also. frankly, we want to beat you if we can. you have the biggest and the best society in the country, and we have the second biggest and next best, and we are striving for first place. having now disposed of the usual compliments befitting the occasion i will aim to tell you of a few things we are trying to do in the wisconsin society. the efforts of our society during the past ten years have been directed quite largely to the development of commercial fruit-growing in the state. while we have not overlooked nor forgotten the home owner we have been working to take commercial orcharding out of the hands of the farmer and put it in the hands of specialists, and we are succeeding. we have today about thirty thousand acres of purely commercial orchards in wisconsin and more coming. we discourage by every means at command the planting of fruit trees by the man who is engaged in general farming except sufficient for his own use. further, in this campaign we aim to concentrate our efforts on certain districts so as to build up fruit centers. for instance we have in door county, that narrow little neck of land between green bay and lake michigan, over seven thousand five hundred acres of orchards, apple and cherry. along the bayfield shore line we have another splendid fruit district almost, if not quite, as well known as hood river and worth vastly more. in the southwestern corner of the state along the valley of the kickapoo river, on the high bluffs on either side of the river, have been planted a thousand acres of apples and cherries in the past five years. while not all of this development is directly due to the horticultural society, ours has been the moving spirit. the kickapoo development is due wholly to the work of the society. in this way we are establishing an industry that will be a tremendous asset to the state. there was a time when dairying was but a feeble industry in wisconsin, and now we lead. our society also aids in the development of marketing associations. in doing these things we also aid the farmer and home owner, for whatever is best in the commercial orchard is best in the home orchard. spraying, pruning and cultivation as practiced by the expert serve as models for the farmer who has but two dozen trees. the other activities of our society are similar to yours. we publish a magazine, as you do; we hold two conventions, as you do; in fact our work, and no less our interests, are the same as yours, and i most sincerely hope that the very pleasant relations that have existed between the societies may continue for all time. marketing fruit direct. h. g. street, hebron, ill. in studying this subject, the direct marketing of fruit, let us first see how much it includes. does it include simply marketing alone? or does the success of it depend principally upon the varieties of fruit set out together with the after cultivation, pruning and spraying? first of all you must interest people in your work by producing something that they really want, and half of your problem will then be solved. there are any number of places in the northwest where the demand far exceeds the supply. i do not mean for the common run of fruit full of worms and covered with scab, but, instead, strictly no. fruit of the very best varieties. about , through the advice of my uncle, dr. a. h. street, of albert lea, i joined your society, and through the experience of your members i learned many valuable lessons. perhaps the one that impressed me the most was that of grafting our choicest varieties upon hardy crab stocks so as to make them hardy enough to withstand our hardest winters, and by so doing it nearly insures us against total failures in the fruit crop and especially against losing the trees outright. [illustration: mr. h. g. street, of hebron, ills.] this top-working of course will not do all; we still have to assist nature by proper spraying, pruning, cultivating, etc. doing all in your power to secure a crop each year to supply the trade you have already worked up is a big item in holding it. while studying your conditions, together with those of wisconsin and illinois, i became very much interested in the native plums as well as in the apple industry. therefore i also set out some three acres of the following varieties: surprise, terry, wyant, hammer and hawkeye, also some of the emerald and lombard. as this was then new business to me, i had fallen into no deep ruts, and of course i took it for granted that all horticulturists practiced what they preached. therefore i pruned, sprayed, etc., according to directions, and in due time the fruits of my labor commenced to show up, and they certainly were attractive to the eye as well as to the taste. [illustration: wolf river apple tree twelve years old, bearing eighteen bushels, in h. g. street's orchard.] as our supply increased our demand increased also, so that for the past five years our average plum crop has been around , baskets (the -lb. grape basket) and all sold readily at to cents retail. we are located at hebron, illinois, eight miles south of lake geneva, wis., on the chicago & lake geneva railway, which makes an ideal location for a fancy trade. during plum harvest it is nothing uncommon to have fifty to visitors a day. these customers include all classes, from the chicago millionaires to the common laborers, and all receive the same cordial reception. we make it a point never to allow them to think that we are close with our fruit--not even the neighborhood boys, as they are our best friends. what they buy we charge them a good fair price for and never fail to give all new customers a few choice samples of best varieties. by the latter part of the plum season our big red wolf river apples commence to show up and cook well; also wealthy and mcintosh commence to get ripe enough to eat, and the demand each year has far exceeded the supply. so far we have had very few poor apples, but we always sort them into three grades, the third grade being made up into cider to sell while sweet. the second grade we sell as such for immediate use. the firsts of the mcintosh we have sold at $ . to $ . per bushel, wealthy, jonathan and grimes at $ . to $ . , while wolf, n. w. greening, salome, winesap, milwaukee, etc., have averaged us $ . per bushel. we are always very careful not to have any bruised, diseased or ill shaped specimens in our first grade. the president: can you tell us something more about your experience in marketing direct? do you sell all the fruit you raise on the place? mr. street: we sell about all the fruit that we raise direct to the consumer. when we first started we started with strawberries, and about half of our crop went to the merchants, and he would retail it for per cent, but to any one that came there for it we would charge the full retail price, same as he had to charge, and we never had any trouble with any of the stores that we dealt with. if we have any seconds or anything we don't like to put out to the stores we sell them to our customers and charge them whatever we think would be right for them. as to plums, about two-thirds of those would sell right direct to customers coming there, the rest we supplied to the stores at per cent discount so that they could retail them at the same price that we retail them for. since the apples have begun to bear it seems that two-thirds of the people want the mcintosh, and almost everyone is satisfied with its flavor. they average a little larger with us than the wealthy, and some of them you can hardly tell from the wealthy unless you know just about what the fruit is. last year we kept them until about february or possibly later, but an apple with as good a flavor as that you cannot keep from being eaten up. the president: i suppose that is automobile trade? mr. street: a great deal of it is. the president: how did you get it? by advertising? mr. street: no, by doing something so much different from what anybody else is doing you get people to talking. i think the wolf river apple together with the terry and surprise plums have been the cause of getting started. of course, the mcintosh now is helping out, too. you give a person a few wolf river, not for eating but for cooking, and then give him a wealthy or something like that to eat--they will be looking at the big wolf river and eating the other and seem to be well satisfied and always come back. whenever we sell to the stores we always gauge our prices so that the majority of their customers will take our fruit before taking the shipped in fruit from chicago. we find with grapes we can charge about five cents a basket more than they retail the michigan grapes for. [illustration: view in eleven year old orchard of h. g. street.] for native plums we get more than they do for the michigan fruit. we have had quite a good many of the burbank plums, but we cannot sell over one-third as many as we do of the natives. a member: you don't ship them, so don't consider the packing? mr. street: the only ones we ship are those ordered by people coming there or by letter. if they want a bushel we pack them in a bushel box. if they want three or six bushels then we pack them in barrels. mr. anderson: where are you located? mr. street: just south of the wisconsin state line. mr. anderson: i am located miles west of here, and i shipped out bushels of apples to the dakotas last year direct. mr. richardson: how many growers are there in your neighborhood growing fruit commercially? mr. street: i do not know of any who spray, cultivate and prune according to the best methods within about miles. we always make it a point to give our customers good fruit, so that we are not afraid to recommend it. then there is another advantage. if they come right there, and we have any seconds we can tell them just what they are, and if they want them we can sell them for what they are worth, but if we are putting them into a store, i prefer not to put in seconds. mr. kochendorfer: i think that is the advantage of disposing on a public market. you have a chance to sell the inferior goods without any coming back. mr. street: the main thing is to use improved methods and try to outdo the other fellow. cultivate a little more thoroughly, put in your cover crop, not over-fertilize but all you possibly can; give the dormant spray; spray before bloom very thoroughly and again after bloom; two weeks after that again, about july th. mr. richardson: how many apple trees have you? mr. street: we now have ten acres in apples, but most of them are young, about three acres in bearing. mr. richardson: i would like to ask the gentleman if in a small place that way he hasn't a better local market than we have here in the larger cities. around lake minnetonka they raise grapes, but we get most of our grapes from ohio and indiana. i have wondered why it is that these grapes go to another market when they can just as well go to the minneapolis market. you know as well as i do anyone buying fruit in the twin cities always buy fruit grown in ohio or indiana. mr. street: i do not know why it is, but so far we haven't realized that we have any competition. we charge for our best eating apples fully as much as the stores have to charge for the western fancy packed fruit. there is not a worm hole or speck of disease on the no. , and really i can't see how they can compete after raising the fruit in the west and packing and shipping it to chicago and then out there. the price they would have to charge there would make us a good fair price; in fact, a good big price. a satisfactory marketing system. g. a. anderson, renville. i have marketed this fall some over barrels of apples, mostly wealthy, duchess and northwestern greening. three hundred barrels of these were shipped direct to local merchants in dakota and western minnesota towns in small shipments of a few barrels at a time or as fast as they could sell them. i started this way of marketing during the big crop of and this year again, getting nearly all of my old customers back and many new ones. i secured satisfactory prices, and for my location i believe i have solved the marketing problem. one does not pay much attention to the marketing as long as enough only for local demand is produced, but when one has a surplus to dispose of the marketing problem looms rather large. i have tried several times shipping to commission firms, but have never received satisfactory returns. a successful cold storage for apples. h. f. hansen, orchardist, albert lea. mr. clarence wedge: i want to preface this short paper with the statement that mr. hansen is a man who has worked himself up from the very bottom of the horticultural ladder. he came to albert lea a very poor man, and i think supported himself for some time by trapping and fishing and such work as he was able to do. he is a man with a great tendency to investigate and to work out problems for himself. by his thrift and persevering investigations he has brought himself into a fine property and great success. he is the market gardener in our part of the country and a credit to his kind. (mr. wedge reads the paper.) when my orchard, near the city of albert lea, began to bear heavy crops of fruit, i found it very desirable to hold the wealthy and other kinds that ripen at the same time until after the farmers had marketed their fruit. we have a very good cold storage in albert lea that is open to the public, but the price they charge is sixty cents per barrel for two months' storage, which is more than the fruit will bear, and so i began to think of putting up a cold storage of my own. my first one was built underground with pipes for ice and salt to cool it, something like the system that i am now using. but i found out in the first season that it takes a great deal of ice to offset the heat that is coming in from the ground at the sides and bottom of the cellar. and so i built the storage which i am now using entirely above ground, using the basement under it for storing cabbage and vegetables. i built this in , the size x feet, using cement blocks for the basement, where the cabbages are stored. the cold storage above this is built as follows: first, an ordinary frame building with x inch studdings sheathed on the outside with drop siding with no. flooring. inside of this sheathing x inch studs placed flatwise, sheathed on the inside with no. flooring, and the six-inch space back of the studs filled with sawdust. on the outside of this firing strips one-half foot are nailed, which are covered with linofelt. one-half foot firing strips are nailed inside of this, and these also covered with linofelt. to this again one-half foot firing strips are added, to which are nailed metal lath, and the whole is plastered with cement. the floor both above and below is made of � joists, with no. flooring nailed below the joints, the space between which is then filled with ten inches of saw dust, leaving an air space of two inches at the upper edge of the joists. the joists are then covered with linofelt and then the linofelt covered with no. flooring. on the north and west sides i found it necessary to add one more waterproof coat of linofelt in order to make sure of keeping out the frost. i have so far only finished up for cold storage one-half of the room, using the other half for a packing room, so that my present facilities are only � feet. this room is cooled by eight inch pipes of galvanized iron, extending from the attic above to troughs near the floor, that are sloping so as to carry off the melted ice. these pipes are on both sides about two feet apart. the ice is pulled up into the attic by horsepower and broken up small enough into pieces to feed the pipes. the amount of salt used with the ice depends upon how fast we want the ice to melt. a large quantity of salt cools the storage down quicker. in practice i find that it takes one hour for a man to elevate a ton of ice, chop it up and fill the pipes. they hold something over a ton and must be filled every other day in ordinary september weather. it will not do to let the pipes remain less than one-half full. when the ice gets down that far, we have to fill again. the total cost of my storage when it is entirely furnished up and the present capacity doubled will be about $ , . . at present it holds , standard size apple boxes. i find that it only pays to put in good fruit that in ordinary seasons will keep until the first of march and hold its flavor well and give good satisfaction on the market. icing stops about the middle of november. the cost per box for storage is as follows: ice and salt, ten cents. interest on investment, six cents. i have figured out carefully the entire cost of growing and storing apples, and find out that leaving out the interest on the value of the land, it will approximate forty-eight cents per bushel. this includes cultivation, spraying, packing, and picking. the question which now interests me is whether we can grow fruit good enough and stand the expense and compete with apples grown in the other good fruit sections of the country. mr. older: i had the pleasure of visiting this plant with mr. wedge, and this man had quite a good many boxes of as fine apples as you would wish to see. this was along the latter part of february, and they were in fine condition. he had a lot of jonathans and yankees and some other varieties i don't remember, grown on top-worked trees there. the plum curculio. edward a. nelson, university farm, st. paul. (prize winner at gideon memorial contest.) the small crescent-shaped punctures, so common on apples, plums, peaches and other fruits, are made by a small snout-beetle known as the plum curculio. the beetles issue from their winter quarters at about the time the trees are in full bloom and feed on the tender foliage, buds and blossoms. later they attack the newly set fruit, cutting small circular holes through the skin in feeding, while the females, in the operation of egg-laying, make the crescentic cuts so characteristic of this species. the egg, deposited under the skin of the fruit, soon hatches into a very small whitish larva or grub, which makes its way into the flesh of the fruit. here it feeds greedily and grows rapidly, becoming, in the course of two weeks, the fat, dirty white "worm" so well known among fruit growers. the curculio is a native of north america and for more than years has been known as an enemy of fruits. our early horticultural literature abounds with reference to its depredations. in more recent times the great increase in planting of fruits, brought about to supply the increased demand, has permitted it to become much more abundant than formerly, and the plum curculio constitutes at the present time one of the most serious insect enemies of orchard fruits. statistics gathered of its depredations show that it is distributed over much of the area of the united states. its western limit is, roughly, a line drawn through the centers of north dakota, south dakota, nebraska, kansas, oklahoma and texas. east of this line the entire united states is infested except the southern third of florida and the northern half of maine. is the plum curculio causing much damage to the fruit growing industry of this country? that it is is shown by the national conservation committee in its report in volume iii, page , where it states that the average annual loss in late years to only three fruits is as follows: apples $ , , peaches , , plums , , ---------- grand total $ , , just think of it! a total loss each year to only three fruits of over $ , , . this amount is a heavy drain upon the fruit growing industry of this country. during the past twenty-five or thirty years the total damage caused by this insect, to the various fruits which it attacks, would, on a conservative estimate, probably be not less than $ , , . these figures show the absolute need of the adoption of effective remedial measures against this insect so as to lessen this loss. but before we can hope to combat this insect systematically and successfully it is necessary to know its life history and habits. [illustration: the curculio in its stages of growth, and its fruit injury.] there are four distinct stages in its life cycle: ( ) the egg, ( ) the larva, or "worm," ( ) the pupa, and ( ) the adult, or beetle. the curculio passes the winter in the adult stage under accumulations of partly decayed leaves, among the closely-packed dried grass of sod-covered orchards, and probably wherever suitable protection from the winter may be found. its depredations are usually worse near woods, so it probably finds here very suitable places for wintering. in the spring, when the fruit buds are unfolding, the beetles begin to emerge from their winter quarters and feed to some extent on the blossoms and tender leaves of the fruit trees. mating soon begins, and by the time the fruit is well set the beetles make this fruit the chief object of their attention. the circular punctures in the skin are feeding punctures, while the crescent-shaped ones are egg-laying punctures. a single egg is deposited in a puncture, although several may be placed in a single fruit. from one to eight eggs may be deposited daily by an individual female, which may be continued for several months. the great majority of the eggs, however, are deposited by the end of eight weeks. these eggs hatch in from three to seven days, being influenced greatly by the weather. the egg hatches into a larva, or "worm," which bores into the fruit. it becomes full-grown in from twelve to twenty days and bores out of the fruit. it enters the soil, burrows to a depth of one-half to two inches, and forms an earthern cell in which to pupate. in three or four weeks it emerges as a full grown beetle and attacks the ungathered fruit and the foliage. on the approach of cold weather the beetle seeks a protected place in which to pass the winter. the character of the injury is very nearly alike in all fruits. in the plum the fruit often falls to the ground before mature. in seasons of short crops very little fruit may remain to ripen. the punctures cause the fruit to become mis-shaped and to exude masses of gum. the ripe fruit becomes "wormy." the late varieties may be seriously injured by the new generation of adults. in the apple the injury to the fruit is about the same as in the plum, except that the infested fruit is not so likely to fall to the ground and that the egg rarely hatches into the grub there. the fruit becomes knotted and pitted. the late varieties may also be injured by the new generation of adults. in the peach, cherry and other stone fruits, the injury closely resembles that of the plum. although the plum curculio has some natural enemies that tend to reduce its numbers somewhat, yet they are not important enough to be considered as effective means of control. some of these natural enemies are parasites of various kinds, birds, chickens and the like. there are several remedial measures practiced, varying in their degree of effectiveness. away back in the early days of horticulture in this country, when the curculio became very abundant rewards were offered for an effective method of combating it. several were proposed, but only a few were at all effective. the best of these methods is what is called "jarring." the curculio has the habit of falling to the ground and "playing 'possum" when disturbed. this led to the practice of holding or spreading sheets beneath the tree and then striking the tree a sudden, forcible blow with a padded pole or mallet in order to dislodge the beetles. the trees were jarred daily from the time the calyx or "shuck" began to slip from the newly set fruit until the beetles had disappeared, or for at least four or five weeks. this was practiced to quite an extent, but it takes too much time and is too expensive. a still better remedy is clean cultivation. experiments have shown that as high as . per cent. of the pupae may be destroyed by means of thorough cultivation. the mere breaking of the pupal cell, leaving the earth in contact with the body of the pupa, is fatal to many. others are killed by the crushing action of the earth as it is stirred. others are exposed to the elements and subject to the attacks of their enemies, such as ants and birds. sunlight is quickly fatal to them, and exposure to the air on a warm day in the shade is also fatal to them. observations show that the insect is in the pupal condition in the ground in from fifty to sixty-five days after the falling of the blossoms of such fruit as apples and plums. data have been presented to show that the minimum time spent in the ground is about twenty days. shallow cultivation should begin, therefore, in about eight or nine weeks after blossoming. it is best to cultivate every week or oftener for six or seven weeks. it is very necessary that this cultivation should reach immediately beneath the spread of the limbs, as most of the curculios are found here, having dropped from the fruit above and burrowed into the soil where they fell. the third method of combating the curculio, the method most commonly used and most generally recommended, is spraying with arsenical poisons. the spray most generally used is arsenate of lead. the most economical and effective way is to add arsenate of lead to bordeaux mixture. the bordeaux is mixed in the following proportions: three pounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol), four pounds of lime, and fifty gallons of water. to this amount of bordeaux mixture three pounds of arsenate of lead are added. in place of bordeaux mixture lime-sulphur may be used. if the insecticide is used alone, three pounds of arsenate of lead in fifty gallons of water make an effective spray. it is best to spray three times, the first spraying coming just before the blossoms open, the second coming ten days later, and the third another ten days later. the cost is from ten to fifteen cents per tree for the three sprayings. this cost is lessened when combined with other sprays. while spraying greatly reduces the injuries inflicted, yet it is apparent that account must be taken of other factors, such as the relative abundance of insects as compared with the amount of fruit present on the trees. with a small fruit crop and an abundance of curculios, the most thorough spraying in the world will not serve to bring through a satisfactory amount of sound fruit. while spraying is undoubtedly the most important aid and, if persisted in from year to year, may answer for its control, as its effects are cumulative, yet it is clear that other control measures should also be employed. in all cases which have come under observation the insects have always been found most abundant in orchards which are in sod or are poorly cared for and allowed to grow up more or less in weeds and trash. also, orchards near woods always suffer severely, especially along the border. as opposed to this condition is the notably less injury in orchards kept free from weeds and trash. in such cases spraying usually given for other insects, as the codling moth, serves to keep the curculio well under control. in fact, it may be said as a general statement that the curculio will never become seriously troublesome in orchards given the usual routine attention in cultivation, spraying and pruning now considered essential in successful fruit growing. serious losses from the curculio are almost conclusive evidence of neglect, which is best and most quickly corrected by the adoption of proper orchard practice. * * * * * an antidote for wasp stings.--it not infrequently happens that persons biting unguardedly into fruit in which a wasp is concealed receive stings in the mouth or throat. such stings may be exceedingly dangerous and even fatal since the affected tissues swell rapidly and this is liable to cause difficulty in swallowing and breathing. an effective antidote is employed in switzerland. the sting is rubbed vigorously with garlic, or, if it is too deep in the throat for this treatment, a few drops of the juice from bruised garlic are swallowed. if garlic is not to be obtained onion may take its place, but is a less active agent. the efficacy of this simple remedy was verified by a swiss specialist, who found it important enough to be presented at a session of the vaudois society of medicine. increasing the fertility of the land. prof. f. j. alway, division of soils, university farm, st. paul. i have been asked to speak on "increasing the fertility of the land." to speak on such a subject is sometimes a rather delicate matter because some people consider they have a soil so good that you can't increase its fertility. with some of the prairie soils, when they were first plowed up that wouldn't have been so very far amiss. take those black prairie soils with the grayish yellow clay subsoil, with an abundance of lime in it, which you find in a large part of the state, including a large part of hennepin county, and you have as good a soil as you may expect to find anywhere on the earth's surface. but you can't keep a soil up to its full limit of fertility, no matter how good it is, unless you frequently treat it with something. [illustration: prof. f. j. alway.] when a soil is well supplied with lime there are three things that are liable to be deficient. if it is not well supplied with lime there may be four, but the bulk of your soils are good enough so far as lime is concerned. those three are potash, which is abundant and will be abundant years from now, phosphoric acid, or phosphorus, with which our soils are fairly well supplied, and nitrogen, which comes from the vegetable matter. in nitrogen our prairie soils are remarkably rich when first plowed up. the phosphoric acid and the potash you can not lose unless they are taken away in the form of crops, but the nitrogen may be lost without even taking off crops. all you have to do is to cultivate your soil, when part of the nitrogen becomes soluble in water and is carried down by the rain into the water-table unless you have plants growing with roots to take it up; a large part escapes into the air. so when your black prairie soil has been under cultivation for twenty years, as an orchard, usually from one-half to one-third of the original nitrogen has escaped, most of it into the air, only the smaller part being carried off in the crops. that is the one thing that orchardists and horticulturists have to concern themselves about first of all, so far as soil fertility is concerned. i see that the first of the questions for me to answer deals with that. "what crop do you consider the best green manure?" there are two kinds of green manures. one is represented by rye. rye takes up the nitrogen that is in the soil, and when it dies leaves behind what it took out of the soil; the next crop can get this. by plowing under the rye crop you do not increase the amount of nitrogen, the most important element of fertility in the soil. we have a better green manure than that, better than rye or oats or barley or any of those plants that properly belong to the grass family; namely, the members of the clover, bean or pea family--all of these plants which are called legumes, which have pods and which have flowers shaped like butterflies. as these grow they take up nitrogen from the air; the bacteria which make their home on the roots of those plants take the nitrogen from the air and give it to their host plants. the plants receive this nitrogen, store it in themselves, and when the crop is plowed under you have a great amount of nitrogen added to the soil. now, a clover crop of an acre growing from spring until the freeze-up in the fall may take out of the air as much as pounds of nitrogen. one hundred and twenty pounds of nitrogen, bought in the form of commercial fertilizer from swift & company, or northrup, king & company, would cost you $ . . the clover has taken that much out of the air. if the crop were pastured off, the greater part of this nitrogen would be returned to the soil; when you plow the clover under still more nitrogen is taken from the air by bacteria that live upon the decaying plant material, and you may have $ . worth of nitrogen per acre added to the soil by simply growing clover for one year. any kind of green manure crop that bears pods is good. vetches are good, and soy beans are among the best for orchards. clover, if you give it time to make a good growth, is as good as anything. the next question is--"should apple raisers use commercial fertilizers?" now, the apple tree, when it is growing on good soil, makes such a vigorous root development that it is hard to get any commercial fertilizer to help it. on poor soils it, like any other kind of plant, will respond to fertilizers. some of the eastern experimental stations have been carrying on investigations with commercial fertilizers for a great many years to see whether in apple orchards these will cause an increase in the yield or an improvement in the quality of the fruit. on good soils, even after ten or twelve years' fertilization they have been found to have no effect except in the case of nitrogen, and this can be better supplied in the form of a green manure plowed under than in any other way. that is to say, keep your orchard clean until the last of july or first of august, sow your green manure crop, let it grow until freeze-up and stay there during the winter time. it holds the snow and so affords some winter protection. in the spring plow it under, and you plow under all the nitrogen that the plants had collected the previous year. then keep your orchard clean during the summer time, until in july or august you again sow the green manure crop. [illustration: applying ground limestone to an acid soil to determine whether liming will be profitable. half of the field is left unlimed.] the fertilizers that i get more inquiries about than any others are the phosphates--bone meal, acid phosphate and rock phosphate. horticulturists have read that striking results are being obtained with these on certain crops in the eastern and central states, and they want to know whether the same fertilizers will pay here. some inquire about potash fertilizers. with the latter there is no doubt but that the results we would obtain would, even under ordinary circumstances, not pay. at the present time potash costs about ten times what it does in times of peace. sulphate of potash, which ordinarily brings $ . per ton, is now quoted at $ . this puts its use out of the question. the phosphoric acid fertilizers are no higher now than usual. they cost, according to the kind, from $ . to $ . per ton. some of them are produced near here--in south st. paul. with tree crops, apple, plum and pear, we need expect no increased yield from the use of phosphates, unless it be on our very poorest soils. on certain crops, like the bush fruits--the currants and the raspberries, we might get a distinct benefit. i cannot give a definite answer to that. i can tell you what results they have obtained in new york state, what they have obtained in pennsylvania or illinois or maine, but what results we would get in minnesota we do not know. we can't apply their results to our conditions. the only thing we can do is to carry on such experiments here, and they have not yet been started. that brings me to a third question i have here. "what experiments are being conducted by the university of minnesota with orchard and other horticultural crops?" we realized the importance of this matter and plans were prepared. then, as you know the last legislature was economical. it decided that one of the best places to make a cut would be in the funds for experimental work; when these funds were reduced we not only could start no new experiments but even had to cut off some of the old ones. for that reason these fertilizer experiments have to wait until the next legislature or the one after. i hope the next legislature will make such an appropriation that they may be begun. now, for the next question. a man states that he can secure at a very low rate limestone from one of the minneapolis companies producing crushed limestone for road-making purposes and wants to know whether it will pay him to haul it to his farm. well, if you do not have any other work for your teams it may pay you. however, if your time is valuable, you had better take some samples of the soil and send them in to the experiment station. just address them to the soils department or soils division. then we can decide whether it is worth while trying some of the limestone. we cannot tell you whether it will pay; we can tell you whether it is likely to pay, or whether it is likely to be a waste of energy, or whether it is so doubtful that you ought to give it a fair trial. on perhaps two-thirds of the fields in hennepin county it would be a waste of money and energy; on about half of the others, we may say, it is almost certain to be a good investment at a dollar a ton. on the remaining portion we simply can't say. on these, chances are even whether it would pay. no crops are injured by limestone, so you are safe in putting it on. practically all crops are benefited by it on sour soils and especially the vegetable crops. the next question is--"are the black peat or muck soils first class? do they need anything besides drainage?" some of them, a very few, produce really good crops when they are drained, plowed and brought under ordinary cultivation without fertilization, but only a few. nearly all of them need commercial fertilizer, and until a bog covered with peat soil has been carefully examined to ascertain the depth of the peat, the difficulty of drainage, and the character of the peat (because peats differ greatly within a few miles of each other) it is unwise to attempt to reclaim it. within three miles of the experiment station we have three bogs very different in character. one, about half a mile from the buildings, is heavily charged with lime. another has an exceedingly small quantity of lime so that profitable crop production of any kind would be out of the question without a heavy application of ground limestone or quicklime. still another one stands between these two. one of them can be reclaimed without any great expense, but with the one it would be a very expensive matter to fertilize and treat with lime after it had been drained. those are the questions that have been given me. are there any other questions? mr. mccall: what is peat lacking in? mr. alway: practically all peats are lacking in potash. if the peat layer be very shallow, six inches, twelve inches, sometimes even twenty-four inches, the plants are able to get their roots down through the peat and get their potash from the underlying clay or loam. in that case no fertilizer is needed. some of the peats lack lime, some of them lack lime, potash and phosphoric acid, and some these three and nitrogen also, so that you either have to apply some commercial form of nitrogen or grow legumes as green manures. mr. kellogg: what was the trouble where i couldn't raise strawberries on new wood soil? mr. alway: i couldn't answer that. mr. kellogg: the leaf mold was six or eight inches deep. mr. alway: was it any deeper than that? mr. kellogg: i don't know, it may have been down a foot, and the leaf mold had been accumulating there for ages. mr. alway: in some cases the peat is so thoroughly decayed that it looks like leaf mold and it may be a foot or two feet deep. mr. kellogg: this was no peat, it was just wood soil. i could not raise anything-- mr. alway: did the plants grow? mr. kellogg: yes, the plants grew and wintered well but didn't bear worth a cent. mr. alway: did they make lots of runners? mr. kellogg: oh, fairly good, but right over the fence in the next field that had been worked for twenty-five years i got bushels of strawberries to the acre; never had any manure on it. mr. alway: the more leaf mold the more nitrogen; if you have too much nitrogen it may develop the vine and fail to form fruit or seed. mr. ludlow: on heavy black prairie soil, three feet deep, where i am growing eighty bushels of corn to the acre, i want to put in strawberries, and i have a lot of wood ashes, dry wood ashes, not leached ashes, but dry wood ashes. would it be worth while to put that on or would that overdo the thing? would it be policy to put that on? mr. alway: it is not likely to do any harm, and it is likely to do some good. wood ashes contain chiefly lime and potash. the potash will be a distinct benefit. the lime isn't of any particular benefit to this crop on most soils. for strawberries it is slightly harmful on our ordinary soils that are originally well supplied with lime. mr. ludlow: on another piece a ways from that i put out a young orchard, and in order to start the trees well i had covered the ground half an inch deep with wood ashes around those trees. i noticed that the weeds grew there twice as quick as they did when i got away from the wood ashes. mr. alway: there you have the benefit of the potash and the lime. if you put lime in the orchards it will make the clover and most of the other green manure crops grow better, and thus you gain in nitrogen from the lime; you gain in potash as it comes from the wood ashes. mr. brackett: have you ever found any ground with too much leaf mold on it to grow good strawberries? mr. alway: i have not. mr. brackett: i remember when i broke out my place where i am living now i had a place where the leaves had collected and rotted until i would say there was eight or ten inches of leaf mold. when you went across it you would sink in almost to your shoe tops. on that piece of ground i grew , quarts of strawberries to the acre in a year, the largest yield i had ever grown on that leaf mold. you can never get too much leaf mold. there must have been something else besides the leaf mold. mr. alway: in case a crop does not give a satisfactory yield it may be due to other things than the soil, and until we eliminate the other possible causes we can't safely blame it to the soil. mr. moyer: what do those black soils in the western part of the state need? they have a whitish deposit on top. mr. alway: drainage. that is alkali. mr. kochendorfer: i have a ten-year apple orchard that i disked last year and kept it tolerably clean this spring. there were a lot of dandelions sprung up that i mowed down the middle of july, and since then they have grown up again. will they take nitrogen the same as clover? mr. alway: they won't take any from the air. they will act like so much rye, but when they die and decay nitrogen will be gathered from the air and added to the soil by bacteria that live upon the decaying vegetable matter. mr. kellogg: did you ever hear of them dying? mr. alway: dandelions? if they are plowed under. a member: is it practicable to grow soy beans in this soil? can they be gotten at a reasonable price, and can we mature them here? mr. alway: they mature here without any serious difficulty. there are a great many different varieties. if you order them from a distant seed house you may get a variety that will mature in louisiana but not in minnesota. a member: how about cowpeas? mr. alway: cowpeas are disappointing thus far north. in minnesota they are not nearly as satisfactory as the soy bean. in an unusually warm summer they are satisfactory. a member: with the soy bean do you have to plow in the whole of it? mr. alway: yes. the whole plant ought to be plowed under. a member: would it be practicable to feed soy beans in an orchard? mr. alway: yes. you don't get quite the same benefit from the green manure when you pasture as when you plow under. a member: how about the hairy vetch? does it grow here? mr. alway: yes. it grows here. it is not a bad crop at all. * * * * * poisoning tree scale.--we take the following from _scientific american_ as worth consideration by the owners of orchards and lawns: a correspondent in _science_ relates the following rather startling experiment in killing tree scale by poisoning the sap of the tree. he says: "i have in my ground a plant of spanish broom about a dozen years old and with a trunk about four inches in diameter which has for several years been seriously infested by cottony cushion scale (_icerya purchasi_). i have tried various sprays, have put scale-eating beetles on the tree, and at one time cut all the branches off and sprayed the trunk several times in the attempt to get permanently rid of this scale, but up to last winter it seemed that all attempts were in vain. in february of this year, when the broom was very thickly covered with the scale, i bored a three-eighths inch hole in the trunk to a depth of about three inches, filled the hole nearly full of crystals of potassic cyanide, and plugged it up. in two days the scale began to fall from the tree and in a few days all appeared dead. others hatched and attacked the tree, but lasted only a short time, and the tree has since been free from scale and very vigorous." notice of summer meeting, a joint session of the minnesota state horticultural society and its auxiliaries, the minnesota state garden flower society, the minnesota state bee keepers society and the minnesota state florists society. will be held friday, june rd, , in the gymnasium, at university farm, st. paul. the gymnasium building in which this meeting is to be held has recently been constructed and only finished suitable for the uses of this gathering within the past year. the grounds about it are still in part in an unfinished condition. directly south of this building are the football grounds, originally a marshy tract, now filled in and leveled off, with hillsides sloping upwards some thirty to forty feet on either side, well shaded. these slopes would be excellent places for the picnic dinner and the afternoon session except for the fact that they have recently been seeded and are not yet in condition for use. the main room in the gymnasium building, which is a very large room--at least three times as large as the one occupied by our exhibit last year--will be used for the fruit and flower display, and exhibitors can have access to this hall early in the forenoon, though visitors will be barred from the exhibition hall until : m. to give ample opportunity for placing and judging the display. the exhibition will remain in place undisturbed until : o'clock p.m. the flowers will be distributed to the various hospitals in the twin cities. the premium list accompanying this notice is practically the same as last year, there being only a few minor changes, to which it will not be necessary to refer here. the season, up to the time of writing this notice at least, having been a favorable one we are anticipating a large display of flowers, probably the finest ever shown at any of our summer gatherings, and as the weather is always pleasant on the occasion of our summer meeting a large gathering of members and visitors is also assured. demonstrations.--there will be a number of demonstrations at the farm, one by prof. francis jager, the apiculturist, at : o'clock, at the apiary building. no special subject has been announced for this, but it is certain to be a profitable occasion for those interested in bee culture. professors connected with the entomological and pathological departments will conduct experiments in spraying at some point near the main building. undoubtedly there will be other demonstrations, which may be announced before the meeting or in regard to which announcements will be found posted at the gymnasium. guides to the grounds.--guides will be in attendance to escort visitors about the grounds to various points of interest. these guides will be prepared to answer questions pertaining to the various branches of educational work at the farm. those who wish to take advantage of this service will meet the guides at the gymnasium at : a.m. and : p.m. the guides will wear suitable badges. picnic dinner.--in regard to the picnic dinner, which will occupy the time between noon and : o'clock, we are not quite sure as to where it will be held, but probably near the dining hall. should the weather be unfavorable of course there is plenty of room inside the gymnasium building. lemonade, ice cold, will be provided in quantity at the gymnasium building to meet the needs of the picnickers. afternoon meeting.--at : p.m. the afternoon session of the meeting will be held at some point in or around the gymnasium building, depending on the weather at that time and somewhat also on the weather between now and then as to the condition the grounds may be in. reaching the grounds.--take the como-harriet or como-hopkins car in either st. paul or minneapolis, get off at doswell avenue, and a walk of approximately one-half mile will bring you to university farm grounds. to reach the gymnasium go north on cleveland avenue, which is the avenue running along the west side of university farm, past the university farm buildings until you come to the last building, which you will recognize as the gymnasium by its size. the grounds between cleveland avenue and the gymnasium are in an unfinished condition, but visitors will readily find their way across. if you prefer to ride all the way to the grounds get off at eustis avenue, which the conductor will point out to you. from that place cars run every fifteen minutes into the farm grounds, an extra fare of five cents being charged. ask the conductor to let you off at the gymnasium building, which you will reach from the street car after a short walk over ground still ungraded and where no special path has been provided. getting off at that point, however, saves a long walk from the terminal station. if in doubt as to the way, follow the sign of the arrow. visit to state fruit-breeding farm.--this farm is located at zumbra heights, twenty-two miles west of minneapolis on the minneapolis and st. louis railroad. the train leaves depot at : a.m. return can be made by way of zumbra heights landing on lake minnetonka and the lake steamers via trolley line to minneapolis, or by waiting until mid-afternoon a train can be secured returning to the city on the railroad. one or more of the professors will go out saturday morning, june th, to accompany any who may desire to take advantage of this opportunity to visit the fruit breeding farm in a body. there are many things of interest there, the special timely feature at this season being the fruiting of a large field of no. strawberries, which variety gives promise of being the coming commercial berry of the northwest. entries.--all entries must be received by the secretary not later than monday, june th. no entries whatever will be received at the meeting. the exhibitors are urged to send in their entries at as early a date as possible, under no circumstances later than the date noted above. entry blanks will be furnished by the secretary on application. exhibits.--all exhibits must be in place and properly labeled by : a.m. to compete for premiums. the exhibitors must be members of the society and growers of the articles exhibited. any one may become a member upon payment of the annual fee of $ . . fruits and flowers shown become the property of the association. premium list, summer meeting, . no duplicating of varieties permitted. out-door roses. st prem. d prem. d prem. th prem. collection--three blooms of each named variety, to be shown in separate vases $ . $ . $ . $ . collection of named varieties--three blooms of each, in separate vases, amateurs only . . . . three named varieties, white--each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem . . . three named varieties, pink--each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem . . . three named varieties, red--each variety in a separate vase, three blooms of each, each bloom on a separate stem . . . collection of rugosa and rugosa hybrids--each variety (consisting of one cluster of blooms on a single stem) in a separate vase . . . most beautiful rose in vase . largest rose in vase . seedling rose to be shown by the originator. (not previously exhibited in competition.) bronze medal donated by the american rose society. basket of out-door roses and foliage, arranged for effect without ribbon, not to exceed twelve inches in diameter . . . the following named varieties of roses to be entered separately and shown in separate vases, three to five blooms in each vase. prince camile derohan, general jacqueminot, margaret dickson, m.p. wilder, jules margottin, magna charta, paul neyron, madam gabriel luizet, baroness rothschild, anna de diesbach, ulrich brunner, john hopper, rosa rugosa (pink and white), baron debonstetten, karl druski, madam plantier, grus an teplitz. each, st prem., cents; nd prem., cents; rd prem., cents. peonies. st prem. d prem. d prem. th prem. vase of festiva maxima. blooms $ . $ . $ . " " flesh or light pink " " " " " " " medium or dark pink " " " " " " " white " " " " " " " red " " " " " collection--three blooms of each named variety in separate vases $ . $ . $ . $ . collection--three blooms of each named variety in separate vases, amateurs only . . . . seedling peony, three blooms . . . . collection--one bloom of each variety, shown each in a separate vase; for amateurs owning no more than ten varieties . . . annuals and perennials. vase of arabis $ . $ . $ . " " canterbury bells " " " " " dielytra " " " " " delphinium " " " " " evening primrose (oenothera) " " " " " forget-me-not " " " " " foxglove " " " " " gailardias " " " " " grass pinks " " " " " iceland poppies " " " " " iris " " " " " lillies " " " " " lupine " " " " " nasturtiums " " " " " oriental poppies " " " " " pansies " " " " " perennial coreopsis " " " " " pyrethrum " " " " " shasta daisies " " " " " sweet peas " " " " " sweet william " " " collection--named perennials, in separate vases $ . $ . $ . $ . collection of annuals and perennials in separate vases (not to exceed ) by amateurs who have never taken premiums on flowers . . . . vase of flowers grown and exhibited by child . . . vase of any kind of flowers not named in this list. (an exhibitor may make any number of entries desired under this head) . . . vase of flowers arranged for artistic effect . . . basket of outdoor-grown flowers, arranged by exhibitor . . . strawberries. one quart of each variety to be shown on plate, not in box. st prem. d prem. d prem. th prem. collection (not less than six varieties) $ . $ . $ . $ . collection of three named varieties . . . . the following varieties of strawberries to be entered separately: st prem. d prem. d prem. th prem. bederwood, dunlap, cresent, splendid, clyde, warfield, lovett, enhance, glen mary, haverland, progressive, superb, americus, each . $ . $ . $ . best named variety not included in the above list . . . seedling's, originated by exhibitor . . . garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. _photographic contest_--open to all members of the garden flower society. class i. photograph showing best garden arrangement or planting effect. list of flowers and shrubs to accompany picture. first prize--twenty-five perennial plants. second prize--twelve iris. class ii. photograph showing individual plant in bloom. a growing plant in bloom will be preferred to one in a vase. first prize--twenty-five perennial plants. second prize--twelve iris. class iii. photograph showing wild flower in bloom. directions governing class ii to be followed. first prize--twenty-five perennial plants. second prize--twelve dahlia tubers. any number of pictures may be entered in each class, but only one prize in each class will be given an exhibitor. when possible have photographs x inches or x inches, although size will not bar an otherwise meritorious picture. photographs in classes i and ii should be confined to the garden of the exhibitor. all pictures are to be in the hands of our secretary by november first, and are to become the property of the society. the prizes will be delivered the following spring. the pictures will be on exhibition at our annual meeting in december. * * * * * these directions in the garden magazine are so good they are quoted verbatim: next to seed planting the most important part of the gardener's work is skill in the technique of transplanting. how often do you hear concerning some gardener, that if he "only touches a thing, it is bound to live?" there is no "king's touch" in the garden game. people who "love" plants are more successful with them, merely because such persons take greater care in handling them. the first essential in transplanting is to have good plants. they should be well hardened off (see march reminder, covering cold-frames); this applies to plants in flats and in pots even more than to those growing in frames. in buying plants, select stocky, compact, dark colored ones in preference to very large ones. prepare the soil as carefully as though you intended to sow seeds. mark out the rows, and if fertilizer is to be used, mix it thoroughly with the soil before beginning transplanting. then prepare the plants carefully. unless they are very small, cut back the largest leaves about one-half with an old pair of scissors. with a small trowel or an old knife, cut them out of the frame or flat in which they are growing, keeping as much soil as possible with each. (if not in flats, cut them out as you use them in the garden.) if they are in pots, knock them out carefully and pack into flat for convenience in handling. paper pots, which produce the best plants, are not removed before planting. water thoroughly the day before planting, so that the soil will be in the best condition for handling; but for several days before planting, it is well to keep the plants "on the dry side," as they will then re-establish themselves more quickly when set out. (to be continued) entomological notes by f. l. washburn, professor of entomology. university of minnesota. a silver prune in bloom at minnetonka. may , .--the writer has a small silver prune grafted on hardy root, which he obtained from mr. arrowood, nevis, minn., now in bloom at his experimental garden at minnetonka--not many flowers, it is true, but in bloom just the same. this tree is not more than two feet high, and was somewhat protected by a rabbit protector and high snow. other plums in the entomologist's orchard, (one acre) are now nearly full of bloom: hanska, skuya, opata and other hansen hybrids, as well as trial plums from the university fruit breeding farm. we have top worked this spring hibernals, and patten's greenings with stark's delicious, grimes golden, king david and johnathan. one-half of this land slopes sharply to the north and the other half more gently to the south, clay, loam with clay subsoil, offering favorable conditions for orchard work as well as work with grapes, small fruits and vegetables. of grapes we have started concord, worden, moore's early, agawam, brighton, iona, lindley, salem, barry, herbert, isabella, green mountain, and others. we have even had the temerity to try loganberries from the pacific coast, and have some in fruit at present. a heavy covering of soil next winter will possibly protect these plants during the cold weather. the white pine blister rust in minnesota. this disease has just been found on a few white pines in two minnesota nurseries. the trees in one of these nurseries came from wisconsin, shipped into that state from the east. absolute identification has been furnished by the plant pathology division of the agricultural college. the state entomologist has already in the field a force of men who will inspect every nursery in the state where white pines are grown. the english sparrow pest. we have experienced some success in the use of a sparrow trap, catching from to in half a day. it must be noted, however, that this does not occur every day, and further, that the young birds are most easily caught. both old and young evidently learn to avoid the trap. another party who has used this trap also reports success even greater than ours. other parties report an average catch of ten birds a day for nearly four months. one can also, if on a farm, resort to shooting them singly, or, better, when gathered together feeding. in fact, they may be baited with grain for a few days (preferably in the fall or winter) and previous to the use of the shotgun. this accustoms them to gathering in a close flock. eggs and nests may be repeatedly destroyed, if placed within reach. a well-directed stream of water from a hose is helpful in making them desert their roosts, at least for a while. dearborn (farmers' bulletin no. , u.s. dept. of agr.) describes a nest-box trap. sparrows may also be poisoned, but this calls for extreme care. in this case it is interesting to learn that one experimenter fed a large number of sparrows killed by poisoning to a pet cat with no ill effects to the latter. we have picked them from cornices upon our house at dusk with the aid of a small collecting gun or pistol, firing a very light charge of shot, but found that the shot marred the house, and were therefore obliged to discontinue the practice. in addition to trapping sparrows with approved sparrow traps the following recipe has recently come to our notice: "feed good cracked corn a few days; then substitute poisoned cracked corn made as follows: soak one quart of cracked corn in water; take it out and let it get about half dry. dissolve one ounce of strychnia in hot water. soak corn in this until it swells and then dry completely." bee-keeper's column. conducted by francis jager, professor of apiculture, university farm, st. paul. comb honey, extracted honey, and increase. (continued from may no.) colonies run for comb honey are very much inclined to swarm. swarming with the resulting division of forces is incompatible with profitable comb honey production. the colony must be kept together for best results. the following methods are used by well known beekeepers. . at the beginning of the honey flow let the colony cast a natural swarm. after hiving the bees on starters or full sheets of foundation and giving them a little brood to prevent them from swarming out again, the swarm is put in the place of the parent colony, which is removed to one side two or three feet. the seventh day the old colony is moved over to the opposite side of the swarm two or three feet. two weeks after, all the bees are shaken in front of the swarm, and the hive with wax and honey removed. thus the desire of bees for swarming has been satisfied, and the colony is still working together. . make a shaken swarm. during the dandelion honey flow add an extracting super to your comb raising colony to give bees room to store. at the beginning of the honey flow set the whole hive a little aside and put a new bottom board on the place thus vacated. on this bottom board place the extracting super from your colony. find the frame with the queen and put it in the middle of this new brood chamber, bees and all. then shake all the bees from the old brood chamber into the new. the brood in the old hive thus left orphans may be piled up on top of some weaker colony in your yard who will take care of it. five such supers with brood may be piled on top of one such colony, and they will be the strongest in the yard for storing extracted honey during the basswood or other late honey flow. this honey will be very handy for feeding your bees in the fall and spring. now add a comb honey super to your shaken swarm. add more supers when necessary, below before july th, on top after that date. remove all comb honey supers at once at the end of the honey flow to have them white and clean. . when your colony is very strong at the beginning of the honey flow--about june th--remove the queen, either by killing her or by starting a new colony with her with two frames of brood. the seventh day cut out all queen cells but one--be sure not to leave two. this will re-queen your apiary, will prevent swarming for that season, will put a large number of bees into the field--there being no larvae to feed, will prevent thousands of bees from being hatched after they are of no use as gatherers of honey, and the honey needed for raising those bees will go into the supers. (continued in july no.) secretary's corner notice of summer meeting will be found on pages - of this magazine. don't overlook it--and be sure to come. great show of flowers and a fine day is assured--that is our record to date. the secretary's office during the summer month, will be open as usual except saturday afternoon, but the secretary will be in regularly only on mondays, wednesdays and fridays. the state entomologists report on nursery inspection in has been issued as circular no. . it contains a list of all inspected nurseries in the state; and also six full page photographs illustrating the nursery industry in minnesota. copies can be obtained by writing f.l. washburn, st. anthony park, minn. a good yield of everbearing strawberry plants.--mr. j. j. kunkel, of kimball, minn., writes under date of may th: "the three everbearing strawberry plants i received of you in made about young plants, of which i replanted this spring about . we had a few berries, but did not expect berries as we let all runners grow." who has done better than that in growing no. everbearing strawberry plants? a farmer on the board of regents.--we are much pleased to note the appointment of a real farmer in the person of c. w. glotfelter, of waterville, as a member of the board of regents of the minnesota state university. mr. glotfelter is well known throughout the state as late president of the minnesota state agricultural society, and is at present occupying the same position with the minnesota crop breeders' association. he is a farmer in every sense, as he lives upon a farm which he has himself worked personally a great many years. we feel that the horticultural and agricultural interests of the state are especially well cared for by this board in having mr. glotfelter in its membership. wyman elliot's contribution to the library.--a short time since mrs. elliot, widow of the late wyman elliot, sent to this office as a contribution to our library all of the horticultural and agricultural books which belonged to mr. elliot. there were in all volumes, nearly all of them bound in cloth. the larger portion of these were reports of other horticultural and agricultural societies, most of which the horticultural society already had in the library. there were, however, some forty or fifty very valuable reference books, or books on specific subjects of a horticultural character, and a considerable number of reports of other societies which we did not have, in all amounting to seventy-seven volumes. these have been placed mostly in two cases by themselves which will be marked with mr. elliot's name, and, of course, each one of these volumes has an inscription of similar character on the fly leaf. the remainder of these books, in number, are being sent to university farm library for use there as far as they need them, and they will be likely to know where to place to advantage any that they have no personal use for. there are plenty of libraries in the state that would be glad indeed to receive some of these volumes, and we hope that in this way mr. elliot's name will appear in the catalog of many of our public libraries. new life members.--there have been quite a number of names added to the life membership roll of the society during the year and since the last public record was made of this sort. the names of the following persons have now been added to the permanent roll of the society: ludvig lima, montevideo; mrs. florence burlingame, grand rapids; a.l. negstad, arlington, s.d.; c. p. bratnober, harmon place, minneapolis; miss anna m. johnson, lafayette; h. j. appleby, minneiska; hans m. johnson, pipestone; christ effertz, norwood; o.j. oyen, watson; f.e. older, california state normal school, los angeles, cal.; erick sparre, elk river; e. h. mazey, ewing so., minneapolis. there is still room in this list for others, and why not instead of paying annual membership year after year make one payment and have done with it? resolution about state flower.--the following resolution was unanimously adopted at a meeting of the minnesota garden flower society, held during the annual session of the state horticultural society, in december last. resolved, that whereas, the state of minnesota has adopted a state flower, which, on account of its being a native of the woods and bogs, is not generally known or recognized, and whereas, the state of minnesota in adopted by legislative vote a state flag, which emblem is not generally known to the residents of the state, and believing that familiarity with the state flower and the state flag will do good and create loyalty to the state and union; be it resolved, that we, the minnesota state horticultural society, do hereby petition and pray the state legislature of minnesota, to have printed an attractive picture of the state flower and the state flag, properly framed, and present it to the high schools of the state, with the request that it be placed upon the wall of their assembly room. also, that it be furnished free of cost, to such other public buildings as may be deemed advisable. program, "farmers' week."--during "farmers' week" at university farm, january - , , there will be scheduled several conferences which fruit and vegetable growers should find of value to them in their work. these conferences deal with all of the problems of the grower, but special afternoons are given to the small fruits, the tree fruits, and vegetables. next january will be the third conference of the fruit growers, the second for the vegetable growers, and the first for the small fruit growers as a separate branch of the fruit work. mr. w. g. brierly, chairman of the division of horticulture, university farm, is working on programs for these conferences for next january. he will be very glad to have any one interested write to him for information or to suggest topics for discussion. the program for the vegetable growers' conference will be drawn up by a joint committee from the st. paul and minneapolis vegetable growers, working with mr. brierly. the committee is planning to meet at the time of the summer meeting of the horticultural society and will, of course, welcome any suggestions as to topics and speakers. these conferences are for all growers interested and are free to all. there has been some difficulty heretofore in that very few suggestions as to program have been offered by the growers themselves. if you have any problems or matters which you would like to have discussed at these conferences, now is the time to make your suggestions. [illustration: south end of exhibition hall at late summer meeting. the flower exhibit is mostly in north end of hall, and not showing in this picture.] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. july, no. my neighbor's roses the roses red upon my neighbor's vine are owned by him, but they are also mine, his was the cost, and his the labor, too, but mine, as well as his, the joy their loveliness to view. they bloom for me, and are to me as fair as for the man who gives them all his care. thus i am rich, because a good man grew a rose-clad vine for all his neighbors' view. i know from this that others plant for me, and what they own, my joy may also be. so why be selfish, when so much that's fine is grown for you, upon your neighbor s vine! --_anon_ summer meeting, . minnesota state horticultural society a joint session with its auxiliaries, the minnesota state garden flower society, the minnesota state bee-keepers society and the minnesota state florists society. a. w. latham, secy. there seems to be something almost uncanny in the unbroken sequence of pleasant days that have greeted the annual summer meeting of the horticultural society in the last quarter of a century. for days before this meeting it seemed assured that we should this year at least have an unpleasant day for our gathering, and even the day before and night before were most unfavorable. friday morning, june rd, however, opened up bright and beautiful, warm and pleasant, as nature can smile, and continued so throughout the day. the meeting was in accord with these favorable circumstances, and i believe brought out more and better flowers and more, though no better, people, both as exhibitors and in attendance, than any previous similar gathering the association has held. the exhibition was installed in the new gymnasium at university farm, a room sufficiently large so that it not only accommodated the exhibition with wide aisle space, but also found plenty of room for the placing of chairs for the afternoon meeting. tables were arranged around three sides of the hall, which were used for the displays of perennials and roses. the peonies were shown on several tables in the north center of the hall and besides these there were exhibits of some of the choicest of the peonies made upon the floor, so arranged that visitors could walk amongst them and look down upon them and see them at their best. one table was occupied with the strawberry exhibit, which, however, was a small one on account of the lateness of the season, though the fruit-breeding farm showed some forty or fifty plates of no. , the new june-bearing berry of such large popularity, and a few everbearers. the number of entries was, i believe, in excess of any previous meeting, amounting altogether to . most of the old exhibitors at our summer meeting were present and some few of the newer ones. the effort which was made this year to secure a completed exhibit at : proved to be a success, and by the lunch hour the judges had gotten well along with their work and the hall was opened to the public to inspect the display. at : o'clock or thereabouts the members and their friends gathered upon the lawn near the station dining hall, where there were plenty of trees and green grass, and partook of the noon repast, for which purpose the station provided coffee and also lemonade, the latter a new feature in our bill of fare. the regular afternoon meeting was held at : o'clock in the same hall in which the exhibit was placed. this was largely attended, some two or three hundred taking advantage of the opportunity to listen to those who found place on this extempore program. our society reporter took some notes of what transpired at the meeting, but they were only partial notes, and what here follows in regard to what took place is only in the nature of extracts. president cashman was in the chair as usual and in a few words extended greeting to the society saying, amongst other things: "this occasion is always looked forward to with a great deal of pleasure. we meet those engaged in similar lines of work, we discuss the problems with which we have to contend, our joys and our sorrows. we come here to meet our friends--and my experience has been that there are no truer or more loyal friends than those found amongst the horticulturists. the true horticulturist is a lover of nature, a lover of the beautiful and all that goes with it. he looks for nothing except the best that can be found in human kind. such are the men and women that belong to the horticultural society." as representing the university farm, whose hospitality in a large sense the society was enjoying, dean woods gave us a hearty welcome in his happy way, and what follows is typical of the kindly things he said: "we always have pleasant days and pleasant memories because those who study flowers and fruits and the beauties of nature are the ones from whom one can get inspiration to understand and to know what nature means. any one who can listen to the sounds of nature, any one who can see in flowers the spirit of life struggling upwards has the true spirit of the horticulturist and is always welcome here." mr. a. brackett, of excelsior, being called upon, had something to say about strawberry culture, and in the course of his remarks showed several plates of different varieties of strawberries. what follows is the substance of his talk on this subject. "we have here what we call the no. strawberry produced at the experimental farm. i believe from my experience that it is going to take the place of all of our common june-bearing strawberries. it is a deep rooter, fine large plant and a nice, solid berry, and i have never seen any blight or rust on the plants. i think that it will pay for all the expense that has ever been paid out for the farm, that one berry will pay for it, it will be of that much value to the people of minnesota. the everbearing strawberry has come to stay, and for private use you do not need to plant any other variety. the everbearing strawberry will ripen its fruit at least a week ahead of almost any other berry we have, and then it will continue bearing until the frost kills it. i had at least twenty bushels of fruit from my plants last year, and i secured from one-quarter acre fifty-three cases and sold them at $ . a case. they talk about what they can raise in california, but we can do better here, and i believe if you will stick to these three varieties, the americus, superb and progressive, you will not need to plant any other variety. the americus has the best flavor but it isn't as large. of the superb nearly all of the berries are large, very few small ones, but they haven't got the flavor. "there is one thing about this new strawberry, it can not bear the year around, that is, during the summer, unless the ground is very rich. i think i put on one-half acre of the everbearing strawberries twenty-five loads of fertilizer. you have got to make the ground rich to carry these plants through and produce the berries. i use a narrow row on the hill system. i cut my rows down in the spring, dig up the plants and leave the row four inches wide and plants six inches apart. this brings more berries and better plants." prof. c. b. waldron, of fargo, n.d., horticulturist at the fargo agricultural college for a quarter century, who has rarely missed being with us at any summer gathering, being called upon, among other things said: "there are a good many things that affiliate people together in groups of one kind or another. it used to be that if people had the same belief about eternal punishment, etc., that they would group themselves together, but nowadays we find people grouping themselves according to more natural methods. i think people grouping themselves together for a common love of trees, fruits and flowers makes a more natural bond of affiliation, and when i find a man that knows the names of many of our beautiful flowers i feel drawn to him at once. i can't seem to tire of that person's company, no matter what political party he belongs to. these things that i speak of seem to be a more natural and harmonious relationship to build our friendship upon than almost anything else. i know that i always look forward days and weeks ahead to meetings like this, where i can meet with people who love and admire and cherish the things that i find my greatest delight in." the superintendent of the fruit-breeding farm, mr. chas. haralson, spoke briefly of the work at the fruit-breeding farm, which he is conducting with such distinguished success. his statement was altogether too brief when one knows the vast amount of detail work that is being done there in development of new fruits: "the work at the fruit-breeding farm is carried on just the same as usual. we are working on strawberries, plums, apples, grapes somewhat and several other fruits like gooseberries and currants. the best success we have had so far in the new varieties is with strawberries, raspberries and plums. it takes only a few years to run through a generation of these, and we can get them selected quicker than apples. the plum crop is very light this year, especially on the hybrid plums, on account of winter-killing, that is, the buds killed during the winter. they never did that before, but this year they have done it to a great extent. the strawberry crop is very good and so are the raspberries now coming on. probably as many as , apple seedling trees are bearing this year, so we will have a little chance for selection in the line of apples. in grapes we are working with most of the seedlings from the beta and some hybrids, and we have a few of the beta seedlings that are very good. one red variety compares favorably with any of the cultivated varieties. it is perfectly hardy so far. and we have two or three varieties of black nearly as large as moore's early or concord. "we also have a number of seedlings of pears, but we are not very far advanced with them yet. pears stand the winter fairly well, although they winter-kill to a certain extent. when they are weakened through the winter and growth starts in the spring they blight. blight is the worst part of our work with pears." prof. r. s. mackintosh, of university farm, was caught on the floor, and as usual took opportunity to tell people they ought to eat more apples and something about how to get them. this seems to be a subject that is ever in his mind and which he is persistently working to good advantage. "you folks that are hungry and want apples or apple pie want to get busy about the middle of august and eat up your surplus apples in minnesota. it is a shame that farmers, fruit growers, etc., have spent years trying to grow apples in minnesota and then we cannot get enough people to eat the apples. we are going to carry on the clearing house as we did last year, and if you want apples let us know. we can grow apples the same as we can grow peonies and strawberries, but it is a little hard to get them distributed properly." mr. a. m. brand, of faribault, who had an extraordinary exhibit of seedling peonies at the meeting, pronounced by our peony expert, mr. c.s. harrison, "second to none in the world," was introduced and talked briefly along the line of seedling peony production, as follows: "there is a great deal of encouragement in what we have been able to accomplish down there at faribault along the line of producing something fine in peonies. sixteen years ago we started out with the idea of improving upon the stock that we already have. we had a little red peony, a very nice peony, originated by mr. terry down in iowa, called rachel, and starting out with that as a mother plant we have produced some of the finest roots that there are in cultivation. by using lots of the seed of rachel we have been able to produce this mary brand, considered by many of the peony growers as one of the finest red peonies in the world. a great many people that raise nice peonies think they have to go to the trouble of hand fertilization. that isn't necessary. we started out with such varieties as rachel, and by letting the bees and the elements do the fertilizing for us we were able to produce varieties like this. here is the new seedling that we brought out this year and named ruth--a pink peony. as a rule we plant about a peck of seed every year, and out of that peck of seed it probably brings us , seedlings, and out of this , we get one good seedling, and this is the only good seedling that we have produced this year. this is a seedling that comes from rosa fragrans. when we picked this seedling from the bed of seedlings we considered this the finest seedling that we had, and it has never come good from that time to this, and it is ten years since we have been trying this seedling, which will show you when you are growing seedlings that the first time a seedling blossoms and comes splendid you mustn't be too enthusiastic about it. the next year it may be worth nothing. you have got to try a seedling in every way to find out whether it is worth sending out. as a rule it takes us ten years from the time that a seedling first blossoms until we send it out. ninety per cent of all the peony seedlings that you grow will be singles, one out of , seedlings will be fair and one out of , seedlings will be extra good--so you see that those which we have produced give us some encouragement. i wouldn't advise many of you to go into the seedling business, although you might produce one good seedling out of a handful of seed. "if you plant a peony on the lawn you have to fertilize it heavily. you can't have your lawn right up to the stalks of the peony. if you want a peony on the lawn you must give it two feet of ground. most of the peonies that are brought here are taken out of fields that are cultivated with a horse cultivator. if you want your flowers on the lawn and don't want to cultivate them you have to use lots of fertilizer. you must not use too much. fertilize heavy about once in three years. don't fertilize every fall. fertilize in the fall, and the next spring spade the manure in and then don't use any manure for three or four years. plant peonies any time from the first of september until the time it freezes up and plant any time in the spring until the growth starts on the plants. if you plant in the spring you are just six months ahead of planting in the following september, though september is really the best time to plant. if a peony clump becomes old, as large around as a tub, and you still want it to stand in the same place i would cut out half of the stalks as they come up, and then to get still larger blossoms after the stalks have come up i would pinch the side buds also." [illustration: a fringe of peonies at the summer exhibit.] mrs. crawford, of indiana, a peony grower of much experience there, who came to minneapolis for the purpose of attending our flower meeting, we understand, told us something about how peonies are grown in her section, an interesting and practical talk, part of which follows: "in indiana we have a sour, black clay soil. we fertilize with crushed limestone and leaves. i fertilize with the leaves that fall in the autumn after the leaves have begun to rot. i cover them without cutting the tops. then in the spring when they begin to bud we go over them on our knees and work the leaves all in with a trowel. i have , plants, but with the assistance of the men we have we get it done, and grow fine peonies. in regard to manure, i never feel that i can put any fertilizer within two feet. the rows are from three to four feet apart. we never use any fertilizer that will come in contact with the stems, as when the flowers are cut off it leaves the stem hollow, and if the manure gets in the stem it works down the stem into the roots and leaves a hollow root in time. we never use in our part of the state any fertilizer that will come in contact with the stems except leaves. when the streets are cleaned in the fall i pile the leaves on the back lot. i have fourteen or fifteen loads hauled in. this is scattered over the peonies. i want to compliment you on having very fine peonies, some of them finer than i have ever seen, and i hope you will all be as enthusiastic about raising peonies as i am. is it necessary to burn the tops when they are cut off? i consider that the ashes from the tops aid in fertilizing. i pile them up in little piles and burn them and sprinkle the ashes over the peonies. frequently when i dig around a peony and i feel that the soil has become exhausted i throw in a handful of garden peas, and when they get about a foot high i spade them under for fertilizer." mr. d. w. c. ruff, of st. paul, had a wonderful showing of peonies of named varieties, most of them very expensive from a money standpoint, they having cost him prices varying from $ . to $ . a root, and judging by the character of the flowers which he held up for the audience while he talked about them they were well worth the money. i regret that we are unable to give a verbatim report of his talk, with the names of the varieties, but this information must be secured from him at some later time. in part he said: "i have spent the last fifteen years in making a good collection of peonies. i have gone all over the world for peonies and have brought together some of the finest peonies from all the noted growers and horticulturists. in my collection i have over hundred varieties, that is, what i am growing at my home. i have brought here today of course a great many peonies of the later varieties. i have brought these here from an educational standpoint so that the people might see some of the rare ones that they might have heard about or read about and see them and know of these varieties. last year i made an exhibit and showed hundreds of them. this year i have brought just a few choice things." rev. c. s. harrison spoke in his usual inspiring way, but with such force and speed that our stenographer was unable to pick him up, which we sincerely regret. we all know mr. harrison as an enthusiast in flowers. he has met with us year after year at both annual gatherings. while he is eighty-three years old yet what he has to say and the way he says it still have the ring and inspiration of youth. he proposed the organization of a peony society for the northwest, and a show of hands indicating there was material present to perfect such an organization the plans were laid therefor. our reporter got this far: "i have attended the national peony shows of boston and new york, and they cannot hold a candle to your peonies, mark that! there is something in your soil and in your climate which brings them to the front." prof. f. l. washburn was to tell us something about the white pine blister rust, but he failed to inflict upon us a long technical talk, and from what he said all the reporter got was this, from which however one could well judge what was in his thought. "we have found in minnesota a disease on the white pine called the 'white pine blister rust.' one stage of this disease is on the gooseberry or currant, that is, we find it now on the white pine and going to the gooseberry or currant. we went to the governor, state treasurer and state auditor and obtained $ , for use in fighting this besides our regular appropriation." mr. j. m. underwood, of lake city, without whom the program would be incomplete, spoke a few closing words as follows: "we have had such a splendid program, and i know you are anxious to look at these beautiful flowers, and all i have time to say, and a disposition to say, is that i think we owe a great obligation to the garden flower society, a splendid organization auxiliary to the state horticultural society. i think you ought to all be members of that garden flower society. it is a wonderful working organization, and i think the ladies that are in charge of it deserve a great deal of credit and should be complimented as being foremost on the program. there is a great deal that i could say, but i know there isn't time for it, and i thank you." in the meantime many more visitors had come into the hall to view the display, which continued on exhibition until : o'clock in the evening. prof. cady, who had general charge of the arrangements at the meeting, reports that at least one thousand people saw the display, and we think that it was well worth while to have kept it open until that hour. representatives from a number of the hospitals were present after the meeting and took the flowers away to be used to cheer the sick in both minneapolis and st. paul. the total amount of awards at this meeting were $ . . a list of these awards with the names of the judges follows in a separate article. no one person took any large amount of premiums, they were well distributed amongst a dozen and a number of others who received smaller amounts. mrs. h.b. tillotson, who has a wonderful flower garden near eureka, lake minnetonka, received premiums of $ . , which is the largest amount paid to any one person, although there were a number of others who received slightly smaller amounts. award of premiums, summer meeting, . roses. collection, b. t. hoyt, st. paul, fourth premium, $ . . collection named varieties, amateurs, thos. redpath, wayzata, second premium, $ . . collection named varieties, amateurs, mrs. h. b. tillotson, excelsior, first premium, $ . . collection named varieties, amateurs, mrs. d. w. c. ruff, st. paul, third premium, $ . . three named varieties, white, thos. redpath, wayzata, first premium, $ . . three named varieties, pink, thos. redpath, wayzata, first premium, $ . . collection rugosa and r. hy., b. t. hoyt, st. paul, first premium, $ . . most beautiful rose, mrs. h. b. tillotson, excelsior, first premium, $ . . largest rose, mrs. d. w. c. ruff, st. paul, first premium, $ . . seedling, b. t. hoyt, st. paul, first premium, bronze medal donated by american rose society. basket outdoor roses arranged for effect, mrs. h. b. tillotson, excelsior, first premium, $ . . basket outdoor roses arranged for effect, mrs. d. w. c. ruff, st. paul, second premium, $ . . basket outdoor roses arranged for effect, mrs. john gantzer, st. paul, third premium, $ . . mdm. plantier, thos. redpath, wayzata, first premium, $ . . gen. jack, b. t. hoyt, st. paul, first premium, $ . . gen. jack, mrs. g. t. brown, st. paul, second premium, $ . . magna charta, mrs. g. t. brown, st. paul, first premium, $ . . ulrich brunner, mrs. g. t. brown, st. paul, first premium, $ . . baroness rothschild, mrs. g. t. brown, st. paul, first premium. $ . . mdm. plantier, mrs. g. t. brown, st. paul, second premium, $ . . aug. s. swanson, judge. peonies. flesh or light pink, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, third premium, $ . . medium or dark pink, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, third premium, $ . . white, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, second premium, $ . . festiva maxima, b. t. hoyt, st. paul, second premium, $ . . medium or dark pink, b. t. hoyt, st. paul, second premium, $ . . festiva maxima, john e. stryker, st. paul, first premium, $ . . light pink, john e. stryker, st. paul, second premium, $ . . dark pink, john e. stryker, st. paul, first premium, $ . . red, john e. stryker, st. paul, second premium, $ . . flesh or light pink, d. w. c. ruff, st. paul, first premium, $ . . white, d. w. c. ruff, st. paul, first premium, $ . . red, d. w. c. ruff, st. paul, first premium, $ . . collection, blooms, professional, b. t. hoyt, st. paul, first premium, $ . . a. m. brand, c. j. traxler, judges. collection, three blooms, amateur, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, fourth premium, $ . . collection, three blooms, amateur, mrs. h. b. tillotson, excelsior, third premium, $ . . collection, three blooms, amateur, john e. stryker, st. paul, first premium, $ . . collection, three blooms, amateur, mrs. e. w. d. holway, excelsior, second premium, $ . . olaf j. olson, judge. seedling, b. t. hoyt, st. paul, fourth premium, $ . . seedling, crimson no. , , a. m. brand, faribault, third premium, $ . . seedling, ruth, a. m. brand, faribault, first premium, $ . . seedling, no. , a. m. brand, faribault, second premium, $ . . d. w. c. ruff, judge. annuals and perennials. dielytra, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, third premium, $ . . forget-me-nots, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . gailardias, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, third premium, $ . . grass pinks, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . iceland poppies, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . dielytra, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, first premium, $ . . delphinium, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, third premium, $ . . foxgloves, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, second premium, $ . . grass pinks, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, first premium, $ . . delphinium, mrs. h. b. tillotson, excelsior, second premium, $ . . foxgloves, mrs. h. b. tillotson, excelsior, third premium, $ . . iris, mrs. h. b. tillotson, excelsior, third premium, $ . . gailardias, guy c. hawkins, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . dielytra, anna e. rittle, st. paul, second premium, $ . . iceland poppies, mrs. e. w. gould, minneapolis, third premium, $ . . gailardia, e. a. farmer, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . foxgloves, mrs. j. f. fairfax, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . iceland poppies, mrs. j. f. fairfax, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . iris, mrs. e. w. d. holway, excelsior, first premium, $ . . delphinium, mrs. h. a. boardman, st. paul, first premium, $ . . forget-me-nots, mrs. h. a. boardman, st. paul, third premium, $ . . iris, john s. crooks, st. paul, second premium, $ . . canterbury bells, mrs. chas. krause, merriam park, second premium, $ . . grass pinks, mrs. chas. krause, merriam park, third premium, $ . . canterbury bells, j. a. weber, excelsior, first premium, $ . . forget-me-nots, vera p. l. stebbins, second premium, $ . . oriental poppies, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . pansies, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . pyrethrum, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . sweet peas, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . sweet william, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . shasta daisies, elizabeth starr, excelsior, third premium, $ . . lilies, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, third premium, $ . . oriental poppies, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, second premium, $ . . pansies, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, second premium, $ . . lilies, guy c. hawkins, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . perennial coreopsis, guy c. hawkins, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . pyrethrum, guy c. hawkins, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . lupine, mrs. e. w. gould, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . shasta daisies, mrs. g. t. brown, st. paul, second premium, $ . . sweet william, mrs. j. f. fairfax, minneapolis, third premium, $ . . lupine, mrs. h. a. boardman, st. paul, third premium, $ . . oriental poppies, mrs. h. a. boardman, st. paul, third premium, $ . . pyrethrum, mrs. h. a. boardman, st. paul, third premium, $ . . shasta daisies, miss flora moeser, st. louis park, first premium, $ . . lilies, mrs. chas. krause, merriam park, second premium, $ . . pansies, mrs. chas. krause, merriam park, third premium, $ . . lupine, miss marion prest, st. paul, second premium, $ . . sweet william, j. a. weber, excelsior, first premium, $ . . john hawkins, john a. jansen, judges. collection named perennials, j. a. weber, excelsior, first premium, $ . . collection named perennials, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . collection named perennials, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, third premium, $ . . mrs. h. a. boardman, mrs. wm. crawford, judges. vase of flowers by child, mrs. f. e. kidd, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . vase of flowers by child, matilda gantzer, st. paul, second premium, $ . . martha a. wyman, judge. vase of any kind flowers, mrs. frank moris, lake elmo, second premium, $ . . vase any kind flowers, miss marjorie knowles, st. paul, first premium, $ . . vase any kind flowers, miss flora moeser, st. louis park, third premium, $ . . j. a. boies, judge. vase of flowers arranged for artistic effect, mrs. f. e. kidd, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . vase of flowers arranged for artistic effect, mrs. s. a. gile, minneapolis, first premium, $ . . vase of flowers arranged for artistic effect, f. h. ellison, minneapolis, third premium, $ . . basket outdoor grown, elizabeth starr, excelsior, third premium, $ . . basket outdoor grown, mrs. s. a. gile, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . basket outdoor grown, mrs. h. a. boardman, st. paul, first premium, $ . . m. emma roberts, carrie l. wilkerson, judges. strawberries. collection, six varieties, h. g. groat, anoka, first premium, $ . . collection, three named varieties, h. g. groat, anoka, first premium, $ . . collection, three named varieties, e. a. farmer, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . progressive, mrs. h. b. tillotson, excelsior, first premium, $ . . bederwood, h. g. groat, anoka, first premium, $ . . dunlap, h. g. groat, anoka, second premium, $ . . crescent, h. g. groat, anoka, first premium, $ . . warfield, h. g. groat, anoka, first premium, $ . . warfield, mrs. m. a. rohan, minneapolis, second premium, $ . . senator dunlap, j. f. bartlett, excelsior, first premium, $ . . minnesota no. , j. f. bartlett, excelsior, first premium, $ . . minnesota no. , a. brackett, excelsior, second premium, $ . . americus, a. brackett, excelsior, first premium, $ . . progressive, a. brackett, excelsior, second premium, $ . . superb, a. brackett, excelsior, first premium, $ . . best named variety, mrs. h. b. tillotson, excelsior, first premium, $ . . best named variety, h. g. groat, anoka, second premium, $ . . best named variety, mrs. john gantzer, st. paul, third premium, $ . . seedling, a. brackett, excelsior, first premium, $ . . thomas redpath, judge. experiment work of chas. g. patten, charles city, ia. geo. j. kellogg, lake mills, wis. june .--i have just spent four days with our friend patten. he has , surprises on seventeen acres of experiment orchard dating back to --every tree of the , has a history. for twenty-eight years he has been working on the chinese sand pear and has brought out a race that is blight-proof, perfectly hardy and of good size and quality. he is not yet satisfied, but has , cross-bred seedlings of many crosses that are about three feet high, ready for transplanting in orchard rows next spring--and he has not room to set them. the state of iowa does not appreciate his labor or value the work he has done and is doing; they are not giving him the money or men to carry on this work. beside the pear experiments he has hundreds of crosses of apples that are very promising and just coming into bearing. these are scattered all through that orchard of , trees, with the pears, and nearly as many plum crosses. some plums are heavily loaded this year that are of wonderful value, and one of the great points is that they have escaped the bad weather in blooming time, while all our standard varieties failed--and i believe the hardiness of bloom will insure fruit on his best kinds when others fail in bad weather. he is breeding form of tree in all these fruits--see his paper in the last volume of iowa hort. report. his crop of apples is light, but many crosses show some fruit. some pears and plums are loaded. eugene secor says, "patten is greater than burbank." * * * * * windbreaks on farm pay dividends.--windbreaks are usually more or less ornamental on a farm, and add to the contentment of the owner. but it is not generally known that windbreaks actually pay dividends. at least studies made a few years ago in nebraska and kansas indicate that windbreaks are profitable. the state forester will soon study their influence in this state. it must be admitted that windbreaks occupy space that could be profitably devoted to agricultural crops, and that the roots of the trees and their shade render a strip of ground on either side of the windbreak relatively unproductive. yet in spite of these drawbacks, efficient windbreaks undoubtedly do more good than evil. the windbreak reduces the velocity of the wind, and, consequently, the loss of soil water from evaporation from the soil surface and from the field crops. this is equivalent to additional rainfall, just as "a dollar saved is a dollar made." it seems from investigations made by the united states forest service that the greater yield of field crops and apples behind the protection of a good windbreak is enough to warrant every farmer in the prairie states in planting windbreaks.--w.j. morrill, colo. agri. college. midsummer reports, . collegeville trial station. rev. john b. katzner, supt. the weather conditions of last winter were not any too favorable for plants and fruit trees. in fact the cold was at times severe and long continued, reaching its maximum with degrees below for one day. the total subzero weather for the winter amounts to degrees, of which january figures with and february with degrees below. this is some cold, no doubt, and yet our hardy fruit trees did not suffer. but other trees not quite hardy suffered more than usual. this is particularly noticeable on my german pear seedlings. the wood of the branches as well as of the stem had turned black down to the ground. all the imported european varieties of pears are dead and ready for the brush pile. prof. n.e. hanson's hybrid pears have suffered just a little. this, however, may be due to the unripe condition of the wood rather than to cold. they had been grafted on strong german pear stock, made a vigorous growth and were still growing when the frost touched them. another season they may be all right. all our cherry trees, too, are almost dead and will be removed and their place used for a trial orchard. it was of great advantage to plants and trees that we had much snow, giving them good protection in root and stem two feet up. but this deep snow helped the rabbits also in reaching the lower branches of the apple trees. they were very active during the winter months and did much damage by biting off the buds and smaller twigs from those branches, but did no injury to the bark of trees otherwise. spring was rather cold and late. up to the middle of may there was not much growth of any kind. but we started work at the station as soon as the ground could be worked. apple and plum grafts made last winter were set out. the orchard was gone over and trees pruned where needed. the grape vines were uncovered and tied up on the trellis. a liberal dressing of manure was worked in around vines growing on poor soil. more than a hundred alpha grape vines were planted along a students' walk for their future benefit. the everbearing strawberries were looked after and a new bed was started. some apple trees were planted in the orchard to replace others. quite a number of german pear seedlings were grafted with hardy varieties an inch below ground. we expect this will give us healthy and hardy trees and fruit in due time. [illustration: patten's no. in blossom at collegeville station.] a friend of mine sent me from los angeles, cal., four fine large cherry trees: the tartarian, napoleon bigarreau and early richmond. these are one year old budded trees; they have made in the congenial climate of california a growth of about eight feet and are an inch through the stem. they arrived the first week in march. it was cold yet and the ground covered with a foot of snow. as we could not plant them, we applied water to the roots and kept the trees unpacked in the cool root cellar till planting time. they are growing now, but next spring we expect to see their finish. another variety of sweet cherries was sent to the trial station from the mountains of pennsylvania and planted in the nursery, but we expect that will meet the same fate. from the u.s. dept. of agriculture we have obtained scions of a pear, no. , which were used in budding some german pear seedlings, as also ten plants of prunus tomentosa no. . this is a chinese bush cherry, and though the fruit is of little value, yet the plant is said to be quite ornamental. in forestry work arbor vitae were set out, more for ornamental effect, and in open places of the woods several thousand scotch pine were planted. this planting was also extended partly around the opposite lake shore to improve the landscape during the winter months, when everything looks bleak and dreary. this station has received quite a liberal supply of new stock for trial from the minn. state fruit-breeding farm, viz.: june bearing strawberry no. , everbearing kind no. , raspberry no. and everbearing sorts nos. and ; of plums, nos. , , , , and sand cherry crossed with climax; of apples, six malindas, nos. , , , , and . they are fine large trees and were planted in the trial orchard. ten smaller apple trees which we received were set out in the nursery and after a year or two will find their place in the orchard. these trees are labeled: gilbert, winesap, russet seedling, then nos. , , , , and a . all of this stock has been carefully planted and is now doing well. the only variety of fruit trees which bloomed before the th of may was the akin plum. most all other trees were getting ready to bloom, but it was really too cold for them to open their flowers. from that time on the blooming became more general among the plums and later among the apples. the trees which did not bear last year were full of flowers. some of the new plums, too, had quite a number of blossoms, and we are watching with great interest what the fruit will be, as we intend to propagate the best ones in a small way for home use. of small fruits we have now on trial five varieties of raspberries and also three sorts of strawberries, nos. , and progressive. this will give us a good chance to judge of their relative value as to hardiness, quality and quantity of fruit. the truck garden is taken care of as usual, but is far behind other years in growth and development of vegetables on account of the cold spring. if it were not for our greenhouse and hotbeds, i think we would yet be without radishes and lettuce. the same may be said in regard to the planting of our lawns. the plants were all ready in the greenhouse, but the planting had to be deferred as long as there was danger of frost. the flower beds on the lawns were finally planted, the designs are very good, but it will take some time yet till their beauty can be seen and enjoyed. judging from present conditions, we may get a pretty good crop of fruits. the time for the late spring frosts passed by without doing any harm. the weather during blooming was favorable for setting a good crop of apples and plums. the grapes, too, show up well and promise a good crop, and the strawberries and currants are doing splendidly. jeffers trial station. dewain cook, supt. june .--_plums_--much rainy weather during the blooming period was undoubtedly the main reason why the plum crop of will not amount to very much. only a few of the americana have set any fruit whatever. however, the terry and the wyants carry considerable fruit. of the japanese hybrids the b.a.q. and emerald have set some fruit--also the stella. of the hybrid plums originating at the minnesota state fruit-breeding farm there are only a few scattering specimens on any of them. most of them have set no fruit whatever. minn. no. , one tree, is in a dying condition from winter-killing. hansen's hybrids have mostly set some fruit, but not freely. the hanska, toka, opata and wohanka are among those varieties making the best showing of fruit. while in a general way we consider the rains during the blooming period responsible for the almost failure of the plum crop, but, to be a little more specific, the blight of the plum bloom, or rather the brown rot fungus, was more generally prevalent and more generally destructive than at any previous season. as for the fungous disease known as plum pocket, we have not seen one this season. it has been entirely absent. as for spraying to control the brown rot fungus, we have and are doing the best we know. with the exception of about twenty-five large plum trees that we have made into a hog pasture and could not get at very well with our gasoline spraying outfit, we sprayed about all our plum trees (and other fruit trees as well) twice before blooming, once just as the fruit buds began to swell and again just before they bloomed, with lime-sulphur solution. we are now spraying the third time, adding arsenate of lead to the lime-sulphur. of grapes sent me from our state fruit-breeding farm all varieties are looking fine. the beta we gave no winter protection, but all of the others we covered with strawy manure. we did this as all the other varieties winter-killed the first winter after planting, and we did not like to take any chances with them. minn. no. strawberry is doing itself proud. we consider it the best all round variety we have ever grown and are planting almost exclusively on our own farm. the everbearing minn. continues to hold place as first best. we set out some plants of this variety this spring, and they are making runners freely. judging from last season, we expect a large crop of fine fruit from them next september, as well as a great quantity of new plants. apples are in a very satisfactory condition. i need to say but little about varieties. all kinds of bearing size bloomed full, and most kinds have set full of fruit. of such kinds as okabena, duchess and wealthy, it looks as though practically every blossom turned into an apple. we received several seedling apple trees from mr. chas. haralson, of the state fruit-breeding farm. they were all set out, and all are growing. la crescent trial station. d. c. webster, supt. june , .--we received this spring, from the fruit-breeding farm, plants for trial as follows: malinda nos. , , , , , , russett seedling, gilbert winesap, nos. , no. , no. ----, no. a , everbearing raspberry nos. , , and strawberry no. . we also received from other sources waneta and lokota plum. everything received for trial this year lived and is growing well. of the plums received in , no. died last winter. those remaining about all bloomed, but only a very little fruit set on the following: nos. , , , , , . native plums have set no fruit this year. apple trees top-worked last year did poorly. the trees worked two years ago did finely and already have quite the appearance of real apple trees. some are setting fruit this year, and we anticipate a few fine specimens of jonathan and delicious this fall from them. in the orchard which blighted so badly two years ago, several trees died from that cause. a great many are in a ragged condition from the pruning necessary, and we note with considerable anxiety the occasional appearance of that dreaded enemy a few days ago. last year we had what might be called a full crop of apples, and consequently did not expect them to do much this year. however, they had a fairly good bloom, and about one-half of the trees have set a fair crop. we sprayed twice with so far satisfactory results. strawberries in this vicinity were badly injured by ice in winter where not covered. ours were covered and now promise a good yield. began picking the th inst. we set quite a patch of everbearers no. this spring. they bore last fall but chickens picked most of the berries. superb were unsatisfactory and winter-killed where not covered. carrie gooseberry has set full of berries and plants look fine. all other trees and shrubbery in general at this station are in good condition. mandan, n.d., trial station. (northern great plains field station.) w.a. peterson, supt. all plants at this station went into the winter with favorable soil moisture conditions. many plants, however, made a late growth and were still in growing condition late in september. the winter was a long and severe one, although there was more snow than usual. the early spring was severe, being both windy, cold and dry. up to date (june th) there have been very few calm days. three or four very severe dust storms did considerable damage by blowing out seeds and blighting the tender new growth of many plants. the winter of - in this section can be called a test winter, as much winter-killing both in root and top has resulted. a large proportion of the apple and plum orchard ( % to %) killed out. there was no mulch or protection in these orchards. practically all grapes killed out, even though protected. a few beta are alive at the crown. asparagus (unprotected) suffered severely. all raspberries had been covered with dirt. they came through perfectly and promise a good crop. strawberries wintered successfully. the south dakota variety came through perfectly, even when not mulched. all are in full bloom now. practically all of prof. hansen's plum hybrids killed out entirely, or are dead to trunk or crown. a large number of seedlings of chinese apricot, chinese peach, native grapes, juneberries and bullberries passed through the winter with little or no injury. about , beta seedlings, lined out as one year seedlings in the spring of , winter-killed, with the exception of about seven or eight plants. paradise apple stocks wintered safely. soft maples that winter-killed to the ground in the preceding year are good to the tips this spring, even though they had made four to six feet of new growth last summer. many new plantings have been made this spring, especially along plant-breeding lines. extensive experiments have also been started with fruit trees, shelter-belt trees, ornamental shrubs and perennial flowering plants to determine the factors that influence the hardiness of plants. strawberry no. , from the minnesota fruit-breeding farm, made an excellent showing in , and all plants bore some fruit. only a few runners were made, however. all plants were potted in fall, so no data has been secured on their hardiness. several hundred more plants of this variety were set out this spring and they made an excellent stand. montevideo trial station. lycurgus r. moyer, supt. _syringa japonica._--the japanese tree lilac has often been recommended by this station, but last winter was unusually severe, and an old tree obtained from prof. budd, nearly thirty years ago, now shows several damaged branches. younger trees on our grounds and in the city parks show no injury. perhaps this tree cannot be expected to live to be much more than thirty years of age nor attain a much greater height than thirty feet. the old tree is throwing up new stems from its roots and may rejuvenate itself. _caragana._--the small shrubby caragana (caragana pygmaea) was unusually fine this spring when in full bloom. we received it from prof. budd many years ago. it does finely in the clay banks of lincoln parkway in this city, but it is seldom offered by nurserymen. caragana frutex, formerly called caragana frutescens, is a somewhat taller shrub and not quite so floriferous. it makes a fine screen. both of these shrubs are addicted to root sprouting, and might not please those who care for a stiff, formal garden. both may be readily propagated from root cuttings. _roses._--hansen's tetonkeha rose at this writing is in full bloom and is a very striking object. it grows to the height of about four feet and needs no protection. the flowers are large and of a deep pink color. it seems to be as hardy as the old yellow rose of our gardens, that rose being now, too, at its best. among other garden roses paul neyron is in a rather weak condition, ulrich brunner is doing a little better, while mme. georges bruant is doing still better. rosa pratincola grows on our grounds naturally, and we have brought in from the edges of the timber rosa engelmanni and rosa maximilliani. a friend in duluth has sent us rosa sayi, and we obtained rosa macounii from the bad lands of north dakota. these roses, as well as the more common rosa blanda, make an interesting addition to the hardy border. _delphinium formosum._--we obtained a plant or two of the old tall larkspur almost thirty years ago. the old plants persisted several years, and seedlings have grown up from self-sown seed, and the plantation is now as attractive as ever. _chrysanthemum uliginosum._--the giant daisy has been here for a long time and needs but little attention. the clumps should be taken up and divided occasionally. it is one of our best late fall flowers. _philadelphus._--philadelphus pubescens came through the winter without injury. philadelphus zeyheri suffered a little. philadelphus coronarius came through in fair condition in a rather protected border, but philadelphus lemoinei was frozen back nearly to the ground. [illustration: giant daisy, or chrysanthemum uliginosum.] _physocarpus._--physocarpus opulifolius came through the winter with no more than its ordinary injury. _lonicera._--the old climbing honeysuckle (lonicera sempervirens) came through the winter very much damaged, but our native honeysuckle is in fine condition. the bush honeysuckles are all hardy. the one known as lonicera bella alba does not differ very much from the common white form of the tartarian honeysuckle. _prunus triloba._--the double flowering plum has always been hardy with us, and usually has been a splendid bloomer in the latter part of april, but last winter was so severe that it did not bloom at all this spring. _catalpa._--another strange feature of the winter was that catalpa speciosa came through entirely uninjured. _viburnum._--viburnum pekinensis came through in fine condition as well as its close relative, the high bush cranberry. the common snowball did not suffer so much from aphis this year as usual. viburnum lentago, which grows in the river valleys here naturally, is doing finely. _syringa._--among the bushy lilacs syringa ligustrina, syringa chinensis, syringa josikea and syringa villosa all bloomed fully. the varieties of the common lilac, known as ludwig spaeth, charles x, senator vollard and the one that prof. budd brought from russia and called by him russian lilac, were all very satisfactory. this last variety has pink flowers and is a very choice variety of syringa vulgaria. _amelanchier._--the large juneberry, probably amelanchier canadensis, was a very attractive object in april, when its purple-colored young leaves contrasted with its white bloom. the dwarf juneberry, with their villous young leaves and white flowers, are very attractive in april and should receive more attention from our planters. _dictamnus._--the gas plant (dictamnus fraxinilla) becomes more attractive from year to year. it is one of the hardy plants which needs scarcely any attention to keep the weeds away. the pink form is very showy when in flower, and the plant is very attractive after the flower is gone. _iris._--a rather large collection of siberian iris is very attractive just now. the city has found it a very desirable, hardy plant to set in the park. _apples._--a very good tree for park planting seems to be the crabapple, known as malus seboldii. it is very attractive when in bloom, and the fruit as it ripens takes on a rich warm color that is very interesting. okabena is promising a light crop, which may be advantageous, as when this variety bears freely the apples are apt to be undersized. a thompson seedling is promising a full crop as well as most of the other common varieties. the wealthy on malus baccata is bearing a full crop. _hybrid plums._--the common varieties of plums are promising a very good crop, except surprise, which is not bearing at all this year. minnesota no. is the only one of the new seedlings bearing a full crop. no. has a light crop. no. is thrifty and promising and so is no. . no. suffered from the winter. plums no. and are both promising. plum no. was injured by the rabbits. hansen's no. , sansota, is bearing a light crop. _raspberries._--raspberry no. is promising a full crop. it is a very late variety. hansen's oheta is one of our best berries. _gooseberries._--western minnesota is not well adapted to the cultivation of gooseberries, nor do currants do very well. the carrie gooseberry is promising a full crop, and some of the older varieties are doing better than usual, perhaps on account of the unusually cool season. nevis trial station. jas. arrowood, supt. june , .--apples came through the past winter in fairly good shape, especially the stock we have grown at this place. there has been some loss with stock that has been brought from outside nurseries from top killing, and there have been some sun scalds where trees have been exposed to the southwest sun, mostly among the limbs and crotches. there will be a fair crop of apples, as they seem to be setting fairly good. there has been considerable top-working done this spring with fair success. [illustration: mr. james arrowood alongside a seedling of the transcendent in early bloom.] our native plums have all come through the winter in good shape, with only a small setting of plums, on account of so much rain. in regard to the plums we received from the breeding station in : the number of plums was eighteen; all grew except two, and those killed back each year. they were no. . all the rest have grown, but no fruit up to date except on no. . that fruited last year and also is loaded with fruit at this date. the trees received in all grew except two. they all made a fair growth but haven't yet set any fruit. the dozen trees that were sent me in have all made a good growth this last year. two dozen grapes that were sent to me three years ago have not set fruit but have made a slow growth. now in regard to small fruit, such as strawberries, we wish to say that no. heads everything in the strawberry line for growth and berries. its equal is not found in this section of the country. in regard to the everbearing we cannot say that they have done as well as we expected them to. the raspberries that we received three years ago have all done very well. no. and no. have done the best. those berries have all stood out without covering through the winter. we have one acre of them now. they have not killed back at all and promise a big crop. we received this spring about one dozen apple trees which we will report on later. currants and gooseberries promise a good crop. in regard to the shade trees and the evergreens they have all done remarkably well. we have more faith in the seedling fruits, such as apples and plums, for this section of the country. we believe our only hope will be through the seedlings. this was the late prof. green's prediction to me just before his death. every year brings to mind his saying, that we must plant our own apple and plum seed if we ever expect any good results in northern minnesota. in regard to the hansen plums--all seem to be doing well and are set full of fruit. we would also mention the hansen sweet alfalfa, which is a wonder. it grows and spreads equal to quack-grass. four years ago we received fifty plants, which were planted according to directions of the professor to set two feet apart and cultivate the first year. during these four years it does not appear that there has been a single plant killed out. it has spread from the seed and roots over two rods wide and six rods long and as thick as it can stand. owatonna trial station. thos. e. cashman, supt. there is but little to report from the owatonna station at this time. trees and plants came through the winter in good condition. the apple trees, haralson's plum seedlings, no. everbearing strawberry, no. raspberry and beta grape seedlings came through the winter without injury. trees that are old enough have blossomed well and are carrying a fair crop of fruit. a new lot of seedlings originated by mr. haralson at the fruit-breeding station have been planted this year, and the station this year put in the following: malinda nos. , , , , , , , , , , , , w. ; malinda seedling, w. ; hilbut, winesap, w. , no. , no. , w. , w. , w. , no. , w. g., no. ; no. everbearing raspberries, russet selly, w. , w. , no. . they are starting off in good shape and will all make a good showing for the first year. we have done the usual spraying, first with lime-sulphur and a small portion of arsenate of lead while the trees were dormant, and just lately a good dose of arsenate of lead. the foliage of the trees is perfect, and bugs of all kinds are conspicuous by their absence. people who have not sprayed find their trees badly stripped of foliage. i am afraid of severe losses unless they get busy very soon. spraying costs but little and must be done if we are to raise fruit. paynesville trial station. frank brown, supt. the plums sent to this station the spring of wintered very nicely, blossomed very full and have set considerable fruit. the new growth on these trees is very satisfactory, and they seem to be healthy in all ways. no. plum trees sent here last spring froze back quite badly, but as many other supposedly hardy trees did the same we are still in hopes that this was only an incident in a hard winter. [illustration: a corner of the home orchard at the paynesville station.] no. raspberry is still a favorite here; it winters perfectly, is a strong grower, and a good all around berry, both as a home berry, and as a shipper. raspberries nos. and are both good, but no. lacks a little in hardiness, and we wish to test no. more fully before reporting. the other raspberries, nos. , , and , are no good here. if i knew how to say more in favor of that grand strawberry minn. no. i should say it; with us it is the best of all the june-bearing berries, hardy, productive, a good canner and a good shipper. the spring of we received from the central station fifty plants labeled minn. no. . we considered it our duty to test these in all ways, so kept all berries picked off until july st, then allowed fruit and plants to form as they would, and the result was an immense crop of dark red fruit, of the finest quality, and over strong, sturdy plants. these were transplanted this spring without the loss of a single plant, and at this date are certainly a fine looking bunch. the apple trees received this spring from the central station are all doing well. the trees and plants from that station certainly speak volumes for the work being done by supt. haralson. some trees and shrubs killed back quite badly the past winter, especially spirea van houtti was badly hurt. fruit prospects are good, the cold backward spring held the fruit buds back until all danger of frost was over. strawberries are especially fine this season, and bid fair to be a record crop. in fact, the horticulturists in this part of our state have much to be thankful for. sauk rapids trial station. mrs. jennie stager, supt. june --starting with a late spring, which saved all sorts of blossoms from the frost, now in june we have promise of an unlimited amount of fruit. but with heavy rains almost every night, we cannot effect much with spraying. one spraying eliminated all worms so far from not only the currants and gooseberries, but the roses also, and once going through the orchards has done away with the few tent caterpillars that had started in their work. so on the whole we have hopes of a full harvest of not only tree but small fruits. most vegetables are backward, as also flowers from seeds, but with so much to be thankful for how can any of us complain. * * * * * alleged pear blight cures are worthless--organism of disease lives underneath bark out of reach of "cure."--fruit growers should not allow themselves to be induced to purchase and use worthless pear blight cures. every year we hear of cures for pear blight being sold to fruit growers, but to the present time the experiment stations of the country have hunted in vain for any practical remedy that may be sprayed upon trees or used in any way for the cure of this typo for disease. the organism lives underneath the bark entirely out of reach of remedies that may be applied to the surface of the tree. i would strongly recommend to fruit growers that they do not spend any money for pear blight until they are able to learn through experiment stations, or the department of agriculture at washington, d.c., that there is a remedy that can be used for the control of this disease.--c. p. gillette, colorado agricultural experiment station. west concord trial station. fred cowles, supt. june .--the past winter was long and severe. besides the severe cold, a heavy coat of ice remained a long time on trees of all kinds, causing much anxiety, but when the time came trees of all kinds were full of bloom and beauty. most varieties of apples have set a full crop of fruit. some trees which bore a heavy crop last year have little or none this year, but the general crop of apples will be heavy if it matures. our trees top-worked to jonathan and northern spy are bearing good this year; they show no signs of winter-killing. [illustration: side view of mr. cowles' home grounds.] plums were full of bloom as usual, but have set little fruit. some varieties--sansota and wyant--have a few scattering plums. seedling no. also has a few. the new seedlings from the station are all growing good. the native plums in a thicket have more fruit than the named varieties. strawberries have wintered well and give promise of a full crop. some garden patches in the vicinity winter-killed badly. minnesota seedling no. promises to be a good berry; the strong fruit stems keep the berries from the ground. the progressive and superb, of the everbearing type, are no longer an experiment, but are a success, and many farmers are planting them. raspberries winter-killed some. the herbert seems as hardy as any. seedling no. is also hardy. gooseberries and currants are bearing as usual. grapes have started rather late and will have a short season to mature. the early flowering shrubs bloomed very full this spring. lilacs did extra well. the persian lilac was very full and lasted a long time. chas. x, madam chereau and alphonse la valle were fine. villosa is just coming out; this is a beautiful variety. the tree lilac received from china a few years ago is going to bloom for the first time. the iris is just in full bloom, and the delicate colorings always please. peonies are late this year, none being out at this time. a few rugosas are the only roses out at this time, but they look promising for a little later. orcharding in minnesota. discussion led by prof. richard wellington, university farm. mr. sauter: i want to set out trees; what kind shall i set out? i live at zumbra heights. mr. wellington: i would prefer some of the more experienced growers to speak on that question, but going over the recommendations of over growers the wealthy is recommended in practically all cases in preference to the other varieties. we know, however, that the wealthy needs pollen from other varieties for fertilization of the blossom, so it would be foolish to put out wealthys. it is better to mix in some of the other varieties. if i was planting an orchard, probably seventy-five per cent. of the apples would be wealthys. mr. sauter: and what next? mr. wellington: well, that depends altogether on your market. if you can handle the duchess apple, work the duchess in; or if you wanted a few late apples, work in some of the other varieties. mr. sauter: isn't the okabena better than the duchess? mr. wellington: it is a little later. mr. richardson: four days later. mr. wellington: that would be my recommendation. i would put in the majority of the trees wealthys and then work in some other varieties according to your market. mr. sauter: isn't the malinda and the northwest greening all right? mr. wellington: the northwest greening seems to be especially valuable in certain parts of the state. in some parts they winter injure, but it is a good late variety. mr. sauter: how is the malinda? mr. wellington: malinda is all right excepting in quality. it is lacking in quality. mr. sauter: is it a good seller? mr. wellington: i couldn't tell you about that. some of these other gentlemen could give you information on that point. it tastes more like cork than anything else, but after the other apples are gone we are not so particular about it. mr. dunlap: the speaker brought out one point that we tested out a great many years ago in illinois, and i suppose it is really an important one here, and that is the protection against the winds with shelter-belts. now, at the university of illinois they planted out some forty acres to test that with all the varieties they could get together, and they planted spruce trees not only on the outside of the orchard but they planted them in through the orchard, dividing the orchards up into ten acre plots. quite a number of the early planters of apples in illinois also put windbreaks around their orchards with considerable detriment to their orchards. we find that we need air drainage there just as much as we need protection against the wind. if i were in minnesota i might change my mind after studying the conditions, but if i was going to plant in minnesota and i should plant evergreens i certainly would trim them up from the bottom so as to get air drainage. i have known of instances where orchards were protected and where there was air drainage they were all right, but where they were closely protected by the trees they were injured by the frosts by their starting too early in the spring. if you get a warm atmosphere around the trees you start your buds pretty early, several days earlier than they would if they had the right kind of air drainage, and it does seem to me that the experience we have had would be against close planting around an orchard for protection from frost, though you do want to protect them against winds, but air drainage, it seems, is not a detriment to orchards. (applause.) mr. richardson: i wish to say that in my observation and my experience if i was putting in a windbreak i would put it on the south and west sides; i wouldn't have any on the north and east. mr. brackett: our prevailing winds are from the south and west during the summer, and the wealthy is an apple that is bad for falling off when it gets to a certain stage, and i think it is very necessary for us to have a windbreak on the south and west if we are going to protect our orchards here. mr. ludlow: the wind comes from the northwest generally in the winter, when we have storms, and if snow falls and it comes from the northwest, and the orchard is protected on that side by a windbreak, the windbreak will catch the snow and it will pile on top of the orchard, and i have known at least a dozen trees to be broken down by the storms of winter getting in that way. a member: i think crab apple trees make a good windbreak, if they are set twice as close together as trees in the orchard. a member: i think location has more to do with it than anything else. i have two or three orchards in mind where five years ago, when we had that hard frost, they had an abundance of apples, and it was protected from the northwest. i have another orchard in mind that was protected from the north and northwest, and this year they had over , bushels of wealthy apples. mine wasn't protected particularly from the north, and i had no apples, but back of the buildings, there is where i had my apples. i tell you location has more to do with it than a windbreak in such a case. mr. drum: you all remember some ten or more years ago when the apple trees were in blossom, and we had a terrible snow storm and blizzard and freeze. my orchard was protected both from the southwest and the northwest and the north, and following that freeze my trees had the only apples that were left in that country. i think that protection from the north and northwest is just as essential, especially in a position where the winds have a wide sweep. my house and my orchard slope off to the northwest, and i have a full sweep of the northwest wind there for miles. the house was set as it were on a pinnacle. i think the protection from the northwest is fully as essential in such a position as any other. mr. whiting: this windbreak proposition is a question of locality. in the western part of the state, as well as in south dakota--especially in south dakota--we say that the south windbreak is decidedly the most important of any we can put in. we have more hot winds than you do here in the eastern part of minnesota. you don't have that trouble, but in western minnesota you are very much like we are in south dakota. mr. ludlow knows the conditions, and i say you must take that into consideration. if you are in that locality the south windbreak is decidedly the most important of any. then i would say the windbreak on the south, west and north are all of considerable importance. of course, you can overdo it, you can smother your orchard. you must guard against that, but we have too much air drainage. in regard to the variety proposition, isn't it true that you are growing too many perishable apples in minnesota? i know it is so in south dakota. we are growing too many of these early varieties; we ought to grow more winter varieties. if you want to build up a large commercial apple business you have got to raise more keepers. you are planting too many early varieties. mr. dowds: i have been setting out apple trees more or less in different states for sixty years. if i was going to set out another orchard i would put windbreaks all around it, north, south, east and west, and the windbreak that i would use would be the yellow willow. it grows quick, it gives you a circulation of air, and it protects your trees. my experience in the last fifteen years has been that the yellow willow was the best windbreak that you can have around the house. mr. brackett: mr. whiting says, grow winter apples. i want to know what winter apples will bring the money that wealthy bring. mr. whiting: that is a hard question, but isn't it a fact that you grow too many wealthys? don't you glut the market unless you have cold storage? you ought to work to that end just as much as possible; you ought to have more good keepers, better winter varieties. the society library. books may be taken from the library of the minnesota state horticultural society by any member of the society on the following terms: . only one book can be taken at a time. . books with a star (*) before the title, as found in the published library list, are reference books and not to be taken from the library. . in ordering books give besides the name also the case and book numbers, to be found in the same line as the title. . books will be sent by parcel post when requested. . when taking out, or sending for a book, a charge of ten cents is made to cover expense of recording, transmission, etc. . books are mailed to members only in minnesota and states immediately adjoining. when sent to points outside the state a charge of fifteen cents is made. . a book can be kept two weeks: if kept longer a charge of two cents per day will be made. . the library list, to december , , is published in the annual volume of the society. additions to this list will be published year by year in the succeeding annual volumes. garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. mr. h. h. whetzel, of the plant disease survey, u.s. department of agriculture, stationed at cornell university, where the american peony society has its test grounds, has made a study of the stem-rot disease of the peony and has set forth the results in an address before the massachusetts horticultural society, from which the following has been culled: "the botrytis blight is by far the most common and destructive disease of the peony so far as known at present. this disease is frequently epidemic, especially during wet springs. it occurs wherever peonies are grown, apparently the world over. "this disease usually makes its appearance early in the spring when the stalks are coming up. shoots will suddenly wilt and fall. examination will show they have rotted at the base or just below the surface of the ground. the rotted portion will soon become covered with a brown coat of spores--much like felt. generally it is the young stalks that are affected, though sometimes stalks with buds just opening will suddenly wilt and fall. it is thought the spores are carried through the winter on the old stubble, after the tops have been cut off. they are in the best position to give rise to a new crop of spores in the spring, and the new shoots become infected as they appear. "to eradicate this disease the old stubble should be carefully removed in the fall or early spring by removing first the soil from the crown so as not to injure the buds, and cutting off the old stalks. these should be burned and the soil replaced with clean soil or preferably sand. whenever a shoot shows sign of the disease it should be cut off and burned. the buds must also be watched and any that begin to turn brown or black and die must also be cut off and burned, as spores will be found upon them, and these will be spread by the wind and insects. spotted leaves should also be picked off. in wet seasons the peonies should be closely watched. for the small garden, with comparatively few clumps of peonies, this treatment will be entirely practical and effective." bulbs should be ordered this month if you wish the pick of the new crop. there are two fall blooming bulbs that would add to our september and october gardens. one is the sternbergia, or autumn daffodil, and the other is the autumn crocus. the bulbs should be planted in august and will blossom the same season. the daffodil is a clear yellow and is good for cutting. these bulbs must be ordered as early as possible. lady bugs are our garden friends, destroying multitudes of aphides. they should never be killed. have you the following all ready for use? for insects, bugs or worms that chew--or eat portions of plants--arsenate of lead, paris green or hellebore. for sucking insects, nicotine or kerosene emulsion. for diseases, bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal copper carbonate solution. a good sprayer. * * * * * _remember_ our photographic contest. bee-keeper's column conducted by francis jager, professor of apiculture, university farm, st. paul. increasing colonies (continued from june no.) [illustration: prof. francis jager's apiary at st. bonifacius.] to increase you must first make your colonies strong. one or more of your best colonies must be selected to raise queens for your increase unless you wish to buy your queen. stimulate your queen raising colonies by feeding and not giving them any supers. the crowded condition will bring on an early swarming impulse, under which they will raise from twelve to twenty large, well developed queen cells each. the queens of your queen raising colonies should be clipped. when in due time a queen raising colony swarms, catch the queen and remove her and let the swarm return. immediately after this swarm you may proceed to divide your other colonies from which you wish to increase. put down on a permanent location as many empty hives as you have available queen cells in your colony that swarmed. into one of these you put your removed breeding queen with two frames of brood and bees. into each of the rest of the empty hives put two frames of brood with all adhering bees from your colonies you wish to increase. be sure to leave the queens in the old hive after brood for increase with adhering bees has been removed. thus you have now a number of new colonies with bees and two frames of brood but no queen. the rest of the hive may be filled with drawn comb or sheets of foundation. to prevent the bees from returning to the old home, stuff the entrance of the hive solidly with grass. in two days the grass will wilt and dry and the bees will come out automatically and stay in the new location--at least most of them. in the meantime being queenless they will be busy with raising queen cells on the two frames of brood. this occupation will make them contented, then on the seventh day cut out every one of their queen cells and give them a cell from your breeder colony. your queen breeding colony on the seventh day after swarming will have ripe queen cells ready to hatch, with one queen probably out. if by listening in the evening you hear her "sing" and "peep" go next morning and remove all queen cells and give one to each of your newly formed colonies. they will be readily accepted, will hatch immediately, sometimes whilst you are removing them, but certainly the same or next day and begin laying in due time. from such colonies you may not expect any surplus honey, but they will build up rapidly and will be strong colonies to put away next fall. [illustration: administration building (main building), university farm, st. anthony park, minn.] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. august, no. how may university farm and the minnesota state horticultural society be mutually helpful in developing the farms and homes of the northwest? a. f. woods, dean and director, dept. of agri., university of minn., st. paul. the farm without its windbreaks, shade trees, fruits, flowers and garden, if it can be called a home at all is certainly one that needs developing and improving. there are many abiding places in the northwest, as in every other part of the united states, that lack some essential part of them. the first and most important step with a view to correcting these conditions is to bring together those interested in home improvement to talk over problems and difficulties and to plan how to correct them and to interest others in the movement. this is what this great society with its auxiliary societies has been and is now doing most successfully. it is true that your work has been more particularly from the horticultural view point, but, as i said in the beginning, fruits and flowers are civilizing and home making influences. there should be more horticulturally interested people from the farms affiliated with this society. each farmers' club should have a horticultural committee. there are now about nine hundred farmers' clubs in the state, and the number is increasing constantly. these clubs represent the communities in which the members live. they include men, women and children, farmers, preachers, teachers, every member of the community willing to cooperate. they start things in the community interest and follow them up. the agricultural extension service of the university is in close touch with these clubs. the horticulturists of the service especially might help to arouse the interest of the clubs in this movement. this society might offer some prizes especially designed to interest the boys and girls of the farmers' clubs. each club horticultural committee should have representation in this society. some of the prizes might be memberships or trips to the annual meeting. many members of this society are members of such clubs. they could take the lead in the movement. in this way the society would keep in touch with the homes and communities of the state, and all would grow together in horticultural grace--and the other graces that go with it. [illustration: a minnesota farm home with handsome grounds and modern conveniences.] the gospel of better homes is like every other gospel. it must be taken to those who need it and who know it not or are not interested. the extension service of the university is organized to carry the message of better homes, better farms, better social and business relations to the people who need it. farmers' institutes, short courses, lectures, demonstration, farm supervision, judging at county fairs, boys' and girls' club work, institute trains, county agent service, indicate some of the kinds of work in progress. the press is also a powerful factor in this work. the minnesota farmers' library, which is made up of timely publications on all matters of rural interest, has a mailing list of fifty-five thousand farmers. from six to twelve of these publications are issued each year. "university farm press news" reaches regularly six hundred papers in the state. "rural school agriculture," containing material especially adapted to the needs of the consolidated and rural schools, reaches practically every rural and consolidated school in the state each month. "the visitor" is a special publication prepared for the use of the teachers of agriculture in the high schools of the state. the "farmers' institute annual" is a manual of three hundred pages published each year in editions of fifty thousand and contains material of interest to every farmer. many special articles are prepared for farm papers. every department of the extension service and college and station is in touch with the farm homes of the state through correspondence, and much valuable work is accomplished in this way. the aim is always to work from the home as the center, and from that to the group of homes constituting the community, the township, the county and the state, in an ever-enlarging circle. [illustration: a typical minnesota consolidated school building.] the greatest opportunity for better homes and better farms and a better country life is in enlisting the children of the country in the movement. when i say the children of the country, i do not mean to exclude the children of the villages and towns whose tastes may lead them countryward. we should never stop or attempt to stop the free movement between the country and the city. it is good for both. the children of today will be the farmers and farm home makers and the business men and women of tomorrow. are the children of the farmers looking forward with interest to farming as a business, and life in the country as attractive? the movement to the city in ever-increasing numbers is the answer, but it is the answer to what has been and now is, rather than to what is to be. a new day is dawning, in which the brightest minds and the choicest spirits will again choose to live in the open country and make there the ideal homes from which shall continue to come the life and vigor of the nation. but if it is to be so, the schools of the country must furnish real intelligent leadership and the country church must come again to spiritual leadership. we must all help to bring this about. minnesota has a plan to accomplish this, and it is working out even better than we dared hope. experience has shown that by consolidation or the cooperation of several districts, good results may be secured at no greater cost than the same type of school costs in town. the small school of today is expensive because it is inefficient. the consolidated school is giving the children of the country the education that they need and is doing it better than it can be done anywhere else. the consolidated school is becoming the rural community center. an important feature which has been adopted by many of the consolidated districts is the building of a home for the teachers in connection with the school. this home may be made typical of what the modern home should be, not expensive but substantial, artistic, convenient and sanitary. the grounds should be suitably planted with trees, shrubs and flowers, and there should be a garden. the school building is also made to fit the needs of the community. the larger rooms may be used for entertainments, farmers' club meetings, lectures, etc. there should be facilities for testing milk and other agricultural products, examining soils, etc. there should be a shop for wood and iron work, or at least a work bench and an anvil. there should be a library of good reading and a place to cook and bake and sew. there should be a typewriter, a piano or an organ, and such other conveniences for teaching and social center work as the community may wish and be able to secure, and, best of all, teachers living at the school who know how to operate the plant in every detail and to make it useful to the community. [illustration: an ideal plan for consolidated school grounds.] there were nine of these schools five years ago in minnesota. according to the last report of the department of public instruction, there are now, and the number is increasing constantly. the state as a state is behind the movement and is giving substantial aid, direction and supervision to these schools. when the forward movement was planned, plans were also made to train teachers and to give the teachers already in the service special work that would fit them to adjust themselves to the new needs. the normal schools and the high schools teaching agriculture, manual training and home economics have adjusted their courses to meet this new demand. six years ago the work had hardly begun. today there are high and graded schools teaching home economics, teaching agriculture, teaching manual training, and of these are preparing teachers especially for the rural schools. the college of agriculture and home economics of the university of minnesota is training the teachers in these subjects for the high schools and normal schools, and, in cooperation with the state superintendent of public instruction, the department of agriculture has been conducting a summer school for rural teachers, where those already teaching and those planning to teach can get the training required to meet the new conditions and demands. similar summer schools have been conducted in cooperation with the agricultural schools at crookston and morris. all together each year there are between , and , teachers taking these special courses. every effort is made to bring to these teachers the view point of the new country life movement. this society and the members individually in their home communities should stand squarely behind this movement. they should become thoroughly informed regarding it. it is the cornerstone of the new country life. finally i wish to call your attention again to the great educational opportunity which you are missing. if you could come into vital contact each year with more than , young men and women who are seeking for everything that will help them to be more useful citizens, would you do it? you could exert in that way an exceedingly great influence on the homes and future welfare of this state and nation. you can do it if you will come out and live with us the year round at university farm. we should have a building there suited to your needs that we could all use as a great horticultural center, open the year round. you have already taken steps in this direction. i hope that conditions will be such that we can join hands to get it very soon. * * * * * san jose scale requires prompt action--orchard should either be destroyed or sprayed before buds open.--there are a few orchards in colorado that are found to be infested with the san jose scale. owners of these orchards should determine upon one of two courses to pursue. the orchard should either be promptly cut down and destroyed, or the trees should be thoroughly treated with lime-sulphur solution or a good quality of miscible oil for the destruction of the scale before the buds open in the spring. if lime-sulphur is determined upon, the home-made article may be used, or the commercial lime-sulphur solutions may be used, in which case they should be diluted with water, in the proportion of one gallon of the commercial lime-sulphur to not more than ten gallons of water. the application should be made thoroughly, so that every bit of the bark of trunk and limbs is covered with the spray. if miscible oil is used, i would recommend using one gallon of the oil to each nineteen gallons of water. hard or alkaline waters should be avoided, as sometimes the oil will not make a good emulsion with them. use soft water, if possible.--c.p. gillette, colorado agricultural experiment station. the horticulturist as king. c. s. harrison, nurseryman, york, neb. some of the promises regarding our future stagger us with their vastness. "to him that overcometh will i grant to sit with me on my throne." but how is it down here? thou "crownest him with riches and honor." thou hast "put all things under his feet." unto fields where feet of angels come not we are chosen as partners of the heavenly father to make this a more fruitful and beautiful world. in our life work much depends on our attitude regarding our calling. we can plod like an ox, or like markham's semi-brute man with the hoe, and make that the badge of servitude to toil, or we can make it a wand in a magician's hand to call forth radiant forms of beauty from the somber earth to smile upon us and load the air with fragrance. we can live down in the basement of horticulture or in the upper story. man is coming to his own. the savage trembled at the lightning stroke which shivered the mighty oak. little knew he that here was a giant at play waiting to be tamed and harnessed so he could be the most obedient servant--ready at the master's beck to leap a continent, dive under the ocean, draw heavy trains, and run acres of machinery. man reaches out his wand, and steam, gas, and oil rise up to do his will. if, with the advance of civilization, he wants beautiful things to adorn person or home, he finds subterranean gardens of precious gems almost priceless in value--gems that are immortals, flowers that never fade, prophets all of the "glory to be revealed." you have heard of the marvelous persian garden of gems--four hundred feet in length and ninety feet wide--made to imitate the most beautiful blooms of earth. it cost millions upon millions. do you know that it is in your power, with the advance of floriculture, to create gardens far more resplendent in beauty--great gardens of delight fit for the touch of angel's feet, while the whole is flooded with billows of sweetest perfume? three years ago that was a patch of barren earth; now you have pulled down a section of paradise upon it and condensed there the tints of the morning, the splendors of the evening, the beauty of the rainbow, and the effulgence which flames in the mantles of the suns. i love to think of nature as a person--first born daughter of god--her head white with the snows of the centuries, her cheeks radiant with the flush of recurrent springtime, emblems of eternal youth. she takes you by the hand, leads you into the forests, talks to you of the soul of the tree, tells you how intelligent it is. there is one standing in the open. it has performed a feat no civil engineer can emulate. think of those roots so busily scurrying around in the earth, gathering food to send up the cambium highway to nourish the trees. see the taut cords thrown out to anchor it against the storms. look at those trees on the outskirts. among wild animals the strongest are on guard on the outside to protect the herd. so these sentinel trees guard their wards against the storms. fool man cuts down the guards and the wards fall before the sweep of the storm. mother nature--dear, friendly soul--takes you into her holy of holies and reveals her mysteries. she makes a confident of you. she throws open her doors and shows you the wide vistas of a new land you may enter and glorify. follow her direction, and what a friend you have! cross her, thinking you know more than she does, and she laughs at you. she takes you into the garden and the nursery and discloses her wonders and helps you to work miracles. you plant seeds and bulbs, and beauty rises to greet you. did you ever think of the royal position of the florist and horticulturist? the sacred poet speaks of the "labor of the olive." what a flood of light that opens upon us. "all things are yours." let us go out into the grove you have planted. i once took off my hat to myself. while living in the republican valley, near the th meridian, i planted some bull pine seed. when the little trees were large enough, i transplanted them in rows six feet apart and started a miniature forest. twenty-five years after i went to see them. the rows were straight. the trees had fine bodies six inches through. they were miniature columns in a temple, holding up a canopy of green. the ground was covered with a thick carpet of needles. it was one of the most pleasing sights i ever saw. then i thought, "what if i had planted forty acres?" i would have had a mecca to which horticultural pilgrims would have flocked from hundreds of miles. i planted the trees, and the faithful servants kept on working day and night, and that beautiful grove was the result. every tree you plant is your servant, and how faithful it is--no shirking, always at it whether you are looking or not. look at that cherry tree. how the tiny rootlets scurry through the soil--faithful children gathering food to send up to their mother. look at that flood of bloom. then the fruit grows till a mass of red gleams from the leafy coverts. there is a great difference between a patch of brown earth and your faithful jonathan. what a marvel that little patch of soil, absolutely milked by those busy foragers, and the extracts of it glowing in red beauty on the tree. talk of chemists! those quiet rootlets surpass them all. [illustration: albert victor iris, from mr. harrison's garden--about one-third size.] if you want to be in the realm of miracles, lay down your hoe awhile and sit among your flowers. your brain devised the plan, your hand planted the seeds and bulbs. "behold the lilies, how they grow." now sit there and think it out. at your feet are artists no human skill may imitate. two peonies grow side by side. golden harvest opens with yellow petals fading to purest white. in the center is a miniature festiva maxima--blood drops and all. how can those roots send up the golden tints, the snowy white and the red, and never have the colors mixed? close by is a plutarch, deep brilliant red. the roots intermingle. how is it possible to pick out of the dull soil, nature's eternal drab, that brilliant color for your peony? there are your iris, the new sorts absolutely undescribable. there are a dozen different shades in a single bloom. but those blind artists at work in their subterranean studios never make a mistake. the standards must have just such colors, the falls just such tints, and where did they get that dazzling radiant reflex such as you see on perfection, monsignor and black knight? but it is always there shimmering in the sunlight. there is a fairy--a pure snowy queen. how was that sweetness and purity ever extracted from the scentless soil? every bloom uncorks a vial of perfume which has the odor of the peach blossom. did you ever sit down in your kingdom and see what a royal throne you occupied? what a reception your flowers give you! the ambrosia and nectar of the feasts of the deities of fable are overshadowed by the fragrance and sweetness of your worshippers. it would seem that every flower, like a royal subject, was bent on rendering the most exalted honor to her king. no company of maidens preparing for nuptials were ever arrayed like these. each one is striving to do her best. the highest art ever displayed in the palaces of kings is no comparison to the beauty and splendor of your reception. by divine right you are supreme. the fertile soil puts her tributes at your feet; for you all the viewless influences of nature are at work; for you the sun shines and the showers fall. so brothers, don't creep but mount up as on eagle's wings. invoice yourself and see how great you are! don't live all the while in the basement--spend some time in the upper story of your calling! you are not making the earth weep blood. you are not spreading on the fields a carpet of mangled forms. you are not dropping ruin and death from the skies or polluting god's pure waters with submarines. you are not turning all your energies into the work of destruction, despoiling the treasures of art and the pride of the ages and turning the fairest portions of the earth into desolations. you are not changing yourselves into demons to gloat over starvation and ruin. you are soldiers of peace. behind you was the somber earth. you touched it with the wand of your power, and beauty, health and pleasure sprang up to bless you. see what you have done! you have clothed the barrenness of the dreary plain with gardens, orchards and forests. you have been at work with god and glorified a vast empire, and now he has blessed the work of your hands. instead of the air sodden with tears and tremulous with the wail of widows and orphans, you are welcomed with the joy of children and the delight of mothers. all along the lines of progress you receive the most cordial ovations, and when you pass on to the land where "everlasting spring abides", may you receive the royal welcome, "well done, good and faithful servant." the newer fruits in and how secured. prof. n. e. hansen, state college, brookings, south dakota. mr. hansen: mr. president and fellow members: this subject is not an entirely satisfactory one this year owing to the fact that we lost about three sets of tomato plants from frost, the last frost coming the ninth of june. these conditions, of course, are unusual, but it prevented the fruiting of a lot of new fruit seedlings which appeared promising. however, i decided to propagate two new plums because they had borne several excellent crops. one of these is a very late plum of good quality, with flesh of peculiar crisp texture, which ripens after all the other plums, about a week before frost. it is a combination of the wolf plum with the kansas sand plum (_prunus watsoni_). the tree is of late dwarf habit but very productive, and its late season may give it a place. another plum which i decided to place in propagation is a hybrid of the wild plum of manitoba with the japanese plum. the mother tree was raised from wild plum pits received from manitoba a few years ago. these bear very freely and are the earliest of the native plums. the tree is of low, dwarf habit. the fruit is not as large as my waneta, which is a hybrid of the largest native plum, the terry, (_prunus americana_), with the apple, one of the best of burbank's japanese plums. but since the range of the plum manitoba is so far north, it may give greater hardiness where that is needed. at any rate, it is of interest to know that the manitoba native plum can be mated with the japanese plum. pears constitute my favorite line at present. "what can i do for hardy pears?" is a question i have been asked many times. the prairie northwest cannot raise pears owing to the cold or the blight. in my travels in asia, including four tours of exploration in siberia, i made a business of buying up basketfuls of pears in manchuria, mongolia, western china and eastern siberia and saving the seed, giving the flesh away to the coolies, who were glad always to get the fruit. these have raised me many seedlings. in addition i have imported a lot of pears from russia. [illustration: pyrus simoni the hardy, blight-proof sand pear used by prof. n.e. hansen in breeding pears for the northwest. a careful study of our eastern arctic pears has been made recently by mr. alfred rehder, botanist at arnold arboretum, and this form of sand pear is now called pyrus ovoidea instead of pyrus sinensis, or pyrus simoni.] the pears of northern china and eastern siberia are usually called the chinese sand pear and have been given various names, _pyrus sinensis_, _pyrus ussuriensis_, _pyrus simoni_. the form i am working with mainly was received in the spring of at the south dakota station under the name of _pyrus simoni_, from dr. c.s. sargent, director of the arnold arboretum, boston, massachusetts. since the publication of bulletin , of the south dakota experiment station, april, , in which i give a brief outline of this work, the pears of this region have been studied by dr. alfred rehder of the arnold arboretum, and it now appears that the true name of _pyrus simonii_ should be _pyrus ovoidea_. these trees have proved perfectly hardy at brookings and have never suffered from blight. varieties of other pears have been top-grafted on this tree, and they have blighted, but the blight did not affect the rest of the tree. mr. charles g. patten, charles city, iowa, also has a form of the chinese sand pear which has proven immune to blight. in other places sand pears have been under trial which have suffered from winter-killing. however, i understand that the pear mr. patten has tapers toward the stem, while the pear received by me as _pyrus simonii_ tapers toward the blossom end. the actual source of seed is really of greater importance than the botanical name, as it is possible to get the seed from too far south, whereas we should plant only the northern form of the species. the fruits of _pyrus ovoidea_ correspond in size to the ordinary pear much like the whitney crab-apple does to the apple. it is a real pear, juicy and sweet, but not high flavored. other varieties of pears have been top-grafted on this tree and have blighted, but the blight did not affect the rest of the tree. during the many seasons i have had this pear the tip of one twig only showed a very slight trace the past season, but i did not determine it was really blight. it is practically immune. i have also worked the birch-leaved pear, _pyrus betulifolia_, bunge, a native of northern china, and a choice ornamental tree. trees of this species were received from a nursery in germany in the fall of and have proven perfectly hardy and quite resistant to blight. the fruit is quite small, usually less than one-half inch in diameter, covered with thick russet. _betulifolia_ means birch-leaved, alluding to the shape of the leaf. now, the pear is a difficult thing to work with on account of blight. what is blight? it is an american bacterial disease, not found in the home of the pear, asia or europe, so that during the , years of its cultivation of recorded history the pear has never had to meet the bacterial enemy known as blight. that is one of the reasons, i presume, why they have such strict quarantine in europe against american trees. the question with pears is, will they stand blight or not? they are spending hundreds of thousands of dollars in california to keep out blight. blight is a native of the northeast united states, and they are keeping it down on the pacific slope, but they are always on the edge of the precipice. the whole pear culture of america is in an unsatisfactory state, owing to this danger. with these two northern pears as a foundation, i have endeavored to secure seedlings with fruit of large size and choice quality by hybridizing them with many of the best cultivated pears from germany, france, england, central russia and finland, as well as with some of the best varieties from the eastern pear-growing regions of the united states. the work has been done mostly under glass in our fruit-breeding greenhouse. some of these fruits weighed one and one-fourth pounds. some of the resulting seedlings are subject to blight, while many have thus far shown immunity. since it is impossible to determine their relative immunity to blight except by distributing them for trial elsewhere, i sent out scions in the spring of of thirty-nine of these new seedlings to twenty-four men in several states. these varieties are under restrictions until fruited and deemed worthy of further propagation. [illustration: crossing work in pears--view in prof. n. e. hansen's fruit-breeding greenhouse, state college, brookings, s.d.] i did not know whether immunity to blight is a possibility or only an iridescent dream, so i made no charge for these scions. the only test of a pear seedling, the same as with the apple, is that of propagation. furthermore, if you have but the one seedling tree you may lose it by accident; whereas, if you send it out to a number of good men, you cannot lose it. it should be distinctly understood that none of these new seedlings have borne fruit, but by what may be termed the projective efficiency of the pedigree i am satisfied that some of them will be valuable. in like manner, a horse-breeder depends so much on the pedigree in his colts that he is willing to enter them in a race. i believe something of value will come from this line of work. i do know that my _pyrus ovoidea_ is a pretty good, juicy little pear, a whole lot better than no pear at all. i hope these seedlings will keep up their immunity to blight. the original seedling trees certainly have had every chance to become affected by blight, as they were surrounded by blighting apple trees, crab-apple trees and pear trees, and no blight was cut out. i thought this was the best way, since that is the test they will have in the farmers' orchards when they go out from the nursery. _hardy pear stocks._--now we are up against the problem of stocks for these hardy pears. the quince is a standard dwarf stock, but it is not hardy enough for us. last spring i planted , seedlings of the various commercial pear stocks, including imported french pear seedlings, american grown french pear seedlings, kieffer pear seedlings and japan pear seedlings. from one season's experience i like the japan pear the best. the french pear seedlings, especially, did not do well. the japan pear stock is coming into high favor in recent years on our pacific slope, where it is sometimes called the chinese blight-proof stock. the french pear stock is not in favor on our pacific slope owing to their liability to blight. we may also expect from the french pear stock a decided lack of hardiness. the japan pear stock is probably some form of the chinese sand pear. the seed may come from too far south, whereas we should plant only the northern form of the species. this varying degree of hardiness in the japan pear seedling of commerce i find discussed in a german horticultural paper. i have tried to establish a regular source of supply by importing the seed, but it is difficult indeed to do this. to avoid root-killing at the north we should mulch these japan pear seedlings heavily until we get enough orchards of this truly hardy form, _pyrus ovoidea_, planted so we can raise our own stocks. i firmly believe we will extend pear culture on the north american continent clear to the arctic circle if we wish. for pear stocks i am going to try everything i can think of. some years ago i worked pears on juneberry stock from a hint given me many years ago by professor j.l. budd. these grew well and were in full bloom when five feet high, but were lost in clearing off a block of trees. i hope to try this again on a larger scale. the mountain ash and hawthorn are sometimes used, but both will be expensive and perhaps short-lived. the quince is the dwarf stock of commerce but would need to be very heavily mulched to prevent root-killing. such dwarf pears are splendid in the back yard, or for training up against the side of the house; the fruit is fine and large, and the trees fruit the second year. the pear will root in nursery by grafting with a long scion on apple seedlings. i hope there will be much work done along this line. to sum up the question, i think there is a hardy pear in sight. we have the requisite pedigree back of it, and it seems that the quality we call immunity to blight is in some of these chinese or siberian pears. if we can combine the hardiness and blight-resistance of this siberian pear with the large size and high quality of fruit of the european pear, with thousands of years of cultivation back of it, then we have the solution of the pear question in sight. millions and millions of people are watching for a good hardy pear. (applause.) * * * * * warning to mushroom growers.--as the result of a serious case of mushroom poisoning in a mushroom grower's family recently, the mushroom specialists of the u.s. department of agriculture have issued a warning to commercial and other growers of mushrooms to regard with suspicion any abnormal mushrooms which appear in their beds. it seems that occasionally sporadic forms appear in mushroom beds, persist for a day or two, and then disappear. these are generally manure-inhabiting species and may be observed shortly after the beds have been cased. in the instance cited, however, these fungi appeared in considerable numbers at the time the edible _agaricus campestris_ should have been ready for the market, and the dealer supposed it was probably a new brown variety and tried it in his own family. as a result, five persons were rendered absolutely helpless and were saved after several hours only through the assistance of a second physician who had had experience with this type of poisoning. in the opinion of the department, this case is peculiarly significant and demonstrates that the grower must be able to distinguish _agaricus campestris_ from any of the wild forms of mushrooms that may appear in the beds. under the circumstances, the department strongly urges every grower to make himself thoroughly familiar with the cultivated species. complete descriptions, with pictures of poisonous and cultivated species, are contained in department bulletin , "mushrooms and other common fungi," which can be purchased for cents from the superintendent of documents, government printing office, washington, d.c. manufacture of cider vinegar from minnesota apples. prof. w. g. brierly, hort. dept., university farm, st. paul. cider making is an old process, carried on in a small way on the farm or more extensively in the commercial "quick process." from apple cider many different products are obtained, chief of these being vinegar and others being bottled cider, boiled cider, apple butter and, more recently, concentrated cider and cider syrup. this discussion will consider only the manufacture of vinegar. as a farm process, the making of cider vinegar utilizes an otherwise waste product, the culls or unmarketable varieties. it can be done on rainy days or when other work is slack. for the best results, however, as in any form of marketing, some vinegar should be made each year so that the market may be supplied regularly, and, further, to give the necessary experience which will mean a better quality of vinegar. as a commercial process we find the making of cider is a regularly conducted manufacturing enterprise in which a considerable amount of capital is needed. expert knowledge of vinegar making, especially of the "quick process," is essential. on this basis it is not open to the apple grower and is a doubtful venture on a co-operative plan without the help of experts. where a vinegar factory is established, however, it gives to the orchardist a means to dispose of his cull apples. considering the process as it can be carried on on the farm, there are a number of distinct steps, all of which are important. the first step is to prepare for the work. get a good machine, as it will pay for itself in the added extract of juice. a good machine need not cost more than $ and may be had for less. casks must be obtained and sterilized with live steam or sulphur fumes, washed thoroughly, and kept in a convenient place where they will not dry. it is best as well to have the convenience of running water to wash the apples if dirty and to clean up the machine occasionally. cleanliness should be provided for and insisted upon, as dirty and decaying apples not only give undesirable flavors, but the bacteria and molds feed upon the sugar in the cider and greatly reduce the strength of the vinegar. this is one reason why a rainy day is a good time for cider making, as dust and flies are less and molds are not so abundantly "planted" in the cider. the next step is the grinding and pressing and is very simple. with an efficient machine the cider is quickly ready for the casks. then follows the first fermentation, which very frequently is not properly managed, and poor vinegar results. the casks should be filled only two-thirds full, the bung left open but screened with cheesecloth or lightly fitted with a plug of cotton to admit air. compressed yeast generally should be added, at the rate of one cake to each five gallons, first mixing the yeast in lukewarm water. if the cask is then placed in a warm place, at least sixty degrees--seventy degrees or more being better--we have the three requirements of proper fermentation, namely, air, warmth and yeast. this will give rapid fermentation, which will reduce the loss of sugars to a minimum. this fermentation should be allowed to go on until completed. if vinegar starts to form it will usually leave a residue of sugar and give a weaker vinegar. it will require from two weeks to a year to change all the sugars into alcohol, depending upon the management of the work. when finished the clear juice is "racked" or siphoned into a clean cask, through a straining cloth to insure the removal of all pomace or sediment. [illustration: prof. w. g. brierly, horticultural dept., university farm, st. paul, minn.] then follows the fermentation to produce the acetic acid and finish the vinegar. a "starter" of "mother" can be used, but it is best to take out a gallon or more of the cider when "racking" and add a pint to a quart of a good grade cider vinegar. let it stand in a warm place, well covered with cheesecloth, and in from four to ten days a granular, brownish cake should begin to form. this starter can then be put directly into the casks, a pint or more to each cask. if the starter develops a white, slimy coat, throw it out and start again. for all of this second stage of fermentation follow the same plan as at first. fill the barrels not over two-thirds full, use a cotton plug or cheesecloth screen at the bung and keep at a warm temperature. the essentials again are air and warmth, with a good vinegar starter. under these conditions the vinegar may be ready in from two to ten months. if the usual plan of "natural" fermentation is followed, and the cask is kept at a low temperature, it may be three years before the vinegar is ready. when the vinegar seems to be completed, send a sample to the state dairy and food commission at the capitol for analysis. if they say it is completed, "rack" off and strain again into clean barrels, this time filling full and driving in the bung. this will prevent loss from evaporation, and the vinegar can be sold at any time. the state law requires that cider vinegars sold in the state measure up to a certain standard--namely, four per cent. of acetic acid, . grams per cc. of solids, and . grams per cc. of ash. so much for vinegar making in general. for minnesota conditions little is known about the definite behavior of any apple varieties. this has led to the study of vinegar making as a problem for the experiment station. the division of horticulture is carrying on variety tests to determine the yields of juice at different stages of maturity, the efficiency of types of presses, labor costs per gallon, and the production of vinegar from each variety to determine its value. the division of agricultural chemistry makes analyses of the sweet cider to determine the composition and vinegar prospects, and also analyzes the vinegars at various stages. the work has been carried on for two seasons and is showing some interesting facts. these must, however, be checked with further work before definite statements can be published. as to machines, our results show that the press with press cloths will outyield nearly two to one the press with the barrel or drum. however, a strong grain sack used to catch the pomace and used to confine it in the drum will give a very satisfactory yield, but it requires a considerable amount of labor to do this. as to labor costs per gallon, we have as yet no definite figures except that one man can grind and press a minimum of eight to nine gallons an hour. two men can raise the output to at least thirteen gallons. at cents per hour the cost per gallon on this basis varies between two and four cents. as the apples are of little value, and the labor generally "rainy day" labor, this seems to give an inexpensive product. our vinegars are as yet incomplete. the run of was very limited and of necessity stored in a cold cellar. it now tests two per cent. acetic acid, so is only half finished. as to variety yields, the results of the work of two seasons compare very closely and show generally that there is a variation from a minimum of a scant two gallons up to more than a pint over three gallons from forty pounds of each variety. the forty-pound quantity is taken as representative of the bushel by measure. the varieties leading cider production are--the hibernal and wealthy, which generally have given us about three gallons per forty pounds, the duchess and patten running slightly lower in cider yield. the longfield, lowland raspberry, charlamoff and whitney rank in a third group, according to our trials. this does not mean, however, that those in the latter group are not usable, as the charlamoff and whitney are among the highest in sugar content. these figures are greatly modified if the apples have been in storage or are over-ripe. the chemical analyses of the ciders show that, in general, minnesota apples do not contain relatively high percentages of sugars. this varies with the season and increases with maturity. the highest total sugar content in ripe apples has been found in the charlamoff at . per cent., followed in order by whitney, . per cent., wealthy . per cent., duchess . per cent., patten . per cent., hibernal . per cent., and longfield at . per cent. the significance of these figures is seen when the statement is made that it usually takes two per cent. sugars to make one per cent. of acetic acid. with the majority of our apples we must work carefully, or the vinegar will not meet the state standard of four per cent. acetic acid. this is further substantiated by the report of the state dairy and food commission that the vinegar samples sent to them rarely come up to the standard. from the data as we now have it we cannot draw definite conclusions, but in general it is safe to say that the making of vinegar from minnesota apples is done on a close margin. this will mean careful work to get the most out of the fermentation, the use of yeast, warm cellars or store rooms and proper management of the casks as to filling and the entrance of air. the work is not expensive. there is a good demand for really good vinegar, and a market is provided for fruit which could not readily be sold in any other form. a summer in our garden. mrs. gertrude ellis skinner, austin. summer in our garden begins with the arrival of the first seed catalogue in january, and closes the day before its arrival the next january. we may be short on flowers in our garden, but we are long on seed catalogues in our library. we do not believe in catalogue houses excepting seed catalogues. we find them more marvelous than the arabian nights, more imaginative than baron manchausen, and more alluring than a circus poster. we care not who steals the mona lisa so long as salzer sends us pictures of his cabbages. the art gallery of the louvre may be robbed of its masterpiece without awakening a pang in our breasts, if dreer will only send us the pictures of those roses that bloom in the paint-shops of philadelphia. morgan may purchase the choicest collections of paintings in europe and hide them from the public in his new york mansion, if may will send us pictures of watermelons, such as were never imagined by raphael, michael angelo or correggio. while the world watches the struggle for the ownership of some great railway system, the control of some big trust, the development of some enormous enterprise, we watch for the arrival of the seed catalogue to see which artist can get the most cabbages in a field, the most melons on a cart, or make the corn look most like the big trees of yosemite. don't talk to us of the pleasures of bridge whist, it is not to be compared with the seed catalogue habit. in the seed catalogue we mark all the things we are going to buy, we mark all the new things. there is the wonderberry, sweeter than the blueberry, with the fragrance of the pineapple and the lusciousness of the strawberry! we mark the himalaya-berry--which grows thirty feet, sometimes sixty feet in a single season. why, one catalogue told of a man who picked , - / pounds of berries from a single vine, beside what his children ate. our himalaya vine grew four inches the first season and died the first winter. we were glad it did. we did not want such a monster running over our garden. we wanted to raise other things. but we did not lose faith in our catalogues. we believe what they say just as the small boy believes he will see a lion eat a man at the circus, because the billboard pictures him doing it. if we ordered all the seeds we mark in the catalogue in january, we would require a township for a garden, a rockefeller to finance it and an army to hoe it. we did not understand the purpose of a catalogue for a long time. a catalogue is a stimulus. it's like an oyster cocktail before a dinner, a scotch high-ball before the banquet and the singing before the sermon. salzer knows no one ever raised such a crop of cabbages as he pictures or the world would be drowned in sauer kraut. if the himalaya-berry bore as the catalogues say it does we should all be buried in jam. you horticulturists never expect to raise such an apple as lindsay describes; if you did, they would be more valuable than the golden apples of hesperides. but when we get a catalogue we just naturally dream that what we shall raise will not only be as good but will excel the pictures. alas, of such stuff are dreams made! we could not do our gardening without catalogues, but they are not true to life as we find it in our garden. we never got a catalogue that showed the striped bug on the cucumber, the slug on the rose bush, the louse on the aster, the cut worm on the phlox, the black bug on the syringa, the thousand and one pests, including the great american hen, the queen of the barnyard, but the goth and vandal of the garden. but the best part of summer in our garden is the work we do in winter. then it is that our garden is most beautiful, for we work in the garden of imagination, where drouth does not blight, nor storms devastate, where the worm never cuts nor the bugs destroy. no dog ever uproots in the garden of imagination, nor doth the hen scratch. this is the perfect garden. our golden glow blossoms in all of its auriferous splendor, the oriental poppy is a barbaric blaze of glory, our roses are as fair as the tints of aurora, the larkspur vies with the azure of heaven, the gladioli are like a galaxy of butterflies and our lilies like those which put solomon in the shade. every flower is in its proper place to make harmony complete. there is not a jarring note of color in our garden in the winter time. then comes the spring in our garden, a time of faith, vigilance and hard work. faith that the seed will grow, vigilance that it is planted deep enough and has the right conditions in which to grow. vigilance against frost, weeds and insects. planting, sowing, hoeing, transplanting, coaxing, hoping, expecting, working--we never do half that we planned to do in the springtime--there are not enough days, and the days we have are too short. then comes summer, real summer in our garden. then flowers begin to bloom, and our friends tell us they are lovely. but we see the flaws and errors. we feel almost guilty to have our garden praised, so many glaring faults and shortcomings has it. the color scheme is wrong, there are false notes here and there. there are tall plants where short plants should be. there are spaces and breaks and again spots over-crowded. we water and hoe, train vines, prop plants, and kill the bugs, but we know the weak spots in our garden and vow that next summer we shall remedy every mistake. [illustration: mrs. gertrude ellis skinner among her gladoli.] then "summer in our garden" has an autumn. the garden is never so beautiful as when the first frost strikes it. pillow-cases, sheets, shawls, aprons, coats and newspapers may for a brief time hold at bay the frost king, but he soon laughs at our efforts, crawls under the edges of the unsightly garments with which we protect our flowers, nips their petals, wilts their stems and blackens their leaves. we find them some morning hopelessly frozen. but the earth has ceased to give forth its aroma, the birds are winging southward, the waters of the brook run clear and cold, and the voice of the last cricket sounds lonesome in the land. we say to nature, "work your will with our garden; the summer is over, and we are ready to plan for another season." and what have we learned from the "summer in our garden?" that no one can be happy in his garden unless he works for the joy of the working. he who loves his work loves nature. to him his garden is a great cathedral, boundless as his wonder, a place of worship. above him the dome ever changing in color and design, beautiful in sunshine or storm and thrice beautiful when studded with the eternal lamps of night. the walls are the trees, the vines and the shrubs, waving in the distant horizon and flinging their branches on the sky line, or close at hand where we hear the voice of the wind among the leaves. a wondrous floor is the garden's cathedral of emerald green in the summer, sprinkled with flowers, of ermine whiteness in the winter, sparkling with the diamonds of frost. its choir is the winds, the singing birds and the hum of insects. its builder and maker is god. man goeth to his garden in the springtime, and, behold, all is mystery. there is the mystery of life about him, in the flowing sap in the trees, the springing of the green grass, the awakening of the insect world, the hatching of the worm from the egg, the changing of the worm into the butterfly. the seed the gardener holds in his hand is a mystery. he knows what it will produce, but why one phlox seed will produce a red blossom and another a white is to him a miracle. he wonders at the prodigality of nature. in her economy, what is one or ten thousand seeds! she scatters them with lavish hand from ragweed, thistle or oak. if man could make but the single seed of the ragweed, he could make a world. the distance between a pansy and a planet is no greater than between man and a pansy. the gardener sees the same infinite care bestowed upon the lowest as upon the highest form of life, and he wonders at it. he looks into the face of a flower, scans the butterfly and notes the toadstool and sees that each is wonderful. from the time he enters his garden in the springtime until he leaves it in the autumn, he will find a place and a time to worship in his cathedral. he enters it with the seed in his hand in the spring, and as he rakes away the ripened plants in the autumn he finds something still of the mystery of life. a puff-ball is before him, and he muses on its forming. the little puff-ball stands at one end of the scale of life and he, man, at the other, "close to the realm where angels have their birth, just on the boundary of the spirit land." from the things visible in our garden we learn of the things invisible, and strong the faith of him who kneeling in adoration of the growing plant looks from nature to nature's god and finds the peace which passeth understanding. bringing the producer and consumer together. r. s. mackintosh, horticultural specialist, agricultural extension division, university farm, st. paul. the introduction of mr. producer to mr. consumer directly, and not by proxy, is the chief desire of the present time. the fact remains, however, that in the vast majority of cases messrs. proxy & co. is brought in and breaks up the direct personal contact. the development of complex marketing means specialization and in a large degree sets it apart from production. when specialization becomes dominant, then standardization becomes necessary. each producer is unable to keep in touch with all such movements and consequently finds it hard to keep abreast of the times. in this age of rapid transit, specialization, scientific discoveries, and the improvements resulting therefrom, seem somewhat out of place when compared with our present marketing systems. this does not mean that our marketing is entirely out of joint, but it does mean that there is something the matter or so many would not be discussing it. the consumer hears what the producer received, the producer hears what the consumer paid, and then somebody gets to thinking and talking. discussions lead to investigations, and investigations lead to conferences. just lately a large conference was held in chicago, and certain plans were formulated to attempt to unravel some of the evils that exist in marketing. so much has been said that the u.s. department of agriculture has begun certain investigations, and we hope that the workers will find ways to solve some of the troubles in a logical and, we hope, sane way. a year ago your committee on marketing reported that there were certain things needed, and an ideal system was suggested to correct these faults. one of the basic factors emphasized was standardization. another committee reported on changes needed in the statutes regarding the weight of a bushel of apples. congress has enacted a law which specifies the size of a barrel for apples. new york, massachusetts and other states have enacted grading laws. some states require that the fruit be free of certain insect and disease injuries. several states have laws regulating commission men. most states have laws which do not allow the sale of food products that are decayed. these are all steps toward the standardization that is so necessary. in other words, the several laws have been passed to correct some of the troubles which have come up when so many hands handle the products. these laws were not needed in olden times when the consumer went directly to the producer's door and there bargained for his wares. minnesota is a state noted for co-operative enterprises. there are over two thousand such organizations doing more than $ , , . worth of business yearly. we know full well the value of the co-operative creameries and how butter has been brought up to a high standard. as citizens, we rejoice; as horticulturists, and citizens as well, we want our products to stand high in the estimation of others. i was much pained this summer while discussing the marketing of apples with several commission men to hear them say that they did not like to take local shipments. the reason was that the goods were usually below grade, and the returns did not always please the growers. it is evident that we must improve our methods in ways which will remove this stigma. many of the commission men try to induce good grading and packing. they like to handle "top notch" goods, for it is cheaper to handle goods that move quickly than those that are a drag and require too much handling. the agricultural extension division of the college of agriculture is organized to give help, where help is needed, along a large number of agricultural lines. realizing these facts, we have been trying to get the ear of the producer and consumer in an effort to get them to do certain things. on the one hand, we want to have good varieties, and to help this lectures and demonstrations are given in the care of the orchard, pruning, spraying, thinning, picking, grading, packing and marketing. on the other hand we want more people to eat minnesota apples. it is a campaign of education and publicity. if one wishes to sell anything, he finds that he must advertise. he must advertise so much and in so many ways that people cannot help buying his wares. there are certain widely advertised articles that you must know, whether you are interested or not. one of these runs along the highways so often that you are shaken, even against your will, into consciousness of its existence, so that you cannot get along without having one, or at least seeing one. the latest edition seems to have put on feathers in the form of a white dove of peace. may it succeed. advertising minnesota apples has been attempted this past year. it was found necessary to provide a standard by which the buyer and seller could agree on apple grades. after consulting several persons, it was decided to adopt the following grades: "a" grade.--hand picked, normal shape, good color (at least one-third colored), free from dirt, disease and insect injuries, and well packed. limit of defects allowed: not more than % of all kinds nor % of any one kind. [illustration: prof. r. s. mackintosh--horticulturist connected with extension division, university farm, st. paul.] "b" grade.--hand picked, practically normal shape, practically free from dirt, disease and insect injuries, and properly packed. limit of defects allowed: not more than % of all nor % of any one kind. only one variety and grade should be put in a package. in the grade specifications given, normal shape refers to the general form of well-grown specimens of the variety in question. for instance: the wealthy is regular in outline and nearly round, while the hibernal is somewhat flat and often irregular. in like manner the color must be typical of the variety, whether green, yellow or red. red apples usually sell better than green or yellow varieties, although the quality may be even poorer. fruit showing insect or disease injuries cannot be classed as well grown. grading to size is very important. this is not specified because it depends upon the variety and season. only apples above a selected minimum size, as - / inches, the diameter at right angles to stem, should be placed in the same package. defects refer to apples not up to grade in size, color or shape and having bruises, punctures, disease or insect injuries. _fancy._--for persons having extra choice fruit, a fancy grade can be used. well-grown specimens, hand picked, of normal shape, at least two-thirds colored, free from dirt, diseases and insect injuries and properly packed. not more than % of combined defects allowed, of which only % can be of the same kind. hundreds of letters were sent to persons in the state, telling them that we would maintain an information bureau or clearing house to help them in finding markets for their apples. several growers replied, and the names of persons who were anxious to buy apples were given them. nine farmers' clubs asked for information as to where minnesota apples could be bought. this is a beginning, and it shows that there is need for some sort of an organization that can find out where apples are and who wants them. the intention has not been to interfere with the regular trade routes, but to give the growers information as to who wants apples. as you will notice, this does not bring the producer directly to the door of the consumer. there must be some one to act as a go-between in most cases. it was just stated that minnesota is a state having a very large number of co-operative business organizations. among these are about two hundred live stock shipping associations having a very simple form of organization. a number of persons in a community, having considerable stock to ship, come together, adopt a simple set of by-laws which provide for the selection of a manager, his compensation--usually a certain percentage on the gross receipts--and a small amount for losses which may occur. no capital stock is required--only the actual living stock. the manager ships the stock at certain times, and when the returns come in deducts the amounts provided for expenses and then returns to each shipper his proportionate amount. in this way the stock is sold at the terminal yards the same day and with other stock from many sections. it is a very simple, satisfactory way of marketing. the more i study and think of our apple situation, the more i am of the opinion that a very large part of our fruit could be marketed in a similar way. some of our la crescent friends ship together in carlots successfully. why not others? this is the very best way to begin co-operation in a successful way. as mr. collingwood says: "co-operation, like charity, should begin at home and be well nurtured." in other words, begin to co-operate at home in a small way and let the future large organizations take care of themselves. to be specific, let the growers in a community meet and form a fruit-shipping association with by-laws patterned after the successful stock-shipping associations. then the fruit should be well grown, picked in time, graded thoroughly and honestly packed and marked. haul at once to car. the manager will take charge and ship as he thinks best. each package must have the customary identification marks, so the manager can keep an accurate record of all transactions. if, by chance, trouble comes up, the shippers can pool their interests, and send a representative to find out the trouble. thus they can do together what each cannot do alone. even this does not bring the consumers directly in contact with the producers. it is, however, a step nearer. the public auctions started in new york this season seem to have been successful, and it may mean an innovation which will improve marketing conditions in general. these auctions are held under the recently formed department of foods and markets. the department has contracted with a large auction company which advances the freight, conducts the sales, guarantees the accounts, and advances the net returns for the goods daily. the producer is able to get returns within two days. the total cost is % on the gross sales; % for the auction company and % for the department of markets for the advertising and for other overhead expenses. posters have been issued to advertise new york state apples. as this department has been working only for a short time, it is too early to tell whether it is a success in every way. we earnestly ask your co-operation in trying to solve the question of marketing minnesota apples. all interested must assist in this important subject. * * * * * world's tallest trees.--the tallest trees are the australian eucalyptus, which attain a height of feet. garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. hardy chrysanthemums. the new type of hardy chrysanthemums called "early-flowering" has been largely developed by a frenchman named august nonin, of paris, who has devoted much of his life to perfecting this strain from seedlings of the old-fashioned "mums" of our grandmothers' gardens. it is considered by far the most satisfactory kind to grow out of doors, blossoming earlier than the pompons. a few of the best of these early-flowering types are: white--crawford white, dorothy, milka and normandie; yellow--e'toile d'or, carrie, october gold; pink--beaurepaire, eden, le danube; red and bronze shades--harvest home, firelight, a. barham and billancourt. these are the earliest bloomers of this type. hardy pompons are still most largely grown for outdoor flowering, but of these there is also a choice, as the earliest bloomers are the most desirable to use. lilian doty, a large-flowered, clear, bright pink, is considered the very best of these. donald and minta are other good pinks. the earliest whites are queen of the whites, waco, grace and myer's perfection. jeanette, wm. sabey, golden climax and zenobia are the best yellows, and julia lagravere, urith and tiber the best crimson and bronze shades. there are many other beautiful pompons, but they bloom too late for practical out-of-door use. the single mums have of late been used successfully out-of-doors when early blooming varieties have been chosen. of these elsa, gladys duckham and mensa are the earliest whites: ivor grant, mrs. southbridge and mrs. buckingham the earliest pinks; josephine, golden mensa and marion sutherland the earliest yellows; and silvia slade, ceddie mason and brightness the earliest crimson and bronze shades. as soon as it is warm enough in the spring the plants should be set out about twelve inches apart in rich garden soil, and kept pinched back during may and june to insure a stocky growth. if one has old clumps in the garden, they should be taken up and divided and set in new earth just as any old perennial plant would be treated. during the hot summer weather they should be well watered once a week and sprayed in the cool of the evening. this will keep down the black and green aphis, the worst enemies of mums. in case these pests become a menace a spray of tobacco water will end the trouble. a little bone meal or well rotted manure dug about the plants in august will help to produce fine blooms. a gardener who has never yet lost a plant through winter-killing treats them as follows: after they have finished blooming he cuts them down to about eight inches above the ground and lets the leaves blow in on the bed, covering to a depth of six or eight inches. then he lays pine branches over the beds to prevent the leaves from blowing away. so treated, the plants will remain frozen all winter. they should in all cases be set in a well drained position, as they will not stand "wet feet." uncover with the other perennials in the spring.--mrs. e. w. gould. bee-keeper's column. conducted by francis jager, professor of apiculture, university farm, st. paul. the minnesota honey crop of will probably be a record breaker. this brings up the question of how to market this crop to the best advantage. let me state at once that the greatest obstacle to free and easy selling of honey is the careless, untidy, sometimes unsanitary way some bee-keepers put up their honey for the market--spoiling the appetite of the public for this most delicious of nature's foods not only for themselves but also for progressive and up-to-date bee-keepers. the result of this big honey crop will be to eliminate the no. and no. bee-keeper and his honey from the market until no. has sold out his product. a short article like this cannot make a good bee-keeper out of a poor one, it can only serve as a reminder to those who know how "lest they forget." moreover, the most careless and backward bee-keepers imagine that they are crackerjacks at their trade, thus putting themselves beyond the possibility of becoming anything. it takes a thousand hammer-blows to drive home a truth or a useful idea. if comb honey is your specialty observe the national grading and packing rules. they are printed in all bee papers and magazines, and have been given all possible publication to reach you. to obtain fancy comb honey your sections must have been made over strong colonies in no. white, new sections with extra thin top and bottom starters. after the honey flow is over in your locality (which you can detect by the tendency of bees to rob and be cross) remove your comb honey at once. by leaving it on, travel stained and propolis spotted sections will result. the snow white finish of the comb will be discolored, the wood will assume that "used and handled" appearance which is not attractive to the buyer. the sections must be graded fancy, no. and no. . every section must be scraped around the edges and all propolis removed. some bee-keepers even polish the wood of the section until it looks as clean as if it just came from the factory. after cleaning and grading put up your honey into standard shipping cases. do not ship it in the super where it was raised nor in a soap box. if shipped to a distant market by freight or express, eight shipping cases must be packed together into one honey crate provided with handles. the tendency of late is to put up each comb in a separate paper box with transparent front to keep the honey free from flies and finger-marks. this practice deserves universal adoption. if you produce extracted honey you may leave your honey with bees for a week or two after the honey flow is over. extracting should be done in hot weather, during august or early part of september. a modern hand or power extractor is an absolute necessity. there are still a few old timers who "butcher" their bees late in the fall, and render the honey by the "hand mash and sheet strain" method, but they are only relics of a poetical past and going fast. honey to be extracted must be well capped over. if extracted too thin it will ferment and get sour. if left with bees too long it will be too thick and hard to extract. extracting ought to be done in a bee-tight room to keep out robber bees. extracted supers may be returned to the bees in the evening or piled up at a distance in a safe place for bees to clean out. extracted honey must be left to stand in a settling tank for about a week, or until all air bubbles and wax particles have risen to the top. it should be put up into five gallon cans or barrels for wholesale trade. for retail trade it should be bottled when needed, else it will candy in the glass. bottling it hot or heating it after bottling will delay crystallization for a considerable period. the bottles ought to be white, clean and labeled with your name. each kind of container should be well packed in a wooden shipping case. do not make it a practice to sell a large amount to a customer at once, sell rather smaller amounts at frequent intervals. orchard notes. conducted monthly by r. s. mackintosh, horticulturist, extension division, university farm, st. paul. once in a while it is well to pause for a few moments to consider some of the results of past efforts. we have been growing apples in minnesota in large quantities. insects and diseases are causing more damage each year, and this has lead us to pay more attention to the prevention of these pests. a regular spraying program has been outlined, and many persons have adopted it. what are the results? it seems to us that the results of spraying at west concord, minn., should be made known to the readers of the minnesota horticulturist. it indicates very clearly the value of spraying and how someone in a community can take charge and diligently push for better methods. in this case the instructor in agriculture, with the aid of his superintendent and board of education, secured a power sprayer and began to spray the orchards in the vicinity. at first it was necessary to ask the owners if they might spray their trees. after three years, however, the owners appealed to prof. updegraff to have their trees sprayed. this year he had more work than he could manage. demonstrations of this kind show the value of the work so vividly that the most skeptical gradually becomes convinced of its value. several schools have purchased spraying outfits. we hope that we shall hear from more of them in the future. in many cases the spraying outfit is used for whitewashing the interior of barns and other buildings. reports that come to the agricultural extension division indicate that there will be a surplus of apples in some sections this year. we want to assist in the distribution of the surplus and shall continue the apple clearing house again this year. if you have more apples than you can sell locally please let the division know what you have to sell. address the agricultural extension division, university farm, st. paul. apples for market must be graded and packed properly if they are to be sold through the regular trade routes. the barrel is the standard package in most parts of the country. the bushel basket is being used for early fruit in some markets. all fruit for sale should be _hand picked from the tree_ (not from the ground) and allowed to cool. grade according to size and freedom from insect and other injuries. pack carefully so as to avoid bruising. when cover is put on press firmly in place. do not allow fruit to shake about while in transit. pick early maturing fruit while more or less green. ripe fruit will not keep well during hot weather. (see page of this number.) late august and september is the time when practically all our county fairs are held. it is hoped that the exhibits of fruits, vegetables and flowers will be large and of good quality. follow the premium list very carefully. put on the plate the right number of specimens. pick apples so as to leave stems attached. quality means specimens of perfect shape for the variety, free of insect or disease injuries, without bruises and well colored. vegetables should be well selected in every particular. select the specimens that you would like to use. the overgrown specimens are not always the best. [illustration: a valley lawn with shrubbery on border of woods. formerly occupied by henhouse and yards. view on same grounds with garden pergola shown on page .] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. september, no. the pergola--its use and misuse, convenience and expense. chas. h. ramsdell, landscape architect, minneapolis. let me take you by a brief word picture to italy, the first home of the pergola as we see it hereabouts today. on the hills and vineyards above the sea, in that sunny land, i can see a beautiful home or villa, seemingly about to tumble off the rocky point on which it rests. indeed, so scant is the space about the building that none is left for trees to shade the white house from the heat of the tropic sun. but shade must be had to break the glare of the noonday. the vine and the grape thrive amazingly near the sea, and this necessity evolved the pergola. it was compact, could be made straight or curving, short or long, usually narrow but still supporting to some height the delicate leaves and fruit of the grape. thus, the italian secured his shade and made an interesting walk or approach. because of its open work and light proportions the views of the beautiful italian sea and sunset were not blocked but thereby improved, each view framed in by the pergola pillars, with the picturesque tracery of the vine clinging to them. here was its home, and here it was perfect in its setting. we americans, in our zeal to secure all that's good, have brought it bodily to our homes. but like much else that's transplanted, we do not always look well to the new conditions as comparable to the old. the pergola is, however, too valuable a garden feature to do without. our greater care should be to study our need, use the pergola when advisable for some other feature, like one of those illustrated on this sheet, when more appropriate. in construction the pergola is usually made of materials to match the house, sometimes masonry or stone pillars as well as those of wood. the rafters and lighter beams should be made of the most durable wood, preferably cypress, and carefully painted. the pillars may be of classic design or of more modern lines, but if they are of a thickness greater than one-seventh of their height, they are not proportionate to the light load they carry. preferably, the columns rest on and are anchored to concrete or stone footings in the ground. the supporting rafters from pillar to pillar are the heavier construction, the cross beams, etc., the lighter. [illustration: pergola over garden gate, with planting to screen kitchen garden, in minneapolis.] the surface of the ground beneath the pergola should be made of weather proof brick or tile floors. they shed the surface water and make it useable in damp weather, not possible with the turf. the cost of these structures is largely optional with the builder. one clever with carpenter's tools can build one at the cost of his time and lumber. the other limit cannot be set. masonry pillars, cypress lumber, pavement of the floor, the size, cost of design, etc., will, upon occasion, bring up this cost to that of a small house. i have found a firm in chicago who will ship one complete, ready to set up, following one's own design, or, after submitting standard designs and photographs of their work. they sell one feet long, feet inches wide and feet inches high with -inch columns for $ . , each additional -foot section $ . , f.o.b., chicago. the pictures shown of such a pergola are highly attractive. from this figure the cost runs up to $ . and even $ , . for circular construction eight-four long and correspondingly heavy. of course, one can secure low figures from any local millwork company if a good detailed design is available. in this way good distinctive work is possible. its uses are infinite. it may serve to connect the architectural lines of the house with garage or other smaller building. it may lead from house to garden, or along an overlook walk along the river or lake. it may encircle a garden pool or an important statue. it can be made an approach to a band stand, or other park building. it will make part of the garden background, but should not be depended upon without the higher foliage so eminently desirable. [illustration: a garden pergola erected last summer on clients' grounds south of lake harriet, minneapolis--covering walk from house to garden, sixty five feet long.] do not make the mistake of expecting a pergola to serve as a porch or outdoor place to sit or sleep. one needs the roof of a tea house to keep off the evening dews or occasional shower. it cannot be made a large feature of the grounds like a garden. it is not important enough. it will not, without trees and high shrubs behind it, make any background as will a garden wall or lattice. it is no barrier along a street or of any use as a fence or division line. and sometimes the lines of a house or building may be better carried by a rose arch or vine arch without the expense of a pergola. thus you see it has its limited place, and its use must be decided upon with good taste and judgment. the pergola is almost incomplete without the growing vines on it. a four years' growth of beta or janesville grapes (which we don't have to lay down for winter), will give one a beautiful showing of the hanging fall fruit. the bittersweet is also good with yellow fall fruit. the several varieties of clematis are desirable if combined with the heavier growing grape or woodbine. the woodbine is good for its fall color, although weedy in growth. the minnesota honeysuckle should be mentioned, also the dutchman's pipe and the solanum, all good in a limited way. the climbing roses are all right to use, although they lack foliage background and have to be laid down every winter. however, i like to believe the man who designed the first pergola had the grape vine in his mind in so doing, for the two fit conditions like hand and glove. it is a structure of charming possibilities. its lines curve as well as any other feature. its proportions should be always light and graceful. it adds much to almost any garden or home grounds when carefully used. its open work overhead typifies the freedom of the outdoors. it also recalls the vine and its growth to the light. and if we temper our enthusiasm with good sense, its use will be fortunate and the result a happy one. packing and marketing apples. h. m. dunlap, pres. ill. orchard co., savoy, ills. the growing of apples is one problem, the marketing is another. the two are intimately related but entirely different. it is essential in obtaining the best results to first grow good apples for the market. this, like the darkey's receipt for rabbit soup, comes first. the darkey says, "first kotch your rabbit." many a grower who understands fairly well how to produce good fruit is lost when it comes to selling it to an advantage to himself. you notice that i said "to himself." it is often done to the advantage of the buyer. like most inventors the apple grower usually needs assistance in selling what he has produced. the grower who connects up with the best methods in this particular gets best results. no one can long be successful whose methods are not careful and honest in the packing of apples. _equipment for harvesting the apple crop._--there are some who insist that the only way to pick apples is to use a basket lined with cloth. these insist that the use of the basket in picking is the most careful method and that the bruising of the apples is reduced to a minimum. i have, however, seen apples handled very roughly in baskets. the picker hangs the basket on the tree, on the ladder rung, or sets it on the ground and then proceeds to shoot the apples into the basket from distances of one foot or six or eight feet away. the bottomless picking sack, with broad straps across the shoulders, has come into use within the past few years in many commercial orchards. my experience is that either the basket or sack is good if rightly handled, and either may be objectionable if care is not exercised. my own experience after using both is in favor of the sack. if care is used no more bruising will be done than with the basket, and it is far more expeditious. both hands are at liberty for use in the picking. the sack should not be shifted about, and the picker should not be allowed to lean against the rungs of the ladder with the filled sack between. the sack should be lowered into the picking crate so that the apples have no drop in emptying the sack. pointed ladders are the best for tall trees and less liable to injure the tree or turn turtle and upset the picker. a packing house is essential if best results are to be obtained, but many growers use the canvas-covered table in the orchard, picking and packing the product from sixteen to thirty-six trees at a sitting, and then moving the table to the next center, and in this way the entire orchard. in good weather this is not so bad as might seem, but at times the sun is very hot, or sudden showers saturate everything, and in the late fall the weather is too cold and frosty for comfort. on the whole, therefore, a good sized packing house or shed built at a convenient place in or near the orchard is the more desirable method of handling the crop. this building must be large enough to give room for a sorting table three feet wide by sixteen or more feet in length, or, better still, room for an apple grading machine of best pattern, which will occupy about three feet by twenty feet. there should be a space on one side or end of the building for unloading the bushel crates with which all well regulated orchards should be equipped, when they come from the orchard. these crates can be stacked up four or five deep, and there should be adequate room for these based on necessities. there should be room for at least a day's supply of apple barrels and a place to cooper them up by driving the hoops and nailing same. there should be enough room to face and fill barrels and head them up and to stack up enough for half a day's hauling ahead. the size of this building will depend upon whether you are barreling barrels per day or , barrels. for the former a building x feet will answer very well. for the latter amount x feet would be none too large. this building should have skylights in the roof. i build these of ordinary greenhouse sash about x feet, usually putting in two of these in each building on the north or east side of the roof, according to the slope, and directly over the sorting end of the table. this will give you light an average of thirty minutes more each day and prolong the day's work that much, or at least make it possible to do better work on cloudy days and in the evenings. the building should be approachable on all four sides with the wagon, and doors either sliding or hinged should open at least ten feet wide for taking apples in and out. for example, i have my sheds arranged to take the fruit as it comes from the orchard on one side of the building. the number one apples go out one door, and in case i use a grader the number two go out another side. the cider apples also take their route. the fourth side is used for supplying empty barrels as needed. thus you see the necessity for getting to all four sides. on the side where the filled barrels are loaded onto the wagon there should be a raised platform so that the loading can be carefully and easily done. a bin for the cider or vinegar apples should be built with a roof on same. low-wheeled, platform wagons are needed to haul fruit from the orchard to the packing house. _the standard barrel of three bushels_ capacity is used generally by the commercial orchardist in preference to the box. good hoops are growing scarcer every year, and some, including myself, are using two or four of the six hoops required of the twisted splice steel wire variety as being both safer and more economical. in transit or in storage they hold better and do not break and scatter the contents of the barrel over the car floor or storage warehouse. the best floor for the apple house is concrete. the next best is to cover the ground with coal cinders and lay x flat on the cinders, filling between them with cinders to a level and nailing the floor boards to these x . this gives a good solid floor at little expense. the walls are of x uprights, about eight feet apart, resting on � � concrete blocks with a half inch iron rod imbedded in the concrete and countersunk in lower end of upright � to keep the latter in place. nail ties of � are used, and to these are nailed common lumber surfaced. the roof consists of � or � rafters, usually three feet apart, with � boards spaced about three feet apart as sheeting. the covering in this case is of galvanized corrugated iron, suitable length, of no. gauge. the doors of this building should be on rollers, and with two or more double doors on each of the four sides to give plenty of light and easy access to and from the building. the roof and dry floor are the important parts of such a building, and you only need the walls as a support and occasionally to break off the wind when weather becomes chilly. what you should avoid in a packing house is narrow doors, dark interior and access from only one or two sides. _picking._--i have found it most satisfactory to pick by the bushel, keeping a foreman in the orchard to see that crates are filled full, ladders and apples carefully handled. each picker is provided with tickets of a certain number which corresponds to the one opposite his name on the sheet tacked to a small board or clip carried by the foreman. each picker is assigned a tree, and his empty boxes are distributed to him from the wagon. when filled the number is tabulated by the foreman and loaded onto the wagon and hauled to the packing shed. here they are stacked up and afterwards emptied onto the sorting tables or machine grader, and from thence into the barrels. _hauling to market._--the barrels when filled are not allowed to lie around, but are hauled immediately to the car or storage. failure of winter apples to keep in storage may often be traced to the packing shed, where the apples stand in the crates or lie in the barrels for a number of days, perhaps a week or two in warm weather, before they are forwarded to storage. sometimes delays occur at the storage owing to rush, and apples remain sometimes for a week or ten days in cars before they are unloaded. it behooves the grower not only to watch his own packing house for delays, but the storage company also. in one instance i lost $ , on five cars of apples that were without refrigeration five weeks owing to the storage warehouse not being completed. i knew nothing about this until two years afterwards. hauling to the station is done on wagons or motor trucks equipped with a rack that permits the barrels being carried lying down, but supported at each end of the barrel so that the weight of the barrel does not come upon the bilge. they can be so racked up that one wagon will carry fifty-five barrels. a three-ton truck will carry forty barrels of apples and haul forty more on trailer. such an outfit in one of my orchards makes five trips in one day a distance of four miles, traversing forty miles and carrying barrels of apples. one and one-half miles of this is over a well-graded dirt road, and two and one-half over brick and concrete pavement. in our clay county, illinois, orchards we have two - gasoline tractors that are used for cultivating during the summer and for hauling apples in the fall. these machines easily haul barrels of apples on two wagons and make two trips a distance of five miles from orchard to town. _loading cars._--i am surprised at the lack of knowledge of how to properly load barreled apples into cars. over half the cars going to market are improperly loaded. the best way is to place all the barrels crosswise of the cars with lower tier to the right side of the car, and the second tier the left of the car with the bilge lying in the hollows of the lower tier. the third tier should be at the right side again directly over the lower tier. if a fourth tier is added they should be at the left and directly over the second tier. in this way your apples are loaded to carry with the least injury to the apples. being uniformly loaded they are easily counted from the top after they are in the car, and your loader can verify his wagon load count after the apples are all in and thus prevent mistakes. _packing apples._--the packing season is a busy one. often the grower finds himself short of help, and when this is hard to get he is sure up against it if he wants to do a good job of packing. first make your estimate of the crop you have to harvest. if inexperienced, get an experienced man to help you. you need this estimate for two reasons. you must determine the number of packages you need, which must be contracted for in advance, and you need to know how much labor you need to get the crop in within the time limit. you should not begin harvesting too early, for immature fruit, poorly colored, brings a lower price, and you do not want to be so late that the fruit mellows up or drops from the trees before it is gathered or is caught by a freeze. i will relate a little experience of mine in the latter connection. in the autumn of i had a heavy crop on a hundred and twenty acre orchard. the season was rainy, and we lost six days during october, which put us across the line into november with our picking. the last days of october or first of november brought a severe freeze when the mercury went to twenty, or twelve below freezing. this lasted two nights and one day. the apples were frozen absolutely solid through and through on the trees. as i had over , bushels, all willow twigs, unharvested, it was an anxious time for me. the second day was cloudy with the temperature at thirty-four degrees, just freezing, and the following night it remained at the same point, for we were enough interested to note the temperature. this continued up until noon of the third day, when the frost was out of the apples and we proceeded with our picking. these apples kept perfectly and were sold the next may at $ . per barrel. there was no perceptible difference between the apples picked before or after the freeze. two years later my experience was different. we were caught with , bushels on the trees by an equally severe freeze. the sun came out bright the following morning, and by noon the temperature was up to fifty degrees. the apples turned brown and looked like they had been baked. they were good only for vinegar. the variety in both cases was willow. in packing apples it is a good plan to use a corrugated paper cap on both ends of the barrel, in addition to a waxed paper next to the apples on the face end, stenciled with the name of the grower and his postoffice address. use uniform sized apples for the face as much as possible, and of good color. the face is permitted to be per cent. better than the contents. drop facing i consider best for the second layer rather than double facing, as it holds the face apple in position better and presents a more solid face to the buyer when opened. the barrels should be filled uniformly from bottom to top with an even grade of fruit. no reputable packer will attempt any fraud upon the purchaser in this respect. in tailing off the barrel preparatory to putting in the head, the better way is to face the apples on their side in concentric rings with the color side of the apple up. i would not select these apples as to size or color, but let them correctly represent both as they run through the barrel. there can be no objection, however, to your putting the colored side of the apple up. we should always look as well as we can, and first impressions if good, while not always lasting, are desirable in the apple business of inspecting packages. in filling the barrel care must be taken to gently settle the apples into place by shaking the barrel from time to time as it is filled. after the bottom is faced off the corrugated cap is placed on the apples, with the smooth side next to the apples, and the head pressed into place. it is well to use headliners to secure the heads and not trust to the use of nails alone. have some regard for the man who has to open these heads in storage or the salesroom. try a few yourself if you never have, and you will use headliners for him who comes after if for no other reason. mr. kellogg: how do you get rid of the waste apples that would rot in the orchard? mr. dunlap: we have a large vinegar plant, and we convert the cider into vinegar and sell it as cider vinegar. we have sometimes shipped the fresh product of the cider mill to factories, where it is made into vinegar. then there are evaporators for evaporating them. take a certain grade of apples not good to grind up into cider, and they evaporate this grade of apples. then there are canning factories that also take them. the cider mill is a very good way to work up your culls and then sell as vinegar. a member: what do these apple graders cost? mr. dunlap: from $ . to $ . . the price usually depends upon the equipment. a member: do you use clear cider for vinegar? mr. dunlap: i use clear cider for making vinegar, and if it is too strong to meet the requirements of the law we dilute it when we sell it. a member: i would like to ask if you have any difficulty in getting your cider vinegar up to the requirements of the law? mr. dunlap: we do not have any trouble about that, except that made from summer apples. any cider that will grade or with the saccharimeter in the fall of the year, when it is made, will make good vinegar. a member: do you pack all one-size of apples in a barrel? mr. dunlap: no. a member: do you use very nearly the same size apples in a barrel, or do you put large ones at the top and bottom? mr. dunlap: i have heard of growers doing that, but the only way to pack a barrel honestly is to select your facers--the law permits that they may have per cent. advantage of the rest of the barrel. the rest of the barrel ought to be graded uniformly throughout. i don't mean by that they should all be apples of three or four inches diameter, but that they run above a certain figure with a minimum of - / or - / , depending upon the variety you are packing. in running them over graders, which sizes them, all over that size go over the apron and into the barrel. a member: do you face both ends of the barrel? mr. dunlap: yes, sir, we do. we do not undertake to select for the bottom or tail of the barrel apples as to size or color, but we do this--we lay those apples around in concentric rings and turn the color side or best looking side of the apple up and as nearly level as may be across the top and just the right height, so that when they are pressed into the barrel the barrel will be tight enough so as not to have the apples loose, and yet not have them bruised in the heading. it takes practice to do that just at the right height. the barrel should be shaken as it is being filled. if you do not shake often when being filled and settle the apples down so they reach the place where they belong, no matter how tight you make your barrel, when it gets into the car and on the train and in motion that constant shaking and jar will loosen the apples, and you will have a slack barrel. a member: what sort of apples go to the canneries? mr. dunlap: that, of course, depends upon the season. if the season is such that the no. apples are not worth any great amount of money, they will buy everything except cull stock below the strictly no. apple and use them in the canning factory. if the price is high they will probably take the drops, those dropped in picking, or good sound drops. we usually make a practice of cleaning up our drops once a week off the ground in picking time. before we begin picking we clean the ground entirely and run that through the vinegar factory, into the cider mill, and after that is done any apples that drop in picking they are disposed of in various ways, sometimes to the evaporator, sometimes to the canning factory and sometimes they are shipped in bulk if they are good sound apples and not injured in any way except perhaps for a few bruises. a member: in debating the question of the grower and the cannery we are anxious to know just how far it is practical to use apples--what apples we can use after grading them, say, for instance, into nos. and ? can we use a deformed apple? for instance, do the canners in your country buy deformed apples--i mean lacking in roundness? mr. dunlap: they can use them; they are a little more expensive to handle when you put them on the fork to peel them. of course, they have to use the knife on them afterwards in those places where they are not perfect, cutting out any imperfect spots on them. but as a rule they require pretty fair quality of apple for cannery and above a certain size. they wouldn't want to use anything less than two inches in diameter, and from that on, and they get as good apples as they possibly can. they have to limit themselves as to prices according to how much they can get for their product. a member: what grader do you recommend? mr. dunlap: well, i don't think that i care to advertise any grader. i am not interested in any. a member: you are a long way from home, and it might enlighten the rest of us. mr. dunlap: there are several graders on the market, and for all i know, giving good service. i am using the trescott, made in new york. a member: what is the matter with the hardy? mr. dunlap: i never used the hardy--i don't know about that. some of them will bruise the apples more than others. mr. sauter: what form of packing for apples will bring the best prices? mr. dunlap: i investigated that. i have packed as high as a couple of thousand boxes of apples, and i have taken the very best i had and barreled. i picked out the extra selects and boxed them. then i took a no. grade from those that that were left and the no. grade, and my no. grade in barrels were disposed of before i could sell my boxes at all in the market. the boxes were the last thing i could dispose of. considering the extra cost of boxing i was out of pocket in selling them in boxes. bushel baskets are all right, you can pack the basket with no more expense than packing a barrel. mr. brackett: what can a cannery afford to pay for apples? mr. dunlap: i have never been in the cannery business, i could not tell. mr. brackett: they are talking of starting a cannery where i live and i wondered what they can afford to pay. mr. dunlap: some five or six years ago i sold a number of hundred bushels to canneries at cents per hundred pounds. whether they can afford to pay that or not i don't know. i haven't sold any to them for several years now. in fact, i should judge they couldn't afford to pay that for them because they went out of business. mr. brackett: in other words, they can't pay over or cents a bushel? mr. dunlap: i don't know what they can afford to pay. a member: we had a canning factory that paid cents a bushel of pounds, that would be cents a hundred. mr. brackett: are they still in business? a member: yes, sir. mr. sauter: we had one that paid cents a bushel. mr. dunlap: if they were to can these apples in illinois and ship them up here they have got to pay freight to come in competition with your apples. mr. sauter: i sprayed last spring first with lime-sulphur, and my sprayer worked fine. i had a hand sprayer, but when i mixed the lime-sulphur and the arsenate of lead it almost stopped up. what was the matter, was it the mixture or the sprayer? mr. dunlap: most all of these mixtures when you put them together ought to be more or less diluted. mr. sauter: how long must they stand dissolved? mr. dunlap: the lime-sulphur is in solution, and if you have that in your water tank the best way is to put your arsenate of lead in in the form of a paste and dilute it until you get it so that there is about two pounds of arsenate of lead to a gallon of water, and with that you can pour it into your tank and if you have an agitator in there you won't have any difficulty with it. in the early days of spraying when we used blue vitriol with lime, we tried a concentrated solution of the blue vitriol and lime and found we couldn't get it through the strainer, but by diluting it, putting our blue vitriol in one tank, and putting half of our water that we intended putting in the sprayer in that, and taking another tank and putting half the water and the lime in that and then putting the two together in this diluted solution, we didn't have any trouble, but in putting in the concentrated solutions together we had a sticky mess and all sorts of trouble. it would not go through the strainer. mr. sauter: how does the powdered arsenate compare with the paste? mr. dunlap: i haven't had any personal experience with the powder and i would have to refer you to the experiment station. mr. sauter: powder mixes a great deal easier. mr. dunlap: yes, sir. i had this experience with hydrated lime. the hydrated lime, as you know, comes in sacks and in the form of flour, and all you have to do is just to pour that into the water, and there is no trouble about mixing it at all. with lime from barrels that we used for making bordeaux, we would slake it and run it off into barrels, and there we diluted it so that we got two pounds to every gallon of water, our stock solution. but with the hydrated lime we can take so much out, so much by weight, and put it into the tank, and it dissolves right in the water. but we found this difficulty as between slaked lime and the hydrated lime. while the hydrated is very nice to use it did not possess the adhesive quality that the regular slaked lime did, and it would wash off the trees and take the vitriol solution with it, and we discontinued its use. mr. sauter: you think it best for anybody with a small orchard to make his own lime-sulphur solution? mr. dunlap: that depends on how he is equipped. it costs a great deal less to make your own solution than it does to buy it. whether you could afford to do it or not depends upon the amount you spray and your equipment. you really ought to have, in making your own lime-sulphur, a steam boiler, although you can make it in an ordinary farm feed boiler. you can boil it right in that and turn it out after it is made, stirring it with a wooden paddle while cooking. i find that if we are equipped for it we will make a product that is equal to the imported product, but we ought to have a little more equipment. we ought to have steam and run this steam into our cooking vat to keep it boiling at the right temperature right along, and boil it for an hour, and then have a mechanical agitator in the bottom of the tub that keeps it stirred up, and keep the cover closed down as nearly tight as possible so as to exclude the air as much as possible, letting the surplus steam escape, and in that way we get a product as good as anything we are able to buy, at less than half the price. if one is using a great quantity that is the way to do it, but in small quantities i don't think it would pay to bother with it. (applause.) marketing fruit at mankato. p. l. keene, university farm, st. paul. (gideon memorial contest.) mankato has a population of about twelve thousand and is just about within the car-lot market. in seasons of low production it can easily use all the fruit grown in the vicinity, but in seasons of good production some must be shipped out. this irregular supply makes it difficult to obtain a satisfactory method of marketing the fruit. nearly all kinds of fruit are grown here. apples, strawberries and raspberries are grown to the greatest extent. there are several orchards having from five hundred to a thousand trees, while many small fruit growers have several acres of strawberries and raspberries. plums, blackberries, currants and gooseberries are grown on a smaller scale, so that there is seldom enough produced to make it necessary to ship them. the number of varieties grown is very great, as it is in almost every locality where the industry is relatively young. there are over forty varieties of apples grown on a more or less large scale. this makes the marketing problem still more difficult. many of the growers are beginning to specialize in two or three varieties, such as wealthy, patten, northwestern and malinda. last year some of the growers produced as many as five carloads. small fruits are brought in by the wagon load during the heaviest part of the season, making it possible for the fruit houses to load a car in a day. the commercial growers use good, practical methods of culture, keeping the land well cultivated and using cover crops and mulch; but many of the small growers of half-way fruit men--those who do not specialize in fruit growing--neglect their orchards. most growers properly prune and thin their trees and bushes, while many are beginning to spray. in the picking, grading and packing of the fruit is where the great majority fail. after they have grown the fruit carefully and successfully, they fail to properly harvest and dispose of it. this fault lies in the fact that they have specialized in the production of their product and have given little time or attention to the marketing of it. they realize, though, that success in fruit growing depends as largely upon proper marketing as upon proper growing. the first step in marketing is the picking of the fruit. fruit, as any other product, should be picked at a certain time; and the grower who allows his fruit to remain on the tree or bush too long, as is often done with the apple, until his work is caught up, is the grower who receives unsatisfactory prices for his product. many farmers bring windfalls and bruised apples mixed with the hand picked ones and expect as much as the grower who carefully picks his apples. the picking utensils are also often a cause of injury. tin pails, wooden buckets and boxes are used to too great an extent. these naturally bruise more or less of the apples as they are put into the pails, especially if extreme care is not used. the pouring of the fruit from one receptacle into another is still another source of injury. the small fruit grower usually handles his fruit with greater care than the apple grower does, for the simple reason that improper handling of these fruits soon shows itself, and the grower may find that he is unable to dispose of his fruit. the most common cause of injury to small fruit is over-ripeness. [illustration: p. l. keene.] the improper sorting and grading of fruit is another cause of unprofitable returns. all bruised, wormy or injured apples should be discarded at picking time. the presence of only a few inferior fruits in a lot will bring the price down considerably. the same holds true with berries, and is even more important, for if one berry rots it soon spreads disease to the other berries. for this reason the sorting out of all inferior fruit is essential, even more so than grading. the grading aids in getting better prices but is not necessary for profitable results. if small fruit is well sorted, the growers claim that it is not necessary to grade it, for the fruit will then be fairly uniform. with apples, grading is distinctly beneficial. many marketable apples may be blemished so that their appearance is hurt, while their keeping and shipping qualities are but slightly injured. the best grade must contain apples uniform in size, shape and color, and free from all blemishes. hence it is readily seen why at least two grades are essential. the growers at mankato do not grade their apples to more than one grade and this amounts only to sorting. the best of the commercial apple growers carefully sort out the small and injured fruits, but a large portion of the growers even neglect this to some extent. the method of packing the fruit is very variable, and in fact a large part of it is not packed at all. most of the small fruit growers use the sixteen quart crate, while the apple, if it is packed at all, is packed in barrels. one requirement of a package is that it be clean, and if it must be clean a secondhand package cannot be used. many fall down here by using secondhand, odd sized and dirty crates or barrels. the shipping crate should be kept out of the field and off of the ground. the place for it is in the packing house. the apple growers often take their barrels into the field to fill them and thus more or less soil them. this is not done to any great extent at mankato, for most of the barrel packing is done at the fruit houses, the growers bringing in the apples loose in a wagonbox. this is a good system as the apples are only handled three times: from the tree to the picking basket, from the picking basket to the wagonbox, and from here into barrels. by this method the apples are sorted both at the picking and barreling time. if the apples are to be graded or packed at the farm, a packing house should be provided at or near the orchard. it is needless to speak of the slack and inefficient method of marketing apples in sacks, salt barrels and odd boxes; but this is still done by some half-way growers. they often have to either take the fruit back and feed it to the pigs or give it away. even when they are able to sell it, they barely cover expense of picking and marketing. several methods of selling their fruit are available to the growers around mankato. the different methods used are ( ) selling direct to consumer, ( ) selling to stores, ( ) selling to wholesale houses, ( ) selling to commission men. the amount handled in the "direct to the consumer" way is rather large in the case of small fruit, but there is very little so-called "apple peddling" done. some growers have regular customers whom they supply yearly with a barrel or more of apples, but this is usually some friend or relative. some growers peddle out their summer apples by driving through the residence sections of the city and selling to anyone who wants to buy and in such quantities as they desire, but not all growers care to follow this plan. sales are always made for cash, except perhaps where a person is a regular customer. this method is too unsatisfactory to be used for winter apples but is often advantageous in disposing of a large crop of summer apples. the fruit is not usually in very good shape, and is often that which the fruit dealers have rejected. the fruit is marketed in any package that happens to be handy, or loose, in the box, and is measured out usually in small quantities to the buyer. [illustration: a load of apples from p.l. keene's orchard, near mankato] the handling of berries direct to consumer is much more systematized and therefore proves more satisfactory to both parties concerned. the majority of growers sell a considerable quantity in this way. they pack in sixteen quart crates, and usually will not divide a crate. the berries are for the most part delivered on order of the customer, for cash. each grower has his regular customers, and some advertise to a limited extent. this method is usually satisfactory to the grower for he sells at a fixed price, and over that which he could get at the stores. he finds that it pays him to furnish good berries, for if he delivers a poor crate the lady receiving that crate is sure to make it known to her neighbors, while a good crate will add to his reputation. therefore, the grower will take particular pains to have the boxes well filled with good berries and delivered promptly, in order to hold this trade. in compensation he receives a good price, regular customers and a sure market for his product. the amount handled through the stores is about equal to that handled direct to the consumer, but in some seasons it is not as great. the grower demands cash, for he can get it at the other places, while most of the stores prefer cash rather than a trade basis, on account of the bother of handling the trade checks. some stores, by offering a higher trade price, try to draw trade, but this does not attract the commercial grower. it may, however, attract the half-way grower. most stores do not try to handle more than they can dispose of themselves. it is the small grower who sells to the stores. the large grower cannot get the prices that will pay him to bother with the store trade, while the fruit houses do not want to handle the small fruit grower's product, for it is usually of inferior quality. hence, the store trade is a necessity under present conditions, even though it is not a very satisfactory method. the apples are brought to the stores in the same packages as to the consumer direct. the berries are handled in the same packages, but the condition and quality are more apt to be inferior than with those sold to the consumer. the stores usually re-sort the fruit before they sell it. they very seldom ship fruit. in case they get more on their hands than they can sell, they either store it for a few days, or sell to the wholesale fruit houses. there is more fruit handled by either one of the two wholesale fruit houses than by any other single way in mankato. they handle the bulk of the apple crop grown commercially but will not take inferior fruit. the small fruit growers market a considerable portion of their crops through them, especially in years when they have more than they can dispose of to consumers. the wholesale houses offer no fixed price, except it be in a contract with some individual grower whom they know will bring in good fruit. when a load comes in they look it over and bid on it. if the grower is satisfied with the price, he sells, and if not he tries the other house or the stores. the commercial growers usually bring in their apples loose in the wagon-box, and the apples are packed into barrels here. this insures a clean barrel, properly packed. it enables the buyer to look over the load as it is being unloaded. one or two growers have a reputation good enough that the houses will buy their fruit barreled. all small fruits are handled in the sixteen quart crates and are not repacked. the grower delivers them as up to grade on his reputation, which will not last long if he does not furnish good berries. the grower usually tells the wholesaler when they were picked and the condition they are in. they do a cash business only. very little has been handled through the commission men of other cities. a few carloads have been shipped to minneapolis, but returns were not as satisfactory as when sold to the wholesale houses. in shipping the grower has to take more risk and do more work, such as packing and loading the car, than when he sells to the wholesaler. most growers prefer to sell to the houses than to do this extra work, which they are neither used to, nor capable of handling. besides this, most growers do not have enough fruit at any one time to load a car. there is no co-operative association at the present time, but the growers were trying to organize one last winter. in a certain way there is an agreement among the small fruit growers, in that nearly all of them agree to market their fruit in the sixteen quart crate and stick to certain prices as far as possible, and not to cut prices under other growers. this applies especially to the "direct to the consumer" trade. there are no street venders to whom the growers can sell nor with whom they would have to compete, and there is no city market at mankato. storage conditions have not been developed. the wholesale houses have small storage rooms of their own, but do little storing of home grown products, as they ship them out as soon as they get a carload. the stores store a few days in case they get an over-supply on hand. the growers store apples in their own cellars, often keeping them until the following spring. a few city people buy apples in the fall and store for winter use, but it is not very satisfactory for the storage houses do not regulate the temperature accurately enough. * * * * * pruning of currants and gooseberries.--the main reason that currant and gooseberry bushes do not yield satisfactory crops from year to year is due to the lack of proper pruning. both currants and gooseberries produce their fruit on canes that are at least two years old, the first season being generally utilized for the growing of the canes, the second for the formation of fruit buds or spurs, and the third a full crop may be expected. these canes will bear for two and even three years, but each year after the third they begin to show a decided decline--the fruit becomes smaller and less valuable. in order to keep the production up to the standard, the bush should be placed on the rotation basis, that is, each year a few new, strong shoots should be permitted to grow. all the rest should be cut out, and also each spring a like number of the oldest canes should be removed. in other words, we should grow the same number of new canes that we take out in old canes. in this way, we eliminate the old and exhausted canes and keep the bushes in strong, vigorous growth. further, as the season progresses, all shoots beyond those that we wish to use for fruiting later on should be removed and not permitted to utilize the food supply that should go to the fruiting canes.--e.p. sandsten, col. agri. college. support for an overloaded fruit tree. miss nellie b. pendergast, duluth. some years ago the writer wearied of the many objectionable features connected with propping overloaded apple trees, and found relief in a new application of the maxim of modern charity--"help people to help themselves." the average apple tree is quite capable of supporting its load of fruit, with a little assistance in applying its strength. this is satisfactorily given by overhead supports. my method is as follows: take a piece of gas pipe, the diameter depending on the size of the tree and consequent weight of the load, and long enough to extend some two or three feet above the tree. the required height would be governed by the spread of the branches and the distance between the trunk of the tree and the proper point for support of the limbs. the pipe is placed against the trunk of the tree, pushed a few inches into the ground, and tied in several places tightly to the tree. on the top (which must be screw-threaded) is screwed an ordinary gas pipe end. heavy cords are then run through holes in the top piece and tied to the branches wherever needed--the same cord often being made to tie several branches which are in line perpendicularly. [illustration: view of apple tree with fruit laden branches supported by pipe or wire.] the branches should be wrapped with a bit of burlap or other suitable padding under the cord, as otherwise the friction resulting from the inevitable swaying of the heavy limbs on windy days would result in rubbing the bark off and possibly entirely girdling the branch. pads should also be placed between the gas pipe and the tree trunk wherever there is contact, and under the rope where tied. what frisky is telling the veteran horticulturist. chas. f. gardner, osage, iowa. i am your cunning little squirrel, and as you have named me frisky and have adopted me as a regular member of your family, i will tell you some little things i know about horticulture, or more properly, forest tree planting. [illustration: our squirrel.] my ancestors from way back through geological ages have all been lovers of nut trees and especially conifers. if you knew of the great districts covered with valuable timber that have come into existence by reason of our planting of nuts and conifer seed, you would be very much surprised. while we gather large quantities of seed for use as food during the long, cold winter months, each one of us secretes several thousand seed annually, widely scattered, in good places for trees to grow. the most of these scattered seeds remain in the ground and germinate where they were planted. my grandfather on my mother's side has told me that some of his relatives in scotland were once accused of doing considerable injury to plantations of firs and pines by gnawing off the top shoots, which you know make pretty good eating for a hungry little squirrel. wasn't that a great thing to make a fuss about? i believe my grandpa knew as much as you do about the real existence and natural history of the mastodon, the megatherium, the paleotherium and the pterodactyl. in the planting of forest trees we were assisted by birds. i will name a few who helped us the most in this northern latitude, or, as you call it, "the blizzard belt." you showed me the other day two beautiful oak trees, on your grounds that were planted by crows. bluejays are great seed planters, also mourning doves; and the wild pigeons, now extinct, were great planters of many nut trees. almost every variety of birds has assisted us in the planting of the seeds of trees, bushes and, in fact, all plants that bear valuable fruits or nutritious seeds. [illustration: chas. f. gardner at his best.] while i think of it, i will tell you that i was born in a beautiful nest, made of moss, twigs and dry leaves curiously interwoven in the fork of a tree at a considerable height from the ground. i had four little brothers and sisters. we loved each other dearly and had a good time all cuddled up in our sweet little home. i wish you would let me go and visit them sometime this summer. now if you have no objection i will take a little nap.--frisky. top-working. o. w. moore, veteran horticulturist, spring valley. from my experience in fruit growing i have come to the conclusion that the best method to apply in starting a commercial orchard in this section of country would be to gather apple seed from duchess and hibernal apples and plant them, in order that we might grow hardy seedling roots to be used in making root-grafts. after growing these apple seedlings one year i would graft short pieces of their roots to long hibernal scions, plant them out in the nursery row and grow them the first year as a whip or single shoot. the second year before growth starts in the spring i would cut those whips back to the height where i wanted to start the head of the tree. after growth starts rub off all the buds except from four to six at the top, these being left to form the head of the tree. the trunk of the tree below these buds should be kept clear of all growth at all times. by this method we get uniform trees, as the heads, or tops, are all of an equal distance from the ground and all run very nearly the same size. now we have those trees two years old in the nursery row, and as a foundation for hardiness we have done our best. we have taken seed from our hardiest apples to grow our seedling roots; we have grafted hibernal scions onto those roots, which is supposed to be the hardiest apple wood that we have. still there is one point that has not been touched upon, and that is, that it is not to be supposed that all of those seedling roots from the seed of our hardiest apples will be hardy. you may ask why? well, because mother nature does not do business that way. we hear now and then the remark, "he is a good mixer." well, if any man or set of men can beat mother nature at mixing they will have to do better in the future than they have done in the past. but remember that we have the hibernal as a scion above those roots, and that is the best apple wood to root from the scion that i know of. some may ask, why not use the virginia crab? i answer, for the reasons above stated, as i have tried both. our trees are two years old now and are ready to be planted in the orchard where they are to remain. grow them in orchards one year. but if from drouth or some other cause they do not make a satisfactory growth, grow them two years. then top-work their four or six limbs about six inches from their forks to any kind of apple that you wish to produce in a commercial way--but leave all small growth below those unions the first year. the second year cut everything away but the scions. if the planter will follow the above methods i am willing to stake my reputation as a fruit grower that he will have an orchard that will stay with him and give satisfaction. very many apple trees, especially seedlings, when they come to bearing age are found to be worthless or nearly so. if those trees are taken in hand at any time under ten years old they can be readily top-worked to some good apple and completely changed in two years' time. the first year work center limbs or leaders, leaving the lower growth to be worked the second year. the third year by cutting everything away but the growth of the scions we have the tree changed over to a better variety of fruit. as to the size of limbs to graft i have always made it a point to never work limbs over one inch in diameter. but from one inch down to whip-grafting size, limbs from three-quarters to one inch, we set two scions. the wound heals sooner with two scions than with one. if there is too much growth in a year or two, cut a part of it away just above the union. evergreens. jens a. jensen, rose creek. why not grow evergreens in the place of willows? when i came to mower county if there were any trees planted they were willows, a few lombardy poplars and balm of gilead. since there has been a great deal of planting of evergreens, especially around austin and rose creek. some people think it hard to grow evergreens. one mistake they make is in planting too large trees. another is in planting them in june grass sod, a sod that will not wet down one inch in a rain that lasts twenty-four hours. evergreens should be planted in cultivated land, and then they will grow surprisingly fast. plant trees from one to two feet. if wanted for a windbreak, plant eight feet apart; if two rows are wanted, plant trees sixteen feet apart, in rows four feet apart, the trees planted alternately. norway, white and black hills spruce, also white, scotch and jack pine are doing well here. in memoriam--ezra f. pabody ezra f. pabody was born in vernon, indiana, july th, . his father's name was ezra f. pabody, and his mother's maiden name was mabel butler. comrade pabody was married in oxford, ohio, october th, , to emma a. brown. [illustration: portrait of the late ezra f. pabody, from a photograph taken ten years ago.] his education was acquired by attending, first, the common schools at vernon, indiana, until he was sixteen years of age; and in september, , he entered hanover college, where he spent five years. in , he entered miami university, oxford, ohio, and graduated from that university in june, . in september of that same year he entered princeton theological seminary, where he studied for one year with a view to entering the ministry, but the condition of his health interfered with his carrying out this purpose. in , having come to minnesota, and as volunteers were being enlisted to crush the rebellion, which threatened our country with destruction, his spirit of patriotism impelled him to offer his services to aid in maintaining the government. accordingly he enlisted at fort snelling, september th, , and was enrolled in company "a," third minnesota volunteers. in november of that year he was appointed hospital steward of the regiment, but he was unable long to endure the activities of the service, and on july th, , was discharged on account of disability. however, his loyal spirit would not allow him to rest if there was a place where he might serve effectively, and accordingly, on august th, , he enlisted again,--this time in the th indiana volunteer infantry, and was assigned to duty as hospital steward, in which office he continued until discharged for disability december th, . after his army service, he engaged in the drug business at vernon, indiana. in he removed to minneapolis and here followed the same line of business until . in august, , he was prevailed upon to take up city mission work in connection with westminster church, and was ordained to the gospel ministry in . retiring from the active work of the ministry in , he passed the remaining years of his life in his quiet home at zumbra heights, lake minnetonka, where the death angel found him september st, , after a long period of illness. his memory will be lastingly perpetuated by the development of his city mission work, known as "riverside mission," a neglected portion of minneapolis, embracing what is known as "the river flats," where the inhabitants, mostly foreigners, and in need of religious instruction, were taught by this faithful missionary and his estimable and consecrated wife to speak and sing the language of heaven. the faithful wife and co-laborer, one son, e. fitch pabody, and one daughter, eleanor (mrs. ward h. benton), all of minneapolis, survive him. mr. pabody is, of course, best known to the members of this society on account of his service with it in the past thirteen years. while not one of the oldest members of the society from a point of years in his connection with the society, in point of service he ranks very high, for during all the period of his service he was always finding something to do for the association. several times he was on the program, in a number of official capacities he served the society, and especially as a member of the reception committee during a number of our annual meetings was he of largest use to the association, and his courteous and kindly ways we especially remember. mr. pabody was very near to the writer personally, and his taking away is largely in the nature of a personal loss. mr. pabody had a great love for horticultural pursuits. his garden and orchard occupied very much of his thoughts during the later years of his life, when he lived on the shores of lake minnetonka. it is hard to part with these old members who have so much endeared themselves to us in these many thoughtful ways.--secy. bread cast upon the waters. c. s. harrison, york, neb. the instance recited below has nothing particularly to do with horticulture but a good deal to do with a "horticulturist," c. s. harrison, of york, neb., that picturesque veteran in horticulture, who has been an attendant at our meetings now for so many years, adding such a strong interest to our annual gatherings. mr. harrison recited at our late meeting the incident referred to here--without the denouement, which came to him in california this winter, where he met mr. lindbergh, one of minnesota congressmen. as a result of this incident we had mr. harrison with again at our late summer meeting.--secy. in i was living in sauk center, minn., where i preached the first sermon. i had a tract of country under my care miles in extent and had all sorts of work to do. ten miles from sauk center there was a sturdy swede who was at one time speaker in one branch of the swedish parliament and for a while secretary to the king. he moved to minnesota about the year ' . it seems he had not learned the art of graft, and he was poor. he took up a preemption and built him a little log house Ã� . one day he took a load of logs to the mill and, stumbling, fell on the saw. this caught him in the back and split it open, and also took a stab at his right arm. it was hot weather and no surgeon within fifty miles. i followed him to his home; we did not think he could live. i picked out the sawdust and rags from his back and kept the wounded arm wrapped in cold water, and now for a surgeon i got a horse from a neighbor and a man to ride him. i said, "don't hurt the horse but go as fast as it is safe." twenty miles ahead i knew another man with whom he could exchange horses, and then another relay brought him to the doctor. dr. hunter proved to be a good surgeon. we had kept the patient with such care that with his clean habits and robust constitution he underwent the operation all right. i helped the doctor, and we took off the arm near the shoulder. i had a busy time until the surgeon came. i stayed with the man all day, then drove home ten miles and was by his side early. it took the doctor about three days to get there. the horses were poor, and the auto did not exist even in a dream. by the next december the old hero was out chopping rails with his left hand. how poor the people were! every dollar had a big task before it. the good doctor only charged $ . i rode quite a distance--got a little here and there and paid the bill. a son of the old man, c. a. lindbergh, is now representative in congress from the th district of minnesota. we discovered each other this winter. i have kept up a pleasant correspondence. his daughter, eva, who helps her father, has just written me that she is going to be married in minneapolis in june, and she wants me to perform the ceremony. all the friends and relatives will be there, and she wants the man who saved her grandpa. thus, after fifty-five years, stirring memories of the past are awakened and happy anticipations of the future.--c. s. harrison. secretary's corner more everbearing strawberries.--mr. walter ferguson, of mankato, has pretty near the record number of strawberry plants raised last year. from four plants of no. everbearing strawberries he reports having raised several over six hundred. he says he reset twelve new plants in july and they produced over three hundred. advance premium list, annual meeting, .--elsewhere in this number will be found an advance list of premiums to be offered on vegetables and apples at the coming annual meeting of the society. there will be practically no change from this list, though there may be slight additions to it. possible exhibitors may feel safe to save material for exhibition in accordance with the premiums therein offered. passing of j.f. benjamin.--members of the society who have attended our annual meetings for the last ten or more years will readily recall the face and figure of this very loyal member of the society, who was always at hand to serve in any capacity as opportunity came to him. mr. benjamin was a successful fruit grower, not only from a financial standpoint but from his love of the art. we hope to publish a suitable sketch of his life at some later date. municipal camps in national forests.--the city of fresno, california, has established a fifteen-acre camp in an adjoining national forest, providing low cost outings for the school children of that city and their parents. los angeles is doing something similar on even a larger scale, and other municipalities are following suit. minnesota has splendid national forests, and the time may come when the state or some of the municipalities of the state may be able to make similar use of these forests for the benefit of our people who are not able to go to larger expense to secure needed summer outing. the apple crop.--the department of agriculture in its august st report forecasts an apple crop of seventy-one million barrels against seventy-six million last year and a yearly average for the past five years of sixty-six million. the favored regions in apple growing this year are in the new england states and the pacific states, the central states showing a very large falling off in the apple crop, anywhere from four-fifths to one-fourth of previous years. national vegetable growers' association.--it seems there is an association of this character, called "vegetable growers' association of america," and it will hold its next annual meeting in lasalle hotel, chicago, september - . representatives of local vegetable growers' associations' will probably do well to get in touch with this national gathering. if any go from this state the secretary will be glad to receive from them a report of the meeting. marketing, soil fertility, heating, packing, spraying and other subjects will be covered on the program. for further information address james b. foley, secretary, south spaulding avenue, chicago. apple trees as a windbreak.--john w. maher, of devils lake, n.d., in correspondence has spoken at two different times of the use of apple trees as one feature of windbreaks in his vicinity, using such varieties as duchess, patten's greening, hibernal, etc. in this connection he says "probably it is only the amateur horticulturist who sets a row of young apple trees in the stubble fields as a windbreak for apple grafts, but this has been done here and the windbreak is satisfactory. i believe that the apple is more hardy in this kind of soil than it is generally considered to be. if the apple tree is properly limbed so as to shade its trunk and larger limbs it is a real success." horticultural society periodicals.--february, , the first number of the monthly issued by this society was published and sent out to its members. publishing the report in this way as a monthly was an experiment, which has proved to be a very successful one indeed, and this method of publication has now for a long time been a permanent feature of the work of this society. in the society had about six hundred members. the increase in the membership of the association since that period has brought the roll to high water mark this year at , . at that time as far as we know no other horticultural society was publishing its report as a monthly. quite a number of state societies are now doing something of this sort, though not exactly following the same plan as the minnesota society, our report appearing as a monthly magazine and being bound up later with list of members, index, etc., making altogether the annual report. the only association that has exactly followed our plan is the manitoba society. wisconsin, kansas, nebraska, virginia and other associations not now recalled are sending out a monthly to their membership. illinois and perhaps some others are publishing a quarterly. some of the state boards of horticulture are publishing a monthly, notably the california board, and in some cases the state boards of agriculture are doing this also. the plan inaugurated by this society is being slowly popularized and will undoubtedly continue to be made use of more and more as the study and practice of horticulture develops in our country. garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. garden helps for september. _september meeting of the garden flower society_ will be held on the twenty-first, at : p.m., at the minneapolis public library. _topics_, "fall work in the garden." "planting for fall and winter effects." "vines and their uses." have you taken any photographs of your garden, its individual flowers, or wild flowers for our photographic contest? it is not too late yet to get good pictures. every member is urged to enter this competition. _plant peonies this month._ old clumps of hardy perennials may be divided and reset early this month. flowering bulbs intended to be in bloom at christmas should be potted now. grass seed for new lawns or bad places in old ones can be sown this month. the daffodil makes an early growth and should be planted this month. after the first killing frosts the tender roots, like cannas, gladioli, elephant's ears, and dahlias, can be lifted with a fork and spread out under cover to dry, then stored in a cool cellar, free from frost. do not cultivate the soil after september first. all newly set plants should be mulched lightly. all litter about the garden can be cleared away. any plants that have been infested with insects or diseased should be burned. leave no harbors for the eggs of insects, such as old weeds, grasses or litter of any kind. seeds of native plants which you wish to naturalize should be gathered and sowed immediately in a shaded, well drained location, where the soil has some humus. lily-of-the-valley should be planted this month. try planting a few sweet peas late in september or early october. important september blooming flowers are phlox, japanese anemones; perennial asters, or michaelmas daisy, so-called because they are supposed to be at their best on michaelmas day, september th; helleniums, helianthus, hardy chrysanthemum, pyrethrum uliginosum, boltonia. if you have not these flowers, try and visit some garden where they are blooming in order to know what kinds to grow. poppies for next june's blooming can be sown this month. be prepared for the first early frosts, having ready to use some light covering, such as cheesecloth. the garden can be prolonged from two to six weeks by this slight protection. orchard notes. conducted monthly by r. s. mackintosh, horticulturalist, extension division, university farm, st. paul. a conference of horticultural extension workers. a conference of the horticultural extension leaders of wisconsin, kansas, nebraska, south dakota, iowa and minnesota was held early in august at the iowa state college, at ames. the subject of apple and potato clearing houses was the chief question discussed. the work of this kind was started by professor greene in kansas when they had the big apple crop in . later iowa and minnesota undertook similar work. it is expected that a co-operative plan will be formulated which will be of greater value than when each state works alone. the visiting members were very glad to have president pearson discuss co-operation as he saw it while visiting a dozen or more countries in europe. one hour was spent in an automobile tour of the grounds and farms. considerable land from one to three miles from the main campus is now used for experimental work. one of the latest additions to the horticultural equipment is a cold storage plant and range of greenhouses, costing over sixty thousand dollars. horticultural tour in western iowa and eastern nebraska. the horticultural societies of iowa and nebraska joined in an automobile tour of the orchards, vineyards, nurseries, and truck farms august to . the first day was spent in and around council bluffs. interest centered around the large co-operative grape growers' association. a grand picnic dinner was served by the ladies. this association has been in active operation for fifteen years. professor beach emphasized the value of the work that is being done, and especially the value of having a contented lot of people in a community mutually interested in one kind of work. on the return trip a stop was made at the experimental apple orchard that is conducted by the horticultural department of the iowa state college. this orchard of trees was leased in for ten years to determine if an old orchard that has been unprofitable could be made profitable. careful records have been kept of expenses and of the size and grade of all fruits produced under the several soil treatments. to date six crops have been harvested from the trees under experiment. the lowest was , bushels in and the largest was , bushels in . it is estimated that there is about thirty per cent. of a crop on the trees this year. demonstrations were given in spraying, dynamiting trees, treating trees affected with blister canker, and grading apples with a large grading machine. the second day was spent in orchards near omaha. some excellent orchards that have been very profitable were visited. it had been very dry in that region, consequently the fruit was undersized. the third day was spent in southwestern iowa, from hamburg to glenwood. it is impossible to tell about all the good things seen on this trip. we saw all kinds of pruning, cultivated and "sod cultivated" orchards and, above all, corn, corn and more corn. at shenandoah the nurserymen and seedsmen took charge of the party and entertained all in a very hospitable manner. there were ninety at the noon banquet. in the afternoon they showed us the large nurseries and seed warehouse. toward the end of the trip we stopped at a -acre orchard, mostly grimes golden. a hailstorm had injured the fruit very much. one of the great lessons gained from the -mile automobile tour was the fact that _spraying_ is _one_ of the _most important orchard operations_. it was interesting to hear what some of the older orchardists would say when they saw fruit injured by scab. it is an important matter with them, because it means dollars to have disease-free fruit to market. [illustration: veteran douglas fir, standing miles out from the protecting mountain, exposed to all the fierce winds of the plains.] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. october, no. camping on the yellowstone trail. clarence wedge, nurseryman, albert lea, minn. i suppose that civilization is the correct thing for mortals to aspire to. as a boy, while i hated it with a bitter hatred, i accepted it as inevitable because my elders approved it and because it seemed indissolubly linked to the school, the church and the things of good repute. as i grow older the yoke sits easier on my shoulders, but doubts have increased as to its necessary connection with the good, the true and the beautiful. it surely kills the sweet virtue of hospitality. in my home church lately there was a call for volunteers to entertain a visiting delegation, and i was interested in observing how perfectly the number that might be accommodated in any home was in inverse ratio to the size and furnishings of the house. high heeled shoes and hobble skirts, two-story starched collars and tile hats are fashion signs of civilization, but i cannot see why a ring in the nose and a tattooed arm might not have answered just as well. i am getting harder to convince that a broad foot, shaped on the lines laid down by the creator, is less beautiful or desirable than the one-toe pointed shoe, decreed just now by our particular brand of culture, and today i would as lief defend the cult of the simple red man as the savagery that disgraces the lands across the water. whatever the merits of the matter, for one month of the year we and our tent and automobile abandon ourselves to barbarism, and live as we please. this year we chose to spend our month on the yellowstone trail, the road that leads from the twin cities to the yellowstone national park, and which is different from other roads leading in the same direction mainly by its yellow mark, faithfully directing the traveler on his way and preventing the loss of time in getting directions at doubtful cross roads. our party consisted of a young botanist, and his wife, my wife, myself and our small boy alan. our equipment consisted of a tent, x ft., weighing, stakes, poles, partition and all, - / lbs.; a trunk on the running board made to hold bedding and grub box, and an oil cloth to use as a tent floor. like the indians we go light, and live the simple life while on the trail. we get off at six o'clock in the morning, eating our breakfast on the move as we get hungry; lunch at noon by the roadside, and camp early, seeking the most interesting spot, from the top of a butte to a pleasant river valley--and cooking the one square meal of the day by such a brushwood fire as we are able to gather. [illustration: "us" and some others at a mountain cabin.] for the first few days we try to provide some straw to temper the hard earth, but as the days go by, and we get used to roughing it, we sleep soundly with nothing but a blanket and oil cloth between us and mother earth. we pin back the tent door, and with the night wind fanning our faces, close our eyes to the stars and flickering campfire. some who have never camped are afraid of bugs, snakes and wild animals. we have spent our vacation month this way for twenty-five years, have camped in most of the counties of minnesota, and in iowa, the dakotas and montana, and have never had but one unpleasant experience of the kind. that was one night when we pitched our tent after dark on the bottoms below fort snelling, and did not know till we had laid ourselves down that a colony of ants had pre-empted the spot before us. we did not get much sleep, but we had the comfort of feeling that they were nice, clean, self-respecting, self-defending ants. would that our experience in hotels had been equally fortunate! [illustration: a young douglas fir.] leaving the western boundary of the forests of minnesota near glencoe and going across the prairie and plains to the mountain forests of montana is an interesting experience. the only trees in western minnesota and the dakotas are those found along the lakes and water courses, and west of the missouri the trees and shrubby growth, even in such places, becomes very scanty or entirely disappears, giving a weird appearance to one who has always associated water and trees together in his mind. as we draw near the montana line, trees begin to appear on the tops of the buttes and high bluffs on the distant horizon. traveling on the railroad i have wondered what they were. with our own private car we satisfied our curiosity by zig-zagging our way up to a camping place among them, the first night they came in sight. of course they were our old friends, the ponderosa pine, whose name will always be associated with our grand old man from nebraska. they ought to be renamed the harrison pine. how they endure the drouth and cold in a soil so poor that grass withers and dies out, and how they stand erect where every other living thing bows to the bleak winds and blizzards of the prairies, is one of the mysteries of plant life. what a splendid bonfire we made of their boughs that night, flaring as a beacon out over the ocean of prairie about us! the day before we had passed by hundreds of clumps of a beautiful blue lupine with finely cut foliage and profusion of color that rivaled any flower of its shade i have seen in cultivation. on the way home we gathered a handful of seed from which we shall hope to grow some plants at home. we tried to dig a few to transplant, but their roots seemed to go down, down, till with my short handled shovel, i got discouraged. the herbage of the plains has learned to dig deep for water. [illustration: a camp by the red river of the north, mrs. wedge sitting by a giant cottonwood. our lb. tent at the right.] leaving the yellowstone at big timber and striking across the plains to the snowy mountains, we found the ponderosa pine, and soon the flexilis pine, wherever a rocky ridge is lifted above the level of the plains, so that these trees were in sight a large share of the time, even far away from large rivers and groups of mountains. if a homestead anywhere in that state is not cozily protected by bright colored evergreens it is not because there is any difficulty in getting trees that will thrive in that soil. [illustration: a young ponderosa pine.] the snowy mountains are in the center of montana, quite unsheltered from the other ranges of the rockies. it is the meeting place of the flora of the mountains and the plains. i think it is the eastern limit of that peerless tree of the rockies, the douglas fir. i gave my impressions of this tree to the society a year or two ago. i am still more in love with it from what i again saw last august in its native snowy mountains, and from the bright, sturdy little trees that have been growing at my home in minnesota for two years past, giving assurance of their willingness to be transplanted to our moister air. it is the coming evergreen for the prairies, and it will be a happy day for all who plant an evergreen west of the natural timber when the douglas fir has displaced the trees that come from the cool, moist forests of europe and the sheltered woods of our own lake regions. i think the snowys are also about the eastern limit of the little broad-leaved evergreen called the oregon grape, that i believe every one in minnesota can grow for christmas greens. from my first acquaintance with it i got the impression that it required shade, but this time i noted that it was growing all over the bare ridges that radiate from the mountains, wherever it was possible for a little snow to lodge. we can substitute a light sprinkling of straw when snow is lacking. it certainly does not require shade. the mariposa lily is a unique flower that springs up in open places and produces a white blossom about the size and shape of the wild morning glory. it grows about a foot high and produces one or two flowers on each stalk. it must have a long period of bloom for ripe seed pods, and blooming plants were common at the same time in august. the canadian buffalo berry and a dwarfish birch are two mountain plants of no small ornamental value for the plains. they may not endure the moister air near the mississippi, but there we have already many useful natives, like the black haw and thorn apple, that are as yet almost unnoticed. [illustration: group of douglas fir on the mountainside. thirteen trees in a space of only two square rods. none less than two feet in diameter.] one of the principal charms about the great country traversed by the yellowstone trail is its newness and freshness. millions of acres just as the indian, the buffalo and the coyote left them--broad stretches as far as eye can reach without a sign of human habitation. but this is fast passing away. out among the sage brush in land as poor and desert-like as could well be imagined, homes are being mapped out by the thousand, and crops of grain were grown this year that rival the best yield in any of the older states. the time is close at hand when the main highways will be built up and made so hard and smooth that two hundred and fifty miles will be made as easily as our average runs of one hundred and fifty. the way will be safer and speedier, but it will lack some of the spice of adventure, and it will be harder to realize the simple life about the camp fire that now seems to harmonize so well with the wildness of the plains. the minnesota orchard. a question and answer exercise led by j. p. andrews, nurseryman, faribault. mr. andrews: this is a very important subject. we have been talking about it a long, long time, and we have advanced a little, ought to have advanced quite a little more, and this exercise is along the road of improvement in that line. anything that is bothering us, anything that is in the way of our success with the apple orchard, ask what questions you can, not that i can answer them all, but there are some good orchardists around here that i know i can call on, in case i can not. in this exercise the questions come first, and it is for you fellows to start the ball rolling. there is one thing we are lacking, that is winter apples. we have enough of fall apples, seems to me, so we can get along very well, but we are looking for something a little better quality than malinda and that will keep somewhere near as long. all these new seedlings that have been introduced in the past and big premiums offered, they seem to have stopped right there and we are not getting the benefit of but one or two. if they had been adapted to the north, as they should have been, we undoubtedly could have had several good varieties of apples that we could recommend for planting a considerable ways north of here that are good. as it is now we are really looking in this southern part of the country for keeping apples. i should think if we could get these new varieties of seedlings that are keeping well introduced into the fruit-breeding farm and let supt. haralson handle them under number and send them off to the north of us a good ways, we could have them tested. those that have exhibited these new seedlings and got premiums for them, they ought to be a little more free to get them in some shape so that they will be tested and we will learn their worth. they have their premiums, they got those simply because they are good keepers. well, now, that isn't anything in their favor for minnesota planting, not very much. of course, good keepers, that is a good thing, good quality is another thing, but the first thing is hardiness, and the people who have been drawing these premiums have been seemingly backward in getting them in shape to test. they are afraid to put them out for fear somebody might steal them, but if mr. haralson had the handling of them under number nobody could steal them. you have got title to them and control them just as well as when you keep them right on your place where they haven't a chance to show whether they are hardy or not. there is the weak point in this seedling business for minnesota, i think. but the apple orchards of minnesota, if you are not all getting the good results that you want from your orchards, if you are not all getting a full crop, what is the reason? the last year and this year we have failed of getting a good crop of apples or almost any crop, whereas before, ever since the old orchard was planted in , why, we have regarded the apple crop as really a very much surer crop than almost any of the farm crops, but the last two years we have failed to get a crop. i attribute the poor crop a year ago to such an excessive crop as we had the year before that. two years ago everything was loaded, breaking down, because we didn't thin them as we ought to, and we could hardly expect very much the next year. this last year, you know we had frosts quite frequent up to about the th of june, i think that was the reason we had such a failure this year. our own orchard is on ground that is about feet above faribault, so we have got air drainage, and we would expect to escape frosts on that account and have as good a crop as anybody else would in that neighborhood. but that wasn't the case. we didn't get any apples, and yet during county fair why there was quite a nice show of nice fruit that they had picked up a few here and a few there, where really their location seems to me could not have been any better than ours. i don't know what the reason was, but it was very patchy, and i didn't dream we would have such a good show of fruit as we did, and i couldn't tell where it came from. mr. philips: i think when the trees are loaded so heavily, if you would pick off a third of them you would get more out of the balance of the crop. mr. andrews: yes, i think that. the question is, if we pick off a third of a heavy crop, if we have a heavy crop, if that wouldn't help the next crop. it surely would. mr. philips: help that crop, too, in the price. mr. andrews: yes, sir, it will pay that year besides paying the next year, too; it will pay double. mr. philips: it is a good plan any year. mr. andrews: yes, we ought to do that, we are lacking in that work of thinning the fruit. we sometimes have a late frost that will take off part of them, thin them that way, or wind, or something of that kind, and we rather depend on that feature of it. then in that time of the year we are very busy and liable to have some things neglected, and that seems to be the one that is almost always neglected. mr. brackett: would you advocate the extensive planting of apples in this climate? mr. andrews: i would not. at the same time you take it in the southern part of the state i presume they can grow them there. they can grow there many things we can't think of growing in this part of the state unless it be along lake minnetonka. mr. older: where you have an orchard ten years old, is it best to seed it down or still continue to cultivate it? in the west they have to cultivate. what is the best in this country? i know one man says it is best to keep on cultivating while it is growing, and another man says that that will kill the trees. i want to know which is the best. mr. andrews: i think cultivation is the thing that ought to be done until the trees get well to bearing, anyway, and then it furnishes nitrogen to the soil to seed it down to clover. if we don't do that we are very liable to neglect that element in the soil. the better way to my mind is to cultivate for eight or ten years, and then i do think it is all right perhaps, for farmers, i mean, who will neglect the cultivation if they depend on it. that is, if they make up their minds it is better to cultivate than it is to seed down, their trees are more apt to be neglected. during the busy part of the season they won't cultivate as constantly as they ought to. if they would do that i have not much doubt but what cultivation would be all right right along, if you will furnish that nitrogen that ought to be in the soil for the protection of the crop. clover is the easiest way to get that, and the trees will be more sure to have the benefit of that if you sow to clover and grow a crop of hay and turn it under, possibly let it be into clover two years, but turn that under and cultivate for two or three years and then put into clover again. i think that would be preferable for the farmer, for the farmer especially, than it would to undertake to either cultivate all the time or seed down all the time. i don't believe it is a good thing to seed down where there are young trees growing and while the orchard is young. if you will plant your potatoes in that orchard between the rows and cultivate it, you will do the cultivating. i haven't got very much faith in the average farmer--i don't mean you horticulturists--but the average farmer. if he will plant trees and you advise him to cultivate them while they are young, they will be neglected after the first year or so. he may while the fever is on, he may cultivate them one year and the next year about half cultivate them, and the following years they will grow up to grass and weeds. whereas, if he plants potatoes he gets just the right cultivation for the trees if he cultivates the ground enough to get a good crop of potatoes. then in the fall when he digs the potatoes he loosens up the ground, and it takes up the moisture, and after the fall rains they go into winter quarters in good shape. it seems to me that is as near right as i could recommend. mr. hansen: what distance apart ought those apple trees to be? mr. older: another question along that line. suppose we concede that a young orchard ought to be cultivated until it gets eight or ten years old, then which is the best when you seed it to clover to cut the clover and throw the hay around the trees for a mulch or just take the hay away, or what? mr. andrews: i think it would be better to put the hay around the trees for mulching. if the hay is used and the barnyard manure is taken to the orchard that would fill the bill pretty well. now, the distance apart? grown trees really need about thirty feet apart each way. if you run the rows north and south and put them thirty feet apart, and sixteen feet or a rod apart in the row, with a view to taking out every other tree, you might have to go under bonds to take them out when they are needed to come out (laughter), or else you would leave them there until you hurt your other trees. if you would take out every other tree when they get to interfering after several years, eight or ten years, you can grow a double crop of apples in your orchard, but if you do the way you probably will do, leave them right there until they get too close, you will-- mr. hansen: spoil all of them? mr. andrews: yes. then you better put them out a little farther apart, and, as i said, two rods apart each way i don't believe is too far. our old orchard that we put out in is just on its last legs now. at that time, you know, we didn't know anything about what varieties to plant, we didn't have as many as we have now. the old orchard only had the duchess and wealthy for standards, and half of the orchard was into crabs, because i thought at that time crabs was the only thing that would be any ways sure of staying by us. well, those trees are about through their usefulness now, the standards. they have borne well until the last two years, generally loaded, and they were put out at that time fourteen feet apart each way, breaking joints so that they didn't come directly opposite. and when they got to be twelve or fifteen years old, it was difficult to get through there with a team or with any satisfaction, it was rubbing the limbs too much. then the next orchard we put out on the farm was twenty-four feet by fifteen or sixteen feet in the row, the rows twenty-four feet apart. i wish they were a little farther apart, although that hasn't bothered very much about getting through between the rows, but it shows that a tree that is any ways spreading in its habit really needs about two rods each way. are there any other questions? mr. brackett: do you think a wealthy orchard under thorough cultivation, making a rank growth, do you think it is as hardy as an orchard seeded down, and do you think that a wealthy orchard would blight more than other kinds? mr. andrews: if the ground is rich and under thorough cultivation it does tend to cause fire blight. i haven't followed it on anything but young orchards. when they have commenced to bear then we have generally seeded down and turned in the hogs, and we have rather neglected the cultivation after that. i do think that if we had cultivated a little more often it would have been better. mr. older: what do you consider the best to seed down with, clover or alfalfa? mr. andrews: i have never tried alfalfa. i don't see why it wouldn't be all right, if you don't try to keep it too long. it would furnish the nitrogen all right. mr. older: which kind of seeding down would you prefer, what kind of clover? would you want the alsike clover or sweet clover for an apple orchard? mr. andrews: i haven't tried anything but the medium clover. the sweet clover i think would be rather a rank grower. mr. older: if you are going to mow it, why not mow the sweet clover same as the other? mr. andrews: that would be all right. if you were going to use it for mulching, i think it would be the thing, because it would be better for mulching than for feeding. mr. ludlow: i would like to give a little experience in putting in alfalfa in an orchard. we got the seed, the grimm alfalfa, i think, is the name of it, and i got a good stand. we got seed from it the first year, and i sowed more, but there seemed to be something about the alfalfa that would draw the pocket-gophers from two miles around. the second year i think i had nineteen of my thriftiest apple tree roots all eaten off. i didn't know there was one in the field because there were no mounds at all. in the spring i found where they were at work, and i catch on an average of twenty pocket-gophers out of that mound every year. talk about cultivating, the pocket-gophers will cultivate it, and the alfalfa is pretty much all eaten out and it has come into bluegrass. mr. harrison: that question as to alfalfa; the experience is always that the roots go too deep so it hurts the apple trees. red clover seems to be the clover that is favored by most people. mr. andrews: mr. ludlow spoke of the pocket-gopher favoring alfalfa. we have a patch of alfalfa right near the apple trees. i don't remember that i have noticed any pocket-gophers work in that piece at all. on the opposite side of the road, where it is clover and timothy, why, they work there tremendously. i know brother ludlow was telling us a little while ago at dinner about pocket-gophers working on his place, and i wouldn't wonder if he is blessed with an extra colony of them there. mr. ludlow: i try to catch them all out every year. i catch out on an average about eighteen to twenty every fall, so as to catch them before they increase early in the spring. it seems as though they came from a distance. i know one came into my garden this year. i didn't know there was a gopher within a mile, and in one night he made four mounds in the middle of my strawberry bed. mrs. glenzke: did you ever try poisoning them? mr. ludlow: no, i never did. i am most successful in catching them in a trap. mr. brackett: have you got any pocket-gophers that do not make mounds? do you understand that? mr. ludlow: no, sir, i don't understand that, but when they came in and killed the nineteen trees in the fall i hadn't seen a mound there. in the spring i found where they were at work, and then i went after them. city "foresters" and municipal forests. prof. e. g. cheney, university farm, st. paul. several cities in the state have appointed "city foresters." this is a step in the right direction, if it is a precursor to the establishment of municipal forests for these men to manage; otherwise it is a misnomer and can only be misleading to the people. the city governments, in an endeavor to create a complete park organization, have so far adopted this title from european practice without much regard to the duties of the officer. a forester handles trees in mass formations,--sometimes for timber production, sometimes for the protection of water-sheds, sometimes for aesthetic effect or park purposes,--but always in the mass. the handling of shade trees such as we have in our city streets is the work of an arborist. the planting of large ornamental trees, the pruning of the individual for formal effect, the filling of cavities and the bracing of weak parts, are no part of a forester's work; nor do they necessarily fall within his knowledge. an expert should undoubtedly be in charge of the work, but an expert arborist, not a forester. the title is, therefore, when combined with the present duties, unfortunate, because it gives the people--still struggling with a hazy conception of forestry--a wrong idea of the true character of the real forester's work. two very obvious ways of avoiding the difficulty present themselves,--either to change the title or to change the duties. the former would probably be much easier of accomplishment, but the latter is without question the course which the city ought to pursue. since the cities have adopted the title of "city forester," and so obtained a more complete park organization on paper, why not make the improvement real by adopting the rest of the european practice and creating city forests for these new officers to handle? that would indeed be a real improvement, and one without which any city park system is lamentably lame. nearly every large city has some large park within in limits kept in a more or less natural condition as a recreation ground for its people, thus recognizing its influence for health and social betterment. how much it would increase this influence if there were a considerable tract of forest within easy reach of the city! how much better approach it would make to the city than the unsightly waste places so often encountered! how much better setting it would make for the suburban residence sections! such a municipal forest is not a utopian dream, but a practical thing well within the reach of almost any city. the law passed by the last legislature makes it possible for a city to purchase land for such a purpose either within or without the city limits. the activities of the present park boards show that money can be obtained to carry out such plans. the establishment of the forests would be less expensive than is generally imagined. the amount of money expended on the gateway park in minneapolis would buy hundreds of acres of city land within fifteen miles of the city. with the aid of a municipal nursery, such as every park system should have, this land could be planted up at a total expense, for stock and labor, of six to eight dollars per acre. the cost of maintenance would be limited to the patrol of the tract to prevent fire and trespass. of course, there might be no money revenue from the forest for many years, but in a comparatively short time it would begin to fulfill its purpose as a park, and once the timber is mature, there would be a continuous net annual income of from five to ten dollars per acre. suppose that the city had , acres of such forest paying a net annual revenue--in addition to its full services as a park--of from $ , to $ , toward the maintenance of the other city parks, and it must be remembered that for every dollar of net revenue the forest would pay an additional dollar or more in wages to swell the coffers of the city;--certainly that would be something very much better than anything that the city has at present. st. paul, with the bottom lands and cliffs on either side of the river between hastings and minneapolis, could make a beautiful and profitable park of what now threatens to develop into a monumental waste. duluth could make a forest which would be unsurpassed in beauty and usefulness by any in the world out of the brushy, unoccupied, rock-bound hills as far west as thompson. mankato has a glorious chance for the same work along the minnesota valley. virginia and hibbing could do nothing better than make such use of the rocky, mine-scarred hills in their vicinity. and so opportunity might be cited for almost any city in the state. for the municipal forest need not be confined to the big cities. in fact, in some respects the smaller city has an advantage over the larger place. suitable land can usually be obtained near the city at a much more reasonable price and the revenue obtained bear a much larger ratio to the total expenses of the town. there are some small towns in germany where the entire running expenses are paid by the revenues of the town forest, and one or two where the forest not only pays all of the taxes but also pays a cash pension to a number of the older inhabitants. certainly our towns, looking forward to an endless and progressive existence, cannot afford to neglect this opportunity to develop a useful park, to provide a source of cheap wood and lumber for future generations and a substantial revenue for the city. expert advice need not be employed until the size and revenue of the forest warrants it, for the state forest service stands ready to help--by the selection of land, the formulation of plans, and consultation--any city that is wise enough to take advantage of this law. the "city forester" can then be a forester indeed, and one of the good points of the european city government will have been adopted in fact as well as in name. the salome apple. h. w. harrison, rochester, minn. so. minn. hort. society. the salome apple is named after one of the faithful bible characters, salome, who was associated with martha and mary while our savior was on earth and was also a witness of his crucifixion. thus the name alone commands respect. it was originated in eastern canada, and it was introduced here some twenty-five years ago by the princeton nursery company of illinois and has proven to be very hardy on different soils and locations. it is grown in the southern tier of counties of minnesota and as far north as new ulm. like all good things it has had a hard fight to overcome its opponents. at the time it was introduced here there were ben davis and other tender varieties delivered in its place in certain localities. these not being hardy of course gave the salome a black eye. nevertheless it is an apple that should be grown extensively because of its hardiness, its clean appearance and upright growth, spreading just enough to admit air and light. its fruit will keep in ordinary cellars until may or june. it is medium in size and color, red streaked with green and yellow. flesh is yellow and sub acid. like all winter varieties it is slow to come in bearing but yielding heavily when it does bear, whenever other varieties do. let us not lose sight of this excellent fruit in our desire to produce something new and original. how may the state university and the horticultural society best co-operate? geo. e. vincent, president minn. state university, minneapolis. now, so far as i can understand, the only excuse for interpolating me in a program of this kind is that you are giving so much attention to technical subjects, you are working so hard, you need from time to time relief in order that you may not suffer from brain fever or any of the ailments of overstudy. i am confident from this point of view anything i may have to say will meet that need completely. the relationship between this society and the university strikes me as typically american. there are two ways of doing things--leaving public undertakings entirely to private initiative, to individuals, to voluntary groups; that is one plan. there is another plan which consists in putting everything into the hands of the state. constituted authority takes charge of the whole life of the citizen's, all the activities and enterprise are made public, state affairs. those are the two extremes. the dangers of those two methods are very obvious. many enterprises left to private initiative will be done in haphazard fashion; there will be duplication and waste. when the state undertakes all these enterprises it changes the whole aspect. public management may make for a certain efficiency, but it sooner or later undermines the initiative, the feeling of responsibility of the individual. we are a practical people, we compromise and combine the various methods of doing things. it is the typical american way to combine private initiative with a certain measure of state co-operation. the work for horticulture in the state of minnesota has been developed under exactly these conditions. if i remember rightly, this society was organized in . it has assumed a definite leadership in the development of horticulture in the state of minnesota; the university has gradually been adapting itself, so to speak, to the work of this society. the society and the university have officially been in close relationship. i believe that in the early days the secretary was at the same time a university officer and for the last twenty-five years, i am told that at least one expert of the university staff has always been a member of the executive board of this society. this has made a personal bond. then the society has done a great many important things. you have stood by at times when people were not perfectly certain about the importance of various kinds of scientific work. you have been steadfast. sometimes it required courage to stand for the scientific ideals which the university was attempting to carry out in important work that had a bearing upon horticulture. and you have, of course, the chief responsibility and distinction of having seen to it that our fruit-breeding farm should be established. i believe you were also kind enough to pick out the site, although none of you were personally interested in the particular real estate ultimately purchased. so that we feel--we of the university feel--that the work of horticulture in this state is distinctly a co-operative undertaking, and that the leadership and enterprise and vision of this society have been the chief things that developed horticulture in minnesota to the point it has reached. but we do believe that the co-operation of your university is an important and, we hope, from now on will be an increasingly important thing. certain work is going on constantly at the university in the various departments, and that work is of distinct benefit because you recognize it. we had a good illustration a few minutes ago. the professor of soils was having his brains picked, as he had a perfect right to have, by you. you were asking him questions, and i noticed once or twice he said he didn't know. that must have inspired confidence in him; i have a good deal of faith in people who don't know it all. that shows two things--they have a sense of humor, and they expect to find out. there is something pathetic in a person who knows it all; it is a case of arrested development. so out of the department of soils you expect to get the result of careful and scientific study of the nature of soils. from the department of plant pathology you expect to learn about the various forms of plant diseases and the way in which these may be eliminated. from the department of entomology you expect to learn something about the troublesome insects, which are so universal an annoyance. i think they simply exist to test our character, to see whether we have courage to go on, bugs or no bugs. we do the best we can to become familiar with the habits of these nefarious creatures and let you know what we know. so i might call attention to one or two other departments--but you know how much is being accomplished. you get regular reports. you have a committee to visit and investigate our fruit-breeding farms. if i may judge from the reports which your committee makes--i don't know whether it is because it is one of your children and you are indulgent--your committee seems to think good things are being done and distinct progress recorded at the fruit-breeding farm. with your support and confidence we are enlarging the work there. it seems we should have more land in the early future, and we may ask for your co-operation in convincing the powers that be that such increase of territory is necessary. how many members have you? , members, i believe. perhaps you have more since that number was given this morning. at any rate, there is a good number, and when you think of all the wisdom and all the experience that those , people have, it seems a great pity not to get it organized in better form. come and pick some more brains while these brains are still available and organize this great mass of knowledge. here is the next problem. who are the people that are going to take your places? who is to have a gold watch given him fifty years from now--or given to her fifty years from now? this thing is to go on, and how? it goes on by discovering in minnesota the horticulturally-minded people in the state; you must always be on the lookout for people who are to do the big things. the great european governments are considering how they are going to keep their armies recruited, how the next generation is to be brought in and organized. that is the same problem in every nation. it is extremely necessary to put out dragnets for specialists. there are probably thousands of men in minnesota who are horticulturists, they are dormant horticulturists, and your business and ours is to try to discover them. so the problem with us is how to get out the dragnet. you know there is a great biological principle that is illustrated in the lower types of animals. millions of fish eggs are produced for every hundred that actually fertilize and amount to anything. so when you are looking for results in a great subject, when you are trying to discover people, when you are putting out a dragnet, you have to try a very large number with the hope of discovering the relatively few who really show the divine spark, who are really the men that you are looking for. it is a very interesting thing when you come to think about it, all the while we are looking for special ability in modern activities we do it by fashion. fashion is something that victimizes the ladies. they do not care for fashion itself, it is thrust upon them from the outside. most women conform to fashion on the principle of protective coloring; they do not care for it themselves, but they do not want to be conspicuous by not conforming; so they protect themselves that way. i consider fashion is a beneficial thing when you look at it the right way. by fashion all kinds of new things are started throughout the country, and you discover certain people who have a special aptitude. it becomes the fashion to do various things, and in many cases people become interested and develop their own special tastes and faculties. i am tremendously interested just now in rural education. we want a rural school that will be attractive. we are interested in getting houses for the teachers to be built right alongside the school house. then there will be the garden in connection with the house, the flower garden and the tree planting. some of us are looking forward to the time when the rural school will be the most charming spot in all the countryside, not a place from which the teacher escapes at the earliest possible moment on friday to return reluctantly on monday morning, but a place where she wants to remain, where the rural school will be the center of the community and community life. it will be an attractive place for the best kind of teacher. when we can get to that point we shall be able to establish in the rural regions an institution that will be a vital part of the whole community and a thing of joy and of beauty. that gospel might be extended to the tree planting on the farmstead. you know what the state art society had been doing. there is another dragnet. you have seen the minnesota art journal, which is dealing with the problems in tree planting of the farm, planting around the farm house; that in connection with the modern farm house that has been suggested, these things have a very important bearing upon problems in which both you and the university are interested. and then we can look forward to the time when you will have your permanent home, if not on the farm grounds themselves at least near there, where we could co-operate and use the same building, so that while it would be yours you will feel that it is being utilized throughout the year in such a way that the expenditure of the money would be justified. there is a fine vista ahead of us, a vista of the things to be, accomplished by means of this american combination of private initiative and enterprise and idealism and the support of the state for certain details of work which can be best accomplished in that way. the shelter belt for orchard and home grounds. a discussion led by john w. maher, nurseryman, devils lake, n. dak. mr. maher: the subject this morning is to be on "shelter-belt for orchard and home grounds." i am satisfied, provided the "home grounds" include the whole farm. the entire farm needs shelter, particularly from the hot, drying winds and other destructive winds that uncover and cut down crops in springtime and carry away the fertile top soil; and the summer winds, hot winds, of course, that eat up the moisture; and those destructive winds that sometimes harvest our barley and other crops before they are cut. we need protection from all these winds, and in this latitude these winds blow uniformly from the southwest. so every farm should be protected from them by a substantial shelter-belt on the west and south sides, which can also be the farm wood-lot. [illustration: apple tree windbreak at devil's lake nursery. hibernal in the foreground. patten's greening in the distance.] there is another phase of protection that has been emphasized this year very much, and that is, protection against summer frosts and late spring frosts. a gentleman living at mcintosh, near crookston, in this state, told me that corn matured up there wherever it was protected from the north wind. at the devils lake nursery we had a -bushel per acre potato crop protected only by the blocks of nursery stock, whereas the yield in the vicinity was from nothing to fifty bushels per acre--and i believe if mr. andrews will inquire into the location of the good apple crops about faribault he will probably find they were saved by similar shelter protection, or the natural lay of the land. mr. kellogg: what is your best windbreak? mr. maher: the evergreen is the best windbreak for the reason that it gives more shelter, retains its leaves in the winter and fewer rows of trees will make a good shelter-belt. the variety--that is, west of the timber line in minnesota--i should say the best would be the ponderosa pine, or bull pine, after that the jack pine may be, or else the colorado blue spruce and the black hills spruce. mr. kellogg: colorado spruce is too expensive to set out as a windbreak. mr. maher: well, the green varieties. i don't see why they should be any more costly than the others. of course, they are held at a higher price, but they make a good windbreak because they are easily grown and are perfectly hardy to stand the dry atmosphere and the hot winds. [illustration: american elm windbreak at devil's lake, n.d.] mr. kellogg: what is the reason there are so few of them really blue? mr. maher: i don't know. there is only a small percentage, probably per cent., that are blue. i think the dryer atmosphere produces more blue than the more humid atmosphere. we have more blues in north dakota than you will find even here. i believe it is the dry atmosphere and the intense sunlight that causes the blue, because the red cedar in north dakota, the native red cedar, is really a silver cedar and has a blue sheen, or rather, a silver sheen. a member: how large do the trees have to be to be of benefit? mr. maher: i have a friend out of devils lake who had acres of flax destroyed by a spring wind that hits the earth at such an angle. it picked up the earth and cut the flax off, by reason of the clay hitting the little plant, except about a hundred foot strip along the west side, and that was protected by a growth of grass and weeds not to exceed a foot in height. so it depends on the kind of wind a great deal and the angle at which the wind strikes the grounds. now, the distance that a windbreak will protect a field has been studied out and measured and demonstrated by a great number of men. mr. mcgee, at indian head, gave a great deal of thought and study to the windbreak proposition and measured the distances that the shelter-belt would shelter the crops, and he came to the conclusion that for every foot in height there would be an absolute protection for a rod in distance, and outside of that actual protection there would be a long distance that would be partially protected. the same study was made by a gentleman in iowa--i can't call his name just now--and he came to practically the same conclusion as to the distance that the protection reached in proportion to the height of shelter-belt. [illustration: mountain ash windbreak at devil's lake, n.d.] a member: i want a shelter mostly for apple trees. would it be five or six years before i receive any benefit, or seven or eight years? mr. maher: plant your protection when you plant your apple trees, and you will have your protection sooner than you have your apples. if you are going to do that, don't put the shelter too close to the apple trees, which is a very common fault. a member: how much distance would you allow for the roots? [illustration: white willow windbreak at devil's lake, n.d.] mr. maher: i should say not less than feet, anyway. mr. moyer: i live in southwestern minnesota, about thirty miles from the south dakota line, and i think it is a mistake to recommend the white spruce for planting out there. the white spruce naturally grows towards the north pole, it extends even up to the arctic circle. twenty-four years ago i purchased a dozen white spruce from robert douglas, who was then alive, and planted them northwest of my house. about five years ago they began to fail, and now only two or three are alive, and they are covered with dead branches. i feel sure that the white spruce have been injured by the hot winds that come across the prairies from the southwest. i don't think they can stand it. there is a variety of white spruce that grows in the black hills, which i think will be decided to be a different species when botanists come to study it, that will stand our prairies. another tree that we like is the colorado blue spruce; it is hardy and grows excellently. about twenty-three years ago, when professor verner was at the head of the forestry department at washington he sent me , evergreens, and i set them out. they were bull pine and the scotch pine and austrian pine. i was over to look at them the other day. the scotch pine, which have been set now twenty-three years, are over thirty feet high, the austrian pine about two-thirds as high, and the bull pine, ponderosa, is about as high as the austrian pine. he told me to set these trees about two feet apart each way. i thought that too thick, so i set them in rows six feet apart and about two or three feet apart in the rows. he wished me to alternate the planting with deciduous trees. he recommended that i add a few deciduous trees, green ash and box elder and a few elm, and i set them as far as they would go, but they didn't go very far in setting the , evergreens. then i thought it would be a good idea to use the wolfberry that grows wild on the prairies. i set them alternately with some of the evergreens, but as they have a very liberal root system it was hard to get them out. the finest tree in the plantation is the austrian pine, and if it continues to do as well as it has the last three or four years i think the austrian pine is going to be a very valuable pine for shelter-belt. mr. kellogg: have you tested the douglas spruce? mr. moyer: not to a great extent. it does well in some localities. [illustration: soft, or silver, maple windbreak--to be succeeded by permanent windbreak of bur oak--shown growing between man and boy.] mr. maher: i think the real test is to get them as near native to your place as you can. the area over which the white spruce grows is greater than that of any other spruce, possibly greater than any other evergreen, especially through the northern latitudes. i don't think there is any question about the black hills spruce being the white spruce that was left there growing when the other timber was destroyed, if we can adopt that theory. the white spruce from seed from the northwest, from the british columbia countries especially, is perfectly hardy with you. it is perfectly hardy with us at devils lake, which is a very much more severe test, whereas the white spruce from its southern limits may not be hardy even here. i think the black hills spruce is perfectly hardy. the distance north and south relatively is not so important with reference to growing trees as to get them from too far in the humid district. the white spruce that i would be afraid of would be the seed from new england and from the farther east limits of its growth, where the conditions are so much more humid. mr. kellogg: do you find any trouble with too much protection for orchards? mr. maher: where the protection is too close to the orchards i think it is very bad. it destroys the air drainage-- mr. kellogg: that is why they are liable to blight. mr. maher: and they blight also. the air drainage is interfered with, and you get blight, and you also smother the orchard. i don't know but what the apple and the americana plum are about as hardy trees as we have anywhere. i don't make any attempt to protect them specially except from the south and west. i don't put any northern windbreak around any orchards i set out. of course, we may lose a crop with a spring frost all right when northern protection might save it, but with us up in our country if we have a good spring frost it is usually heavy enough to catch them anyway. [illustration: norway poplar windbreak at devil's lake, n.d.] i have a question here: how long should a shelter-belt be cultivated? now, that is a point on which i think too much emphasis is placed. if you set out your trees as judge moyer did his, close together, inside of a few years they will take care of themselves, they will form forest conditions very quickly, and cultivation is not necessary any more. of course, if you set your trees a great distance apart where there is nothing to protect them from the burning sun, and the ground bakes and dries, then you must cultivate or mulch, but i think cultivation much better than mulching. another question: how many rows of trees make a good windbreak? my idea is that it takes twenty rows to make a good one--of deciduous trees, of course. two or three rows of evergreens, planted not further than eight feet apart and with joints broken, probably makes as good a windbreak as the twenty rows of deciduous trees and take less ground. mr. horton: wouldn't you have an open space in those trees? you wouldn't put them all together? mr. maher: if i had twenty rows of trees i would put them together. mr. horton: would you have an open space outside of those twenty trees for the snow to lodge in? [illustration: ponderosa pine windbreak--at devil's lake (n.d.) nursery.] mr. maher: i have never known the snow to do any hurt in a twenty row windbreak. it distributes itself in there, and the more comes the better. mr. horton: i have seen them broken badly with the snow. mr. maher: that would be probably the poplars and trees that break easily. mr. horton: on my farm i put out a row of twenty trees. outside of that i left a space on the north and west six rods wide, and i put out some golden willows outside of that, and that made an open space for the snow to fall in. mr. maher: that is a very good plan, to have a row of willows back of your shelter-belt, especially around the home and orchard and barn ground, to hold the snow back. mr. moyer: i found that the snow drifted into my evergreens but didn't break them. i used lilac bushes; i planted a long row. lilacs are very common, and i got enough to plant a long row. they are now ten feet high, and it is a magnificent sight in summer. mr. maher: i know the lilac is a splendid thing, better than the golden willow, because they last longer. they are more hardy, and they make a better protection, and as far as wood goes from the golden willows you get nothing except branches unless it is the white willow. i have another question here: what would you plant around the garden? for a windbreak around the garden orchard, that should have an inside protection, and the shelter-belt itself should be too far away from the garden to be sufficient protection. around the garden i would plant juneberry or dogwood or any of those common native berry plants. they will afford the very best kind of protection, just as good as the lilacs and just as hardy, and at the same time will produce food for the birds and bring them about your garden and keep them with you and shelter them. mr. kellogg: the barberry-- mr. mahler: the barberry would be all right, but i prefer the juneberry and the mulberry and the dogwood, because they come up a little higher. the barberry is all right. mr. kellogg: i had barberry, and i dug it all up. mr. maher: it spread too much? mr. richardson: i like the russian mulberry. mr. maher: yes, sir. mr. richardson: is the mulberry hardy with you? mr. maher: no, sir. mr. moyer: the buckthorn makes a very good protection. mr. maher: yes, sir. mr. huestis: how would the golden elder do as a hedge? mr. maher: it would be a protection, but it is liable to spread too much. mr. huestis: do you know whether the mulberry is hardy in minnesota or not? mr. maher: i think from here south it is hardy, especially southeast. mr. moyer: it occurs to me that the tartarian honeysuckle is about as good as any thing you can plant for birds. it is perfectly hardy on the prairies and grows up ten or fifteen feet high. mr. maher: the tartarian honeysuckle and several varieties of the bush honeysuckles are splendid, and they are hardy and will grow anywhere. a member: did i understand some one to say that the mulberry was not hardy? mr. maher: it was stated that it wasn't hardy in north dakota. a member: i put mulberry trees in my garden yard that have been bearing mulberries for years and years. mr. maher: i think the mulberry is hardy from here south and especially southeast. i don't think it would grow out on the prairie very far. mr. richardson: it grows on the prairies southwest of here. my color scheme. mrs. r. p. boyington, nemadji. "oh, my garden lying whitely in the moonlight and the dew, with its soft caressing coloring, breathing peace to all who view." our garden color scheme this year was a number of red, white and blue pictures, these pictures being supported, on the different sides, by brilliant, oriental color effects. the first picture had for its north side the south side of the cottage, which was covered with climbing roses (american pillars and crimson rambler). a bed of petunias, six feet wide and as long as the cottage, came next, and was separated from about four hundred delphiniums (belladonna) by a walk which was bordered on both sides by a row of candytuft and a row of forget-me-nots, blue as a baby's eye. to the south of the delphiniums was a great bank of bridal wreath chrysanthemums, white as the driven snow. a walk on the east had the same--candytuft and forget-me-not border. to the south and west of this picture were irises and oriental poppies in all the gorgeous coloring of the orient, with a small space on the west where hundreds of pansies nodded their lovely faces to the stately blue larkspurs. are we sure, as has been said, that god forgot to put a soul in flowers? to the east, beyond the walk, is another picture--shasta daisies and blue cornflowers. on the north side is a brilliant hedge of red sweet peas. on the east and south of this most exquisite picture are iceland poppies, red pyrethrums, and here and there are clumps of dark red sweet william. in the early morn, just after the "morning stars have sung together," and the forces of day are slowly coming into action, this is a wonderous picture. on the north side of the cottage is a screened-in porch. here cardinal climber gives its myriads of cheerful bloom, while blue lobelia and white anemones, with the porch boxes filled with vinca atmosphere of beauty and cheer to those who come and take the social cup that truly cheers. the broad lawn slopes north to the driveway. to the east, separating the lawn from the walk, which is west of the canna beds, is a border of dusty miller next the grass and one row each of blue anchusa and red snapdragon. the silver leaved poplars in the distance give a soft sheen to the whole picture. away to the west is a spruce hedge and inside the hedge red hollyhocks and phlox with a great row of crimson poppies. a simple garden made of simple things, and yet as we go through it to our peony bed, that gorgeous flower, standing alone in its regal, queenly beauty, we do not wonder that when one of old walked with god it was in the cool of the evening and in a garden. "where in all the dim resplendent spaces, the mazy stars drift through to my garden lying whitely in the moonlight and the dew." my experience in grape culture. joseph tucker, austin. so. minn. hort. society during fifteen years i have had in my garden several varieties of grapes, namely, the concord, worden, moore's early and a green grape (not certain of its name). all have done remarkably well whenever the season was reasonably favorable. i mean by that the absence of the late spring and the early fall frosts, which are the greatest drawbacks to grape culture. for that reason i would not advise anyone to undertake it as a business venture on a large scale. on the other hand, where it is desired to supply the family table with fresh fruit as long as it will keep, also to add a variety of jellies and preserves for the winter, a dozen of vines will supply an ordinary family with grapes whose flavor i have never seen surpassed. you who do not always expect money to grow on everything you touch, you who admire and love a plant or vine and feel well repaid for your labor to see it grow and bear fruit, you who have a vacant corner in your garden well adapted to that purpose, i urge you most earnestly to plant some grape vines, and i assure you that with some knowledge of their care and a determination not to fail you will succeed, and you will eventually be able to see a pretty sight--for, to my mind, nothing is handsomer than a well trimmed grape row with the ripening fruit. the soil that will grow corn will produce good grapes. my advice is to select early ripening varieties, for then you will only have the possible spring frost to contend with, and that is easy to guard against. do not fail to adopt some system of pruning, for that is the most essential part of the secret to grow good grapes. other necessary information will no doubt be furnished by any reliable nurseryman with whom you are dealing. i wish to say in conclusion that so far i have had no trouble from any insects attacking the vines or fruit, and i have always been able to produce fruit that commands the first premium wherever exhibited. protect the garden against winter weather. u.s. dept. of agriculture. at this season many inquiries come to the united states department of agriculture regarding the protection of garden plants and shrubs during the winter. such flowers as peonies and hollyhocks will come up again the following year if they are properly protected during the winter, while others, like cannas and dahlias, which are more accustomed to warm climes, must have their roots or bulbs dug up and stored in a cellar. the department's specialists give the following suggestions for "putting the garden to bed": _hardy perennials._--cover hardy perennials, such as peonies, larkspur, hollyhocks, columbines, iris, platycodons and perennial poppies, with a good coating of manure or other litter to a depth of or inches. in more southern localities this will hold the frost in the ground and keep the plant from alternately freezing and thawing; in more northern regions the manure will protect the plant from freezing to a depth that will cut off its water supply. _cannas and dahlias._--as soon as the tops of cannas, dahlias, gladiolus, caladiums and similar plants are killed by frost, dig up the roots or bulbs and store them in a cellar where the temperature will remain at degrees, and should never go below or above degrees. do not shake any more earth from the clumps of cannas and dahlias than is necessary in removing them from the ground. place the plants on racks or in slat boxes so the air may circulate freely through them. no frost must reach the roots nor must they become too warm or dry. _shrubs._--as a rule shrubs should not be trimmed in the fall. this process is timely immediately after the blooming period, if this is in the spring, as in the case of the snowball. if the shrubs bloom in the fall, as do some hydrangeas, the rose of sharon, and some lilacs, they should not be cut directly after blooming but in the spring of the following year. lilacs, snowballs and mock orange should be let alone during the winter, being neither trimmed nor covered with straw and manure. _roses._--almost all kinds of roses are hardy in the vicinities of washington, d.c., and st. louis and to the south of a line drawn between these points. from washington northward local conditions influence the successful cultivation of certain varieties. some roses, as the brier and rugosa, need no protection, but other varieties, such as the hybrid perpetuals, teas and hybrid-teas, need special care, particularly north of the fortieth parallel. teas and hybrid teas hardly succeed in chicago, although the hybrid-perpetuals grow as far north as canada. all these classes do well on long island and in boston near the sea when proper care is given them. these varieties in the vicinity of washington need merely a little manure on the ground to prevent alternate freezing and thawing. farther north, however, they should be treated as follows: cut the tops to within inches of the ground. cover the roots with coarse manure or leaves or similar litter. hold this in place by evergreen boughs which also acts as a protection. brush from deciduous trees or shrubs may be substituted for the evergreen boughs except in the most northern regions. mounds of earth about six or eight inches in height should be drawn about the base of the rose bushes to keep them from mice. as an added protection against mice, permit the ground to freeze slightly before winter protection is supplied. in fact, roses should not be protected until after the first light freeze, which may be expected in washington, d.c., about the first of december, but earlier farther north. (tops must be protected in minnesota.--sec.) _climbing roses._--in the latitude of philadelphia and farther south climbing roses usually need no protection during the winter unless they are a particularly tender variety. farther north these roses need protection similar to that given to the tea and hybrid tea roses. where it is possible to do so, remove climbing roses from their supports, and cover the branches with a little dirt. a little fall trimming might be desirable to lessen the space occupied by the branches on the ground. such side branches as are not to be needed for next season's blooming may be cut off. such cutting off and shortening of the ends as would otherwise be done in the spring may be done in the fall before covering, merely for convenience. growing asparagus. a discussion led by e. w. record, market gardener, brooklyn center. a member: i want to ask if many put salt on asparagus? mr. record: salt is very good, but i think only for the reason that it makes the plant tender and keeps down insects. but if i was to use anything to keep insects down i should use paris green. shorts or bran, that is the best for cutworms. everybody knows that with the least scratch or mar on the side of the asparagus it will grow crooked, and then it is a pretty hard proposition to get it into the bunch ready for market in any kind of shape. a member: some have the idea that salt helps the growth of the plant. mr. record: well, i never found it did. mr. baldwin: i would like to know how to control rust on the stems in the summer time. mr. record: well, i can't answer, but i find that the palmetto has less rust on it than any other variety. i have never been bothered with asparagus rust yet. mr. baldwin: after the bed gets to be a few years old the grass and weeds commence to come up. after you get through cutting, it is pretty hard work to get in there and clean them out. do you find it the best way to hoe them after you get through cutting? mr. record: i will tell you. i cultivate right over the tops of the rows and keep on cultivating until the asparagus comes up and begins to sprout. by the time the weeds come up the second time, it is time to quit cutting. mr. baldwin: how deep do you put the plant below the surface in transplanting? mr. record: from twelve to fourteen inches. in the east they are growing asparagus, and they set out their plants, and they fill in and wait until the asparagus comes up and then they fill with rotted manure and never fertilize any more, but here there are very few that do that. i never did, but i find in putting on manure broadcast a year afterwards the shoots were very crooked. i did that one year only. after i put it on i thought i would have something good, and i didn't have anything. as soon as it comes up it starts to get crooked. mr. baldwin: you mean to say that putting manure on top makes the asparagus crooked? mr. record: that was my experience. mr. baldwin: i have always practiced that. i think what makes it crooked is cultivating the top and cutting the crowns off. a member: when the weeds come in we disk it. mr. record: i never like to disk it. if your bed is very old you are liable to cut some of your crowns rather than to keep the weeds out. a member: your manure would be all gone then? mr. record: i know there was a man right adjoining me who had an asparagus bed, and he used a lot of rotten manure the summer before, and he got very little asparagus that was marketable. i asked him what the trouble was, and he said he didn't know. this year he had a good crop. i can't say it was the manure that did that, only it looks that way. a member: how would you start a new planting? mr. record: i would plow my ground thoroughly and get it in good shape. a member: wouldn't fertilize the first season? mr. record: i would. i would fertilize my asparagus ground two years. a member: i mean in preparing your patch for the new planting? mr. record: i would first plow and harrow and then fertilize. plow both ways from fourteen to sixteen inches deep and with a fine cultivator loosen up the bottom of furrow and put in the plants and cover with a little earth. then with the horse keep filling in the furrow. i saw this summer several men with hoes working. that is all right, but it takes a long time, especially with the proposition we are up against about hired help. i can do it just as well with the horse and four times as fast. the second year you can harrow it any way you want to. a member: common corn land, is that fit for raising asparagus? mr. record: yes, sir, asparagus will grow on poor ground better than many other vegetables will. a member: will it improve that land by fertilizing with top dressing? mr. record: i think so. a member: the heavy land i suppose wouldn't be good for it? mr. record: they raise good asparagus on clay land, but i don't think it will grow as good as on sandy soil. it is not quite so warm; it packs harder and i think more liable to grow crooked. a member: i was called out to see a man's asparagus bed. he asked me what kind of ground i thought it must be, and i said a light soil. this man had a heavy clay, and it rained on it, and then the sun came out very hot and the top cooked, and when the little shoots were to come up they turned back. that ground wasn't good for asparagus. mr. record: it should have been harrowed well after that rain. a member: you see he couldn't get in there. a member: what fertilizer is good? is bone meal good? mr. record: any commercial fertilizer is good, i think. bone meal is good. mr. crawford: can you raise asparagus successfully in the shade or a partial shade? mr. record: well, i wouldn't want too much. i have shade on both sides of mine; it is a hedge. i notice it isn't near so good next to the hedge as it is out in the middle of the bed, although shade on both sides protects it from the wind and makes it hotter. the hotter it is, the faster it will grow. mr. crawford: i asked the question because i have a west line shade several years old, trees are willow and box elder. considerable of the ground is a loss to me, practically so, from that shade. mr. record: i don't think it is a very good place for asparagus. a member: i would like to ask if a person on clay soil could use sawdust to work in? mr. record: horse manure with sawdust, we use a great deal of that, that is, planing mill shavings. that is all right. that will loosen up the ground some, but when it is turned over, of course, it will harden up again if there comes a good hard rain on it. a member: how many years have you maintained a bed? mr. record: why, it will go from twelve to fourteen years, although the place that i am on now, i know that was good for twenty-five or twenty-six. it is practically gone now, but for twenty years it was good. but of late years it won't run over twelve to fifteen. mr. willard: i would like to ask something about changing an old asparagus bed to a new position. mr. record: i wouldn't advise you to use the old roots. you get a bed quicker by using plants that are two years old, and of course there are some plants better than others. i bought my plants in the east. now they have good plants here, a good many of them, too, but i have never seen anything as good as i got for my last bed. the best way if i was going into it, being a market gardener, would be to go to some neighbor that had a good straight bed and get my own seed. it is very easy to save, and most anyone would give a man all he wanted and charge him nothing. all he would do would be to gather it up. mr. miller: i would like to ask--i only grow for kitchen garden and i presume most of us are in the same boat--we were told to plow a furrow deeply and fill it with good manure and to plant the roots with the crowns about four inches below the surface of the bed. mr record: well, i wouldn't fertilize it first. i would, as i say, plow my furrow and loosen up the bottom of it, so that the plants will get a chance to get started. you know if you are plowing it out or shoveling it out it will get down to hard ground. that isn't so good. you loosen up the bottom and put your plants evenly over the ground and put in a little dirt, and if you have it a little barnyard manure. mr. miller: i suppose the idea of putting that in the bottom is that it is so hard to cultivate the manure on the top without doing as you mentioned? the running out of varieties. prof. c. b. waldron, horticulturist, agri. college, n.d. there is no fact more familiar to gardeners, orchardists and farmers than the "running out" of varieties, and no question that is more obscure as to its causes. the possibility of deterioration of varieties is noted to a greater or less extent in all field and garden crops, particularly with those that are most highly developed, or which represent the greatest departure from the original species. it is evident that the cause must lie either in the environment which surrounds the variety or in the selection which it has received, or in a combination of the two. it is held also by some that aside from the influence of soil and climate, and in spite of the most rigid selection, there is an inherent tendency in varieties to depart in a more or less marked degree from the type in which they first appeared. this is particularly true of new varieties that have not yet become established. almost before the plant breeder can determine their type they have broken up into so many distinct forms that it is impossible to get any further than the first generation. this has been noted several times with new varieties of squashes and other cucurbits, and to a similar but less marked degree with tomatoes and some other garden crops. these might well be termed evanescent varieties, and since they never become fixed or find their way into cultivation they are of interest only to the plant breeder. the influence of environment, particularly soil and climate, upon the size, quality and productiveness of certain garden crops is well known, though just what effect this may have in determining the hereditary character of a variety has never been very well worked out and is still a matter of much doubt. we know, for instance, that there is a tendency for corn grown in the middle or southern latitude to attain to a larger size and require a longer period for maturity than the same corn grown in the north. this tendency is shown in the first generation, but whether it appears as a constant hereditary character or not is still open to discussion. there are those who maintain that it is just as practical to develop a dwarf, early variety of corn in the middle latitudes with careful selection as it is to develop a variety of equal earliness when the planting is done in the north. these maintain that the reason the dwarf, early varieties of corn are not normally developed in the middle latitudes is because the selection in those places is usually made from the large plants which yield well, instead of from the small, early plants, such as would be naturally selected at the north. by the same reasoning it is held that the constant growing of any species or variety in the northern latitudes does not increase hardiness but only enables us to determine which is hardy, thereby enabling us by selection to increase the hardiness of our varieties. [illustration: cat-leaf weeping birch and shrubbery on campus of agricultural college at fargo, n.d.] we must admit that this reasoning has a sound scientific basis, its principal weakness at the present time being that there has not been enough experimental work done to determine how general and constant its application is. however true it may be as a scientific principle, we have on the other hand the undoubted fact that varieties of certain plants, like the cauliflower, are so strongly modified by environment that the varieties disappear altogether as such unless the breeding plants are grown under very definite conditions. it is well known that cauliflower seed can be grown, for instance, only in certain parts of europe around the north sea and to a limited extent in the vicinity of seattle, and that cauliflower seed from any other region produces plants which not only lose all varietal characteristics but which scarcely resemble cauliflower at all. as an illustration of this same principle millet affords an excellent example. grown at the north for a number of years, without change of seed, it becomes short with stiff straw and very large heads, yielding a large quantity of seed. when grown as far south as tennessee for a period of five years only, it assumes a very different character, being tall and leafy with small heads and not very productive of seed. it might be possible by very rigid selection to develop a variety of millet that would tend to be tall and leafy even in the north, but it is doubtful if it would remain so, and the difficulty of keeping it up to type would be too great to make it profitable. all this is equivalent to saying that there are certain unstable varieties that are so influenced by climate that it is not good practice to try and keep them up to any given standard except when they are grown in regions which naturally develop the type that we are seeking to maintain. the more striking examples coming under this class are cauliflower, millet, onions, tobacco and some of the flowering plants. a few years ago it was supposed that the running out of varieties of celery was due to a similar cause, that is, to unfavorable environment. to this was ascribed the pithy quality that characterized some of the varieties. upon further investigations, however, it was found that this pithy condition came about through carelessness in seed selection. there is a more or less inherent tendency in all celery to become pithy, and unless these plants are carefully excluded, the varieties will run out from that cause. the different varieties of tomatoes, egg plant and the cucurbits do not seem to be especially affected by soil and climate, and in such instances the varieties can be kept up only by rigid selection, no matter how favorable that environment is under which they are grown. with these plants there is always the inherent tendency to go back more or less to the wild state, and lapse of care in seed selection for a period of only a few years will result in a variety very different from the one which we had in the beginning. it will be seen from this that in some instances the best plan is for each farmer or gardener to develop his own strains of crops that he grows, while in other cases it is best to leave the selection to those that are working in a more favored environment so far as those varieties are concerned. there still remains to be considered the plants that are propagated asexually, like potatoes and all our cultivated fruits. from the fact that a number of our standard varieties of apples and some other fruits date back one hundred years or more, and are still as productive as at the beginning, it is evident that some asexually propagated varieties may be considered almost fixed or permanent. [illustration: niobe willow (salix vitellina, var. pendula nova), on campus n.d. agri. college, fargo.] the buds or scions from which new trees are started are taken indiscriminately from the bearing trees, and since there is no great variation in them the varieties do not tend to change. whether they could be improved by taking scions from only the most productive trees is still a question. there are some who consider this possible, but we do not yet have enough experimental evidence to establish it as a fact. so far it would seem that about the only crop which is propagated asexually that is likely to deteriorate, or is capable of improvement, is one that is directly modified by soil and climate. the potato is the most striking example of this class of crops. it is well known that the potato responds very readily in the matter of size, yield and quality to certain types of soil and climatic conditions. it is also known that the qualities thus acquired seem to be more or less permanent; that is, that potatoes brought from the north, especially those which have been grown in heavy soil, will produce a crop some ten days earlier and thirty per cent larger than a crop grown from seed produced in a region six hundred miles farther south. early ohio potatoes grown in north dakota, when used for seed in southern iowa, give a much larger and somewhat earlier crop than the native grown seed. this would indicate that the potato is bound to run out in a measure if grown continually in southern latitudes, and in this instance a change of seed, using always the seed from the northern latitudes and the heavier soil, is necessary, in order to keep the variety up to standard. [illustration: carnege library and flower beds at n.d. agricultural college, fargo.] it will be seen that while there is no question as to the fact of varieties running out, that they differ a great deal in this respect, and it is only through a knowledge of the facts covering each variety, or at least the varieties of each species, that would enable a grower to know what to do in order to keep a variety up to the highest standard. mr. kellogg: what is the matter with the old wilson strawberry? mr. waldron: i think people forgot about it and began growing better varieties. i know there is an impression among strawberry growers that the wilson strawberry has run out. i don't know. i know it has been supplanted by other varieties, and the general impression of most men is that it is because other varieties, better varieties, came in and that variety was neglected. mr. kellogg: it can be found in eastern catalogs now. mr. waldron: isn't it as good now as it was? mr. kellogg: that is what i want to know. mr. waldron: i understand that it is from the people that have grown them. i don't know of any strawberry in my career from the first time that i have been working in strawberries that seems to be any poorer now than it was twenty-five or thirty years ago. the wilson might be an exception. i know that has been referred to as an instance of deterioration of variety. the strawberry might be so dependent on climatic and soil conditions that it might be classed with the potatoes and not be in a class with the apples, which don't seem to deteriorate. mr. kellogg: is there such a thing as a pedigreed strawberry plant that is taken from runners? mr. waldron: we have experiments going on at the agricultural college now. we set out a number of plants from strawberry growers that advertise a pedigreed strawberry, and beside those we have strawberry plants from growers who don't advertise them as pedigreed. this year we ought to get some returns on that; last year the patch was flooded out--we had very heavy june rains. we have about ten varieties from a large number of different growers, some supposed to be perfect and some not. we are going to have some report of them at the next horticultural meeting. i don't believe there is anything much in pedigreed strawberries. the president: in the state of north dakota our friend here who has just spoken occupies the same position in the hearts and minds of the people of his state as do our friends haralson, hansen and patten in this section. his work is along a little different line, his being almost purely an agricultural section, but he is a very practical man and is doing splendid work up there. mr. doty: i wish to say a word on this strawberry question. some years ago the postmaster at monticello wanted to know of me what kind of strawberries to set out; i was handling nursery goods at that time. i told him i would recommend to him the wilson, the warfield and the haverland. the wilson i would set in the center. he had six square rods. he set them out. the second year he invited me up to his patch and asked me to guess on how many strawberries he had raised on that patch. i said: "six bushels"--i thought i would put it high. but he said: "i have picked twelve bushels from that patch." i said: "it can't be possible," and he said: "come right into my shop here. i have a paper here and i put down every single quart of strawberries that i have sold here." i figured it up and found that he had twelve bushels out of that patch. i told him to set the wilson in the center, the warfield on one side and the haverland on the other. he did so and that was the result, the best result that i have ever known. the president: how many years ago? mr. doty: well, it was about fifteen years ago. garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. october is one of the best months in which to plant shrubs. after the leaves show them to be dormant they can be safely moved and will become established before very cold weather. each year we are learning that _more_ planting can be done in the fall if done early enough, and by so doing one escapes a part of the rush that comes in the spring. "anything that is hardy can be moved in the fall," an old nurseryman once said to me, and it has been a safe rule to follow. but note the word "hardy" in his advice. all stock, either shrubbery or perennials, that are planted in the fall should be well mulched. the bulbs for the spring garden, except those that require early planting, will also need to be put in this month in order to make a good root growth before frost overtakes them. here we are able to achieve exact results as they very seldom disappoint us as to color or time of blooming as some other plants do. have you tried planting your bulbs with any of the ground cover plants that will take away the bare look that most bulb beds have? the arabis with its snowy blossoms is beautiful beneath the early tulips. the violas--with such a wide range of color--make lovely backgrounds for the later tulips, as also do the creeping phlox and the native lavender blue divaricata phlox. a bed of this beneath pale pink darwin tulips is one of the lovely memories of last spring's garden. another snowy white flower is the perennial candytuft, iberis. blooming at the same time and remaining lovely for a long period it combines well with any of the tall tulips or narcissi or daffodils. alyssum saxatile, with its sheet of gold, and the dear forget-me-nots, both grow well beneath the tulips. the fine lacey tufts of meadow rue are lovely among the pink and white and rose tulips. surely the bulb beds need not be bare. the very early blossoms are always the most welcome. so plant some bulbs, at least twenty-five, of scillas, snowdrops, snowflakes (leucojum vernum). these, if left undisturbed, will increase greatly. the chionodoxas, grape hyacinths and crocuses are all well worth planting, but do not put the latter in the grass as they will not do well there in our climate. for our rose growers. members of the american rose society have been raising money to employ a trained plant pathologist to study diseases of roses. the work has been begun under dr. l. m. massey, of the new york state college of agriculture, cornell university, ithaca, n.y. by co-operating with dr. massey all growers of roses will greatly increase the efficiency of the investigations. a rose disease survey will first be made. it is here that all rose growers can help by sending specimens of diseased plants, with a statement regarding varieties affected, nature and extent of the injury, time of appearance of the disease and any other things that have been noticed regarding it. information for the control of the disease will be given by dr. massey. the following directions are given to those sending specimens: "the material sent should be freshly collected and should show various stages of the development of the disease. where roots are sent it will usually be undesirable to enclose any soil. where convenient specimens should be mailed so as to reach ithaca the latter part of the week. place leaves, buds, etc., between the leaves of an old newspaper, a few between each two sheets. then roll into a tight bundle and wrap in stout paper. attach one of the franked tags (which may be had upon request), on which you have written your name and address, and mail. it will go postage free--h.h. whetzel, head of the department of plant pathology, new york state college of agriculture, cornell university, ithaca." * * * * * meeting of garden flower society, st. paul, wilder building, : p.m., october . topics: "how i made my garden pay" and "work of garden clubs." reports of seed trials. [illustration: distant view of a field of three year old seedling peonies on the grounds of brand nursery co., at faribault, minn.] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. november, no. peonies--old and new. a.m. brand, nurseryman, faribault. about the first thing i can remember, as i look back over the years that are past, is my father's field of peonies, and of a man standing at a table with a large peony clump before him cutting it up into divisions. i remember wondering how such beautiful flowers could come out of such an ugly, dirty root. the bright little eyes, some red, some white and others pink interested me, and boy fashion i put many questions to the man about them. and then my father came by and noticing my interest in the matter, though a busy man, stopped and explained to me the process of dividing the roots. that was forty years ago, but from that day to this i have watched with ever increasing interest the growth and handling of peonies. i was but a small boy then, but i remember my father gave me his big pruning knife, and under his guidance i divided my first peony. and i thought i had done fairly well, for he patted me on the head and said it was well done and that some day i would make a nurseryman. the peony industry as far as the west was concerned was in its infancy then. we had few varieties--peony buyers had not yet become critical. i can remember of but four sorts: the white variety, whitleyii, now called queen victoria; the red pottsii and the two pinks, fragrans and humeii. peonies were then sold as red peonies, white peonies and pink peonies, and that was all there was to it, and the customer felt very lucky if he got the color he ordered. but a wonderful change came over the industry along in the nineties. some of the better varieties had worked west in different ways, and people began to waken to the fact that there were more than simply red peonies, white peonies and pink peonies. such varieties as festiva maxima, edulis superba, marie lemoine, eugene verdier and the like came to us. flower lovers slowly began to realize that the old, despised "piny" of mother's garden was a thing of the past, and that here in its stead we had a glorious and beautiful flower. and as the better varieties have continued to come from year to year, the interest in the flower has continued to increase until now i think i am safe in saying that in the colder portion of our country at least, and in our own state in particular, the interest manifested in the peony is greater than that taken in any other flower. and it is of this modern peony that i am asked to tell you--of its cultivation and care, how it is multiplied and how the new sorts are produced. right here at the start i wish to correct an erroneous impression about the peony that has been spread broadcast throughout the land by means of not too carefully edited catalogues and misinformed salesmen. we often hear an agent say or we read in some catalogue, "when you have the peony planted all is done." now this is not true. it comes a long ways from being true. i think the very results which the following out of this belief have brought about are accountable for the production of more poor peonies than all other causes put together. the peony, it is true, will stand more abuse than any other flower you can name and still give fairly good results, but if you want good peonies you must take good care of them. the planting season opens about the first of september in minnesota--probably the middle of the month is safer--and it continues right up to the freeze-up in the fall and up to the middle of may in the spring. we have lifted peonies that have grown a foot in the spring, packed them carefully, shipped them to middle wisconsin, and in the fall had the shipment reported as having done splendidly. september planted roots will bloom the following season. after that there is little choice between fall and spring planting. the peony root will stand lots of abuse after being thoroughly ripe, but still it is best to handle it with care. keep it fresh and plump until planted. if accidentally it becomes shriveled, immerse for twenty-four hours in a pail of water. this will revive it. remove from the water and plant immediately. the roots should be planted with the tops of the buds from two to three inches below the surface--not more than three inches at the most. many times you will notice that you have a nice, thrifty looking plant, but that it does not bloom. nine times out of ten if you examine into the matter you will find that your plant was set from six to eight inches deep--and this is why it didn't bloom. another cause of peonies not blooming is their being planted in lawns where the soil is impoverished by the roots of large trees. the common method of propagation of established varieties is by division. grafting is resorted to by professionals in some instances, but that does not interest us here. the peony will do well in any well drained soil, though a rich sandy loam is the best. it will give splendid results in heavy clay if well cultivated and if at the blooming season in case of drouth the plants are well watered. of all soils a sandy one is the poorest for the production of bloom, although, on the contrary, for the rapid production of roots the lighter soils are ideal. such soils not only produce roots much more rapidly than the heavier soils, but produce a root that divides easier and to better advantage. but it is with the cultivation of the plant that we are most interested. as i have said before, no plant will stand more abuse than the peony and still give fairly good results, but if given a good soil and then good cultivation we have no flower that will give us more satisfaction for the care we give it. when grown in large numbers peonies should be planted, if possible, so that the plants can be cultivated with a horse. deep cultivation seems to bring the best flowers. where we can give horse cultivation we start the cultivator just as early in the spring as we can. as a rule we start by the middle of april and keep it going through the plants once a week at least, and oftener if necessary, right up to the time when the buds start to open. cultivation here ceases until the blooming season is over and is then resumed often enough to destroy all weeds up to the first of august. we use one and two-horse cultivators and run the shovels to within three or four inches of the plants and two to three inches deep. but few of us can cultivate in this way. field cultivating methods are hard to apply to the lawn and garden. but we may get the same results in other ways. clumps of peonies on the lawn should be so planted that a cultivated space encircling the plant at least a foot wide is left. this space should be covered in the fall with a mulch of well rotted barnyard manure which should be forked or spaded into the soil in the spring. and the soil about the plant should be thoroughly forked over, to a depth of two to four inches, three or four times before the blooming season. where the plants are planted in borders and beds in the garden, mulch and cultivate in the same way, stirring the soil all about and between the plants. care should be taken in applying the manure mulch not to get it directly over the plant if the tops have been cut back. the stems are hollow as they die out in the fall, and thawing snow and occasional rains of winter leach the strength out of the manure, and this filters down through these hollow stems and comes in contact with the roots and rots them. for the sake of protection the peony needs no winter mulch. for this latitude it is perfectly hardy. after the blooming season cut all the blossom stems back to the leaves for looks. do not cut the leaf stalk back until about the middle of september. by that time the plant is dormant, and all top growth can be removed with perfect safety. most of us are willing to spend this time and labor if we get results and to get the best results with peonies we must have good varieties. of named peonies there are somewhere in the neighborhood of , varieties. large collections now catalogue all the way from to sorts. from such collections it is hard for those not thoroughly familiar with the merits of the varieties to make an intelligent selection of moderate priced peonies for a small planting. for people so situated i make the following suggestion of varieties: _white_: candissima, festiva maxima, duchess de nemours, duke of wellington, couronne d'or, queen victoria, avalanche, madam de verneville, mons dupont, marie lemoine. _pink_: edulis superba, model de perfection, monsieur jules elie, livingston, mathilde de roseneck, alexander dumas. _light pink_: eugene verdier, delicatissima, marguerite gerard, dorchester eugene verdier. _red_: richard carvel, felix crousse, meissonier, rachel, delachii, purpurea superba and rubra superba. so much for the old peonies. now to the new ones. and the question naturally comes, why any new ones? with over , varieties shouldn't we be satisfied? no! many of the varieties catalogued might be eliminated, and we should be the gainer thereby. i believe i am safe in saying that if the present list were cut down to sorts it would cover all the varieties worth while. and there is such a great chance for improvement! so many beautiful varieties coming to us of late years beckon us on. crousse, dessert and lemoine have set the pace, and we of america will not be left behind. [illustration: looking up the rows of a bed of our seedlings three years after transplanting. the white variety in the centre of the picture is frances willard, considered by us one of the world's best whites. at the time this picture was taken, the flowers were just opening, so one gets no idea of the size of the blooms after they open.] either eighteen or nineteen years ago my father definitely set about the bringing forth of a line of new peonies. for years he had been experimenting with seedling apples. his immense collection of peonies gave him the idea of producing something better along that line. a great bed was planted out from which to collect seed. hundreds of the best varieties obtainable were planted in this bed, two of each variety, with a very liberal use of the three varieties, edulis superba, fragrans and triumph de l'ex. de lille. some twelve varieties of the most vigorous singles of all colors were also used. bees and the elements were allowed to do the cross-fertilizing. in the fall of the first seed, amounting in all to about a peck, was harvested and planted. this seed was allowed to dry and was planted just before it froze up, directly into the field where the plants were to remain and bloom. the seed was planted about two inches deep, in rows two feet apart, with the seeds six inches apart in the row. immediately after the ground froze a two-inch mulch of coarse slough hay was spread all over the field. this was removed in the spring and the field kept perfectly clean that season by hand weeding, as cultivation could not be practiced. no seed germinated that year. that fall the ground was again mulched, and this mulch removed early the next, or second, spring. this second season just as soon as nature began to quicken the little peonies began to pierce the soil. standing at one end of the field and looking down the rows one could fairly see the little fellows burst forth from their long confinement and thrust their little red heads in serried ranks through the brown earth. they reminded one of line upon line of miniature red-coated soldiers on parade. a fourteen-tooth planet jr. horse cultivator was immediately started amongst them, and intense cultivation given the bed that season. by the end of the growing season the little plants were from two to four inches high. the next spring, the third from the planting of the seed, the young plants burst through the ground strong and robust. cultivation was started immediately, as during the season before, and the plants made rapid growth. by the middle of may, most of them were eight inches high with an abundance of foliage. we noticed a few buds appear this season. the strong, vigorous development of the buds, of one plant in particular, continued to claim our attention, and we watched it with intense interest. day by day the buds grew larger, and then finally a day came when the first petal lifted, and the next morning the petals spread forth in all their glory. it was a gem, we realized we had something first class. my father said after he had studied it a while, "it pays me for all my time, and money, and work. if i never get another as good i shall be satisfied." it was a beautiful dark red, very early, as good a red as terry's rachel. we named it richard carvel. six other plants bloomed that season. one was of the japanese type. the others singles. by the next spring the small plants were well established, and we knew by their vigorous growth that we might expect the most of them to bloom that season. thorough cultivation was given from the start, and by the middle of may the bed was covered with a mass of buds. june came. the blooming season was at hand. slowly the buds began to show color. here and there over the field a petal began to lift. a short space of anxious waiting, and then a day came when it seemed as if the bed had been touched by a hand of magic, for from one end to the other it was one solid blaze of color. before us were thousands upon thousands of flowers and no two alike. as quick as the flowers began to open we started to grade and mark them. it took two men working steadily for a week to inspect and mark this bed. everything that looked choice was marked no. . everything that looked as though it stood a chance of coming choice, if given a better chance, was marked no. . all other doubles were marked double with their color. and all singles were marked single with their color. when the digging season came those marked nos. and were lifted and divided and each planted in a bed specially prepared for them. each sort was staked. these plants were set in rows three and one-half feet apart and three feet apart in the row. intense cultivation was given them for three years. the performance of each sort was recorded for each year. at the end of the third year those sorts which had come good two years out of the three were again lifted and planted in another soil and watched closely for another period of three years. this gave us a pretty definite knowledge of their behavior, made us acquainted with them. it toned down, as i might say, the enthusiasm with which we first selected them, allowed of our making careful comparison with the best sorts, and finally enabled us to keep what were really choice. we did not have any need for the others. of the ones first selected as no. from the seed bed, about thirty-five in number, we finally kept eight; of those marked no. , about sixty. we afterwards selected two as first class. those plants simply marked double in the seed bed were planted in a regular field bed by themselves. each plant was divided and staked. this bed was allowed to stand three years and the plants were carefully noted each year as they bloomed for varieties that we might have accidentally overlooked in the seed bed. among these thousands of plants we found two sorts which we called first class. one of these, though it is sixteen years since the seed was planted, we are just about to send out. i have given you the history of this single bed because it shows about how the seedling peony must be handled. we have since varied our method in handling in a single respect. we no longer plant our seed direct in the field. we find it much better to plant broadcast in seed beds. these are much more economical to keep clean the first year. after the little seedlings are one year old or, better, after they are two years old, we lift them in september and plant them in a permanent bed. [illustration: our seedling harriet farnsley, a very late all one color pink. this variety is in bloom at the same time as richardson's rubra grandiflora, at a time when most good peonies are gone. the flower from which this photo was taken measured seven inches across.] now if any of you are tempted to grow peonies from seed let me warn you not to get too enthusiastic in anticipating results. the chances are that out of every , will have to be discarded. test thoroughly before you decide to keep. the flower my father and i both decided our best when it first bloomed we no longer keep. our best flower is one we took no particular notice of the first two years it blossomed. but do not let me discourage you. though eight or ten choice varieties may seem small returns, still there is a pleasure in the work that you cannot fail but feel. and when you go forth into your fields after your stocks of better sorts have increased so that you can have each kind blooming about you in long rows, and as you see first this beautiful variety and then that come into bloom, you feel well repaid for the years of waiting and the labor you have bestowed upon them. mr. brand: a great many people ask the question whether just as soon as the peony has blossomed they cannot cut the top off. it would be a great mistake to do so. your peony growth does not complete its development until about the middle of september, and if you cut the top off just as soon as the plant has blossomed you are going to have a great many of them rot. we had a very striking illustration of this two years ago. just as our peony season was closing we had a severe hailstorm which cut our peony beds right off down to the ground. we couldn't save the tops if we had wanted to. that fall when we dug our roots it was almost impossible to fill our orders, because the roots were in such terrible shape. the tops were removed before they ought to have been. talking about disappointments with peonies, i think the peony i was most impressed with of all the seedlings we have had came good but once. that was eleven or twelve years ago. as i look back upon it i think this was the most beautiful flower we ever grew, but it never came good but that once. i was so impressed with its beauty that i took it from where it bloomed in the seedbed and planted it at my house in the garden. when it came on to bloom, it was a disappointment and has been such ever since. i still keep it, hoping that some year it may bloom again as it did that first year. mr. harrison: not a bit of it. they are the most lying vegetable on the face of the earth. may i ask if mr. peterson, of chicago, is here? he is an expert peony man. i presume we will all like to hear from him. mr. peterson: i haven't anything to add; if you want to ask questions i will be glad to answer them. the president: ladies and gentlemen, you probably know that mr. peterson is one of the expert peony men of the united states. in fact, as far as fifteen years back we were able to get some of the newer and better varieties from this gentleman. i never had the pleasure of meeting him, but we want to meet you, mr. peterson. you have all heard of mr. peterson, the peony man of chicago and a life member of this society. (applause.) mr. peterson: i have nothing to add. i have been in the game a good many years. we have systematically kept track of over three hundred varieties since , so that it may be if you have any questions to ask i might be able to answer them, and i would be glad to. the proposition that mr. brand has stated is actually within the facts. we have raised thousands of seedlings, and not one of them do we now grow. you see some of the peterson seedlings listed in other people's catalogues, but i don't have one myself. a member: what kind of varieties would you suggest for the ordinary home garden, best dozen varieties? mr. peterson: i would name for the white peonies, the madam de verneville, avalanche, couronnes d'or; of the pale pink, delicatissima, marie crousse, grandiflora; of the red, monsieur martin cohuzac, monsieur krelage, felix crousse; of the deep pink, modeste guerin, m. jules elie and claire dubois. i do think that mr. brand has some of exceptional merit that will probably be put in the red class. i don't know his others, but felix crousse is undoubtedly the best of its type in the red. a member: have you tried out the baroness schroeder? mr. peterson: i surely have. it is very fine, but it is a little changeable, not only in its habits but in its shade. if you want a perfect white, it isn't that, it is a nearly flesh white. i would say that the madame emile lemoine is finer. a member: do you advise spraying for them? mr. peterson: no, but i tell you what was asked of me today, which is the secret of having no disease in our plants. any two-year-old plant in our field that doesn't bloom, we dig it up and throw it away, and that will nip any trouble in the bud, and then you will not get any strain that is not blooming. if we see any other defect, any that won't head good, we take it up and throw it away. that one point i think all of you can well follow, and that is, to dig up every two-year-old plant that doesn't bloom and throw it away, that is, during the blooming season. mr. harrison: some varieties will bloom and some won't. you have got to punish the whole on account of the few? mr. peterson: i do that. if i have a two-year-old plant that is blooming in a section i keep it and follow it up. mr. harrison: any special rule about multiplying or dividing? mr. peterson: no, except to divide in september, even possibly the last week of august, and the earlier they are divided at that time when the eyes are large, the better it is. * * * * * can fruit without sugar.--_canning specialists say boiling water may be used instead of sirup._ fruit for use in pies or salads or as stewed fruit can be put up or canned without the use of any sugar at all, according to the canning specialists of the department. they, therefore, advise those who, because of the high price of sugar, have been thinking of reducing the amount of fruit they put up to can as much of their surplus as possible by the use of boiling water when sugar sirup is beyond their means. any fruit, they say, may be successfully sterilized and retained in the pack by simply adding boiling water instead of the hot sirup. the use of sugar, of course, is desirable in the canning of all kinds of fruits and makes a better and ready sweetened product. moreover, most of the fruits when canned in water alone do not retain their natural flavor, texture and color as well as fruit put up in sirup. fruit canned without sugar to be used for sauces or desserts must be sweetened. fruit retail methods and costs. clarence w. moomaw and m.m. stewart, fruit and produce marketers, portland, oregon. on studying the various phases of city apple marketing, special attention was given to retail methods and costs. the purpose of this study was chiefly to learn whether the wholesale supply controls the price. the cost of operation as a factor in determining retail prices also was investigated as far as possible. retail apple distributors may be classed as follows: (a) fruit-stand vendors. (b) fancy grocers, fruiterers, etc., catering almost exclusively to high-class or fashionable trade and doing a very extensive credit business. (c) grocers catering to a cheaper class of trade, largely upon a cash basis. (d) hucksters or street peddlers. relatively high prices were charged for apples purchased at fruit stands. extra fancy northwestern and colorado jonathans were sold to the dealers during october and november at prices ranging from $ to $ . per box. apples which grade to the box retailed at two for five cents, or $ . per box. this meant a gross profit of about per cent. in the ninety-six size, extra fancy jonathans sold at three for ten cents, or $ . per box, showing a gross profit of about per cent. in the east side tenement section of new york city it was learned that by reason of the cheap prices prevailing and the heavy supply of apples arriving the peddlers were operating to the detriment of fruit stands. the fruit-stand dealers were selling only about one-third to one-half the quantity of fruit handled in former seasons. the pushcart and wagon peddlers as a rule buy packed or loose fruit cheap and go direct to the homes of the residents, selling at prices considerably below the fruit-stand men. the peddlers handle a large quantity, make quick cash sales, and pay no rents. other dealers incur heavy operating expenses and generally sell not for the purpose of moving a large quantity, but for the highest price obtainable. consequently, the movement is restricted. the largest profits were found usually in barreled apples. for instance, new york b grade, two inches minimum, approximately apples to the barrel, sold for a cent each or $ per barrel. these apples cost the retail dealer not over $ per barrel delivered to his store, allowance being made for jobber's profit and drayage. the investigator saw "a grade" fruit, - / inches minimum, averaging about apples per barrel, which cost the retailer not over $ , being displayed for sale at two for five cents, or $ . per barrel. such prices prevailed at no less than twenty-five retail stores visited in one day. apples were being offered for sale at retail all over new york city at prices ranging from one cent each at the cheap corner fruit stands, to fifty cents and eighty cents per dozen at the fanciest fruit stores. in general, it may be said that the gross profits of fruit-stand vendors range from to per cent. operating expenses other than rent in most cities except new york are not relatively high and all sales are on a strictly cash basis; hence the net profits on good fruit are large. grocers catering to high-class trade buy only the best apples. extra fancy jonathans, grimes, etc., preferably 's and 's size, were purchased at $ to $ . per box. these apples were taken from the box and repacked in small splint trays similar to the peach basket used in a six-basket carrier. each box of apples filled approximately ten trays. each tray sold for thirty cents; hence the box brought $ , representing a gross profit of about $ . . extra fancy delicious and winter banana, 's size, purchased at $ per box, retailed at five cents each, or $ . per box. other sizes and varieties brought corresponding prices. no attempt was made by this class of grocers to stimulate consumption by temporarily reducing prices. the retail prices quoted above were maintained consistently throughout the season, regardless of prevailing jobbing prices. the large margins charged by the retailers, for the most part, were due apparently to the small amount of business handled, the perishable nature of the commodity, and the cost of operation. an elaborate and efficient delivery service must be maintained by the grocers, and many small deliveries are made each day at an actual loss to the dealer. a large proportion of the grocery-store patrons buy on credit and pay when it becomes convenient. many of these accounts are never paid. hence it becomes apparent that the good customer who pays his bill regularly each week, or who pays cash, must suffer for the shortcomings of others. however, there can be little doubt that reducing prices would materially increase consumption and in the end result in equally good profits for the dealers. reduced prices and better business practice should prove to be very beneficial to grower, dealer and consumer. the profits derived from the sale of cheaper grades of apples to the poorer class of consumers are not so large. it was learned that those catering to such trade operated on a margin of to per cent. of the purchase price. raspberries. f. c. erkel, fruit grower, rockford. raspberries are so easily grown it is surprising we do not find more farmers and back lot gardeners in the city giving them attention. i believe more people would raise raspberries if they could be made to realize what great returns they would receive for a little work and care. as a commercial proposition raspberries are the poor man's friend, yielding large returns with very small investment and requiring but little land. i will attempt to give a few essentials in raspberry culture without going into detail, with the hopes that at least a few more patches of raspberries may be planted as a result of my effort. with the main points of raspberry culture given, there is no reason why any one with ordinary intelligence can not solve the details and meet with success. raspberries have a little advantage over strawberries with the man who is not greatly enthused over small fruit culture. when once established the plantings do not have to be renewed annually but with ordinary care will last several years, in fact they will stand more junegrass sod and weeds and general neglect and still produce results than anything else i know of unless it is apple trees. another point in favor of raspberries over strawberries is that it is not quite so hard on the back to pick them, and when large quantities are grown it is easier to get pickers. red raspberries will succeed on most any kind of soil so long as it is kept reasonably well fertilized and supplied with humus. they prefer a moist loam, and a northern slope is preferable to a southern slope because not so quickly affected by drought. good drainage is necessary, and if planted on low ground where water is liable to stand at any time the ground should be tiled or otherwise drained. raspberries may be planted either in the fall or spring, or the plants may be dug in the fall, heeled in outside, covered with mulch, or they may be stored in the cellar and planted in spring. plants bought from a nursery in the spring should be unpacked immediately on arrival, the roots dipped in thin mud, then heeled in until permanently planted, even if the delay is but a day or two. the tops of the plants should be cut, leaving but a few inches, and if any blossoms appear the first season it would be better to remove them to prevent fruiting. it would be expecting too much of a newly transplanted plant to make much of any growth and produce fruit the same season. if allowed to fruit the first season but little fruit could be expected at best, and it would leave the plant dwarfed if indeed it were not killed outright. the suckers that come up the first season will produce the next season's crop, after which they die down and should be removed, other suckers taking their places annually. not over two or three suckers should be allowed to each plant the first year; after the first year leave five to eight in each hill, depending on the kind of soil, fertility, etc. when plants are cheap and plentiful it is customary to use two in each hill to insure a good stand the first year, but it is reasonable to expect, however, where there are two root systems in each hill instead of one that in after years there would be more troublesome suckers to remove than if there was but one root in each hill, and this is no small matter with some varieties. to obtain planting stock large clusters of roots may be divided to propagate from, but these usually have but few fibrous roots and are not as good as first year's growth suckers, springing from roots near the parent plant. red raspberries may also be propagated from root cuttings or even from seeds, the latter not coming true to variety, however. plantings should preferably be made on ground plowed the fall previous, but spring plowed ground will answer if thoroughly disced, harrowed and planked and then repeated, to make the ground firm. if the ground is poor add a liberal dressing of well decayed barnyard dressing before plowing, or if not well decayed wait until after planting to apply the manure. future cultivations will mix the dressing with the surface soil where the roots will be able to reach it, since raspberry plants are close surface feeders, and for this reason all cultivations should be shallow after the root system has formed. when the matted row system of planting is adopted, the late prof. green advised using a heavy mulch for two feet on each side of the rows to preserve moisture and discourage weed growth close to the plants, cultivating only a strip through the middle. raspberries may be planted in rows five or six feet apart to allow cultivation both ways, or in rows seven feet apart with plants two or three feet apart in the rows with the idea of allowing a matted row and cultivating but one way after the first season. the matted row is hardly to be recommended unless one is willing to use a hoe rather freely to keep the plants free from weeds where the cultivator can not reach them, or unless he can provide a good, deep mulch to discourage weed growth. rows should preferably run north and south, so the fruit will be shaded during the middle of the day, but this is not absolutely necessary. in setting the plants place them just a little deeper than they grew originally, carry them to the field in pails of water or thin mud, avoiding exposure of the roots to the air unprotected, but do not use water in the holes unless the ground is extremely dry. firm the ground well close to the plant, and cultivate between rows all summer to preserve moisture, whether weeds are troublesome or not, up to september st and be sure to cultivate shallow after the roots begin to occupy the ground. hills that grow exceedingly tall and rank may be cut back to about two and a half feet in height in the spring, or if one is willing to take the trouble to pinch off the end of the plants at this height during the growing season they will get bushy plants better able to hold up a load of fruit--besides cutting back has a tendency to produce larger fruit. we only grow two varieties of red raspberries, both of which are perfectly hardy without winter covering, so we have no suggestions to make or experiences to relate regarding winter protection. i am afraid i would be tempted to quit the business if i had to cover our raspberry bushes for winter protection. i think it would be as big a task as all the rest of the work combined except picking, and i let some one else do that part. for a home garden it is even more desirable to select a variety that is hardy without winter covering than when grown in a commercial way, for this is one of the tasks that is liable to be neglected unless one makes a business of it. in choosing a variety the other qualities to look for besides hardiness without winter covering are size, color, flavor, prolificacy and good shipping qualities. we are located only twenty-five miles northwest of minneapolis, and one would naturally suppose we would market our berries there, but we get better prices in towns along the soo railroad in western minnesota and the dakotas. although our berries are a variety that crumble unless left on the bushes until ripe they do not spoil readily, which is probably due to the fact they are quite acid, and we ship to points in north dakota nearly as far west as chicago is east of us with very little loss. wherever our berries have been introduced they have made friends, and there is hardly ever a time that we do not have standing orders for two or three times as many berries as we can furnish. we usually ship in flat cases, two boxes deep, twenty-four pints to a crate, which brought us $ . , $ . and $ . per crate net, f.o.b. shipping point. there is but one other berry grower near us, so we do not have much difficulty in getting pickers. the first year we built a couple of small cottages to accommodate people from the city who might care to combine berry picking with a few days' outing, and it was surprising what a good class this proposition appealed to, but we now have enough local pickers to care for our crop. the profits in raspberry culture vary all the way from little or nothing above cost of production up to several hundred dollars per acre, depending on the season and how well cared for. whether raspberry culture is a money making proposition or not in a commercial way, there certainly is no good reason why every farm or city garden should not have at least a few hills of raspberries for home use. even leaving the matter of cost out of the question, there is a difference between fruit just off the bushes and that which has stood around in hot, dusty places several hours or longer waiting for a purchaser. try it and be convinced! * * * * * to inoculate seed.--coating the seed of legumes with inoculated soil before planting is a simple method of insuring soil inoculation at slight cost. county agents in illinois have found ordinary furniture glue effective in holding particles of inoculated soil to the seeds. this method gives each individual seed some of the particles of inoculated soil, which it carries with it when it is planted. the scheme requires but a small amount of inoculated soil and costs but a few cents an acre. the method is described in farmers' bulletin of the u.s. department of agriculture. dissolve two handfuls of furniture glue for every gallon of boiling water and allow the solution to cool. put the seed in a washtub and then sprinkle enough of the solution on the seed to moisten but not to wet it (one quart per bushel is sufficient) and stir the mixture thoroughly until all the seed are moistened. secure the inoculated soil from a place where the same kind of plants as the seed are growing, making sure that the roots have a vigorous development of nodules. dry the soil in the shade, preferably in the barn or basement, and pulverize it thoroughly into a dust. scatter this dust over the moistened seed, using from one half to one gallon of dirt for each bushel of seed, mixing thoroughly until the seed no longer stick together. the seed are then ready to sow. the flower garden. (an exercise led by g. c. hawkins, florist, minneapolis, at the annual meeting.) mr. hawkins: we have a question box and i would be glad to have any one use it or rise and state their question. i will answer, giving my experience. the first question i will read is--"what would you advise about covering in the garden in a season like this?" there are now two questions to be answered. first, what kind of covering? second, how much? the first question can be answered this way. every garden is benefited by a good covering of well decayed manure. second. any light covering of straw or horse manure with plenty of straw in it is very good. leaves make a good covering if they can be kept dry, but leaves when not covered get wet, pack down over a plant and too often do more damage than good. the advantage of covering, or mulching, is to prevent thawing and freezing. to keep plants frozen from fall until spring would be ideal. the ideal winter is one when the snow falls early and stays on during the winter. we should cover lightly the plants that need protection, and when the snow falls, as a warm blanket, the plants will come through the winter in perfect shape. mr. hawkins: we have a question box and would be glad to have any one use it, or rise and ask your question, and we will endeavor to answer it and give our experience along that line. mr. horton: what would you advise for plants that are infected with aphis? mr. hawkins: spraying is one of the best things and for that we use a weak tobacco solution, so as to moisten the plants, a light mist will do the work. i want to tell a little experience in growing peonies. last year i tried the experiment of using ground bone around them, which is one of the best fertilizers we have. it contains nearly all the elements of a perfect fertilizer. just as soon as the little joints come out of the ground, dig a trench about three inches from the main bush, about two inches deep and fill with ground bone and watch the result. i carried this plan out with wonderful success, getting perfect blossoms on twenty-five bushes. it takes bone about thirty days to commence to dissolve. the day of the automobile has brought need for a new fertilizer, and we must carefully select the best that can be had. we must turn back again to the green crops and the artificial fertilizers. this also works well with roses. mr. reckstrom: would bone do that was bought for the chickens? mr. hawkins: yes. you understand the finer the particles the quicker it commences to dissolve. a member: where can ground bone be obtained? mr. hawkins: all first class seedsmen have it from small packages of ten pounds to pound sacks. mr. bell: i tried hardwood ashes, and that seemed to be the best thing i struck. there were some shrub lilacs that didn't blossom. one winter i just put the ashes right on, probably a bushel around the one large bush. after that i had plenty of blossoms. on peonies and roses the result seems to be very good. [illustration: residence of g. c. hawkins, fremont avenue south, minneapolis.] mr. hawkins: no question but what ashes are very fine, for the simple reason the potash in hardwood ashes is a very good fertilizer. i would like to ask some one to give his experience in regard to rust on the tiger lily and the phlox. the perennial phlox is one of the most beautiful flowers we have, and there has been considerable trouble this year with a rust which takes all the leaves off the stalk and is injurious to the blossoms. i did not find any successful remedy for it, and i would be very glad if some member would give his experience. mrs. sawyer: i think you will find bordeaux mixture is good as anything for the rust on phlox. there is another mixture given for use in the english gardens, but their conditions are not the same as ours. it seems that changing the location of the phlox may do it good. phlox is a plant that wants free circulation of air. sometimes they get crowded in the garden, and a combination of heat and moisture produces the rust. by changing them to some other ground sometimes it entirely disappears. mr. hawkins: mrs. sawyer thinks this would be a remedy, as they require a circulation of fresh air and keep down moisture. we know this, phlox should be divided every third year. if you lift some you will find in the middle a woody dry substance absolutely detrimental to a large, healthy growing phlox. if you take off the little plants that come at the outside of this and replant them you will find your flowers will be much larger the next year. if we leave bunches of phlox in the same place successive years they become small. if you separate them it will add vigor to your plant, and the flowers will do better. i would like to ask what success you have had with growing tritoma, the flame flower? have you had any difficulty in raising them? mrs. tillotson: i have one blossom that seemed to take such a long time to get above the ground i wondered what was the matter with it. mr. hawkins: mrs. gould, can you give us any enlightenment? mrs. gould: i never raised them, i got some bulbs this year. i know you have to take them up in the winter and store them like gladiolus, and they do not require very heavy soil. mrs. countryman: will yucca filamentosa ever blossom in a garden in st. paul? mrs. sawyer: it will, but it doesn't always. it does blossom in minnesota, but i know that people have a great deal of difficulty getting blossoms. mrs. countryman: i have five plants growing four years and have never seen a blossom yet. mr. hawkins: i have had two growing three years, and i never have seen the color of a blossom yet. a member: what kind is that? mr. hawkins: it is the yucca filamentosa. it is an evergreen. it should throw up a tall stalk with large branches and plenty of white flowers, i think hundreds of flowers--that is the description. it is a beautiful thing in the garden anyway. mrs. countryman: i have seen them in blossom in california. mr. richardson: i have seen them blossom many times in winnebago. mrs. countryman: give us the culture instructions. mr. richardson: i grew in nursery rows some odd stuff, had the same culture that the nursery had. but when it blossomed one year i have been told on good authority it would be five years before that stalk would blossom again, only blossoms once in five years, but by having many stalks they don't all blossom at the same time. i have had them two or three years in succession but not on the same stalk. mrs. countryman: do you cover them winters? mr. richardson: never. mr. hawkins: i think the only reason why the yucca filamentosa doesn't do well is because it is a plant of the southwest and grows in a warmer climate. mrs. sawyer: i had a varied experience in growing those plants, and i took a great deal of pains to learn all i could from different sources and different people, and i believe our trouble is our late frosts, i think that is conceded by people who have really gone into the question thoroughly. our late frosts injure them more than anything else. a little protection in the spring is what they need more than protection in winter, and we know that they don't want a wet place. mr. hawkins: i want to recommend a flower that should be very popular. it is perfectly hardy, blossoms for years, the hardy pyrethrum. it is a daisy-like flower, absolutely free from insects and a sure bloomer. we have plants in the garden that have bloomed six years. it comes in many shades, from white to deep crimson, blooms from the th of may to the st of july and makes a beautiful showing. in regard to iris, did any one have any trouble with their iris coming a little ahead of time last year and being frozen? mrs. sawyer: i guess they all froze off. i don't think it was because they were ahead of time; it was because of the frost. mr. hawkins: what would you recommend? mrs. sawyer: i don't think there is anything to do in weather like last spring, you can't cover anything away from a hard black frost like that was. [illustration: g. c. hawkins, of minneapolis.] mr. hawkins: we have several hundred plants on a southern slope, and i thought perhaps the sun beating against the southern slope is what started them earlier. mrs. sawyer: ours weren't on a southern slope, pretty near level, rather north than anything else, and they got frozen. a member: what causes the rot in the iris? mr. hawkins: that depends upon the kind of iris. with the bulbous rooted iris, the bulb is filled full of water during the heavy rains, and if you add more water to it it simply decays. the siberian and many of the fibrous rooted iris will stand a great deal of water. a member: does the german? mr. hawkins: the german is a bulbous root. as i said, it takes all the moisture it needs. that is one reason why iris never wilts down in a dry spell. it always looks fresh and green. a member: i would like to say it is well not to plant the iris deep. the natural iris will lie almost on top of the ground, and they like to have the sun beat down on them. the iris likes to bask in the sun. mr. hawkins: this would prove to you that the bulb takes enough water to support it and doesn't need any more because it rests on the top and basks in the sun. has any one tried anything new in the garden that will stand our climate? mrs. norton: i would suggest that hardy alum-root, or heuchera. it is a perfectly hardy perennial, can stand our worst winters without any covering, and it grows about so high from the ground (indicating two or three feet), with its geranium-like leaves, and the flower grows about three feet high, all covered with pink bells on the stems. it is a very decorative plant and perfectly hardy. i think it has been much neglected in the northwest because it is so perfectly hardy and it increases very rapidly. i have over one hundred. mr. hawkins: i would like mrs. gibbs to say a word. mrs. gibbs: the only thing i can say is that i enjoy being around among other people's gardens. i think that is one of the best places to find out things that we want; so many times we buy something that sounds well, but when we have it planted it doesn't look as well. i think one of the best ways is to visit gardens and especially those that use labels. a member: i would like to ask about the trollius. mr. hawkins: has any one had experience in raising trollius? mrs. gould: i have had experience in not raising them. i planted three years, and after getting the seeds from all the seedsmen i discovered in a book on plants that the seed would have to be in the ground two years in order to germinate. i didn't know that and left them in only a few months. i think the only way is to buy the plants. it is a very beautiful plant, yellow and shaped like golden glow, belongs to the same family as the buttercup. a member: i would like to ask about the hollyhocks. i saw such beautiful hollyhocks around lake minnetonka and i have never been able to make them winter. i would like to ask about that. mr. hawkins: we have three plants, hollyhocks, digitalis and canterbury bells, and nearly all have the same trouble with them. if we mulch them we are liable to have the center decay and the plants practically useless. it is a question of mulching them too much or not mulching them. i would like to have you speak up and tell us your experience. i have in mind a gentleman who raises splendid hollyhocks in the neighborhood of the lakes. takes no care of them, and yet he had one this year seventeen feet high, which took care of itself and had any amount of blossoms. i tried that experiment several years myself of mulching them, and the crown rotted. these are three of the best flowers of the garden, and we ought to have some certain way of keeping them. a member: have you ever tried mulching them with corn stalks? mr. hawkins: yes, i have tried it but lost them. a member: i had very good luck with them that way. a member: it is more a question of drainage than of mulching. mr. hawkins: that might be. mrs. gould: i wish simply to say that the trouble with winter grown hollyhocks and canterbury bells is that they will head so tall and must be kept dry. i always cover the hollyhocks and if i had the others i think i would cover them. i uncover mine early in the spring, and if it gets cold put on a little more straw. you are almost sure to uncover them the wrong time. with foxgloves i think it is almost unnecessary to cover them. mr. hawkins: in our gardens the hollyhocks form one of the best backgrounds we can have, beautiful, tall, stately stalks, and the canterbury bells, certainly nothing more beautiful than they. then we come to the other, the digitalis, which is equally as beautiful. we must give our attention to the protection and growth of these in years to come because they are three of the beautiful things of the garden. it has been suggested that digitalis be potted and put inside the cold frame and leaves put over them. i think leaves are a splendid protection if you can keep them dry. if i were using them as a mulch i would keep out the water by covering with roofing paper to keep them dry. mrs. countryman: i am told on good authority that the hollyhock is a true perennial and not a biennial. mrs. white: it is listed in the foreign catalogs as both a perennial and a biennial. mrs. countryman: wouldn't the hollyhock come under the heading of being perennial but not a permanent perennial? mr. hawkins: it might be classed that way. there seems to be a difference of opinion as to just what it is. i have known them to come six or seven years in the same spot. * * * * * tie trap for rabbits.--an inexpensive and permanent sewer tile trap for cottontail rabbits has proved very effective in kansas. to make the trap, proceed as follows: "set a by -inch 't' sewer tile with the long end downward, and bury it so that the -inch opening at the side is below the surface of the ground. connect two lengths of -inch sewer pipe horizontally with the side opening. second grade or even broken tile will do. cover the joints with soil so as to exclude light. provide a tight removable cover, such as an old harrow disk, for the top of the large tile. the projecting end of the small tile is then surrounded with rocks, brush, or wood, so as to make the hole look inviting to rabbits and encourage them to frequent the den. rabbits, of course, are free to go in or out of these dens, which should be constructed in promising spots on the farm and in the orchard. a trained dog will locate inhabited dens. the outlet is closed with a disk of wood on a stake, or the dog guards the opening. the cover is lifted and the rabbits captured by hand. "these traps are especially suitable for open lands and prairies, where rabbits cannot find natural hiding places. they are permanent and cost nothing for repairs from year to year. if it is desired to poison rabbits, the baits may be placed inside these traps, out of the way of domestic animals or birds. this trap also furnishes an excellent means of obtaining rabbits for the table, or even for market."--u.s. dept. of agri. blueberry culture. u.s. dept. of agriculture. blueberries thrive best on soils which are so acid that they are usually considered almost worthless for ordinary agricultural purposes. blueberry culture, therefore, offers possibilities of profit to individual land-owners in districts in which the general conditions are especially hard and unpromising. blueberries can not be grown in ordinary fertile soils. although frequently confused, especially in the south and in the middle west, blueberries and huckleberries are quite distinct. in new england the name "huckleberry" is restricted to berries which contain large seeds with bony coverings like minute peach pits which crackle between the teeth, while the name "blueberry" is applied to various species of berries containing many but very small seeds. it is the latter, not the large-seeded huckleberry, which offers possibilities for profitable culture. at the present stage of the blueberry industry it is best to begin by transplanting the most promising wild bushes, selecting them for the size, flavor, color and earliness of the berry as well as for the vigor and productiveness of the bush. these plants can be propagated in various ways, which are described in detail in a professional paper of the department, bulletin no. , by frederick v. coville. the aim of the cultivator should be to secure bushes which will produce large berries. these cost less to pick than small ones and bring a higher price on the market. a berry eleven-sixteenths of an inch in diameter has already been produced under field culture. the three fundamental requirements for successful blueberry culture are: ( ) an acid soil, especially one composed of peat and sand; ( ) good drainage and thorough aeration of the surface soil; and ( ) permanent but moderate soil moisture. next in importance to these essentials is a location such that the berries may reach the market without delay. the best prices are obtained about the beginning of the wild blueberry season. the main crop of wild blueberries comes from northern new england, canada and northern michigan. a location to the south of these areas where the berries will mature earlier is, therefore, to be desired for the commercial cultivator. one of the most promising districts now known is the cranberry region of new jersey, where berries mature early and the shipping facilities to the market in philadelphia, new york and boston are good. another important factor to be considered in selecting a location for a blueberry patch is the possibility of late spring freezes. for this reason the bottoms of valleys should be avoided. freezing seldom injures the blueberry plant itself, but the fruit crop is often destroyed in this way. from past observations it appears that wild blueberries growing in or around bodies of water frequently escape the injurious effects of late spring freezes, and it seems, therefore, that a flooding equipment for blueberry plantations similar to those used for cranberry bogs may, under certain circumstances, prove commercially advantageous. at the present time, however, only a beginning has been made in blueberry culture. the yield and profits in field plantations from improved bushes have not as yet been ascertained. there is, however, one small planting in indiana where complete records have been maintained for the past six years. this plantation was started in in a natural blueberry bog, which was first drained and then set with wild blueberry bushes transplanted without selection for individual productiveness or size of berries. on this plantation the yield per acre has averaged , quarts for the past six years. this average would have been somewhat higher except for the almost total failure of the crop in , due to late spring freezes. an average of - / cents a quart has been received for the berries and the net profit per acre is estimated at $ a year. in this estimate allowance has been made for interest, taxes and depreciation. the expense for weeding, cultivation, and irrigation is placed at $ an acre and the cost of picking at five cents a quart. * * * * * homemade fireless cooker.--a wooden or tin pail, lined with two thicknesses of paper and provided with a close-fitting cover, may be used for the outside container of the cooker. allow for three inches of packing on all sides and at the bottom of the pail. a gallon oyster can will serve very well for the nest, which should be wrapped on the outside next to the packing with asbestos and a piece of asbestos placed under the bottom to prevent the scorching of the packing when hot soapstones are used. shredded newspaper and excelsior make a good packing. pack this very tightly around and to the top of the nest, the top of which should be about three inches below the lid of the outside container. a piece of cardboard cut to fit inside the lard can with a circle cut out of the center around the top of the oyster can or nest will hide the packing and make a neat finish. place a three-inch cushion of unbleached muslin, stuffed tightly with excelsior, on top of the lid of the nest. when the top of the outside container is placed on and hooked down, it will be tight enough to cause a pressure. if a tin pail is used for the outside container, it may be enameled white, or a wooden pail stained brown, making a neat-looking appliance for any kitchen. regular aluminum fireless-cooker utensils may be used for cooking the food in the nest, but any kind of a vessel with a close-fitting top and one that fits closely in the nest is suitable.--u.s. dept. agri. hardy perennials. miss grace e. kimball, waltham. there has been very little in my work with hardy perennials that seems worth relating. for many years, in austin, we had iris, peonies and phlox in our garden. while my love for flowers and outdoor work led me to spend all my time, outside of office hours, in the garden, the iris and peonies, especially, never gave any trouble but grew and blossomed in the most approved fashion. with the phlox we have had more trouble, sometimes in dry seasons not getting the bloom we should, and finally, the last year we were there, losing nearly all the roots we had. i am now inclined to think that had we divided and transplanted them some years before, we would not have lost them. it was only a few years ago that i began to realize that herbaceous perennials could, with success, be planted in the fall in our climate, and it was not until two years ago that i made any attempt at fall planting. that year i was quite successful, but last year, wishing to divide as close as possible, especially with the iris, i evidently overdid the matter, with the result that i lost many of my plants. however, i learned my lesson, and this year they were not divided so closely, and i am hoping that they will come through the winter all right. with the hardy perennials easily raised from seed my first experience was with the oriental poppy. i had greatly desired to have some in the garden and, not knowing that the fall was the time to plant them, ordered some one spring. they failed to grow, so the next year i attempted to raise them from seed, starting them in the house as i did my pansy seed. but i was far from successful in that way, and having read some articles on the difficulty of raising them from seed, also learning that they should be set out in the fall, i made up my mind they were not worth bothering with. however, father suggested i might succeed by planting the seed in the shade out of doors, and even though it was quite late in the summer i got more seed and sowed it broadcast in a hedge of lilacs, syringas and so forth, kept the ground moist, and in a short time had many plants coming up. i also had ordered a few to be shipped me in the fall. by fall my seedlings were large enough to be transplanted into boxes, to be moved as we were moving from austin to waltham. with those i had ordered for fall delivery, they were moved to our new place, the boxes sunk in the ground, and the next spring put into a hedge with other plants--for while they do not stand transportation very well in the spring, i have been successful in transplanting them from one part of our grounds to another at that season. since coming to waltham i have started the seeds of the poppy, larkspur, columbine and gaillardia in a grove near the house, where they are easily kept moist. if i get the seed in early in the spring, the plants are often large enough to transplant in the fall. however i like better to plant the seed later, about the time the first blossoms from each variety have ripened their seed. the seedlings will then be large enough to withstand the winter with a little protection and ready for spring transplanting. with a comparatively small amount of work, and very ordinary care, once the plants are set out anyone can have continuous bloom from early spring until frosts come, by setting iris, peonies, phlox, columbine, poppies, larkspur, gaillardia, giant daisy and painted daisy. such a selection would make a big variety of color and form in the garden, and all but the first three kinds can be very easily raised from seed. or not wishing so many kinds, one can have flowers all summer by a careful selection of several varieties of iris, peonies and phlox. why should we grow seedling apples? isaac johnson, west union, ia. there is no work in fruit growing that has more taken my attention and given me more pleasure than the growing of seedling apples. for many years i have been of the opinion that apples for this severe climate must be grown from seed. if we succeed in growing hardy, productive and good keeping varieties, they must be native, or raised at home. by experimental work along in this line of growing fruit we have come to this conclusion that fruit trees do best grow at home. in looking over the list of apples we grow this far north, we all know that the hardiest and the most productive kind are seedlings, either from minnesota, iowa or wisconsin. minnesota has the wealthy, the banner apple; for early and late fall apple it has no equal. wisconsin has the northwestern greening and the wolf river, which are very large, showy and good market apples. we all know what mr. patten has done along in this line of growing seedlings. at the state horticultural meeting in des moines, december last, was exhibited one hundred varieties of seedlings and a large number of those, to my judgment, were good keepers and fine looking apples. hundreds and hundreds of varieties of apples have been imported from russia, and i for one have tested fifty or sixty of those russian varieties, but at the state meeting, where i exhibited seventy-seven varieties, i was able to show only three russian varieties, longfield, antinovka and volga cross. i think i have reason to ask what would we have for apples today if there had not been any seedlings raised? why does the state of minnesota offer one thousand dollars for a seedling apple tree that is as hardy as the duchess with fruit as good as the wealthy and that keeps as well as the malinda? because to get such a variety it must come from seed. planting for color effects in the garden. mrs. h. b. tillotson, minneapolis. the most attractive flower bed in my garden this year has been the one planted for a blue and white effect. from earliest spring, soon after the snow had gone, until now, october th, there has been something interesting and beautiful blooming there. in the middle of the summer it was one tangled mass of lilies, delphinium, phlox and gypsophila, their perfume filling the whole garden. as the lilies faded and the delphinium grew old and went to seed, the old stalks were cut away. the phlox and delphinium bloomed again in a little while, and in september the candidum lilies began to come through the ground, getting ready for next year. the bed is three feet wide by thirty long, and was covered last winter with loose straw and leaves, with a few cornstalks to hold them in place. early in april this was raked off and the edges of the bed made straight, for the grass always grows in a little each year. the warm sunshine soon brought out the scilla and crocus, almost carpeting the whole bed. one would not think of the other things hiding under their leaves. the forget-me-nots began to look green along the edge, and up through the fading crocus and scilla came a few straggling grape hyacinths, blue and white, and one lonely plant of the virginia cowslip (mertensia)--more could have been used with good effect, for they too disappear after awhile. the virginia cowslip staid in bloom until the forget-me-nots were a mass of blossoms, and the blue darwin tulips (pink, really, with a blue spot in the bottom of the cup, just back of them) were in all their glory. in the middle of the bed the madonna lilies, and belladona delphinium had covered the ground with green. in spots the wild violets were in blossom--they had crept in some way from the dirt--i think it had been taken from the woods near by. watching each day, for the friends i knew would soon be coming, i found the first shoots of the hardy phlox, which i knew to be g. von losburg and miss lingard. double blue bachelor buttons, self sown, were there, some transplanted to fill in the bare spots, and poppies; i didn't know what color they would be, for the wind and the birds had sown the seed; but the leaves were a beautiful grey-green, and i let them grow. i had almost given up the double baby breath (gypsophila paniculata, fl. pl.), but finally it came all the way down the bed, about every five or six feet, between the delphinium and the phlox. there were perhaps a dozen plants of phlox, a dozen of belladona delphinium and six baby breath through the middle of the bed, and on each side a row of the intense blue chinese delphinium. just outside these, and next to the forget-me-nots and tulips, are the bachelor buttons, and, coming through it all, a hundred candidum lilies, their waxy white blossoms glistening in the sunshine, and the perfume so heavy you knew they were there long before you could see them. the poppies, too, were there; they were double, like a peony, rose-pink with a white edge. i was glad i let them grow, for i don't think i ever saw a more beautiful sight. i let it all grow and bloom as long as it would, hating to touch it for fear of spoiling all. finally i was obliged to clear away the old stalks, and it looked rather bare for a time. but i brought some white asters from the reserve garden. the baron hulot gladoli were soon in bloom. the phlox sent up tiny shoots for new bloom from the base of each leaf, and the second crop of bachelor buttons came along. white schizanthus along the edge, covered up the old forget-me-nots, and funkia lilies (subcordata) threw up their buds. the delphinium all began to bloom again, the grey-green leaves of the baby breath was still there, and soon my bed was all abloom again and staid so the rest of the summer. but never did it equal the glory of those first ten days of july. the fall-bearing strawberries. charles f. gardner, nurseryman, osage, ia. (so. minn. hort. society.) there are now such excellent varieties of fall bearing strawberries on the market that a person can have no good excuse for not planting some in his garden. select the ground for the bed where you will get the whole benefit from the rays of the sun. i want no trees, bushes, or tall growing plants of any kind near the bed. the farther away, the better. the earth should be made quite rich with well rotted compost. i like the plan of preparing the bed a long time before you get ready to set your plants. you can then work the soil over, time after time, and every time kill a crop of weeds. more plants are set in the spring than any other time, but they will grow and do well if set in midsummer or any time after that up to the middle of october. get through setting in september if you can. if you set later, in october, cover the plants with a slight covering of straw as soon as planted. then afterwards, when you make a business of covering put on a little more, cover them nicely--but you are liable to kill them if you put on too much. two inches deep i find to be about the right depth to go through our ordinary winters. i mean two inches after the straw has settled. i think many persons spoil their plants, or at least injure them severely, by putting on too heavy a coat of covering. i will also tell you to beware of using horse-manure as a covering for strawberries. clean straw or hay is the best of covering. (fall planting of strawberries not advisable in minnesota.--secy.) most people do not trim the plants enough before they are set. all fruit stems should be cut off, if there are any, and the most of the old leaves removed, two or three of the youngest leaves on the plant is all that should be left. these will start right off into a vigorous growth, and you will soon have strong, healthy plants. i think it pays to put a small handful of tobacco dust on and around each hill. you can generally get it at your nearest greenhouse--or you can find out there where to send for it. get enough to put it on two or three times during the early and latter part of summer. do not select ground for your new bed that has been in strawberries; take ground that has never had strawberries on, or at least that two or three crops of some kind have been taken from it since it was covered with strawberry vines. after the plants are set, they should be well firmed; it is absolutely necessary that they should be very solid in the earth. they should not be too deep nor too shallow, one is as bad as the other. the crown buds should be in plain sight, after the ground is firmed and leveled, just in sight and no more. a little temporary hilling will do no harm, but the ground should be kept as level as possible. all cultivation should be shallow so as to not disturb the roots of the plants. this is also a very important item. just remember that every plant loosened after it is set means death to the plant if it is not reset at once. cultivate often when the ground is not too wet. keep your bed entirely free of grass and weeds. this is easily done if all work is done when it should be. the time to kill weeds is when the seed first sprouts; don't wait until the weed plants are an inch or more high; if you do you will never keep them clean, and then you will never have success in your work. [illustration: chas. f. gardner at work in his everbearing strawberry experiment grounds.] cut all fruit stems off as fast as they appear, until your plants get well rooted, and then let them bear as much as they want to. but if some plants set an unusually large number it is well to cut out part of the fruit. if rightly thinned you will increase the yield in quarts. if fruit is the main object, after the plants are well located and begin to set fruit for your main crop, they can be mulched with clean straw or hay, carefully tucked up around each hill. this will keep the fruit clean and conserve the moisture in the soil, and you can stop cultivating. if plants are the main object, then you can not use the mulching, but must keep the cultivator going between the rows. well informed growers of the strawberry plant generally have beds on purpose for fruit in one place, and in another place one to grow plants. no one will make a success in growing strawberries unless he can learn to detect the rogues that appear from time to time in strawberry patches or in the fields. these rogues are generally plants that have come up from the seed that has been scattered in one way and another over the bed. berries are stepped on and mashed, other berries are overlooked and rot on the ground, but the seed remain and germinate when the time comes for it in the spring, and some of these plants are not destroyed by cultivation or by hoeing, and soon make trouble for the grower. no seedling will be like the original plants that were first set, and many of them will be strong growing plants, good runners but worthless for fruit. when you set a new lot of plants you get some of these seedlings, and that is how the mixture comes in. i have counted one hundred and fifty seedling plants around one old plant in the spring. of course the most of these where good tillage is practised are destroyed, but some remain in spite of all you can do unless you pay the very closest attention and learn to distinguish rogues from the true named varieties. all rogues must be kept out if you keep the variety true to name. of course once in a while a rogue will prove to be a valuable variety, as was the case when mr. cooper found the pan american eighteen years ago, from which our fall varieties owe their parentage. if you want to be successful remember to keep in mind the value of constant selection and keeping your parent stock true to name. when you first set out your plants, go over them and examine them closely and see that everything is right. then remember that the first sign of a good fall bearing variety is to see it throw out fruit stalks. you can cut these off, so that the stub of the fruit stem will show that it has sent up a flower stalk. you can see the stub. in this way in a small patch you can easily keep track of them. if some plants do not throw out fruit stems, mark them so you can tell them, and if they pass the season without trying to fruit, you must refrain from setting out any of the runners that appear, or there is liability of trouble. let such plants alone for another year's trial. then if they do no better, dig them up and destroy them. once in a while they prove to be all right, but often they are worthless. learn to tell a variety by a careful examination of the plant at different times during the season. fix the general color of the leaf in your mind, its shape and size. notice whether the fruit stems are long or short, whether the blossoms are above the leaves, in plain sight, or are hidden below. are there many fruit buds to the stalk, or but few? are the blossoms pistillate or staminate? are the petals large or small? are the stamens long or short? are the anthers well or poorly formed? they should be plump and well filled before they are ready to open. is the receptacle on which the pistils sit well formed and capable of being developed into a perfect berry, or do they look ungainly in shape? are the petals pure white or slightly crimson? are there many runners, or few, or none? do the new runners bear blossoms and fruit? if so, when do they commence to bud and bloom? when do the berries begin to ripen? notice the size and shape of the fruit, also the color. you can tell much from the taste of the berry. no two varieties taste exactly alike. some are real sweet and some kinds real sour. then there are all grades between. the perfume, or fragrance, of the fruit of the common strawberry when fully ripened under proper conditions of sunlight and moisture has long been esteemed and highly appreciated by mankind in general, and in this respect the fall-bearing strawberry varies greatly. the most of the varieties excel all common kinds as to perfume and that delicate strawberry flavor which nearly everybody loves so well. once in a while a musk-scented variety is developed, like the milo on our grounds, which as yet has never been sent out. by paying close attention to these things you can soon learn to distinguish many varieties at any time during the growing season. in mr. cooper found his seedling which he called the pan american. from that small beginning there are now many varieties, perhaps thousands, that excel the parent plant, and perhaps a hundred varieties of great value. some varieties have very superior merit. i will mention a few: progressive, peerless, advance, danville, forward, prince, will, milo, nathaniel, , and there are others which might be mentioned. good reports have reached me of kinds produced at your horticultural experiment farm by prof. haralson, but i have never tried them. my private opinion is that several kinds i have not mentioned will very soon take a back seat, as the saying is. the best varieties are bound to come to the front. the best advertisement one can have is the ability to ship thousands of quarts during the whole autumn. this season we shipped , quarts, mostly sold in pint boxes. they netted us from - / to cents per pint. at home we kept them on the market during the whole season at cents per quart. we lost as many as , quarts by violent storms during the season. it was a fair season for growing plants, but there was too much water to grow the best of fruit. heredity in gladioli. g. d. black, gladiolus specialist, independence, ia. (so. minn. hort. society.) as heredity is a comparatively new word, it may be well to define it at the beginning of this paper. webster says "it is the transmission of mental or physical characteristics or qualities from parent to offspring, the tendency of an organism to reproduce the characteristics of the progenitor." most of the species of gladioli are native in the temperate zone of southern africa, where they have grown for so long a time that they will reproduce themselves in a marked degree from seeds. some have grown in the moist soils of the valleys for so many generations that they have become adapted to these conditions and will not thrive on the elevated plateaus and mountain slopes. those which are native in the higher and cooler altitudes will not grow well in the lower lands. a species or variety becomes acclimated when it is grown in one locality for several successive generations, because it is one of nature's laws that it takes on new characteristics that improve it for existence there. these characters are changing more or less during each generation on account of environment. we can not aid nature in strengthening and improving the desirable qualities unless we follow nature's laws. by crossing two varieties that have certain desirable characters in common we may be able to make these characteristics more dominant. much of the crossbreeding of the gladiolus has been done in such an unscientific manner that it is surprising that so much improvement has been made. this improvement is mostly the result of extra care and cultivation, and the selection of the best each generation. in order to retain the benefit of any extra care and cultivation it has to pass on as a heritage to the succeeding generation and is there incorporated among its characteristics. each generation should be an advance toward the desired ideal. there is no doubt in my mind that the ruffling and doubling of the petals in flowers that have been under cultivation for several generations is caused by the extra feeding and care that they have received. most species of gladioli in their wild state are small and lacking in beauty. abnormal or freak varieties should not be selected as the best for breeding, because they are usually the result of a violent cross, and are nearly always weak as propagators and sometimes entirely sterile. princeps has a very large flower, but the spike is short and only two or three blooms are open at one time. it was originated by dr. van fleet by crossing mrs. beecher and cruentus. burbank crossed princeps and america, and quite a number of the seedlings show the markings of mrs. beecher, one of their grandparents, but with shorter spikes. in this cross princeps transmits the undesirable character of short spikes but leaves out the abnormal size of flower, and the best characters of america are lacking. the parentage of america is very much in doubt, as three prominent gladiolus breeders claim the honor of originating it. there are many characteristics to be considered when making selections for breeding besides the color and size of the flower. the bulbs of some varieties will stand considerable freezing while other varieties will not. this same characteristic is noticed in the foliage. the severe frost that killed our corn crop on august th so impaired panama, hiawatha and some others that very few blooms of these varieties opened afterwards. the foliage of some varieties remained green after a temperature of twelve degrees below freezing. a representative of a holland bulb growing firm who called on me a few days ago says that niagara is a very weak grower in holland and panama is a very vigorous grower. my experience with these varieties is just the reverse. this seems to show that sometimes the difference in climate may cause certain characters in the plant to act differently--if the hollander is not mistaken. a few varieties are sometimes subject to blight and rust. some are only slightly affected, and many others are entirely blight proof. there are so many characteristics to be considered by the scientific breeder that it is almost impossible to enumerate them all in this paper. there is yet a great work to be done in breeding out the undesirable traits and incorporating the improvements which we desire. civic improvement. mrs. albertson, pres. civic improvement league, austin. this is a subject so broad and so closely connected with "the city beautiful" one can hardly find a starting point, but we might begin with the one word--civic--which has drawn to itself many minds, much sober thought and from some much hard work. the fear was widespread that woman would work havoc if she attempted to spell the task, but how needless, for the word civic can be spelled with accuracy from whichever end approached. what was the beginning of the civic league and the city beautiful? it began at home, where most women's work begins. to have a beautiful home one must have the right kind of house. to have the beautiful house to make the beautiful home the setting must be made to correspond--so after the house, the lawn; after the lawn, the boulevard. then the work spread. streets needed cleaning, unsightly billboards had to be removed, perhaps an adjoining vacant lot had a careless owner whose pride needed pricking. so the need of a civic league grew, and now it has become a vital spark in many cities all over the union. minnesota has over thirty civic clubs doing specific work. is it entirely the work for women? no. is it entirely the work for men? no. it is a work for both. it is a work that is very contagious and a contagion that needs no quarantine. civic league work envelopes many lines of improvement. streets and alleys sometimes need to be reported to the proper committee of the city council; the disposal of rubbish and garbage has confronted many civic societies. there is nothing so conducive to unsanitary conditions and so disfiguring to a beautiful street as glimpses and often broad views of alleys and back yards that have become dump piles and garbage receivers. besides the effect on one's love for cleanliness and beauty, it breeds disease--and so public sanitation was added to the civic league work. in some cities the societies are taking up the work of smoke abatement. i might say that we have a few offending chimneys in our own city beautiful. every member of the city council should be a member of the civic league, for much more could be done by co-operation. there is great need of the civic improvement league and park board working together, for their aim is one--to make the city beautiful. the work that gives the most beauty to the city after the good foundation of cleanliness, public sanitation and removal of public nuisances is that done in the parks. i am glad cities are making larger appropriations for parks, and i hope our city will have more in the future, for there are great possibilities of making our city not only a city beautiful, but a most beautiful city. parks should be well lighted, playgrounds for children are almost a necessity, the river banks should be kept clean--but most of all the natural beauties of a place must be preserved and trees should be planted. shade is needed as a good background. there is nothing that will enhance a beautiful statue, fountain or other park ornament like a setting of good trees. if possible to have it there is no more attractive spot in a park than a lily pool. the old idea of laying out parks according to some geometrical pattern is giving way to the development of walk lines of practical use, recognizing both traffic requirements and the desirability of location for numerous park benches. what will lend more charm to a park than a beautiful drive bordered with noble trees leading up to some focal point or opening a way to some particular vista that would otherwise be lost! the park board should not limit its work to parks alone, but wherever there is a spot, triangle corner or any other kind of available place, there should be planted shrubs or flower beds. they soon become a public pride and cheer many passersby. we have a number of bright spots in our city, beginning in the spring with a beautiful bed of tulips. may another year bring us many more! one forgets the mud and the disagreeable days of spring in watching the bulbs thrust their little pointed noses through the cold earth and the development of the buds until they burst open into a blaze of color, flaunting their gorgeous heads in a farewell to old winter and giving a cheery welcome to the coming summer. bee-keeper's column. conducted by francis jager, professor of apiculture, university farm, st. paul. if not already done the beekeeper should at once make his final preparations towards a successful wintering of bees. there are several conditions under which the bees winter well, all of which are more or less understood. the chief of these are a strong colony of young bees, sufficient amount of good stores, and the proper place to keep the bees. bees that were queenless late in the fall or bees that had an old queen who stopped laying very early in the season, will have only few and old bees for wintering and will not have vitality enough to survive. such colonies should be united with some other good colony or if too far gone they should be destroyed. weak colonies should be united until they are strong enough to occupy and fill when clustered at least six frames. the best stores to winter bees on is pure honey capped over. honey dew will kill the bees in winter. if you have any black honey in your hives you had better remove it and replace with white honey. a ten frame hive ready for winter ought to contain from to pounds of honey. a complete hive if put on a scale should weigh not less than from to pounds. the best way to supply food to the bees is to remove the dry combs and insert next to the cluster full combs of honey. feeding sugar is a dangerous undertaking, and it should not be resorted to unless necessity compels one to do it, and then feeding should be done early in the season to allow the bees to invert the sugar, cap it over and consume such stores which are not capped over before winter. the hives that winter best are those which contain no uncapped honey in the frames. for the bulk of beekeepers cellar wintering in minnesota is to be recommended. the things to be looked after in cellar wintering are: first, that the temperature of the cellar does not go much below degrees, at least not for any length of time. second, that the entrances are kept open and clear of dead bees and are guarded with four to the inch wire screen against mice. third, that the moisture generated by the bees does not accumulate on the walls and covers of the hives. this is most essential. moisture absorbing material should be used in place of a wooden cover, for instance flax board or gunnysacks, or a super filled with shavings over a queen excluder. the bees must have free passage over the top of the frames. we wintered the bees at university farm without loss by using nothing else but the one inch flax board on top of the hive, which kept the hive positively dry all winter. your cellar should be dark, should have some ventilation, and the bees should never be disturbed during their winter sleep. by following these recommendations, you will be delighted to find your bees in the spring in a most flourishing condition for next summer's work. garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. after the frosts have killed the _dahlia_ foliage the tubers should be dug and stored before the cold becomes so great. they may be injured by it. the stems should be cut to about three or four inches of the roots, using a sharp knife, so as to make a clean cut. to the stems attach the label firmly. loosen the earth about each clump before attempting to lift it, then run the spade or fork as far under it as possible and pry it gently out. in this way the tubes will not be broken or injured where they join the stem, which is the only place where they can make the next season's growth. most of the soil will drop off as they dry. lay the roots so that water will not have a chance to collect in the soft hollow stems, or crown rot may trouble you. a cool, dry shed is a good place in which to cure the roots. lay them on boards and turn them occasionally so they will dry evenly. in a week's time they should be ready to store for winter, the best place being a frost-proof cellar. unless this is very dry, it is best to have boards raised a few inches above the floor on which to lay them. this will allow a current of air to pass under them. if a damp cellar must be used, air slaked lime sprinkled under the boards will help to keep them dry. cover them a little with dry sand. the best temperature is degrees. _cannas_ can be lifted and stored at once. cut the stems off short, leaving enough to attach the labels to. they keep best if lifted with as much soil about them as possible. the clumps can be set close together, on boards arranged in the same way as for dahlias. they will stand a slightly warmer temperature than dahlias. _tuberous begonias_, unlike dahlias and cannas, should be lifted without cutting the stems. they should be cured in the sun for at least two weeks and during that time turned to dry evenly and kept perfectly dry. a cold frame is a good place in which to do this. when the stems part readily from the bulbs, the latter can be packed in boxes and stored in any dry place where the temperature will not fall below degrees. these are among the tenderest bulbs and should be the first to be lifted. _gladioli_ should be lifted with their stems intact, tied in bundles and hung in a dry shed to dry. when thoroughly dry, the stems can be cut off and the bulbs packed in boxes and stored the same as the begonias. they are especially sensitive to heat, and if the air is too dry the bulbs will shrivel and lose much of their vitality. _montbretias_ should be lifted out and stored in the same way as the gladioli. _tuberoses_ should be lifted with the stems intact and spread out to dry or hung in a dry place. when thoroughly cured, cut off the stems close to the bulb and store in the same way as gladioli. _caladium, or elephant's ears_, should be lifted without disturbing the stem or leaves. as the leaves dry they can be removed, but the stem should not be cut near the bulb, as this is the point of growth the following year. they can be stored with the dahlias and cannas and are not apt to shrivel, as the bulb is so large and fleshy. _zephyrunthes, summer blooming hyacinths, tritomas, and tigridias_ should be lifted, cured, and stored in the same manner as gladioli. all of these are subject to rot, so it is well to examine them occasionally. if any rot is found, remove the affected bulbs, and if those remaining appear damp, dust lightly with air-slaked lime. flowers of sulphur can also be used to dust them with to prevent this trouble. should the bulbs be getting too dry, cover with sand. in our climate of extremes, it is necessary to examine them at intervals, and be prompt in the use of a remedy if any of these adverse conditions are discovered. * * * * * notice. the november meeting of the garden flower society will be held in the minneapolis park board greenhouses, thirty-eighth street and bryant avenue, november , : p.m. take monroe and bryant car. st. paul members will transfer from the selby-lake at bryant avenue. this will be a chrysanthemum show, and a talk on hardy chrysanthemums will be given. secretary's corner minnesota crop improvement association.--will hold its annual meeting this year at fairmont on feb. - - . the seed growers of minnesota would be especially interested in this meeting, at which there are to be a number of seed contests, particulars in regard to which are not at hand. they may be secured by addressing the secretary, prof. c. p. bull, university farm, st. paul, minn. the vegetable growers convention.--this convention, which is i understand an annual gathering of the vegetable growers of america, was largely attended in chicago the last week in september. a report received of the meeting indicates an attendance of eight hundred vegetable growers, including two hundred fifty from the vicinity of chicago. the city entertained them with an inspection trip, throughout cook county and later a party of them went to racine and visited the experimental gardens operated by prof. r. l. jones, of the wisconsin university. perhaps we may have a fuller report of this meeting from some of our minnesota growers who were in attendance. the social element at our annual meeting.--making the west hotel the headquarters of the society at the same time that the meeting is held in the building gives an especially good opportunity for renewing and cultivating acquaintance amongst the members in attendance. this was particularly noticeable last year, and without doubt one of the most enjoyable features of the gathering. placing emphasis upon this, an additional room has been engaged for the coming meeting on the same floor and adjoining the rooms occupied last year, which will be fitted up especially for a reception room where members and their friends may gather and rest as they visit and talk of the many things of interest connected with our society and its work. a suitable sign will direct members to this reception room, and we anticipate that it will be made use of largely. the prize winner in the garden and canning contest.--the horticultural society is offering $ . to pay railroad fare and traveling expenses to attend the annual meeting of our society by the boy or girl making the best record in the state in the "garden and canning contest" carried on by the minnesota extension division. the successful contestant will tell in his or her way how it was that success was secured in the contest. besides this prize of $ . each of the ten boys or girls scoring next highest in this contest will receive an annual membership for in the state horticultural society. the name of the successful contestant is not yet announced. delegates from sister societies.--several delegates have been appointed from horticultural societies in adjoining states, notices of which have reached this office. mr. d. e. bingham, of sturgeon bay, wis., is to represent the wisconsin state horticultural society. mr. bingham has made fruit growing his life work, a man of large experience, whose services are in demand in that state also as an institute lecturer. we shall have an opportunity to profit by his experience at our meeting, as you will note by consulting the program. mr. g. d. black, of independence, ia., is to represent the northeast iowa society. mr. black has been with us before and he will find many who recall his presence here in previous years. he is to give us on the program his later experience in connection with the growing of the gladioli, a work to which he has given large attention for many years. from south dakota is coming the president of that society, rev. s. a. hassold, from kimball, s.d. other visitors from iowa not officially sent to us who have signified an intention to be present are: chas. f. gardner, osage, ia.; e. m. reeves, waverly. prof. s. a. beach is also to spend the last two days of the annual meeting with us and his name will be found upon our program on several topics. no professional horticulturist in america is better or more favorably known than prof. beach, and our membership who are interested in orcharding should not fail to hear what he has to say on the subjects he presents. mr. n. a. rasmussen, of oshkosh, wis., is also to be with us and will be found several times on the program. being an expert in market gardening we are going to work him to the limit while he is with us. we anticipate that secretary cranefield of the wisconsin society, will also spend the week with us. prof. c.b. waldron will be here as representative of the north dakota society, and also prof. f.w. broderick of winnipeg as representing the winnipeg horticultural society--and of course our prof. n.e. hansen, of south dakota. all of these friends will be found on the program. there may be others, but this will do for a start. [illustration: view over vegetable table and across fruit exhibit at minnesota state fair. mr. thos. redpath, supt. fruit exhibit.] while it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. the minnesota horticulturist vol. december, no. perennial garden at carmarken, white bear. j. w. taylor, st. paul. we have had so many inquiries about our garden as to how we make things grow, and as to the best plants to use, that we take pleasure in answering through the horticulturist and giving the result of our experience in making an attractive perennial garden. our soil is sandy loam, very quick and warm, except in one place where it is low and there is a heavy black soil over clay. it has been well enriched with well rotted manure and cultivated as much as possible every spring, where it could be done without disturbing plants and bulbs. the arrangement of flowers as regards the blending and careful selection so that one bloom does not kill another is the secret of a beautiful garden. acres of flowers placed without any regard to color, no matter how expensive individual plants may be, is not pleasing to the eye. it is like a crowd of mixed people, and we know crowds are never beautiful. there is incompatibility among flowers as there is among people, and the compatible must be associated or there is no harmony. what do we raise and how do we do it? we will, in the space allowed, answer this as best we can. it is not necessary to spend a great lot of money if one uses good judgment and knows where to buy. take that grand flower, the peony. one can spend as much money as one pleases on these. there is just now a fad regarding these flowers, and some rich people are paying as high as $ . a root for certain kinds, but it is not necessary. the most really lovely gardens i have seen in the east and west have not been filled with plants bought at fancy prices. we have some that originally cost us a good deal of money and which are now cheap, as for instance, the henryii lily. we bought the first we heard of at one dollar and one-half each. now they can be bought for thirty cents. in peonies, baroness schroeder, an ivory white, is selling for three dollars a root, while the most beautiful of all the whites according to my taste, festiva maxima, can be bought for fifty cents. the kelways are all fine. the best cost about one dollar each. in our garden, among others, the pallas, edulis superba, golden harvest, madame crousse and queen victoria, all fine, cost us fifty cents each. we have a row all around our garden of these splendid flowers, many varieties, some very rare, and nothing could be more gorgeous in color or more effective than this border. hundreds of people came to see this peony show this year and were extravagant in their praise. the perfect harmony of arrangement was what pleased. we made many friends happy with armfuls of them to take home. that is the pleasure of your garden, the enjoyment one gets from making others happy. we especially notice how pleased the children were, the girls more so than the boys, perhaps, as they wandered along the paths fondling this or that bloom with loving fingers. with such an amount of bloom it is easy to send bouquets to the childrens' hospitals and to sick friends. we plant the peonies with the crown just under the earth, two feet apart. in the fall we cut off the old stalks and replace them over the plants after putting a good dressing of rotted manure on the beds. another flower, which is very attractive, is the larkspur belladonna, turquoise blue. it shows from a great distance as its heavenly blue meets the eye. when arranged in a vase with white flowers it makes the most beautiful, choice and refined bouquet we know of. the formosum is a lovely dark blue and very striking. give them plenty of water and some wood ashes to keep off the slugs. cut off the stalks after blooming, about august first, and they will bloom again in autumn. we had this year a large clump of madonna lilies and next to them a large bunch of larkspur. the effect was stunning. just before the larkspur came the whole north end of the garden was aflame with oriental poppies, hundreds of them. no other flower produces the effect upon one that this great proud, wonderful flower does. it is the queen of the show. we transplant this in september in ordinary soil. or we sow the seeds in august and transplant the seedlings as soon as up. they need no protection, but we protect everything with straw and branches. the branches to keep the straw from packing too hard and keeping the air out. protection of roses is necessary, of course. we had a great collection this season. our plan is to cut them back to within a foot of the ground then fill a box with leaves and turn over them. we never lose a rose thus protected. neither sun nor mice injure them. another grand flower is digitalis, or foxglove. these gladden your heart as the medicine made from them strengthens it. get the mixed plants or seed, gloxinia flora. when in bloom, look into their little gloves and note the wonder of nature's coloring. with us they grow six feet tall in black, heavy soil. they self-sow, and the plants of the present year bloom the next. a bed of these make a most gorgeous, dignified group in your garden. they are hardy with a very slight covering. many with us self-sow and live through the winter without any protection. we made up a bed of these self-sowed in fall of . they were a glory this summer. a few years ago every one said, don't waste your time on japanese iris. they thrive with us and bear blooms fully as large as a tea plate and of most exquisite beauty. we divide them every third year and in the spring cover them with old fertilizer and water them well. they grow in a heavy soil with some sand worked in. our best varieties are oriole, distinction, alice kiernga, beauty of japan and blue flag. the gladiolus is another bright and interesting addition to our floral family. the best we have are marie de ruyter, a pretty blue; badenia, lavender; golden king, a magnificent yellow; florence, lilac blotched; mazie, corn color; and dawn, shell pink. plant these bulbs in succession, three weeks apart, from april first, six inches deep, so they will stand up, and eighteen inches between rows. in this way you will have them until frost. for the house cut them when first bud comes out, and they will all blossom in water. a flower which attracts much attention with us is the canterbury bell, cup and saucer variety, in different colors. very showy. this is not a perennial but a biennial. we plant our seeds in july and transplant in september or october. the persicifolia in white and blue is a hardy perennial and grows on stalks two to three feet high, a great favorite among white flowers. in some soils they do not do well, but with us grow rampant. we prefer the white. we cut over two thousand stalks this summer from one hundred fifty plants. of tulips, which are so welcome in early spring, the darwin leads all. we love them as we do the stars of bethlehem, the hyacinths, narcissi and the darling little blue flowers, scilla siberica, that come with the snowdrops and crocuses before the snow is gone. we thus have bloom from snow to snow. always something bright, and that is another strong reason for a perennial garden. we have many calls from persons wishing to buy plants or seeds. we do not sell either, but gladly give away our surplus. we have furnished many gardens in this way all about us and thus added to the beauty of the surrounding country and made ourselves and others happy. our collection of lilies, auratums, speciosums, tigers, madonnas, are all planted six to eight inches deep and, after spreading manure are covered with straw, after frost. we cover all bulb beds with manure in the fall. among lilies all but the auratums last years, but these lose their vitality in two or three seasons. plant all lilies in fall except madonnas, which should be put in in august. two fine flowers we would recommend to flower lovers: the amaryllis hallii, or, as we call it, the wonder flower, which grows a large bunch of leaves in spring and in june they all die down. in august there springs up a single stalk from the apparently dead plant, bearing a lily-like bunch of flowers of charming colors. it is as hardy as an oak. the other is the dictamnus, or gas plant. most beautiful and very hardy. get one white and one pink and plant near each other. they are fine. of course we have named but a small part of our collection, but will be glad to give any further information to our horticulturist readers and will be glad to welcome them at our grounds any time. * * * * * canning fruits without sirup.--can the product the same day it is picked. cull, stem, or seed, and clean the fruit by placing it in a strainer and pouring water over it until it is clean. pack the product thoroughly in glass jars or tin cans until they are full; use the handle of a tablespoon, wooden ladle, or table knife for packing purposes. pour over the fruit boiling water from a kettle, place rubbers and caps in position, partially seal if using glass jars, seal completely if using tin cans. place the containers in a sterilizing vat, such as a wash boiler with false bottom, or other receptacle improvised for the purpose. if using a hot-water bath outfit, process for minutes; count time after the water has reached the boiling point; the water must cover the highest jar in container. after sterilizing seal glass jars, wrap in paper to prevent bleaching, and store in a dry, cool place. if you are canning in tin cans it will improve the product to plunge the cans quickly into cold water immediately after sterilization. when using a steam pressure canner instead of the hot-water bath, sterilize for minutes with pounds of steam pressure. never allow the pressure to go over pounds. the minnesota state fruit-breeding farm. chas. haralson, supt., excelsior. the minnesota state fruit-breeding farm was established eight years ago, principally for breeding new varieties of fruit adapted to our climate and conditions. the aim of this work is to assist the people in getting better commercial varieties of the various fruits grown in the state, so that better returns could be secured for the people engaged in the various lines of fruit growing. some of the plant-breeding work is beginning to show results, a few varieties of fruit are being distributed in a small way for trial in different localities. a great deal of work has been done with apples. seedlings have been grown by the thousands every year with the idea of selecting some desirable varieties when the trees come into fruiting. hardiness of tree, long keeping and good quality of fruit are the most desirable points we are looking for in our selections. a great deal of crossing under glass is being done with apples; a number of seedlings, the results of this crossing work, are planted every spring. some of the six thousand malinda apple seedlings planted seven years ago have fruited to some extent for the last three years. these show a great variation in fruit, both in color, quality and long keeping. some of the fruit ripens with the duchess, while others will keep until spring in good condition. there is a chance for some desirable varieties out of this lot, but it will take several years to determine whether we have anything better than the wealthy. the wealthy is by far our best commercial variety, but we are looking for something that will keep until spring. gooseberries and currants are easily raised and are perfectly hardy with us, but we are working to get some improvement on these varieties. many thousand seedlings are being grown for this purpose. our native gooseberries are used in breeding work with the cultivated varieties to a great extent, as they are hardy, strong growers and resistant to mildew. as to cherries, we have none that are satisfactory. some work has been carried on for several years, but we have not obtained anything of special value so far. the most promising combinations are compass cherry crossed with the cultivated varieties. none of these have fruited, but we have some hope for a hardy cherry from these seedlings. peaches and apricots are not hardy in minnesota, and consequently nobody thinks of planting them. some years ago we started crossing the sand cherry with peaches and apricots. the results were a number of seedlings, but all turned out to be worthless; the trees after several years growth were small, or grew mostly in bush form. they blossomed every spring but never set any fruit on account of some imperfection in the flowers. four years ago we started to use the compass cherry as the male parent, and this combination is more promising. the seedlings make a good growth and a fairly good sized tree, practically as hardy as the compass cherry. the seedlings resemble the apricots and peaches in blossom, tree and foliage. this fruit will not be exactly an apricot or a peach, but may take the place of these fruits in a small way. [illustration: no. hybrid seedling plum--from minnesota state fruit-breeding farm, at zumbra heights.] the compass cherry crossed with prunus pissardi, or purple leaf plum, is a very interesting combination. we have about fifty seedlings growing. most of them have the purple foliage and bark, are very ornamental and can be used with effect for lawns and landscape planting where large shrubs are wanted. the grapes. the vitis labrusca, such as concord, worden, moore's early and many other varieties, are not hardy unless protected during winter. there is a demand for hardy grapes that do not need any winter protection. at the fruit-breeding farm this problem has been taken up on a large scale. the beta grape is hardy but lacks in size and quality. this variety has been used to grow many thousands of seedlings from, and also used in cross-breeding with the better varieties. a large percent of beta seedlings come true to seed or nearly so. this gives us several hundred varieties equal to beta, and some of them are quite an improvement in size and quality over the parent and practically as hardy as the wild grape. many of these are worthy of propagation where hardiness is the main object. very few of the hybrid grape seedlings have fruited, but indications are that in a few years we will have grapes equal in size and quality to any of our commercial varieties. experiments are being carried on in a small way with pears, roses and nuts. our native hazelnuts can be improved by selection and crossing with the filberts. the same is true with the rosa rugosa and our native roses. in breeding strawberries we probably have had better success than with any other fruit we have attempted to improve. the breeding work was done in the greenhouse during winter and early spring and seed planted as soon as berries were ripe. the plants were transplanted to flats and later planted out in the field, where they remained until fruiting, when the selections were made. we have fruited approximately , seedlings. these have been weeded out so there are about left, and these will be cut down to a few of the best varieties. at present we have one everbearing and one june-bearing variety which have proven to be very productive, of good size, good quality and good plantmakers. these plants have been sent out as premiums to members of the state horticultural society for the last two years and will be distributed the same way next spring. in raspberries we have several varieties which are promising. king x loudan, no. , is a variety that has been sent out as premium the last three years. this variety is amongst the hardiest, the berries are dark red, very large and the most productive of all the varieties growing on the place. this has also been sent out as premium through the horticultural society. in plums we probably have had the best success. some of the first breeding work was with burbank x (crossed with) wolf and abundance x wolf. we have twenty-eight seedlings of burbank x wolf and forty-five abundance x wolf which have fruited several years. we have varying degrees of hardiness in these seedlings. most of them have withstood our winters at the fruit farm without injury, as well as in most of the southern half of the state. among the abundance x wolf hybrids eight of the seedlings are only partly hardy, while of the burbank x wolf only one or two have shown themselves to be particularly weak in this respect. type of fruit. in general the burbank type of fruit is dominant. the flesh of these hybrids runs quite uniformly yellow, varying in degrees, however, from a deep yellow to a yellowish green. some of them have a yellow skin with a blush or a streak of red, while others are a deep red even before ripe. the fruit in size varies from both smaller and larger than the parents. firmness characterises most of the hybrids. we are also getting good shipping quality, and in burbank x wolf no. we have a plum measuring one and three-quarters inches and more in diameter and a perfect freestone. this plum will be used extensively in further plant-breeding. in shape of tree the two hybrids differ materially. the burbank x wolf hybrids make spreading trees more or less, while the abundance x wolf grows more upright and does not need quite as much room. * * * * * tent caterpillar.--as soon as small nests are detected, they should be destroyed. when in convenient reach, the nests may be torn out with a brush, with gloved hand, or otherwise, and the larvae crushed on the ground, care being taken to destroy any caterpillars which have remained on the tree. the use of a torch to burn out the nests will be found convenient when they occur in the higher parts of the trees. in using the torch great care is necessary that no important injury be done to the tree; it should not be used in burning out nests except in the smaller branches and twigs, the killing of which would be of no special importance. nests in the larger limbs should be destroyed by hand, as the use of the torch may kill the bark, resulting in permanent injury. tent caterpillars are readily destroyed by arsenicals sprayed on the foliage of trees infested by them. any of the arsenical insecticides may be used, as paris green, scheele's green, arsenate of lead, etc. the first two are used at the rate of one-half pound to gallons of water. the milk of lime made from to pounds of stone lime should be added to neutralize any caustic effect of the arsenical on the foliage. arsenate of lead is used at the rate of pounds to each gallons of water. on stone fruits, such as cherry, peach, and plum, arsenicals are likely to cause injury to foliage and must be used with caution if at all. on such trees the arsenate of lead is preferable, as it is less injurious to foliage, and on all trees sticks much better. in spraying for the tent caterpillar only, applications should be made while the caterpillars are yet small, as they then succumb more quickly to poisons than when more nearly full grown, and prompt treatment stops further defoliation of the trees.--u. s. dept. agri. color combinations in the garden. miss elizabeth starr, fremont so., minneapolis. english books on gardening set forth two principal methods of making a garden: first, to have each part perfect for a short time each year and then let it melt into the background for the rest of the season; second, to have every part of the garden showing some flowers all through the summer. these two methods suggest the impressionistic and miniature schools of painting. with the first method it is possible to get great masses of color and brilliant effects to be viewed at a distance, but it requires a great deal of space, with a perennial garden at least, for unfortunately most of our perennials are in their greatest glory for only a few weeks at a time. the second method fills more nearly the needs of the small garden, where the vistas are short and the individual plant is under close inspection. the greatest difficulty is this, that the amateur cannot resist the lure of a great variety of plants, and unless a vigorous thinning out is faithfully practiced and the habit of growth, the period of blooming, the height and color of each individual is carefully studied, the effect of the whole is very apt to be mussy and distracting to the eye, whereas the ideal garden is soothing in effect. i have only been studying the problem for the last five or six years, so that i am still decidedly an amateur, but i have kept a faithful record of the time of flowering of each variety i have grown in my garden and have discovered that the time of blooming does not vary more than five days for each plant no matter whether the season be wet or dry. with this record at hand i can arrange each part of my garden with a view to the succession of bloom throughout the summer. i can place plants with clashing colors side by side with the calm assurance that they will not clash because their periods of blooming do not overlap. in this way i can completely change the color of certain parts of my garden during the summer if i so desire. in studying combinations for the garden we must take into consideration the harmony and contrast of color, texture, form, height and the succession of bloom. we must also see that plants requiring the same soil and the same care are put together. in my garden i use both annuals and perennials but am limited in choice to those plants that are perfectly hardy, that will stand infinite neglect, drought, much wind, a stiff soil, that do not require especial protection in the winter, that will be in bloom all summer long and be beautiful. this, as i have found, is a rather difficult task. [illustration: perennial border. edging of pinks and shasta daisies, pink canterbury bells and festiva maxima peony. behind, pyrethrum, uliginosum and hollyhocks. blue flowering flax adds depth to the pink and white.] there is a great diversity of opinion as to how to set out plants. some say, "give each plant plenty of room; let it expand as much as it will." others say, "each six inches of ground should have its plant; set them so closely that no dirt will show between; in this way each individual plant will be finer than when set out singly and the leaves will form a shade for the ground." i have used the latter method, for, since we have no means of watering, the conservation of moisture is an important item. the chief objection is that there is a constant danger of overcrowding, and it requires a frequent resetting of plants as they increase in size from year to year. [illustration: yellow iris against the blue of distant hills.] i have a border on the north side of my garden that is six feet wide and about seventy feet long. it is my aim to keep this in bloom all through the summer long. there is a background of purple and white lilacs and cut-leaf spirea. the first thing that comes in the spring is poet's narcissus, then groups of darwin tulips; both of these are naturalized and remain in the ground from year to year. next comes the perennial blue flax, a half dozen plants set at intervals down the border, that every morning from mid-april until august are a mass of blue. clumps of may-flowering iris and then june-flowering iris and four large peony plants make the border bright until the latter part of june, when alternating groups of field daisies and pink and red sweet williams are in full bloom at one end of the border, and summer-flowering cosmos holds sway at the other end, while the flax, bachelor's buttons and daisies fill the center with blue and white. by the middle of july the calendulas, coreopsis and annual larkspur make a vivid display where the narcissus was before. these four make a very good combination, for if the bed is well made and the narcissus planted deep, the coreopsis and larkspur seed themselves, and with the exception of a deep raking in the late fall the bed needs no attention except thinning out for three years, and it is in bloom for at least four months of the season. [illustration: pink and white pinks, field and shasta daisies, canterbury bells and hollyhocks.] in this border i have at last found a place for the magenta phlox that usually fights with the whole garden. i put it in front of a single row of pink and white cosmos, flank it on one side with pink and white verbenas, on the other with mixed scabiosas and in front of all a single row of shasta daisies. this combination pleases the family as well as the phlox. on the south side of the garden, against a low buckthorn hedge is a narrower border of sky-blue belladonna, delphinium, buttercups and achillea, with an edging of chinese pinks. i had thought the complementary colors of the delphinium and buttercups would set each other off, but it is a very poor combination, for the foliage is so much alike that there is no contrast there, and when the plants are not in bloom it is almost impossible to tell which is which so as to take out the buttercups, whose yellow is too bright. shasta daisies set off the delphiniums to perfection with the wonderful purity of their white and yellow and pleasing contrast of form, foliage and height. with emperor narcissus bulbs set between the plants, there are flowers in the border the whole season. another very poor combination that is in my garden, much to my sorrow, is hemerocallis and siberica iris. they started out about three feet from each other, but the hemerocallis spreads so quickly that now they form a mass that is almost impossible to break apart. another mistake i made was to put shasta daisies and field daisies near together. it is unfair to the smaller daisies, for although they are fully two inches in diameter, yet they appear dwarfed beside the giants. there is one point in my garden that is vivid throughout the summer. first comes the orange lilium elegans, then scarlet lychnis and later, tiger lilies. another bit is gorgeous from the first of august until frost; it is made up of blue and white campanula pyramidalis, that grow quite five feet high, and mrs. francis king gladioli. an important thing to think of is the line of vision from each point of vantage of the house--the endwise view of a multicolored bed of fairy columbines against a light green willow from the sewing room window, from the library the blue of a juniata iris swaying four feet up in the air in front of a sweet briar, from the front porch pale yellow flavescens iris through a mist of purple sweet rockets. the garden is in its glory during the iris season. at a conservative estimate we have about twenty-five hundred of them in our little garden, ranging through all the colors of the rainbow and blooming from april until late june. they may easily make such an increase that it is baffling to cope with, but they are so beautiful and so amenable to the experimenting of an amateur that we feel as though we couldn't get enough of them. last summer a wonderful effect was achieved by putting dark blue and mahogany-colored pansies beside jacquesiana and othello iris, this repeating the color and texture in different plants. [illustration: rocky mountain columbine against the willow hedge, with perennial candytuft as edging.] we leave the garden through a wooden arch. climbing over one side of this is a thousandschon rose, and on the other side a dr. van fleet grows rank. a wild clematis is planted beside each rose and fills the top of the arch. i am rather dubious about the combination, for i fear the clematis may grow so heavy that it will choke out the roses, but this summer at least it was beautiful, and another summer will come to try other combinations. truck crop and garden insects. an exercise led by prof. wm. moore, entomological department, university farm, st. paul. there is one insect that probably all those who are in the market garden business are very much interested in, and that is the cabbage maggot. as you all know, in the spring of the year, after cabbages are put out, frequently you will find the cabbages slowly dying, one dying one day and two or three the next day, and so on until sometimes fifty per cent or more of the cabbages die. at first it is not exactly apparent what is killing the cabbages, but when one is pulled up it will be noticed that a little maggot is working in the root of the cabbage. this insect is commonly known as the cabbage maggot. for a number of years work has been carried on with the cabbage maggot, and all sorts of treatments have been tried, many without any great success. the unfortunate part is that usually the market gardener don't take much thought of this maggot until it is actually doing the injury, and at that time they are mighty difficult to handle. there have been several different treatments advised, one of which is fresh hellebore, about two ounces steeped in a quart of boiling water and then diluted to a gallon and poured upon the base of the plant. it will destroy the maggots, but hellebore is very expensive and, as probably most of you know, there isn't a great amount of profit in cabbage; so any treatment will have to be a cheap treatment, or you will use up your profit. during the last two years i have been working along a line which is entirely different from the treatment of the maggot, and that is based upon the fact that the fly which lays the egg which produces the maggot in the cabbage comes out early in the spring and flies about the field for probably a week or ten days or two weeks before it lays its eggs, and during that period it eats any sweet material which happens to be on hand. with this as a basis we thought we might be able to poison the flies and thus prevent injury from the maggots, and we have tried several different spray mixtures along that line. one mixture which we use is a mixture which is normally used against the fruit flies which are oftentimes injurious to fruit, particularly in the east and in tropical countries. this contains three ounces of arsenate of lead, two and half pounds of brown sugar and four gallons of water. the idea is to spray this in the field, spraying it on the plants as soon as the plants are put out in the field. we have more or less definite dates for the appearance of the flies in the field and for their disappearance again. but, as you know, the season varies, and the result is somewhat uncertain. so probably the best method is to base it upon the time you plant out your cabbage. in the early seasons you will plant your cabbages early, and in the late seasons later. so plant out your cabbage and then spray them every week until the th of may. you should spray them, not to cover the leaves with the poison, but merely sufficient so that there are a few drops of this poisoned material on the leaves so that the flies can eat it. flies will come there and feed upon this mixture and die. it is rather peculiar that we started work here about the same time on the cabbage maggot that they started work on the onion maggot along similar lines in wisconsin. i don't think that either knew that the other was working towards that end. they used a different mixture, one-fifth ounce of sodium arsenite, one-half pint of new orleans molasses and one gallon of water. this was sprayed over the onions and was very successful in controlling the onion maggot. i tried their mixture this last year. they published some of their results last year, so it gave me an opportunity to watch their mixture in comparison with the lead arsenate. they claimed the lead arsenate did not act as quickly as the sodium arsenite. that is true, but when you have a ten-day period to kill the fly it don't make much difference whether it dies in ten hours or twenty-four. the flies are not doing any injury. if you take the lead arsenate and sugar and water and put it in a jar, the arsenate always sinks to the bottom, and if you were to test it that way, the fly would feed on the top and you might not get a quick result. but if you spray it on, the lead arsenate will kill as quickly as the sodium arsenite. there is an objection to the use of arsenite in that sodium arsenite is a soluble poison and will burn the leaves of the cabbage. of course, that is not particularly serious as those are the first leaves the cabbages have and the cabbage soon gets over any slight injury, but many truck gardeners probably would object to that. in the onion you have a different shaped leaf, and the injury is not so apparent. last summer i found that new orleans molasses would give you a little bit better result than the sugar, and it is cheaper. the objection to the new orleans molasses is the sticky nature of the material in handling. i might mention in regard to opening cans of new orleans molasses. if you never opened one and try this treatment, be careful about opening the can. the lid is pushed down tight and under warm conditions, or if the molasses has been in a warm room there is a certain amount of fermentation and gas under pressure, and if you pry it open quickly you find the lid flies up in the air and you will probably be smeared over with molasses. i employed my spray, that is, one ounce of lead arsenate, one-half pint of new orleans molasses and one gallon of water last season. the check plots had cabbages attacked by the maggots, probably or per cent of the plants dying from the attack. last year was a very good season, that is, many of the plants seriously attacked put out roots again, and those were able to grow again in the sprayed plots. the infestation of the sprayed plots was probably about to per cent. of the plants, but they only contained probably one maggot each, which is very slight and not sufficient to do any damage. there is one market gardener whose cabbage patch we sprayed, i think, only a part of two rows, and we thought we would leave the rest of his patch as a control. apparently the amount of material we put on there was sufficient to attract the flies from the whole field. not a single cabbage died, and he was pleased with the result of the spray. mr. miller: what do you do for root aphis? mr. moore: root aphis can very easily be controlled with tobacco extract. it is put upon the root of any plant that is affected, a tablespoonful to a gallon of water. there are a number of different tobacco extracts on the market. some of them contain per cent. of nicotine, some contain , some and some , and i think there is one brand that contains per cent. you will find that the brands that contain the most nicotine are the most expensive, but in proportion you use less material. thus per cent. tobacco extract would take two tablespoonfuls to the gallon, while per cent. would take only one. it is the nicotine which is the working portion of it. mr. miller: then you can use the black leaf forty? mr. moore: it is very good, it is per cent. nicotine. there is another product put out by the same company, a black leaf, only or per cent. this is cheaper, but you have to use more of it. if anything probably the more expensive would be the cheaper in the long run. mr. wintersteen: the maggots that attack the radishes and turnips are the same as the cabbage maggot? mr. moore: yes, sir. mr. wintersteen: why is it i have no trouble with the cabbages, and yet i can raise no radishes or turnips in the same ground? mr. moore: the radishes and turnips are attacked and the cabbages are not? mr. wintersteen: yes, sir. mr. moore: which do you raise, early cabbages? mr. wintersteen: yes, sir. mr. moore: what variety do you raise? mr. wintersteen: the wakefield, generally. mr. moore: some varieties of cabbages are not nearly so severely attacked as others. i think of the two that they would prefer radishes probably. growing them side by side you find they infest the radishes. that was my experience last year. i grew the first generation of cabbages, and the second generation i took over into the radishes because i wanted to treat them there. mr. rasmussen: did you say the same fly attacks the onion and the cabbage? mr. moore: the onion has two different flies, one which is black in color, with light colored bands across the wings, and that one passes the winter as a larva in the old onions left in the field. it is an injurious practice to leave old onions there to breed these maggots. if they were taken out and destroyed you could do away with that one. the cabbage fly is different. when you use the spray it would probably be all right to use the sodium arsenite for the onion and the lead arsenate for the cabbage. the type of leaf is entirely different, and on the cabbage you are apt to burn them with the sodium arsenite while the lead arsenate will give you practically the same result. mr. goudy: the cabbage butterfly, does that come from the same maggot? mr. moore: no; this maggot is on the root, the cabbage butterfly lays its eggs on the leaf. you get the cabbage worm from the cabbage butterfly. mr. goudy: what do you do for that? mr. moore: paris green is used to a great extent, but many people have a horror of using paris green. last year, i think it was, i was called up on the phone by some one and i advised him to use paris green. he said that he was afraid it might poison everybody. i explained to him there was no danger from it, as you know the cabbage leaves grow from the inside, not from the outside, and the spray would be on the outside leaves. besides that, we usually spray early for the cabbage worm while the heads come on later. mr. goudy: did you ever try capsicum, sprinkling that on the heads? mr. moore: no, sir. mr. goudy: i saved my cabbages one year by using that. mr. moore: some people claim salt is good. one of the students mentioned it to me. one applied it by putting a spoonful around over the head, another dissolved a tablespoonful in about ten quarts of water and sprayed it on. salt is rather injurious to vegetation as a rule. of course, they only put it on the leaves, and the cabbage is a hardy plant. air slaked lime is also good, but would have to be applied several times. with the arsenate you apply it once and kill all the brood. mr. ludlow: we took them all off of mine one year by using boiling hot water. mr. moore: yes, sir; water is very good. the objection is, on a large scale it is not feasible. mr. miller: slug shot is very good. mr. moore: yes, sir; it doesn't contain very much poison, but it is sufficient to kill the cabbage worm. mr. cadoo: i used just simply wood ashes. mr. moore: the cabbage worm is one that is very easy to handle. a member: i have always used salt. i think it makes a more firm and solid head, that is my theory, i don't know whether i am right or not. i have been doing that for years. mr. moore: i don't know. i never heard of the treatment with salt until two or three days ago when several students mentioned that they used salt. some people won't use paris green. there was one case a man said his wife wouldn't let him do it even if she knew it wasn't poison; she didn't like the idea of paris green on cabbage. mr. ingersoll: is there anything you can suggest to control the yellows in asters? mr. moore: the yellows in asters has been a problem which has been very amusing there at the farm. a man sends in an aster to the entomological department, we examine it and can't find anything that belongs to our department, and we send it to the plant pathological department, and they send it back to us. last year we made a point in every case of yellows in asters to send some one to investigate and find out what was going on to produce it. in some cases it seemed to be a fungous disease. one case i know turned out to be a fungous disease, the very next one was due to plant lice on the roots of the asters. in that case i don't think you get quite the distinct yellows of the asters, but rather the plants wilt and become weak and finally die. that can very easily be controlled with tobacco extract, pouring it upon the buds of the plants. we do not know definitely about the yellows. we think it is more or less of a physiological disease of the plant, not due to an insect. this last year we have not found any what we would call the true yellows. there is an insect that produces similar trouble on other plants, a plant bug, which is hard to secure because it flies away. that is the reason we have been sending out to see exactly what is going on in the field, and we didn't see any evidence of their work this year. another thing, it seems to be a year in which the asters did fairly well, and there was very little yellows. mr. ingersoll: you think that irregular watering might make any difference or very solid rooting? mr. moore: it might do something of the sort. the most we heard of the yellows was the year before last, and we were held up at the time with other work and could not investigate properly. any one here that has yellows in asters next year, we would be very glad to hear from him and send some one out to find the cause. it wouldn't surprise me that it was something in the treatment of the aster. mr. cadoo: do angleworms hurt house plants? mr. moore: not as a rule. they do eat a small amount of vegetation, but ordinarily in a house plant, if you have, say, a worm in a pot, i think it is rather beneficial than injurious, because it keeps the soil stirred up. mr. rasmussen: what is the spray for the cabbage and onion maggot? mr. moore: unfortunately i am a very poor person to remember figures, and i carry this around with me. one spray is three ounces of lead arsenate, two and a half pounds of brown sugar to four gallons of water, but we found that probably a little better spray was to use the new orleans molasses instead of the sugar and the formula is: one ounce of lead arsenate, one-half pint of new orleans molasses and one gallon of water. the spray that was used for the onion maggot and was devised over in wisconsin is: one-fifth ounce of sodium arsenite, one-half pint of new orleans molasses and one gallon of water. mr. rasmussen: the wisconsin spray is what i used to spray my place several years, and i was wondering if it was the same. mr. moore: it was peculiar that they started to work on the onion maggot in wisconsin at the same time we started on the cabbage maggot here. mr. rasmussen: we have controlled the onion maggots almost entirely, but the cabbage maggots are very difficult. mr. moore: in our control plots it controlled it very well. our plants were infested only with a few maggots, but not sufficient to do any injury. the wealthy apple. f. h. ballou. (the opinion of an ohio apple grower--from a bulletin issued by ohio state horticultural society.) the value of a variety of apple commercially usually decides its place in the estimation of growers. naturally the later maturing, longer keeping or winter varieties are generally accorded this preference. orchardists in the southern part of ohio doubtless would elect rome beauty queen of money makers, were the question put to a vote. apple producers of northern ohio or western new york would as surely vote for baldwin. but what variety would you--mr. lover-of-apples-and-apple products--vote for and plant if but a single variety and space for but a single tree were available? after twenty years observation and enjoyment of apple precocity, apple dependability and all-around apple excellence throughout a long season, the writer continues annually to cast his ballot for wealthy. [illustration: mr. rolla sfubbs, of bederwood, lake minnetonka, under his favorite tree, the wealthy.] true the wealthy has its faults--so have all the other varieties of apples of individual choice--and so have we--the growers; but for early fruitage, prolificacy, excellence for culinary use, extended period of usefulness, richness and delicacy of flavor when ripened in a cool cellar and good keeping qualities when under proper conditions it is placed in cold storage, there are few if any varieties other than this that combine so many splendid and desirable characteristics. from mid-july to mid-september of the present year we have been using wealthy for culinary purposes with steadily increasing enjoyment as their quality has gradually become finer and finer. at this writing, september , we have in the cellar attractively colored, well ripened, pink-and-white-fleshed wealthy delightful for dessert use; and there are yet wealthy--firm and crisp--on the trees for later autumn use if kept in the cellar, or early winter and holiday use if placed in cold storage. if we could have but one apple tree that tree would be a wealthy. this statement is made with full knowledge and appreciation of the many other excellent varieties of various seasons, including grimes, jonathan, stayman and delicious. law fixes standards for containers for fruits, berries and vegetables in interstate commerce. (taken from "wisconsin horticulture," the organ of wis. state horticultural society.) standards for climax baskets for grapes, other fruits and vegetables, and other types of baskets and containers used for small fruits, berries, and vegetables in interstate commerce, are fixed by an act approved by the president august , . the law will become effective november , . the effect of the act will be to require the use of the standards in manufacturing, sale, or shipment for all interstate commerce, whether the containers are filled or unfilled. a large part of the traffic in fruits and vegetables in this country enters interstate commerce. the law relates only to the containers and will not affect local regulations in regard to heaped measure or other method of filling. a special exemption from the operations of the law is made for all containers manufactured, sold, or shipped, when intended for export to foreign countries, and when such containers accord with the specifications of the foreign purchasers, or comply with the laws of the country to which the shipment is destined. standards of three capacities are fixed for climax baskets-- , and quarts, dry measure. these containers, often known as "grape baskets," have relatively narrow, flat bottoms, rounded at each end, and thin sides flaring slightly from the perpendicular. the handle is hooped over at the middle from side to side. in addition to fixing the capacities of these standard baskets of this type, the law also prescribes their dimensions. the other standards are for "baskets or other containers for small fruits, berries, and vegetables." they are to have capacities only of one-half pint, pint, quart, or multiples of quart, dry measure. such containers may be of any shape so long as their capacities accurately accord with the standard requirements. the examination and test of containers to determine whether they comply with the provisions of the act are made duties of the department, and the secretary of agriculture is empowered to establish and promulgate rules and regulations allowing such reasonable tolerances and variations as may be found necessary. penalties are provided by the act for the manufacture for shipment, sale for shipment, or shipment in interstate commerce of climax baskets, and containers for small fruits, berries, and vegetables, not in accord with the standards. it is provided, however: that no dealer shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this act when he can establish a guaranty signed by the manufacturer, wholesaler, jobber, or other party residing within the united states from whom such climax baskets, baskets, or other containers, as defined in this act, were purchased, to the effect that said climax baskets, baskets, or other containers are correct within the meaning of this act. said guaranty, to afford protection, shall contain the name and address of the party or parties making the sale of climax baskets, baskets, or other containers, to such dealer, and in such case said party or parties shall be amenable to the prosecutions, fines, and other penalties which would attach in due course to the dealer under the provisions of this act.--department of agriculture. [illustration: a plant-chimera: two varieties of apple in one. golden russet and boston stripe combined in the same fruit, as the result of a graft. trees producing these apples bear only a few fruits of this combination; the rest of the crop belongs entirely to one or other of the two varieties concerned. the explanation of these chimeras is that the original buds of the scion failed to grow, after the graft was made, but an adventitious bud arose exactly at the juncture of stock and scion, and included cells derived from both. these cells grow side by side but remain quite distinct in the same stem, each kind of cell reproducing its own sort. from "journal of heredity," may, . published by the "american genetic association," washington, d. c.] the rhubarb plant. ludvig mosbaek, askov. rhubarb, or pieplant, as it is more commonly called, is one of the hardiest and at the same time a most delicious fruit. when the stalks are used at the right stage and given the proper care by the cook, they are almost equal to fresh peaches. rhubarb can be transplanted every month in the year, but the best time is early spring or august. there are especially two things rhubarb will not stand, "wet feet and deep planting." most beneficial is good natural or artificial drainage and rich soil, made so by a good coat of manure, plowed or spaded in, and a liberal top dressing every fall, cultivated or hoed in on the top soil the next spring. fifty plants or divisions of a good tender variety planted to feet apart will supply an average household with more delicious fresh fruit and juice for six months of the year than five times the space of ground devoted to currants, gooseberries or any other fruit, and if you have from to plants you can afford to pick the first stalk that sprouts up in april and still figure on having an abundance to keep you well supplied all summer. do you really know what a delicious beverage can be made from the juice of rhubarb mixed in cool water? take it along in the hayfield a hot summer day. and even if you can not keep it cool the acid contained in the juice still makes it a delicious and stimulating drink where you would loathe the taste of a stale beer. there are about a hundred other ways to prepare rhubarb, not forgetting a well cooled rhubarb mush served with cool milk in the evening or for that matter three times a day; nothing cheaper, nor healthier. the fresh acid contained in the rhubarb purifies the blood and puts new vigor in your body and soul, is better and cheaper than any patent medicines, and from the growth of to plants you can eat every day for six months and preserve enough in fresh, cool water in airtight jars to last you all winter. but you can do still better with your rhubarb. you can add three months more and make it nine months of the year for fresh, crisp, delicious fruit. i will tell you how. when your rhubarb gets - years old and very big and strong clumps of roots, divide some of the best and make a new planting and dig some of the balance before frost in the fall. leave them on top of the ground until they have had a good freeze--this is very essential to success--then place the roots as you dug them in a dark corner in your cellar or in a barrel in your cellar, exclude all light, keep the soil moderately wet and after christmas and until spring you will have an abundance of brittle, fine flavored stalks that are fully equal to and perhaps more tender than the outdoor grown. years ago in chicago i grew rhubarb in a dark house Ã� ft., built for that purpose, and the stalks generally commanded a price of to c a pound in the right market in january, february and march. it is better not to pull any stalks the summer you transplant, at least not until september. next year in may and june you can have stalks from / to pound and over. when you pull stalks don't take the outer two or three leaves but only the tender ones, and strip them off in succession so you do not come back to the same plants to pull for four to six weeks or more. just as quick as the plant shows flower stems cut them off close to the ground and keep them off, never allow them to show their heads. i have grown rhubarb for market and for domestic use for about forty years, having one time as much as five acres, and i will assure you if you will follow directions you will appreciate rhubarb more than before and get out of it all it is worth. * * * * * trees planted by machine.--a machine which plants from ten to fifteen thousand forest trees seedlings a day is now being used at the letchworth park forest and arboretum, in wyoming county, n. y., according to officials of the forest service who are acting as advisers in the work. previously the planting had been done by hand at the rate of , to , trees each day per man. the machine was designed to set out cabbage and tomato plants, but works equally well with trees. it is about the size of an ordinary mowing machine and is operated by three men and two horses. one man drives the team while the other two handle the seedlings. the machine makes a furrow in which the trees are set at any desired distance, and an automatic device indicates where they should be dropped. two metal-tired wheels push and roll the dirt firmly down around the roots. this is a very desirable feature, it is said, because the trees are apt to die if this is not well done. two attachments make it possible to place water and fertilizer at the roots of each seedling. another attachment marks the line on which the next row of trees is to be planted. no cost figures are available yet, but officials say that the cost will be much less than when the planting is done by hand. it is stated that the machine can be used on any land which has been cleared and is not too rough to plow and harrow.--u. s. dept. agri. the greenhouse versus hotbeds. frank h. gibbs, market gardener, st. anthony park. in discussing the subject assigned me, i will only speak of hotbeds and hothouses as used for the purpose of growing vegetables and early vegetable plants. the hotbed is still very desirable where it is wanted on a small scale to grow early vegetables for the home or market, as the small cost for an outfit is very small as compared to hothouses. sash Ã� ft., which is the favorite size with market gardeners, can be purchased for about $ . each glazed, and a box Ã� ft. to hold four sash can be made for $ . , making an outlay less than $ . for sq. ft. of bed. with good care sash and boxes will last eight years. where the beds are put down in early february two crops of lettuce and one crop of cucumbers can be grown, and when the spring is late three crops of lettuce before outdoor lettuce appears on the market, when the beds are given over entirely to the cucumber crop. lettuce at that time generally sells for c per dozen, and cucumbers from c down to c per dozen, according to the season. from three to five hundred cabbage, cauliflower or lettuce plants can be grown under each sash, or from to tomatoes, peppers or egg plants can likewise be grown under each sash, or where lettuce is grown to maturity six dozen per sash. the cost of the horse manure for the beds varies greatly, as some are situated where it can be secured very reasonably, while with others the cost would be prohibitive. the amount required also varies according to the season they are put down. when the beds are put down early in february, three cords of manure are necessary for each box. when they are put down march st, one-half that amount is needed. where there is no desire to get the early market, and the beds are put down march th, one cord is plenty for each box. i have never tried to figure out just what the cost of putting down each box is, or what is the cost of ventilating and watering; but if they are neglected and the plants get burned or frozen, the cost is much more than if they were given proper attention, and, besides, much time is lost in getting another start, as they are generally left several days to see if the plants will recover, which they seldom do. the cost of hothouses varies so greatly for the size of the house that it is hard to draw a comparison. a modern steel frame house containing , sq. ft. of glass can be built for about $ , . , or a house one-half that size can be built for $ , . and is no better than its cheaper rival. a small house say Ã� ft., heated with a brick furnace and flue and hot water coil can be built for from $ . to $ . , where one does not have to hire skilled labor. a hothouse of any size is very satisfactory, as in cold, stormy weather, when we can't even look into a hotbed, plants can be kept growing and there is always something we can do and be comfortable while we are doing it. it is impossible to use a hotbed all winter, as no matter how much manure is put into it in the fall it will cool out and be worthless long before spring. [illustration: showing hotbeds and greenhouse at f. h. gibbs' market gardens.] with a good hothouse four crops of lettuce can be raised during the fall and winter, and a crop of cucumbers in the spring and early summer. each crop of lettuce sells for from c to c per dozen; the plants are set six inches apart each way, making about four per square foot of bench room. the cucumber crop generally pays as well as two crops of lettuce and is usually planted to come into bearing early in june and kept bearing through july, or until the outdoor cucumbers are on the market. in the so-called summer just passed ( ), there were no outdoor cucumbers, and they were kept bearing through august and september. cucumbers grown in hotbeds cannot be kept in bearing more than six weeks before the vines go to pieces and will not sell for as high a price as hothouse grown. with favorable weather i have always thought i could grow a crop of lettuce in less time in a hotbed than in a hothouse, but with cold, cloudy weather the advantage is on the side of the hothouse. much less time is required to do the ventilating and watering in a hothouse than with beds, and the soil must be in the highest state of fertility for either one. while hotbeds will always be desirable in many localities on account of the small first cost, the days of the large commercial hotbed yard is passed, and there are now around minneapolis , hotbed sash that will not be put down next spring, or if put down, used only on cold frames, all owing to the scarcity of fresh horse manure. while it is a great satisfaction to have a hothouse or hotbeds and grow vegetables in winter, the life of the market gardener is not one continuous round of pleasure, as lice, white fly, red spider and thrip, mildew and fungous rot are always ready for a fight, and the gardener must always be on his guard and beat them to it at their first appearance, or the labor of weeks will be lost. an ideal flower garden for a country home. m. h. wetherbee, florist, charles city, iowa. in laying out grounds for country homes or remodeling them, space should be of the first importance, and where space permits there is no better arrangement than a fine border on one side of the lawn with a driveway between the lawn and the border, leading from the street to the house and barns. the border should be wide enough to have a nice variety of shrubs for a background, and there should be space for the hardy perennials and bulbs, which should not be planted solidly but placed in clumps and arranged according to height and blooming season and as to color effect. i will mention a few of the hardy shrubs and plants that we can all grow with success. while the catalogues are filled with a large list of so-called hardy stock, we must remember that we live in a good sized country and what would be hardy in southern iowa, missouri and illinois, would not stand the winters of northern iowa or of minnesota or other localities of the same latitude. in shrubs we can be sure of a variety of lilacs, snowballs, and hydrangea paniculata. some of the newer varieties are fine and bloom in august, when few other shrubs are flowering. spirea van houttii, best known as bridal wreath, we might include and a few of the hardy vines if a trellis or other support was given for them, such as clematis paniculata, coccinea and jackmani, the large purple and white honeysuckle, chinese matrimony vine, etc. among hardy roses, which are called the queen of all flowers, are the rugosa type, which will stand the winters with no protection and continue to flower all summer. while the flowers of that type are single or semi-double, the bushes would be handsome without any flowers. this type also produces hips, which adds to their attractiveness, and these may be made into jelly in the fall if so desired. i would advise to plant some of the most hardy of the hybrid perpetual roses, such as general jacqueminot, magna charta, mrs. chas. wood, mrs. john lang, mad. plantier, with some of the climbers, such as the rambler in variety, prairie queen, baltimore belle and, perhaps, some others, with the understanding that the hybrids and climbers should have protection in some form for the winter months. then in hardy perennials there is such a variety to select from that one hardly knows where to begin or when to stop. of course everyone wants a few peonies, and some of the hardy phlox, in such a variety of color. then the delphinium, or hardy larkspurs, are fine bloomers. the blue and white platycodon are sure to flower, while the german iris are good and the japan iris are fine flowers, but have to have good protection to stand our winters. for fine white flowers we have the showy achilleas in variety and gypsophila paniculata, called baby breath as a common name. then we must have plenty of space for a variety of annuals, such as sweet peas, cosmos, pansies, verbenas, etc. also, we would grow geraniums in variety, a few summer carnations, and the selection can be large or small, but almost every one will want some dahlia and gladiolus bulbs. those that like yellow, or lemon, lilies can plant them and have a mass of flowers during june. the japan lilies, especially the rubrum variety, are good bloomers and quite hardy. the planting and care of hardy perennials. miss grace e. kimball, waltham. (so. minn. hort. society.) the most important essential in the planting of hardy perennials is the preparation of the ground. it must be deeply spaded or plowed and thoroughly pulverized. while most kinds of plants will do well in any good garden soil, most gardens need more or less fertilizer to make the ground good garden soil. so it is well at the time of spading or plowing to see that enough fertilizer is applied to insure good growth and blossom. but care must be used that no fresh stable manure comes in contact with the roots. if it must be used see that it is put in the bottom of the hole or trench dug for the plants, and covered several inches with earth. when the ground is well prepared and properly fertilized comes the planting, and as many plants need somewhat different handling, it is well for one starting a garden to understand just how each kind should be set. the iris, for instance, likes to be very near the surface of the ground. in fact it seems to delight in pushing the earth off the fleshy part of the root and basking in the sun, while the small roots lie very close to the surface. the oriental poppy must be planted with the crown well above the ground, or else when any moisture settles on it the crown will rot, and the plant die. the gaillardia, larkspur and columbine should be planted about as the oriental poppy with the crowns perhaps not quite as much above the ground, while the peony should be set so that the bud is covered two or three inches. since fall planting of herbaceous perennials has come into prominence one can choose either spring or fall for most of their planting, as most plants do well set at either time. but the oriental poppy does not ship nor transplant well in the spring. it dies down after blossoming--one may think they have lost their plants then--and starts up again in august or september. just as it is starting then seems to be the safest time to plant. august and september are considered the best months to do fall planting, although some advocate setting peonies until it freezes. still i think it safer to plant earlier than that. if i were beginning a hardy garden, one that i could add to from time to time, i would try to set out in the fall plants that bloom in the spring or early summer, and in the spring those that bloom in the fall. nothing is gained by setting iris or peonies in the spring, for nine times out of ten they will not bloom the same season they are set, while if set in the fall nearly all varieties of either the iris or peony will bloom the next year. on the other hand, phlox set in the spring scarcely ever fails to bloom in the late summer or early fall, and keeps it up until freezing weather. the phlox, however, should be taken up and divided every two or three years to obtain the best results. after planting comes the cultivating, which should be kept up all summer. especially after a rain should the ground be stirred to keep it from baking. in exceedingly dry seasons by keeping a dust mulch around the plants one can avoid having to do much watering--for unless you water thoroughly at such a time it is better not to water at all. however, if it finally becomes necessary to apply water, the dust mulch has kept the ground in condition to absorb all the water that is used. in the fall after the ground has frozen a light covering of some kind should be thrown over the plants. this is to protect them from the thawing and freezing that takes place from time to time during the winter and early spring. after the first year, when the foliage has increased so as to be some protection, it is not as necessary to cover, although no doubt a little more covering would be beneficial. some growers of the peony, however, advocate cutting off the leaves in the fall, and in such a case a covering would be necessary. we found a very satisfactory way for both covering and fertilizing was to throw a fork full of dressing around each plant in the fall and work it into the ground in the spring. in memoriam--j. f. benjamin. passed july , . aged years. "john franklin benjamin was born at belvidere, illinois, may , . that same year his parents moved to hutchinson and he, at the age of five years, was one of the two score of little children who spent hours of terror in the stockade when it was attacked by the indians on september , . as he grew up he attended the hutchinson school, his boyhood being spent on the farm. he was married in october, , to minnie l. walker. the following year they moved to pierce county, neb., where mr. benjamin purchased and for ten years managed a large ranch. in they returned to hutchinson and proceeded to open and improve highland home fruit farm, which was thenceforth mr. benjamin's abiding place until the summons came that ended all his earthly hopes and plans. "he was an active factor in farmers' co-operative society affairs and supported all movements for the moral and educational uplift of the community. he had been for many years a member of the m. e. church and of the woodmen's and royal neighbors' camps and a valued and active member of each of these societies. [illustration: john franklin benjamin.] "mr. benjamin left no children, and the wife who has been his devoted helpmate for twenty-seven years survives to face the coming years of bereavement alone. "his had been a useful life, a life of ceaseless and honorable toil, and that beautiful and valuable property, highland home fruit farm, largely the product of the work of his own hands, is a monument to his memory which will long endure to be admired and enjoyed by others as one of the model rural places of minnesota. few men in the space of twenty-five years have accomplished more than did j. f. benjamin in establishing the fine, modern home, the large orchard and small fruit and flower gardens and well stocked farm, all of which he had tended with loving hands." mr. benjamin was well known by the members of this society who have attended its annual meetings within the last ten or fifteen years. during this period he has been an active member of the society, often serving on the program or in some other way as opportunity came to him. he was one of the most loyal members of the association, practicing what he preached, and doing all within his power to extend the usefulness of the society. i had a close personal acquaintance with mr. benjamin and the highest respect for his character and attainments. as a comparatively young man we anticipated his presence with us for a long period of time, but in this we are sadly disappointed. his wife in a recent letter says, "one of his greatest pleasures was cultivating and taking care of the flowers which surrounded his home. after a hard day's work in the field, he would labor with his flowers and shrubbery until far into the night. he enjoyed taking or sending flowers to the sick, and many bouquets of his choicest blossoms he gave his friends as they drove past or called to admire his beautiful grounds." in this spirit mr. benjamin labored to reach others and widen the wholesome influence of his life.--sec'y. program th annual meeting our semi-centennial anniversary minnesota state horticultural society, to be held in the west hotel, minneapolis, december , , , , . a great program. study this program carefully and select such features as you especially desire to participate in--but you are more than welcome to all. discussion follows each topic. discussions are "free for all," whether members or not. ask questions or express opinions freely. demonstrations. these demonstrations will be given between : and : each day of the meeting in rooms adjoining the hall in which the meeting is held. they will be conducted by those whose names are here given, both of whom are connected with the horticultural department at university farm. grafting, fred haralson, hort. foreman. pruning, frank daniels, instructor in hort. important. all participants on this program are limited to fifteen minutes except where a longer period is specifically mentioned. time for discussion is allowed after each number. notice of bee-keepers' meeting. the minnesota state bee-keepers' society will hold its annual meeting in the "moorish room," west hotel, minneapolis, on tuesday and wednesday, dec. and , . program can be had of l. v. france, university farm, st. paul. notice.--a bell will be rung five minutes before the exercises begin in the audience room. persons entering the audience room when any one is addressing the meeting from the platform are requested to take seats in the rear of the room, going forward only after the speaker has concluded--and thus avoid much confusion. tuesday morning session. : o'clock. every member attending should not fail to be in his seat promptly when this session opens. invocation rev. c. s. harrison, york, neb. song mr. trafford n. jayne, minneapolis president's annual greeting thos. e. cashman, owatonna top-working young apple trees. e. g. lee, st. paul. evergreens. c. s. harrison, york, neb. preparing and handling the apple crop. e. a. smith, lake city. my prize orchard. . henry dunsmore, olivia. . e. w. mayman, sauk rapids. appointment of committees on award of premiums. tuesday afternoon session. : o'clock. a half hour "question and answer exercise" on "bees in the garden and orchard," led by j. kimball, of duluth. o'clock. president cashman in the chair. reception of delegates. fruits. strawberry culture with irrigation. n. a. rasmussen, oskosh, wis., president wisconsin state hort. society. raspberry culture. a. o. hawkins, wayzata. raspberry diseases in minnesota. g. r. hoerner, asst. in plant pathology, university farm, st. paul. everbearing strawberry field. a. brackett, excelsior. everbearing strawberries at osage, ia., in . chas. f. gardner, osage, ia. opening up the fruit farm. d. e. bingham, delegate wisconsin state hort. society, sturgeon bay, wis. the native plum, its hybrids and their improvement. dewain cook, jeffers. winter injury to plums in - . m. j. dorsey, section of fruit breeding, university farm. lantern talks. . snapshots on the road. nurseries; top-working; blister rust. prof. f. l. washburn, state entomologist, university farm. . nature of plant diseases. g. r. bisby, asst. plant pathologist, university farm. tuesday evening session. : o'clock. minnesota state florists' society. prof. leroy cady, president, in the chair. program: storing and handling gladiolus bulbs. g. d. black, delegate, n. e. ia. state horticultural society, independence, ia. resources of present-day florists. w. e. tricker, st. paul. greenhouse management. prof. wm. moore, university farm. some native shrubs and their uses. e. meyer, minneapolis. wednesday forenoon session. : o'clock. a half hour question and answer exercise on "the vegetable garden," led by alfred perkins, market gardener, st. paul. : o'clock. n. h. reeves, pres. minneapolis market gardeners' society, presiding. the vegetable garden. a successful cabbage field. e. c. willard, mankato. hotbeds and cold frames nine months in the year. ( min.) n. a. rasmussen. pres. wisconsin state hort. society, sturgeon bay, wis. improvement of vegetable varieties by selection. richard wellington, horticulturist, university farm. some phases of onion growing. w. t. tapley, asst. in horticulture, university farm. irrigation in the market garden. c. e. warner, osseo. the cultivation of cabbages. nic lebens, minneapolis. growing radishes. chas. hoffman, white bear. a winter garden in the cellar. n. a. rasmussen, sturgeon bay, wis. home canning. mrs. louis m. glenzke, hopkins. wednesday afternoon session. : o'clock. the question and answer exercise to occupy this half-hour will be on "the flower garden," and led by mrs. h. a. boardman, st. paul. : o'clock. president cashman in the chair. my spraying experience--four five-minute paper. . harold simmons, howard lake. . e. yanish, st. paul. . a. h. reed, glencoe. . j. j. dobbin, excelsior. orchard pests in minnesota during . . diseases. prof. e. c. stakman. head of section plant pathology, university farm. . insects. a. g. ruggles, asst. entomologist, university farm. : o'clock. minn. garden flower society. mrs. e. w. gould, pres., minneapolis. some new plants at home and abroad. professor n. e. hansen, brookings, s. d. the home setting as the architect sees it. mr. harry w. jones, minneapolis. a composite on composites--useful plants for fall bloom. mrs. phelps wyman, minneapolis. lantern talk by e. g. cheyney, prof. of forestry, state university. illustrated with many views from the forest regions of northern minnesota. wednesday evening session. : o'clock, dec. , . n. w. peony and iris society. fifteen-minute musical program by orchestra. the modern iris. mr. c. s. harrison, york, neb. peonies, their care and culture. mr. john e. stryker, st. paul, minn. peonies for pleasure. mr. lee bonnewitz, van wert, ohio. peonies for profit. mrs. wm. crawford, la porte, ind. peonies and their possibilities. mr. d. w. c. ruff, st. paul, minn. music. selection by orchestra. general discussion. thursday forenoon session. : o'clock. a thirty-minute "question and answer" exercise on "success in orcharding," led by j. f. harrison, a successful orchardist, excelsior. : o'clock. president cashman in the chair. evergreens for prairie homes. m. soholt, madison. windbreaks by the mile. t. a. hoverstad, minneapolis. arrangement of farm buildings and grounds for convenience and artistic effect. e. m. reeves, waverly, ia. report of committee on fruit list. j. p. andrews, g. w. strand, t. e. cashman. adoption of fruit list. annual reports. report of executive board, j. m. underwood, chairman, lake city. report of secretary, a. w. latham. report of treasurer, geo. w. strand, taylors falls. on account of the very full program the annual reports of the vice-presidents, superintendents of trial stations and auxiliary societies, will be filed with the secretary for publication without reading. (see list on page .) the successful orchard. ( min.) s. a. beach, prof. of horticulture, iowa state agricultural college, ames, ia. development of horticulture in western canada. prof. f. w. brodrick, horticulturist, manitoba agricultural college. contestants, gideon memorial fund--by students at university farm school. thursday afternoon session. : o'clock. discuss these subjects. "ornamentation of home grounds" will be the subject of the half-hour "question and answer exercise," led by c. h. ramsdell, landscape architect, minneapolis. : o'clock. president cashman in the chair. horticultural work with the boys' and girls' clubs in minnesota. t. a. erickson, state club leader, university farm. boy or girl prize winner in the state-wide garden and canning contest. compulsory spraying for fruit insects and diseases. k. a. kirkpatrick, agricultural agent, hennepin county, wayzata. annual election of officers. : o'clock. semi-centennial anniversary session. j. m. underwood, lake city, presiding. song. trafford n. jayne. some history. a. w. latham, secretary. the heroes of minnesota horticulture. clarence wedge, albert lea. personal recollections. a. j. philips, west salem, wis. the ladies of the society. mrs. jennie stager, sauk rapids. greeting from university farm. a. f. woods, dean. the minnesota society and the northwest. prof. c. b. waldron, agri. college, n. d. looking ahead. c. s. harrison, york, neb. to conclude with a lantern slide talk, "veterans of minnesota horticulture." slides prepared by prof. leroy cady. friday forenoon session. : o'clock. a thirty-minute "question and answer exercise" on the general subject of "birds a factor in horticulture," led by r. e. olmstead, excelsior. : o'clock. president in the chair. potato selection. p. e. clement, moorhead. vinegar a by-product of the minnesota orchard. w. g. brierley, horticulturist, university farm. our horticultural building. a consultation. plant breeders' auxiliary. clarence wedge, president, in the chair. annual report, , minn. fruit breeding farm. chas. haralson, supt., excelsior. report of committee on fruit breeding farm. s. a. stockwell, minneapolis. c. s. harrison, excelsior. fruit breeding. prof. s. a. beach, horticulturist, ames, iowa. pedigree in plants. prof. c. b. waldron, agricultural college, n. d. origin and development of hardy, blight resisting pears. chas. g. patten, charles city, ia. new creations in horticulture for . prof. n. e. hansen, brookings, s. d. friday afternoon. : o'clock. the "question and answer" half hour will be occupied with this subject, "the home orchard," led by henry husser, minneapolis. : o'clock. the minnesota orchard. j. f. bartlett, excelsior. the new farmers fruit. freeman thorp, hubert. ( min.) the unfruitful tree and how to correct it. ( min.) prof. s. a. beach, ames, ia. orcharding in minnesota. richard wellington, horticulturist, university farm. the minnesota apple crop in . r. s. mackintosh, horticulturist, extension division, university farm. : o'clock. two-minute speeches by members. : o'clock. closing remarks by the president. premium list, annual meeting, . thos. redpath, general supt. geo. w. strand, clerk. floral display. w. h. bofferding, no. nd st., minneapolis, supt. plants. to be staged monday p.m., dec. , . st. nd. rd. collection of specimen palms $ . $ . $ . collection of specimen ferns . . . collection of specimen blooming plants . . . (covering square feet.) cut flowers. to be staged before : a.m., tuesday, dec. . st. nd. rd. roses, red, any variety $ . $ . $ . roses, pink, any variety . . . roses, white, any variety . . . roses, yellow, any var'ty . . . to be staged before : a.m., wednesday, dec. . st. nd. rd. chrysanthemums, yellow $ . $ . $ . chrysanthemums, any other color . . . carnations, red, any variety . . . carnations, pink, any variety . . . carnations, white, any variety . . . to be staged before : a.m., thursday, dec. . st. nd. rd. basket arranged for effect, diameter not to exceed inches $ . $ . $ . best bridal bouquet--diploma. best corsage bouquet--diploma. best bridesmaid's bouquet--diploma. vegetables. entries to be made by tuesday, nov. . n. h. reeves, mpls., supt. st. nd. rd. th. beets, peck $ . $ . $ . $ . cabbages, heads . . . . carrots, peck . . . . celery, doz. stalks . . . . celeriac, doz. roots . . . . lettuce, doz. heads . . . . onions, peck red . . . . onions, peck white . . . . onions, pk. yellow . . . . onions, peck white pickling . . . . parsley, doz. bnhs. . . . . parsnips, / bushel . . . . potatoes, bu. early variety . . . . pie pumpkins, three specimens . . . . radish, fresh, doz. bunches . . . . salsify, doz. bnchs. . . . . hubbard squash, specimens . . . . white turnips, pk . . . . rutabagas, / bu . . . . early winter seedling.--the fruit shown must not have been kept in cold storage. premium $ . , to be divided pro rata. late winter seedling.--same conditions as for early winter seedlings except that if found necessary the fruit shown may be retained and final decision reserved until later in the winter. premium $ . to be divided pro rata. in each of the above two classes the varieties receiving the three highest awards will be designated as having received the first, second and third premium respectively. apples (not including crabs). no inferior fruit can be shown. st. nd. rd. each variety (may or may not have been in cold storage) included in the fruit list of the society, or in the premium list of the minnesota state fair $ . $ . $ . collection, not to exceed ten nor less than six varieties $ . to be divided pro rata pecks of apples. peck of any variety of apples, the fruit exhibited to be at the disposal of the society. an exhibitor may enter a peck of each of as many different kinds as he pleases. $ . to be divided pro rata. top-worked apples. collection of named varieties grown on scions top-grafted on other trees. accompanying the name of each variety, shown on the same label (to be furnished by the management), must be noted the name of the variety on which it is top-worked. $ . , to be divided pro rata. boxes and barrels of apples. must have been packed by the exhibitor. only one variety (not less than - / in. in diameter) can be shown in a box. bushel boxes of the standard size must be used. awards will be based on the quality of the fruit, packing, etc. single box of any variety of apples, including seedlings, $ . , to be divided pro rata. also st $ . , nd $ . , rd $ . . st. nd. rd. th. barrel of apples, any variety, $ . , to be divided pro rata. also $ . $ . $ . $ . grapes. st. nd. rd. collection, not more than nor less than varieties $ . $ . $ . $ seedling apple prize. the fifth prize of $ . will be awarded this season "for the best late winter seedling apple keeping till march st under ordinary cellar conditions" under the offer made first in , restricted, of course, to the contestants who have duly registered. nuts. st. nd. rd. th. each variety of edible nuts, one quart $ . $ . $ . $ . * * * * * program notes: you can become a life member of the state horticultural society by payment of $ . , in two annual payments of $ . each if you prefer. this will entitle you to a file of our bound reports, a library in itself. the annual business meeting of the minn. garden flower society will be held wednesday morning at : o'clock in an adjoining room. are you a member of the garden flower society? if you are growing flowers you should join it at once. consult the secretary, mrs. m. l. countryman. membership fees to be paid to the assistant secretary in the hallway. garden helps conducted by minnesota garden flower society edited by mrs. e. w. gould, humboldt avenue so. minneapolis. the garden flower society will have an all-day meeting at the agricultural college the first friday in january next. this meeting is to be held with the session of the farmers' short course in room , horticultural building. arrangements will be made so that lunches may be had on the grounds, probably at the dining hall. the program covers a wide range of subjects, and as time will be given for discussion and answering of questions brought up, this will prove a most helpful meeting to all of our members. our own annual meeting will be held on wednesday, december sixth. the business meeting and election of officers being held in the morning, the program in the afternoon--at the west hotel--in connection with the horticultural society. will not each member make an especial effort to bring in a new member at that time or before? the only reason we have not a thousand members is because we and our work are so little known. if you will tell your friends who have gardens what we are doing, you will have no difficulty in helping us add to our membership. since last january we have received sixty-six new members. can't we make it an even hundred for this year? with _your help_, we _can_. the program for our annual meeting will be found in the official program, printed elsewhere in this number. here is the program for the meeting at the agricultural college, friday, january th. come and bring your garden problems with you. * * * * * (program for meeting, january , , a.m., agricultural college.) . perennials for busy people mrs. h. b. tillotson . perennials from seed to seed mr. e. meyer . native perennials for garden use miss m. fanning . best hardy vines and their use mrs. e. w. gould . best annuals mrs. h. a. boardman : p.m. . fruits for ornamental planting mr. phelps wyman . native shrubs for the home grounds mr. paul mueller . proper preparation of the garden soil professor f. j. alway . a watering system for the garden mrs. c. e. warner . growing bedding plants for the market mrs. f. h. gibbs . growing cut flowers for the market {miss sabra ellison {mr. f. h. ellison . special purpose plants-- honey plants prof. oswald medicinal plants dr. newcomb question box. secretary's corner this is your vacation.--if you are a fruit grower or a flower grower or vegetable grower or interested in home life or in any of the varied matters directly or indirectly connected with horticulture, the annual meeting is just the place for you. _make it a real winter vacation._ bring your wife and others of the family if possible and stay with us at the west hotel for the four days of the meeting. it will be one of the bright spots in your life, as you recall the pleasures of this great and fruitful gathering. annual society banquet.--special pains have been taken in preparing the program for this banquet on account of the fact that this is our anniversary session in part, and you will not be disappointed if you anticipate a rich treat, with two or three hundred of the most congenial people on earth, who will sit down to supper together at the west hotel at : p. m., thursday, december th,--a wholesome repast and an intellectual feast, don't miss it. you will feel that you really belong to the brotherhood after dining with us. delegates to the annual meeting.--besides the delegates at our annual meeting from abroad referred to in the november number, there is to be with us also as representative of the iowa state horticultural society, mr. p. f. kinne, of storm lake, iowa. we have pretty good assurance also that secy. greene, of the iowa society, will visit with us at some time during the meeting, and we don't know how many more of the good iowa people will find their way here. a late note from chas. g. patten assures us of his attendance at the meeting, when he will give us a full report of his experimental work in growing seedling pears at his station at charles city, iowa. we are looking forward confidently to something of large practical value from his work. program of annual meeting.--the program of the coming annual meeting of the society will be found in an abbreviated form in this number of our magazine. it has been sent, however, in all its completeness, in a separate enclosure to all the members of the society, accompanied by a blank form to be filled out by members who purpose to attend and desire to have their names in the badge book, and also for those who renew their memberships. quite a number of questions are asked on this blank form, and it is important that they should all be answered. it is especially important that the names of friends whom you would like to see members of the society should be given to the secretary on these blanks and at an early date so that copies of the program can be sent them in good season. the program, as you will note, is an exceedingly diversified one, special emphasis being laid on orcharding, vegetable growing and ornamental horticulture. an increasing interest in flower growing is emphasized by the programs of three auxiliary societies devoted to these branches of horticulture. _aren't you coming to this splendid meeting?_ study the program and consider the advantages of intercourse and companionship with those who have so much in common as the members of the horticultural society. don't fail to _attend promptly the first session_, which is always a full one, right on the minute. journal of annual meeting, minnesota state horticultural society held on second floor of the west hotel, minneapolis, december , , and , . tuesday morning session, o'clock. meeting was opened at o'clock a.m., december , , by president thomas e. cashman. invocation was made by rev. c. s. harrison, of york, nebraska, which was followed by a song by mr. trafford n. jayne, of minneapolis. the president then read his annual greeting. (see index.) president cashman: how may university farm and the minnesota state horticultural society be mutually helpful in developing the farms and homes of the northwest? by our good friend, the dean of agriculture of this state, mr. a. f. woods. (applause.) (see index.) discussion. president cashman: anything further before we pass to the next subject? if not, we will now call on one of our oldest members and one of our best friends, mr. george j. kellogg, of wisconsin, who will tell us something about the strawberry business. (see index.) discussion. president cashman: i am sure we are all very much indebted to mr. kellogg. now, we have another very good friend with us from nebraska. he is going to tell us about "the nurseryman as king." mr. c. s. harrison, of york, nebraska. (see index.) president cashman: this morning we heard from our good friend, dean woods, then we heard from wisconsin and later from nebraska. we have enjoyed all three, all very instructive and very entertaining, and we hope to hear from them again. we hope later to hear from another wisconsin man, mr. philips. those three men have always contributed a great deal to the success of our meetings. i understand that wisconsin has sent another representative, mr. a. c. graves, of sturgeon bay. it has been announced that he is with us. if so, we will be pleased to have him come forward and have a word of greeting from him, representing the wisconsin horticultural society. mr. graves: mr. president and members of the minnesota horticultural society: i am very pleased to be here this morning and listen to this program and these deliberations. i expect to spend some enjoyable days with you, and on behalf of the wisconsin horticultural society i am pleased to bring to you their greetings on this occasion. thank you. (applause.) president cashman: we hope to hear from you later, mr. graves, and would be pleased to have you take part in our deliberations. i presume that there are other delegates here, but if so they have not been announced. if there are others i hope they will hand their credentials to the secretary so we may call on them later. meeting adjourned until : p.m. december , , afternoon session. _the minnesota orchard._ discussion led by j. p. andrews, faribault, minn. (see index.) the president: ladies and gentlemen, the time has now arrived to continue with the regular proceedings of the society. mr. rasmussen, president of the wisconsin state horticultural society, is with us and will be on the program later, but we will have a few words from him now. (applause.). mr. rasmussen (wisconsin): mr. president and members of the minnesota horticultural society: i didn't expect to be caught this way. i was going to be real shrewd, i was not going to let you know i was coming. i told the secretary of our society not to let you know i was coming, but he notified your secretary that i was coming and that is the way they happened to get me on the program. i was going to sneak in and get all the good out of it and was not going to give anything back; i will admit that is not a fair game. i feel about like a fellow who had to make a talk at a banquet. he said he was not a speaker, but they insisted. they would not let him back out. so he got up and feeling kind of shaky, like i am now, he reached his hand down to get hold of his chair, as he thought, but touched his wife's shoulder, and she got up. she thought she had to. he started, "ladies and gentlemen, this thing was forced on me. (laughter.)" so this was kind of forced upon me. i know that your program is full so i will not detain you any longer. my time is tomorrow, and i will take you through my garden tomorrow. (applause.) the president: we are all pleased to have mr. rasmussen with us, and we hope we will hear from him often during the deliberations of the meeting. i was pleased indeed to see so many present this forenoon. secretary latham thought he had plenty of room for all who might attend, but i don't think there was a vacant chair here this forenoon. i was pleased indeed to note so many new faces, so many young men present. you are the people we want to see. the older men have always contributed and done their part and have made these meetings a grand success, but it will soon devolve upon the younger men of this society to take their places. we want you to help them at these meetings, and i was glad that you did so this forenoon. we hope that the young men will feel at home and that they will continue to take part, that they will ask questions and tell us about their successes and their failures, and i hope the older members will help make it pleasant for these young men. we will take up the subject of fruits this afternoon, and i am now going to call on a plum specialist, a man that we look to to tell us about the plum troubles in this state, mr. dewain cook, who will tell us about the "plums we already have and plums that are on the way--the brown rot a controlling factor," mr. dewain cook, of jeffers, minnesota. (see index.) discussion. the president: we have heard of some of the troubles of those that plant plum trees. the next speaker will probably tell us how to meet those troubles, how to combat the plum pocket fungus. we are fortunate to have with us a scientific man that makes a study of these subjects. i refer to professor stakman, of the university farm, st. paul. "the control and cure of brown rot, etc.," by prof. e. c. stakman. (see index.) discussion. the president: i will now call on mr. c. a. pfeiffer, of winona, to talk to us on "the surprise plum a success." (see index.) discussion. the president: "thirty years in raspberries," by a gentleman that knows how to make money by the raising of raspberries, mr. gust. johnson, of minneapolis. (see index.) discussion. the president: we will now call upon mr. simmons to tell us about "my orchard crop of --from start to finish." (see index.) the president: as you know, mr. simmons is one of the most successful orchardists in minnesota. do you wish to ask him any questions? discussion. mr. cashman: we are very much indebted to mr. simmons for this splendid paper and for his advice. we must hurry on to the next subject, which is "fruit growing a successful industry in minnesota," by a. w. richardson, howard lake, minn. (see index.) the president: i am sure you will all agree this was a very instructive and interesting paper. we have about three minutes in which to discuss it. discussion. two lantern talks followed--one by earl ferris of hampton, ia., on "evergreens," and one by a. g. tolaas on "diseases of the potato." december , , morning session. discussion on "the vegetable garden," led by h. j. baldwin, northfield, minn. (see index.) n. h. reeves, president minneapolis market gardeners' association, in the chair. president reeves: we will now have a paper on "growing beans and sweet corn," by p. b. marien, of st. paul. (see index.) discussion. the president: we will now listen to a paper on "growing vegetables for canning," by mr. m. h. hegerle, president of canning company, st. bonifacius. mr. hegerle not being present, we will ask mr. rasmussen, president of the wisconsin horticultural society, to tell us "how we grow vegetables in oshkosh, wisconsin." (applause.) (see index.) president reeves: is mr. hegerle in the room? mr. hegerle: yes. president reeves: then we will listen to mr. hegerle's talk on "growing vegetables for canning." (see index.) discussion. president reeves: "greenhouse vs. hotbeds, investment, care and result compared," by mr. f. h. gibbs. (see index.) president reeves: "growing the tomato," by c. w. purdham, market gardener, brooklyn center. (see index.) discussion. president reeves: we will now listen to a paper by e. w. record on "asparagus by the acre." (see index.) president reeves: you will be entertained with a demonstration of the coldpack method of canning fruits and vegetables by professor r. s. mackintosh and miss mary l. bull. after the demonstration the session adjourned until : o'clock p.m. december , , afternoon session. question and answer exercise on "the flower garden," led by mr. g. c. hawkins, of minneapolis. the president: i regret to have to announce that one of the big guns who was to be with us on this afternoon's program, professor j. c. whitten, of missouri, is unable to be with us on account of sickness. secretary latham received a letter from him just a short time ago, stating that he was sick abed and the doctor would not permit him to leave. we have another very able gentleman whom i will call upon at this time to take mr. whitten's place. his name is h. g. street, of hebron, ill., who will tell us about "marketing fruit direct." (applause.) (see index.) discussion. the president: we appreciate very much this fine paper by mr. street. we have another very important subject this afternoon. we will have a paper by mr. w. g. brierly, assistant horticulturist at the university farm, on "the manufacture of cider vinegar on the farm." (applause.) (see index.) reading by miss mary bonn. the president: we will now turn the meeting over to the garden flower society and request the president, mrs. ruff, to take the chair. (in the absence of mrs. ruff, mrs. e. w. gould presided.) mrs. gould: our first number will be a paper on the minnesota state flower, by mr. e. a. smith, of lake city. (applause.) mr. smith: i wish to add one word to the name of my paper and that is "flag," so that it will read "minnesota state flower and state flag." i have the two subjects so closely associated that i can not separate them. (see index.) discussion. mr. smith: i now come to the point in my paper. i move you, madam president, that the minnesota state horticultural society and its auxiliary societies through its secretary present the following resolution to the next legislature of the state for adoption at that time: resolved, that, whereas the state of minnesota has adopted a state flower which, on account of its being a native of the woods and bogs, is not generally known or recognized and, whereas, the state of minnesota in adopted by legislative vote a state flag, which emblem is not generally known to the residents of the state, and believing that familiarity with the state flower and the state flag will do good and create loyalty to the state and union, be it resolved, that we, the minnesota state horticultural society and auxiliary societies, do hereby petition and pray the state legislature of minnesota to have printed an attractive picture of the state flower and the state flag, properly framed, and present a copy of it to each public school of the state with the request that it be placed upon the walls of the school room, also that it be furnished free of cost to such other public buildings as may be deemed advisable. i trust, madam president, that this resolution will not only be seconded but it will meet with the unanimous approval of the society. mr. hawkins: i second the motion. mrs. gould: i do not know that we could vote with the horticultural society. this is not a meeting of that society but simply a meeting of the flower society. will some one enlighten me? miss white: madam president, if we could not vote as a society, could we not vote to recommend this resolution to the horticultural society? a member: yes, or to the two societies to be taken up at their business meeting, perhaps. miss white: recommend it be passed by the parent society. a member: madam president, why should it not be the flag itself and not a picture of the flag? mrs. gould: will you make that motion? miss white: i move that the resolution as presented by mr. smith be endorsed by this garden flower society and referred to the parent society for their adoption. i will offer that as a substitute. a member: i second the motion. motion was carried. mrs. gould: our next subject is "the pergola, its use and misuse, its convenience and expense," by charles h. ramsdell, of minneapolis. (see index.) mrs. gould: our next paper is "hardy perennials," by miss grace e. kimball, of waltham. (see index.) mrs. gould: this spring our president, mrs. ruff, offered prizes for the best papers on planting for color effect. the judges after reading these papers carefully selected three. miss starr is first, mrs. tillotson second and mrs. boyington third. these papers will now be read, miss starr giving the first one. (see index.) mrs. gould: mrs. tillotson will follow with her paper. (see index.) mrs. gould: mrs. wyman will read mrs. boyington's paper. mrs. boyington was unable to be with us today. (see index.) mrs. gould: mrs. countryman will read a paper written by mr. swanson on the judging of flowers. (see index.) mrs. gould: our meeting will close with professor washburn's talk on "bird conservation," which will be given with slides and music. professor washburn gives lantern talk. december , , morning session. half hour question and answer exercise on "truck crop and garden insects," led by professor wm. moore. (see index.) the president: the committee on fruit list has been working very hard trying to determine why we have particular varieties on the list and the changes, if any, that should be made. mr. j. p. andrews, the chairman of the committee, is the man who has been doing most of this work, and we will be glad to hear from him at this time. he is quite radical and in favor of many changes as you will note when he reads his report. mr. andrews: there are very few changes, and you know it has been the policy of this society rather to be conservative and not jump at anything until we know what it is. (reads new fruit list.) mr. andrews: i move its adoption. motion was seconded and carried unanimously. mr. andrews: i would like to call attention to the fact that a great many criticize that we do not change the list from time to time. i have thought that for a long time. two or three years ago there was a little move towards making it so we could change it. we are putting up some nice, big premiums for late winter apples and early winter apples, and there are undoubtedly some seedlings that would be all right to put upon the list if we knew more about them. it seems to me it is foolish to pay those premiums and then drop it right there. we do not know any more about whether they are hardy or not than if they had been grown in missouri. they may have grown well through some protection or favorable location, but when you commence grafting from a seedling it does not give satisfaction as a grafted tree and in different localities of the country. we want to know whether the new seedlings are hardy enough for this climate, not that they are simply of good quality to eat and perhaps will keep. we find that out here, but we do not find out anything about the hardiness. i think we ought to require a person who has produced a good seedling and gotten a good premium for it to send some of its scions to the superintendent of the fruit-breeding farm for testing and let him send it out to points north of here, between here and the northern part of the state, to see how much hardiness it has. hardiness is the quality we want more than anything else. we have gotten along so far with the hibernal, and we ought not to be so particular about quality as about hardiness. they ought to be required to give mr. haralson a few of the scions or buds so that he could try them there at the fruit-breeding farm and send them out to more northern locations under number, so that the originator will be just as well protected, and it will add so much to the value of the new seedling that he ought to be anxious to do it instead of holding it back as is now done. i move you that we have some arrangement whereby those drawing the premiums for the first and second qualities, keeping qualities and eating qualities, etc., shall be obliged to give to mr. haralson something to work on, either scions or buds of those varieties, so that they can be tested in that way and we know what they are, otherwise it leaves it for any one to introduce a new variety just about on the same ground that some other varieties have been introduced in the state, made a nice, large thing for the man that introduced them to the public and sold them but afterwards proved a great disappointment to almost every man who ever planted them. i move that we make such an arrangement, and we recommend that the state fair do the same. mr. horton: i second the motion. the president: it is moved and seconded that some arrangement be made requiring people who enter seedling apples for prizes at the horticultural meeting and the state fair to furnish scions or buds of such varieties to the central station to superintendent charles haralson that he may determine whether the trees are hardy and suitable for this climate or not. mr. andrews: we need this provision so that superintendent haralson could visit those trees and see what they looked like. mr. latham: i move that this matter be referred to the executive board to develop a workable plan to secure the purposes which mr. andrews has in view. the president: do you accept that as a substitute? mr. andrews: i would if it wasn't for this one thing. it was left that way a year or two ago, and it hasn't amounted to a thing. i do not care if it is left to the executive committee if mr. latham will vouch for its being put through. mr. latham: don't you remember as the result of that action we prepared forms to be used by those who examined the seedlings and decided what seedlings should be further tested and all that sort of thing. we have those forms for use if the committee wants to use them. mr. andrews: those ought to be so as to hold the premium money back until we get some material to test. mr. latham: i will say a few words. it is not such a simple matter as it seems. here come perhaps fifty people who have grown seedlings. we tell them we are very desirous that all the seedlings in the state that have promise of merit be shown. in the division of the premium money they do not get more than four or five dollars apiece, the best of them do not get more than eight or ten dollars. then here comes a resolution which says, "before you draw this money you have to furnish scions to the state fruit-breeding farm with the privilege of sending out to other stations in the state for testing." the average man who owns a seedling that is really a good thing begins to think about it, and we will not get what we want. if a man has a seedling that is better than the duchess and wealthy and has hardiness as well there are lots of buyers around here that have their eyes open. there has been a half a dozen i know of picked up in the last few years really first class, fine and hardy. those trees are being tested out. it would be a splendid thing if we could get a really good seedling, as mr. andrews says, but a resolution of this kind will not result in doing what we want to do. i would like to have it referred to the executive board so they can work out a practical plan. mr. andrews is a member of the board. i renew my motion. motion is seconded. the president: the original motion as given by mr. andrews is that those people offering seedlings for prizes, before they receive premiums-- mr. andrews: the first or second premiums, i said, because that would shut out all of the others. the president:--before receiving the first or second premiums, that they be required or that they will agree to furnish scions or buds for experimental purposes, these scions or buds to be sent to the central station to mr. haralson for the purpose of testing them out as to hardiness, under number. now, the amendment made by mr. latham is to the effect that this matter be referred to the executive committee. we will first put the amendment that it be referred to the executive committee to work out a practical plan. mr. heustis: and report next year. the president: that they work out a practical plan and put it in operation. was it your idea that we report next year or that the plan be put in operation? mr. latham: no objection to reporting next year. if they can work out a plan they can also put it in practical operation. mr. andrews: i do not think that i am after this now, gentlemen, any more than every one of you ought to be after it. we ought to know more about the hardiness of these trees. this list has stood almost identically the same list for eight or nine years, pretty nearly the same, and we are not getting ahead at all. we do not know any more about the hardiness of these trees we have been putting out than we did before. the amendment was carried. the president: this matter will therefore be referred to the executive board. the next in order is the annual report of the executive board, mr. j. m. underwood, of lake city, chairman. mr. underwood is sojourning in the sunny south. he has sent a report, however, to secretary latham, and mr. latham has requested me to read it. this was written at st. augustine, florida. (see index.) the president: any one wish to make any comments on this report? if not, we will pass to the report of the secretary, mr. latham. mr. latham: do you wish to have the report read or have it published later? it will be published anyway. mr. miller: let it be considered as read and approved and filed for publication. (see index.) motion is seconded and carried. the president: we will now have the report of george w. strand, treasurer. (see index.) the president: what will you do with the report of the treasurer? you have heard the reading of it. upon motion the report was adopted and filed. the president: the next order of business would be the paper by professor j. c. whitten but mr. whitten is not present, i am sorry to say, and i am now going to call on mr. o. m. heustis as he is present to tell us about his "dwarf apple trees." (see index.) the president: we are very much indebted to the doctor for his interesting talk. is professor mackintosh in the room? i was going to ask him to read a paper on "successful cold storage plant for apples," sent in by mr. hanson. i am sorry that mr. hanson is not able to be present, he is ill at home. professor mackintosh not being present, paper was read by mr. clarence wedge. the president: mr. wedge will have a word for us at this time. he has a suggestion to make. mr. wedge: ladies and gentlemen, fellow members: once a year our society has been in the habit of bestowing the highest honor within its gift upon some of the members that have honored the society for so many years with their services and have made themselves in that way so valuable to the public that we feel that they deserve the highest recognition which we are able to give them as a society. it becomes my great pleasure at this time, standing in the place of my friend, mr. underwood, who is absent, to propose the following names to you which have been recommended by the executive board for this honor. there are five of them, the names are: john bisbee, of madelia; charles haralson, our superintendent at excelsior; mr. f. w. kimball, of waltham; mr. john r. cummins, of minneapolis, and mr. s. h. drum, of owatonna. mr. bisbee has undertaken and is carrying on one of the largest experiments in seedling apples in the northwest. he seems to be a very quiet member among us, but he is one of the working members who are doing the things that the society most needs. i do not need to tell you anything about the work of charles haralson, the superintendent of our fruit-breeding farm at zumbra heights. his work has approved itself to us all so much that i think he really deserves the statement that was made by one of our older members that he has outdone burbank. he certainly has for this part of the country. mr. f. w. kimball, a very dear personal friend of mine, has been carrying on experiments in orcharding for the past twenty-five years about, in the neighborhood of austin, minnesota, and has now removed to waltham. his experiments there in top-working have been among the most useful and among the largest that have been undertaken in any part of the state. he perhaps deserve the same reputation in our state that our friend, mr. philips, has in wisconsin. i do not want to say this to disparage anybody else, but he has certainly made a very large and very valuable addition to our knowledge of the value of top-working. mr. john r. cummins, of minneapolis, whom we have with us this morning, is one who has been a very persistent experimenter in all lines. i remember particularly going to his place some ten or fifteen years ago and going over the remarkable collection of ornamental trees and plants that he was growing, many of which i did not think it was possible to grow at albert lea, and there he was succeeding with them and developing them at a point miles north of us. we certainly owe him a deal of credit for his perseverance and his enterprise. we are glad that he is with us today. mr. s. h. drum, of owatonna, is one who has also been one of our most faithful members, whose experiments have been in fruits, and he has brought great encouragement to us in the southern part of minnesota. he has now moved to owatonna and, not being content with the best, he has started out with a new plantation with two kinds of fruit, and i think he is topping the market with the very best. mr. president, i move that these names be added to the list of honorary life members of the minnesota horticultural society. there are several seconds to the motion. the president: a very fitting tribute, i am sure. are there any remarks? the name of mr. cummins calls my attention to the fact that about twelve years ago he presented this society with the gavel that i hold in my hand. this gavel is made of black walnut grown by mr. cummins on his own place. i do not suppose that he made the gavel himself, but it is made of material raised on his own farm, and when this gavel comes down good and hard i want you to think of mr. cummins. are you ready for the question, that those gentlemen suggested be made honorary life members? motion is carried unanimously. the president: i am now going to call on the young men from the university farm who are contestants for the gideon memorial fund. (see index.) contestants thereupon read their essays. the president: i will now ask the judges to retire and decide which of these young men is entitled to this prize money. for the benefit of some of the newer members who may not understand the situation i will say that some years ago a number of the members of this society believed that we should commemorate the good work done by peter m. gideon. a sum of money was raised to be known as the gideon memorial fund. it was decided that that money be placed at interest and that the interest derived therefrom be offered as prizes to young men attending our agricultural school or college. they were to deliver addresses at the meetings of the minnesota horticultural society, and the young men preparing the best papers and making the best talks would be awarded this prize money, the accrued interest from this fund. so we have annually three young men from the agricultural college that present papers or make addresses on subjects that are of importance to this society. this is a memorial for peter m. gideon, who has done such splendid work for the fruit raisers of the northwest. while we are waiting for the report of the judges i will ask mr. ludlow to come forward and tell us about a letter that he received from peter m. gideon, november , , and which was accompanied by mr. gideon's last catalog. judges announce their decision. (applause.) _premiums awarded to gideon memorial contestants_: . the plum curculio--edward a. nelson. . standardizing the potato--a. w. aamodt. . marketing fruit at mankato--p. l. keene. the president: i am now going to call on some of the delegates to this meeting. mr. george h. whiting, representing the south dakota horticultural society, we will ask him to come forward and say a word. mr. whiting: mr. president, ladies and gentlemen: i do not know why mr. cashman should ask me to come forward. i have not very much to say and could have said it back there just as well. perhaps you will wish i had stayed back there. i will say it is a pleasure to me to be with the minnesota horticulturists again. i have met with you quite a number of years but not in the capacity of delegate. i did not expect to be a delegate this time, thought i would leave the place for some younger man, but there seemed to be no other present, and so i had to accept. i rather felt as though i was not competent or did not care to take the responsibility of making a report. i am getting old and a little tired, and i do not like to do so much of that kind of work as i used to. however, i presume i will have to do the best i can and let it go at that. i will say you have a wonderful society here. it is a wonder to me sometimes how you keep up the interest, how to keep up so much interest in this work. there is no other state in the union that has such a good, live society. i attended a great many of the state societies last year. i had the pleasure of attending the missouri state society. i can say that you discount them and then some. an old state like missouri and a fruit state, you might say, it is supposed to be in the fruit belt, and still you fellows up north here have all the vim and the snap and determination to do things that those fellows do not do at all. it is more in the man, i think sometimes, than it is in the location. it used to be said that minnesota was not a fruit state, you could not grow apples in minnesota. well, i believe mr. gideon said that if he could not grow apples in minnesota he would not live there, something to that effect, and he did not intend to leave the state either. now, you all know what success he made, and you that follow have a great deal to be thankful for the work he did, and you are hoping--and i presume you will be successful--to obtain an apple that is even better than the wealthy. i am glad that you take so much interest in this matter of new seedlings. it will surely develop something some day, there is no question about it. of course, you cannot tell when, and you cannot tell who will be the lucky man to get the thousand dollars, but undoubtedly there is more at stake than the thousand dollars; that is a very small item. i think i will not take up your time. it is getting on, and i have not thought of making any talk, have nothing prepared and nothing in my head. i thank you for your attention. (applause.) the president: i am going to call on our good friend, professor hansen, secretary of the south dakota horticultural society, who has done so much for us. mr. wedge: mr. hansen is not here. i just want to say a word that might interest some of the younger members of the society in regard to our friend who has just left the floor, mr. whiting, of yankton. he is the original dakota nurseryman, who went out in the days of the pioneers before i think there was any such thing as south dakota, and he has stayed on the job ever since. that is not so wonderful, for others, lots of people, have stayed on the job, but he has made money out of the business and got rich. i think he deserves some very special praise. (applause.) the president: is professor waldron in the room? here he comes. he is the leading light of north dakota and a gentleman who has been with us before. (applause.) mr. waldron: these people will think north dakota is a dark place if this is a leading light. what is the occasion of this? the president: tell us your troubles. mr. waldron: when we had a good wheat crop we did not have any troubles. we forget our other troubles whenever we can get something like million bushels of wheat. our horticultural troubles have been quite numerous. we had a frost every year, including july. we started in on the ninth day of june with a frost that killed everything in sight except a few cottonwood trees and things like that, but all of our tomatoes, which were in blossom by the way at that time because we had a favorable spring, and plums and apples went the same way. i think a few of the late blooming plums managed to survive. the frost in july did not hurt very much but the frost in august certainly finished us. mr. latham: the reporter is taking all that. mr. waldron: our reputation is so good, we can own up to calamity once in a while. of course, if our reputation was not better than others we would have to keep it dark, but inasmuch as nature favors us so continuously we can own up when we get bumped. the august frost put our corn out of business, so we are around with long fingers trying to steal seed corn. however, a great many of the people of the state are looking forward to the matter of planting trees as never before, and our farmers and citizens are taking more interest in general tree planting and beautifying the homes than in previous years. i had this term a large class of students in landscape gardening. they will go out to the places where they live and encourage the planting of trees and landscape gardening there. in this matter of general ornamentation the frosts or other calamities have not discouraged us. i think there were more trees grown and more ornamental work done this year than in any two previous years because the men have the money and are willing to spend it. i was out on a farm last week where a man insisted on buying a thousand evergreen trees. the nurseryman tried to sell him only five hundred, but he would not have it that way. he wanted a thousand. he said he had the money and was going to pay for them; so he planted the thousand trees. we do not recommend such rashness on the part of our farmers, but it shows when a farmer insists on having a thousand trees he is taking the beautifying of his grounds seriously. this is perhaps an extreme case, but we have others working along the same line. i certainly enjoy the privilege of being with you people here again as i have for the last quarter of a century, twenty-five years ago, when i was made an honorary member of this society, and i do not know of any prouder moment in my whole career than when you saw fit to honor me in that manner. i certainly would never forgive myself for the balance of the year if i failed to attend these meetings. (applause.) mr. philips: waldron is too modest. he has not told the best thing he ever did in north dakota, so i shall. i visited him a good many years ago, and he had some interesting boys there, especially the oldest one, and i told him that if he was going to keep ahead of that boy he would have to hustle, and now that boy at nineteen has the ability to go to one of the southern states as a professor. so he didn't tell us the greatest thing he ever did. maybe some of the credit is due to his wife; that is the way it is at my house. (applause.) mr. waldron: i am so far behind that boy i am sort of jealous. i do not mention it. the president: the secretary of the wisconsin horticultural society is with us, professor cranefield. is he in the room? mr. cranefield: mr. graves, of sturgeon bay, is the duly accredited delegate to the society and probably you want to hear from him. the president: we heard from him two or three days ago, and we will hear from him again, but just now we want you to give us a few words. this is professor cranefield, who has contributed on previous occasions to the success of our meetings. (applause.) (see index.) the president: i will now call on professor mackintosh, who is going to read a paper at this time. mr. mackintosh: yesterday i had to start the ball rolling as a substitute for a man from washington, and with the assistance of miss bull we kept most of you here until after o'clock. today i am put ahead of the program, so you won't hear me tomorrow afternoon. the subject is, "bringing the producer and consumer together." mr. mackintosh reads paper. (applause.) the president: i regret very much that time will not permit us to discuss this very able paper. secretary latham has just called my attention to the fact that there has been but very few tickets bought for the banquet this evening. you understand it takes time to prepare food, and he has to announce just how many people would be present, and i sincerely hope that those of you who intend to attend the banquet (and i trust that will be every one present) will get your tickets immediately. it is the very best part of our program. please get your tickets so that secretary latham may know how to prepare for you. at this time recess was taken until : o'clock p.m. december , , afternoon session. discussion on "the topworked orchard," led by a. j. philips, wisconsin. (see index.) the president: the next order of business will be the election of officers for the coming year. the secretary just handed me this slip which gives you an idea of the requirements in order to be eligible to vote for officers. (reads extracts from constitution.) the first will be the selection of a president for the coming year. nominations are in order. mr. bradley: mr. president, it is said that republics are ungrateful, but it is not necessary for horticultural societies to be ungrateful. it has been, i think, in the past, and i hope it may continue to be in the future, the policy of this society to recognize the services of its officers and so we, i think, are justified in recognizing the distinguished and efficient services of our present presiding officer. i take great pleasure in placing in nomination for president of this society the honorable thomas e. cashman. (applause.) nomination is duly seconded and there are no other nominations. mr. crosby: i move that the secretary be instructed to cast the unanimous ballot of this society for thomas e. cashman as president of this society. motion is seconded and carried. mr. cashman: friends, i deeply appreciate this honor that you have conferred upon me. i am always ready to contribute my mite towards the service of the people, but i am never happy unless i am convinced that i am able to give all that the position demands. your selection of me as your presiding officer for the sixth time convinces me that you are at least satisfied with what i have been able to do for you and this, i assure you, makes me extremely happy. i will endeavor to show my appreciation by doing all that is within my power to further the interests of this society made up of men and women that cannot be excelled for intelligence, cleanliness of habits and honorable and right living. i know a great many horticulturists, not only of this state but of other states, and they, i assure you--and you know it yourselves--are far above the average. i therefore deem it a great honor to be known as the president of one of the best organizations, i do not care whether it is horticultural or otherwise, in this country today. i thank you. (applause.) the president: i find there are two members of the executive board to be elected at this time, one to succeed professor leroy cady and another mr. r. a. wright, whose terms of office expire at this time. mr. cady and mr. wright are nominated to succeed themselves, nominations are seconded and upon motion the secretary cast the unanimous ballot of the society for mr. cady and mr. wright as members of the executive board for the coming three years. the president: the next will be the selection of a treasurer. mr. george strand is renominated, nomination is seconded and on motion the secretary cast the ballot of the society for mr. george w. strand for treasurer. the president: the secretary places in nomination the following men, as vice presidents of this organization. i will ask him to name the list. vice-presidents: c. e. snyder, st cong. dist., preston; s. d. richardson, nd cong. dist., winnebago; j. k. andrews, rd cong. dist., faribault; b. wallner, jr., th cong. dist., st. paul; f. h. nutter, th cong. dist., minneapolis; matt. tschida, th cong. dist., st. cloud; g. a. anderson, th cong. dist., renville; j. kimball, th cong. dist., duluth; a. l. hanson, th cong. dist., ada; a. w. richardson, th cong. dist., howard lake. secretary latham reads names of nominees for vice presidents and places them in nomination. nomination is seconded and upon motion the secretary is instructed to cast the ballot of the society for the persons named as vice-presidents. the president: the next number will be a speech by mr. s. p. crosby, chairman of the committee that was selected by this association to go before the legislature at the last session and try to secure an appropriation sufficient to build a home for this society. (see index.) the next gentleman on the program is our friend clarence wedge, who is going to tell us of his trip out to yellowstone park. (see index.) mr. wedge: not exactly to yellowstone park. we came within a day's drive of the yellowstone, but our interest and enthusiasm went in another direction this year. mr. wedge reads paper. the president: "peonies new and old," by mr. a. m. brand, of faribault, one of the best peony specialists in the state. a member: and of the world. (applause.) (see index.) discussion. the president: we have another noted horticulturist with us today from illinois. you have all heard of the senator dunlap strawberry. the originator is with us today, senator dunlap, of savoy, illinois. he will be on the program tomorrow. i will be pleased to have the senator come forward and give us a word of greeting. mr. dunlap: i hardly think it is necessary for me to come forward. i will be on the program a couple of times, and you will hear all that you care to from me. i am very glad to be here with you. it has been some time since i met with your society, but i remember well the very pleasant time i had at that time. i came this week from the michigan horticultural society, in session at grand rapids, and i was very loath to leave such an interesting meeting, but i knew when i came to minneapolis i would be in just as interesting a meeting. i wish to disabuse your minds of the statements made by your honorable chairman through an error. i am not the originator of the senator dunlap strawberry. the reverend mr. reisenour (?) is the originator of the strawberry, and he thought it was a thrifty, strong, healthy plant and would stand the name of dunlap, so he gave it to the strawberry. (laughter and applause.) the president: i stand corrected. i have been misinformed, although i think you carry the honor. our time is up. i have been requested to announce that the lantern talk given by mrs. james jennison will take place at the close of the woman's auxiliary meeting. some very talented ladies are to speak this afternoon, and i hope you will all stay and listen to them. i will now turn the meeting over to the women's auxiliary and request mrs. f. m. powers, who will preside, to take the chair. mrs. powers: just a continuation, i hope, of our good program that was begun this afternoon, and we will now listen to mrs. clarence wedge, of albert lea, on the "value of horticulture to the farm." mrs. wedge is not a stranger to horticulture nor to this society. (see index.) mrs. powers: some one has said that the enemy of art is the enemy of nature, and art is nothing more than the highest sagacity and attainment of human nature. we have with us mrs. cyrus w. wells, who has had considerable experience in this line and will give us the practical side. mrs. wells spoke on "art made practical." mrs. powers: "the day's work," by mrs. john b. irwin. mrs. powers: according to our program we were to have one speaker tomorrow morning because we thought she could not be here at this time, but mrs. dunlap is here and will favor us now, if you please. talk by mrs. a. m. dunlap on "better methods in the home." mrs. powers: the last number on our program will be "the highway beautiful," by mrs. jennison. mrs. jennison gave a lantern talk. president cashman: we have a very important question to be considered this afternoon, and, fortunately for us, it is going to be taken care of by one of our best men--"breeding for hardiness"--something this gentleman has been doing all his life. he has met with a great deal of success, and we are profiting by it. that gentleman is professor n. e. hansen, of brookings, south dakota. (applause.) (see index.) the president: mr. c. e. older has some suggestions to make, and we will give him an opportunity to talk at this time. mr. older: mr. president, and ladies and gentlemen: in a meeting of some of the leading exhibitors of the state fair yesterday they expressed quite a bit of dissatisfaction with the present manner of awarding premiums on commercial apples, that is, boxes of apples and one-layer boxes. the point was that it would be a good thing if the state could be divided so that the sections which are more favorable for the development of the apple would be in a section by themselves, and the balance of the state compete by itself. the following resolution was formulated to bring before this society, asking for their opinion oh the subject and discussion: resolved, that we ask the state fair board that the state be divided into two sections for the purpose of exhibit at the state fair, making two classes, one being the wealthy apple and the other class comprising all other varieties of box and one layer apples, the state to be divided as follows: beginning at the mississippi river on the north line of goodhue county and running west on the north line of goodhue, rice, le sueur and nicollet counties, thence running south on the west line of nicollet, blue earth and faribault. all those counties lying east and south of these lines are to constitute the first district, the balance of the state being known as the second district. we also ask the state fair board that first, second, third, fourth and fifth premiums be offered on all apples, and on all the next ten lower exhibits a certain premium be paid to all deserving exhibits. and we ask that premiums be offered on everbearing strawberries showing both bearing plants and fruit of the progressive, superb, and any other varieties. we also ask the state fair board that they make some practical arrangements to get the horticultural exhibits moved to the state fair from the depots in a more satisfactory and cheaper manner than the present arrangements. i move you that this resolution be adopted. motion was seconded and carried unanimously. meeting adjourned. december , , morning session. the president: we are to have a talk on "spraying the orchard," by senator dunlap, of illinois, this morning. (see index.) discussion. mr. crosby: we thank senator dunlap for his able talk. i think that is the way to progress. if we do not do things right up-to-date we can learn how to do better from a competent man. the president: we all enjoyed the able talk of senator dunlap. he is president of the orchard association of illinois. he is considered one of the most practical men down there, and we are very fortunate in having him with us and to listen to his valuable talk and experience. (applause.) we will now listen to professor richard wellington, who will tell us about "orcharding in minnesota." (applause.) (see index.) discussion. the president: i am going to suggest a little matter at this time which i am sure you will all approve of. it has been said by hundreds of men and women attending these meetings who have had an opportunity of enjoying the talks and papers and splendid program given here that we had the greatest horticultural society in the world. it is true that we have the largest membership of any horticultural society in the united states and, i presume, of the world. you will all agree with me that is due to the efforts of one man to a large extent. that man has been in our service and looked after our interests for twenty-five years. he is at his best all the time, cordial, kind, using good judgment, prevents friction among us, always working for the best interests of everybody belonging to the society and the interests of the state. as i said before, he has served us twenty-five years, and i think it only fitting at this time that we should show our appreciation in a way that will appeal better than words. it has been suggested that we purchase some little token and present it this afternoon. it is up to you as to how much you want to give or whether you want to give anything or not, but mr. crosby and mr. brackett will be at the door as you pass out this noon, and they will probably have a hat there and you can drop in what you want to, and we will buy something for him and present it this afternoon. (great applause.) the president: now we will turn the meeting over to the plant breeders' auxiliary. i regret very much to have to announce that our good friend, clarence wedge, president of this auxiliary, is ill this afternoon and unable to occupy the chair. i understand there is no vice-president of the auxiliary, and i have been requested to continue as chairman during this meeting. we have a very important program, one of the very best we have had. some of our best men are on this program and i hope you will all stay and attend the balance of this meeting. i am going to call on our good friend, charles haralson, superintendent of the zumbra heights farm, to tell us about "new fruits originated at the state fruit-breeding farm." (applause.) (see index.) the president: professor c. b. waldron, of north dakota, finds it necessary to leave in a very short time, and he will therefore address you at this time instead of this afternoon. he will tell us about "running out of varieties." (see index.) we will now listen to the report of the committee on examination of the minnesota state fruit-breeding farm, dr. o. m. huestis, chairman. (see index.) the president: the next speaker needs no introduction to a minnesota audience, as the word "hansen" is a household word and particularly in every agricultural community within the state, and the hansen hybrids are eagerly sought for by practically everybody who plants trees. professor hansen has done a good work and is still accomplishing things. he will tell us what he has done during . i regret the time is so short, but we will get mr. hansen to tell us more about his work. "newer fruits," prof. n. e. hansen, brookings, s. d. afternoon session, at : . half-hour exercise, questions and answers on "increasing the fertility of the land," led by dr. f. j. alway. (see index.) the president: mr. crosby has a word for us, and before continuing with the regular program i will ask him to come forward at this time. mr. crosby: gentlemen of the horticultural society: mr. latham, please come this way. i have the honor, in behalf of the society, to inform you, as you probably know, that this is your silver wedding, but we are going it one better and make it a golden wedding for you today. we have come to the conclusion, you have been with this society for twenty-five years, and we think it is best that you be watched and chained. i have the honor of presenting to you, in behalf of the society, a gold watch and chain. that is all i have to say. (applause.) mr. philips: now for a speech. mr. latham: wait a moment, i will see if it is worth it. (laughter.) i hate to part with this old turnip. i have carried it forty-five years now, never broke a crystal on it, even. it is a good faithful companion. i do not know what i will do with this now unless i put it away in a safety vault somewhere. i do not think the horticultural society expects me to make a speech; they know i am not a talker. i could say something if the room were smaller, but my voice does not seem to carry very well. i am a good deal in the fix of the steamboat that carried passengers on the river up and down to the camp meeting there. they had a whistle on that boat that made a tremendous noise but when they blew it the boat had to stop. (laughter.) if i talk loud enough to be heard here, my thinking works do not operate. (laughter.) i hardly know how to express my appreciation of this gift, as showing the sentiment of the society towards me. of course, i have tried to do what i could for the society. sometimes, perhaps, i have gone a little too far, something like the man who was appointed in charge of a flag station. he had never done any such service as that, but he understood the business of a flagman was to stop trains. the first train that came along was a heavy express train, eight or ten or a dozen coaches, and he rushed out and flagged the train. the conductor got off, all in a hurry, and looked around. he did not see anybody but the flagman. he said: "where are your passengers?" "well," he says, "there ain't any passengers to get on, but i didn't know but somebody would like to get off." (laughter.) sometimes, perhaps, i have overreached myself here. twenty-five years is quite a while to look back, and as i look over the faces of those present i can scarcely see one that was a member of the society twenty-five years ago when i became secretary. mr. long in his address before you at the banquet last night spoke of the meeting that he first attended of the horticultural society, held in what is now the metropolitan life, on the ground floor, and he spoke of the surroundings there. no fruit on exhibition. if a man had two or three apples in his pocket, he showed them around on the sly as though it was a crime to let people know there was such a thing and that he had a few at home he could eat. quite a remarkable thing! that was the meeting of the horticultural society in which i was first elected secretary, and i recall well all the circumstances connected with it. so many of our members that i thought so much of in those days are gone. of those who were present at that meeting, the only person left that i recall is mr. underwood. i had forgotten mr. long was there; i think he reported the meeting; i guess the first of our meetings that he reported, too. i am not going to make any more of an address. president vincent is here and will address you. i thank you very much indeed. (applause.) mr. vincent: i am very glad that i got in in time to be a witness to this delightful and gratifying little ceremony which has just taken place. i can not imagine anything more satisfying to a man who, in spite of all his modesty, knows he has done for twenty-five years good, genuine, valuable work than to have other people intimate in so pleasant a way that they are not entirely oblivious to what he has done. it always does one good to see efficient work recognized, and, while i cannot own, i am sorry to say, to an intimate personal acquaintance with mr. latham, i have come into association with him often enough to be able to share a little what you feel toward him and toward what he has done. the president: i am sure you will all be delighted to hear from the very popular president of one of the greatest universities in the united states, president george e. vincent of minnesota state university, who will now address you. (see index.) the president: i am sure we are very much indebted to president vincent for this most scholarly and delightful speech. we hope he can continue with us during the afternoon. owing to the fullness of our program this forenoon we are unable to discuss one of our most important subjects, and that was "the elements of hardiness," by prof. m. j. dorsey, member of the fruit breeding section, of the university farm. he will discuss that question at this time. (applause.) (see index.) the president: senator dunlap, who so delightfully entertained us this morning and instructed us on the subject of "spraying" will now speak to us on the subject of "packing and marketing apples." (see index.) discussion. the president: i am now going to call on a gentleman that hasn't said a word during our discussions and that is mr. weld, and request him to recite his favorite poem. mr. weld recites "the three warnings." the president: we have had a very interesting session, had a good time, everything has gone very nicely, but somehow there has been one thing lacking. the old friends from iowa have not been with us with one exception, mr. ferris, who gave us the lantern talk on tuesday, but friend gardner, patten, sherman and several others (i believe sherman has been in town, but we have not seen him here) have been absent. the reason for it is that the iowa people have been holding their annual meeting. but i am very glad that mr. gardner is with us this afternoon, and i am now going to call upon mr. charles f. gardner, of osage, iowa. (applause.) mr. gardner: mr. president, ladies and gentlemen: i have attended your meetings so long that when i appear here before you i feel as though i had got home. i have attended every meeting of this society except two since this society held its annual meeting at lake city the last time. that is when i joined the society, and since that time a great many things have taken place. think it is seventeen or eighteen years ago, in that neighborhood. i was absent two years. i went to new mexico, i went there to die, but luckily i escaped and came back home. i want to say this, that when i got back to this part of the country, if there was anything i thanked god for it was that i was spared to get back. i think there is no necessity of emigrating either from minnesota or iowa, and people that have traveled over the west and made a tour extending along the pacific coast and finally get back into this country, this latitude, are generally pretty well satisfied and stay here. that is, providing they didn't spend all their money and can not get back here. some of our citizens are now stranded out there and will come home whenever they can. in regard to the progress of horticulture in this length of time, i know you are very much interested in the work of mr. patten and a good many of you have trees that he originated. i want to say that the people of our state of iowa have not really gotten their eyes open yet in horticultural ways. they only appropriated for our use $ , . we have five societies, the state society--and then the state is divided into four sections. in the last few years our state society has appropriated to carry on, to help mr. patten carry on his work, we have appropriated and used $ , . before that time our society allowed $ . a year for station fees for quite a little while, then before that $ . a year. last year we appeared before the legislature and tried to get some help to keep up that work and informed them that our money was getting short and that unless it was done we could not carry on that work. the legislature hardly winked an eye at our request. no money was appropriated, and of all the things that i ever hated to help do last week was to discontinue the charles city station. for fear that some one might think we had gone back on mr. patten and that the work he has done will be lost to the world, i will say there is nothing of that kind. there is not a member of our society but would do anything in the world for mr. patten, to help him. it is just simply a fact that the money of our society is so nearly exhausted we had hardly enough to pay for the expenses of our meeting last week. we had a splendid meeting and never had such an exhibit of apples before. perhaps we may have had as many apples on exhibit but not so many perfect ones. on the first opportunity we have we are going to see that mr. patten does not suffer. i would say that they are in pretty good shape to take care of mr. patten down there for a year or two, and we will not lose the valuable work he has done. as the meeting is drawing to a close i want to say in closing that if there is anything that does me good it is to come up here and look into your faces once a year, and i wish that i could see more of you. there is a kind of bond of brotherhood and a feeling that when i am here i am among friends and i have found that to be the case for almost twenty years. thank you. (applause.) the president: i have just discovered a question here that should be answered, if there is anyone here that can do so. "in my locality the basswood and box elders are infested with a scale-like substance that looks like cotton. most of the trees of the varieties named are infested. what is it and is there a remedy?" mr. kellogg: that is no doubt the cottonwood bug that infects the soft maple. they come and work for about three years and then some insect comes in and cleans them out. the president: what is the remedy, mr. kellogg? mr. kellogg: you can use any spray for this bug. on forest trees it is out of reach, but arsenical spray will get them if you can reach them. mr. warner: cotton maple scale. professor waldron recommends to spray with crude oil when the trees are dormant. we find it best to cut it back. the cottony appearance does not show until the second year and then the scale has really done its injury. the time to cut it, you will find a lot of small scales on the young twigs, and if they are cut off and a new growth forced you get rid of it. the president: i understand prof. broderick of the college of winnipeg has been here. if he is here i wish he would come forward and give us a word. i understand he is the delegate from winnipeg. (applause.) mr. broderick: mr. president, ladies and gentlemen: before going away, i would like, as a member of the manitoba society to express to you my great pleasure at being here and taking part in your excellent meeting. i had planned for a number of years to come down but circumstances have been such that i have been unable to be here. i might say that we in manitoba, about miles north of here, are interested in horticulture as well as you people in minnesota. we have a fraternal interest in the work you are doing. a number of our members, i might say, are members of your society, and we are getting your excellent publication and following the work you are doing. our problems up there are very similar to yours, and we feel that you can give us greater information than we can obtain from any other source. we appreciate the excellent work you are doing, and it has been of great interest to me to see the wide range of subjects you are covering. i was particularly interested this morning in the session of the plant breeders, as that is a line of work that we feel up in manitoba has some possibilities for us. in a horticultural line we are confined very largely to the hardy varieties. we are working on improving the hardiness of our varieties, and the fruit growing as it is carried on with us very largely in a small way by the farmers and others interested through our province. we feel, however, that there are possibilities, and we are only too glad to get any information from you as to the work and progress that is being made in the matter of hardy fruits. we have been endeavoring to improve our native plums. i have had the station there at winnipeg, and in connection with one of our nurserymen, mr. buchanan, we have been selecting hardy plums for a number of years, and we hope from that stock in crossing with the japanese plums, as professor hansen suggested this morning, to prove that there are possibilities even as far north as manitoba. i have heard mr. buchanan say on several occasions that he thought the possibilities of plum growing were fairly good in manitoba. in small fruits we have possibilities. the currants and raspberries grow very well. we have not done so much in strawberries, but i know there are a number of growers in parts of the province that are making some very successful experiments in strawberries, and we hope in a few years to produce strawberries of a fairly good quality. the president: how is your wild strawberry? mr. broderick: i find that the wild strawberry does very well. we have around winnipeg, where the college is located, a wild strawberry that does very well, and it is possible that we can do some work on improving the wild strawberry. we are looking to our hardy native fruits and the hardy importations we are making to establish varieties which are hardy and suited to our conditions. we are interested also in the work done in tree planting, and i followed with interest the discussion this morning as to windbreak protection. that has been a problem with us. the government of the dominion has taken it over, and we find it is working out all right. our forestry station at indian head sends out lots of trees free each year. these are planted, and they have a system of inspection. certain requirements are made in regard to the preparation of the soil, methods of planting and caring for the plantation afterwards. a member: what are the majority of your forest trees? mr. broderick: forest trees are largely deciduous, the manitoba maple, the ash, the elm and the willows. i was pleased to hear some one this morning mention the golden willow. that is one of the best trees we have. the manitoba maple, of course grows all over that northern country, but we find that during recent years it has been becoming seriously infected with various kinds of pests. this year the aphis were serious. we are discouraging to a certain extent the manitoba maple and planting other trees and are getting better results. the ash, the elm and willow are doing well. with the conifer trees, the scotch pine, the white spruce, the balsam fir and the ridgepole pine are those which are growing. the improving of home grounds is another question that is interesting us. i do not think there is anything in this western country that is going to do more to make homes than this. so we are interested in all the work you are carrying on, and we appreciate the opportunity of coming here and meeting with you and listening to the excellent discussions you have. i might say that our annual meeting is held in february and if any of you happen to stray up there we would be only too glad to have you join with us. i thank you very much for the many courtesies extended to me on behalf of the manitoba society. (applause.) (time was now taken up by two minute speeches of different members, after which the meeting was declared closed.) records of executive board for . record of meeting held in secretary's office : p.m. tuesday, dec. , . there were present thos. e. cashman, leroy cady, clarence wedge, j. p. andrews, r. a. wright and a. w. latham. in the absence of the chairman of the board, mr. j. m. underwood, clarence wedge was elected chairman pro tem. the following accounts were examined and approved and orders drawn in payment therefor. geo. w. strand, treasurer, premiums annual meeting, , $ . . geo. w. strand, treasurer, premiums summer meeting, , $ . . a. w. latham, expenses secretary's office from june , , to dec. , , $ , . . it was decided to present to the annual meeting of the society for action the following named persons for honorary life membership: john bisbee, madelia; j. r. cummins, minneapolis; s. h. drum, owatonna; f. w. kimball, waltham; chas. haralson, excelsior. an appropriation of fifty-three dollars and - ($ . ) was made for the benefit of the minnesota forestry association. adjourned sine die, clarence wedge, chairman, pro tem. a. w. latham, secretary. * * * * * record of meeting of the board held in west hotel : p.m. friday, dec. , . there were present at this meeting thos. e. cashman, leroy cady, clarence wedge, j. p. andrews, r. a. wright and a. w. latham. thos. e. cashman was elected chairman pro tem. j. m. underwood was elected chairman of the board for , and a. w. latham was elected secretary at a salary of eighteen hundred dollars ($ , . ) per annum. the salary of the treasurer was fixed at twenty-five dollars ($ . ) per annum. the board having under consideration the recommendation of grades of apples for use in packing for market, a committee consisting of clarence wedge, j. p. andrews and r. a. wright was appointed to take the question under consideration with authority to act for the board. the sum of eight hundred dollars ($ . ) was appropriated as a revolving fund for the use of the secretary of the society during the year . the following resolution was presented by clarence wedge and unanimously adopted by the board. "resolved: that the board favors the exclusive distribution of new varieties of fruits of probable commercial value originating at the state fruit-breeding farm to members of the society and the trial stations of the state as at present practiced. "resolved further--that when a variety of fruits originating at the fruit breeding farm has been sufficiently tested to establish its commercial value in the state, it shall be given a name and the state fruit-breeding farm shall cease to propagate it for distribution." adjourned sine die, thos. e. cashman, chairman, pro tem. a. w. latham, secretary. * * * * * record of meeting held in the secretary's office june , . all members of the board were present except r. a. wright. mr. john p. andrews was elected by the board as its representative in connection with the assessment of damages on account of nursery stock to be destroyed in certain minnesota nurseries to protect from injury threatened by a disease called "white pine blister rust." having under consideration the trial stations connected with the society it was decided to discontinue the station located at madison, minn., and locate a station at new auburn, minn., r. f. hall, supt., and another at deerwood, minn., l. p. hall, supt. the following resolution pertaining to farmers' institutes was unanimously adopted. "resolved: that in our judgment the carrying out of the spirit and purpose of the motion adopted by the farmers' institute board, sept. , , pertaining to 'the horticultural work on each institute corps'--to quite literally--cannot be fully performed except by providing for each institute corps some one who should in whole or in part represent horticulture, and who should be interested and willing to serve the horticultural society as indicated in said motion; and further, that reasonable opportunity for such service should be allowed at each place where an institute corps may be working." it was decided to appropriate $ . to be applied to the uses of the minnesota state forestry association. the accounts of the secretary from nov. , , to june , , amounting to $ , . , were examined and approved, and an order drawn for the payment of that amount from the treasury, an equal amount to be covered into the treasury from the hands of the secretary. adjourned sine die, j. m. underwood, chairman executive board. a. w. latham, secretary. additions to society library, . (for preceding list see page , report ). case. no. am. pomological socy., an. rep., am. pomological socy., an. rep., am. pomological socy., an. rep., *cyclopedia of american agri., bailey. vol. *cyclopedia of american agri., bailey. vol. *cyclopedia of american agri., bailey. vol. *cyclopedia of american agri., bailey. vol. *cyclopedia of practical hort., lowther, . vol. *cyclopedia of practical hort., lowther, . vol. *cyclopedia of practical hort., lowther, . vol. *cyclopedia of practical hort., lowther, . vol. *plums of new york, hedrick, *grapes of new york, hedrick, from library of wyman elliot: bureau of ethnology. j. w. powell minn. state hort. socy., an. rep., *american agriculturist. vol. report of secretary of agriculture, department of agriculture. report, architecture of country houses. downing american farmers encyclopedia. emerson michigan hort. socy., an. rep., department of agriculture, report, yearbook of argiculture, american forestry association, report, department of agriculture, report, - food for plants. harris and meyers western farmer. vol. western farmer. vol. western farmer. vol. minnesota state horticultural society, report, state entomologist, an. rep., - american pomological society, an. rep., american pomological society, an. rep., wisconsin state hort. socy., an. rep., wisconsin state hort. society, an. rep., wisconsin state hort. socy., an. rep., state experiment station, rep., bulletins illinois hort. socy., an. rep., state entomologist, report, indiana state hort. socy., report, minnesota farmers institute annual, minnesota farmers institute annual, minnesota farmers institute annual, western n. y. hort. socy., report, making horticulture pay. m. g. kains young farmers manual. s. e. todd home for all. o. s. fowler american weeds and useful plants. wm. darlington how to grow and show potatoes. jas. pink how to build hot houses. r. b. leucars field book of manures. d. j. browne woodwards country homes. g. e. & f. w. woodward grape growers guide. wm. charlton botanical ready reference. j. m. nickells landscape gardening. chas. h. j. smith cranberry culture. b. eastwood book of roses. francis parkman elements of agriculture, chemistry and geology. j. f. w. johnston american farm book. r. l. allan flower garden. jos. beck handbook of tree planting. n. h. egleston bulbs. e. s. rand, jr. how to cooperate. herbert myrick suburban home grounds. f. j. scott trees of america. d. j. browne california fruits. e. j. wickson ill. state hort. socy., an. rep., farmers universal handbook *johnsons dictionary of gardening. david landreth flowers for the parlor and garden. e. s. rand, jr. hedges and evergreens. john a. warder the farmers miscellany. geo. w. marshall the western fruit book. f. r. elliott the strawberry culture. r. g. pardee use of the national forests. gifford pinchot ladies companion to flower gardening. downing map of minnesota, vegetable plants. i. f. tillinghast mysteries of bee-keeping explained. m. quinby grape culturist. a. s. fuller rural economy. boursingault's, by geo. law barn plans and out buildings new creations in plant life. w. s. harwood the farmers side. w. a. peffer villes' chemical manures. a. a. fesquet johnsons agriculture chemistry. jas. f. w. johnston a. b. c. of agriculture. m. c. weld land drainage. j. p. clipper peat and its use. s. w. johnson forestry tree culturist. a. s. fuller american poultry yard. d. j. browne how crops grow. s. w. johnson n. j. hort. socy., an. rep., royal hort. socy., journal of, december, society of american florists, wyoming state bd. of hort., an. rep., man. hortl. and forestry assn., an. rep., kentucky hort. socy., an. rep., markets for oregon fruits, vermont state hort. socy., report, fruit growers assn. of nova scotia, report, illinois state hort. socy., an. rep., ontario vegetable growers assn., an. rep., the american rose manual. j. harris mcfarland, horticultural societies of ontario, an. rep., georgia state hort. socy., an. rep., peninsula horticultural socy., an. rep., mass. hort. socy., part , nebraska hort. socy., an. rep., virginia state hort. socy., an. rep., northern nut growers assn., an. rep., s. d. state hort. socy., an. rep., western n. y. hort. socy., an. rep., yearbook, dept. of agri., plant propagation. m. g. kains productive vegetable growing. j. w. lloyd backyard farmer. j. w. bolte the well considered garden. mrs. francis king planning and planting home grounds. warren h. manning birds of town and country, national geographic socy *fruit industry in new york. part *fruit industry in new york. part kansas state hort. socy. and ont. entomological socy., an. rep., pomological & fruit growers socy. of quebec, an. rep., md. state hort. socy., an. rep., oregon state hort. socy., an. rep., royal hort. socy., journal of, may, state hort. assn. of pa., an. rep., iowa hort. socy., an. report, ala. state hort. socy., an. rep., mass. hort. socy., an. rep., part , mass. fruit growers assn., an. rep., n. y. state fruit growers assn., an. rep., washington state hort. assn., an. rep., ohio state hort. socy., an. rep., * * * * * conditions under which books may be taken from the society library. books may be taken from the library of the minnesota state horticultural society by any member of the society on the following terms: . not more than two books can be taken at a time. . books with a star (*) before the title, as found in the published library lists, are reference books and not to be taken from the library. . in ordering books give besides the name also the case and book numbers, to be found in the same line as the title. . books will be sent by parcel post when requested. . when taking out, or sending for a book, a charge of ten cents (to be paid in advance) is made to cover expense of recording, transmission, etc. . books are mailed to members only in minnesota and states immediately adjoining. when sent to points outside the state a charge of fifteen cents is made. . a book can be kept two weeks: if kept longer a charge of two cents per day will be made. . the library list, to december , , is published in the annual volume of the society. additions to this list will be published year by year in the succeeding annual volumes. membership, annual members. aarrestad n. o hanley falls, r. i. aase, martin kenyon abel, nick evansville abbott, geo. newport abbott, t. a. ashland, st. paul abeler, wm. j. griggs st., st. paul abeler, geo. l. dayton ave., st. paul aberg, c. wenonah place, mpls. abbott, mrs. a. w. clifton ave., mpls. abrahamson, e. o. lafayette academy of our lady of good counsel mankato ackerknecht, w. e. white bear ave., st. paul ademmer, b., jr. new prague adams, chas. w. minnehaha ave., mpls. adams, d. albert hutchinson adams, robt. morris adams, w. s. jefferson st., duluth aelzant, louie brevator affleck, c. a. willmar ahlsten, mrs. mary dent aiton, geo. b. grand rapids akers, mary d. w. minnehaha, st. paul alexander, alfred dawson almquist, c. a. capas alme, o. t. ulen allen, edgar new auburn allison, prof. j. h. univ. farm, st. paul albertson, a. r. paynesville alden, e. m. deer river albrecht, o. e. th & minnesota sts., st. paul allis, w. h., sec aitkin allen, wilber r. wells albinson, oscar th ave. s., mpls. alm, arthur ivy st., st. paul aldrich, malcolm henn. ave., mpls. albert, henry so. st. paul alford, e. f. woodland ave., duluth allen, john s. grand ave., mpls. allen, p. l. rd ave. s., mpls. amborn, elmer box , bangor, wis. ames, mrs. frank sta. f., mpls. ammand, ernest polk. st., mpls. amundson, c. e. henn. ave., mpls. ambauen, rev. jos. freeport amundson, p. c. amery, wis. anderson, louis r. , gladstone anderson, j. c. b. portland ave., st. paul anderson, alex. p. everett ave., chicago andrew, harry s. lyndale, mpls. anderson, richard r. , northfield anderson, j. e. r. , box , hector anderson, a. m. gran marais anderson, andy cherokee ave., st. paul anderson, j. w. mitchell, s. d. anderson, henning s. th st., st. peter anderson, mrs. andrew, s. elm st., owatonna andrews, theo. s. bemidji anvid, olof blackduck anderson, axel hotel leamington, mpls. andrews, gen. c. c. capitol, st. paul anderson, miss deborah e. th st., mpls. anderson, john w. r. , cokato anderson, a. j. e. cook st., st. paul anderson, david aldrich s., mpls. andrews, mrs. w. e. lake wood, white bear anderson, carl vesta anstett, jake preston anderson, fred rush city anderson, wm. r. , isanti andrews, j. p. faribault anderson, s. a. dupont n., mpls anderson, c. g. w. lake st., mpls. anderson, g. f. w. side sta., r. , st. paul anderson, j. f. lake city anderson, frank h. fremont s., mpls. anderson, john girard n., mpls. anderson, andrew bidwell st., st. paul anderson, mrs. john r. , box , isanti anderson, ernest cove anderson, john a. normal ave., valley city, n.d. andrews, w. a. walhalla, n. d. anderson, l.p. bemidji anderson, axel dunnell anderson, henry lake wilson anderson,, alfred o. st. olaf ave., northfield anderson, wm. kirkwin ave., st. paul andreas, reuben w. melbourne ave., mpls. anderson, j. l. clarkfield anitzberger, phil. livingston ave., w. st. paul anderson, peter eastwood anderson, victor hastings hotel, mpls. anfield, e. n. clinton anderson, b. e. elbow lake armitage, c. w. canby arrowood, jas. nevis arness, a. g. benson arkens, edw. j. park rapids archer, t. e. raymond ave., st. paul archer, mrs. marian raymond ave., st. paul arneson, m. shelly arctander, ludwig n. y. life bldg., mpls. aronson, geo. box , south park asp, arthur e. r. , milaca asplund, chas. r. , hopkins ash, h. c. carlyle ave., duluth asperstrand, aug. amery, wis. atwood, h. j. hunters park, duluth atcheson, jas. mapleton atherton, mrs. isabella newport aune, olaf underwood austin, miss mary j. sellwood bldg., duluth austin, o. a. mcville, n. d. aune, theo. glenwood avery, carlos state capitol, st. paul ayers, h. b. kimberly ayers, c. o. th ave. s., st. cloud ayers, ellsworth d. pine city badrann, peter harvey, n. d. bailey, j. vincent dayton bluff sta., st. paul baillif, r. l. sta. f, r. , mpls. baalson, h. e. brooten baglien, hans h. rothsay baillif, c. e. sta. f, r. , mpls. backus, mrs. c. h. holly ave., st. paul bagley, mrs. horace towner, n. d. bailey, victor river falls, wis. bailey, phoebe d. th ave. s. e., mpls. bahe, h. g. hastings babcock, mrs. j. b. belgrade baker, h. p. n. y. state col. of for., syracuse, n.y. beath, p. a. drake, n. d. belker, jake maple plain beise, dr. h. c. windom becker, ernest northland baldwin, h. j. northfield baker, h. f. lake harriet blvd., mpls. baney, j. w. blackduck baldwin, miss l. o. cham. of com., mpls. ballou, herb th ave. s., mpls. baker, john w. r. , maynard baker, w. h. reading bannister, i. c. stillwater balfour, donald c. rochester banning, mrs. j. f. juamba baker, bert hoosick falls, n. y. bamford, geo. j. sheridan ave., st. paul baker, miss ida a. lake harriet blvd., mpls. balcarek, v. l. hyannis, neb. baldus, jos. l. montrose baldwin, e. b. care of western electric co., st. paul baker, m. j. deer river bartram, mrs. c. s. r. , white bear barclay, j. m. madison lake barnstad, ole willmar barnes, j. u. oneida blk., mpls. barnard, a. h. lbr. exchange, mpls. barott, j. e. tamarack barker, mrs. s. e. r. , excelsior bartlett, j. f. excelsior, minn. barrows, walter a. brainerd bartholomew, o. a., jr. so. th st., mpls. barnes, fred northfield bartlett, mrs. e. a. r. , hopkins bartsch, chas. g. r. , mankato bartholomew, r. l. sta. f, r. , nic. ave., mpls. barton, bert republic, mich. barrett, miss alice humboldt ave. and th st., mpls. bardwell, fred l. excelsior barthelemy, ed st. cloud barnes, david dunedin ave., st. paul barker, geo. h. owen st., stillwater barrows, walter a., jr. brainerd bates, w. k. stockton batho, geo. maryland st., winnipeg, man. baxter, hector park blvd., mpls. baumgartner, joe robbinsdale bassett, mrs. h. s. preston bazille, e. w. carroll, st. paul bawman, f. j. edmond ave. s. st. paul bauer, geo. deerwood bawman, mrs. j. n. bricelyn bawman, wm. hayfield bathke, fred aurora ave., st. paul bass, mrs. g. willis bryant no., mpls. bayle, p. j. grand marais bell, f. w. hopkins becker, e. w. excelsior becker, j. c. adrian bell, f. j. winona beatty, l. r. orr beaver, h. m. lake park bemis, v. e. inkster, n. d. beise, geo. w. morris beckman, j. f. webster ave., st. paul behrems, w. f. new richmond, wis. bena, lincoln a. r. , hopkins bell, j. f. wayzata bechtel, esler e. cedar st., hibbing beck, c. j. high forest st., winona belzer, f. l. glasgow, mont. benjamin, j. f. hutchinson berger, geo. arlington berry, frank stillwater berthelsen, christ albert lea berglund, robt. kensington berg, h. s. clarkfield benson, a. o. forest service, mont. benton, henry w. sec. bk. bldg., mpls. berghold, rev. alexander mooskirchen steiermarck, austria bennett, c. a. granite falls bernhardt, thos. j. fidelity bldg., duluth bend, c. m. commerce bldg., st. paul benson, harry rd ave. so., mpls. bergh, otto i. grand rapids benner, t. w. no. st. paul bergstrand, h. e. lawson st., st. paul bernardy, peter taunton berg, arthur, german ave., w. st. paul bergstrom, n. a. so. th ave., e. duluth benson, andrew jackson benson, frank stephen bennett, s. m. drake, n. d. bergreen, leslie clarkfield bethke, h. franklin betchwars, frank jordan bessette, f. w. orr betzold, r. a. r. , st. paul best, h. g. faribault bayard, p. c. carter ave., st. paul baumhofer, earl f. r. , box , hopkins bates, j. h. somerset blk., winnipeg, man. bawden, mrs. j. w. th st., duluth bauer, edward cove bayly, mrs. j. w. e. nd st., duluth benke, albert dent berlin, a. n. crystal lake, ill. berkner, alfred sleepy eye, ill. bender, louis wheaton berstrand, dr. j. g. menahga bergman, mrs. wm. comfrey berdahl, a. a. gernmell biermann, henry glencoe bisanz, rudolph e. th st., mpls. bickert, w. j. washburn, n. d. biggs, s. elizabeth fairmount, n. d. bisbee, clinton west sumner, me. bierwirth, paul winslow ave., w. st. paul billings, h. h. pine island bixly, henry n. richville bimebsero, w. a. hinton, ia. bittner, geo. j. r. , winona bill, ambrose gorman ave., w. st. paul bjornlie, thorwald madison bjornberg, g. j. willmar bjeldanes, n. h. madison blaker, rev. c. d. grimes ave., mpls. blakestad, l lyle blackmore, hon. j. c. christchurch, n. z. bluhm, a. g. biscay blessing, david s. n. court st., harrisburg, pa. black, g. d. independence, ia. blomberg, fred crosby blair, d. l. winnebago blodgett, mrs. h. a. fairmount ave., st. paul bloomer, ed sherburn blombeck, alfred eagle bend blodgett, mrs. f. s. w. rd st., st. paul blase, fred so. st. paul blackstad, rudolph st. james blaker, m. h. palmyra, n. y. blood, oscar f. worthington bly, c. w. osakis blair, frank d. court house, mpls. blodgett, p. l. emerson so., mpls. blazing, g. m. deer river bjork, fred buffalo bjorge, henry o. lake park bjordal, einar wild rice, n. d. bosshard, herman moorhead boardman, mrs. h. a river blvd., st. paul bollmann, paul balaton boline, j. a. clarissa boelk, ferd lansing bock, john wabasso born, otto g. so. st. paul bongie, louis bradley st. sta., st. paul bofferding, w. h. n. emerson, mpls. boeglin, louis park greenhouses, th & bryant, mpls. borland, robt. excelsior boll, jos. st. bonifacius bondeson, wm. walnut grove bodreen, chas. j. stillwater, r. , box bottenmiller, l. h. bertha bondhus, thos. storden bothun, b. e. thief river falls borreseh, rev. father caledonia borning, b. j. echo, r. borgendale, h. l. madison boman, a. w. supr. st., duluth boone, c. l. care of chase bros. co., rochester, n.y. borchardt, a. w. bellingham booth, wm. eagle bend bosin, mrs. f. w. rapidan borgerding, john freeport boraas, julius e. franklin, mpls. boche, herman h. sunfish rd. and butler ave., w. st. paul botsford, f. p. gilbert boerger, wm. a. st. cloud bowman, dr. f. c. th ave. w., duluth boyington, mrs. r. p. nemadji bove, peter st. f, r. , mpls. boyd, j. b. willmar bowen, walter s. wabasha st., st. paul boysen, p. b. steen bozja, rev. vincent morgan boyd, montelle m. stephen boyum, iver a. northfield bourduas, frank so. robert st., w. st. paul bowman, mary rothsay boxlang, mrs. b. j. kenyon boysen, dr. pelican rapids boyd, byron long prairie bovay, arthur g. lakefield boswell, l. r. mpls. paper co., mpls. brandt, p. c. morris brandt, p. a. erskine brand, a. m. faribault bradrud, albert spring valley braden, mrs. chas. e. mcknight bldg., mpls. brakke, albert wild rice, n.d. bradley, geo. j. norwood bradbury, w. w. e. rd st., duluth brander, mrs. j. r. , hopkins brabetz, n. f. rd ave. so., mpls. brawnell, t. g. grand meadow bratan, f. m. grand meadow bray, n. j. hovland bradford, f. h. farmington bradley, wm. montpelier, n. d. brainard, harold turtle river bradley, wilson deerwood brevig, a. l. starbuck briggs, h. w. sanborn briggs, geo. a. st. peter bremer, john lake city bringmeier, fred j. cass lake brevig, c. l. starbuck breyer, p. p. th st. no., mpls. brierley, prof. w. d. univ. farm, st. paul bren, daniel hopkins bredvold, martin greenbush bren, rev. jos. hopkins brinkmann, henry w. glencoe breening, h. c. balaton bremer, leslie cannon falls brimeyer, h. slayton brewer, i. c. st. charles bren, adolph hopkins brewer, w. w. orisko, n. d. bren, geo. j. hopkins bren, jos. s. hopkins bren, frank e. hopkins brinkman, wm. erie st., st. paul breide, fred deer river brown, frank paynesville brown, mrs. g. t. hague ave., st. paul broberg, peter new london broman, aug. atwater brunkow, chas. a. delano brown, aug. winthrop broden, gust a. murdock brown, h. a. brownsdale brown, john a. windom brummer, henry w. renville bruns, henry excelsior brooks, w. w. long prairie brogren, olof willmar brownlie, j. roy care of flathead natl. bk., kalispell, mont. brodalen, h. a. pelican rapids brown, a. f. como ave., w. st. paul brown, clarence z. n. y. life, mpls. brown, mrs. g. w. st. louis park brown, chas. g. paynesville broman, axel milaca broker, mrs. h. a. collegeville brodalen, g. a. ottosen, iowa brumpton, wm. shevlin bugbie, a. e. paynesville buchanan, d. p. shoshone, cal. buhler, e. o. capitol, st. paul bue, thos. nd ave. s., mpls. buehler, john g. main st. n. e., mpls. buchloz, aug. osseo bull, m. royal crown soap co., winnipeg, man. bull, geo. n. th st. w., calgary, alta. bullard, w. h. e. th st., st. paul buol, peter wabasha buckeye, j. lakefield bunn, t. h. pine island brombach, jos. th ave. so., mpls. brown, r. a. lakefield brown, rev. geo. w. wilson, wis. brown, clarence j. sec. bk. bldg., mpls. brown, mrs. j. f. garfield, so., mpls. brooker, h. w. sauk center burkee, john a. roseau burnette, w. j. como ave. s. e., mpls. burow, w. p. la crescent burns, mark. cass lake burfield, geo. e. shevlin burns, chris cass lake burke, t. j. bemidji burrows, mrs. a. l., box , white bear burbeck, e. w. e. winona st., duluth burquist, a. e. lindstrom burnett, john torrey bldg., duluth burns, john j. hopkins burkhard, miss l. s. white bear lake burness, b. security bk. bldg., mpls. burch, edward p. james so., mpls. burch, frank e. linwood place, st. paul busch, fred lyndale ave. s. and th st., mpls. bussey, l. m. hamline ave. s. e., mpls. buttrud, mrs. j. h. luverne ave., mpls. busch, bernh. lyndale ave. s. and th st., mpls. buth & co., w. f. univ. ave., st. paul butterfield, f. j. long lake bussey, w. h. beacon st., mpls. bute, chas m. r. , jackson bush, o. d. barron, wis. byrnes, dr. w. j. masonic temple, mpls. bye, c. m. new brighton bye, j. t. r. , new brighton byrne, mrs. m. e. fafayette ave., chicago cairns, miss gertrude m. ellsworth, wis. cant, w. a. duluth campbell, e. r. excelsior carniff, mrs. laura j. w. brompton st., w. st. paul canning, richard orchard gardens, mpls. cadoo, h.t. gorman ave., w. st. paul campbell, mrs. b. b. sta. f., mpls. cadwell, b. d. hastings, box callahan, john st. charles campbell, h. e. h. willmar cameron, john a. lyndale no., mpls. campbell, d. g. th ave. n.e., mpls. cady, e. n. lewiston cannon, mrs. newton superior, wis., john ave. campbell, mrs. h. a. e. th st., st. paul carlson, c. h. fertile carmen, c. a. hankinson, n. d. carruthers, j. t. willmar carlson, and. grandy carey, geo. w. lidgerwood, n.d. carlson, c. w. mound carpenter, f. h. w. franklin, mpls. carlson, john care of carlson & hasslen, ortonville carnahan, e. j. longville carter, a. n. howard lake carlson, mrs. wm. london r., duluth carpenter, m. b. hotel aberdeen, st. paul carlson, peter mohall, n. d. carlson, j. a. th ave. s., mpls. carlson, rev. c. w. th ave. so., mpls. carlson, john kimball carlson, oscar th ave. s., mpls. carlson, axel manhattan bldg., fergus falls carll, norman waltham carlson, g. d. r. , buffalo carlson, janas r. , esmond, n. d. cary, h. e. jenkins carey, mrs. f. r. r. , robbinsdale carr, m. j. stryker ave., st. paul carver, j. th ave. so., mpls. carlson, mrs. jno. r. , hopkins carribou, farris twig carlson, g. c. tower carlson, j. cedar ave so., mpls. catlin, t. j., m.d. palisade cash, w. h. h. new lisbon, wis. case, l. s. merc. natl. bank bldg., st. paul cedergren. e. a. lindstrom cecil, r. e. gen. del., mckeesport, pa. cecka, john lonsdale charlson, s. dennison chamberlain, v. m. spring valley chalberg, chas. kandiyohi chapman, c. p. dent chatfield, mrs. e. c. mound chase, jas. j. farmington chamberlain, w. d. albert lea chapman, ed. a. redwood falls chamberlain, louis m. th st. and pillsbury, mpls. charlton, r. robinson, regina, sask. chapman, sidney e. haskel st., w. st. paul charvat, frank brocket, n. d. chapman, r. w. plainview chase, mrs. a. g. faribault chaffee, h. l. amenia, n. d. chamber of commerce brainerd cheney, w. h. olivia christopherson, k. o. zumbrota christopherson, chris camden place, mpls. cherney, j. w. winslow and arion sts., w. st. paul chrystoph, john d st., hudson, wis. chrudinsky, mrs. robt. j. lakewood chinn, w. p. care ella mine, gilbert chinlund, h. a. th & s. park st., red wing cheyney, prof. e. g. univ. farm, st. paul chute, l. p. chute bldg., mpls. cheney, mrs. w. b. washburn ave., mpls. christman, w. f. th ave. s., mpls. christiansen, peder c. dagoner, mont. christenson, chris r. , box , albert lea chradle, mrs. w. e. cleveland chermack, w. r. hopkins christie, r. g. canby cherveny, john j. zimmerman chelmen, b. e. georgeville christenson, abraham deerwood christenson, c. g. deerwood christopherson, chas. g. th ave. s., mpls. cherveny, joe zimmerman christenson, miss nancy mandan, n. d. chemak, otto r. , hopkins christian, jas. sherburn christensen, m. goff ave., w. st. paul christensen, aug. little falls cherry, m. m. n. st. paul cinkl, albert blooming prairie child, f. s. r. , hopkins christy color printing eng., inc. st. paul st., rochester, n.y. clemons, l. a. storm lake, ia. clarkson, stewart f. st. charles clausen, p. albert lea cleator, frederic w. forest service, republic, wash. cleator, w. p. wash. ave. n., mpls. clark, mrs. a. y. box , white bear clague, frank redwood falls clark, r. j. eden prairie clementsen, nels fertile clausen, t. a. lakeshore greenhouses, albert lea clark, geo. s. th ave. s., st. cloud clement, c. c. mosier, oregon clapp, edw. s. hamline ave., n. st. paul clark, jas. williams clark, newell e. emerson s., mpls. clark, e. e. eden prairie clark, h. b. pine island clausen, hans sleepy eye clum, miss k. m. r. , st. paul clark, d. f. bryant s., mpls. cleveland, henry th ave. e., duluth colling, jas. h. inkster, n. d. coffin, w. f. homer converse, t. r. stillwater constance, wm. hopkins colburn, otis l. excelsior congdon, john s. r. , box fort collins, colo. colb, john f. th ave. s., mpls. coffin, e. c. garfield ave., mpls. colban, walter h. th ave., pittsburgh, pa. coffman, g. w. wadena conrad, maud a. montevideo congdon, j. w. blaisdell, mpls. colburn, g. b. r. , st. cloud conklin, marion jamestown, n. d. coffron, geo. box , biwabik cole, geo. penturen conners, j. b. hibbing collins, j. c. mound cocker, walter lanesboro colby, f. l. enfield, n. h. conrad, emil r.r., collis commandros, tom golden rule floral dept., st. paul colman, i. w. th ave. s.e., mpls. coleman, d. a. r. , aitkin constance, geo. i. cumberland, wis. coffey, mrs. j. a. jamestown, n. d. cobb, e. r. e. winona st., duluth cook, a. d. kasota blk., mpls. corser, fred james n., mpls. cornwell, e. c. minnesota city cornell, t. h. fidelity bldg., duluth cornetinson, c. o. watson cook, geo. menahga cooper, mrs. d. h. winnipeg, man. cook, geo. h. care golden rule, red wing cook, e. w. cleveland corwin, ellis cove cornwell, l. l. pine island cornell univ. library ithaca, n.y. crowe, w. h. osakis crowell, dr. i. g. shell lake, wis. cramer, dr. geo. p. syndicate bldg., mpls. cross, mrs. jane sauk rapids crooks, mrs. john s. commerce bldg., st. paul crooks, john s. commerce bldg., st. paul crocker, f. e. morgan crossett, c. n. faribault cuzner, e. a. univ. ave. & th st. s.e., mpls. cutting, s. carnegie, man. cummings, geo. w. r. , box , mpls. currie, w. a. summit ave., mpls. cutler, w. r. claremont, s. d. cutler, john glencoe custer, c. c. howard lake custer, orrin o. cokato curtis, j. w. g. globe bldg., st. paul cummins, miss beatrice barnum cutting, m. c. care "the farmer," st. paul curran, dr. f. th ave. s., mpls. cushing, luther s. osceola, wis. cowles, f. j. west concord coultas, r. w. worthington cote, l. grasston covington, thos. e. ashland ave., st. paul countryman, a. d. appleton countryman, mrs. m. l. s. avon st., st. paul coy, sherman l. cloquet cox, wm. t. capitol, st. paul cowling, c. n. w. robie st., st. paul courtney, m. j. glencoe cowling, mrs. chas. n. w. robie st., st. paul cox, l. a. syndicate blk., mpls. cox, hanford ely court, harry warroad crassweller, arthur e. superior st., duluth cramer, fred mapleton crane, r. e. grand meadow crafts, robt. h. mound crane, w. i. buch st., new york crabtree, mack h. mott, n. d. crewe, percy s. mohall, n. d. crandall, h. h. morristown crane, benj. w. spring valley dahl, louis d. atwater dablen, o. e. albert lea dahl, f. a. chisago city danielson, solomon rothsay dale, o. g. madison dahlheimer, frank anoka dahl, h. p. isanti dalzell, w. e. hinckley daily, d. th ave. s., mpls. daniel, t. w. care m. thorson, r. , wayzata dahl, h. m. central ave., red wing dahlquist, c. a. popple dalberg, mrs. a. o. amery, wis. dangers, fred sleepy eye dahl, mrs. a. o. w. th st., superior, wis. daigle, a. a. forest lake danzl, jos. j. melrose day, stephen northfield davison, a. h. state house, des moines, ia. darling, dr. c. h. endicott arcade, st. paul davis, l. g. sleepy eye davis, h. h. placeville, cal. davis & ferree waukee, iowa darrow, geo. m. bureau of plant industry, washington, d.c. davenport, w. r. dennison davis, t. a. esmond, n. d. dasher, c. a. buffalo lake deline, w. f. cannon falls decker, j. s. austin delong, t. r. halliday deforest, geo. owatonna decamp, j. l. eureka deighton, c. h. wolvin bldg., duluth denson, w. a. hasty deatharage, mrs. robt. portland ave., mpls. deebach, herman maple st., st. paul deebach, e. a. dayton bluff sta., st. paul delameter, mrs. j. morgan ave. n., mpls. dempsey, thos. st. peter dean, harold care thorpe bros., andrus bldg., mpls. desmidt, a. a. battle lake desmond, w. portland ave., mpls. derickson, g. p. w. franklin ave., mpls. depuy, a. c. park rapids dewolf, mrs. d. f. hague ave., st. paul dexter, mrs. w. k. mound devore, f. j. s. robert st., st. paul deplages, n. j. r. , york, n.d. dept. of agric. ottawa, out. diethelm, m. victoria dittbenner, r. c. sleepy eye dickenson, w. c. anoka dixon, jas. k. box , north st. paul dille, peter o. dassel dike, henry b. hotel berkeley, mpls. dill, joe victoria distad, o. o. hayfield dickinson, sherman th ave. s., mpls. dittmer, gus augusta, wis. dillman, a. c. newell, s. d. dispatch prtg. co., c. f. blandin, mgr., st. paul dickey, mrs. agnes t. esmond, n. d. dixon, dr. frank mora district insp. of forest reserve winnipeg, man. dill, albert st. bonifacius dobbin, j. j. excelsior doll, p. j. bryant ave. n., mpls. dockham, a. t. eagle bend dodge, clayton j. moose lake dobbin, w. j. excelsior dodge, e. j. hector doerfler, jos. fillmore st. n.e., mpls. dodgson, sam clearwater dobble, mrs. edwin raymond ave., st. paul dodge, ben mankato dobbs, david e. indus donaldson, mrs. w. n. palmett ave., duluth dodson, t. r. nashwauk dominican fathers th ave. and th st., mpls. doring, rev. f. m. rogers dowler, w. a. fort williams, ont. dorr, w. f. lbr. ex., mpls. doyle, w. j. fern ave. and lake st., st. louis park dorland, w. h. dayton bluff sta., r. , st. paul downing, w. j. ronneby, r. downing, lloyd st. charles doories, mrs. a. fridley down, j. j. medical blk., mpls. douglas, w. b. commerce bldg., st. paul drake, mrs. h. t. portland ave., st. paul drisko, mrs. e. m. garfield, mpls. dreuttel, albert cleveland drebert, alexander f. iglehart ave., st. paul dtessely, l. j. gatzke durand, albert waseca dunn, john w. g. lincoln ave., st. paul dunn, w. w. princeton ave., st. paul dubbelis, joe lincoln dunning, dr. a. w. lowry bldg., st. paul dunning, frank anoka dunsmore, dr. f. a. andrus bldg, mpls. duel, robt. sauk center duesterhoeft, adolph hall ave., w. st. paul dunn, a. c. duluth duncan, alvin redwood falls dvorak, john hopkins dubbels, chas. w. viola dunbar, s. j. elkhorn, wis. dunlop, w. b. waverly ave., duluth dvorak, frank montgomery dunsmore, thos. danube dvorak, alley hopkins, r. duerr, dr. w. p. lake city durham, sabin grygla dybig, nursery colton, n. d. dysinger, s. d. w. th st., st. paul dykema, ben raymond dyer, c. h. th ave. s., mpls. eastgate, j. e. larimore, n. d. earle, c. e. park rapids earney, andrew western ave., seattle, wash. eberhart, a. l. austin ebersperger, mrs. girard n., mpls. eckenbeck, s. c. appleton eckberg, aug. winthrop edlund, e. detroit eddy, c. t. r. , willmar edson, w. d. libby eddy, vernon hyland sta. n., mpls. edwards, frank gilbert edden, g. st. croix falls, wis. edgerton, mrs. e. a. bryant so., mpls. edwards, o. t. grand meadow edny, f. s. goodthunder effertz, peter norwood egnell, a. howard lake eisengraler, dr. g. a. granite falls eidem, p. c. clarkfield eisenach, w. l. aitkin eklund, p. a. willmar ekelund, c. a. hopkins ellison, f. h. linden falls, r. , mpls. elliott, w. j. albertville ellingson, s. sta. f., r. , mpls. elstrom, f. o. atwater elliott, p. p. grand rapids elwell, j. t. th s.e., mpls. elliott, miss martha r. stillwater, r. no. ellison, miss sabra sta. f, r. , linden falls, mpls. elliott, h. j. hopkins, r. elofson, j. s. hasty elsenpeter, h. j. buffalo elgren, mrs. harry red top ely, dr. jas. o. winnetka, ill. eliason, alfred j. corrall, r. ellingson, g. t. w. th st., duluth ellis, g. c. west salem, wis. ehler, geo. euclid st., st. paul emmans, n. h. james ave. s., mpls. emberland, john selby ave., st. paul empy, clarence l. eureka emerson, byron t. grimes ave., mpls. emerson, john h. argyle st., st. paul endsley, p. m. minneapolis engel, rev. peter leland ave., chicago, ill. engel, rev. peter collegeville engleson, i. j. montevideo engman, a. e. hallock, r. , box englestad, louisa thief river falls, r. english, mrs. c. e. lake of isles blvd., mpls. engen, gilbert a. finley, n. d., r. emerson, a. f. grand portage engel, a. w. esmond, n. d. enroth, a. l. orr erwin, d. a. waseca erkel, f. c. rockford erickson, oliver atwater erne, f. x. goff ave., st. paul erikson, e. d. wegdahl erikson, john w. aitkin erikson, c. o. watson, box erb, e. c. red wing erling, frank, jr. w. belvidere st., w. st. paul essig, aug. sanborn essene, mrs. anna longfellow ave., mpls. eshelby, e. c. shubert bldg., st. paul escher, sam'l c. slayton erickson, a. b. mill st., n., fergus falls erickson, chas. northland erickson, wm. m. courthouse, red wing erickson, emil h. r. , maynard erickson, l. w. th ave. s., mpls. erickson, oscar dalton erickson, k. a. pequot erickson, may th ave. s., mpls. evans, john l. nd ave. e., duluth everett, mrs. g. w. waseca ewing, a. l. river falls, wis. ewald, julius cumberland, wis. ewing, prof. jas. northfield cecil, e. e. mckeesport, pa., gen. del. fairfax, mrs. j. f. s. aldrich, mpls. faehn, f. j. wallace, s. d. fagerlie, i. f. clarkfield fabian, edwin jefferson ave., st. paul fabian, norman j. st. paul park fairchild, d. l. lonsdale bldg., duluth fabel, p. h. buffalo lake fairchild, mrs. d. l. tamarack fairfield, chas. r. th ave. s., mpls. fairchild. l. g. shevlin farrar, f. f. white bear farmer, c. r. ada fanning, miss mary e. th st., st. paul farmer, e. a. sta. f., r. , mpls. farrell, d. h. new london, r. farel, chas. a. buffalo farcier, peter buffalo lake farcier, v. e. stewart faurat, f. s. th ave. s.e., mpls. farnham, jas. m. st. cloud, st. german st. farrar, o. r. albert lea, r. , box featherston, s. t. red wing ferodowill, f. x. wayzata felland, prof. o. g. northfield feleen, nels n. willmar fergerson, w. c. litchfield feesl, vinz. cor. winslow & arion, st. paul fell, henry janesville, r. fesenbeck, j. a. cloquet featherstone, j. s. hastings fieske, c. a. sleepy eye finch, mrs. mary care duluth-news tribune, duluth fisher, thos. a. waverly hotel, mpls. fitzer, chas. robbinsdale fink, christian waconia fisher, geo. a. st st. n., mpls. finke, e. h. spring valley finkle, miss kate w. river blvd., mpls. finke, e. r. waterville fischer, w. c. linden hills sta., r. , mpls. fitzer, h. luverne fish, l. l. wayzata, r. finstad, jos. edgerston st., st. paul fiedler, mike j. dent fisher, walter i. girard so., mpls. fisher, f. j. buffalo lake finnegan, pat thorp, wis. fjelde, g. j. madison flint, h. r. dubois, wyo. flagstad, j. sacred heart flint, henry w. r. , box , tacoma, wash. flood, e. j. newman grove, neb. floreen, swan constance flygare, hans h. atwater flynn, a. e. allen ave., st. paul flath, jos. a. r. , plymouth, wis. fletcher, mrs. f. s. irving so., mpls. flyen, henry dawson flint, p. p. osakis ford, f. h. maple plain, r. no. ford, a. j. new rockford, n. d. folden, p. rollag, r. no. foss, elizabeth h. e. river blvd., mpls. forest supervisor ely forest supervisor cass lake foerster, fred e. rondo st., st. paul foley, t. h. manchester folske, otto h. w. lucy st., w. st. paul fordyce, g. w. newport foster, i. d. sandsone fox, o. a. lincoln ave., st. paul foster, mrs. mary d. foley forsam, albert madison forbes, b. w. w. winona st., duluth fritcher, c. e. hancock frye, p. h. willmar freeman, gust e. red wing freeman, c. h. zumbrota frydholm, martin albert lea fredrickson, wm. perley frank, albert d. wood lake frederickson, c. a. elk river, r. , box freese, f. m. bemidji froshaug, david albee, s. d. freeman, mrs. h. g. st. louis park france, l. v. priscello sta., st. paul frazier, t. f. cloquet, cloquet ave. fryer, willis e. mantorville franzel bros. laurel ave., st. paul franklin, mrs. anna j. r. , box , fridley frey, math. taunton frey, frank taunton fratke, julius pemberton french, w. l. austin freeman, nels scanlon fraling, rev. j. stephen froslan, peder h. flaxville, mont. frederickson, p. b. davenport, n. d. fruske, k. a. brooten freeman, edmund park rapids frazer, p. c. pelican rapids frazer, h. e. pelican rapids frey, mrs. frank st. peter frink, mrs. e. l. faribault frey, aug. j. e. nd st., duluth fraund, mrs. s. western ave. n., st. paul fuller, e. d. longfellow s., mpls. fuller, f. e. deerwood fuller, h. m. deerwood fulcrut, s. g. goodhue, r. , st. paul fuhrman, john albany fuller, e. e. w. winona st., duluth fuller, mrs. c. a. hopkins, r. fyfe, h. l. drake, n. d. galloway, j. e. austin gammell, dr. h. w. madison galle, a. c. madison galletin, john m. gorman ave. w., st. paul gaida, n. a. holdingford gafke, r. j. woodstock, ill. gallagher, john amery, wis. gallion, orville opstead gastfield, a. f. victor, mont., r. , box garlick, eva e. janesville gaspard, j. p. caledonia gates, l. d. winnebago garlough, a. l. white bear, r. gaylord, l. e. pacific ave., st. paul ganzer, mrs. john como phelan, st. paul garvey, chas. h. lyndale so., mpls. gardner, franc e. humboldt bldg., chicago, ill. garrott, jane bald eagle, white bear, care d. keefe gates, stephen hopkins, r. no. gantzer, daniel merriam park, r. garber, m. j. dent garand, dr. j. h. dayton gates, j. m. pickwick gesner, frank brimhall st., st. paul gerdsen, henry waconia gearty, t. g. robbinsdale gessner, oscar forest lake, r. george, e. s. graetlinger, ia. germond, miss m. exchange bldg., duluth gerten, frank l. south st. paul gerlach, mrs. a. f. dayton, st. paul gerber, a. h. portland ave., st. paul gerrish, harry e. plymouth bldg., mpls. gerhard, ray c. so. bryant, mpls. gembo, elmer j. wayzata gerdes, chas. dupont so., mpls. gerhard, gergen cannon falls george, r. r. hopkins germond, w. h. nic. ave., mpls. gertsmann, frank morgan getty, d. c. mapleton gibbs, miss ida w. merriam park, r. no. , box gibbs, a. b. tower gibbs, m. l. echo, r. no. gibson, thos. waverly ave., duluth gimmestad, m. o. belview gippe, miss louise watson gile, mrs. s. a. irving s., mpls. ginter, e. w. stewartville gillespie, may e. r. , linden hills, mpls. gilby, jas. th ave. s., mpls. gillespie, miss anna th ave. s., mpls. gillespie, i. h. r. , box , anoka gipson, e. h. faribault gjerset, oluf montevideo glyer, alfred forest lake glaspell, bernard jamestown, n. d. glessner, mrs. frank sheridan ave. s., mpls. glenzke, louis m. glen lake via hopkins glass, walter river falls, wis. goodman, d. e. faribault goldsmith, mrs. h. cleveland goelz, mike brooten goltz, john havana, n. d. goldberg, b. m. e. rd st., duluth gooch, h. i. woodland ave., duluth goetz, edgar a. doswell ave., st. paul gould, mrs. edward humboldt s., mpls. gormley, j. taylor st. n.e., mpls. gordon, w. a. nd ave. s., mpls. gowdy, louis aldrich s., mpls. gough, e. estevan, sask. gordon, c. h. owatonna goltz, a. l. balaton gotts, oscar maple plain gowdy, miss chestine faribault goss, sam atlantic, ia. grant, l. r. battle lake gray, elmer w. pleasant ave., mpls. grandahl, r. l. red wing graves, d. n. faribault grasselli chemical co. st. paul granger, a. h. correll graff, fred rd ave. s., mpls. grant, harry c. faribault graham, l. g. doswell ave., st. paul granquist, chas. w. abbott st., stillwater gray, n. h. fergus falls greaza, a. e. r. , st. paul gregory, h. jordan green, wm. morgan greening. c. f. grand meadow greene, dr. chas. l. summit ave., st. paul greene, michael e. warrent st., st. paul green, f. m. menahga greene, alfred grand meadow grettum, wm. th ave. e., duluth green, john c. london rd., duluth gregg, kenneth lbr. exch., mpls. groat, h. g. anoka grimm, ben e. th st., duluth griswold, a. a. long lake grosse, e. a. la moille grover, gust. a. glyndon grunig, a. c. cloquet griesgraber, jos. w. morton, w. st. paul groff, n. s. west side sta., r. , w. st. paul griese, e. t. hibbing griffith, edith th ave. s., mpls. gruhlke, wm. h. jackson grier, hazelton robbyn ave., merriam park gronna, a. t. waterville, ia. gruber, john lakefield grindeland, a. warren gryte, e. k. ruthton grunig, w. r. av. c, cloquet gunderman, h. wabasha gustafson, alfred long prairie gundlach, miss carrie m. white bear gustafson, w. h. montevideo gunn, d. m. grand rapids gustafson, frank a. warman gustner, e. r. , hopkins guthnecht, b. oakdale ave. w., st. paul gullette, albert fillmore st. n.e., mpls. gustafson, chas. r. , duluth gunderson, g. box , webster, s. d. gulbranson, r. thief river falls guthunz, mrs. w. m. hague ave., st. paul hakel, adolph silver lake hadley, emerson farrington, st. paul hagen, l. e. fountain haack, chas. e. mound haakenson, hjalmer boyd hagen, f. a. lake city hage, paul j. hanska haecker, prof. f. l. exp. sta., st. paul haas, rev. l. th st., st. paul haines, m. t. woodland ave., fairmont hager, john van buren, st. paul haeg, mrs. e. h. r. , sta. f, mpls. hackett, j. e. malcolm ave. s.e., mpls. hahn, m. d. amiret haglund, o. n. eastwood hagen, severt waseca hagnie, donald fairmount ave., st. paul haining, john. a. brookston haering, j. j. jordan haglund, mrs. aug. red top haglund, gust. red top halverson, alfred spring grove hall, r. f. new auburn hallstrom, c. o. box , red wing hall, l. p. deerwood hall, mrs. c. e. c. portland ave., mpls. hall, t. w. cham. of com., mpls. halden, f. e. mound halbert, c. w. dispatch bldg., st. paul halverson, l. shevlin halverson, jacob delavan halvorsen, a. s. albert lea halvorson, h. s. brooten hall, s. o. erie st. s. e., mpls. halverson, m. j. medina, n. d. hale, w. h. mcknight bldg., mpls. hall, stanley grygla hammer, f. o. princeton st., st. paul hanselman, jos. adrian st., st. paul hanger, jacob wyoming hanson, n. p. hutchinson hansen, geo. w. doud ave., bemidji hanson, henry graceville hanson, albert t. r. , fergus falls hanson, m. c. clarkfield hanson, frank w. box , litchfield hanover, r. f. winona hammer, e. a. st. charles hansen, peter r. , box , s. st. paul hanus, adolph r. , hopkins hanlos, augusta donaldson, wis. hanson, r. b. ladysmith, wis. hanna, m. m. d. & i. r. ry., duluth hamustrom, c. j. new brighton handy, a. m. granada hansen, h. f. albert lea hansen, chris albert lea hanson, simon j. dawson hanson, jas. f. fertile hanson, c. l. fertile hammer, m. e. heiberg hanson, l. o. r. , box , red wing hanson, a. l. ada ham, geo. s. r. , aitkin hanson, h. c. barnum hansen, phil capitol, st. paul hanson, o. w. new richland hanson, o. m. r. , ulen hanson, ivan clarissa hanford, arthur woodland ave., duluth harrison, f. m. glenwood harrison, h. w. r. , rochester hartman, frank iona harold, geo. e. maiden rock, wis. harper, j. l. lock box , mpls. hartwick, ole granite falls harris, a. w. sleepy eye harseim, louis b. aitkin hartig, wm. hopkins harris, w. s. pillsbury ave., mpls. harnden, c. h. fairmont hardwick, mrs. b. g. fremont s., mpls. hastings, c. c. buffalo habison, e. h. anoka st., duluth harris, mrs. john e. th st., mpls. hart, frank cleveland harder, fred winslow ave., w. st. paul hart, frank w. laporte harris, earl litchfield haskins, geo. burtrum haseltine, mrs. e. r. excelsior harper, stanley j. box , mpls. harris, l. e. atwater harris, van v. e. th st., duluth hawkins, mrs. alice m. fremont n., mpls. hathaway, c. e. northfield hawkins, j. s. fremont n., mpls. hawkins, john box , mpls. hawkins, mrs. j. c. austin hawkes, a. s. waseca hatcher, frank wayzata hatledal, ole o. benson hawkes, chas. b. e. rd st., st. paul hawkins, g. c. fremont s., mpls. hawkes, h. b. excelsior haupt, c. f. concord st., st. paul hattenberger, tony shakopee hayden, chas. blackduck hatcher, amos delano hawkins, mrs. g. c. s. fremont, mpls. hatcher, lloyd f. wayzata hauenstein, mrs. regina aldrich s., mpls. hayes, chas. h. clarissa hazelton, d. c. cutler haven, g. a. chatfield hayes, dr. e. w. browns valley heinemann, r. e. montevideo hegerle, m. h. st. bonifacius heltemez, john sauk rapids helger, wm. c. portland ave., st. paul hegland, a. w. superior st., duluth helgeson, c. t. albert lea hellyar, a. b. chicago ave., mpls. heckle, jos. bellows st., w. st. paul heller bros. albee, s. d. heinsohn, aug. lesueur heck, geo. j. rice st., st. paul heier, herman r. , bertha headman, p. w. henning hellerman, gerhard melrose hellerman, herman melrose heinrum, mrs. hawkon lake park hector, chas. j. e. nd st., duluth heins, geo. n. box , sleepy eye headline, francis r. , west concord helland, b. j. clearbrook heagy, ralph w. minnehaha st., st. paul healy, mrs. reginald j. irving s., mpls. heikkila, oscar ely henze, jake lewiston henjum, nels frost henderson, h. g. lime springs, ia. hendrickson, m. p. montevideo henry, p. albert lea henry, henley & son concord st., st. paul henke, gust. buffalo lake henkel, peter watkins henderson, r. l. brady, mont. hennemann, dr. h. f. sauk center henningsen, walter c. chicago avs., mpls. henjum, ole saum hener, willie leonard, n. d. hemphill, henry pillager hendrickson, ernest mahtomedi hendrickson, henry kratka henry, mrs. m. j. iglehart ave., st. paul hesselgrave, r. v. winnebago hershaug, ed. kenyon hewitt, cameron fond du lac herman, a. c. van buren st., st. paul herscher, laurence renville hewitt, adelaide r. , hopkins heritage, wm. ely herman, jos. r. , box , w. st. paul herds, john w. lonsdale hetle, e. northfield heuring, mat. rogers hilborn, e. c. valley city, n. d. hicks, wm. c. cedar hidde, fred herman hillger, rev. aug. rich valley hill, w. w. w. th st., mpls. hill, f. c. albert lea higbie, w. s. eden prairie highby, l. p. h. albert lea hillman, wm. o. dewey ave., st. paul hiller, aric excelsior hibbard, mrs. c. j. sheridan s., mpls. hill, g. e. r. , white bear hildebrand, e. w. galvin ave., w. st. paul hicks, fred c. court merrill, mitchell, s. d. hillig, john morgan hidershide, dr. geo. n. arcadia, wis. hintermister, j. h. dispatch bldg., st. paul hinckley, c. n. r. , osseo hines, ed., lbr. co. chicago, ill. hitchcock, f. e. com. bldg., st. paul hinkle, b. j. little falls hinckley, c. s. elbow lake hinras, m. sleepy eye hislop, walter sunfish rd., w. st. paul hirt, john h. th ave. s., mpls. hjermstad, c. f. red wing hjermstad, h. l. red wing hobart, w. p. dupont s., mpls. hofmann, e. l. janesville hoffman, rev. c. bruno, sask. hoff, j. m. hennepin ave., mpls. hofenmeister, alfons new ulm hoffman, herman dent hoffman, g. henderson hoffman, l. j. buffalo hoffman, h. r. th ave. s., wausau, wis. hoffman, mrs. c. s. langdon, st. paul hoaglund, hildur th st. s., willmar hoffman, geo. j. long lake hobbs, arnold n. y. life bldg., mpls. holmberg, j. e. avoca holt, john e. carver holmgren, p. o. hoffman holten, john fertile holmberg, j. a. edgerton st., st. paul holm, e. p. w. th st., st. paul holmes, mrs. jos. t. r. , box , northfield holt, john wolverton hollingsworth, ralph th ave. s.e., mpls. holland, ozra s. r. , winona holl, dr. p. m. chicago ave., mpls. holtimier, john excelsior homan, frank r. , sauk rapids holasek, winslow hopkins holmberg, a. r. renville homola, frank j. r. , hopkins holstad, hans st. olaf ave., northfield holm, h. e. opstead how, h. esmond, n. d. holst, john r. , s. st. paul holbrook, miss eleanor b. penn ave. s., mpls. horton, w. h. alexandria hornly, h. c. cloquet hostetter, a. b. duluth hoverstad, a. t. maynard howland, clinton j. northfield howland, mrs. eleanor r. , sta. f, care e. landis, mpls. hoss, mrs. nick new ulm hoyt, b. t. hamline & hoyt aves., st. paul hove, john i. northwood, ia. houghtelin, j. m. chatfield howard, geo. f. raymond ave., st. paul hoyt, edward scotch grove, ia. howe, peter kellogg houghton, jas. g. clinton ave., mpls. howlett, mrs. d. d. r. , oshkosh, wis. horton, mrs. f. w. r. , white bear hosmer, ralph s. cornell univ., ithaca, n.y. horton, g. l. litchfield hostager, n. a. zumbrota hoslicker, f. s. tappen, n. d. hough, j. s. northern crown bk. bld., winnipeg, m. howe, t. j. clark, s. d. hoppert, walter o. r. , bx. , w. st. paul hromatka, joseph hopkins hoover, j. l. r. , kensal, n. d. hoyard, w. e. henderson horn, chas. lewis st., duluth house, susan m. w. faribault st., duluth houston, geo. s. thomas ave., mpls. hoyt, l. h. fridley hoyt, arthur fridley hoyt, r. a. lake city huestis, dr. o. m. central ave., mpls. huff, theo. a. fergus falls huber, frank shakopee hull, f. h. brookpark hubbell, c. h. marquette ave., mpls. hubacheck, mrs. f. r. long lake huffman, mrs. e. j. nemadji huckfield, b. e. queen ave. s., mpls. huber, rev. a. t. elbow lake hughes, h. j. care farm, stock & home, mpls. hughart, h. f. hamel huff, n. l. th st. s.e., mpls. hulbert, a. m. elk river huey, w. g. th ave. n., fargo, n. d. huff, b. j. yola hultquist, esther m. care gowan-lenning-brown, duluth hubbard, w. a. lake city huldal, h. t. r. , wilton husser, henry minneiska hummel, prof. j. a. commonwealth, st. paul hurtt, wm. hoople, n. d. hundt, g. tintah humphrey, d. a. blaisdell, mpls. hushka, joseph felton hurd, burton s. smith ave., st. paul huyck, e. j. th & central aves., mpls. huttner, miss r. , glen lake, hopkins hybergh, s. hamel, minn. hynes, john f. r. , moose lake innes, j. c. luverne ingebrigtsen, iver j. fertile ingmundson, c. p. nd ave. s., jamestown, n. d. ikier, wm. vernon center ingram, carrie e. sandstone isaacson, o. a. madison innis, geo. s. hewitt ave., st. paul ihfe, fred w. brompton st., w. st. paul isensee, a. r. , annandale isidore, mother m. mankato imlach, h. e. estevan, sask. ingleston, r. f. e. nebr. ave., st. paul imdicke, ben brooten irish, mrs. addie detroit irving, john n. s. park, st. paul ireland, john shell lake, wis. ingalk, boyd newport ingales, boyd newport jackson, p. t. summit ave., st. paul janzen, abr. mt. lake jackson, peter cloquet jacobson, p. g. madison jaquith, o. o. box , pillager jacobson, j. f. madison jager, rev. francis. st. bonifacius jacobson, nels wayzata jackson, jas. woodstock jacobs, dr. j. c. willmar jacobson, fred rushford jasmer, paul a. winona james, dr. a. c. springfield, ill. jahren, rev. h. c. m. grand meadow jaycox, l. i. woodstock jacobson, j. l. madison jarshaw, sam madison jacobson, j. m. hills jacobson, t. m. hills jaeger, jos. r. , st. cloud james, j. willis lincoln ave., st. paul jackman, c. f. r. , box , esterville, ia. jackson, geo. r. manchester, n. h. jamison, robt. excelsior jansen, d. e. rogers jackson, j. f. lbr. exch., mpls. jackson, miss emma a. drexel blvd., chicago, ill. jensen, a. p. box , askov jerabek, mrs. mary excelsior jensen, jens a. rose creek jensen, adolph th ave. s., mpls. jensen, j. p. morgan jensen, c. m. albert lea jedlicka, henry r. , eagle bend jensen, anton mcintosh jenson, jens h. box , hudson, wis. jenswald, john duluth jennison, mrs. jas. fremont s., mpls. jenson, j. a. new london jenson, n. a. willmar jensen, j. l. menomonie, wis. jernberg, j. c. th ave. s., mpls. jensen, l. clearbrook jenson, w. f. mankato jepson, mrs. j. h. fremont n., mpls. johnson, j. p. miami, fla. johnson, gust j. clarissa johnson, p. g. elliot, mpls. johnson, dr. a. e. cloquet johnson, e. a. maple plain johnson, fred jarretts johnson, l. t. spring grove johnson, o. b. new richland johnson, p. e. north branch johnson, arnt r. , viroqua, wis. johnson, henry v. e. lawson st., st. paul johnson, a. w. pleasant, mpls. johnston, fred l. laurel ave., st. paul johnson, jos. t. jessie st., st. paul johnson, j. h. doon, ia. johnson, c. a. r. , box , ogilvie johnson, clyde bergville johnson, carl g. little falls johnson, isaac west union, ia. johnson, o. w. hawley johnson, lewis box , albert lea johnson, a. n. drew ave., mpls. johnson, f. w. breckenridge johnson, l. f. bemidji ave., bemidji johnson, g. g. e. th st., duluth johnson, o. h. r. , box , willmar johnson, chas. eugene u. of m., mpls. johnson, p. j. van buren st. n.e., mpls. johnson, j. c. fillmore st., mpls. johnson, w. w. detroit johnson, c. j. box , cushing johnston, rodney maple plain johnson, l. h. maynard johnston, wm. eden prairie johnson, selmer w. college st., rochester johnson, f. w. r. , braham johnson, a. w. . hague ave., st. paul johnson, miss carolyn linwood place, st. paul johnson, andrew r. , box , arnold johnson, henry l. r. , fergus falls johnson, alphonse e. r. , stephen johnson, mrs. charley amery, wis. johnson, john j. box , naples, s. d. johnson, peter box , naples, s. d. johnson, l. o. e. butler ave., st. paul johnson, roy r. , box , brandon johnson, jos. fridley johnson, s. l. r. , hopkins johnson, geo. millarton, n. d. johnson, geo. grygla johnson, n. c. south side farm, white bear lake jones, a. c. duluth jorgensen, i. b. hutchinson jones, thos. c. russell jordin, aug. new london jones, j. frank redwood falls jordan, j. j. shakopee jones, g. p. bagley jorgenson, bros. clarkfield jones, j. s. madison jones, s. j. oakland ave., mpls. jordin, john a. r. , litchfield jordan, wm. merriam pk. sta., st. paul jungbauer, frank winslow ave., st. paul justin, edw. j. excelsior juen, louis gorman ave., w. st. paul katzner, rev. jno. b. collegeville kalbakken, theo. st. joseph, wis. kapler, geo. r. perham kasper, hans grand marais kangas, henry floodwood kaiser, max merriam park floral co., st. paul kates, mrs. rose litchfield kalmbach, w. a. wolvin bldg., duluth kaminsky, jos. box , hopkins kansal, john minnehaha ave., mpls. kallock, h. h. oslo kallberg, jens red top karpisek, jos. harrison st., bellaire, ohio kallestad, c. a. ruthton karsten, miss ida c. adams n.e., mpls. keasling, f. j. zimmerman keith, john a. cass lake kelley, elmer sta. f., r. , mpls. kelly, w. j. claremont, s. d. keene, p. l. mankato kelley, clark w. devils lake, n. d. kees, a. a. sta. f, r. , mpls. kelley, c. e. e. belvidere st., st. paul keiper, chas. haskell st., w. st. paul keller, henry newport keist, m. j. conway st., st. paul kelley, frank w. r. , menomonie, wis. ketchum, c. s. middlefield, ohio keyes, e. a. excelsior kenyon, j. m. lamberton kempe, peter red wing kenney, dr. d. j. newton ave. s., mpls. keyes, dr. c. r. n. th ave. w., west duluth kenning, t. a. th ave. n., mpls. kenety, w. h. cloquet forest & exp. sta., cloquet kerker, mrs. thos. aurora ave., st. paul kendrick, j. w. iglehart ave., st. paul kerns, john olivia kendall, r. s. loraine, wis. kimball, rev. j. r. , duluth kinkade, w. s. sioux falls, s. d. kinney, s. g. faribault kirk, loren o. th ave. s., mpls. kirk, e. b. laurel ave., st. paul kittson, norman dayton ave., st. paul kingsley, a. w. bricelyn kinsman, a. n. austin killmer, r. e. pine city kimball, e. l. st natl. bank bldg., duluth kidd, mrs. f. e. nd ave. n., mpls. kirkpatrick, k. a. wayzata kirchner & renich s. th st., mpls. kittleson, a. j. madison kirk sisters clearwater king, j. c. drexel bldg., philadelphia, pa. kinsman, c. d. austin kirby, mrs. c. a. heron lake kimball, miss grace e. waltham kidder, e. d. marshall kind, wm. melrose kiger, h. e. wheaton kirkwood, w. p. grantham st., st. paul klaksirk, iver s. underwood klebs, j. c. bertha klebs, f. w. eagle bend klabunde, carl spillville, ia. klodt, frank r. , staples klunschmidt, wm. f. morgan klucas, j. a. buffalo lake klindt, henry litchfield klein, m. h. caledonia klein, albert r. , so. st. paul knight, e. w., n. th st. estherville, ia. knowles, mrs. m. a. sawtelle, cal. knoblauch, w. excelsior knatvold, h. albert lea knowles, miss marjorie lincoln ave., st. paul knutson, fred albert lea knudson, jacob taopi knapp, g. a. deerwood knapp, a. w. mound knutson, a. r. pelican rapids knudtson, andrew brandon kruggel, miss emma l. fremont so., mpls. kraut, emil lester prarie krause, chas. merriam park krekelberg, henry j. dent krogh, h. p. hythe st., st. paul kremer, geo. f. grand rapids kroehler, t. j. houston kresta, matt. eden, s. d. kraus, geo. mcgrath korth, albert rothsay kovar, wansel owatonna kolisch, aug. st. louis park kotouc, rev. a. st. leo koenig, g. a. howard lake korth, aug. rothsay koehler, d. hector kortsad, a. newfolden kochendorfer, k. k. south park kohler, chas. winona krueger, john r. , stillwater krause, mrs. chas. r. , merriam park kropp, chas. o. wadena krueger, b. f. niagara, n. d. kroll, john lake benton kreiziger, frank cole st., watertown, wis. krincke, henry w. gessemini, st. paul kruger, walter paynesville kunkel, jos. j. kimball kullander, f. q. kensington kuhns, a. m. main & plum, red wing kuefler, mrs. anton belgrade kuyper, mrs. john r. , mondovie, wis. kueffner, otto no. milton, st. paul kyrklund, c. h. winthrop koza, jos. bellows st., w. st. paul koester, john v. iron exchange, mpls. koelruck, gustav stewart kozial, miss justine m. r. , little falls koher, a. w. lucy, w. st. paul koutek, jos. butler & stryker, w. st. paul kolbe, ed sleepy eye koerner, olga grantham, st. paul lamb, c. sr. baker lumberson, l. warren lahn, mrs. geo. rogers lammers, henry p., jr. lafond, st. paul lagerquist, john f. cushing lagerquist, f. w. elmwood no., mpls. lamson, w. h. hinckley lake, a. f. shenandoah, ia. lafrance, h. clifton, mpls. lahiff, arthur th ave. so., mpls isadone, rasmus box , cloquet lake, homer homer lambert, edward v. buffalo lake lamphere, mrs. chas. frazee laflin, j. c. williams lade, halstein fosston lake, shores hubbard lacroix, wm. deer river langholz, j. a. newport landeen, a. f. eagle bend larkin, t. h. ford bldg., great falls, mont. larson, emil v. eagle bend laurin, john renville lange, marie r. willmar larson, j. p. th st. e., willmar landscape architect, dept. pub. wks. regina, sask. larsen, raymond m. providence bldg., duluth langlund, nils cedarbend larson, c. f. morgan larson, l. u. lowry larson, peter box , albert lea larson, l. r. , st. james lane, j. w. anoka langseth, c. c. worthington larson, john box , r. , lafayette langford, h. a. blackduck larson, w. e. madison, wis. landahl, h. little falls landeene, w. e. elbow lake larson, ole h. hisega, s. d. lanes, john o. dawson larson, l. b. st. louis park lange, l. m. cass lake lange, g. h. lake city langmaid, abbie b. granite falls larson, g. winslow ave., st. paul lauritson, a. warrendale greenhouse, como park, st. p. law, k. b. doswell, st. paul lawson, f. e. goodhue latsch, john a. winona lawson, m. h. ellendale lawson, f. l. welch lawrence, alfred box , eldridge, n. d. lawson, l. p. isle lawton, chas. dayton ave., st. paul lawrence, mrs. w. w. woodland ave., duluth latourelle, j. r. , centuria. wis. lawrie, jas. a. wolvin bldg., duluth leiner, dan'l morris lee, geo. f. hanska leath, fred cleveland leavitt, miss clara james so., mpls. leary, d. j. brown's valley lee, e. g. dayton ave., st. paul lee, ole n. hayfield lee, iver a. neilsville leake, mrs. c. w. no. st. paul lehnerts, prof. e. h. "u. of m.," mpls. ledue, a. c. no. th ave., duluth leach, a. r. faribault lemieux, mrs. m. a. nebr. & adams st., st. paul lee, prof. olav st. olaf ave., northfield leitch, wm. columbia heights, mpls. leath, mrs. eleanor okipee farm, linden hills leasman, geo. w. hector lee, t. k. benson lee, j. a. benson ledvina, joseph pine city lee, eddie st. cloud, minn., r. le fevre, a. emerson ave., w. st. paul leonard, dr. l. d. syndicate blk., mpls. lenz, rudolph adrian lerol, john a. whalen lewis, a. f. leroy lewis, chas. l., jr. shell lake, wis. lewis, meyer box , mpls. leslie, a. w. fremont so., mpls. lenander, edwin buffalo lake lewis, bert caledonia leyde, h. g. newport leyde, g. f. hewitt leonard, dr. w. e., donaldson bldg., mpls. lerch, bernard, secy. carpenters farmers' club, togo linden, harry belgrade lippman, j. c. hythe st., st. paul lietze, f. w. mound lieske, robt. pequot lien, ole l. willmar lindgren, a. w. kennilworth ave., duluth lisler, mrs. a. m. grand rapids lippert, a. o. bertha lindsay, j. m. austin lightner, mrs. w. h. summit ave., st. paul lindstrom, john a. j. lindstrom linton, robt. everett court, st. anthony park lindsey, geo. f. mer. natl. bk. bldg., st. paul linder, e. a. warroad lieberg, c. f. clarkfield limperich, henry j. th ave. no., st. cloud lindahl, j. a. harris lien, andy beaudette lichtscheidl, john univ. ave., st. paul lien, g. e. maynard lindholm, j. a. e. glen lake, hopkins linnell, mr. j. e. maple plain lindhe, h. e. deer river lindstam, s. f. st. louis park, r. no. . libby, merton r. hopkins, r. no. lien, thos. leroy livingston, c. b. bryant no., mpls. linderholm, a. belgrade lindgren, oscar princeton, r. lippincott, miss c. h. hen. ave., mpls. lindholm, c. j. nd ave. n., mpls. light, c. w. st. john st., regina, sask. lilleskov, leonard byron lievere, b. a. johnson st. ne., mpls. lowe, m. f. buffalo loegering, aug. long prairie lovold, e. j. st ave. s., mpls. loop, leeman dent loftman, oscar fertile lomis, c. p. st. peter logstrom, reinhold atwater loegering, a. j. st. peter loye, c. c. th ave. s., mpls. lomen, o. o. decorah, ia., r. no. loss, bj. lake city loudenback, f. m. bagley lowell, o. s. buffalo lott, k. f. e. th st., st. paul lorenz, otto dale, st. paul lorentz, r. h. howard lake long, miss avie penn ave., mpls. lonsdale, miss persis g. sauk rapids lobsinger, anton cromwell ave., st. paul lorenzen, gust. bagley, r. losleben, rev. a. j. norwood long, jesse l. th ave. n., mpls. lock, frank osseo, r. lofgren, erick red top lofgren, a. h. tower logan, frank kenwood pkway, mpls. lov, chas. r. , hopkins lovering, thos. campbell loucks, chas. h. mankato luchan, h. j. fertile ludlow, h. j. worthington lundholm, dr. e. m. univ. ave., st. paul lundborg, theo. a. nisswa lund, geo. excelsior luitjens, a. clara city lucas, dr. h. e. champlin lubich, franz river falls, wis. luitjens, d. g. hopkins, r. no. , care of chas. asplund lucas, geo. a. s. th st., mpls. lufi, o. c. la crescent lundberg, s. l. red wing, no. lund, peter stillwater, park place luhman, henry howard lake ludwig, mrs. frank iglehart ave., st. paul luedloff, herman cologne luther, otto hills lunden, h. o. slayton lund, c. f. maple plain luhmann, j. c. w. wabasha st., winona lusk, w. f. hythe st., st. paul lyness, chas. e. new richmond lysen, aug. o. lowry magnuson, j. e. st st. se., st. cloud madison, geo. c. newport mander, frank c. hastings ave., st. paul manuel, dr. k. janie masonic temple, mpls. mace, florence duluth mace, clarissa e. duluth maass, win. h. waconia mahlman, h. w. plato maclennan, r. grand rapids manchester, edwin v. hopkins mansfield, miss c. mankato mace, r. e. e. rd st., duluth maney, peter, jr. grygla manz, f. w. paynesville magnuson, swen templeton, cal. malmsten, f. w. western ave., mpls. malmberg, e. w. lafayette mahler, adolph waseca malmquist, g. wayzata malitor, martin st. cloud malberg, p. b. thief river falls mahler, c. fairmont, n. d. magnuson, i. e. willmar maddy, mrs. emma annandale macnab, j. c. lombard st., winnipeg, can. mann, r. t. excelsior, r. malmberg, chas. a. lindstrom manley, l. b. torrey bldg., duluth maher, howard devils lake, n. d. maine, m. f. met. life bldg., mpls. magie, mrs. frank london rd., duluth macdonough, mary emerson, n. d. mains, t. u. th ave. s., mpls. mailand, c. h. newport manthun, reinhold dent manuel, r. w. orlin ave. se., mpls. majerns, math. brooten magnuson, o. j. isanti mareck, titus ridgewood ave., mpls. marshall, mrs. l. emogene irving so., mpls. martin, f. j. excelsior martens, john bloomington ave. s., mpls. martin, john h. n. th st., mpls. marsh, v. p. big falls mariem, p. b. daytons bluff, sta. f, r. , st. paul marthaler, henry south st. paul martenson, alfred maynard, r. maruska, john a. new prague, r. , box martin, grant redwood falls mathews, mrs. jas. h. larimore, n. d. mathisen, geo. w. windom massee, a. w. albert lea mayo, e. d. s. fremont, mpls. maust, s. h. canton mayman, e. w. sauk rapids matzke, sil. so. st. paul mayland, a. w. albert lea mathison, thoger st. paul park mattison, dr. c. w. swea city, ia., box mathes, e. h. excelsior mayman, hattie a. sauk rapids mattson, f. terrace, b. c. mayne, prof. d. d. univ. farm, st. paul mason, joe long lake mather, o. l. s. st ave. e., duluth may, bernard stewart matzke, h. c. jefferson st., duluth may, prof. j. h. river falls, wis. masson, e. deerwood mathews, oscar r. newell, s. d. mathews, miss harriet w. college st., rochester mattocks, brewer jr. woodland ave., duluth mawin, geo. g. warroad mellinger, t. s. pine island merrill, geo. e. washburn so., mpls. mense, f. g. aldrich s. mpls. meeker, mary k. clinton ave., mpls. meeds, a. d. harriet ave., mpls. meadow lawn farm st. peter, r. no. meginess, fred j. winona merritt, mrs. john e. aitkin meisinger, engelb. stryker ave., w. st. paul meelker, ben raymond mendenhall, w. j. th ave. ne., mpls. mead, p. h. white bear lake melson, john deerwood merritt, c. h. woodland ave., duluth merritt, neal r. hinckley meyer, henry blue earth meyer, j. h. austin meyer, c. h. west ave., red wing meyer, frank excelsior, r. no. mesenbring, otto clayton, wis., care louis schmidt meyenburg, h. c. montvideo meyer, e. st. louis park, r. no. meyers, rev. j. st. james miller, w. l. e. th st., st. paul metcalf, dr. f. w. winton meyers, j. e. n. th st., mpls. mills, d. l. lake city miks, rev. a. st. michael mpls. public library mpls. miller e. b. mpls., r. , sta. f. milne, h. a. elmerado, n. d., r. no. mighton, s. r. winnipeg, man., box miller, h. j. cologne miner, h. p. dupont so., mpls. mix, h. p. lidgewood, n. d. miller, warren verdi mitchell, d.m. owatonna mitchell, w. b. st ave. s., st. cloud minder, emma ortonville michelson, nels austin miller, elbert w. r. , anoka mills, l. d. garden city miller, hans f. p. n. greeley, stillwater middleton, e. c. baudette miller, t. e. ely mpls. real estate bd. andrus bldg., mpls. miller w. l. e. th st., st. paul miller, o. a. rainbow hotel, great falls, mont. miller, s. j. briarcombe farm, winona mitchell, mrs. harry halma minn. northern nurs. co. raymond ave., st. paul miller, joseph hopkins miller, chas. morgan no., mpls. miller, wm. j. warroad, box miller, hjalmar s. lindstrom miller, e. amery, wis. mielke, geo. sidney, mont. miller, henry c. sauk center mpls. architectural club nic. ave., mpls. miller, sarah a. sauk rapids moehring, otto montevideo moore, w. m. forest service, santa barbara, cal. moeser, ed st. louis park moore, mrs. c. f. worthington moberg, aron lowry moline, e. j. henn. ave., mpls. monson, n. l. buffalo lake mondeng, chas. newton ave. n. mpls. moeser, ernest st. louis park montgomery, katherine a. bradley st. sta., st. paul, r. , bx. montgomery, w. c. excelsior, r. no. moore, john e. louisville moede, h. f. buffalo lake moody, geo. w. amery, wis. moeser, miss flora st. louis park molander, a. l. bemidji moline, geo. woodstock molenar, john raymond, r. monk, b. b. minot, n. d. moen, a. a. bemidji, r. mojha, joseph r. no. , lonsdale moore, e. v. eagle bend moen, albert o. smithport moberg, oscar lowry moe, p. c. mentor morrison, rev. j. d. e. supr. st., duluth moran, c. b. newport morey, geo. w. van buren st. ne., mpls. moris, mrs. f. rondo st., st. paul morris, john r. beaudette morgan, benj. h. so. th st., leavensworth, kan. morrill, e. w. hopkins, r. morton, mrs. e. h. st. louis park mortz, aug. stewart morlan, ogden c. colfax s., mpls. mortenson, j. p. new richland moritz, isaac hector morrison, mrs. eugenia excelsior morley, jas. wahpeton, n. d. morse, john h. washburn ave. s., mpls. morgan, r. m. howard lake moen, albert o. terrace, r. , box molsted, c. e. valley city, n. d. moffitt, mrs. f. l. univ. ave. se., mpls. moses, mrs. w. s. wahkon motter, j. p. lamberton mousel, henry canby moss, w. f. worthington mosbjerg, chr. th st. n., mpls. moulton, h. r. windom mott, f. r. hibbing moses, j. b. jackson munch, mrs. e. w. crookston mullen, a. j. custom house, mpls. mudd, mrs. neva sandstone munson, nels cokato mulqueeneg, mrs. jas. buffalo munn, mrs. m. d. forest lake mundt, fred sunfish rd., r. , w. st. paul mullen, john t. litchfield munsterteiger, arthur buffalo mulroy, m. f. brown's valley murray, j. w. excelsior murray, d. l. blooming prairie murray, chas. m. princeton musser, r. d. little falls musser, c. r. mer. state bk. bldg., muscatine, ia. murphy, frederick p. central lake murdock, h. e. queen ave. s, st. paul murray, mrs. h. j. osceola ave., st. paul mutny, john s. gregory, s. d. musil, f. j. hector musil, rudolph hector murdock, e. c. scheffman bldg., st. paul myrah, e. g. spring grove mcbroom, j. k. excelsior mcbride, a. f. marshall ave., st. paul mcallister, geo. e. emerson n., mpls. mccullough, francis mound mccabe, mrs. m. sta. f., mpls. mcconachie, n. perham mccallum, john clinton, r. no. mccoy, dr. mary w. supr. st., duluth mccabe, w. j. abbotsford ave., duluth mccullach, jas. t. washburn, n. d. mcclintock, r. g. willmar mccaleb, seth eyota mccathy, t. caledonia mccabe, m. m. roslyn ave., duluth mccall, geo. w. fort williams, ont. mccarthy, f. f. e. th st., duluth mccormick, miss care geo. h. rogers, blaisdell ave., mpls. mcelroy white bear, bx mcduffee, herbert s. d ave. s., mpls. mcfadden, dr. c. a. tioga st., duluth mcguire, a. j. univ. farm, st. paul mcguire, s. h. annandale mcgonagle, mrs. w. a. hunter's park, duluth mcgolerick, bishop, jas. duluth mckusick, miss florence m. stillwater mckee, maude l. hotel waverly, mpls. mcmillan, f. g. no. , th st., se., mpls. mcleod, neil a. d ave. se., mpls. mcmahon, j. a. arago mclaughlin, peter hunter, n. d. mclarty, jas. neche, n. d., r. mclean, robt. c. palace bldg., mpls. mcnair, c. i. cloquet mcneil, mrs. alex dayton mcquoid, jas. pipestone mcquire, mrs. d. f. hopkins mcpherson, a. k. walker mcphail, a. j. hibbing naslund, adolph tower, bx neils, julius cass lake neinabor, chas. round lake neal, j. a. p. st nat. bk. bldg., duluth neilson, a. mankato nelson, c. n. storden nelson, oscar w. aitken, r. nelson, chas. f. hythe st., st. anthony park nelson, c. g. lindstrom nelson, f. a. atwater nelson, hans fergus falls nelson, jacob beltrami nelson, hans twin valley nelson, c. a. a. park rapids, bx. nelson, peter e. montevideo nelson, anton grasston nelson, mrs. sim. westbrook nelson, mrs. v. d. th st. s., mpls. nelson, c. j. willmar nelson, hugo c. hibbing nelson, mrs. wm. box , spooner nelson, p. j. clarissa nelson, chas. j. r. , eagle bend nelson, s. r. owatonna nelson, a. n. r. , box , hopkins nelson, e. s. robert st., w. st. paul nelson, hon. e. m. fairmount, n. d. nelson, e. v. box , alta dens, cal. nelson, m. o. harriet ave., mpls. nelson, andrew northland nelson, martin r. , hopkins nellermoe, f. g. buffalo lake ness, h. h. wash. n., mpls. newland, h. custom house, mpls. newberg, a. excelsior newell, wilfred mayo farm, rochester newmann, a. h. sta. f., r. , mpls. n.y. state col. of for. syracuse, n. y. nesbitt, mrs. victoria k. th ave. e., duluth neske, mrs. albert waseca neudecker, a. s. clements nesdahl, ole box , shevlin nettleton, c. h. stockton newhall, mrs. h. f. humboldt s., mpls. ness, gabriel hannaford, n. d. n.y. state ranger school wanakena, n. y. nesbitt, mrs. w. l. fremont s., mpls. nelson, henry oslo nelson, alfred m. hector nelson, a. m. elliot ave. s., mpls. nelson, a. e. r. , box , felton nelson, geo. h. hope, minn., via owatonna nelson, walter r. , oslo nelson, l. m. th ave. s., mpls. nelson, e. m. fairmount, n. d. nelson, fred s. maple plain nelson, s. c. alexandria nelsen, leslie goff ave., w. st. paul nelson, carl a. cokato nelson, john baudette nieman, chas. hamburg, wis. niemeyer, c., w. calif. st., pasadena, calif. nichols, s. s. cham. of com., mpls. nichols, mrs. c. h. palace st., st. paul nielsen, n. mankato nickel, geo. reading nicol, henry c. mail carrier , st. paul nicholson, mrs. sam'l j. nic. ave., mpls. noble, a. s. dent norderhus, paul s. murdock nolte, henry duluth nordby, ed. j. renville norval, wm. elk river nordbye, o. w. granite falls northern pine mfgrs. assn., lumber ex. minneapolis norin, dr. frans l. roseau nousse, john western no., w. st. paul nordine, john lake city. noble, fred e. lucy st., st. paul nowlen, b. e. chilcombe ave., st. paul nordquist, e. d. evansville novak, frank lonsdale nohava, mathias lonsdale norton, john lonsdale norberg, mrs. c. eastwood noehl, nicholas r. , dassel norton, a. w. cumberland, wis. n.w. nat. bk. information & pub. dept., minneapolis nutter, f. h. sykes blk., mpls. nydahl, j. l. st ave. so., mpls. nygaard, thos. th ave s.e., mpls. nyman, col. m. r. st ave. so., mpls. nystrom, o. eastwood nysoeu, c. o. pelican rapids o'brien pat renville o'connor, jas., jr. granite falls oberleiter, john pequot oberleiter, mrs. maria pequot oberg, alma mayer olson, s. j. grand meadow olson, oscar a. truman olson, wm. c. r. , maynard olson, ova boyd olson, john a. boyd olson, chas. r. , lindstrom olson, miss julia aitkin olson, geo. w. carver olmstead, mrs. e. w., lake of isles blvd., mpls. olsen, chesta central olsen, peter eastwood olson, paul taylor st. n.e., mpls. olin, miss signe j., no. th ave. w. duluth olson, j. j. central lakes odell, mrs. r. r. irwing so., mpls. oehring, c. c. elkader, ia. oesch, fred winona o'hara, dr. p. waverly ohr, e. j. sta. f, r. , mpls. ogren, g. c. cambridge oehler, mrs. ira c., st. claire st. st. paul ogaard, arthur j. hettinger, n. d. ogroskie, paul deer river olson, lewis r. , kalispell, mont. oldenburg, henry c. carlton olsen, h. p. r. , st. louis park olson, aug. r. kennedy olson, j. b. willmar oleson, michael montevideo olson, mrs. d. w. white bear olson, peter m. r. , zumbrota olmstead, rett e. excelsior olson, o. e. r. , bx. , braham olney, will knox, n. d. olson, o. j. w. th st., st. paul olson, edwin o. r. , dent olson, o. g. porter olson, c. h. beltrami olds, l. pequot ollinger, j. f. hopkins oldenberg, c. j. r. , belle plain olson, wm. g. dunnel olson, oluf burtrum olson, hjalmer c. bx. , ironwood, mich. olson, mrs. otto w. eagle bend olson, oscar orr old, mrs. w. a., washburn ave. s. minneapolis olson, a. h. w. robert st., st. paul olson, miss margaret wyoming olson, martin lake city olson, c. e. underwood oleson, cris cushing, wis. old, mrs. m. e., w. minnehaha st. st. paul oredalen, ole kenyon o'neill, o. h. globe bldg., st. paul opsata, c. bemidji omland, erik mcintosh orr, grier m. laurel ave., st. paul o'neil, wm. cass lake orwell, c. s. clarkfield o'neill, jas. m. woodstock oram, martin th ave. s., mpls. orr, mrs. g. m. laurel ave., st. paul ordway, mrs. l. p. portland ave., st. paul o'meara, steve lesueur center omann, m. e. stewart octhoudt, geo. eden prairie oppegaard, e. o. sacred heart oregon agri. col. library corvallis, ore. orde, g. s. riverdale ave., calgary, can. osborn, john dassel ostern, l. n. montevideo osborne, e. w. b. p. bldg., st. paul ottis, frank j. forest, st. paul osborn, l. m. sheridan s., mpls. orsborn, h. e. rd ave. s., mpls. osgood, h. e. st. paul otte, e. w. s. wabasha st. w. st. paul ostergren, e. a. n. st. paul ostrom, mrs. c. j. winthrop otosa, a. l. r. , st. james osborn, frank h. r. , albert lea otto, w. h. s. robert st., w. st. paul oswald, wm. k. th st., cloquet ott, adolph r. , granite falls overgaard, p. h. albert lea ouellette, c. a. arkwright st., st. paul owens, john xerxes ave. s., mpls. overn, a. v. albert lea owens, john cook pabody, mrs. e. f. th st. s., mpls. palzer, casper mazeppa paine, f. w. sellwood bldg., duluth palmer, ezra paynesville palmer, s. e. browerville palke, stephan bryant, wis. parman, e. a. hudson, wis. partridge, h. c. owatonna parker, c. w. valley river, man. parsons, john b. fergus falls parks, w. s. thorp, wis. parsons, frank maple plain parker, percy w. dispatch bldg., st. paul partridge, van b. owatonna parks, mrs. walter airlie parker, vern pine island parks, robt. shell lake, wis. parker, f. m. garden city parker, ira j. waverly hotel, mpls. patten, j. w. long lake patience, j. c. little falls passmore, miss c. w. r. , box , hopkins paup, f. o. sherburn paterson, j. f. south shore, white bear patterson, m. t. ellendale patterson, mrs. j. o. james ave. n., mpls. passehl, fred r. , montrose peerless rubber mfg. co. pierce bldg., st. louis, mo. peck, mrs. e. w. orchard gardens, savage pentney, e. h. manitou peabody, lloyd delavan ave., st. paul peck, c. w. redwood falls perl, h. j. iglehart st., st. paul pearce, g. a. allendale ave., duluth peabody, f. c. merrifield peck, harold j. deer river perry, mrs. gentz amery, wis. perkins, t. l. r. , red wing pervogal, h. j. s. clintworth st., st. paul pegenholf, edward maple plain pegenholf, john maple plain peil, l. l. n. p. bldg., st. paul perkins, paul h. th ave. n., mpls. peck, chas. washburn, wis. peiffer, n. j. al. eden valley penney, john cushing, wis. penning, martin new ulm pederson, p. a. beardsley pengilly, jas. r. , osseo perry, p. h. excelsior perkins, thos. race track, mont. peek, c. m. eureka pedersen, a. w. comfrey pellet, f. a. akeley peachy, mrs. chas. austin pearson, hjalmer r. , welch perkins, alfred wakefield ave., st. paul penney, a. w. stacyville, ia. peavey, l. j. r. , osseo pennington, e. nd ave. s., mpls. peake, g. w. univ. farm, st. paul perkins, mrs. w. f. crystal lake ave., mpls. peck, c. c. munsing, mich. pevy, e. p. clearbrook pederson, f. w. lincoln ave., st. paul peterson, alvin astoria, s. d. peterson, jos. lake crystal peterson, p. h. atwater peterson, c. o. willmar peterson, carl f. storden peterson, f. j. waconia peterson, o. m. albert lea peterson, r. waldo canby pew, fremont c. r. , mankato peterson, hans van buren st. n.e., mpls. peterson, fred albert lea peterson, l. e. r. , stanchfield peter, justus cor. smith ave. & annapolis st., st. paul peterson, jas. blooming prairie peterson, aug. w. maple st., stillwater peterson, john p. aldrich peterson, chas. j. r. . burtrum peterson, linder box , bessemer, mich. peterson, mrs. c. a. everett ave., everett, wash. peterson, axel excelsior peterson, f. w. th ave. s. e., mpls. peterson, peter ruthton peterriens, j. p. echo peterson, oscar buffalo petry, arthur c. pacific st., st. paul peterson, mrs. martin r. , kintyre, n. d. peterson, j. gorman ave., w. st. paul peterson, a. e. th ave. s., mpls. peterson, j. h. r. , holdingford pettengell, ben saum peterson, chas. j. maynard peterson, j. h. fort ripley peterson, hjalmar box , buffalo peterson, spurgeon hayfield peterson, mrs. victoria eastwood peterson, h. c. sleepy eye peterson, thos. e. rd st., duluth pfister, j. m. marietta pfaender, wm., j. new ulm pfeiffer, c. a. r. , winona pfeiffer, fred morton pfaender, walter c. new ulm pfeiffer, mrs. c. e. winona phillips, h. fort williams, west ont. pineo, dr. w. b. pillsbury bldg., mpls. pimley, a. e. park rapids pinkerton, s. w. capitol ave. st. paul pischner, august r. , mankato pickatta, martin stewart pierce, e. b. seymour ave. s.e., mpls. piringer, frank w. bernard st., w. st. paul picha, john l. new prague pickle, julia l. st. croix falls, wis. pierce, mrs. baxter ashland, mont. pierce, p. p. delaware st., mpls. peterson, peter deer river peters, h. p. glenwood platten, will j. oakland ave., green bay, wis. pladsen, emil milaca plank, mrs. josephine hopkins plan, chas. enver grove plotner, oscar saum platten, h. j. dousman st., green bay, wis. plainview public library plainview pond, e. r. r. , mpls. poppler, john frazee pond, d. s. sta. f, r. , mpls. porter, j. n. girard n., mpls. popelka, j. j. ogilvie porter, amos lake benton potts, chas. w. deerwood poole, w. a. forest river, n. d. poore, hamlin v. bird island pommer, mrs. geo. garfield ave. s., mpls. poirier, l. s. lewis st., duluth pollack, mrs. robt. avondale st., duluth pomije, rev. h. d. olivia potter, a. h. irving ave. s., mpls. poussin, g. w. onigum powers, frank w. garfield ave., mpls. powell, f. w. willmar posz, l. a. winona potter, n. c. hector powell, j. l. pillager poseley, h. e. cove powers, prof. wm. h. agri. college, brookings, s.d. potter, b. f. s. nokomis ave., mpls. poucher, thos. s. n. st. paul potter, w. l. raymond posivis, john sherburne prentice, chas. d. r. , highwood, st. paul prosser, l. w. leroy prentice, s. l. winona pratt, dr. c. c. imanuel hospital, mankato price, mrs. w. l. excelsior preston, c. a. hastings pruett, elmer w. ely premo, alex e. annapolis, w. st. paul primus, john melrose pritchard, robt. m. box , hibbing prohl, john traverse, duluth prinzing, d. s. rushford prime, f. g. r. , wayzata prest, miss marion summit ave., st. paul prodoehl, h. r. olivia probstfield, mrs. edmund moorhead prova, mrs. harry kelliher probett, miss ida stevens ave., mpls. prescott, mrs. e. e. jessamine st., st. paul preisler, o. s. s. st. paul ptacek, c. j. long prairie putnam, s. t. battle lake public library st. paul public library winnipeg, man. purdy, c. e. lake st. w. & excelsior ave., mpls. purdham, c. w. r. , osseo puffer, h. m. th st. & nd ave. s., mpls. putnam, r. w. care bank pierce-simmons, red wing punderson, j. m. northfield pumper, thos. a. lonsdale pudil, jas. hopkins pugh, mrs. dana v. howell st., duluth putman, w. l. pelican rapids quale, g. e. willmar quam, o. t. nerstrand quinn, mrs. j. j. wentworth ave. s., mpls. quist, wm. r. , red wing quinn, j. h. delano quady. wm. blue earth quast, john buffalo lake quigly, d. j. litchfield quandt, wm. buffalo lake quinlan, m. new prague quinn, j. a. tower rains, dr. j. m. willmar rankin, prof. a. w. th st. s.e., mpls. ramsdell, chas. h. n.y. life bldg., mpls. rafelson, anton montevideo ramey, e. w. redwood falls ray, f. w. th ave. n.e., mpls. ralston, dr. j. f. cavalier, n. d. ramm, e. a. winona raths & seavolt wabasha st., st. paul rand, b. r. frazee rauscher, john bidwell st., st. paul raub, clark winnebago sahlfing, w. m. cleveland rarig, prof. f. m. barton ave. s.e., mpls. rauen, mrs. p. j. white bear raddatz, arthur pine island rathlisberger, chas. slayton ranney, h. f. benson raftery, w. h. garrison, n. d. reeder, g. s. sauk rapids reed, john a. cham. of com., mpls. rees, s. b., jr. linden hills, r. , mpls. reeves, n. h. nd st. n., mpls. reeves, mrs. john nemadji reed, calvin care m. j. johnson, manning, n. d. reese, l. a. cumberland, wis. redpath, geo. a. big sandy, mont. rector, s. m. deer creek reeves, e. m. waverly, ia. regnier, e. montreal, st. paul ree, selmer s. r. , zumbrota reeves, mrs. h. g. nemadji reamer, j. l. greysolon rd., duluth reed, m. h. hastings rehbein, ed r. , duluth reinking, wm. osseo rekedal, s. e. lucan reichert, john e. th st., red wing reno, nils excelsior revord, t. a. austin renner, max st. louis park, minn. remel, casper menomonie, wis. reynolds, m. n. turtle river reif, geo. h. white bear remsker, rev. peter canby reiland, wm. r. , box , w. st. paul rempel, henry d. mountain lake renney, s. e. pillsbury, mpls. reinhardt, s. h. r. , merriam park reynolds, j. w. kelliher reiten, lars s. hastings, n. d. reynolds, virginia a. w. franklin, mpls. rekkedal, ole minneota reynolds, john crystal bay reithner, c. w. deer river rhodes, clarence h. the pioneer co., rd & minn. st., st. paul richardson, ira e. new brighton richardson, l. p. comfrey riehl, frank belle plaine richardson, a. w. howard lake rieke, adolph fairfax rice, f. c. northfield rice, l. h. park rapids rice, c. f. n. th st., mpls. rice, millard box no. , berg, n. d. richardson, jerry hastings rice, mrs. e. v. dayton riden, t. e. shevlin rieger, rev. m. hinckley richardson, a. o. menahga riegel, j. m. care dispatch ptg. co., st. paul richards, j. w. london rd., duluth richardson, h. c. e. th st., duluth rice, h. j. benson richards, mrs. frank a. dayton ave., st. paul richardson, w. d. care swift & co., chicago rink, mrs. m. hastings ave., st. paul risser, h. a. r. , hopkins rittle, miss anna e. marshall ave., st. paul rittmaster, harry allen st. w. st. paul ritchell, wm. sta. a., minneapolis ritchell, mrs. frank h. hayes st. n.e., mpls. rising, marion s. laurel ave., st. paul risch, john elkton, s. d. ritchie, j. h. r. , white bear lake rimstad, ludvik dawson rindahl, c. l. oklee ritt, a. sinnen st., st. paul risk, miss mary m. r. , adams, wis. risdale, p. s. am. for. assn., washington, d. c. robinson, geo. w. n. snelling ave., st. paul robinson, chas. a. s. xerxes ave., mpls. robbins, h. m. excelsior robson, c. a. red wing robertson, john hot springs, s. d. roads & forests majestic bldg., detroit roberts, c. m. w. th st., minneapolis roberts, miss emma m. e. st st., mpls. rogers, c. r. st. anthony falls sta., mpls. rodgers, dr. emma white bear roe, c. e. providence bldg., duluth rodecker, l. v. gladstone rohan, mrs. m. a. nicollet ave., mpls. rockhill, harlow conrad, ia. rognlie, p. b. esmond, n. d. rogers, mrs. geo. n., e. king st., winona roke, rev. w. e. verndale roe, fredrik madison rogers, t. c. hennepin ave., mpls. rodenberg, henry mindora, wis. rogers, h. n. farmington rojina, frank univ. farm, st. paul rockhill, oscar larchwood, ia. roche, wm. inkster, n. d. rowell, h. h. s. box lewiston, idaho ross, norman m. indian head, sask. rosenwald, j. f. madison rosander, j. w. wayzata rosacker, hans th ave. and h. st. n. e. mpls. rolin, john breckenridge rowe, john verndale rosenquist, mrs. j. o. blaisdell ave., mpls. rosenquist, edwin eagle bend ronnigen, otto madison rossacker, hans stinson blvd., mpls. rowley, j. a. blooming prairie rokes, g. b. woodstock rosenberger, peter stryker ave, st. paul rowe, dr. a. t. larimore, n. d. rotty, mrs. clara r. , hastings rotty, john sr. r. , hastings rowse, and. simpson rolvaag, prof. o. e. manitou ave., northfield rosengren, carl sacred heart rovang, o. n. dalton rowe, w. h. st. james rosholt, mrs. julius penn ave., mpls. rosenstein, david washington ave., mpls. rowell, w. w. nd ave. s., mpls. rose, logan mankato runals, maj. d. e. edgerton ruff, mrs. d. w. c. bald eagle lake rupley, geo. lyceum bldg., duluth russell, dr. e. b. excelsior ruble, c. h. albert lea russell, s. b. rochester reudlinger, c. n. aldrich ave., mpls. rucker, i. w. aitkin russell, dr. thos. grand rapids running, alvin montevideo rutherford, geo. clara city rusten, erland j. box , r. , beresford, s. d. ruble, harry e. albert lea russell, hans warroad rush, john h. buffalo lake rue, e. b. lakefield rue, b. o. lakefield ruttger, jos. deerwood rustin, j. o. kelliher ruenitz, nis sleepy eye rude, t. a. rd ave. s., st. paul ruth, s. s. deer river rust, c. r. e. superior st., duluth ryan, timothy hopkins rysgaard, jens orchard gardens, savage ryan, geo. l. north st. paul ryden, p. cambridge salzer, geo. plymouth bldg., minneapolis salbach, f. c. th st. n., great falls, mont. sampson, l. f. excelsior saam, john e. th st., st. paul salveson, rev. adolph toronto, s. d. salander, g. donaldson's greenhouse, mpls. saltnass, a. m. th ave. s., mpls. sabin, bert mission samuelson, h. r. box , r. , lafayette sahlin, peter red top samuelson, fred eastwood sampson, richard excelsior sand, ole o. elbow lake sawyer mrs. n. s. excelsior sandrock, wm. houston sayre, r. e. st st. sta., chicago, ill. sartell, mrs. jos. st. cloud sandboe, i. a. wegdahl sane, peter p. r. , montevideo salter, lewis morris sandberg, c. m. lake city sauter, a. excelsior sands, louis agri. school, st. paul sawyer, c. w. wash. ave. n., mpls. sanford, mort faribault sanborn, louis lumber exchange, mpls. sanderson, oscar albert lea satrang, i. i. waterville, ia. sanders, j. h. buffalo lake sanby, e. elbow lake sanborn, edward a. marshall ave., st. paul saunders, mrs. wm. robbinsdale sawyer, l. e. fillmore st. n. e., mpls. saxson, c. r. worthington sandberg, john h. pequot saueressig, w. a. drake, n. d. sanford, m. w. faribault scott, wm. g. r. , winnipeg, man. schlemmer, a. chisago city schotzko, f. e. springfield schwerin, henry echo scherber, j. d. rogers schreiner, francis x. r. , w. st. paul schmidt, edward r. , mankato schiffrer, rev. val. madison schmitz, jacob shakopee schrooten, j. fairmont schumann, carl round lake scott, z. d. scott-graff lbr. co., duluth schulcz, peter wells schlemmer, c. h. hague ave., st. paul schnathorst, wm. frazee schultz, l. s. excelsior schriber, fred h. white bear lake scott, miss zaidee a. mcknight bldg., mpls. scone, mrs j. a. girard ave. n., mpls. schumaker, r. h. bemidji schroedel, john sherburn schumacher, albert g. fairfax schultz, wm. g. elgin schaffer, arthur r. , windom scott, w. c. doswell, st. paul schlegel, f. t. chokio schmickle, c. w. south haven schmitt, adrian nd st. n. e., mpls. scobie, frank sleepy eye schmitt, jos. e. stryker and butler st., w. st. paul schleusner, ernest r. , menomonie, wis. schulz, joseph lester prairie scobie, bertha c., eddy st., chicago, ill. schultz, mrs. o. w., st ave. s., mpls. scherf, fred osseo schlomkey, chas. newport scott, john t. hythe st., st. paul score, john j. wolf butte, n. d. schuneman, wesley schuneman & evans, st. paul schulz, carl melrose schroeder, c. a. mankato schaefer, mrs. henry sta. f, r. , mpls. schuneman, carl t. schuneman & evans, st. paul scott, e. b. laporte schweizer, myron, hague ave., st. paul schechter, j. r. , worthington scott, c. g., gowan lenning brown, duluth schnidt, rev. otto e. decorah, ia. scanlan, john s. long prairie schultz, theo. r. , monticello scheffold, rev. geo. wayzata schoeneman, wm. f. goff ave., w. st. paul schneider, j. j. renville schwarg, mrs. p. j. dodge center schneider, rudolph c. osceola ave., st. paul schmidt, alois hugo sell, chas. delano selvig, c. c. willmar seiler, j. m. excelsior secor, eugene forest city, ia. searles, robt. hammond, wis. seifert, frank l. new ulm segrin, frank sauk center seines, o. e. windom seidl, john n. goff ave., w. st. paul selby, j. s. la crescent secor, a. j. pipestone sederstrom, alfred r. , montevideo sebbe, nels box , esmond, n. d. seitz, w. a. laurel, mont. severson, f. l. stewartville setterholm, l. w. dale severa, emil vincent ave. n., mpls. senecal, j. w., yale place, apt. , mpls. seymore, mrs. m. t., w. rd st., duluth seward, fred central lake shannon, r. annandale shepley, mrs. e. l. summit court, st. paul shave, alfred s. hawley shattuck, g. w. whalan shaw, robt. finkley shelley, t. e. hanska shenahan, f. c., univ. of minn., minneapolis sherwood, geo. e. kimball shelland, miss ann dept. public inst., capitol, st. paul sherwood, w. c. woodland ave., duluth sherman nursery co. charles city, ia. sharpless. rev. s. f. fergus falls shenk, wm. j., oakland ave., w. st. paul shenandoah nurseries shenandoah, iowa shepherd, a. k., ashland ave., st. paul shane, danl. west salem, wis. sharp, a. b. lincoln shaw, dr. a. w. buhl sherman, e. d. morgan sherwood, m. w. chatfield shellum, jacob goodthunder sharpsteen, mr. cecil st. s.e., mpls. sheppard, f. j., e. lake st. minneapolis sheer, otto maple plain shaw botanical gardens st. louis, mo. sheldrew, geo. grygla shaw, daniel thief river falls shirley, h. l. breckenridge short, mrs. john wayzata shoen, mrs. mary comfrey shivley, lloyd r. tower shields, miss box , shields, pa. shields, martin m. faribault shoaff, t. h. grand rapids shoquist, isaac clinton simmons, w. a. so. spring ave., sioux falls, s. d. simpson, hon. david, n.y. life bldg., mpls. sipher, mrs. a. j. aitkin simmons, w. a. s. spring ave., sioux fals, s. d. siehl, c. d. beard ave. s., mpls. simmons, irwin glenwood sims, s. a. excelsior siegle, simon carver sill, j. w. belgrade simison, dr. c. w. hawley simon, otto goff ave., w. st. paul sikes, s. r. wash. ave. so., mpls. silliman, a. p. hibbing singer, edw. erie signs, mrs. c. e. ottawa st., st. paul sinclair, c. e. kasota blk., mpls. silbernagel, peter, jr. dent simons, orlando glencoe simek, alois l. state ave., owatonna sigl, cyrill m. hopp, mont. sinclair, mrs. e. l. so. prospect, rochester simmons, a. w. forest lake sisler, a. m. grand rapids sincock, w. j. central ave., virginia simmons, l. l. grand marais sjoquist, john a. st. james skytte, c. j. fisher and autumn st., st. paul skinner, j. w. saum skinnemoen, ole wendell skoog, a. l. carver skorpen, jens valley city, n. d. skrivseth, b. l. buxton, n. d. skogland, clarence e. ave., red wing skinner, j. h. austin skretting, rasmus red top skaurud, h. o. r. , twin valley sloan, f. g. ellendale slinner, l. burtrum sloan, mrs. j. b. laurel ave., st. paul slack, h. w. princeton ave., st. paul smith, c. h. faribault smith, f. c. plumb city, wis. smith, mrs. w. s. portland ave., st. paul smith, e. d. phoenix bldg., mpls. smith, s. d. stanton smith, c. l. hawthorn ave., mpls. smith, t. c. lakeville smith, a. d. redwood falls smith, l. z. mankato smith, d. d. st. paul smith, fred w. bottineau, n. d. smiley, r. w. e. nd. st., duluth smith, b. w. e. lake st., mpls. smith, w. f. sturgeon lake smith, mrs. geo. w. dent smith, geo. d. faribault smith, rev. f. j. st. francis smith, h. w. r. , richville smith, wm. richville smith, theo. richville smith, e. e. r. , south haven smith, c. w. lakeville smith, joe j. agri. college, n. d. emith, a. c. commonwealth ave., st. paul smith, mrs. jessie e. thief river falls smith, geo. o. minn. ave., duluth simer, jerome spring park snyder, c. e. preston snell, h. d. chilcomb ave., st. paul snoke, guy wayzata sorenson, s. anoka solem, o. a. th. halstad solseth, ed. a. box , watson sorenson, otto a. albert lea soderlund, nels box , alvarado sommerfeld, f. w. echo solem, peter thief river falls soderholm, ellis atwater sommers, benj. th and wacouta st., st. paul soderholm, c. reading soule, h. e. plymouth bldg., mpls. southall, john berlin, n. d. solberg, a. j. winger sonnesyn, e. c. th ave. so., mpls. sorby, h. montevideo sovereign, mrs. emma sauk rapids souther, moses f. hector sorenson, jens alb. armstrong soesch, m. c. r. , kimball spates, s. r. wayzata sperr, fred donnelly spadino, fred st. paul park spiten, o. g. hayfield sprague, clifford madelia speelman, mrs. s. a. turtle river spencer, g. h. hawthorn rd., duluth sperl, john b. box , r. , w. st. paul spicer, w. a. r. , bagley sprague, mrs. jas. w., irving s., mpls. sperbeck, frank r. , winona spielman, e. f. r. , worthington stai, chas. r. torrey bldg., duluth starr, miss elizabeth minneapolis state reformatory st. cloud stahl, h. h. minot, n. d. stakman, prof. e. c. univ. farm, st. paul staar, john grasston stanley, t. w. baudette stassen, win. a. charlton germs, st. paul stahl, chas. laporte staley, g. m. grand rapids stahl, f. j. cottage park, white bear steller, g. f. excelsior stevenson, a. p. morden, man. steiner, john iona stewart, prof. john st. anthony park stelter, a. l. rosemount stemsrud, m. a. madison stebbins, vera oak grove st., mpls. stemple, aug. st. peter stevens, h. g. cloquet steele, wm. m. mound stewart, r. g. reaney st., st. paul steere, w. s. r. , savage stevens, w. c. thomas ave. so., mpls. sten, john red wing stennes, e. j. r. , montevideo steckel, rev. l. w. albert lea steene, peter lancaster stephens, p. j. estevan, sask. steenerson van hook, n. d. stender, mrs. chas. dent stenlyem, peter o. esmond, n. d. stevins, w. c. south haven stevens, s. geo. fond du lac stepanek, fred ogilvie stepanek, mrs. joe ogilvie stevens, mrs. j. w. holly ave., st. paul stevenson, miss isabel delhi steele, w. r. big fork stockwell, s. a. andrus bldg., mpls. stork, w. e., s. cleveland ave., st. paul street, h. g. hebron, ill. strader, w. m. r. , mankato stowe, j. m. hibbing stryker, mrs. j. e. pioneer press bldg., st. paul stoa, martin albert lea stromsedt, o. n. willmar strand, a. k. twin valley stryker, john d. woodland ave., hunters park, duluth stillwell, john a. arago stocker, ben sanborn stull, l. b. mazeppa strate, e. b. plum st., st. paul storeim, albert s. ortonville stone, a. l. benson stubbs, milton long lake strable, karl blaisdell ave., mpls. stickney, l. a. minnesota city stranden, ole g. swift stob, c. t. r. , svea stone, w. m. so. rd st., mpls. stoleson, theo. r. , viroqua, wis. stromnar, j. a. rollag stob, g. raymond strachaners, clarence syndicate bldg., mpls. strissel, h. e. fergus falls stowe, a. w. laurel, mont. strauss, mrs. minnie ohio st., st. paul strong, mrs. saml. hopkins stromstad, torval m. shelly strathern, john rich valley stewart, mrs. nina northfield strey, a. c. montrose stocking, wm. st. peter stockton, mrs. c. m. faribault stromme, c. k. hannaford, n. d. strong, j. p. excelsior stone, e. e. downing, wis. strandli, erick big falls stryker, john e. globe bldg., st. paul sundberg, chas. a. worthington sucker, adolph lewisville sundheim, a. m. park ave., mpls. sundt, ole m. willmar summerfield, isaac goodrich ave., st. paul summers, mrs. l. box -b, r. , mansfield, wash. sullwold, h. a. summit ave., st. paul sullivan, john iglehart, st. paul svaboda, frank canby svaboda, j. browerville swanson, albert r. , st. croix falls, wis. swann, j. r. madison swanson, chas. r. , no. st. paul swedberg, j. e. r. , battle lake swanson, c. w. box , r. , lafayette swanson, alfred boxrud ave., red wing swan, mrs. t. p. mendota swanson, henry a. cushing, wis. swanson, a. p. box stevensville, mont. swedberg, p. w. moose lake sweet, w. h. chicago ave., mpls. swensson, john box , r. , maynard swart, j. w. linden hills blvd., mpls. swenson, gunder r. , new london swenson, h. e. r. , center city swedberg, j. i. madison syrdal, r. r. shelly st. john, a. m. lakefield st. john, p. r. humboldt so., mpls. st. clair, h. estevan, sask. swanson, john w. stephen swanson, wm. dent swedenberg, m. f. lyndale sta., mpls. swenson, ed spring valley swanson, mrs. j. m. r. , eagle bend swanson, f. m. crete, n. d. swedberg, martin tappan, n. d. swenson, emil lafayette swanson, chas. s. w. litchfield swain, f. o. lincoln swanson, mrs. marie e. r. , st. croix falls, wis. swan, frank woodlake sweet, orla alexandria taylor, m. f. anoka talcott, mrs. a. l. westbrook taylor, john w. globe bldg., st. paul tallant, f. e. plymouth bldg., mpls. tallafson, h. s. r. , willmar taylor, thos. w. eagle bend taylor, j. g. nicollet ave., mpls. tavener, mark esmond, n.d. taylor, j. b. ipswich, s.d. tavis, fred albert lea tappe, chas. box , r. , sebeka taylor, g. f. excelsior tauscheck, jos. allen ave., w. st. paul tanner, f. o. brownsdale tappan, w. m. hibbing taylor, rev. wm. litchfield taner, geo. m. new ulm taylor, e. e. merrifield talland, g. m. woodland ave., duluth taylor, mrs. e. a. box , faribault taylor, wm. faribault terry, l. w. howard lake teisberg, o. t. zumbrota tewes, fred mazeppa teeple, david p. r. no. , wells tereau, mrs. f. iglehart ave., st. paul templeton, a. e. oneida bldg., mpls. tenter, henry dent tenter, wm. dent temple, lyle morristown tellin, mattie deer river thompson, f. s. sec. bldg., mpls. theilmann, geo. excelsior thunstedt, john willmar thiebaut, rev. c. browns valley thompson, torkel louisburg thorp, col. freeman hubert thomas, chas. j. frazee thompson, dr. c. s. w. - / main st., helena, mont. throolin, p. j. van buren st., ne, mpls. thomas, e. l. vergas thornton, m. j. deer river thorpe, ralph central ne., mpls. thornton, f. c. benson thornton, m. p. worthington thompson, robt. r. no. , willmar thompson, fred. m bricelyn thompson, w. j. pitt thompson, r. c. oneida blk., mpls. thor, herman mound thompson, m. j. supt. exp. farm, duluth thompson, harold care of lake shore greenhouses, albert lea theilen, chas. g. morgan ave. n., mpls. thompson, o. a. murdock thielman, p. r. st. cloud tharen, j. a. hills thener, john m. adrian thierschaefer, jos. r. , sauk center thomson, c. jean n. th ave. e., duluth thompson, thorwold oslo thomson, m. a. kennilworth ave., duluth thompson, l. c. ruthton thomson, w. j. shaunavon, sask. thorn, geo. r. , prescott, wis. tingley, w. j. forest lake tillotson, mrs. h. b. th st. se, mpls. tillisch, j. f. f. renville titus, s. l. endicott arcade, st. paul tillisch, mary a. washburn home, mpls. tiedt, mrs. fred argyle tilden, miss m. b. sta. f, mpls. tisdale, mrs. g. e. irving s., mpls. timmerman, mrs. wm. e. cook st., st. paul tjosvold, l. a. willmar torgerson, h. p. astoria, s.d. tomalin, w. h. bx. , regina, sask. totusek, frank j. silver lake towler, robt. s. r. , exceisior torfin, iver wannaska tollefson, hogen r. no. , clearbrook tomlinson, w. h. lesueur tolberg, o. edwin winner todd, j. e. dept. of prov. secy., toronto, ont. todji, rev. jos. searles tomlin, g. c. edgeley, n.d. tome, g. h. pine island townsend, mrs. eddie pine island tormanen, peter r. , cokato torgrim, j. r. w. rd ave., mitchell, s.d. todd, j. a. victoria st., duluth tostenson, e. jackson torguson, g. c. gleenwood trumble, h. w. sherburn trabert, chas. l., secy. elmwood ave., berkeley, sal. tripps, o. a. r. no. , st. cloud train, g. l. chisholm trafton, gilbert h. mankato trask, ebert saum trethewey, j. h. virginia trybe, thos. eagle bend trautz, geo. carroll ave., st. paul trotler, a. spruce st., virginia tschieda, matt st. cloud turner, h. h. northfield tuskind, c. o. davenport, n.d. turner, john shakopee tufte, theo. t. northwood, n.d. tucker, joe austin tull, w. h. padus, wis. tyacke, geo. proctor unze, geo. shakopee unumb, p. o. alexandria ueland, m. k. shelly univ. of wash. seattle, wash. uptagraft, leroy west concord unkenholz, s. w. mandan, n.d. utsch, herman little falls univ. of mo. genl. lib. columbia, mo. unumb, e. o. alexandria umbstaetter, mrs. shields, pa. ulschmit, john frazee uelander, t. l. crystal bay univ. of ill. library chicago, ill. vangen, peter o. box , r. , climax vande bogart, w. s. zumbrota van vick, john spiritwood, n.d. vandermarck, mrs. c. w. albert st., crookston vanstrum, john a. clarkfield vance, f. l. popple vander veer, geo. h. center city van duzee, e. m. white bear lake vanbeck, henry quincy st. ne., mpls. van loon, john r. , la crosse, wis. varden, archie care of frank bovey, wayzata van doom, j. c. sec. bldg., mpls. van stone, i. m. park ave., mpls. vacinek, vaclav r. , pine city veit, fred fergus falls verplank, e. e. r. , new richland velie, chas. d. clifton ave., mpls. vestre, lars boyd velde, g. t. granite falls vine, w. w. r. . elgin vinquist, alfred b. box , r. , red wing vibert, f. d. the pine knot, cloquet viall, roy spring valley vierling, ed. j. shakopee vine, p. o. porter va. & rainy lake co. virginia viel, raymond st. laurent, man. vierling, m. a. hall ave., st. paul vikse, ole ostrander vibert, percy cloquet vincent, g. e. univ. of minn., mpls. vincent, v. d. commercial club, duluth vikla, john p. lonsdale vikla, wencel j. lonsdale vikla, martin j. lonsdale vikla, mathias r. lonsdale villaume, eugene w. isabel, st. paul volkmer, henry holdingford vollenweider, henry la crescent vogt, c. f. st. paul von herff, b. mccormick bldg., chicago, ill. voyler, henry vergas vodden, john argusville, n.d. vorlicky, jos. thief river palls, wis. vosejpka, john m. lonsdale voehl, h. w. lakefield vraspir, frank r. , hopkins wade, r. h. odin wachlin, wm. faribault wakefield, w., m. d. lake benton wagner, ed. r. charles st., st. paul waas, p. h. dresbach waite, geo. moorhead wach, v. n. lake crystal lake, ill. waite, jas. f. eureka wagner, c. d. w. winona st., duluth wang, albert garfield ave., duluth wands, robt. w. little falls walgren, swan j. th ave. s., mpls. walden, j. m. northfield wallner, berthold jr. dodd rd., st. paul waldholm, mrs. geo. tintah wallace, h. l. grasston walsh, w. p. murdock walz, fred f. egeland, n.d. walters, j. j. dupree, s.d. walz, theo. watkins walkup, j. e. sheridan so., mpls. walton, louis snively rd., duluth waldal, marius plummer waller, l. s. waubun wallin, o. red top walters, wm. grand portage walker, roy sauk rapids wallace, john g. solway watt, john leonard, n.d. wampler, a. j. e. th st., st. paul washburn, w. o. so. robert st., st. paul wattner, a. a. canby washburn, prof. f. l. st. anthony park wanous, frank r. glencoe warren, mrs. geo. h. irving s., mpls. wanlass, jos. jr. bangor, wis. warner, frank snow ball watts, arthur th ave. s., mpls. watt, wm. swift warner, a. l. duluth washburn, c. o. edgeley, n.d. warren, a. a. r. , st. cloud warner, c. e. r. , osseo warner, mrs. c. e. box , r. , osseo wayne, jens r. , ellendale wandrie, otto frazee watson, jas. t. th ave. e. and gilbert st., duluth warnock, r. w. independence, mo. watson, dwight h. box , white bear lake warner, mrs. e. c. w. calhoun blvd., mpls. warren, mrs. clyde w. sauk rapids warwick, andrew th ave. s., mpls. watson, mrs. j. l. ashland ave., st. paul wardian, math. holdingford ward, wesley mapleton wasserzieher, edward deerwood watzke, chas. belgrade ware, mrs. elizabeth - / knox ave., mpls. watson, geo. p. international falls weld, j. o. fremont n., mpls. welke, sam fall creek, wis. wedge, robt. c. albert lea weld, mrs. h. e. moorhead weinhagen, chas. bates ave., st. paul webster, j. k. st. james wedge, a.g. jr. bemidji wedge, l. p. albert lea wenz, chas. hector weflen, chris montevideo weed, ben b. care of weed, parker & co., st. paul wegmann, theo. lake itasca wendt, chas. h. blue earth webber, mrs. c. c. crystal bay webster, a. e. dresbach wellman, c. w. dauphin, man. welke, fritz r. , eau claire, wis. wentworth, r. j. r. , robbinsdale weber, j. a. care of c. g. goodrich, excelsior welp, rev. francis alexandria webber, c. c. crystal bay weikert, henry i. st. paul wenholz, henry buffalo lake wendelschafer, t. g. cleveland wenz, ludwig b. hector weiler, nick univ. ave., st. paul westergaard, c. buffalo, n.d. westergaard, p. j. belgrade weyerhaeuser, f. e. mer. natl. bank bldg., st. paul westfield, kasper canby west central school of agri. morris wetzel, aug. r. , st. ignatius, mont. weyerhauser, c. a. little falls wetherbee, m. h. charles city, ia. west, j. p. rockford west, w. j. hibbing west, wm. l. s. st. albans st., st. paul werner, h. o. agri. college, n.d. wetzel, mrs. paul k. deerwood westcott, geo. e. s. robert st., st. paul westerfield, e. o. fort atkinson, wis. weum, c. o. lincoln wesiphall, c. d. r. , romely weston, frank clitheral weum, mrs. t. a. kenyon wessels, percy neche, n.d. wetteland, t. sunfish rd. and butler st., w. st. paul wermerskirchen, rev. father a. hokah wheeler, miss gerda bruno whetstone, dr. mary s. e. th st., mpls. wheeler, olin d.n.p.r.r. office, st. paul wheeler, jesse excelsior wein, rev. h. j. caledonia week, f. d. slayton wenzel, orrin j. taylor ave., st. paul whiting, geo. h. yankton, s.d. whitney, geo. g. germania life, st. paul white, mrs. emma v. s. aldrich, mpls. whiting, d. j. northfield whyte, a. central ave., st. paul white, j. u. brainerd whitten, thos. s. winton whipple, g. m. st. louis park white, h. h. minnesota transfer, mpls. whitney, frank h. truman whittemore, dr. m. k. cloquet whitney, n. j. albert lea whiting, mrs. geo. h. yankton, s.d. whitchill, n. e. th st., mpls. whitney, e. h. granada white, mrs. wm. g. goodrich ave., st. paul white, mrs. grace w. wabasha, duluth whorton, r. d. huron, s. d. white, henry r. brainerd whipple, mrs. estelle grand rapids wickland, john atwater wiegel, h. a. magnolia widmoyer, w. s. la crescent wichman, frank first natl. bank bldg., st. paul wick, oscar east grand forks wickstrom, a. e. r. , anoka width, a. b. w. superior st., duluth wicklund, lawrence r. , atwater wiggins, earl l. baudette wiffler, fred arcadia, wis. wier, john campbell wiggin, g. h. cloquet wieschmann, albert bertha wilen, chas. r. , argyle wilson, oscar underwood willis, rev. francis excelsior wilbur, d. floyd, ia. wille, f. w. wakefield ave., st. paul williams, m. staples will, o. h. bismarck, n. d. wilder, c. b. floodwood wilder, mark l. r. , kasota wilwerding, nick box , r. , st. cloud willius, f laurel ave., st. paul willard, d. e n. p. r. r., st. paul will, wm. beltrami wilson, j. f. cloquet willard, e. c. mankato williams, niles l. dayton bluff sta., st. paul wildung, w. h. howard lake will, hugh box , mpls. wilkelmi, f. w. cloquet willis, robt. marietta willus, chas. h. nd ave. s., mpls. wilson, john rockford wilcox, mrs. estelle raymond, st. paul wild floral co., frank sarcoxie, mo. wilwerding, a. j. freeport williams, j. r. elgin willis, w. j. y. m. c. a., washington, d. c. wilson, f. k. r. , hopkins wilson, donald mantorville williams, rev. e. m northfield wirth, theo. bryant so., mpls. witte, h. l. f. r. , hopkins wise, h. appleton wingate, mrs. w. s. excelsior winkley, f. c. minn. loan & trust, mpls. wintersteen, c. b. th ave. so., mpls. wise, h. r. brainerd winget & keeler chokio winslow, h. h. northome winjum, g. k. albert lea winter, e. f. fergus falls winkler, mrs. mary brooten wister, john c germantown, phila., pa. windmiller, miss pauline mankato windhorst, geo. w. olivia wolner, rev. h. j. virginia wolfram, a. c. belle plain wolner, dr. o. h. gilbert wodny, jas. th st., cloquet wolters, john w. bernard st., w. st. paul wolfinger, jos. so. st. paul woestehoff, j. c. blakeley wolf, chas. cohasset wilson, h. m. harrison st., superior, wis. willis, f. d. e. sycamore st., st. paul wilcox, j. p. r. , excelsior willis, r. j. grand ave., st. paul wilkus, a. j. winslow ave., w. st. paul williams, l. a. pelican rapids wille, otto l. bates ave. st. paul wilson, e. b. emerson no., mpls. williams, e. e. . w. nd st., duluth williams, dr. j. p. e. lake st., mpls. wilkinson, f. l. white bear wilkinson, mrs. r. j. stillwater wilhalm, henry jackson wilwerding, j. m. caledonia wilson, john homer wilson, mrs. mary c. r. , sta. f., mpls. woodruff, c. o. excelsior woodel, c. f. austin woodworth, w. d. little falls wortman, h. j. watkins woods, prof. geo. b. northfield works, r. m. fremont so., mpls. woodward, philip m. r. , onamia woodman, m. h. sutherland, neb. worden, mrs. lillian farrington, st. paul woods, w. a. inverness, mont. woodland & roadside joy st., boston, mass. woods, roy e. new effington, s. d. woods, j. h. calgary, can. willis, katon deer river wright, a. v. mine center, ont. wright, w. h. r. , minneapolis wright, edward woodland ave., duluth wunderlich, miss susie burns, sask. wulfsberg, einar elbow lake wyman, mrs. a. phelps rd ave. s., mpls wyse, oliver onamia wygart, wm. s. newport yahnke, w. a. winona yegge, c. m. alpena, s. d. yale forest school new haven, conn. young, mrs. j. onamia youngstrom, o. j. litchfield young, j. c. wash. st. n. e., mpls. york, r. a. sandwich, ill. yort, a. s. box , hopkins young, a. f lake city young, max m. marshall ave., st. paul zuercher, f. excelsior zrust, anthony silver lake zachritz, geo. p. excelsior ziemer, ernest st. bonifacius zisch, chas. dresbach zimmerman, eli w. superior st., duluth zumwinkle, wm. morton zimbinski, geo. hewitt ave., st. paul life members. adams, mrs. louisa j. irving n., mpls. ahneman, geo. f. mazeppa alin, alex. fullerton, n. d. anderson, g. a. renville anderson, rev. j. w. minot, n. d. andrews, c. h. faribault arneson, a. n. wagdahl arnold, l. b. butte ave., duluth aspden, h. h. excelsior andrews, john k. faribault anderson, mrs. e. lake park, r. andresen, a. s. e. fifth st., duluth aamodt, a. w. univ. farm, st. paul appleby, h. j. minneiska bailey, e. g. r. , excelsior care w. c. rockwood baker, geo. a. janesville barsness, j. a. kenyon bassett, a. k. baraboo, wis. beebe, h. u. lake city benham, r. h. palace bldg., mpls. benson, edwin jackson berrisford, e. f. robert st., st. paul blain, h. j. maple plain boler, jno. care eli larson, sawyer, wis. boughen, w. j. valley river, man. bouska, frank biscay brady, t. d. medford briard, f. w. gaylord briggs, a. g. g. n. ry., st. paul brink, c. c. west union, ia. burton, miss hazel deephaven bacheller, t. t. seney, mich. binger, herman renville brush, geo. h. r. owatonna bergstrom, a. g. maple plain boucher, c. p. e. th st., st. paul black, robt h. albert lea burlingame, florence grand rapids bratnober, c. p. harmon pl., mpls. cady, prof. leroy univ. farm, st. paul carlisle, s. a. wyoming cashman, m. r. owatonna cashman, t. e. owatonna chambers, rev. r. f. jackson cheney, john morton chrisman, chas. e. ortonville christensen, p. c. fairmount clarke, fred h. avoca cline, wm. bertha cooper, madison calcium, n. y. crosby, s. p. miss. river blvd., st. paul cutting, f. e. byron christianson, p. a. hinckley conard, henry s. grinnell, ia. cutting, frank h. city hall, duluth connor, e. m. excelsior carlson, john a box , thief river falls carlson, gust. box , r. , excelsior care john washburn christianson, a. m. bismarck, n. d. danforth, wm. randolph, minn. daniels, r. l. davey, dr. flora m. e. grant st., mpls. dickerson, wm. elk point, s. d. doerfler, rev. bruno muenster, sask. doughty, j. cole lake city dressler, otto russell n., mpls. drew, prof. j. m. univ. farm, st. paul dunsmore, henry olivia durbahn, a. sleepy eye daniels, frank p. kenwood pkwy., mpls. degraff, miss marie i. anoka dybdal, tosten e. elbow lake, minn. eddy, w. h. howard lake ekloff, john cokato eliason, m. a. r. , appleton engman, nels d st. e. mpls. evans, sheldon j. la crescent effertz, christ norwood flannery, geo. p. blaisdell, mpls. fletcher, f. f. w. th st., mpls. fossum, g. cottonwood foster, wesley s. th st. s. e., mpls. fournelle, peter white bear lake franklin, a. b. st. f, r. , mpls. fuller, f. c. madison, s. d. fulton, t. c. white bear lake funke, j. l. wabasha fredine, j. o. winthrop fiebring, j. h. milwaukee, wis. care fiebring chemical co. ferguson, walker woodland ave., mankato gale, ed. c. security bldg., mpls. gates, a. h. rice geiger, wm. c. w. van buren st., chicago, ill. gjemse, l. j. cannon falls gjestrum, m. l. rhinelander, wis. glaeser, mrs. imelda owatonna gilbertson, g. g. ruthton galbraith, raymond h. care butler bros., mpls. guerney, d. b. yankton, s. d. gibbs, f. h. st. anthony park gibbs, mrs. f. h. st. anthony park gunderson, lawrence a. e. superior st., duluth goebel, herman wildrose, n. d. gray, a. n. deerwood graeve, rev. mathias lismore haatvedt, a. a. r. , hoffman hagen, o. w. sleepy eye halbert, geo. t. sec. bldg., mpls. hall, d. s. olivia halvorson, halvor hills hannah, robt. fergus falls harris, geo. w. mchugh harris, e. e. onlaska, wis. harris, f. i. la crescent harrison, c. s. york ave., york, neb. harrison, j. f. excelsior hart, w. h. owatonna hartman, m. b. plum st., st. paul hawkinson, chas. wayzata hawley, t. c. e. elm st., lodi, cal. hermanson, herman hopkins herrick, u. g. traffic station, mpls. hilstad, o. c. nicollet hobart, a. w. w. th st., mpls. hoverstad, t. a. care soo ry., mpls. howard, j. a. hammond hunter, c. c. nicollet ave., mpls. hendrickson, n. audubon holway, e. w. d. excelsior hjeltnes, k. ulvik, hardanger, norway heins, c. a. olivia haralson, fred th ave. s. e., mpls. irish, prof. h. c. childress ave. st. louis, mo. jager, john upton ave. s., mpls. jerabek, j. s. hutchinson jewell, mrs. b. randall, wis. johannesson, l. beltrami johnson, a. a. winnebago johnson, gust e. nd st., mpls. johnson, rev. saml. princeton johnson, miss anna m. r. , lafayette johnson, hans m. pipestone kennedy, j. h. sheyenne, n. d. kerns, g. f. fairmont klingel, rev. clement st. anthony, ind. knight, h. g. leroy korista, j. s. box , hopkins krier, t. n. farmer, s. d. kueker, wm. faribault kurth, wm. a. r. , rochester krog, johan, jr. pleasant grove farm, lake benton kugler, f. j. grand portage, minn. king, e. c. neshkors, wis. knutesen, clarence r. , box , hopkins krueger, o. f. cedar ave., mpls. larson, c. l. winthrop larson, louis m. st. louis park larson, lars m. faribault lien, thos. j. delavan lingen, carl starbuck loftness, a. g. thief river falls longyear, e. j. excelsior luce, e. c. luverne loring, a. c. clifton ave., mpls. loring, mrs. c. m. river side, cal. lowe, j. w. fairmont ludescher, j. l. frazee lund, i. e. hopkins lundgren, miss e. e. olive st. st. paul lyman, a. b. excelsior lyndgaard, jorgen lake benton lyon, jay f. elkhorn, wis. leding, edward r. , box , gary lawrence, jas. g. wabasha lafot, ed. w. lakefield lien, chas. h. r. , st. cloud lima, ludvig montevideo macauley, t. b. montreal, can. mackintosh, prof. r. s. doswell, st. paul maher, john devils lake, n. d. manda, w. a. short hills, n. j. mann, w. p. dodge center manner, c. j. jerome, idaho manning, warren h. n. billerica, mass. marshall, f. f. r. , grove city marso, j. p. canby mayo, dr. c. h. rochester melgaard, h. l. argyle melinat, rev. max. odessa miller, albert r. , box , cannon falls mohr, c. j. rapidan mo, hans sleepy eye moorhead, w. w. bethany, mo. mosbaek, ludvig askov moyer, l. r. montevideo mueller, paul l. bryant s., mpls. mazey, e. h. ewing ave., mpls. mccomb, richard antler, sask. mcculley, preston maple plain mckibben, a. t. ramey mckisson, g. d. fairmont mckusick, john c. marble mcleague, rev. p. stewart mcveety, j. a. howard lake mcclelland, l. e. r. , hopkins mckesson, j. h. s. lyndale ave., mpls. mccall, prof. thos. m. crookston mcconnell, roy e. st. cloud nehring, edward stillwater nelson, a. a., jr. th ave. s., mpls. nelson, b. f. th st. s. e., mpls. nelson, john a. r. , maynard noren, geo. chisago city norwood, f. f. balaton nussbaumer, fred st. paul nelson, iver cottonwood newman, g. a. w. olive st., stillwater norling, a. l. elbow lake negstad, a. l. r. , arlington, s. d. o'connor, patrick h. th ave. n., mpls. older, c. e. luverne onstine, frank a. harmony ortmann, rev. anselm richmond orton, c. j. marietta o'callaghan, j. eden valley oyen, o. j. watson older, f. e. n. alexandria ave., los angeles, cal. pattridge, c. a. comfrey paulson, johannes sta. f, richfield, mpls. pederson, j. s. walnut grove peet, wm. boston blk., mpls. peterson, geo. a. canby peterson, j. g. kensington peterson, k. k. rothsay peterson, r. m., office of markets dept. of agri., washington, d. c. peterson, w. a. mandan, n. d. peterson, wm. a. peterson ave., chicago, ill. pfaender, max mandan, n. d. pond, h. h. sta. f, r. , mpls. pond, i. w. madelia poore, hamlin v. th ave. s. e., mpls. pracna, frank delmas ave., san jose, cal. prosser, e. m. gully perry, a. g. care butler bros., mpls. quammen, ole s. lemmon, s. d. randall, e. w. commerce bldg., st. paul rennacker, c. j. detroit regeimbal, l. o. roberts, dr. t. s. pleasant ave. s., mpls. rood, a. j. spring grove rowe, chas. r. , excelsior ruff, d. w. c. globe bldg., st. paul rydeen, arthur r. marietta rice, j. a. renville rolf, rev. w. f. r. , sturgis, mich. reil, john h. brownton raymond, e. a. wayzata robinson, s. roe colfax ave. s., mpls. saunders, wm. robbinsdale savage, m. w. international bldg., mpls. savs, rev. mathias delano sayre, a. m. hills schaupp, chas. f. rushford schenck, a. a. farnham st., omaha, neb. schell, otto new ulm schuster, ed. w. crookston schmidt, dr. g. lake city scott, rev. w. t. black river falls, wis. scranton, ellsworth montrose sebenius, john uno wolvin bldg., duluth shellman, a. m. hanska sherman, e. m. charles city, ia. siverts, peter canby skaar, n. o. zumbrota slingerland, t. s. kasson slocum, a. m. excelsior smiley, daniel mohonk lake, n. y. smith, e. a. lake city snyder, harry summit ave., mpls. snyder, s. w. center point, ia. soholt, martin madison speechly, dr. h. m. pilot mound, man. spencer, n. v. park rapids stacy, f. n. s. e. th, mpls. stager, mrs. jennie sauk rapids stensrud, hans watson st. john, b. e. bruce, wis. strand, g. w. taylors falls swanson, aug. s. wayzata swanson, j. h. r. , st. james swennes, knute minneota skotterud, e. o. dawson stevenson, m. j. morris, man. sanders, t. a. care butler bros., mpls. scherf, f. a. court house, red wing swanson, law maria ave., st. paul sparre, erik elk river shogren, fred m. popple tanner, wm. cannon falls teigen, geo. dooley, mont. teigland, j. l. minneota terry, alfred slayton thomas, a. a. sleepy eye thompson, mrs. ida hewitt ave., st. paul todd, fred g. phillips place, montreal, p. q. trefethren, f. g. stony butte, mont. treinen, j. p. miller, mont. trow, a. w. glenville true, fred o. r. , good thunder turngren, l. e. montrose tonder, sam r. , wabasha torgerson, t. care prairie nurseries, estevan, sask. underwood, mrs. anna b. lake city underwood, roy d. lake city van antwerp, edward dent van nest, r. a. windom voight, l. h. hastings volstad, hon. a. j. granite falls wagner, j. f. box , california, mo. waldron, l. r. agri. college, n. d. warren, geo. h. irving s., mpls. warren, w. t. slayton webster, mrs. w. f. s. e. th st., mpls. wendlandt, wm. r. , owatonna wentzel, a. e. crookston wentzel, louie crookston wentzel, wm. f. crookston weston, w. s. faribault wheeler, c. f. excelsior white, j. c. mabel williams, j. g. endicott st., duluth williams, m. m. little falls wison, harold s. box , monroe, n. y. wise, geo. a. minneapolis wright, r. a. excelsior webster, d. c. la crescent wiehe, c. f. jackson blvd., chicago wyman, willis l. park rapids woods, a. f. u. farm, st. paul wellington, r. u. farm, st. paul wales, c. e. n. w. natl. bank, mpls. ward, f. a. th ave. s., st. cloud wittig, w. w. wyoming weiss, freeman n. fremont, mpls. warren, o. b. hibbing yanish, edward box , st. paul yost, john l. murdock zeimetz, thos. h. wabasha zabel, e. g. la moure, n. d. honorary life members. bowen, mrs. jas. beacon st., mpls. brackett, a. excelsior brand, o. f. pomona, cal. bush, a. k. se., th st., mpls. cook, dewain jeffers corp, sidney hammond cummins, j. r. second ave., mpls. drum, s. h. owatonna gibbs, oliver melbourne beach, fla. gardner, chas. f. osage, ia. hansen, prof. n. e. brookings, s. d. haralson, chas. excelsior henry, forest dover kellogg, geo. j. janesville, minn. kenney, s. h. waterville kimball, f. w. waltham lacey, chas. y. w. ocean ave., long beach, cal. latham, a. w. dupont s., mpls. long, a. g. scott terrace, morningside, mpls. loring, chas. m. riverside, cal. moore, o. w. spring valley moyer, l. r. montevideo patten, chas. g. charles city, ia. perkins, t. e. red wing philips, a. j. west salem, wis. redpath, thos. wayzata reed, a. h. glencoe richardson, s. d. winnebago schutz, r. a. leroy smith, c. l. e. lincoln, portland, ore. tilson, mrs. ida e. west salem, wis. underwood, j. m. lake city wedge, clarence albert lea wheaton, d. t. morris honorary members for . rasmussen, n. a. oshkosh, wis. bisbee, john madelia broderick, prof. f. w. agri. college, man. dunlap, h. m. savoy, ill. ferris, earl hampton, ia. waldron, prof. c. b. agri. college, n. d. street, h. g. hebron, ill. lundberg, gottfred kennedy index a aamodt, a. w., standardizing minnesota potatoes; albertson, mrs., civic improvement; alway, prof. f. j., increasing the fertility of the land; anderson, g. a., a satisfactory marketing system; andrews, j. p., the minnesota orchard; annual members, ; annual meeting, , a. w. latham; arrowood, jas., supt., annual report, , nevis trial station; arrowood, jas., mid. rep., nevis trial station; asparagus by the acre, e. w. record; asparagus, growing, a discussion; award of premiums, annual meeting, ; award of premiums, summer meeting, ; b ballou, f. h., wealthy apples; beans and sweet corn, growing, pierre b. marien; bee-keepers column, prof. francis jager; , , , , , , , bees, wintering of, prof. francis jager; benjamin, j. f., biography of; bisbee, john, annual report, , vice-pres. nd cong. dist.; black, g. d., heredity in gladioli; blueberry culture, u. s. department of agriculture; boyington, mrs. r. p., my color scheme; brand, a. m., peonies old and new; bread cast upon the waters, c. s. harrison; brierley, prof. w. g., manufacture of cider vinegar from minnesota apples; brown, frank, annual report, , paynesville trial station; brown, frank, midsummer report, , paynesville trial station; brown rot, spraying plums for, prof. e. c. stakman; buffalo tree hopper, ravages of, prof. a. g. ruggles; c cady, prof. leroy, annual report, , central trial station; camping on the yellowstone trail, clarence wedge; canning, the growing of vegetables for, m. h. hegerle; cashman, thos. e., mid. rep., owatonna trial station; cashman, thos. e., president's greeting; central trial station, annual report, , profs. leroy cady and r. wellington; cheney, prof. e. c., city "foresters" and municipal forests; cider, apple, concentrated, department of agriculture; city "foresters" and municipal forests, prof. e. g. cheney; color effects in the garden, planting for, mrs. h. b. tillotson; color combinations in the garden, miss elizabeth starr; collegeville trial station, mid. rep., rev. jno. b. katzner; collegeville trial station, annual report, , rev. j. b. katzner; cold storage for apples, a successful, h. f. hansen; color scheme, my, mrs. r. p. boyington; cook, dewain, plums we already have and plums on the way; cook, dewain, jeffers trial station, annual report, ; cook, dewain, mid. report, jeffers trial station; cowles, fred, supt., annual report, west concord trial station; cowles, fred, mid. report, west concord trial station; cranefield, f., secretary, wisconsin state horticultural society; crosby, s. p. report of committee on horticultural building; cross, mrs. e., in memoriam; curculio, the plum, ed. a. nelson; currants as a market garden product, b. wollner, jr.; cutting, frank h., annual report, , vice-pres., th cong. dist.; d dixon, j. k., vice-pres., report, , th cong. dist.; duluth trial station, annual report, c. e. roe, supt.; dunlap, h. m., packing and marketing apples; dunlap, hon. h. m., spraying the orchard; dunlap, hon. h. m., spraying the orchard, continued; dwarf apple trees, dr. o. m. huestis; e eat minnesota apples, prof. r. s. mackintosh; entomological notes, prof. f. l. washburn; , , erkel, f. c., raspberries; everbearing strawberries, geo. j. kellogg; evergreens for both utility and ornament, earl ferris; evergreens, jens a. jensen; executive board, annual report, , j. m. underwood; f farm, the value of horticulture to the, mrs. clarence wedge; ferris, earl, evergreens for both utility and ornament; fertility of the land, increasing the, prof. f. j. alway; flower garden for a country home, m. h. wetherbee; flower garden--a discussion, g. c. hawkins; fruit-breeding farm, report of committee on state, dr. o. m. huestis and f. h. gibbs; fruit-breeding farm, new fruits originated at minnesota, chas. haralson, supt.; fruit-breeding farm, minnesota state, chas. haralson; fruit judging contest; fruit growing a successful industry in minnesota, a. w. richardson; fruit retail methods and costs, c. w. moomaw; frydholm, martin, rose culture; g garden, my summer in a, mrs. gertrude ellis skinner; garden helps, mrs. e. w. gould; , , , , , , , , , , , gardner, chas. f., the fall-bearing strawberries; gardner, chas. f., what frisky is telling the veteran horticulturist; gibbs, f. h., greenhouse versus hotbeds; gibbs, f. h., report of committee on state fruit-breeding farm; gladioli, heredity in, g. d. black; gould, mrs. e. w., garden helps; , , , , , , , , , , , grape culture, my experience in, jos. tucker; gray, a. n., marketing fruit by association; h hansen, prof. n. e., what is hardiness?; hansen, prof. n. e., newer fruits in , how secured; hansen, h. f., a successful cold storage for apples; haralson, chas., supt., new fruits originated at minnesota fruit-breeding farm; haralson, chas., delegate, annual meeting, , wis. hort. society; haralson, chas., minnesota state fruit-breeding farm; harris, f. i., vice-president report, , st cong. district; harris, mrs. melissa j., in memoriam; harrison, c. s., bread cast upon the waters; harrison, c. s., horticulturist as king; harrison, h. w., the salome apple; hawkins, g. c., flower garden--a discussion; hardiness, what is? prof. n. e. hansen; hegerle, m. h., annual report, , vice-pres., th cong. dist.; hegerle, m. h., the growing of vegetables for canning; horticultural building, report of committee on, s. p. crosby; horticulturist as king, c. s. harrison; how may state university and the horticultural society best co-operate, geo. e. vincent; huestis, dr. o. m., dwarf apple trees; huestis, dr. o. m., report of committee on state fruit-breeding farm; i improvement, civic, mrs. albertson; in memoriam, mrs. e. cross; in memoriam, mrs. melissa j. harris; insects, truck crop and garden, prof. wm. moore; j jager, prof. francis, bee-keeper's column; , , , , , , , jager, prof. francis, wintering of bees; jeffers trial station, annual report, , dewain cook; jeffers trial station, mid. report, dewain cook; jensen, jens a., evergreens; johnson, gust, thirty years in raspberries; journal, annual meeting, ; k katzner, rev. jno. b., mid. report, collegeville trial station; katzner, rev. j. b., annual report, , collegeville trial station; keene, p. l., marketing fruit at mankato; kellogg, geo. j., everbearing strawberries; kellogg, geo. j., experiment work of chas. g. patten; kellogg, geo. j., june bearing strawberries; kimball, miss grace e., planting and care of hardy perennials; kimball, miss grace e., hardy perennials; l la crescent trial station, d. c. webster; latham, a. w., annual meeting, ; latham, a. w., letters to members from secretary; latham, a. w., secretary's annual report, ; latham, a. w., secretary's financial report, ; latham, a. w., secretary's corner; , , , , , , , latham, a. w., summer meeting, ; letter to members from secretary a. w. latham; library, the society; lice, plant, on blossoms; library, additions to, ; library, conditions about taking books from; life members; m mackintosh, prof. r. s., bringing the producer and consumer together; mackintosh, prof. r. s., eat minnesota apples; mackintosh, prof. r. s., orchard notes; , , madison trial station, annual report, , m. soholt; mandan, n. d., trial station, annual report, , w. a. peterson, supt.; mandan, n. d., trial station, w. a. peterson; marcovitch, s., strawberry weevil; marketing fruit direct, h. g. street; marketing fruit by association, a. n. gray; marketing fruit at mankato, p. l. keene; marketing system, a satisfactory, g. a. anderson; marien, pierre b., growing beans and sweet corn; mayman, e. w., annual report, , vice-pres., th cong. dist.; mid-summer reports, trial stations; michael, rev. geo., growing tomatoes in northern minnesota; minnesota orchard, the, j. p. andrews; montevideo trial station, mid. report, l. r. moyer; montevideo trial station, annual report, , l. r. moyer; moomaw, c. w., fruit retail methods and costs; moore, prof. wm., truck crop and garden insects; moore, o. w., top-working; mosbaek, ludvig, rhubarb plant; moyer, l. r., annual report, , montevideo trial station; moyer, l. r., mid. report, montevideo trial station; my neighbor's roses; n nelson, ed. a., the plum curculio; nevis trial station, annual report, , jas. arrowood, supt.; nevis trial station, mid. report, jas. arrowood; newer fruits in , how secured, prof. n. e. hansen; n. e. demonstration farm, w. j. thompson, supt.; n. e. iowa horticultural society, annual meeting, , c. e. snyder; notes on plant pests, a. g. ruggles and e. c. stakman; , o orchard crop of , my, harold simmons; orchard, my experience with a young, roy vial; orchard notes, prof. r. s. mackintosh; , , orcharding in minnesota, a discussion, prof. richard wellington; orcharding in minnesota, prof. richard wellington; owatonna trial station, thos. e. cashman; p pabody, ezra f., in memoriam; packing and marketing apples, h. m. dunlap; paynesville trial station, annual report, , frank brown; paynesville trial station, mid. rep., frank brown; pendergast, miss nellie b., support for overloaded fruit tree; pergola, its use and misuse, chas. h. ramsdell; perennials, hardy, miss grace e. kimball; peterson, p. h., vice-pres. rep., , th cong. dist.; peterson, w. a., mid. rep., mandan, n. d., trial station; peterson, w. a., supt., an. rep., , mandan, n. d., trial station; pfaender, wm., jr., an. meeting, , s. d. state hort. socy.; pfeiffer, c. a., surprise plum a success; philips, a. j., top-grafting; plant chimera; plums we already have and plums on the way, dewain cook; potatoes, standardizing minnesota, a. a. aamodt; premium list, summer meeting, ; president's greeting, thos. e. cashman; program, annual meeting, ; protect the garden against winter weather; purdham, c. w., tomatoes for the kitchen garden; patten, chas. g., experiment work of, geo. j. kellogg; peonies, old and new, a. m. brand; perennial garden at carmarken, white bear, j. w. taylor; perennials, planting and care of hardy, miss grace e. kimball; premium list, summer meeting, ; producer and consumer together, bringing the, prof. r. s. mackintosh; r ramsdell, chas. h., pergola, its use and misuse; ramsdell, chas. h., an. rep., , vice-pres., th cong. dist.; raspberries, f. c. erkel; raspberries, thirty years in, gust johnson; record, e. w., asparagus by the acre; records of executive board, ; rhubarb plant, ludvig mosbaek; richardson, a. w., fruit growing a successful industry in minn.; roe, c. e., supt., annual report, duluth trial station; rose culture, martin frydholm; ruggles, prof. a. g., notes on plant pests; , ruggles, prof. a. g., ravages of buffalo tree hopper; running out of varieties, the, prof. c. b. waldron; s salome apple, the, h. w. harrison; sauk rapids trial station, annual report, , mrs. jennie stager; sauk rapids trial station, mid. rep., mrs. jennie stager; secretary's annual report, , a. w. latham; secretary's corner; , , , , , , , secretary's financial report, , a. w. latham; shelter belt for orchard and home grounds, a discussion; simmons, harold, my orchard crop of ; skinner, mrs. gertrude ellis, my summer in a garden; smith, e. a. state flower and state flag of minnesota; snyder, c. e., an. meeting, , n. e. iowa hort. socy.; soholt, m., an. rep., , madison trial station; south dakota state horticultural society, annual meeting, , wm. pfaender, jr.; spraying the orchard, h. m. dunlap; spraying the orchard, hon. h. m. dunlap; stager, mrs. jennie, an. rep., , sauk rapids trial station; stager, mrs. jennie, how mr. mansfield grows tomatoes; stager, mrs. jennie, mid. rep., sauk rapids trial station; stakman, prof. e. c., notes on plant pests; , stakman, prof. e. c., spraying plums for brown rot; standards for containers for fruits, etc., dept. of agri.; starr, miss elizabeth, color combinations in the garden; state flower and state flag of minnesota, e. a. smith; strand, geo. w., treasurer's annual report; strawberry, the fall-bearing, chas. f. gardner; strawberry weevil, s. marcovitch; strawberries, june bearing, geo. j. kellogg; street, h. g., marketing fruit direct; summer meeting, , notice of; summer meeting, , a. w. latham; support for overloaded fruit tree, miss nellie b. pendergast; surprise plum a success, c. a. pfeiffer; t taylor, j. w., perennial garden at carmarken, white bear; thompson, w. j., supt., n. e. demonstration farm; tillotson, mrs. h. b., planting for color effects in the garden; tomatoes for the kitchen garden, c. w. purdham; tomatoes, how mr. mansfield grows, mrs. jennie stager; tomatoes in northern minnesota, growing, rev. geo. michael; top-grafting, a. j. philips; top-working, o. w. moore; treasurer, annual report of, , geo. w. strand; tucker, jas., my experience in grape culture; u underwood, j. m., annual report, , executive board; university farm and hort. society, a. f. woods; v vial, roy, my experience with a young orchard; vice-president's report, , st congressional district, f. i. harris; vice-president, nd congressional district, annual report, , john bisbee; vice-president's report, , th congressional district, j. k. dixon; vice-president, th congressional district, annual report, , chas. h. ramsdell; vice-president, th congressional district, annual report, , e. w. mayman; vice-president's report, , th congressional district, p. h. peterson; vice-president, th congressional district, annual report, , frank h. cutting; vice-president, th congressional district, annual report, , mrs. h. e. weld; vice-president, th congressional district, annual report, , m. h. hegerle; vincent, geo. e., how may state university and horticultural society best cooperate; vinegar from minnesota apples, manufacture of cider, prof. w. g. brierley; w waldron, prof. c. b., the running out of varieties; washburn, prof. f. l., entomologist column; wealthy apples, f. h. ballou; webster, d. c., mid. rep., la crescent trial station; wedge, clarence, camping on the yellowstone trail; wedge, mrs. clarence, the value of horticulture to the farm; weld, mrs. h. e., an. rep., , vice-pres., th cong. dist.; wellington, prof. richard, an. rep., , central trial station; wellington, prof. richard, orcharding in minnesota, a discussion; wellington, prof. richard, orcharding in minnesota; west concord trial station, annual report, fred cowles, supt.; west concord trial station, fred cowles; wetherbee, m. h., flower garden for a country home; what frisky is telling the veteran horticulturist, chas. f. gardner; wisconsin horticultural society, annual meeting, , chas. haralson, delegate; wisconsin state horticultural society, f. cranefield, secretary; wollner, b., jr., currants as a market garden product; woods, a. f., university farm and horticultural society--mutually helpful in developing homes of the northwest; * * * * * transcriber's note: minor, obvious typos corrected. fruits of queensland by albert h. benson, m.r.a.c., late instructor in fruit culture, queensland government; now director of agriculture, hobart, tasmania. brisbane: by authority: anthony j. cumming, government printer. . [illustration: fruit of mangosteen.] contents. page. preface introduction queensland fruit-growing climate st.--soils of eastern seaboard, and land adjacent to it, suitable to the growth of tropical and semi-tropical fruit nd.--soils of the coastal tablelands, suitable for the growth of deciduous fruit rd.--soils of the central tablelands, suitable for the growth of grapes, dates, citrus fruits, &c. the banana the pineapple the mango mangosteen the papaw the cocoa-nut the granadilla the passion fruit custard apples citrus fruit the persimmon the loquat the date palm the pecan nut japanese plums chickasaw plums chinese peaches figs the mulberry the strawberry cape gooseberry the olive the apple the peach the plum the apricot the cherry the pear the almond grape culture list of fruits and vegetables grown in queensland [illustration: map of queensland] preface. in the more thickly populated portions of the old and new world, and, to a certain extent, in the large cities of australia, the question of how to make a living has became one of vital importance to a large portion of the population, and is the cause of considerable anxiety to fathers of families who are endeavouring to find employment for their sons. this difficulty of obtaining employment is a very serious question, and one demanding the most earnest consideration. it is probably the result of many different causes, but, in the writer's opinion, it is due mainly to the fact that for years past the trend of population has been from the country districts to the towns, with the result that many of the great centres of population are now very badly congested, and profitable employment of any kind is often extremely difficult to obtain. the congested towns offer no possible outlet for surplus labour, hence it is necessary that such labour must find an outlet in the less thickly populated parts of the world where there is still plenty of room for development and population is badly needed. queensland is a country possessing these qualifications; but is, unfortunately, a country that is little known to the general mass of home-seekers, and, further, what little is known of it is usually so inaccurate that a very erroneous opinion of the capabilities of this really fine country exists. the great flow of emigration is naturally to those countries that are nearest to the old world--viz., the united states of america and canada--and little attention is given to australia, although we have many advantages not possessed by either the united states or canada, and are not subject to the disadvantage of an intensely cold winter such as that experienced throughout the greater portion of those countries for several months yearly. to those looking for homes the following pages are addressed, so that before deciding to what part of the world they will go they may know what sort of a country queensland really is, what one of its industries is like, the kind of life they may look forward to spending here, and the possibility of their making a comfortable home amongst us. the life of a fruit-grower is by no means a hard one in queensland, the climate of the fruit-growing districts is a healthy and by no means a trying one, and is thoroughly adapted to the successful cultivation of many fruits; and, finally, a living can be made under conditions that are much more conducive to the well-being of our race than those existing in the overcrowded centres of population. the writer has no wish to infer that there are big profits to be made by growing fruit, but, at the same time, he has no hesitation in saying that where the industry is conducted in an up-to-date manner, on business lines, a good living can be made, and that there is a good opening for many who are now badly in want of employment. the illustrations represent various phases of the industry, and have been specially prepared by h. w. mobsby, the artist of the intelligence and tourist bureau. most of the illustrations have been taken at an exceptionally dry time, and at the close of one of the coldest winters on record, so that they do not show the crops or trees at their best; at the same time, they give a fair idea of some of our fruits, orchards, and fruit lands. albert h. benson. brisbane, queensland, january, . introduction. queensland's greatest want to-day is population: men and women to develop our great natural resources, to go out into our country districts as farmers, dairymen, or fruit-growers--not to stick in our towns, but to become primary producers, workers, home-builders--not the scourings of big cities, the dissatisfied, the loafer, but the honest worker whose wish is to make a home for himself and his family. there are many such in the overcrowded cities of older countries, striving in vain to make a living--existing, it can hardly be called living, under conditions that are by no means conducive to their well-being--often poorly fed and poorly clad--who would better themselves by coming to queensland, and by whom queensland would be benefited. queensland has room for many such annually: men and women who come here for the express intention of settling amongst us and building homes for themselves; who come here prepared to work, and, if needs be, to work hard; who do not expect to become rich suddenly, but will be contented with a comfortable home, a healthy life, and a moderate return for their labour--results that are within the reach of all, and which compare more than favourably with the conditions under which they are at present existing. queensland's most valuable asset is her soil, and this requires population to develop it: soil that, in the different districts and climates best adapted for their growth, is capable of producing most of the cultivated crops of the world, and, with very few exceptions, all the fruits of commercial value, many of them to a very high degree of perfection. this pamphlet is practically confined to the fruit-growing possibilities of queensland, and an endeavour is made to show that there is a good opening for intending settlers in this branch of agriculture, but the general remarks respecting the climate, rainfall, soils, &c., will be of equal interest to any who wish to take up any other branch, such as general farming, dairying, &c. the queensland department of agriculture has received a number of inquiries from time to time, and from various parts of the world, respecting the possibilities of profitable commercial fruit-growing in this state, and this pamphlet is intended in part to be an answer to such inquiries; but, at the same time, it is hoped that it will have a wider scope, and give a general idea of one of our staple industries to many who are now on the look-out for a country in which to settle and an occupation to take up when they arrive there. [illustration: woombye, north coast railway. the centre of a large fruit growing district.] no branch of agriculture has made a greater advance during the past quarter-century than that of fruit-growing, and none has become more popular. the demand for fruit of all kinds, whether fresh or preserved, has increased enormously throughout the world, and it is now generally looked upon more as a necessity than a luxury. hence there are continually recurring inquiries as to the best place to start fruit-growing with a reasonable prospect of success. it is not only the increased demand for fruit that causes these inquiries, but fruit-growing has a strong attraction for many would-be agriculturists as compared with general farming, dairying, or stock-raising, and this attraction is probably due to a certain fascination it possesses that only those who have been intimately acquainted with the industry for years can fully appreciate. in addition to the fact that living under one's own vine and fig-tree is in itself a very pleasant ideal to look forward to, there is no branch of agronomy that calls for a keener appreciation of the laws of nature, that brings man into closer touch with nature, that makes a greater demand on a man's patience, skill, and energy, or in which science and practice are more closely related, than in that of fruit-growing. to all those who are considering the advantages of taking up fruit-growing as an occupation, and to those who feel the attraction i have just described, these few words on fruit-growing in queensland are addressed, as the writer wishes them to learn something of the fruit-growing capabilities of this state, so that before deciding on the country in which they will make a start they may not be in complete ignorance of a land that is especially adapted for the growth of a larger number of distinct varieties of fruit than any other similar area of land with which he is acquainted either in the old or new world. queensland is a country whose capabilities are at present comparatively unknown even to those living in the southern states of australia, and, naturally, very much less so to the rest of the world, hence a little general information respecting our country and one of its industries may be of some help to those who are looking for an opening in this particular branch of agriculture. [illustration: a tropical orchard, port douglas.] [illustration: coochin york mangosteen, port douglas district.] queensland is a country having a population of a little over half a million, and an area of , , acres; the population of a city of the second magnitude, and an area of some seven and one-half times greater than that of great britain, or two and one-half times greater than the state of texas, united states of america. a country embracing degrees of latitude, from the th to the th degrees of south latitude, and extending from a humid eastern seaboard to an extremely dry interior, some degrees of longitude west. a country, therefore, of many climates and varied rainfall. a country possessing a great diversity of soils, many of which are of surprising richness. a country more or less heavily timbered with either scrub or forest growth, or consisting of wide open plains that are practically treeless. a country of infinite resources, that is capable of producing within its own borders all that man requires, from the extreme tropical to temperate products. a country that, once its possibilities are realised and turned to a profitable account, is destined to become one of the most fruitful in the globe, to support a large and thriving population of our own people; and last, but not least, a country that, from a fruit-grower's point of view, cannot be excelled elsewhere. we have a healthy climate, not by any means an extreme climate as is often represented--extreme cold is unknown, frost being unusual on any portion of the seaboard, but common during the winter months on our tablelands. but even where there are frosts the days are pleasantly warm. summer is undoubtedly warm, but it is usually a bearable heat, and sudden changes are extremely rare, so that though trying in the humid tropical seaboard, it is not unbearable, and compares favourably with the tropical heat met with elsewhere. this is clearly shown by the stamina of the white race, particularly those living in the country districts, where both men and women compare favourably with those of any other part of the empire. except in very isolated places, communication with the outside world and between the different centres of population is regular and frequent; in fact, in all the coastal and coastal tableland districts of the state one is kept daily in touch with all the important matters that are taking place in the world. in the home life there is a freedom not met with in older countries; there is an almost entire absence of artificiality--people are natural, and are interested in each other's welfare. they are certainly fond of pleasure, but at the same time are extremely generous and hospitable. the writer can speak of this from a large practical experience, as for some years past he has annually travelled many thousands of miles amongst fruit-growers and others who are settled on the land, and, without exception, he has everywhere been met with the greatest kindness from rich and poor alike--in short, a hearty welcome--and the best that the house affords is the rule, without exception. in brief, should any of my readers decide on coming to queensland, the only difference that they will find as compared with the older countries is, that our climate is somewhat warmer in summer, but to compensate for this we have no severe cold in winter. there is more freedom and less conventionality, life to all who will work is much easier, and there is not the same necessity for expensive clothing or houses as exists in more rigorous climates. the people they will meet are of their own colour and race, no doubt fond of sport and pleasure, perhaps inclined to be a little self-opinionated, but solid grit at the bottom. as previously stated, queensland offers exceptional advantages to the intending fruit-grower, and the following may be quoted as examples. the ease with which fruit can be produced, when grown under conditions suitable to its proper development, is often remarkable, and is a constant source of wonder to all who have been accustomed to the comparatively slow growth of many of our commoner varieties of fruits when grown in less favoured climes, and to the care that is there necessary to produce profitable returns. here all kinds of tree life is rapid, and fruit trees come into bearing much sooner than they do in colder climates. in addition to their arriving at early maturity, they are also, as a rule, heavy bearers, their fault, if anything, being towards over-bearing. fruits of many kinds are so thoroughly acclimatised that it is by no means uncommon to find them growing wild, and holding their own in the midst of rank indigenous vegetation, without receiving the slightest care or attention. in some cases where cultivated fruits have been allowed to become wild, they have become somewhat of a pest, and have kept down all other growths, so much so that it has been actually necessary to take steps to prevent them from becoming a nuisance, so readily do they grow, and so rapidly do they increase. the very ease with which fruit can be grown when planted under conditions of soil and climate favourable to its development has had a tendency to make growers somewhat careless as compared with those of other countries who have to grow fruit under conditions demanding the most careful attention in order to be made profitable. this is enough to show that queensland is adapted for fruit-growing, and the illustrations accompanying the description of our chief commercial fruits will show them more forcibly than any words of mine that my contention is a correct one. latterly, however, there has been a considerable improvement in the working of our orchards, growers finding that it does not pay to grow second-quality fruit, and, therefore, they are giving much more attention to the selection of varieties, cultivation of the land, pruning the trees, and the keeping in check of fruit pests; as, like other parts of the world, we have our pests to deal with. this improvement in the care and management of our orchards is resulting in a corresponding improvement in the quantity and quality of our output, so that now our commercial fruits--that is to say, the fruits grown in commercial quantities--compare favourably with the best types of similar fruits produced elsewhere. the writer has no wish to convey the impression that all that is required in order to grow fruit in queensland is to secure suitable land, plant the trees, let nature do the rest, and when they come into bearing simply gather and market the fruit. this has been done in the past, and may be done again under favourable conditions, but it is not the usual method adopted, nor is it to be recommended. here, as elsewhere, the progressive fruit-growing of to-day has become practically a science, as the fruit-grower who wishes to keep abreast of the times depends largely on the practical application of scientific knowledge for the successful carrying on of his business. there is no branch of agronomy in which science and practice are more closely connected than in that of fruit-growing. every operation of the fruit-grower is, or should be, carried out on scientific lines and by the best methods of propagation--pruning, cultivation, manuring, treatment of diseases, and preservation of fruit when grown are all, directly or indirectly, the result of scientific research. to be a successful fruit-grower in queensland one must therefore use one's brains as well as one's hands; the right tree must be grown in the right kind of soil and under the right conditions; it must be properly attended to, and the fruit, when grown, must be marketed in the best possible condition, whether same be as fresh fruit or dried, canned, or otherwise preserved, and whether same be destined for our local, australian, or oversea markets. fruit-growing on these lines is a success in queensland to-day, and it is capable of considerable extension, so that, in the writer's opinion, it offers a good field for the intending settler. carried out in the manner indicated, he has no hesitation in saying that queensland is a good place in which to start fruit-growing, that the advantages it possesses cannot be surpassed or even equalled elsewhere, and, further, that as our seasons are the opposite of those in countries situated on the north of the equator, our fruits ripen in the off-seasons of similar fruit grown in those countries, and, with our facilities for cold storage and rapid transit, can be placed on their markets at a time that they are bare of such fruits, thus securing top prices. [illustration: bunch of fruit of the coochin york mangosteen.] queensland has practically an unlimited area of land suitable for fruit culture, much of which is at present in its virgin state, and is obtainable on easy terms and at a low rate. government land is worth on an average £ per acre, and privately-owned land suitable for fruit-growing can be purchased at from s. to £ per acre, according to its quality and its distance from railway or water carriage. we have plenty of land, what we lack is population to work it; and there is no fear of over-crowding for many years to come. we have not only large areas of good fruit land at reasonable rates, but the government of queensland, through its department of agriculture, is always ready to give full information to intending settlers, to assist them in their selection of suitable land, to advise them as to the kinds of fruit to plant, to give practical advice in the cultivation, pruning, manuring, and general management of the orchard as well as in the disposal or utilisation of the fruit when grown; in short, to help the beginner to start on the right lines, so that he will be successful. [illustration: tamarind fruits--kamerunga state nursery, cairns.] there is also little if any fear of over-extending the fruit-growing industry, as, if it is conducted on the right lines and on sound business principles, we can raise fruit of the highest quality at a price that will enable us to compete in the markets of the world especially now that we have direct and rapid communication at frequent intervals with canada, the united states of america, the east (japan, manilla, &c.), europe, and the united kingdom. queensland fruit growing. very few persons have any idea of the magnitude or the resources of this state of queensland, and in no branch of agricultural industry are they more clearly shown than in that of fruit-growing. here, unlike the colder parts of the world or the extreme tropics, we are not confined to the growing of particular varieties of fruits, but, owing to our great extent of country, and its geographical distribution, we are able to produce practically all the cultivated fruits of the world, many of them to great perfection. there are, however, one or two tropical fruits that are exceptions, such as the durien and mangosteen, whose range is extremely small, and one or two of the berry fruits of cold countries, which require a colder winter than that experienced in any part of this state. it will, however, be seen at once that a country that can produce such fruits as the mango, pineapple, banana, papaw, granadilla, guava, custard apple, litchi, sour sop, cocoa nut, bread fruit, jack fruit, monstera, alligator pear, and others of a purely tropical character; the date, citrus fruits of all kinds, passion fruit, persimmon, olive, pecan nut, cape gooseberry, loquat, and other fruits of a semi-tropical character, as well as the fruits of the more temperate regions, such as the apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, quince, almond, cherry, fig, walnut, strawberry, mulberry, and others of minor importance, in addition to grapes of all kinds, both for wine and table, and of both european and american origin, offers a very wide choice of fruits indeed to the prospective grower. of course, it must not be thought for a moment that all the fruits mentioned can be grown to perfection at any one place in the state, as that would be an impossibility, but they can be grown in some part of the state profitably and to great perfection. the law of successful fruit culture is the same here as in all other fruit-producing countries--viz., to grow in your district only those fruits which are particularly adapted to your soil and climate, and to let others grow those fruits which you cannot grow, but which their conditions allow them to produce to perfection. the intending grower must, therefore, first decide on what fruits he wishes to grow, and when he has done so, select the district best suited to their growth. the small map of the state shows the districts in which certain fruits may be grown profitably, or, rather, the districts in which they are at present being so grown; but there are many other districts in which fruit-growing has not been attempted in commercial quantities or for other than purely home consumption that, once the state begins to fill up with population, are equal, if not superior, to the older fruit-growing districts, and are capable of maintaining a large population. [illustration: typical clean orchard.] climate. as previously stated, the successful culture of fruit depends mainly on the right kinds of fruit being grown in the right soil and climate. this naturally brings us to the question of climate, and here one again gets an idea of the extent of our country, as we have not one but many climates. climate is a matter of such vital importance to fruit-growers, and there is such a general lack of knowledge respecting the climate of queensland, that a little information on this point is desirable. i am afraid that there is a very general impression that queensland has a climate that is only suitable for a coloured race; that it is either in the condition of a burnt-up desert or is being flooded out. that it is a country of droughts and floods, a country of extremes--in fact, a very desirable place to live out of. no more erroneous idea was ever given credence to, and, as an englishman born, who has had many years' practical experience on the land in england, scotland, the united states of america, and the various australian states, i have no hesitation in saying that, as far as my experience goes--and it is an experience gained by visiting nearly every part of the state that is suited for agricultural pursuits--taken as a whole, it is difficult to find a better or healthier climate in any other country of equal area. our climate has its disadvantages, no doubt, particularly our dry spells, but show me the country that has a perfect climate. we have disadvantages, but, at the same time, we have great advantages; advantages that, in my opinion, outweigh our disadvantages. our eastern seaboard, extending from the new south wales border in the south, a few miles to the south of the th degree of south latitude, to cape york, some miles north of the th degree of south latitude, contains our best districts for the growth of tropical and semi-tropical fruits. the coastal climate, however, varies considerably, and is governed by the proximity or otherwise of the coast ranges. when they approach the coast there is always more rainfall, and as they recede the rainfall decreases. with one or two exceptions, where the coastal range is a considerable distance inland, the eastern coastal districts have a sufficient rainfall for the successful culture of most fruits, though they are subject to a dry spell during winter and spring. during this period of the year, the weather is extremely enjoyable; in fact, it is hard to better it, even in our extreme north. but as summer approaches, thunderstorms become prevalent, and are accompanied by more or less humid conditions, which, though good for fruit-development, are not quite so enjoyable as the drier months. summer is our rainy season, and the rainfalls are occasionally very heavy. the weather is warm and oppressive, particularly in the more tropical districts; but these very conditions are those that are best suited to the production of tropical fruits. the climate of those districts having the heaviest summer rainfall is somewhat trying to europeans, particularly women, but it is by no means unhealthy, and in the hottest parts, having the coast range nearly on the coast, there is, within a few miles, a tableland of from , to , feet elevation, where the climate is cool and bracing, and where the jaded man or woman can soon throw off the feeling of lassitude brought about by the heat and humidity of the seaboard. in autumn the weather soon cools off, drier conditions supervene, and living again becomes a pleasure in one of the best and healthiest climates to be met with anywhere. practically all the district under review has a sufficient rainfall for the growth of all fruits suitable to the climate, though there are occasionally dry spells during spring, when a judicious watering would be a great advantage. this does not imply a regular system of irrigation, but simply the conserving of surplus moisture in times of plenty by means of dams across small natural watercourses or gullies, by tanks where such do not occur, or from wells where an available supply of underground water may be obtained. the water so conserved will only be needed occasionally, but it is an insurance against any possible loss or damage that might accrue to the trees during a dry spell of extra length. so far, little has been done in coastal districts in conserving water for fruit-growing, the natural rainfall being considered by many to be ample; but, in the writer's opinion, it will be found to be a good investment, as it will be the means of securing regular crops instead of an occasional partial failure, due to lack of sufficient moisture during a critical period of the tree's growth. the average yearly rainfall in the eastern seaboard varies from inches at geraldton to inches at bowen, the mean average being about inches to the north and inches to the south of townsville. were this fall evenly distributed throughout the year, it would be ample for all requirements. unfortunately, however, it is not evenly distributed, the heavy falls taking place during the summer months, so that there is often a dry spell of greater or less extent during the winter and spring, during which a judicious watering has a very beneficial effect on fruit trees, and secures a good crop for the coming season. the rainfall shows that there is no fear of a shortage of water at any time, the only question is to conserve the surplus for use during a prolonged dry spell. these conditions are extremely favourable for the growth of all tropical and semi-tropical fruits, as during our period of greater heat, when these fruits make their greatest call for moisture, there is an abundance of rain, and during the other portions of the year, when the call is not so heavy, it is usually an inexpensive matter to conserve or obtain a sufficient supply to keep the trees in the best of order. throughout the southern half of this seaboard frosts are not unknown on low-lying ground, but are extremely rare on the actual coast, or at an elevation of to feet above the sea, so much so that no precautions are necessary to prevent damage from frost. we have, unlike florida and other parts of the united states of america--great fruit-growing districts--no killing frosts, and now, at the close of one of the coldest winters on record, and one of the driest, nowhere have our pineapples--fruit nor plants--been injured, except on low-lying ground, over in the southern part of the state, and mangoes, bananas, &c., are uninjured. [illustration: burning-off for fruit growing, mapleton, blackall range.] [illustration: same land one year later. fruit-grower's family gathering strawberries.] in the more tropical north frosts are unknown on the coast, and there is no danger to even the most delicate plants from cold. running parallel with the coast we have a series of ranges of low mountains, running from , feet to nearly , feet, the general height being from , to , feet, and at the back of these ranges more or less level tablelands, sloping generally to the west. on and adjacent to these ranges in the southern part of the state, there are fairly sharp frosts in winter, but the days are warm and bright. this is the district best adapted for the growth of deciduous fruits and vines, table varieties doing particularly well. it is a district well adapted for mixed farming and dairying, as well as fruit-growing; the climate is even and healthy, and is neither severe in summer nor winter. the average rainfall is some inches, and is usually sufficient, though there are dry periods, when a judicious watering, as recommended for the coast districts, would be of great value to fruit and vegetable growers. the more northern end of this tableland country has a much better rainfall--some inches per annum--and frosts, though they occur at times, are not common. here the climate is very healthy, there are no extremes of heat and cold, and, lying as it does inland from the most trying portion of our tropical seaboard, it forms a natural sanatorium to this part of our state. further west the rainfall decreases, the summers are hot--a dry heat, as distinct from the more humid heat of the coast, and much more bearable. there are frequent frosts in winter, particularly in the southern part of the state. fruit-growing is only carried on to a slight extent at present, and then only with the help of water, but when the latter is obtainable, very good results are obtained. grapes do well, both wine and table, and for raisin-making. citrus fruits are remarkably fine, the lemons especially, being the best grown in the state. the trees are less liable to the attack of many pests, the dryness of the air retarding their development, if not altogether preventing their occurrence. the date palm is quite at home here, and when planted in deep sandy land, and supplied with sufficient water, it is a rapid grower and heavy bearer. as an offset to the smallness of the rainfall, there is a good supply of artesian water, distributed over a wide range of country, that can be obtained at a reasonable rate, and that is suitable for irrigation purposes. all bore water is not suitable for irrigation, however, as some of it is too highly mineralised, but there are large areas of country possessing an artesian supply of excellent quality for this purpose. it will thus be seen that we have in queensland, roughly, three distinct belts of fruit-growing country-- st.--the eastern seaboard, and the land adjacent to it, suitable for the growing of tropical and semi-tropical fruit; nd.--the coastal tablelands, suitable for the growth of deciduous fruits, vines, olives, and citrus fruits in parts; rd.--the central tablelands, suitable for the growth of grapes, for table and drying, dates, citrus fruits, &c., but requiring water for irrigation to produce profitably. so far, i have confined my remarks mainly to the climatic side of fruit-growing, and, before dealing with the growing of the different kinds of fruit, i will say a few words about our fruit soils, and will deal with them in districts, as i have endeavoured to do in the case of climate. st.--soils of eastern seaboard, and land adjacent to it, suitable to the growth of tropical and semi-tropical fruit. several distinct types of soil are found that are well adapted for fruit-growing, but they all have one general characteristic which is a _sine qua non_ of success--viz., they must possess good natural drainage, so that there is no danger of their becoming waterlogged or soured during periods of continued or heavy rainfall, as these conditions are fatal to fruit culture under tropical and semi-tropical conditions. of such soils, the first to be considered are those of basaltic origin. they are usually of a chocolate or rich red colour, are of great depth, in parts more or less covered with basaltic boulders, in others entirely free from stones. the surface soil is friable and easily worked, and the subsoil, which is usually of a rich red colour, is easily penetrated by the roots of trees and plants grown thereon. occasionally the subsoil is more compact, in which case it is not so good for fruit-tree growth, but is better adapted for that of sugar-cane, corn, grass, &c. these basaltic soils are usually rich, and are covered in their virgin condition with what is termed scrub--a dense mass of vegetation closely resembling an indian jungle. the scrub growth is totally distinct from forest growth, which will be described later, in that the bulk of the timber growing in it, much of which is of large size, is of a soft nature, and once cut down soon rots away. imagine a dense wall of vegetation, consisting of large trees running up to or feet in height, with trunks ranging from to feet, or even more, in diameter, and between these trunks an impenetrable mass of smaller growths, all of the most vivid green colours, together with innumerable vines and creepers that are suspended from the branches of the trees, hanging in festoons, creeping palms and bamboos, ferns and orchids of many kinds, both on the ground and growing on the tree trunks, as well as many beautiful foliage plants only found in hothouses in england, and you will have a faint idea of what a virgin scrub in coastal queensland is like. much of the timber of the coastal scrubs is of considerable commercial value for building purposes and furniture making, and is, or should be, so utilised prior to felling and burning off. true scrub lands are not by any means the most difficult to clear, though to a "new chum" the work will appear at first of a herculean character. brushing the dense undergrowth and then felling the timber at a face costs from £ s. to £ per acre, according to density, size of timber, and proportion of hardwood trees contained in it, and once this is done the fallen mass is allowed to become thoroughly dry, when it is burnt off. a good fire is half the battle, as the subsequent work of burning off the heavy timber left from the first burn is comparatively light. no stumps are taken out, as the bulk are found to rot out in a few years, and their presence in the soil is no detriment to the planting of such crops as bananas or even citrus fruit trees. no special preparation of the land, such as breaking up, &c., is necessary prior to planting. holes are dug, trees or bananas are planted, and the whole cultivation for the first few years consists in keeping down weed growths with the chipping hoe. once the stumps have rotted out the plough and other implements of culture take the place of the hoe. these soils are especially adapted for the growth of oranges, limes, mandarins, mangoes, bananas, pineapples, papaws, custard apples, strawberries, and cape gooseberries in the south; in fact, for nearly every kind of tropical and semi-tropical fruit. some basaltic soils are occasionally covered with forest in the place of scrub, or a mixture, part scrub and part forest. forest country, as distinct from scrub, is open-timbered country, with little undergrowth, and no vines or other creepers. the timbers are also, as a rule, very hard, and the stumps will not rot out. such land, when at all heavily timbered, is much harder to clear and get ready for fruit-growing than true scrub, as all timber must be felled and burnt off, and all stumps and roots taken out, so that the land can be thoroughly broken up and brought into a good state of tilth prior to planting. these soils are suitable to the growth of similar fruits to the true scrubs, but, as a rule, they are not as rich. the second class of soils suitable to fruit-growing are of alluvial origin, and are of a sandy, loamy nature, of fair depth. they are usually met with along our creeks and rivers, or in the deltas of our rivers. in their virgin state they are either covered with scrub or forest, or a mixture of both, but the growth is seldom as strong as on the red volcanic soils. heavy alluvial soils are not suitable for fruit culture, and are much more valuable for the growth of farm crops, but the light sandy loams and free loams of medium character suit all kinds of fruit to perfection. these soils usually are easy to work. they retain moisture well when well worked, and frequently they are capable of being irrigated, either from adjacent creeks or rivers, or by water from wells. these soils are some of our best for citrus fruits, and are well adapted for the growth of pineapples and bananas, as well as most other tropical fruits, when free from frosts. the third class of soils are free sandy loams, either scrub or forest. they are of various colours, and range in texture from light sandy loams to medium loams; they possess excellent drainage, and though, when covered with forest, they are not naturally rich, they make excellent fruit soils, and respond rapidly to systematic cultivation and manuring. they are usually of sandstone or granitic origin, and, when covered with scrub in the first place, grow good crops for the first few years, when they become more or less exhausted in one or more available plant foods, and require manuring. these soils, like the sandy alluvial loams, are easy to work, retain moisture well when kept in a state of perfect tilth, and respond readily to manuring. they will grow all kinds of fruits when free from frost. there are other soils on which fruit can be grown, but those mentioned represent those most suitable. the land on which these soils occur is often much broken, particularly in rich scrub country; it is fairly level when of alluvial origin, and more or less rolling, as a rule, when of a sandy loamy nature. high, ridgy, free, loamy country is usually the most free from frost, and alluvial flats the most liable to it. nd.--soils of the coastal tablelands, suitable for the growth of deciduous fruit. starting from the southern part of the state, adjoining the new south wales border, the fruit soils are all of granitic origin. the country is much broken, but between the ridges and along the creek flats there is a considerable area possessing soils varying from a coarse, granitic, gritty soil to a fine granitic soil; that on the creeks of an alluvial nature, but still granitic. these soils vary considerably in quality, but are, as a rule, easy to work and retain moisture well. they are covered with open forest and are particularly adapted to the growth of apples, plums, peaches, and grapes, though other deciduous fruits are grown but not to the same excellence as those mentioned. proceeding north the fruit soils are either sandy loams or loams of a brownish colour of volcanic origin. the former are suitable for almonds and wine grapes, and the latter for peaches, apricots, pears, apples, and especially olives. further north a few of these fruits may be grown on loamy soils, together with citrus fruits, but, commercially, deciduous fruits are confined to the southern end of this district, the winter temperature being too high for their successful growth further north, as the trees get no winter rest, hence do not mature their fruit-bearing wood properly. rd.--soils of the central tablelands, suitable to the growth of grapes, dates, citrus fruits, etc. at the southern end of the state the fruit soils are all of a sandy nature. nothing else is used in any quantity, as sandy soils alone will retain sufficient moisture for the growth of grapes and fruit trees during dry spells, and even then only when kept well and deeply worked. further north, where suitable artesian water is available, the best fruit soils are also free loams of a sandy nature, either alluvial or open forest soils, but deep, and possessing perfect drainage, as irrigation on land without good natural drainage is fatal to fruit culture. these sandy loams are also easy to work; though by no means rich, they, on account of their depth, grow good crops of fruit by means of irrigation, and the fruit, such as dates, oranges, lemons, grapes, &c., is of very fine quality. the fruit soils of this district are covered either with open forest--the trees being of comparatively small size--or with a scrubby undergrowth through which a few larger trees are scattered. nearly all the timber of this district is extremely hard, is more or less stunted, and burns readily, hence clearing is not a very expensive item. having now given a very brief description of our climate and the fruit-soils in our principal fruit-producing centres, we will next consider the culture of those fruits which are grown in commercial quantities in the different parts of the state, as well as that of a few less well-known fruits which show especial promise. we will first deal with our tropical fruits, of which the first to be considered is the banana, as its production greatly exceeds that of any other tropical fruit, and, as far as australia is concerned, this is the only state in which it is grown in commercial quantities. from tropical fruits we will go on to semi-tropical fruits, then to temperate fruits and vines. the banana. under the heading of "banana," all kinds of plantains will also be included, as they belong to one and the same family. the members of this family of plants are all tropical, and produce the most typical and best known tropical fruits. [illustration: cavendish bananas on scrub land, buderim mountain.] [illustration: cavendish bananas at woombye on newly cleared land.] the rank luxuriance of the growth of this class of fruits, their handsome foliage, their productiveness, their high economic value as food, and their universal distribution throughout the tropics, all combine to place them in a premier position. as a food it is unequalled amongst fruits, as no matter whether it is used green as a vegetable, ripe as a fruit, dried and ground into flour, or preserved in any other way, it is one of the most wholesome and nutritious of foods for human consumption. it is a staple article of diet in all tropical countries, and the stems of several varieties make an excellent food for all kinds of stock. [illustration: twenty-dozen bunch, buderim mountain.] in queensland, the culture of bananas is confined to the frostless belts of the eastern seaboard, as it is a plant that is extremely susceptible to cold, and is injured by the lightest frosts. it is grown in favourable locations in the south, where it produces excellent fruit, but its cultivation is much greater in the north, where the rainfall is heavier and the average annual temperature greater. in the southern part of the state its cultivation is entirely in the hands of white growers, who have been growing it on suitable soil in suitable localities for the past fifty years or even more. i recently saw an old plantation that was set out over twenty years ago, and the present plants are still strong and healthy, and bearing good bunches of well-filled fruit, so that there is no question as to the suitability of the soil or climate. bananas do best on rich scrub land, and it is no detriment to their growth if it is more or less covered with stones as long as there is sufficient soil to set the young plants. shelter from heavy or cold winds is an advantage, and the plants thrive better under these conditions than when planted in more exposed positions. bananas are frequently the first crop planted in newly burnt off scrub land, as they do not require any special preparation of such land, and the large amount of ash and partially burnt and decomposed vegetable mould provide an ample supply of food for the plants' use. bananas are rank feeders, so that this abundance of available plant food causes a rapid growth, fine plants, and correspondingly large bunches of fruit. though newly burnt off scrub land is the best for this fruit, it can be grown successfully in land that has been under cultivation for many years, provided that the land is rich enough naturally, or its fertility is maintained by judicious green and other manuring. in newly burnt off scrub land all that is necessary is, to dig holes to inches in diameter, and about feet deep, set the young plants in it, and partly fill in the hole with good top soil. the young plant, which consists of a sucker taken from an older plant, will soon take root and grow rapidly under favourable conditions, producing its first bunch in from ten to twelve months after planting. at the same time that it is producing its first bunch it will send up two or more suckers at the base of the parent plant, and these in turn will bear fruit, and so on. after bearing, the stalk that has produced the bunch of fruit is cut down; if this is not done it will die down, as its work has been completed, and other suckers take its place. too many suckers should not be allowed to grow or the plants will become too crowded, and be consequently stunted and produce small bunches. all the cultivation that is necessary is the keeping down of weed growth, and this, once the plants occupy the whole of the land, is not a hard matter. a plantation is at its best when about three years old, but remains profitable for six years or longer; in fact, there are many plantations still bearing good fruit that have been planted from twelve to twenty years. small-growing or dwarf kinds, such as the cavendish variety, are planted at from to feet apart each way, but large-growing bananas, such as the sugar and lady's finger, require from to feet apart each way, as do the stronger-growing varieties of plantain. plantains are not grown to any extent in queensland, and our principal varieties are those already mentioned, the cavendish variety greatly predominating. in the north, the cultivation of this latter variety is carried out on an extensive scale, principally by chinese gardeners, who send the bulk of their produce to the southern states of the commonwealth. the industry supports a large number of persons other than the actual producers of the fruit, and forms one of our principal articles of export from the north. as many as , or more large bunches of bananas frequently leave by a single steamer for the south, and the bringing of this quantity to the port of shipment gives employment to a number of men on tram lines and small coastal steamers. the shipment of a heavy cargo of bananas presents a very busy scene that is not soon forgotten, the thousands of bunches of fruit that are either piled up on the wharf or that are being unloaded from railway trucks, small steamers or sometimes chinese junks, forming such a mass of fruit that one often wonders how it is possible to consume it all before it becomes over-ripe. still, it is consumed, or, at any rate, the greater portion of it is, as it is the universal fruit of the less wealthy portion of the community, the price at which it can be sold being so low that it is within the reach of everyone. a banana garden in full bearing is a very pretty sight, the thousands of plants, each with their one or more bunches of fruit, as, where there are several stems it is not at all uncommon to find two or more bunches of fruit in different states of development on the same plant, forming a mass of vegetation that must be seen to be appreciated. this is the case even with dwarf-growing kinds, but with strong-growing varieties, such as the lady's finger, the growth is so excessive that the wonder is, how the soil can support it. [illustration: bananas for shipment at innisfail.] bananas do remarkably well in queensland, and there is practically an unlimited area of country suitable for their culture, much of which is at present in a state of nature. only the more easily accessible lands have been worked and of these only the richest. manuring is unknown in most parts, and as soon as the plantation shows signs of deterioration it is abandoned, and a fresh one planted out in new land, the land previously under crop with bananas being either planted in sugar-cane or allowed to run to grass. this is certainly a very wasteful method of utilising our land, and the time will come, sooner or later, when greater care will have to be given to it, and that once land has become impoverished by banana culture, it will have to be put under a suitable rotation of crops, so as to fit it for being again planted to bananas. the trouble is, as i have already stated, we have too much land and too few people to work it, hence, so far, we are unable to use it to anything like the best advantage. during the year the production of bananas in queensland was some , , bunches, and when it is considered that each bunch will average about dozen fruit, it will be seen that already we are producing a very large quantity. there is, however, plenty of room for extension, and any quantity of available country, but before this extension can be profitable, steps will have to be taken to utilise the fruit in a manner other than its consumption as fresh fruit, and this in itself will mean the opening up of new industries and the employment of a considerable amount of labour. i have mentioned dozen as being the average quantity of fruit per bunch, but it is frequently much more than this, and i have often seen bunches of to dozen fine fruit grown on strong young plants on rich new land. although the industry in the north is now almost entirely in the hands of chinese gardeners, there is no reason whatever why it should not be run by white growers, as is done in the south, and there is no question that our white-grown bananas in the south compare more than favourably with the northern chinese-grown article, despite the fact that the latter has every advantage in climate and an abundance of virgin soil. most of the photos of bananas are, i am sorry to say, not by any means typical of this industry, as they have been taken during the off-season, when the plants look ragged and are showing little new growth, and the bunches also are much smaller than usual. still, i hope that the illustrations will give some idea of the growing and handling of this crop, and will show what a banana plant and its bunch are like. the pineapple. if there is one fruit that queensland can grow to perfection, it is undoubtedly the pineapple. this is not merely my own personal opinion, but is the universal admission of all who are qualified to judge. on many occasions i have taken men thoroughly conversant with pineapple-growing, and who knew what a good fruit really is, through some of our plantations, where i have given them fruit to test, and, without exception, they have had no hesitation in saying that they have never tasted better fruit. our fruit has a firmness, freedom from fibre, and a flavour that is hard to beat. it is an excellent canning fruit, superior in this respect to the singapore article, which it surpasses in flavour. this is admitted by english and european buyers, and its superiority is bound eventually to result in a great increase in canning and the establishment of large works run on thoroughly up-to-date lines. [illustration: picking pines for market--woombye district.] [illustration: pineapple plantation--showing plants of different ages--woombye, north coast line.] like the banana, the pineapple is a tropical fruit, and is very sensitive to cold, hence its culture is confined to frostless districts. it is grown all along our eastern seaboard, where, when planted in suitable soils and under suitable conditions, it is, undoubtedly, our hardiest fruit, and is practically immune from any serious disease. its culture is entirely in the open, no shelter whatever being given, so that we are not put to the great expense that growers of this fruit in florida and some other pineapple-producing countries must incur if they wish to secure a crop. here we have no severe freeze-outs, and, though dry spells retard the growth at times, we have never suffered any serious injury from this cause. in the southern part of the state, the coolness of the winter retards growth somewhat, and occasionally the tops of the leaves and young fruit are slightly injured, particularly in low-lying land, or where the plants are growing on land having a cold subsoil. when grown under more favourable conditions, however, they sustain no injury, and produce fruit, more or less, all the year round. pines are always in season, though there are times when they are comparatively scarce. there are usually two main crops a year--viz., a summer and a winter crop. the former is the heavier of the two, and the fruit is decidedly the best, as its sugar contents are much higher. the main summer crop ripens in the north from the beginning of november, and in the south from january to as late as march in some seasons. the main winter crop is usually at its best in july and august, but there is always more or less fruit during the other months of the year. the pineapple likes a warm, free, well-drained soil, that is free from frost in winter, and that will not become soured by heavy rain during summer. sandy loams are, therefore, our best pineapple soils, though it does well on free loams of basaltic or alluvial origin. unlike the banana, the pineapple does not do too well in newly burnt off scrub land, owing to the difficulty in working the ground and keeping it clean. it requires a thorough preparation of the soil prior to planting in order to be grown to perfection. in the case of new land of suitable texture, the timber should all be burnt off, and all stumps and roots taken out of the soil, which should then be carefully broken up and reduced to a fine tilth, all weed or grass growth being destroyed. it should then be again ploughed, and, if possible, subsoiled, so as to permit of the roots penetrating the ground to a fair depth instead of their merely depending on the few top inches of surface soil. careful preparation of the land and deep stirring prior to planting will be found to pay well, and turn out far the cheapest in the end. given suitable soil, well prepared, the growing of pineapples is not at all difficult, as the plants soon take root, and once they became established, they prove themselves to be extremely hardy. pines will grow and thrive on comparatively poor soil, provided it is of suitable texture, but in such soils it is necessary to supplement the plant food in the soil by the addition of manures, if large fruit and heavy crops are to be obtained. pineapples are propagated by means of suckers coming from the base of fruit-bearing plants, or from smaller suckers, or, as they are termed, robbers or gill sprouts that start from the fruiting stem just at the base of the fruit. they are also sometimes propagated by means of the crown, but this method is usually considered too slow. well-developed suckers are usually preferred, as these come into bearing earliest, but equally good, if not better, returns are obtained by planting gill sprouts. the latter have the advantage in that they always develop a good root system before showing signs of fruit, hence their first crop is always a good one, and the fruit is of the best, whereas suckers sometimes start flowering as soon as they are planted, before they are properly established, with the result that the first fruit is small and inferior, and the plants have to throw out fresh suckers before a good crop is produced. gill sprouts are slower in coming into bearing than suckers, but the results are usually more satisfactory. like the banana, once a pineapple plant has borne fruit the fruiting stalk dies down, and its place is taken by one or more suckers, which in their turn bear fruit and die. pineapples are planted in queensland in several ways, but by far the most common method is to set the suckers out in single or double rows, from to feet apart, with the plants at from to feet apart in the row. the rows soon increase in width by the growth of suckers, and the throwing up of ratoons--surface roots thrown off from the original plant, which send up plants from below the ground as distinct from suckers, which come from the base or even higher up the stem of a fruiting plant. it is not at all an uncommon thing to see the rows grown together, so that the plantation appears to be a solid mass of plants, but pathways have to be kept between the rows to permit of gathering the fruit, manuring, &c. pineapples have been grown in the brisbane district for the past sixty years, and i have been shown beds of plants that have not been replanted for over forty years that are still producing good fruit. this shows how well at home this fruit is with us; but, in my opinion, it is not desirable to keep the plants so long in the same ground, as the finest fruit is always obtained from comparatively young plantations, the older ones producing too large a proportion of small fruit. from the brisbane district this fruit has spread all over the eastern coast, and its production is increasing rapidly in several districts. once the pine is planted, its cultivation is comparatively simple. if in single or double rows, all weed growth is kept down between the plants, and the ground between the rows is kept in a state of good cultivation by means of ploughing or cultivating, the soil being worked towards the rows so as to encourage the formation of suckers low down on the fruiting plants. manure is given when necessary, the manure being worked in on either side of the rows. [illustration: smooth-leaved cayenne pines in fruit, planted months, woombye district.] the pineapple comes into bearing early, and, except where suckers throw fruit as soon as planted, bear their first crop in from twelve to twenty months, according to the type of suckers planted and the time of year at which they are set. practically every sucker will produce a fruit at the first fruiting, and these will be followed by succeeding crops, borne on the successive crops of suckers, so that when the whole of the ground is occupied by plants, the returns are very heavy. one thousand dozen marketable fruits is by no means an unusual crop for queen pines in a plantation in full bearing, and, taking these at an average of - / lb. each, you get a return of , lb., or tons american per acre. the illustrations herewith give a good general idea of the usual method of growing pines, and the method of handling and marketing, as well as of the nature of the country on which they are grown. the illustrations are mostly of smooth-leaved pines, which bear a fruit averaging from to lb. each, but occasionally running up to as much as to lb., though the latter is an extreme weight. the single pine shown is just under lb. several kinds of pines are grown, which are generally classified into roughs and smooths. the rough, or rough-leaved pines, such as the common queen and ripley queen, and local seedlings raised from them, are very prolific, and though not equal in size and appearance to the smooth-leaved cayenne, our principal smooth-leaved kind, are usually considered to be of superior flavour, and to be better for canning or preserving. rough pines run up to as much as lb. weight each, but this is uncommon, the best average i have met with being about lb. per pine, and they were exceptionally good. the price at which this fruit sells here seems absurd to those living in cold countries, who are accustomed to look upon it as a luxury only found on the tables of the wealthy, as good rough-leaved pines are worth about s. per dozen during the summer season, and smooth-leaved pines from s. d. to s. d. a dozen. prices are certainly higher during the off-season, but growers would be well satisfied to get s. per dozen for rough pines all the year round. i have no hesitation in saying that pines can be grown at a profit at from £ to £ per ton, so that the cost of growing is so low that there is nothing to prevent us from canning the fruit and selling it at a price that will defy competition. [illustration: pineapple plantation--pines packed for market, and showing fruit-grower's home, woombye district.] pineapple-growing has been a very profitable industry, particularly in the older plantations of the brisbane district, and still continues to be so in many places despite the fact that prices are much lower now than they were some years since. the plantations from which the illustrations are taken are comparatively new ones, the land having been in its virgin state from six to eight years ago, and, as shown, some is only now being cleared. the owners of the plantations started without capital, and, by dint of hard work and perseverance, are now reaping an excellent return of some £ per acre net profit. this is by no means an isolated example, but is one that is typical of what can be done, and has therefore been chosen. there is a great opening for the culture of this fruit in queensland, and its cultivation is capable of being extended to a practically unlimited extent. we have a large amount of land suitable for the growth of this fruit that is available in different parts of the state, much of it at very reasonable rates, so that there is no difficulty in this direction for anyone wishing to make a start. it is an industry from which returns are quickly obtained, and is a branch of fruit-growing that holds out strong inducements and every prospect of success to intending growers. at present our production is about sufficient for our presently existing markets, but there is nothing to prevent these markets being widely extended. our present means of utilising our surplus fruits, by canning or otherwise preserving same, are by no means as complete or up to date as they should be, and before they can become so, it is necessary to greatly increase our output. small works cost too much to run as compared with large canning establishments, hence we are not yet in a position to make the most of our fruit. with increased production we will have an increase in the facilities for utilising the fruit. this requires labour, and there is right here an opening for many industrious workers, a business that i have no doubt will pay from the start, a business of which we have the australian monopoly, and in which there is no reason that i can see in which we should not compete satisfactorily in the markets of the world. [illustration: pineapple plantation--showing method of growing the fruit, woombye district.] queensland possesses many advantages respecting the growth of this fruit as compared with other countries in which it is grown commercially, which may be briefly enumerated as follows:-- st.--freedom from loss by freeze-outs; nd.--the ease with which the fruit can be grown, and its freedom from disease; rd.--the large area of land suitable to its culture, and the low price at which suitable land can be obtained; th.--the fine quality of the fruit; th.--the superiority of our fruit for canning purposes; th.--the low price at which it can be produced, and the heavy crops that can be grown. these are enough reasons to show that in the pineapple we have a fruit well suited to our soil and climate, a fruit in the cultivation of which there is room for great extension, and which will provide a living for many industrious settlers. [illustration: rough-leaved pines, redland bay district.] [illustration: pineapple plantation--on virgin soil, showing scrub land at back being cleared for fruit growing, woombye district.] the mango. this magnificent fruit, which is practically unknown outside of the tropics, has become as hardy as a forest tree throughout our eastern seaboard, wherever it is planted out of frost. it has been named, and well named too, the apple of queensland, as it stands as much neglect, and can be grown with as little care and attention as, or even less, than that given to the apple-trees in many of the somerset or devonshire orchards. it will not, however, stand frost. droughts and floods have little effect on it; it will grow in any soil, from a sand to a heavy loam, amongst rocks, or on a gravelly or shaley land. naturally, it does best in good land, but there are hundreds of cases where trees are doing well and bearing heavily on land that is by no means fruit land. the mango is one of our handsomest fruit trees; the symmetry of its growth, its large glossy leaves, the delicate colouring of its young growth, which is of different shades in different varieties, the abundance of fruit that it produces, varying in colour from dull-green to yellow, red, or even purplish tints, all render it conspicuous. as well as being one of our handsomest, it is also one of our most widely distributed fruits, being found growing luxuriantly the whole length of our eastern seaboard. a few trees are also to be met with inland in districts that are free from frosts, so that it stands both the dry heat of the interior and the humid heat of the coast. as a tropical fruit it naturally reaches its greatest perfection under our most tropical conditions, the trees there growing practically wild, requiring little if any attention, making a rapid growth, coming into bearing early, and producing heavy crops of fruit. further south the growth is somewhat slower, though the trees grow to a large size and bear heavily. it is one of the easiest of trees to grow, as it is readily propagated by means of seed. in many plantations thousands of young seedlings may often be seen growing under the old trees, the seeds having taken root without even having been planted. in most cases it is propagated from seed, the stones of fruit showing especial merit being planted either in a nursery, or, better, still, where the tree is to remain permanently, as it usually does better when so planted than when grown in a nursery and thence transplanted to its permanent location. the land should be well worked prior to planting, and the young trees require to be kept free from weeds and undergrowth till such time as they occupy the whole of the ground, when they are able to look after themselves, and require no further attention, at any rate in the warmer parts. it is not at all uncommon to come across a mango-tree, in full bearing, in vigorous health, that is growing wild, the result of a stone that has been thrown away by someone who has eaten the fruit. the young tree has not only been able to hold its own against all kinds of indigenous growths, but has developed into a vigorous, healthy tree, thus showing that it is perfectly at home, and that the soil and climate of queensland suit it to perfection. the fact that by far the greater portion of our mango-trees have been grown from seed has resulted in the production of innumerable varieties, many of which are of decidedly inferior quality, as one never knows when planting the seed what the resultant fruit is going to be like. one is more likely to get good fruit by planting the seeds from selected fruit of the highest quality, but is by no means certain to do so, as a number of seeds always revert to inferior types. this has had a bad effect on our mango industry, and has been apt to give the fruit as a class a bad name, so much so that we find it difficult to get our southern neighbours to take to it at all readily. i can quite understand anyone, whose first experience of a mango is that of an inferior fruit, full of fibre, and having a distinctly disagreeable flavour, condemning the particular fruit, but because there are inferior fruits one should not condemn the whole without knowing what a really good mango is like. [illustration: mango trees, port douglas.] we have many good mangoes in queensland, but only a few that are really first-class, and of the latter i have yet to meet the man or woman, who is a fruit-eater, who does not appreciate their exquisite flavour, and who does not consider them worthy to rank with any of the finest fruits. by many a really fine mango is considered to be the king of fruits, and i am not at all certain that they are not right, but, at the same time, a really bad mango is indescribably bad. the mango grows to a large size here, even when comparatively young. i know trees over feet in height, having a spread of the branches of more than feet, a main trunk nearly feet in diameter, that are under thirty years old, and that have borne from to tons of fruit for a single crop. hundreds of tons of fruit go to waste annually for want of a market, or are consumed by farm animals, as the consumption of the fruit is practically confined to this state, and the production is greater than we can consume, despite the fact that mangoes are in season from the end of september to march, and that they are a favourite fruit with all who have acquired a liking for them. in addition to the consumption of the fruit in its fresh state, a quantity is converted into chutney, but this is so small that it has no appreciable effect on the crop as a whole. the unripe fruit makes an excellent substitute for apples, and is used stewed or for pies or tarts, and when sliced and dried it may be stored and used in a similar manner to dried apples. [illustration: mango tree near brisbane.] in addition to its value as a fruit, the mango forms a handsome ornamental tree, and one that provides a good shade for stock. it is very free from disease, as with the exception of one or two species of scale insects, which do not cause any very serious damage, it has few serious pests. it is a fruit that is bound sooner or later to come into more general favour, particularly when the qualities of the finer varieties are better known. until quite recently it was considered to be one of the most difficult trees to propagate by means of grafting or budding, hence its propagation has been practically confined to raising it from seed, but now we have found out how to work it by means of plate-budding, and are able to perpetuate our best sorts true to kind. this is sure to lead to a general improvement of our existing varieties, as old trees can be worked over by this means, or young trees of approved kinds can be grown in a nursery and distributed. the fruit is very wholesome, is much appreciated by all who have acquired a taste for it, can be used fresh or dry, ripe or unripe, and cans well. it is a great addition to our list of purely tropical fruits, and finds a place in all orchards or gardens where it is capable of being grown. the mangosteen. many attempts have been made during past years to introduce this delicious fruit into queensland, but these always resulted in failure. true, a certain variety of mangosteen has been successfully grown at port douglas, also on the lower burdekin, and rumours of the existence of the true java mangosteen (_garcinia mangostana_) have been received, but, in nearly every case, they have, on investigation, proved to be _garcinia xanthochymus_, or some other species. at the kamerunga state nursery, however, trees of undoubted parentage were successfully raised. it is said that a thriving young plant, which is unquestionably _g. mangostana_, is owned by mr. banfield, of dunk island. the records of the kamerunga nursery show that in october, , a quantity--about --of ripe mangosteen fruit was received from the batavian agency by the then manager, mr. ebenezer cowley, from which some seeds were obtained. of these, only a few germinated. the next mention is of the distribution, in february, , of six plants to an applicant on the mossman, and of two more in may of that year. since then several young trees have been raised at the nursery, and one of them, in january, , fruited for the first time for twenty-two years, and is the first to have done so in this state. some of the fruit was sent to the department of agriculture and stock, and proved to be fully equal to those of java. a full history of the mangosteen and of its introduction into queensland is given in "the queensland agricultural journal" (vol. xxx., june and july, ). the photographs were taken from the original fruit. [illustration: fruit of mangosteen.] the papaw. continuing our list of tropical fruits, we now come to the papaw, one of our most wholesome and useful fruits. it is grown all along our eastern seaboard in situations that are free from frost. it comes into bearing early, and is a heavy cropper. like the other tropical fruits already described, it does best in our warmer parts, coming to maturity earlier, and producing better fruit. in many of the northern coastal scrubs it is often met with growing wild, and producing fruit in abundance, the seeds from which the trees have been produced having been dropped by birds or distributed by other natural agencies. the papaw fruit resembles a rock melon somewhat in shape and flavour, the fruit being produced in the axil of the leaves all along the main stem, where they are clustered thickly together. the tree does best on well-drained soils, and is very sensitive to the presence of clay or stagnant water at the roots, hence it usually does best on scrub land or land well supplied with humus. it is propagated entirely from seed, which grows readily in such soils, and under favourable conditions will bear its first fruit when about ten to twelve months old, and continue to bear for three or four years or even longer. when the trees becomes old, however, the fruit decreases in size and deteriorates in quality, so that it is necessary to plant a number yearly in order to keep up a regular supply. it is a very handsome tree, with large spreading leaves on long stems, beneath which is its cluster of fruit--as many as fruits being sometimes found in different stages of development on the one plant. the fruit ranges in size from lb. to some lb. in weight, and when ripe it is of a greenish-yellow or sometimes orange colour. the flesh is yellow, and when quite ripe it is moderately juicy, and of a flavour that it not always appreciated at first, but which one soon becomes very partial to. it more nearly resembles the flavour of a rock melon than that of any other fruit, and the seeds, which are found clustered in the centre of the fruit, have a flavour that closely resembles that of seeds of the nasturtium. both the seeds and the fruit contain an active principle called papain, which is really a vegetable pepsin, that has the effect of greatly assisting in the assimilation of all food with which it is eaten, hence it is a valuable remedy in the case of dyspepsia, and persons who take the fruit regularly are never subject to this exceedingly troublesome disease. the fruit can be used both as a vegetable and as a fruit, the former in its green state, when it is boiled and served with melted butter, resembles a vegetable marrow or squash, but is superior to either of these vegetables. as a fruit it is either used by itself, or in conjunction with other fruits it forms the basis of a fruit salad. it is largely used in the north, and its cultivation is steadily spreading south, as its valuable properties are becoming better known. its cultivation is very simple. the seeds are either planted where the tree is to remain, or are raised in a bed and transplanted to their permanent position in the orchard when strong enough to stand shifting, care being taken to select a dull moist day. the young plants are protected from the sun for a few days till they have become established, after which all that is necessary is to keep down weeds and to work the soil round them, taking care not to injure the roots. a good mulch of decomposed vegetable matter round the plants is an advantage, but they are usually so easily grown that little extra care is given to them. the papaw bears male and female flowers, which may be on the same trees, but are usually on different trees, so that it is usual to speak of male and female trees. this is, however, a mistake, as according to bailey the plant is polygamous--that is to say, male, female, or hermaphrodite flowers may be found on the same or on distinct plants. the male flowers are usually on long scantily-branched auxiliary panicles, whereas the female flowers are mostly in the axils of the leaves close to the stem. the two trees are not distinguishable from each other till they come into flower, hence it is advisable to set the young plants fairly close together--say, feet apart--and thin out the male trees when same can be distinguished by their blossoms. besides its use as a fruit and vegetable, the papaw makes a fair conserve and an excellent sauce, and its medicinal principle, "papain," is an article of commerce. [illustration: papaw in fruit, near brisbane.] the cocoa-nut. although this palm can be grown for ornamental purposes as far south as brisbane, its cultivation on commercial lines will be confined to the coast district north of townsville, and to the islands off the coast, as, in order to develop its fruit to perfection, it requires a tropical climate. where the climate is suitable it does well, it makes a rapid growth, and bears heavy crops of nuts. old palms on the beach at cairns compare favourably with any growing in the south seas, and i am of opinion that its culture in commercial quantities on suitable land will be found profitable. the cocoa-nut palm does best right on or adjacent to the seashore, in comparatively poor sandy soil--soil that is usually of little value for general crops, though it will grow mangoes well. so far, it is not grown in any large numbers, and although there is a ready sale for the ripe nuts, there is no attempt to make copra or to utilise the coir. copra is the dried flesh of the nut, from which oil is extracted, and is largely used in the manufacture of soap, candles, &c., the refuse left after the oil has been extracted being used for cattle feed. coir is the fibre surrounding the nut, and is used for the manufacture of matting, door mats, &c. there is a considerable area of land suitable to the culture of this fruit on our northern coast, which is at present lying idle, that, in my opinion, can be turned to a profitable use by planting it in cocoa-nuts as, in addition to utilising land otherwise of little value, we would be building up a new industry. the trees come into bearing in about eight years after planting the seed, and will continue to produce crops for many years without any attention. care will have to be given for the first few years, whilst the plants are small, to keep down undergrowth and to prevent fires from running through the plantation, but, once fairly established, the plants will look after themselves. a cocoa-nut plantation gives a distinctly tropical look to the district in which it is grown, and the palms, particularly when young, are very ornamental; when old the long bare stems detract somewhat from the beauty of the top. it is a palm that i believe has a good future before it in the north, and for that reason i have included it amongst our tropical fruits, though it is cultivated at present more as an ornamental plant than as an article of commerce. [illustration: cocoa-nut palms, port douglas.] the granadilla. a vine, belonging to the natural order passifloreæ, that produces one of our most delicious tropical fruits. the papaw and the passion fruit belong to this same order. it can be grown all along our eastern seaboard, but comes to greatest perfection in the north. the fruit is of a pale greenish-yellow colour, cylindrical in shape, and varies in weight from about to lb., the largest fruits being produced on a sub-species. the fruit consists of an outer pulpy covering, which can be used for cooking if desired, which surrounds a cavity filled with seeds which are encased in a jelly-like mass. this is the portion eaten, and to use an americanism, "it is not at all hard to take." it is either eaten by itself, or is used in conjunction with papaw and other fruits to make a fruit salad, a dish that is fit for the food of the gods, and once taken is never forgotten. the granadilla is easily grown from seed, and the plants are trained on an overhead trellis, the fruit hanging down on the underside. it is a heavy bearer, and once planted requires little attention. it requires a free, warm soil, that is fairly rich, to be grown to perfection, hence it is most commonly grown on scrub land. it can, however, be grown on any well-prepared land of a free nature. unfortunately, it is a difficult fruit to ship any distance, hence its consumption is mainly confined to the districts in which it is grown, and where, needless to say, it is greatly appreciated. it is in fruit more or less all the year round, its main crop being in early spring in the north, and during the summer months further south. it is sometimes made into jam or jelly, but when preserved loses much of its characteristic flavour. [illustration: granadilla vine at kuranda, cairns district.] the passion fruit. this fruit is very closely related to the granadilla, but is much hardier than it, and can be grown to perfection much further south. it is not injured by frost to any extent in any part of coastal queensland, and can be grown a considerable distance inland. it is more rightly a semi-tropical than a tropical fruit, though, as it is so nearly related to the granadilla, i have included it amongst the tropical fruits. it is also a vine, and, when grown commercially, is trained along a horizontal trellis, in a somewhat similar manner to a grape vine. it is readily grown from seed, and will produce fruit in less than twelve months from the time that it is planted, and will continue to bear fruit for some years. it does best on a free, warm soil of fair quality, though it may be grown anywhere with care, and often thrives well in very poor soils with the addition of manure. it is found growing wild on the borders of many of our scrubs and elsewhere, the seeds having been deposited by birds or other agencies, and under such conditions it produces an abundance of fruit. the fruit is of a roundish oval shape, and is of a dark-purple colour. it is about the size of a large hen's egg, the outer skin being hard and shell-like, and the centre filled with the seeds, which are surrounded with a jelly-like mass and a yellowish pulp. it is a very fine flavoured fruit, and is universally liked. it is grown in considerable quantities in the southern part of the state, and is one of our commonest fruits. it has usually two crops a year--a summer and a winter crop--but can be got to produce its fruit at any particular time that is desired by systematic pruning at different times of the year. it is often grown over sheds, dead trees, fallen logs, &c., which it covers with a mass of dense green foliage, and converts what would otherwise be an unsightly object into an ornament. the illustration herewith shows this well, and gives a good idea of the growth of a single vine. commercially it is grown on trellis, so that the land between the rows can be kept well cultivated, and also to permit of ease in the gathering of the fruit. when ripe, the fruit drops, and the gathering is usually from the ground. the fruit carries well, but will not keep for any length of time, as it shrivels up. it is principally used as a fresh fruit, though it is also made into jam or jelly, and it often forms part of a fruit salad, taking the place of the granadilla. it has few pests, and is one of the easiest fruits to grow. [illustrations: passion fruit, redland bay--showing method of culture ( ) and part of a vine in fruit ( ).] custard apples. under this heading i will include all the anonas, such as the sour sop, sweet sop, bullock's heart, and cherimoya. the sour sop is purely tropical, and is very sensitive to frost, but the other species are by no means so tender, and can be grown anywhere along the coast where the soil is suitable, as well as at many inland places. all the species produce very fine fruits, that vary somewhat in shape, in the roughness of the skin, and in size. the sour sop is the largest, and attains a size of to lb. the fruit is covered with soft spines, and is of an irregular oval, or even pyriform, shape. it ripens very soon after it is gathered, consequently cannot be sent any distance. it is a pleasant fruit of an aromatic sub-acid flavour. the pulp surrounding the seeds is of a woolly consistency, and this is surrounded by a custard-like mass which is much appreciated by those who have acquired a liking for it. it is a comparatively uncommon fruit, and is confined to the tropics. the sweet sop is the commonest of the anonas, and is grown throughout a considerable part of coastal queensland. it is usually of an irregular roundish shape, very full of seeds, which are surrounded by a custard-like pulp of very pleasant flavour. it is usually a heavy bearer, and is the variety most commonly met with in our fruit stores. the tree is hardy and is easily grown. the bullock's heart is a stronger-growing variety than the previous one, the fruit is larger, and, as its name implies, heart-shaped. it is also fairly seedy, the pulp of a light-brown colour, and more gritty, and not, in my opinion, of first-rate quality. it is most commonly grown in the north, where it is a very hardy and prolific tree. the cherimoya is the best of the custard apples. the tree is a strong grower, with large handsome leaves, but, as a rule, it is not a very heavy bearer. there are many varieties, the fruit of which varies considerably in size and shape, and the skin is sometimes smooth and sometimes warted, or even covered with short soft spines. it has usually comparatively few seeds, and these are surrounded by a rich custard-like pulp, which in the better kinds is of very fine flavour, and is generally much liked. the fruit is not a good keeper, still, given careful handling and packing, it can be kept for nearly a week. all custard apples are easily raised from seed, but the better varieties are propagated by grafting strong seedlings with wood taken from a tree producing fruit of especial merit. any good fruit soil will grow them, and they do not require any especial treatment. [illustration: custard apples, brisbane district.] there are still a large number of tropical fruits that i have not mentioned, but space will not permit of my giving them more than a passing notice, as they are not of any great value from a commercial standpoint at present. of these fruits the litchi, whampee, averoha, longan, vi-apple, and chinese mangosteen are practically confined to the north. the guava, of which there are many species, grows anywhere; in fact, it is a pest in many cases, taking complete possession of the land. it is not cultivated to any great extent, as it grows so readily without, and, further, it harbours several pests whose presence it is desirable to remove from the orchard. it is a useful fruit for home consumption, as it stews well, makes an excellent jam, and its jelly is one of the best. the rosella, a species of hibiscus, is an annual fruit that is grown to a considerable extent in several parts of the state, and is used for pies, jams, and jellies. the latter is remarkably good, equal to that made from the red currant of colder climes, and will no doubt become an article of export at no very distant date. the fruit also dries well, and makes an excellent pickle. it is raised from seed, the young seedlings being set out in well-prepared land when all danger of frost is past. it is a rapid grower, and forms a bush some feet across by or feet high. it is a heavy bearer, and the fruit meets with a ready sale. to do well, the plants require a warm, free, well-drained soil, as they do not thrive where there is any stagnant water at or near the roots. the avocado or alligator pear is not grown to any extent, though it thrives well, particularly to the north of the tropic of capricorn, and can also be grown successfully as far south as the new south wales border. it is a fruit that deserves to be cultivated to a much greater extent than it is at present, and once it becomes better known i have no doubt that it will be planted in considerable numbers, and prove a very welcome addition to our already long list of fruits, as it is unequalled, in my opinion, as a salad. as far as my experience goes, it is likely to become a profitable fruit to grow, as once persons acquire a liking for it, they become very partial to it, and eat it whenever they can get it. in addition to purely tropical fruits a number of semi-tropical fruits are grown on our eastern seaboard, but are not entirely confined thereto, as many of them are cultivated to a considerable extent in some parts of our coastal and inland tablelands, particularly in sheltered positions. under the heading of semi-tropical fruits, all kinds of citrus fruits, persimmons, loquats, date palm, wine palm, pecan nut, brazilian cherry, natal plum, ki-apple, and many other fruits are included, as well as several fruits that more properly belong to the temperate regions, such as japanese plums, chickasaw plum, peaches of chinese origin, figs, mulberries of sorts, strawberries, cape gooseberries, &c. of all of these the citrus fruits, which include the orange, mandarin, seville, lemon, lime, grape fruit, kumquat, citron, and pomelo are by far the most important, and are grown successfully over a very large portion of the state, so that we will consider them first. [illustration: sour sop, mossman district.] citrus fruit. quite a number of fruits are included under this heading, and all reach a very high state of perfection in this state. the whole of the family, the lemon-shaped citron excepted, is noted for the beauty and symmetry of growth that its trees make, and i know of few more beautiful sights in the vegetable world than a well-kept citrus grove in full bearing. take the common round orange as an example, its well-balanced and evenly grown head, its dark glossy green foliage, its wealth of white blossoms, which perfume the whole neighbourhood, or its mass of golden fruit between its dark-green leaves, render it one of the most beautiful of fruit trees at all times, but especially so when covered with blossoms or ripe fruit. a typical queensland grove is even more beautiful than those of many other places, as the vigour and size of our trees, their exceptionally healthy appearance, their dark foliage, and the heavy crop of high-class fruit that they bear, are at once evident to a stranger who has never seen the orange grown under such favourable conditions as are experienced here. the yield is often so heavy that the trees actually bend to the ground with the weight of their fruit, and a stack of props has to be used to prevent the tree from splitting into pieces. those who have seen the enormous crops of apples that are produced on some trees in tasmania or the old cider orchards of devon or somerset can form an idea of the crops; but the writer, who has seen both, as well as our queensland trees, has no hesitation in saying that a queensland mandarin can give points to either as a heavy cropper; in fact, if it has a fault, it is its proneness to overbear, particularly when young. this all tends to prove how well adapted queensland is to the growth of citrus fruits, and were i asked to select a country particularly suited to their culture i should have no hesitation in naming this state, as i know of nowhere where their culture can be carried out with less trouble, or where the trees will produce better fruit or heavier crops. queensland may well be termed the home of citrus fruits, as we have no less than three native species which are indigenous to the state, and are by no means uncommon in our scrubs. their presence gives unmistakable proof of the suitability of this state for the culture of fruits of the same family, so that i think a short description of these native species may not be out of place, but will be of some interest to my readers. [illustration: young orange orchard ( years old) on scrub land, near mapleton, blackall range. showing the standing scrub in the background.] _citrus australis_, the native orange or lime, is both the largest and most common. it grows into a large tree, having a diameter of to inches in the trunk, and a height of feet or more. it produces a quantity of thick-skinned acid fruit, of from to inches in diameter. the skin is full of a resinous sap, and the fruit is of little value. it is a slow-growing tree, though, as just mentioned, it attains a considerable size, is very hardy, and produces a quantity of fruit. its slow growth, when young, has prevented its use as a stock on which to work improved varieties, but i have no doubt it would make a very hardy stock that would be distinctly disease-resistant. the second variety is _citrus australasica_, the so-called finger lime, a thorny bush, producing a fruit of from / to inch in diameter, and to inches long. the fruit has a thin skin, and contains an agreeable acid pulp that varies in colour, in some specimens being of a reddish tinge that resembles the pulp of a blood orange. these two varieties are met with in the southern part of the state, but the third is a northern species, to which mr. f. m. bailey, our colonial botanist, has given the name of _citrus inodora_, the north queensland lime. it is met with in the scrubs of the russell river, and is described by mr. bailey as bearing a greater resemblance to the cultivated species than the two former varieties. it produces a fruit over inches long by - / inches in diameter, having a thin rind and a juicy pulp of a sharply acid flavour, so that even in its wild state it is a desirable fruit, and takes the place of the cultivated lemon. where native species flourish as they do here, there is every probability of cultivated species thriving equally well, and this is found to be the case in practice. [illustration: a young orange orchard, woombye district.] no fruits are more generally distributed or have a wider range in this state than those of the citrus family, as, with the exception of the colder parts of the downs, where the winter temperature is too low, the gulf country, and the dry western districts, where there is no water available for irrigation, they can be grown from one end of the state to the other, provided that they are planted in suitable soil, and that, in the drier parts, there is an available supply of suitable water with which to irrigate them during the prevalence of long dry spells. the country adjoining the eastern seaboard, extending from the tweed river in the south to cooktown in the north--a distance of about , miles, and extending inland for nearly miles--is naturally suited to the growth of citrus fruits, and there is probably no country in the world that is better adapted to, or that can produce the various kinds of these fruits to greater perfection or with less trouble, than this portion of queensland. of course, the whole of this large area is not adapted for citrus culture, as it contains many different kinds of soils, several of which are not suitable for the growth of these fruits, and there is also a large extent of country which is too broken and otherwise unsuitable. at the same time there are hundreds of thousands of acres of land in this area in which the soil and natural conditions are eminently suited to the growth of citrus fruit, and in which the tenderest varieties of these fruits may be grown to perfection without the slightest chance of their being injured by frost; and where the natural rainfall is such that, provided the trees receive ordinary care and cultivation, there is seldom any necessity for artificial irrigation. at the present time there are hundreds of citrus trees growing practically wild in different parts of the coastal country that are in vigorous health and producing heavy crops of good fruit, even though they are uncultivated, unpruned, unmanured, and have to hold their own against a vigorous growth of native and introduced shrubs, trees, and weeds. when the orange, lime, citron, or common lemon become established under conditions that are favourable for their proper development, they apparently become as hardy as the indigenous plants, and are able to hold their own against them, thus showing how well the climate and suitable soils of coastal queensland are adapted for the cultivation of citrus fruits. the commercial cultivation of citrus fruits is at present practically confined to this coastal area, the most important centres, starting from the south, being nerang, coomera, redland bay, brisbane, enoggera, gatton, grantham, toowoomba, north coast line from north pine to gympie including the blackall range and buderim mountain; the wide bay district, including maryborough, tiaro, mount bauple, gayndah, pialba, and burrum; the burnett district, including bundaberg and mullet creek; the fitzroy district, including rockhampton and yeppoon; bowen, cardwell, murray river, tully river, cairns and district, port douglas, and cooktown. in addition to these districts a few citrus fruits are grown at mackay, townsville, and several other places. citrus fruits are also grown further inland, but their cultivation here is largely dependent on the ability to supply the trees with suitable water for irrigation during dry spells. frosts have also to be taken into consideration, for, though the days are warm, the temperature often falls considerably during the night, owing to the great radiation, and citrus-trees in districts like roma, emerald, &c., are liable to injury thereby. west of emerald, at bogantungan, barcaldine, and other places, citrus fruits do very well with irrigation. some of the finest lemons, washington navel, and other improved varieties of oranges are grown here to perfection, the lemons especially being of high quality, and curing down equal to the imported italian or californian article. the soil in many of the inland districts is well suited to the culture of citrus fruits, and when the trees are given the necessary water, and are uninjured by frost, they produce excellent fruit. i stated, some short distance back, that there is probably no country in the world that is better adapted to the cultivation of or that can produce the various kinds of citrus fruits to greater perfection or with less trouble than the eastern seaboard of queensland. to many of my readers this may seem to be a very broad statement; but i am certain that, if suitable trees are planted in the right soil and under favourable conditions, and are given anything like the same care and attention that is devoted to the culture of citrus fruits in the great producing centres for these fruits in other parts of the world, we have nothing to fear either as regards the cost of production or the quality of the fruit produced. in order to exemplify this, it may be interesting to compare our capabilities with those of the principal citrus-producing districts north of the equator. to begin with, i will take florida, which more nearly approaches our climatic conditions than any other citrus-growing country that i know of, and which is noted for the excellence of its citrus fruit, and we find that we have all its advantages except that of proximity to the world's markets, without its disadvantages. we have a better and richer soil, requiring far less expensive artificial fertilisers to maintain its fertility, and at a very much lower price. we can grow equally as good fruit; in fact, it is questionable if florida ever produced a citrus fruit equal in quality to the beauty of glen retreat mandarin, a queensland production. we get as heavy, if not heavier, crops, and our trees come into bearing very early. we have no freeze-outs similar to those which have crippled the industry in florida so severely in the past that many of their wealthy growers are actually covering in whole orchards of many acres in extent as a protection from frost. this covering-in is accomplished by means of a framework of timber having slat-work or panel sides and tops--in fact, by enclosing their orchards in a huge elaborate bush-house, which is further protected by the heat produced by six large heating stoves or salamanders to each acre of trees enclosed. if it pays the florida growers to go to all this expense in order to prevent freeze-outs and to produce first-class fruit, surely we can compete with them when a seed stuck in the right soil under favourable conditions will produce a strong, vigorous, healthy tree, bearing good crops without any attention whatever. [illustration: an orange orchard, near woombye.] [illustration: orange trophy in the moreton district exhibit at the brisbane exhibition.] in comparing queensland with the citrus-producing districts of southern europe, we have the advantage of better and cheaper land, absence of frost, more vigorous growth, earlier maturity of the trees, and superior fruit; but with the advantage of cheaper and more skilful labour, especially in the handling and marketing of fruit, and proximity to the world's markets in their favour. as compared with california, our soil is no better than theirs, but it costs much less, and their citrus industry is dependent on artificial irrigation, their natural rainfall being altogether inadequate for the growth of citrus fruits. californian conditions more nearly approach those of our inland districts, such as barcaldine, with the exception that the only rainfall in california is during the winter, whereas in barcaldine and similar districts the heaviest fall is during the summer months, but, in both, the successful culture of these fruits depends on irrigation. in jaffa, also, where the oranges are of large size and extra quality, the trees have to be carefully irrigated and manured, as these operations are found to be essential to the production of marketable fruit. these few instances show how favourably the conditions prevailing in queensland compare with those of the great citrus-growing districts of europe and america, especially in the matter of soil and climate, and i feel confident that, if the industry were taken up in the same business-like manner that it has been done in california and florida, we could easily hold our own against any part of the world. in comparing queensland with the rest of the world we have the advantage--also shared by new south wales and south africa--of ripening our fruit at a time of the year which is the off season in the citrus-producing countries to the north of the equator, so that our fruit does not clash with theirs, their ripening period and ours being at different times of the year. as regards our australian market, our fruit ripening earlier than that of the southern states, we are enabled to dispose of a considerable portion of our crop in the southern markets before the local fruit is ready for gathering. this gives us three markets--first, a local one; secondly, a southern one; and, finally, when this demand is supplied, an oversea market to europe, america, and the east. when grown under favourable conditions, citrus-trees are heavy bearers in this state, it being no uncommon thing to meet with seedling or worked orange-trees of from ten to twelve years of age producing over twenty cases of marketable fruit to the tree, averaging about dozen medium-sized fruit. [illustration: bunch of valencia late oranges, blackall range district.] [illustration: washington navel oranges, barcaldine district, central line.] citrus-trees of all kinds, particularly worked trees, come into bearing very early, and the returns obtained from an orchard rapidly increase. the illustrations give a good idea of the rapid growth, and a fair one of the crop of fruit the young trees are bearing, but the following examples, taken at random for the crop that was marketed in january, , will show better how our trees bear:-- mr. a., blackall range, marketed - / cases per tree from a row of twenty-five beauty of glen retreat mandarins, planted april, . a return of £ s. per tree. mr. b., from the same district, averaged cases of washington navel oranges per tree from trees six years old, which realised £ s. per tree, and cases of beauty of glen retreat mandarins from trees of the same age. the navels were large, and averaged dozen per case, and the mandarins dozen per case. mr. c, another district, averaged cases of valencia late oranges, from trees six years planted, and cases per tree from emperor mandarins, nine years old. one twelve years old orange-tree in this district produced over cases of fruit. mr. d., same district as last; washington navels averaged cases per tree, ten years planted, and have borne regular crops since three years old. numerous other cases might be given, but the above are sufficient to show the earliness at which our trees bear, and the crops they yield. trees in full bearing often yield up to cases, but these are usually old seedlings, which bear a very heavy crop one year and a comparatively light crop the next. all the instances i have quoted are from worked trees, which are found to give the most regular and constant yields. until quite recently, citrus-trees were almost entirely grown from seed in this state, with the result that we have a very large number of types, and many crosses between different species. this was not advisable, as a uniformity in type is desirable for marketing, hence the greater number of trees now being planted are of selected varieties of proved merit. many of the seedlings have produced most excellent fruit, but a seedling has usually the disadvantage of being very full of seeds, and having a lot of rag (the indigestible fibre round the pulp) as compared with the worked varieties, which have either no seeds or very few seeds and little rag. seedlings are also of many types, and they produce a lot of small fruit, thereby making an uneven sample, whereas worked trees produce fruit even in size and quality. seedlings are probably the hardiest, and will stand the most neglect, but experience is showing that worked trees are the most profitable to grow. the growth of all kinds of citrus-trees from seed is a very simple matter, all that is necessary being a well-prepared seed bed of friable soil that is partially shaded from the heat of the sun, so as to protect the young plants. selected, fully ripe fruit from well-grown, prolific, healthy trees is taken, and the seeds sown in rows in the seed bed, or broadcast when weeds are not likely to be any trouble. fresh seed germinates quickly, and the young plants are soon ready to be transplanted into the nursery bed, where they are either worked over or allowed to remain seedlings. at twelve months old, from seed, a tree will have a stem-diameter of about / -inch, and a height of to feet, a growth about twice that made in the southern states. the general remarks i have given respecting our fruit soils apply with equal force to those best adapted for citrus culture--viz., they must possess perfect drainage, and be of a friable nature. we are growing most of the best varieties of citrus fruit, the original trees from which they are now being propagated having been introduced into the state from the most celebrated citrus-producing districts in the world, and, as stated and shown by the accompanying illustrations, they are all doing well. the washington navel, the variety of orange most commonly grown in california, does remarkably well on our rich volcanic scrub soils, where it has proved itself a regular bearer of high-class fruit. the mediterranean sweet orange, valencia late, and jaffa also do well in many parts, the valencia late adapting itself to most districts. many other kinds of oranges are grown, but the varieties mentioned are some of the best, and are the ones now being planted in the greatest quantity. [illustration: spray of orange blossom.] in mandarins, all kinds do remarkably well, and i never saw this fruit produced to greater perfection in any part of the world than it is in queensland. the varieties most commonly grown are: the emperor or canton, the scarlet or scarlet emperor, thorny or tangerine, and beauty of glen retreat, though there are many types of seedlings in addition to these well-known sorts. the grape fruit which is now so popular in america does well, but, so far, has not taken on in our markets. citrons grow practically wild, and produce good fruit, for which there is a limited demand for peel. their cultivation could be extended with ease were there a better demand for peel. the seville orange, which is used for the manufacture of marmalade, is an exceptionally hardy and prolific tree, and, were it required, we could easily grow enough of this fruit to supply the world. lemons do best inland, or at an elevation of some , feet above sea-level, as this fruit is apt to become too coarse in the skin when grown in a humid climate. in suitable localities very good fruit can be grown, which compares very favourably with the european or american grown fruit. the lime does well in the more humid districts, taking the place of the lemon, and one variety--the tahiti--has proved itself to be a heavy and regular bearer. the west indian lime, from which the lime juice of commerce is made, is very easily grown, particularly in the more tropical parts, where it is often met with growing in an entirely uncultivated condition, and bearing heavy crops of fruit. kumquats are easily grown, and are heavy bearers, and all the different types of pomelos or shaddocks do well. seedlings of the latter are very hardy, as they are deep-rooted plants that stand dry weather well and are, consequently, not liable to injury during dry spells. there is very little demand for the fruit, but i am of opinion that the seedlings will prove to be of value as stocks on which to work our best kinds of oranges. the culture of all kinds of citrus fruits, when grown in suitable soil, is by no means difficult, as it consists mainly of keeping the land well stirred and keeping down all weed growth during dry spells, the keeping of the trees well pruned out in the centre, and the keeping in check of all diseases, both insect and fungus. although citrus fruits are subject to many pests, they are for the most part easily kept in check by either spraying or cyaniding, or both, provided that reasonable care is taken, and the pests are destroyed before they have obtained control. taken as a whole, our citrus fruits are remarkably clean, and compare more than favourably with those grown in the southern states. the culture of these fruits is extending rapidly, with a corresponding increase in production, but, despite this, our prices have been better during the past season than for some years, as the quality of our fruit is such that it will command a good market. when properly handled, it has good keeping qualities, and i have no doubt that we will, in time, be able to supply the markets of the old and new worlds with good fruit, in the best of condition, at the time of the year that their markets are bare of locally-grown citrus fruit. there is a good opening for the growth of citrus fruits in this state, as the writer knows of no country where they do better, where they can be produced with as little trouble and expense, where they can be successfully grown over such a large area, or where the soil and climate is more suited to the production of fruits of the highest quality as in queensland. [illustration: lisbon lemon, esk district.] the persimmon. this exceedingly handsome fruit of japanese origin is grown to a high state of perfection in this state, particularly in the coastal districts south of the tropic of capricorn. it is a fruit of comparatively recent introduction, the oldest trees being less than thirty years of age, but has already become widely distributed, as well as a favourite fruit amongst many. it is a very showy fruit when well grown, but must be thoroughly ripe before it is eaten, as, if not, it is extremely astringent, and anyone who has tackled an unripe fruit has no wish to repeat the experience in a hurry. there are many varieties of this fruit, some of which are seedless, and others more or less seedy. the seedless kinds are usually preferred, as, as well as being seedless, they are the largest and handsomest fruit. the different kinds vary considerably in the size of tree, habit of growth, foliage, size and colour of fruit, &c. all are easily grown, and most kinds are good and regular bearers. they do well on any fruit soil, and some of the dwarf-growing kinds are well adapted for growing in private gardens, on account of the small amount of room they take up. the trees are deciduous, and, as a rule, are not much troubled with pests. so far, the use of the fruit is confined to its consumption fresh, though in japan it is dried in a similar manner to apricots or peaches. [illustration: persimmons.] the loquat. a handsome evergreen tree, that can be grown in the more southerly coast districts, in the foothills of the coast range, and on the coast tablelands. there are several types of the fruit, whose chief value consists in that it ripens its fruit in early spring, when there is a shortage of stone fruits, and that it withstands wind well, so makes a good break for the protection of exposed orchards. its cultivation is not extensive, nor is it likely to become so. [illustration: fruit of loquat ( / natural size).] the date palm. although this extremely valuable fruit is grown in this state more as an ornament than for its commercial value, there is nothing to prevent its culture on a scale sufficiently large to supply the australian requirements. it is grown in many places along the coast, as well as in the foothills country of the coastal range, but it does best in situations that more nearly resemble its natural habitat--viz., in districts having a hot dry air, a deep sandy loam or sandy soil, and a good supply of moisture in the soil. this latter condition does not occur naturally, but can be supplied artificially in our western lands, where there is a good supply of artesian water of a quality suitable to the plants' requirements. here the date palm thrives, and produces huge bunches of fruit. little, if any, cultivation is necessary when once the palm is firmly established; provided it has an ample but not excessive supply of moisture, it is able to take care of itself. the date palm is a dioecious plant--that is to say, the male organs, or stamens, are produced on one plant, and the female organs, or pistils, on another, and this necessitates the growing of the two sexes in proximity to each other, in order that the female flowers may be fertilised and produce perfect fruit. this is best accomplished artificially, the pollen from a fully developed bunch of male flowers being shaken over the bunch of female flowers. infertile fruit contains no seeds, and is of small size and inferior quality, whereas the fertile fruit is both large and good. the date palm is a handsome ornamental plant, and in the hot and dry western districts, where it thrives best, it forms a splendid shelter from the sun for both man and beast. so far, very little attention has been given to its growth, few persons knowing how to fertilise the flowers or even taking the trouble to see that they have plants of both sexes. there is no reason why this should be so, as there would be a good local demand for the properly-cured fruit, and i believe that, were its culture carried out in a thorough business manner, it would become a profitable industry, and one capable of supplying our australian market. [illustration: date palms in fruit at barcaldine.] the pecan nut. another little-known fruit which does well in this state. it belongs to the hickory family, and closely resembles the walnut. there are trees now growing in the maryborough district that are some inches in diameter at the trunk, and from to feet in height, that bear regular and heavy crops of nuts, and that have stood drought and been under flood. for years the trees have received no cultivation, and they have shown themselves to be as hardy as the adjacent indigenous trees. the trees are easily raised from seed, and come into bearing in about eight years. like all nut fruits, it is advisable to set the nut where the tree is to remain permanently, if it is possible to do so, as it produces a very deep taproot, with few laterals, and is consequently difficult to shift. the soil on which it does best is an alluvial loam, and, if possible, it should not be more than feet to water, as the tree, being a very deep rooter, will penetrate a free soil to that depth. it will do on other free loamy soils, but will not make the same growth as when planted in free alluvials. it has been tested in several parts of the state, and it is probable that it will be found to thrive over a considerable area of the coastal and coastal tablelands districts. it produces an olive or acorn shaped nut, having a thin shell, and of a flavour closely resembling that of a good walnut, and will be a valuable addition to our list of nut fruits once it becomes better known. [illustration: date fruit (natural size).] japanese plums. all varieties of this fruit thrive well and bear heavily in the more southerly part of our coast country, as well as on the country immediately adjacent to it, the coastal tablelands, and several other parts of the state. the trees are rapid growers, come into bearing very early, and often bear enormous crops of fruit. they are good fruits for home consumption or for the fresh-fruit trade, but are not equal to european varieties of plums for preserving, drying, or jam-making. in this state they have one very great drawback, and that is their liability to the attack of the fruit fly, a pest that very frequently destroys the entire crop. for home use they are, however, a very useful fruit to grow, provided that the trees are kept dwarf, so that they can be covered with a cheap mosquito netting as a protection from the fly, as they are very easily grown, are by no means particular as to the kind of soil on which planted, and are heavy bearers. chickasaw plums. this family of american plums does well in the same districts as the japanese varieties just dealt with, but has the advantage of being resistant to the fruit fly. the trees are usually more or less straggling growers, the fruit is of small size, but good for cooking or jam-making. one or more of the varieties of this plum are bad setters, though they blossom profusely, but this may be overcome either by working two varieties which bloom at the same time on to the same stock, or by planting varieties that bloom at the same time together, as the pollen from the one will set the fruit of the other. it is a good plum for home use or marketing, despite its small size, as it is easily grown, requires little attention, and is not over particular as to soil. chinese peaches. peaches of chinese origin thrive well on the coast, and are extremely hardy. the fruit is not, as a rule, of high quality when compared with that of the persian varieties, but their earliness and ease with which they can be grown causes them to be planted by many who have small gardens. like the japanese plums they are, however, very subject to the attack of fruit fly, and require to be kept dwarf and covered in a similar manner if any good is to be got from them. on the coast, they are practically evergreen, as they never lose their leaves entirely, and are in blossom during the winter. when grown on the tablelands, this early blossoming is a disadvantage, as the blossoms are liable to be injured by frost, but in these districts peaches of persian origin can be grown instead. figs. several kinds of figs can be grown successfully in the southern coast districts, the first crop ripening before christmas, but the second or main crop is often a failure, owing to the fact that it ripens during our wet season, and the fruit consequently sours and bursts. as one recedes from the coast, the fruit does better, and is less liable to injury from excessive wet. the coastal tablelands and the more western downs grow it well, and the trees, when planted on soil of a rich friable nature, grow to a large size and bear heavily. many varieties are grown, which are used fresh or converted into jam, but no attempt has been made to dry them, though it is possible that this industry may eventually be found profitable in the drier parts of the state, where there is water available for the trees' use at certain periods of the year, but not during the fruiting period, as it cannot well be too dry then if a good quality of dried figs is to be turned out. this fruit is easily grown, and is not at all subject to serious pests, so that anyone who will take reasonable care can produce all that is required for home use or local sale, as its softness renders it a difficult fruit to ship long distances in a hot climate. the mulberry. this is one of the hardiest fruits we have, one of the most rapid growers, and one of the most prolific. there are several varieties in cultivation, and those of japanese or chinese origin will grow from the coast to the interior, and thrive either in an extremely dry or humid climate. the common english or black mulberry does not do too well as a rule, though there are many fine trees scattered throughout the state, but the other sorts are as hardy as native trees. the fruit is not of any great value, still, as it is so easily grown, it finds a place in most gardens, and in time of drought the leaves and young branches are readily eaten by all kinds of stock, so that it is a good standby for stock as well as a fruit. the strawberry. to those who have been accustomed to look upon the strawberry as a fruit of the purely temperate regions, it will be somewhat of a revelation to know that exceptionally fine fruit can be grown right on the queensland coast, and well within the tropics, and that on the coast, between the th to the th degrees of south latitude, we are probably producing as fine fruit and obtaining as heavy crops as are produced in any of the older strawberry-growing countries. not only this, but that we are able to supply the southern markets of australia with finer fruit than they can produce locally, and at a time of the year that they cannot grow it. as i have already mentioned when dealing with other fruits, one thing that particularly impresses strangers is the early age at which our fruits come into bearing. this is borne out in the case of the strawberry to a marked degree, as runners set in april fruit in july, and often earlier, and will continue to bear, given reasonable weather, right up to christmas or even longer. new plants are set out every year, and the plantation is seldom allowed to stand more than two years, as the young plants produce the finest fruit. there is a good demand for the fruit, the larger berries being packed in flat cases holding a single layer of fruit, as shown in the illustration, and being sold for consumption fresh, whereas the smaller berries are packed in kegs and sent direct to the factories for conversion into jam. the strawberry grows well on various soils, but does best with us on a rich loam of medium texture, of a reddish-brown or even black colour. it should be planted in districts that are free from frosts where early fruit is desired, as frosts injure the blossoms, but where jam fruit only is wanted this is not so necessary. the land requires to be thoroughly well prepared, and the plants are usually set out in rows about feet apart, with the plants about foot apart in the row. under favourable conditions they grow very rapidly, and soon start flowering. their cultivation is usually confined to comparatively small areas of or acres in extent, as the labour of picking and packing is usually done by the grower himself with the assistance of his family. they are often planted between the rows of trees in young orchards, thus bringing in a return whilst the trees are coming into bearing, and helping to keep the pot boiling. they grow well on our coastal scrub lands, and have proved a great assistance to many a beginner, as one has not long to wait before obtaining a return. [illustration: strawberry garden, mooloolah district.] the productiveness of this fruit in queensland is phenomenal, as high as tons of berries having been taken off acre in a single season. there are many varieties of strawberries in cultivation, some of which have been produced locally from seed, and have turned out extremely well, being of better flavour, stronger growers, and heavier bearers than introduced varieties--in fact, local seedlings have adapted themselves to local conditions, and stand our climate better than those varieties which are natives of colder countries. [illustration: marguerite strawberry.] [illustration: marguerite strawberry packed for market.] the case berries, which are used for fresh consumption, fetch a fair price, especially early in the season, but jam fruit sells at an average of - / d. per lb., at which price it pays fair wages, but is not a bonanza. as a rule the plants are very healthy, and any fungus pests to which they are subject, such as leaf blight, are easily kept in check by spraying, a knapsack pump being used for this purpose. the ground is kept well worked and free from weeds, whilst the plants are fruiting, and occasionally the ground is mulched, as is the case in the plot shown in the illustration. no special knowledge is necessary for their culture, but, at the same time, thorough cultivation and careful attention to details in the growing of the plants make a considerable difference in the total returns. [illustration: forman's strawberry, brisbane district.] cape gooseberry. this peruvian fruit, introduced into this state _viâ_ the cape of good hope, hence its name, has now spread throughout the greater part of the tropical and semi-tropical portions of queensland. its spread has largely been brought about by the agency of fruit-eating birds, that have distributed the seeds widely by means of their castings. it is one of the first plants to make its appearance in newly burnt-off scrub land, and often comes up in such numbers as to give a full crop of fruit. in other cases it is usual to scatter a quantity of seed on such land, so as to be sure of securing a plant. no cultivation is given; the plant grows into a straggling bush bearing a quantity of fruit which is enclosed in a parchment-like husk. the fruit is gathered, husked, and is then ready for market. the bulk of the fruit is grown in this manner, and as it can be grown on land that is not yet ready for any other crop (grass or maize excepted) it is a great help to the beginner, as a good crop and fair prices can usually be obtained. the name "gooseberry" is somewhat misleading, as it is not a gooseberry at all, is not like it, nor does it belong to the same natural order. it is a plant belonging to the order solanaceæ, which includes such well-known plants as the potato, tomato, tobacco, &c., and altogether unlike the common gooseberry, which, by the way, is one of the fruits that we cannot do much with. in addition to being grown in the wild manner i have described, it is occasionally cultivated in a systematic manner, somewhat like the tomato, but not to any extent; growers preferring to depend on it as a first return from newly fallen and burnt-off scrub land. as a fruit it meets with a very ready sale, as it is one of the best cooking fruits grown; plainly stewed and served with cream, made into puddings or pies, or converted into jam, it is hard to beat. the jam has a distinct flavour of its own, one that one soon becomes very partial to, besides which it is an attractive-looking jam that, were it better known in the world's markets, would, i feel sure, meet with a ready sale at satisfactory rates. the plant is somewhat susceptible to cold, hence it does best in a district free from frost, but it is not killed out by light frosts, only killed back, and its crop put back. like all plants belonging to the same natural order, it likes a good soil, rich in available potash, and this is probably the reason why it does so well on newly burnt-off scrub, the ashes of which provide an ample supply of available potash. the olive. a much-neglected fruit in this state, as it is also in most english-speaking countries. few english people are fond of either the fruit or the oil, and yet it is probable that there is no tree that for the space it occupies will produce a greater annual return of food than the olive. a number of trees are scattered throughout the state, some of which are now of large size and fair age, but, so far, practically nothing beyond making a few gallons of oil and pickling a few gallons of fruit has been attempted, and this only in a purely experimental manner. the present condition of the olive industry is destined to have a wakening up ere long, as a country that can produce this fruit in such quantities and of such a quality as the lighter soils of the darling downs is destined some day to be one of the largest producers of olives on earth. some years since i planted a number of the best varieties of olives--trees obtained direct from california--on the darling downs, in land that i considered suitable for their growth, and which was properly prepared prior to planting. the trees here have made a really phenomenal growth, they came into bearing within three years of planting, and have borne steadily ever since. they have proved enormous bearers, and an experimental crushing showed that the oil was of high quality. there are large areas of similar country to that in which they are planted in different parts of the state, and i feel certain that this really valuable food fruit is bound some day to be a considerable source of our national wealth. so far, the drawback to the growth of olives has been the cost of gathering the fruit and the limited demand for the oil or pickled fruit, but, against this, it has many advantages, one, and by no means the least, of which is its value as a shade and shelter tree on our open treeless plains. it is also a very hardy tree, withstanding drought well, and thriving in land that is too stony for the cultivation of ordinary farm crops. it is a healthy tree, free from most fruit pests other than the olive scale, which can be kept in check by spraying or cyaniding; and last, but not least, it is an ornamental tree whose wood is of considerable value. the olive does best with us in loamy soils of fair depth and basaltic origin, that are moderately rich in lime and potash, and have a fair drainage. a subsoil of decomposed rock answers well. it will, however, do on several other kinds of soil, but it is in the type that i have just described that it does so well, and in which i would recommend its culture on a large scale. it will stand a fair amount of frost as well as great heat, and i have never seen the trees injured by either on our downs country. i have also seen trees doing well right on the coast, where they have been subject to heavy rainfalls, so that it appears to adapt itself to the conditions prevailing in many parts of our state. in addition to the fruits i have briefly described, there are several others of minor importance that can be grown successfully, but, as they are not of any great value commercially, i will leave them out, and go on to the fruits of our more temperate districts, as, in addition to growing the tropical and semi-tropical fruits which i have already dealt with, queensland can also produce temperate climate fruits to a very high degree of perfection. the fruits of the temperate regions that we are able to grow include the apple, pear, plum, prune, quince, apricot, persian peach, nectarine, almond, walnut, chestnut, cherry, &c., as well as some of the hardier fruits which i have classed as semi-tropical--viz., the japanese plum, persimmon, chickasaw plum, strawberry, &c. the districts adapted for the growth of the distinctly temperate fruits are mostly situated in the southern portion of the state, and at an elevation of from , to , feet above sea-level--districts having a warm summer but a comparatively cold winter, during which frosts are by no means uncommon, but where snow rarely falls; a healthy climate, with warm days and cool nights, to which many visitors go during the heat of summer, when the humidity of the coast is somewhat trying to persons not naturally robust. the downs country, particularly its southern or stanthorpe end, is the most suitable; the soil is mainly of granitic origin, and is very suitable for the growth of apples, stone fruit, and grapes, but the latter i will deal with by themselves later on. the country is by no means rich from an agricultural standpoint, and is considerably broken, but, as already stated, it is admirably adapted for the growth of fruit, and within the last ten years at least , fruit trees, mostly apples, plums, and peaches, have been planted out and are doing well. the stanthorpe show, which is held annually during the month of february, is always noted for the excellence of its fruit exhibits, which would be hard to beat, both for size, quality, and appearance. the fruits ripen earlier than similar varieties grown in the southern states, hence supply our markets at a time when there is little outside competition, and, consequently, meet with a ready sale at fair prices. the fruit grown in the largest quantity is the apple, so i will deal with it first. the apple. as a description of this well-known and universally used fruit is entirely superfluous, i will confine my remarks to the types of fruit grown, and their method of growth. owing to the fact that our fruits ripen much earlier than similar varieties in more southern parts of australia, we have gone in largely for early varieties of apples, both for cooking and table use, but have not confined our attention to them entirely, as good-keeping sorts are found to do equally well, and have been shown at the annual exhibition that is held in brisbane during august, in perfect condition, showing that the fruit has good keeping qualities. the soil on which the apple is mostly grown is largely composed of granitic matter, and is of a sharp, sandy, loamy nature, often of a gritty character. it is usually rich in potash, the predominating felspar being orthoclase, but somewhat deficient in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. it is usually easy to work, of fair depth, and retains moisture well when kept in a thorough state of tilth. the trees are usually planted at from to feet apart each way, when they are either one year or two years old from the graft or bud. they are headed low, so as to shade the ground from the heat of the sun, and also so as to facilitate the handling of the crop when grown, as well as to prevent their swaying about with the wind. the trees make a rapid growth, come into bearing very early, often bearing a fair crop three years after planting, and fruiting even earlier. the fruit of the early varieties has usually a handsome appearance, but lacks keeping qualities, but the later fruits are both handsome, high-coloured fruit, and good keepers. the trees are not very liable to disease, as, thanks to all varieties being worked on blight-resistant stocks, there is very little american blight (woolly aphis). scale insects do a certain amount of damage, but are easily kept in check by winter spraying, and codling moth is not bad unless grossly neglected, many orchards being quite free from this great pest of the apple-grower. so far, the growing of apples has been confined entirely to the growing of fruit for the local markets, no attempt having been made to export same. a very small quantity is dried, and a little is used for jelly. many varieties of apples have been tested in this state, but growers have found out that it pays them best to confine their attention to comparatively few sorts that have proved to be the best suited to the soil and climate, as a few good kinds are much more profitable to grow than a mere collection of varieties. many varieties are prone to overbear, and trees of large size have produced enormous crops of fruit, whereas young trees frequently break down under the weight of their crop. the usual plan is to plant a few varieties that ripen in succession, so as to extend the season over as long a period as possible, and not to cause a glutted market at any one time. early fruits particularly are not noted for their keeping qualities, and a market glutted with such would entail a heavy loss to growers, hence a succession of varieties that suit the district as well as the market is grown. nearly all kinds of apples do well, those that are resistant to the attack of woolly aphis are, however, generally chosen in preference, even though they may not be of the highest quality, as their prolificness and freedom from this pest renders them more profitable than varieties of superior quality that are liable to blight, and that are at the same time often somewhat indifferent bearers. it is outside the scope of this paper to go into the question of varieties, but i may mention that such sorts as irish peach, gravenstein, summer scarlet pearmain, twenty-ounces, jonathan, lord suffield, rome beauty, and prince bismarck do remarkably well, and many other well-known kinds can be grown to perfection. [illustration: prince of pippins apple, darling downs district.] the peach. this king of the temperate fruits grows with us to perfection. the tree is hardy, a rapid grower, comes into bearing early, and is, if anything, inclined to overbear. it can be grown over a considerable part of our coastal and inland downs, as well as the stanthorpe district, and thrives in many kinds of soil, from light sandy loams of poor quality to rich loams of medium texture or even heavier. in this state, the peach is always grown on peach roots, the desired variety being either budded or grafted on to a seedling peach, and the resulting tree is planted out when it has made one year's growth. no tree is easier to grow, but if the best returns are desired, it requires very careful pruning for the first three years, after which an annual winter pruning is usually all that is necessary. the young tree is such a strong grower that unless it is heavily cut back it becomes top-heavy and breaks to pieces with the weight of fruit, but when hard cut back for the first two years, so that it has a good main stem and strong primary branches, it will form a strong tree, and stand up well under a heavy crop of fruit. the strong growth it makes necessitates heavy pruning when large fruit is desired--and it is large showy fruit which sells best here--as were the tree allowed to go unpruned, it would bear enormous numbers of fruit, many of which would be of small size. growers now realise this, and many of our orchards are well pruned, whereas a few years since the trees were allowed to grow pretty much as they like. the peach remains profitable much longer here than it does in california, as the trees do not wear out so quickly, the roots remaining sound up to the last, so that, unless the top is too far gone, the life of the tree may usually be extended for several years by heading hard back and forming an entirely new head to the tree. trees in full bearing often produce fully , lb. weight of fruit in a single season. this is, of course, very much above the average, but by no means exceptional. when in their third season, they should bear enough to pay for all working expenses. a very large number of varieties have been tested in queensland, most of which do well, but, as in the case of apples, we find from experience that it is best to stick to a few kinds, and those that have proved to be most suitable to our soil and climate, rather than to experiment with a large number of varieties. the usual plan is to plant a number of varieties that ripen in succession, as with the apple, so as to spread the season over as long a time as possible, and to stick to kinds that bear well, look well, and ship well, for appearance will usually beat quality, and fetch more money. so far, little has been done in the way of utilising the peach, as the demand for the fresh fruit has been equal to our supply. there is, however, no reason why we should not be able to establish and maintain a fair canning and drying trade, should the production overcome the demand for the fresh fruit, as our peaches are of large size, and will can and dry well--that is to say, varieties adapted to those purposes will do so. the nectarine, which is simply a smooth-skinned peach, does equally well, many varieties bear heavily, and some produce fruit of exceptional merit. i have seen as fine nectarines grown in the stanthorpe district as i have met with in any part of australia or america, fruit of large size and the highest flavour, that compared favourably with the finest hothouse-grown fruit of the old world. [illustration: peach avenue, darling downs district.] the plum. as already mentioned, plums of japanese and american origin (chickasaw) do well in the more coastal districts. they also bear heavily on our coastal downs and more western country, but some kinds of japanese plums blossom too early for the stanthorpe district. european plums, however, do well, and are heavy bearers. all kinds do not bear heavily, the freest bearers being those of the damson family--white magnum bonum and diamond type. prunes also do well. plums of european origin do best in the coldest districts, but their cultivation is not confined entirely to these, as some varieties thrive well in warmer and drier parts of the country. so far, there has been a ready sale for all the plums we can produce for fresh consumption, excepting some of the smaller plums of the damson type, which have been converted into jam. it is not a fruit, however, in which there is much money, as it is too easily grown in the southern states, and can there be converted into jam or canned at a lower rate than we can do here, hence our cultivation will be more or less confined to the growing of large fruits for supplying our local markets rather than to the production of the fruit in quantity. the apricot. most varieties of this fruit do well on our coastal downs country in the south, and to a certain extent further west. the trees are very rapid growers, and bear heavily. the earlier ripening fruit usually escapes damage from fruit fly, but the late fruit often suffers considerably. the apricot does best in a fairly strong rich soil, when it makes a great growth, and bears heavy crops of large-sized fruit. it also does well on sandier soils, which produce a firmer and better-drying fruit. so far, although a number of trees are planted throughout the state, the cultivation of the fruit is mainly confined to the production of table fruit, drying or canning having been carried out to a small extent only. the apricot grows to a large tree, and lives to a good old age. like the peach, it is a very vigorous grower when young, requiring severe pruning in consequence, but, when once shaped, the trees require little in the way of pruning other than the removal of superfluous branches and an annual shortening in winter. the cherry. queensland is almost outside the limit of the successful growth of this fruit, but not quite, as we produce the first fruit to ripen in australia, which realises a high price on account of its earliness. many varieties have been tested, but, so far, no one variety can be said to be a complete success in our climate, nor do the trees grow to the large size or produce as heavily as they do in the southern states, where the winters are more clearly defined than they are in queensland. another drawback to the growth of this fruit is that the soils of our coldest district are not the best of cherry soils. the cherry likes a deep, moderately rich loam, whereas we are growing it mostly on sandy loams of a granitic origin. what fruit we do grow is good, and pays well on account of its earliness, but i do not consider that this state will ever be able to compete with the south in the growth of the cherry. [illustration: litchi, mossman district.] the pear. many kinds of pears do well, but, unfortunately, this fine fruit is very liable to be attacked by fruit fly. it does well generally in the districts that i have mentioned as suitable for the apple, plum, and apricot. the tree is healthy, grows rapidly and to a large size. it comes into bearing remarkably early as compared with the pear in colder climates, and produces excellent fruit. i have grown as good bartletts here as could be obtained anywhere, and the trees have proved to be good bearers and doers. this fruit does best on deep soils of a medium to strong loamy nature, and of good quality, though it does well in much freer soils, but does not make as good a growth or bear as heavily. it is usually grown on seedling-pear stocks, but the growing of suitable varieties on quince stocks and keeping the resultant trees dwarfed is to be recommended. this method of growing the pear does well here, and dwarf trees can be easily protected from fly, whereas it is practically impossible to deal with big trees, which the pear becomes when grown on pear roots. the almond. this fruit does well in parts of our coastal tableland country, though its habit of blossoming too early in the season renders it very liable to injury from late frosts. the trees do remarkably well, grow rapidly, and bear heavily when the blossoms are uninjured by frost, hence it is a good tree to grow in selected situations containing suitable soil, as it commands a ready sale, and is very little troubled with pests. a free, sandy, loamy soil is best suited to the growth of the almond, and the situation should be well protected from frost. the trees are usually worked on peach stocks, on which they make a very rapid growth. several varieties should be grown together, as a better set of fruit will be obtained by doing so, most almonds requiring the pollen of another variety flowering at the same time to render their flowers fertile. the almond grows into a handsome, shapely tree, and, when in blossom, an orchard is a sight not easily forgotten, the wealth of flowers being such that it must be seen to be fully appreciated. the walnut, chestnut, quince, blackberry, raspberry, and one or two other fruits of the temperate regions are also cultivated to a small extent, but are of no great value so far, though there is no reason why the walnut, which does well with us, should not be cultivated to a much greater extent than it is, as there is always a fair demand for the nuts. blackberries of different kinds have been introduced, and do well, the common english blackberry almost too well, as unless kept in check it is apt to spread to such an extent as to be a nuisance. in addition to the cultivated fruits i have briefly mentioned as growing in queensland, we have a number of native fruits growing in our scrubs and elsewhere that are worthy of cultivation with a view to their ultimate improvement. of such are the queensland nut, a handsome evergreen tree, bearing heavy crops of a very fine flavoured nut. the nut is about / -inch in diameter, but the shell is very hard and thick. it could no doubt be improved by selection and careful breeding. the davidsonian plum is also another fruit of promise. it is a handsome tree of our tropical north coast, and bears a large plum-shaped fruit of a dark purple colour, with dark reddish purple flesh, which is extremely acid, but which is well worth cultivation. several species of eugenias also produce edible fruit, and there are two species of wild raspberries common to our scrubs. there are the native citrus fruits i referred to in an earlier part of this paper, as well as several other less well-known fruits that are edible. [illustration: tamarind tree, port douglas district.] grape culture. no work on fruit-growing in queensland, however small, would be complete without due reference being made to the vine, the last but by no means the least important of our many fruits. although the cultivation of this most useful and popular fruit has not reached to anything like the dimensions that vine culture has attained in the southern states, particularly in the production of wine, there is no reason why it should not do so at no very distant future. we have many advantages not possessed by our southern neighbours in the culture of the grape, the first and most important of which is that our crop ripens so much earlier than that of the south that we can secure the whole of the early markets without fear of any serious opposition. until quite recently, grape culture was in a very backward state in queensland, the grapes grown on the coast being nearly all american varieties, which are by no means the best wine or table sorts. a few grapes of european origin were grown on the downs and in the roma district, but their cultivation was practically confined thereto. now, however, things have altered very much for the better. many good varieties of european grapes have been proved suitable to the coastal climate of the southern half of the state, and many inland districts other than roma and the downs have also proved that they, too, can and do grow first-class fruit both for table and wine. [illustration: grosse kölner vine in fruit, roma district (gros colman).] [illustration: picking grapes, roma.] now the culture of the grape extends over a great part of the state, from the coast to the interior; in the latter, its successful growth depending on the necessary suitable water for irrigation, and on the coast to our knowledge of how to keep fungus pests, such as anthracnose, in check by winter treatment and spring spraying. in the brisbane district many kinds of excellent table grapes are now grown, which meet with a ready sale, such as the well-known black hamburgh of english vineries, the sweetwater, snow's muscat hamburgh, royal ascot, &c., as well as all the better kinds of american grapes, such as iona, goethe, wilder, &c. a little wine is made, but more attention is given to table fruit. [illustration: a grape vine in fruit, stanthorpe district.] [illustration: madresfield court grape.] in the maryborough, gympie, and bundaberg districts, similar grapes are also grown, and do well, ripening somewhat earlier than they do in brisbane; and in the rockhampton district, right on the tropic of capricorn, some of the best table grapes i have seen in the state are produced. further north a few grapes are grown, but not in any great quantities, and i consider that the profitable cultivation of good table grapes on the coast extends from our southern border to a short distance north of the tropic of capricorn and inland to all districts where there is either a sufficient rainfall or a supply of water from artesian bores, or otherwise, to enable them to be grown. grapes here, as in other parts of the world, like moderately rich, free, loamy soils of good depth, free sandy loams, and free alluvial loams. in such soils they make a vigorous growth, and are heavy bearers. the granitic soils of the stanthorpe district, that produce such good peaches, plums, and apples, grow excellent grapes, which ripen late. they are of large size, and conspicuous for their fine colour. the sandy soils of roma and the maranoa country generally grow excellent wine and table grapes, the latter being of large size, full flavour, and handsome appearance. wine grapes also do well here, and some excellent wine has been made, both dark and light, natural and fortified. i have no doubt that eventually good rich port and the best of sherries will be produced in this district, as the soil and climate are admirably adapted to the production of these classes of wine. our difficulty, so far, has been to find out the exact kinds of grapes to grow for this purpose, but now i am glad to say that we are on the right track, and the excellence of queensland ports and sherries will be a recognised thing before many years are past. there is a big and good opening for up-to-date viticulturists in this state. we have any amount of suitable land at low rates, and, thanks to the generous sun heat of our interior, we can grow grapes capable of producing wines equal to the best that can be turned out by spain, portugal, or madeira. in those districts that do not possess such an extreme climate, such as the coastal downs and the stanthorpe districts, good wines of a lighter character can be produced, and, as already stated, good wines are now being made on the coast. it is only now that we are beginning to realise the value of the grape to queensland, as, until our production increased to such an extent that our local markets were being over-supplied, our growers made no attempt to supply outside markets. now this is being done, and better means of handling and packing the fruit, so as to enable it to be shipped long distances, are now coming into vogue. with improved methods of handling and packing, we have a greatly extended market, in which we will have no local competition, hence will be able to secure good returns, so much so that i consider that grape-growing in queensland has a very promising outlook for some years to come at any rate. in addition to growing grapes to supply the fresh-fruit trade and for winemaking, our western country is capable of producing good raisins and sultanas. so far, this industry has not been entered into commercially, the fresh fruit realising far too high a price for it to pay to convert it into raisins. still, with increased production, this will have to take place, and when it does i am of opinion that we will be able to turn out a very saleable article. the growing of grapes here certainly requires considerable experience of a practical nature. this is not at all hard to obtain, and there are no insurmountable difficulties to the beginner, once he has learnt how to work his land so as to cause it to retain moisture during a dry spell, and to plant and prune his vines. these are matters in which any beginner can obtain practical advice from the queensland agricultural department, as the government of queensland, recognising the importance of fruit-growing, grape-growing, and general agriculture to the state, have devoted considerable sums of money to the establishment of experiment farms, orchards, and vineyards in different parts of the state. all these government institutions are under the control of thoroughly qualified managers, who are willing at all times to give any assistance to beginners, thereby enabling the latter to keep free from mistakes, and to obtain the best returns as the result of their labour. instructors, thoroughly conversant with the state as a whole, are also available for giving practical advice, so that there is no necessity for a beginner, through lack of experience, to waste any time in finding out for himself what his soil and climate are suited for. he can start on the right lines from the beginning, and keep to right lines if he will only take advantage of the advice, based on practical experience, that is given him. queensland is a good land for the intending fruit-grower. we offer you good soil, a choice of climates, suitable for the growing of practically every kind of commercial fruit, a healthy climate to live in, cheap land, free education for your children, and free advice from competent experts for yourselves. this is a country that has not been advertised or puffed up; that is, in consequence, not by any means well known; but it is a country that, taken all in all, will take a lot of beating when one is looking out for a home. its natural advantages and the other inducements it offers to intending settlers, particularly those interested in fruit culture, cannot, in my opinion, be equalled, and certainly not excelled, elsewhere; and, as i stated in the beginning of this paper, my opinion is based on practical experience gained in various parts of the fruit-producing parts of the world. [illustration: black mammoth grape.] [illustration: cinsaut grape.] list of fruits grown in queensland. almonds, several varieties almond, fiji apples, many varieties apricots, many varieties averrhoa avocada pear bael fruit banana, several varieties barberry blackberry brazilian cherry bread fruit burdekin plum carob bean chalta cherries, several varieties chestnut--spanish chestnut--japanese chinese raisin citrons, several varieties cocoa-nut, many varieties custard apples (cherimoyers) dates davidsonia plum figs, several varieties gooseberries--cape gooseberries--otaheitan granadillas grapes, many varieties guavas, many varieties jujube kai apple kumquat litchi longan lemons, several varieties limes, several varieties loquats mandarins, several varieties mangoes, many varieties mangosteen--sour or coochin york medlars melons, many varieties monstera mulberries, several varieties natal plum nectarines, several varieties olives, several varieties oranges, many varieties papaw, several types passion fruit, several types peaches--persian, many varieties peaches--china, several varieties peaches--ceylon, several varieties pears, many varieties pecan nut persimmons, several varieties pineapples, several varieties pistachio nut plums--european, several varieties plums--japanese, several varieties plums--american, several varieties pomegranate quince--european, several varieties quince--japanese queensland nut raspberries, several types rosellas rose apple sapodilla plum shaddock or pomelo, several types star apple strawberries, many varieties tamarinds tree tomato vi apple walnut whampee list of vegetables grown in queensland. artichokes--jerusalem and globe asparagus beans of all kinds beetroot broccoli brussels sprouts cabbage cabbage--chinese capsicums cardoons carrots cassava cauliflowers celery chicory chokos cress cucumbers earth nuts (peanuts) egg plant endive eschalots garlic herbs--all kinds horseradish kohl-rabi leeks lettuce mushrooms mustard nasturtiums ockra onions peas potatoes--english and sweet pumpkins radishes rhubarb salsify seakale spinach squashes sweet corn swedes taro tomatoes turnips vegetable marrows yams by authority: anthony james cumming, government printer, brisbane. proofreading team. a start in life. =a journey across america.= fruit farming in california. by c.f. dowsett, _author of "striking events in irish history," etc., etc_. * * * * * london: dowsett & co., , lincoln's inn fields. * * * * * price one shilling. a start in life. * * * * * _plans, maps, views, books, samples of fruits, soils, etc., etc., of land at merced, in california, may be seen at the offices of messrs. dowsett & co., , lincoln's inn fields, london, where also further particulars and introductions to the owners at merced may be obtained._ contents. a suggestion to persons seeking a start in life special advantages comparison and warning across america-- london to chicago chicago to san francisco san francisco to now orleans new orleans to london information about california currency merced price of land american surveys special instruction provided various estimates as to what could be done with various amounts of capital price of fruit trees when fruit trees pay position of a settler cost of board and lodging raisin culture irrigation olive culture special openings potato growing cost of provisions, etc., at merced cost of journey by sea and land analysis of merced soils position of the vendors [illustration: map of north america with atlantic and pacific oceans. _the dotted lines across america, indicate my journey, the northern one going, the southern one returning. c.f.d._] =a start in life.= i have entitled this little book "a start in life," because it conveys information which would enable any person possessing a small capital, with some industry, patience, and steady habits, to make a start in life which, humanly speaking, could not fail of success. the old countries of europe contain a superabundant population; every branch of professional and commercial life is so overcrowded, that there exists a competition so keen, as to reduce the incomes of the largest, and, in many cases, to prevent the smallest workers, in whatever sphere, from getting a remunerative return for the activities of brain, muscle, and money. to inform the public, therefore, how a young man may make a first start in life, or an older man a fresh start in life, is offering an advantage which, i doubt not, will be appreciated by many who read these pages. i am prepared to hear the objection that, in the proposals set forth herein, i am seeking a personal advantage as agent for the sale of the lands at merced, in california, that i refer to, and i meet it with this statement: let the objector consider his prospects of success in the place where he now is, and if they are reasonably good, let him stay there; if they are not, then let him intelligently consider what his capabilities are--whether he has any special or technical knowledge, and, if so, in what place he can expect the best return for a full use of his talents. if any opening appears probable in any of the old countries, he will, perhaps, first consider that; but if he can see no opening at home, then let him consider, by careful investigation, the more distant fields; let him learn all he can about all the british colonies, and other countries, and especially canada and the united states, as being nearest to great britain. having learnt something generally of these distant places, then, having regard to his own abilities and capital, and his personal desires as to distance from the old country, climate, &c., he should make his choice as to which of the places he has read of seems most likely to give him a fair prospect of success; and then, having come to this decision, he should learn all he can about that particular place. i admit that i shall receive a personal benefit by persons settling at merced, in california; but--i say this with great confidence--if, after an intelligent consideration of other places, any person, desiring a start in life, comes to the conclusion that fruit culture in california is an occupation, and a country, that would suit him, then let him consider all the places in california where openings for this occupation are presented, and let him choose which of them he considers most suitable; and, at the risk of appearing invidious, i would add that he should not believe all he reads, but should make his examination and inquiries for himself, on the spot. i do not ask him blindly to believe what is set forth in these pages, but if he thinks that california is a suitable place of settlement for him, then i do say, with great emphasis, that he should not settle upon anything in california until he has been to merced, and proved for himself that the statements are credible. after he has been to merced, i have little doubt that he will be convinced that that place presents an opening which would be worth his decision. if he proceed to california by the southern pacific railway, he could break his journey at the various other places of fruit culture settlement, and inspect them, reaching merced last, as the nearest to the great centre of san francisco. a careful comparison of the various fields of fruit culture enterprise will, i am assured, show him that merced possesses peculiar advantages. it is well known that the great drawback of california is want of water; and intending settlers must not be satisfied by the statements of agents, or owners, that their lands have water advantages, but they must satisfy themselves that they can have water by irrigation (not by the expensive, laborious process of pumping it up from uncertain springs), and in such a quantity as to be permanent. at some places lands now supplied by irrigation will fall short presently, when the owners carry the water on to thousands of adjoining acres; therefore, a full and permanent supply of water is an essential. the special advantages my clients offer settlers at merced are:-- . a permanent supply of water, for a perpetual water right accompanies every lot of land sold. . contiguity to a railway station on the main line, and to a town, with commercial, professional, educational, social and religious advantages. . instruction in fruit culture gratis by a specialist, who is paid by my clients to instruct settlers on their lands. . a rich soil, of which, on another page, an analysis is given. . a ready market for produce. buyers come round the country and purchase the crops as they are on the trees, taking upon themselves the picking and packing. the continent of north america is a sufficient market in itself for all time especially considering that its population increases nearly a million and a half a year. . the prices range from dollars to dollars per acre. at some other places in california, land is offered at a less price, but i can sell some land at even dollars per acre; yet that at dollars per acre is far cheaper, having regard to its advantages. our land at dollars per acre will favourably compare with lands fetching much higher prices. . free conveyances will be given, with a perfectly clear and satisfactory title. . two-thirds of the purchase-money may remain on mortgage. . merced is only days from london. . a liberal competence may be secured by a reasonably industrious settler. . merced is a very healthy locality, and is nearer to san francisco than other fruit growing centres. . my clients, the owners, are well-known gentlemen of wealth and position in california, and not irresponsible land speculators, members of a syndicate with an unknown personality. comparison and warning. i have already said that applicants should verify for themselves the statements made by persons who, like myself, would be personally benefited by their settling upon the lands offered for sale. letters sent to this country, and advertised by agents as a guarantee of advantages, written by persons soon after arrival in california, and who have not compared the place of their location with other places, can scarcely be a sufficient recommendation. some parts of california advertised in this country for sale have not a permanent water supply; are too hot; are swept by winds; are at a considerable distance from a railway station; have a poor, sandy soil, some even mixed with alkali; and some are so situated as to be "notoriously unhealthy," and produce chills, fevers, and general malaria, and, in one case, i have heard of an embarrassed title: therefore, i say that intending settlers should remember there is a california and a california--that it is not all gold which glitters, and that they should, personally and intelligently, investigate for themselves, on the spot, the statements made by those who, at a distance, offer the lands for sale. capital required. it is recommended that settlers intending to establish fruit farms, should have a capital of from £ upwards; but those who have a smaller capital--say, £ , or even £ --may, in other ways, find some opening for employing it, if accompanied with intelligent, industrious, persevering work. =a start in life.= to ensure the stability of a building the foundation ought to be substantial, so in like manner a good start in life goes a great way towards ensuring a successful career. by success i do not mean the making of a rapid fortune by leaps and bounds of prosperity, but i do mean an ultimate prosperity, acquired through patient, persevering, and intelligent labour. to make a large fortune quickly it is necessary to have command of the requisite knowledge of the business in hand, the requisite capital, untiring energy, and a trait of genius. beyond these it would be necessary to have the mind absorbed in the one thing, and therefore, supposing one possessed the requisites, would it be worth while to sacrifice all else to the mere accumulation of money? to live for mere money making is a grovelling existence, and utterly unworthy the aim of any man possessing the finer instincts of human nature and the intelligence with which it is endowed. no, i am not pretending to offer the means of making a rapid fortune--such accidents fall to the lot of but few out of the millions of our species--but i do claim to be able to offer to men willing to live a steady industrious life, the opportunity of acquiring, on easy terms, a small freehold estate, into which they can put the golden seed of their own mental and physical effort with the certainty of reaping a golden harvest proportionate to their area, their ability, and their industry; for when once a fruit farm is planted it increases in value every year. to own a freehold estate of , , or acres, with a comfortable house and buildings, and the land well stocked with choice fruits, with a ready market, presents a prospect, by the use of a small capital, with the addition of muscle and brains, of future competence. when such a property is fully matured, labour can be hired, and one's own personal energies may be diverted, if preferred, into other channels, or continued in the same with largely accumulating benefits. i ask my readers requiring for themselves, or others in whom they are interested, a start in life, to read these pages carefully, for i do not know any calling, in the old or new world, where a small capitalist fond of country life could find an occupation more congenial than the one i offer at merced, in california, and which is described herein. residence near to a young town, which will probably increase rapidly in value, and which now possesses extensive commercial, locomotive, social and religious advantages, a climate than which the surface of this globe scarcely presents one more desirable, a fortnight's journey from london, and a soil pregnant with inherent virtue, are amongst the considerations of importance which will determine thoughtful investors to settle at merced. i am prepared to show to applicants samples of the soils and fruits, and also views, books, maps, &c., and to answer questions, if they will call personally upon me, at my offices-- , lincoln's inn fields, london, so that they may have every assistance in enabling them to come to a decision as to whether the start in life i offer them at merced, in california, is one suitable in respect of their inclination, capital, abilities, and energy. within a fortnight of london. to prove the convenient access of this land, called "british colony" from london, i may say that on november nd, , i left liverpool in the cunard steamer "etruria," which reached new york on the following saturday evening, just too late for the custom-house officers to examine the luggage, so that we could not go on shore till the next morning. i stayed over the sunday ( hours) in new york, leaving on monday by the first overland train, and after calling at innumerable stations, and staying hours at chicago and council bluffs, to "make connections" (_i.e._, catch other trains), and staying hours at san francisco, i arrived at merced at . on monday night, december th, _i.e._, say days hours after leaving liverpool. had i have left liverpool by the wednesday instead of the saturday steamer, i should not have needed to have stayed over sunday in new york, and, of course, there would be no necessity for a settler to stay at san francisco (i had to meet my clients there); therefore, deducting these two stoppages of hours, or - / days, it would give days to merced in the _winter_ season. in fine weather the journey could be made in less time; some steamers, in the summer and autumn months, have crossed from liverpool to new york in about six days, so that the journey _could_ be made, in favourable circumstances, in say to days, but we may safely put it at days. i went by the northern prairies and rocky mountains, and returned by the longer route of southern california, the desert of arizona, the plains of texas, through the sugar and cotton districts of the southern states, and thence, viâ new orleans and washington, back to new york. thus, after remaining eight days at merced, where i was fully engaged each day in inspecting the lands for sale and the country around for many miles, and after allowing for stoppages on the return journey over sundays, and waiting three days at new york for the cunard steamer "servia," i reached liverpool on january th, and was back again in my office on monday, january th, being six weeks, one day and hours from the time i rose from my chair in my office to the time i was sitting in it again. =across america.= london to chicago. travelling in generations past was an important event in one's life, but now a journey across an ocean and a continent is a very commonplace affair. books of travel used to be read with avidity, but now that so many persons travel, and the wires keep us in touch with all the world every day, the history of a journey is a small event, and one which to those not specially interested would scarcely perhaps be read; nevertheless, as some of my readers may have to go over some of the ground i have recently traversed, i have no doubt that a reference to my journey to california and back would be of interest to them, and therefore i will give up some time and space to the subject. this little record of my journey may perhaps be better received if i state that i am not a novice in travel, and that before i had turned twenty-one years of age i had been to australia (calling _en route_ at pernambuco in south america), and that while in australia i visited melbourne, sydney, geelong, king george's sound, besides various inland towns and gold fields, including bendigo, castlemaine, tarrangower, fryer's creek, forest creek, campbell's creek, tarradale, maryborough, etc., and various other places, and sheep and cattle stations. from australia i went to aden (the inland town) and up the red sea to suez, returning to australia, and thence to england. since i commenced business in england, in , i went in to st. thomas' in the west indies, thence to aspinwall, across the isthmus to panama, thence to acapulco in mexico, on to san francisco in california, and thence to vancouver island, returning by the same route as far as aspinwall, whence i went to new york. in i went on business to russia. arriving at the ancient city of pskov, i proceeded across country to the estate of my client, the count bogouschefsky, at one time private secretary to the emperor nicholas (grandfather of the present czar). some of these travels were attended with a good deal of adventure; but my recent journey from england to california and back, , miles, in six weeks (including all stoppages), was all work, for my time was occupied continuously in reading up the country, learning from old settlers, and making notes of what i saw, some of which i have found room for in the following pages. on november nd, , i was at work in my office in lincoln's inn fields, whence a cab depositing me at euston, the . express train soon ran me down to liverpool ( miles), whence a steam "tender" took me from the landing-stage to the cunard steamship "etruria," some two miles off, where i was soon comfortably located in my "state room" (no. ). it was nearly o'clock before we got away, and the next day found us at queenstown harbour, where we lost considerable time in waiting for the mail. at length the mail, which was a heavy one, was safely on board, and off we went, head on to the atlantic. during that night of the rd we experienced a heavy gale; big seas broke over the forecastle, and flooded the decks below, through the ventilators. the a.b.'s declined venturing on the forecastle to unship these great ventilators, and so the engines had to be slowed down, and the ship stopped; the ventilators were then unshipped, and we proceeded. the night was a bad one, and the next morning we had not got through it, and as a consequence the decks were like lagoons; but presently we had run through it, or it had run away from us, or had expended its energy, and we were in comparatively smooth waters, and had a comfortable run to new york. nothing of particular interest occurred during the passage. i sought and found the old american settlers amongst the passengers, and obtained from them all the information i could of the country, and especially the state to which i was going. i read "general" booth's "darkest england," and wrote a review of it, which duly appeared in the "land roll." the "etruria" is a fine ship. she has a commodious saloon, music and reading room, plenty of deck space for exercise, comfortable cabins, bath rooms, etc. on the th we made sandy hook lighthouse, which is about miles from new york dock, but we got in too late for the custom-house officers to look at our baggage, so we lay all night in the harbour, and next morning commenced the tedious process of creeping up, yard by yard, into our berth at the dock. the run from liverpool was thus:--liverpool to queenstown, on the nd and rd, miles; th, at noon, miles; th, ; th, ; th, ; th, ; th, ; distance to sandy hook lighthouse, miles; so that the run totals up to , , and with the miles added, , miles. i had been recommended by a passenger to go to the hotel st. stephen, to , east eleventh street, new york, whence i drove in a cab perhaps a mile and a half, for which the cabman wanted dollars (equal to s. d.); he got - / , which was half-a-dollar too much. passengers should drive to their hotel, and then ask the proper fare before paying. new york has many large hotels--this is comparatively a small one. all the waiters are coloured men, and this seems pretty general throughout america. i stayed over the th (sunday) in new york, by which i secured a quiet day and an opportunity to attend divine service. in my bedroom was a coil of stout manilla rope screwed into the floor, near a window, so that an escape might be secured in the event of fire. the towels provided are a kind of compromise between a duster and a pocket handkerchief--rather disappointing to one accustomed to his "tub." new york is great in tram-cars, worked by horses, mules, and electricity, also elevated railways--that is, railways running down the streets on huge tressels or scaffolding--so that the vehicles go underneath them, and the passengers in the train look straight into the first-floor windows of the houses on the other side. there is an immense development of electricity all over america, and in tram-cars, railway-cars, hotels, houses, everything and everywhere, is the electric light prominent. many of the streets are unevenly paved. blacking boots is a profession in america--in many hotels a special charge is made for it, or else the visitors are left to their own devices thereon--and boot-blacks have shops and nooks fitted with high, huge easy chairs, elevated like thrones, where their clients can comfortably repose during the operation of polish. the next morning, december st, i was up early, and made enquiries at the various offices representing the railway lines to chicago, with the result that i took a ticket by the pennsylvania route, and left new york at o'clock a.m. the train service between new york and chicago is one of the best, if not _the_ best, in america. the cars are elegantly fitted; they are about the length of the pullman cars we have in england. the best cars are those fitted with sleeping accommodation, and travellers having tickets for a "sleeper" have the privilege of using the sleeping car during the day. the sleeping cars are divided into squares capable of seating four persons, but the space is accorded to two only, as only two beds or berths can be made up in the space; the lower berth (which is always the favourite) is formed of the two double seats (the space for four seats), filled up in the centre by special fittings and mattresses, hidden during the day inside the seats; the upper berth is pulled down from the sloping roof of the car, and in the receptacle between the slope and the square are contained the bedding and the fittings. a curtain falls down over both the upper and lower berths, and, so far as one can, the dressing has to be done with the curtain hanging round one as one stands within it; and if on both sides of the car passengers happen to stand behind their respective curtains at the same time, they would touch one another and so block the passage-way. the dressing accommodation is so inconvenient that only partial undressing is adopted. the outside of the slope is polished mahogany, and in the daytime bears no indication whatever of what it really is, but looks like a handsome sloping polished mahogany roof. these cars are luxuriously fitted. another car on the train is a handsome dining saloon, with kitchen attached, where you can order as good a dinner as you could obtain at an hotel. the cars are also fitted liberally with lavatories and water-closets, separate ones for ladies and for gentlemen. on this train is also a bath-room and a barber's shop. there are also one or two small private rooms, which can be hired separately. this train has also a recent addition, being what is called a drawing-room or observation car; this is the last on the train, and the end is fitted with glass, so that in riding along passengers in this car enjoy an uninterrupted view of the country they are leaving behind. on this special train a ladies' maid is provided for the convenience of ladies, and a stenographer, with his type-writing machine, occupies a seat in the vestibule of the drawing-room car to take down any urgent letters which business men may desire to post _en route_. the observation car is supplied with a library for the use of passengers, and is fitted with plate-glass windows and easy chairs. it has a platform where one can breathe the fresh air outside if desired. there is also a smoking-room car. on this special train the stock exchange reports of the new york and philadelphia exchanges are received and posted on the bulletin boards three times a day, and the weather reports are also posted. the whole of the train is thoroughly well heated by steam pipes, and lighted by electricity. the person in charge of a "sleeper" car is called the "porter;" he occupies a position, not like a porter on an english railway, but analagous to a steward on board ship. on leaving new york i noticed that the suburbs contained many very small wooden houses, and the country had the appearance of many colonial scenes i have witnessed--the land looked like reclaimed prairie, which it probably is; and after passing many homesteads and villages we ran into philadelphia at . . philadelphia is the largest city, as to area, in the united states. it is situate on the west bank of the delaware river. it is miles long, and from to broad, comprising an area of , square miles. it has over miles of paved streets. philadelphia was founded by the celebrated william penn, who went from england to america in a.d., and purchased the site of this great city from the indians. william penn's character was remarkable for his high sense of honour, and if the same principle had obtained throughout the history of the united states with the indians, we should never have heard of any "indian difficulty." penn presented the city with a charter in . the city, built upon lands honestly and liberally bought from the indians, prospered greatly, and its population continued to increase until it now reaches something approaching , . its chief source of wealth is from its manufactures, which embrace locomotives, and all kinds of ironware, ships, carpets, woollen and cotton goods, shoes, umbrellas, and books. it has more buildings than any other city in that country, and, in point of commerce, ranks fourth among the cities of the united states. i noticed that the suburbs of philadelphia contained many handsome stone and brick residences. i felt much interested in the connection with william penn, because he is one of the ancestors of the penn-gaskells of england, who for many years have been valuable and much-respected clients of mine, and in numerous transactions i have noticed in them that beautiful trait of strict honour which gave william penn a world-wide character, and has descended from him to them. passing by many farm homesteads, villages, and towns, all having a prosperous kind of appearance, and described as "one of the richest agricultural districts in america," we ran into harrisburg, which is the capital of pennsylvania, and situate on the east bank of the susquehanna river. about five miles above harrisburg we crossed the susquehanna river on a bridge , feet long, from the centre of which i am told there is a fine view, but i lost it, as a snowstorm was raging while i was crossing. we stopped at altoona, a large city lying at the foot of the alleghanies, and in ascending the alleghanies fine scenery and great engineering feats are discernible. from this we ran on to pittsburg, which claims to be the best lighted city in america, the streets being brilliantly illuminated by arc and incandescent electric lights. nine bridges cross the allegheny, and five the monongahela rivers. pittsburg has been called the "iron city," and "smoky city"; it has immense glass, steel and iron manufactures, and in these three interests alone employs over , persons. then we proceed till, presently, we catch sight of lake michigan, and know that chicago is not far off. we skirt the shore of this busy water, with its wharves, etc. on arrival (december nd) we drive through the city from the pennsylvania to the north-western terminus. chicago is miles from new york: it is the greatest city in illinois, and during the past years has grown from a small indian trading station into a metropolis. chicago extends some miles along the shores of lake michigan, and goes back from the lake to a depth of about four miles, thus embracing about square miles; beyond these confines of the city proper the suburbs extend to some to miles in every direction. it will be remembered that in chicago had a great fire, which burned an area of - / square miles, destroyed , buildings, made , persons homeless, and killed outright about more. the loss of property was estimated at , , dollars, of which only , , dollars were recovered from insurances, and this bankrupted some of the insurance companies. in another fire consumed , , dollars' worth of property. chicago is the great central depôt for grain, lumber and live stock. in there were packed at chicago , , hogs, and about , , cattle. chicago has also extensive iron, steel, wheel, car, flour, furniture, boot and shoe and tannery manufactures. in driving through i noticed one long street, to the right and left of the street i was traversing, thickly occupied with tradesmen's carts, backed on the kerb in the usual fashion, being loaded from the stores (or shops): there must have been a few hundred of them; i never saw so many in one street at one time anywhere in any part of the world. chicago was cased in frozen snow, and thus was not very attractive; but i noticed many very fine buildings, and was much struck with the cosmopolitan character of the inhabitants. during the interval of waiting for the train on the north-western to start i was able to see a little of the place, and found that some persons i spoke to could not speak english. they came apparently from all parts of the continent of europe. chicago to san francisco. the train was due at chicago (december nd) at . a.m., being exactly a hours and minutes' run from new york. having crossed chicago from one terminus to another, i found that three trains left chicago by which i could travel to san francisco--two were slow trains, and one a fast train; but, by whichever train i went, it would make no difference as to the time i left omaha, and consequently no difference to the time i should arrive at san francisco, so i went on by one of the slow trains, as i wanted to see council bluffs. this train was similarly fitted to the other, except that it had no drawing-room car, nor stenographer, etc., nor were the platforms connecting the carriages enclosed; so that, in passing to the dining car, or any other car, the sudden change from a hot car to a shower of snow was not pleasant. the distance from chicago to omaha is miles, and the country between the two places formed a part of the great prairie region, which, years ago, had no other inhabitant than the indian and the trapper, but now is a succession of homesteads, villages, and towns, bearing evidence of prosperity. at creston, and many other stations, i noticed that there is no protection whatever from the railway; the line is unfenced, and the train runs through the town as openly as a coach would; there is generally a rough board put up here and there with the words, crudely painted on them, "look out for the cars!" we were due at council bluffs the next morning (december rd) at . , but we arrived some half-hour late. council bluffs station is four miles from omaha station, but the towns adjoin. the former has a population of over , , and the latter of over , . they are divided by the great missouri river, which is crossed by two bridges, one being , feet long, and the other , feet long. having had breakfast at the station, i went up to the town by the "motor," that is, the electrical tram-car. the motor cars, like the railway cars, are heated. i noticed a large number of detached wooden cottages, "standing in their own grounds," of about one-eighth of an acre, and i learned that these are owned by labourers. mr. day, an agent there, told me that the cottage would cost dollars, and the land dollars, _i.e.,_ £ for the house, and £ for the land. an eighth of an acre for £ would be £ per acre, and this quite out in the suburbs; and i was told that good business blocks in the town itself would fetch £ , (not dollars, but pounds) per acre. in the large cities, such as new york, chicago, etc., prices in the principal streets would compare with prices in the city of london. returning to the station, i joined the express train, and crossing the missouri river to omaha, we proceeded west. the river was frozen at its sides, and presented no attractions worth notice. on we go through hundreds of fields of maize, always called "corn" in america; other grain crops, such as wheat, etc., are called by their own names, but the crop known only as "corn" in america is maize. the rich clusters of corn are gathered, and the stalks, something in appearance between a wheat stalk and a sugar cane, are left standing for the cattle to pick over. forty years ago _this_ part was uninhabited by white men, and was the home of countless buffaloes; now these animals are extirpated, and everywhere we see nothing, for mile upon mile, but corn, corn, corn. one of my fellow travellers was mr. h.c. jacobs, of chicago, whose father-in-law was one of the pioneers, and who gave me much information. the next day (december th), we traverse the great rolling prairies of nebraska, and see many herds of horses and cattle, and here and there ranch homes and cowboys. having run through illinois, iowa, and nebraska, we commence the state of wyoming as we pull up at the city of cheyenne, where, in the far distance, we see, with its peaks well clothed in snow, the grand range of the rocky mountains. soon after leaving cheyenne, we commence the ascent of the rockies--not, of course, the actual summit range itself, but the foot hills and high lands stretching away from, and forming part of it--and as we climb the ascent terminating at sherman, where we have gained an elevation of , feet, we pass through very wild, grand scenery. at this altitude we look down upon floating clouds, and see in the distance long's peak, , feet high, towering above them. all along, at intervals, are portable fences, placed to catch the snow as it drifts, to prevent it blocking the line; and also what are called snow sheds, which are rough timber tunnels built up to protect the rails from the great drifts arising out of heavy snowstorms. at the highest point is a pyramid, commemorating a certain mr. oakes ames, which looked feet high and very near the line; it is however, feet high and half-a-mile off. the air is so rarefied that distances are most deceiving. as our descent proceeds, we catch sight, in the distance, of a herd of wild elk, and where these rolling prairies have better herbage, we see herds of horses with ranch buildings here and there. we pass the ranch of william cody, who, by virtue of his being a senator of the state of nebraska, is called honourable, but who was known in london, a short time ago, at mr. whitley's "wild west" show as "buffalo bill." as we pass fort laraime, one of the forts erected by the united states government as a protection against the indians, i was told some stories of cody's exploits against the indians. in former days, emigrants traversing these great prairies to found a home in this wild west, were often harassed by indians, and the soldiers at the fort had to protect them. buffalo bill has been in many a skirmish, and, if rumour is true, many redskins have succumbed to him; the government took counsel with him in all indian difficulties in that part of the country, and the day before i passed his ranch he had been sent for by the authorities that they might confer with him as to the outbreak which then existed, and which cost "sitting bull" his life. we passed a house cut clean in two by the wind, great herds of horses and cattle, beautiful specimens of the bald and other eagles and vultures, some deer, and a very fine grey wolf about the size of a newfoundland dog. the distant mountain scenery at times is very grand, and everywhere snow-capped. the air is very pure and keen. i much enjoyed the society of two fellow travellers over this part of my journey, mr. lee, of general lee's family, of virginia, and mr. hurley, solicitor to the directors of the line we were traversing. we passed the "divide of the continent" at an altitude of , feet, which is the dividing line of the running of water; that running east empties into the north platte river, thence into the missouri, thence into the gulf of mexico and the atlantic ocean; that running west empties into the green river, thence into the colorado, thence into the pacific ocean. in the early morning of december th we ran into ogden, which is near salt lake, at the base of the wasatch mountains, which are snow-capped, and have some very fine peaks. salt lake is by miles, and on it is situate the great city of the mormons. on the more fertile parts of the prairies i gathered, at humboldt wells, some of the sage grass which used to be the food of the buffaloes when they existed; at other places i gathered samples of herbage on less favoured soils. as we proceed, we see an encampment of indians with red paint on their faces, which was put on to show sympathy with, and, if necessary, take part with other tribes of indians, then commencing a "war" with the united states soldiers. this district was not far, as distances go in america from the scene of action. presently we commence our run through the great barren alkali plains, emerging from which we get into a more fertile country, and, at cedar pass, notice the great ranch of messrs. sparks and tinnin, who are reputed to have , head of cattle. mr. byrne, of elko, nevada, also the owner of a large ranch, was on board the cars, and gave me some useful information. he said that cattle raising is very profitable, as they double in number every four years, _i.e._, a profit of per cent.; thus, if a man start with a , head of stock cattle, he will have , head in four years. if a thousand head of stock cattle were purchased off a ranch, they would be sold just as they run, without any selection whatever--steers, heifers, cows, calves, bulls, yearlings, both sexes and all ages, but calves which still suck their mothers are not counted, and go for nothing. many head of cattle perish in the winter, when the land is covered with snow, as on many large ranches no food is given them. i urged that it would pay to have stock-yards and give food during the snow time, and mr. byrne said that he always did so himself, and that the great ranch men were having their eyes opened to this necessity. we passed various other encampments of indians, and far from any encampment or habitation saw an indian on the track carrying a small light bundle, and following him a long way behind was his squaw, labouring under a very heavy burden. during this day we ran through ranges of uneven mountains, rising one above another in broken undulations and with ever-varying tops, such as table lands, sharp conical peaks, rounded heads, and broken indentations. the distant mountains are enveloped in snow, upon which gleams a resplendent setting sun, presenting a prospect which only such a region could produce. from the dazzling whiteness of one range we look upon the dense darkness of another, as being out of the sun's influence. the lights and shades, the gorges, the fissures, the striations in the range upon range, with their intervals of plains and valleys, here and there opening up peeps of great tracts of country, and then again shutting all in to the circumference of their gigantic heads, interspersed with the brilliance of rich gold, tingeing some tops and revealing dark recesses, some ruby tints and fantastic shadows,--all combine to reflect a glory which lifts the mind beyond the great heights of hills to a height, greater still, whence originated all natural grandeur. we had run through utah and nevada, and were now approaching the northern part of california. in the very early morning of december th i awoke and found that the train was at a standstill. thinking that we were at a station i tried to sleep again, but, finding that we continued motionless, i went out on to the platform connecting our car with the next and found all around was deep snow, and that another train on the other metals had broken down, and that our men were apparently helping to get it off. we were then two miles from truckee, and at an elevation of nearly , feet. after a long delay we got away and ran into truckee. the scenery on this day was also of a truly grand character: precipices, declivities, chasms; and in one very romantic spot, of weird and wild mountain sides, graduating to narrow gullies, with pine and other trees, some perfect, others broken by the wind was one great wreck of a forest monster--a tree rudely snapped asunder by wind or lightning, about feet from the ground, and stripped of every branch, so that it looked like a broken column; on its top sat a great vulture in the well-known attitude of its kind, as motionless as rock, and apparently meditating on the incongruity of a noisy, vulgar bit of machinery, with its train of cars, invading such a nook of nature's solitudes. as we proceeded we came upon the succession of placer gold diggings, known as the hydraulic mines, which were then for the most part abandoned, and these brought to my remembrance many similar spots i had seen in australia. the _débris_ of the mines had stopped up, or diverted, or otherwise interfered with the sacramento river, the bear river, and other rivers, to the great detriment of agriculture, horticulture, stock rearing, etc., whereupon the state legislature of california passed an act to prohibit all interference with the water, for without water the miners could not wash their dirt, and so had to abandon the diggings. all around this part, ravine followed ravine, with beautiful vistas between, affording a continuous luxury of scenic gratification. presently we reached what is called by many the grandest scenery on the american continent, known as cape horn; it is where the train winds round a mountain side, on a narrow ledge, and at such a height, that to hold one's hand out of the window would be to hold it over a sheer precipice of , feet. the train runs along the ledge or narrow roadway cut in the face of the mountain rock, and all around is presented a spectacle of the majesty of nature, which only such a range of mountains as the sierra nevada could produce. about miles from truckee, we reach a station called "summit," which lies at an elevation of , feet, and is the highest point on the sierra nevada mountains reached by railroads, but the granite peaks rise up to an altitude of over , feet. grizzly bears, and other wild creatures, find their homes in the recesses of these fastnesses. on leaving these mountains we make a rapid descent, and in an hour feel that we are in another country. at colfax i bought fruit; at arlington the temperature was like summer. at rockling station i saw some very fine orange trees, full of splendid fruit. now we have entered the fertile plains of north california, and run through cultivated lands, till we reach sacramento, the capital of the state. it is a great change: from desert, alkaline plains, miles of snow sheds, snow-covered mountains, a semi-civilization, and a freezing atmosphere, we find ourselves in a warm, genial climate, cultivated farms, vineyards, gardens, and orchards of nectarines, pears, apples, and the rest. arriving at oakland, we crossed the bay in the great ferry-ship, or floating wharf, "piedmont." the weather was charming--the bay dotted about with islands and surrounded by hills. the temperature was the more enjoyable from the fact that only a few hours before we were surrounded by deep snow. on arriving at san francisco (on saturday, december th), i went straight to the palace hotel, and my first effort was to get a bath, for a continuous day and night run from new york of , miles, makes one who is accustomed to the use of plenty of water to look for a good ablution as the first refresher. the palace hotel claims to be the "model hotel of the world." its architect visited the leading hotels of europe so as to produce a hotel superior to any. as to size, it occupies a complete block--that is, it has a street traversing each side of it. it rises to a height of feet, and covers an area feet by feet--that is, , square feet, or nearly - / acres, and, with sub-sidewalk extensions, exceeds three acres. the lower story is feet high, the uppermost one feet high. the foundation wall is feet thick, and the principal materials are stone, iron, brick, and marble. every partition wall throughout is stone and brick. it is fire and earthquake proof, the walls being additionally tied by iron bands. it has four artesian wells, yielding , gallons of water an hour, a , gallon reservoir, and tanks holding , gallons more. the water is served by three large steam fire pumps, which throw the water above the roof. there are five patent safety-catch hydraulic elevators (or lifts). immense precautions have been taken against fire. the dining-rooms are feet by feet, and feet by feet. the public rooms are very numerous, and are of immense size. the rooms for guests are principally feet by feet; none are less than feet by feet; all are well furnished. the corridors are like streets--space, elegance, solidity, and comfort are apparent everywhere; the whole being lighted by gas and electricity. each bedroom has a bath-room, with hot and cold water services; w.c., coat-closet, and lavatory closet, with hot and cold water services to itself, and which can only be used by the occupant of the bed-room. the hotel, of course, has a barber's shop, and as i expected my client to call i was anxious to get through my toilet quickly; so i rang for one of the barber's assistants to come to my bed-room to cut my hair preparatory to the bath. this did not take long, and i asked the price, when, to my surprise, a dollar and a-half, _i.e.,_ s. d., was required. i thought it was barbarism indeed! i left san francisco on monday, december th, and during my short stay i saw something of the town; but it was not the same place as i remembered it from my two visits to it in . it is full of life and activity, has many wealthy men, of whom, it is said, are millionaires. it has a large number of grand buildings, fine shops, extensive markets, beautiful private residences, and an immense development of electricity for motion, light, sound, etc. the tram-cars run in constant succession everywhere; but the most remarkable cars are those worked by an endless cable. in the city are works with immense steam power, and from these works endless cables revolve throughout the city, under the roads, in various directions. in the bed of the tramway is a groove, under which is the cable, revolving at a great speed. the driver of the car lets down his grip, which tightly holds the cable, and, of course, the car starts at full speed, and is carried along by the cable. when the driver wants to stop, he lets go his grip on the cable and applies his brake. some of the hills in san francisco are very steep, and the first sensation in riding on the outside front seat, while going full speed down a sharp declivity, is certainly novel, with no apparent motive power, and no apparent means of stopping. the speed, of course, is always the same, whether up or down hill, or on level ground. telegraph hill is feet high, clay street hill feet, and russian hill feet. a san francisco sunday is painful to one accustomed to our english ways; travelling in every form, and buying and selling are very prevalent. the y.m.c.a. have a large building there, and get large meetings. i attended one gathering, which i addressed shortly. san francisco is described as having "the mildest and most equable climate known to any large city in the world." january is the coldest month, and the mean temperature then is stated to be °. september is the hottest month, and the mean temperature then is stated to be °. thus only ° difference between the coldest and warmest months, and the average for the whole year is °. san francisco has a population of about , (including some , chinese), is the principal city of the state of california, and the principal commercial centre on the pacific coast. i must not, however, dwell longer on this part of my journey. on monday, december th, i left san francisco with one of my clients, mr. c.h. huffman, for merced, by the p.m train. the sun was shining gloriously, producing a charming effect upon the placid waters of the bay and its beautiful surrounding hills. san francisco to new orleans. the train reached merced at . on monday night, december th, , where i was met, and in a spacious family buggy, drawn by a pair of good horses, i was very soon at the residence of my client, mr. c.h. huffman. the continuous day and night travelling by rail, and the taking of voluminous notes all along, had caused a constant excitement which told upon the nerves, and for two days i felt as though i needed absolute rest, but, remembering that i had already been long absent from my office, i commenced my work at merced the next morning. the town of merced is the capital of the county of that name; it is not many years old, but it has a striking difference to many new small towns i have seen in the colonies, in that it has several very good buildings and residences. it has seven churches and chapels of various denominations, some good shops, medical men, society, schools, gas, water, electricity, and a station on the main great southern pacific railway. it is undoubtedly a town which must rapidly increase in value, for this reason: my clients, messrs. crocker and huffman, at a cost of some two million dollars, have tapped the great merced river miles off, and brought water down to the town and irrigated the country round. they have formed a reservoir acres in extent. hitherto the rich lands around the town of merced have not been irrigated, and consequently were not suitable for growing the fruits for which california is so famous; but, now that a system of canals, formed by my clients, has irrigated their estate, extending over some , or , acres, the whole of this great area is changed in value, and is available, and will eventually be used, for the production of choice fruits. thus, merced will become a centre, like other parts of california, and, being so much nearer than those other parts to san francisco, will benefit additionally by that advantage alone. merced is only miles from san francisco, while fresno is , bakersfield , and los angeles, miles. it is rumoured that another line of railway will also be formed in connection with the present main line, and merced would then be an important railway junction. i drove out every day with mr. huffman, and inspected the country for some miles around the town, including the merced river, miles off. the land designated british colony, is, at its commencement, only two miles from the merced railway station, hotel, and shops. mr. huffman has a most comfortable residence, and has excellent stables, well filled with first-class buggy horses, so that travelling was always an easy matter. being a lay preacher in england, i took advantage of offers made me, and preached on the sunday i was at merced in two of the churches at the morning and evening services. i left merced on tuesday night, december th, by the . train, having stayed there eight days. i immediately "turned in," and next morning (december th) was up as usual at . , and much enjoyed the splendid scenery through which we were passing--in a mountainous country, grandly diversified with all the alternations of heights and depths, lights and darks, rich and barren, including many evidences of engineering skill--as we coursed along, now looking high up, now looking low down, and presently winding along the celebrated "loop," described as the "greatest engineering feat in the world," by which the train goes through mountain passes, creeping along the tops of eminences, then returning, crosses under itself at a low level, then, ascending, crosses over itself at a higher level, so that in its meandering course you now look down at your side on the line you have just traversed, and anon look up at your side at the line you are about to traverse. we passed through the mojava (pronounced moharvie) desert, where the yucca palm is plentiful. a fellow passenger, and old settler, enlivened the time by some relations of his experiences thus: he once shot a grizzly bear which weighed , lbs. some are much larger than this. everything of weight in america is generally reckoned by pounds, not cwts. or tons. on another occasion he slew a californian lion. he had killed a bullock, and the carcase was hanging in his house at the back, where was an aperture like a small window without glass, and under this opening outside stood an empty case. the lion scenting the carcase, and hearing no sound from within, approached the house, and was endeavouring to creep through the aperture when, in its efforts to do so, it kicked the case away, and the poor animal was stuck fast, having its head and shoulders inside. my fellow traveller, on returning home, was surprised to find his visitor, and so despatched him with an axe, and has for years used the skin, which is feet inches long. the temperature was charming, although in the distance we could see the snow-capped mountains. we run through the antelope valley, gather some juniper plant, see a skunk, see natural oil wells at saugus, pass the head of the santa clara valley, see the san fernando mountains, go through the greatest tunnel in america--the san fernando tunnel, , feet long, go by burbank, where there is a land boom, and arrive at los angeles, where during the two hours of waiting i have a look at the town and a pleasant chat with mr. white mortimer, the british consul, whom i called upon. the next day (december th) we were on the desert of arizona, where we saw indian camps at places which were somewhat oases as to plant life. speaking generally, nothing grows on a great part of this desert but cactus, of which i am told there are some varieties, from the dwarf kind to trees feet high. this plant has a strange if not a weird appearance. here and there, like solitary sentinels, stands out a tall cactus, with perhaps two or three heads or branches, growing perpendicularly with itself. the mountains on either side look as if they had their origin in volcanic eruptions. some parts of the desert are covered with a dwarf kind of evergreen shrub. we see large numbers of prairie dogs, which are of a size between a rat and a rabbit; they live in holes like rabbits. there are also gophers, skunks, prairie rats, rattlesnakes, and hawks, which feed on snakes and rats. we pass tribes of yuma indians, aztec indians and gila (pronounced heela) indians. on reaching a part where is some grass we see some cattle, which are straying on the line; the engine whistle shrieks, the cattle run, and some coyote wolves are startled from their lairs and run, too; large numbers are here, and the preceding night their yells aroused some passengers from sleep. as we proceed, quail are seen, and wild cats something like a lynx. arriving at tucson (pronounced tewsohn), i enquired for a gentleman to whom i had an introduction, but learned that he was up at his gold mine. this tucson is an ancient city, having been founded by the jesuits in a.d. it does a large business in exporting gold dust, wool, and hides. i expect that these mountains of arizona contain much value in minerals. the indians in this part of the country are the apaches, and were described to me as the most treacherous of all the american indians, that they are cowardly and will never fight in the open. a gentleman who entered the train at tucson gave me many instances of this. in the evening we saw "cow-boys" round their fire camping out in the open, and also a camp of freighters resting on their journey across the desert. the next morning early (december th) we arrived at el paso, a most interesting mexican town situate on the borders of old mexico, new mexico and texas, where i bought the skin of a mexican tiger, and other things. in travelling for some days in a train continuously one feels the need of exercise, and this i obtained by getting in and out of many of the railway stations and walking up and down. between san francisco and new orleans there are stations, and i should suppose the number of stations on both the northern and southern routes i traversed would probably amount to nearly . we are now commencing to cross the great plains of texas. at first the plains are desert, with mountains skirting our view; the scenery is less interesting than the arizona desert, because there are no cacti. this desert has probably been under salt water at some time. the rocky hills appear to have a volcanic origin. as we go on, we reach a poor kind of pasture, growing out of a scrubby kind of shrub, with some occasional cacti, many hills and mountains like barren rocks, with not a bird or an animal to be seen. the weather has been warm since leaving merced, but now, so far south as we are, it is hot on this december day. i had read in the short telegrams given by american papers, that the winter was very severe in england, and i pictured often to myself, friends and clients in england muffled up amidst frost and snow, whilst i was revelling in glorious sunshine, so warm that no greatcoat could be worn. had i returned by the route i went (the northern prairies), i might have been delayed by snow drifts, but by this, the southern route, there was no snow, but a continuous, cheerful, delightful sunshine, not too hot anywhere, but simply delightful. i should certainly recommend anyone going from england to california in the winter season, to go by the southern route. amongst the objects of interest, we notice in the distance a small herd of wild antelope trotting along; cattle, coyote wolves, and, at many places, the well-picked bones of animals which had dropped dead, or, when weak, had been killed or eaten by carnivora or reptiles. we saw large numbers of prairie dogs; they sit outside their holes like a squirrel, on their haunches, with their fore paws up; they are very quick, and most difficult even to shoot. more antelopes and coyotes. at a station called alpine were several cowboys, all armed with revolvers and cartridge belts, and some with dagger knives too; their mustangs were hitched up close by. these cowboys are some old and some young men, some wild and some cultivated, some never educated, some have gone through harvard, or oxford, or cambridge, some the sons of english county gentlemen and noblemen--but all cowboys, _i.e.,_ men who live on ranches where large herds of cattle or horses are bred, and whose duty it is to ride over the wild rough country to know where the herds of cattle and horses are feeding, so that if they need to be ridden up for cutting or branding, or selling, they may be found. i was told that this was one of the "hardest" places for a cowboy, _i.e.,_ one of the wickedest, meaning that when they visit it, it is for a "spree," and they get drunk, and fights and murders follow. i was pointed to a little cemetery on a hill, enclosed by a white fence, and was told that it contained bodies, and that only had died a natural death; the others had been shot or otherwise murdered in drunken frays and other ways. many strange little histories were told me about these men, but which i have no time to record here. in some parts of the country where water was very scarce, there seemed to be no vegetation, and the cattle seemed to wander solitarily along, a mere heap of hide and bone. at many stations i had quite a considerable interval for running about, such as when a wheel caught fire, which happened two or three times, or some freight had to be taken in, or taken out, etc. when the train again starts, the conductors shout "all aboard," and there is a general rush. the next day (december th) was again a brilliant day of sunshine; we see many buzzards, and breakfast at san antonio. the railway stations along this country have two roofs, one being two or three feet above the other, so that air between should keep the building cool. at breakfast, i read the san antonio _daily express_, which informed me "severe storms prevailed everywhere in great britain," and my thoughts were naturally much occupied with the old country. the day was sultry, but sunshine is always a great treat to me, and it was never too hot. now we are running into civilization again, and i catch sight of a man ploughing; he has a pair of mules, and is holding the reins in his teeth. as we proceed, it is a continuous succession of cotton fields, cotton fields, cotton fields. we see many bales; these weigh from to lbs. each. at a station called sequin, i obtained lots of cotton seeds, and gathered some cotton in the fields as we went along. the scavengers of this country are turkey buzzards, which are protected by law because of their usefulness. i could not refrain from writing several times in my note-book, "glorious sunshine." hitherto we have had mountains continuously in sight, but now they are out of vision. this being saturday we see markets at the towns we go through; at habwood and flatonia especially was this noticeable. the population seemed almost altogether negro. i observed a negro and his wife, well dressed, riding on horseback in the old english pillion style; another negro and his wife, and about twelve children, in a capacious kind of wagon-buggy, and many negroes and negresses, the latter dressed in white and gay colours, standing at their pretty verandahed cottages. we now pass a spot where a train was stopped and the passengers robbed some time ago, by jesse and frank jeames and the ford brothers. the _modus operandi_ is for all the men to be secreted but one, who stands on the line holding up a red flag which indicates danger; the engineer then stops and the men spring aboard; some hold revolvers to the heads of the engineers, and others go through the train and rob the passengers. the robbers shout out "hands up," and one man points his weapon at the passenger's head, whilst another rifles his pockets. if a passenger fails to hold up his hands he is shot down. a passenger on the northern prairies told me of a fellow passenger, who under such circumstances having a revolver, aimed at a robber and pulled the trigger, but it missed fire, and he was instantly shot down. but these attacks are now more rare, and the officials are more prepared for them. sometimes the robbers get on board the train as passengers, and act suddenly in concert. all along the country now we pass the cabins of the slaves, familiarised to us by "uncle tom's cabin." these cabins are pleasant little houses with verandahs, and i reflected how favourably they compared with the "homes" of many of the london poor, and how happy the slaves might have been but for the knowledge that at any time they were liable to be sold like a mule or a bullock. now we pass sugar, cotton and rice plantations, and go through such cultivations all through louisiana, mississippi, alabama, north and south carolina, georgia, and virginia. i gathered sugar and cotton going along at places, saw a racoon in a stream fishing for crawfish, and go through a country, in which are plenty of alligators. on the early morning of sunday (december st), we go through swamps, such as we used to read of as the hiding-places of runaway slaves. all through these southern states we saw everywhere sugar and cotton, sugar and cotton, sugar and cotton; these, with rice, are the principal products; sugar mills, cotton yards, etc., etc. we soon reach algiers, and cross the grand mississippi river, then land at new orleans. the actual city of new orleans covers an area of about square miles, but the statutory limits of the city embrace nearly square miles. it is situate on both banks of the mississippi river, and from , to , steamers and other vessels, from all parts of the world, may frequently be seen lying there. new orleans is the chief market in the world for cotton. the site of the city was surveyed in by de la tour, and it was settled in , but abandoned in consequence of overflows, storms, and sickness; it was resettled in , held by the french till , then by the spaniards till , by the french again till , and then, with the province of louisiana, was ceded to the united states. the present population is about , . there are cemeteries, and they are remarkable, inasmuch as the bodies are buried above ground, in vaults like tiers of ovens; the ground is too wet for burial. i attended trinity church in the morning, had some black bear for dinner at my hotel, the "hotel st. charles," and then attended the y.m.c.a., where i gave the address in the afternoon, which was followed by a very solemn after meeting. i went to bed very early, and was up very early the next morning (monday, december nd). i had to draw the mosquito curtains in the night, but not till after some of these insects had left their mark. the principal ground floor of the hotel was on the first floor level, and the actual ground floor was of secondary importance; the front part was occupied by stone steps and a colonnade, and the rear was a liquor bar and a large hall. this hall used to be one of the principal auction rooms of the city, where slaves were sold by auction; and as i entered the now rather desolate-looking place, which is partly circular in shape and constructed with many pillar supports, i pictured to myself the emotional agonies, the tempests of passion, the lust of greed, the calm, subdued, resistless attitude of despair which at times found expression, as domestic circles were for ever broken, tenderest sympathies for ever sundered, closest friendships for ever separated--yea, even the most sacred relationships of life ruthlessly shattered, by the sale of mothers or fathers, brothers or sisters, wives or husbands, sweethearts or friends. of this i will give just two illustrations: our porter on the train crossing the northern prairies was a coloured man named farrell; he told me that his mother had seven boys, and that they were all sold away from her, and that it had been his life-work to try to find his brothers. he had shipped to australia as a seaman, had worked in hotels, and on wharves and rivers, and now was working on the railway cars endeavouring to find his brothers; he had advertised for them in the newspapers, but he had never heard of one of them. when this family was broken up, farrell and his brothers were only boys; for it will be remembered that the date of the official announcement of the total abolition of slavery in the united states was made on the th december, , when upwards of , , slaves were legally declared free men. another coloured man engaged at this hotel, who was born a slave, remembered walking with his father, who was also a slave, and his father's anxiety to get home before nine o'clock at night, as no coloured man was allowed to be in the streets after that hour unless he possessed a sufficient authority from his owner. this man told me that at an auction of slaves at this hotel (auctions of slaves were held in new orleans at different places three times a week) a very fine intelligent young man was sold by auction for , dollars to a lawyer who was known to be a cruel man. my informant told me that his name was--well, it sounded like rumo, possibly roumeaux, as most of the wealthy settlers were of french origin, that he lived in st. james' ward, and that when he bought slaves and sent them down to his plantations, they each received twenty-five lashes as they entered his gates, as an example, of what they would receive if they did not please him. well, when the hammer fell and this slave knew that he belonged to an owner whose cruelty was common talk, he exclaimed, "you have lost your money." this slave was sent down with others to the steamer on the mississippi (which is only some ten minutes' walk from the hotel), for shipment to this owner's plantations. the poor fellow was not even allowed to say good-bye to his people, but was sent on board. when he arrived there, he repeated to the man in charge of the slaves, "mr. rumo will lose his money," and shortly after he took advantage of a favourable moment, and, folding his arms, he threw himself backward into the river, and was drowned. a few minutes' walk from my hotel is the henry clay monument, where the mob was addressed last month by mr. parkerson, who incited them to proceed to the prison and force an entrance, and then to take the lives of a number of italian murderers by lynch law. on this monument some memorable words are inscribed which mr. clay uttered, and which t copied. they are as follows:--"if i could be instrumental in eradicating this deep stain, slavery, from the character of our country, i would not exchange the proud satisfaction which i should enjoy for the honour of all the triumphs ever decreed to the most successful conqueror." that deep stain was removed in , and slaves were raised from the condition of cattle to that of men, who could thenceforward rejoice in the freedom of being masters of their own bodies. new orleans to london. on leaving new orleans we run through swamps, and presently skirt the gulf of mexico and travel on. the next day (december rd), we feel it perceptibly colder, for we are going north. the country is cultivated in sugar, cotton, rice, grass, etc. we breakfast at atlanta, and after leaving that place, the scenery puts me more in mind of england. in going through georgia, i was told that the same black families which now occupy many of the small wooden houses, or "cabins," which i see, are the same families who occupied them before the abolition of slavery. although many slaves suffered cruelties through enforced separations and hard treatment, yet very many had most comfortable homes, considerate masters, and light work. i sat much during this day on the platform at the end of the end car, observing the country. at one station some little black urchins came to gaze, and i said to one boy, apparently seven years old, "what is your name?" he said, "willie matthews." i said, "how old are you? " he said, "i ain't old enough to know how old i are." and his genuine simplicity delighted me. we are now passing through cultivated lands, farms, and estates, and these continue right on to new york. at greers was a very large collection of cotton. at spartanville are large cotton mills, such as one sees in lancashire. the next day (december th), we notice ice on the ponds. we cross the potomac river, and near washington, sight the capitol--or, as we should say in england, the houses of parliament. washington city is the political capital of the united states. its size is about - / miles by - / miles. the capitol is described by the americans as the most magnificent public edifice in the world. it is feet long and feet deep, with two wings each by feet. its entire length is feet inches, and it covers an area of more than - / acres. it is of costly construction, and stands in grounds of about acres. we proceed, and stop at baltimore, cross the bush and gunpowder rivers, again come near the susquehanna and delaware rivers, various smaller rivers, and run on until we reach new york. on arrival, i immediately went to the cunard office and secured my berth in the "servia." the next morning (christmas day), it was very cold, and snowing. i had a fire lit in my bed-room, and there wrote the article which appeared in the january _land roll_. in the afternoon i walked in the central park, but it was so bitterly cold, i was satisfied with less than two hours of exercise, and returned to the hotel to dinner, and finished up the day writing in my bed-room till midnight. the central park, in genial weather, would be an attractive resort. i observed large natural rocks, lawns, wide promenades, seats, lakes, menageries, swings, and various such like attractions for juveniles, overground and underground roads--a kind of "rotten row," &c., but being so cold scarcely a person was to be seen. on december th, new york was deep in snow. i visited a few shops for some necessaries, and went on board the "servia" during the afternoon, thinking that i might have difficulty in getting a cabman to drive to the docks after dark if the snow drifted deeply. new york city is the metropolis of the united states. in its population was , , . its site was discovered in . it was in that hudson, an englishman, ascended the river which was named after him. in some dutchmen settled there. in its population was , , and in it had increased to , . in it was captured by the duke of york, and was henceforth called "new york." in a slave market was established in wall street. on december th, about o'clock in the morning, we began to clear out of the dock, and in a few hours were again on the broad atlantic. the next day (sunday, december th), we had service on board, conducted by the doctor in the saloon: all on board not actually on duty may attend. we left new york in a blizzard, and our decks were coated with frost and snow, but after two days this was all cleared away, and we had a splendid run in genial weather, so that one day i could comfortably walk on deck without a greatcoat. our run was--from sandy hook lighthouse ( miles) to noon of december th, miles; noon of december th, miles; december th, miles; december st, miles; january st, , miles; january nd, miles; january rd, miles; thence, to queenstown, miles; and from queenstown to liverpool, miles; making a total of , miles. the passage in the "etruria," going out, was , miles. the "servia" is a fine ship, but much older than the "etruria," and her engines, consequently, are not capable of the speed of a newer vessel. her cargo capacity is , tons, with , tons of coal and , tons of water ballast. her horse-power is equal to , . the saloon is by feet, and is capable of seating persons. the "servia" has cabin accommodation for saloon and steerage passengers, besides a crew of officers and men. when there are more than saloon passengers, each meal has to be served in two relays. an interesting incident occurred during the passage: i discovered that our captain (now commanding the "aurania") was a shipmate of mine in , when i was a midshipman. i reached my office in lincoln's inn fields at o'clock on the morning of january th, having been absent just about six weeks. the distances were as follows:-- liverpool to new york , miles. new york to chicago " chicago to council bluffs " council bluffs to san francisco , " san francisco to merced " merced to new orleans , " new orleans to washington , " washington to new york " new york to liverpool , " london to liverpool " liverpool to london " journeys in buggies, tram-cars, &c. " -------- , " i must conclude with some general remarks:-- the _times_ recently published a series of ten articles on the "negro question in the united states," and from them it appears that the position of that country is very serious in this relation. these articles commenced after i had started on my journey, so that i only saw one or two of the concluding ones and the _times_ leader upon the whole, but i was not surprised to see them, because in passing through the states which are principally peopled by negroes, i heard something about the matter from a thoughtful man, who regarded the subject with great gravity. the _times_ has shown that the attitude of one race to the other is that of "antagonism, discontent, and perpetual danger." the negroes have the same constitutional privileges as the whites, and their overpowering numbers in certain places give the power into their hands, which, regarded in relation to racial hatred, renders them to be an object of danger to the country. it is proposed to emigrate the negroes to some part of africa. it would be more consistent for certain americans to interest themselves in solving this problem of their own rather than encouraging irish agitators, and so assisting to prevent england solving her dark problem across st. george's channel. the proportion of coloured people to white in the three states of georgia, louisiana, and alabama, is about equal, that is, there are as many coloured people as white. the population of coloured people throughout the whole of the united states is about , , of coloured people to , , of white people, but it is a sad fact, as stated in the _times_ of march th last, that a government return, dated june st, , showed that there were , convicts in the prisons of the united states, and that of this number no less than , , or one-third were coloured people, and that out of these coloured people only were chinese, japanese, and indians, so that , were negroes. as the whites, counting all the states, are eight times as numerous as the coloured people, and yet the coloured convicts are one-third of the whole, it speaks badly for the morals of the negro race in america. i was much struck with the immense development of electricity. steamers, railway carriages, tramcars, hotels, shops, towns, villages, and railway stations, even those in remote places, with scarcely a building near to them, were all well lighted by electricity. railways run on scaffoldings down the centre of the streets, and horses with their vehicles run underneath them. the railway trains are well heated throughout by hot water pipes (every class), and reflect a grave reproach on our country, where, in the severest weather, it is difficult to get a foot warmer, except by certain main line trains, and, even then, one is expected to "tip" the attendant. poor persons travelling in thin garments and poorly fed, in severe weather, scarcely ever dare to ask for a foot warmer unless they are prepared to fee someone, and, whether rich or poor, no one can get a foot warmer at any of our country stations. when we consider that railways originated in this country, and that some of the parts of america i passed through were, some , some , and some even years ago, only known to the trapper and the indian, it shows the increase of enterprise exhibited by our cousins over the atlantic. tramcars are worked by electricity, by steam, by horses and mules, and by revolving endless cables. telephones are everywhere. the railway journeys in america often occupying several days, the tickets are a kind of succession of coupons, parts of which have to be given up at various stages. caution is exercised in selling railway tickets for long journeys--thus, you are required to sign the ticket, and observations are made of you, such as your height, probable age, colour of your eyes, hair, etc. some of the lines of railway are not fenced in, not even in towns, so that the train runs through a town as openly as does an omnibus. i may convey some idea of some of the large american systems of agriculture, by referring to the estate of one of my clients, mr. c.h. huffman, of merced, california. this gentleman has fields ranging from , to , acres each. he can plough to acres a day. by his traction engine he can strike furrows at a time. he can put teams (of eight mules or horses each) to work at one time. each harvester will cut, thrash, and sack an average of acres a day. the front part of the machine faces the standing wheat in the field, in the centre of the machine it is thrashed and winnowed, and at the rear it is thrown out in sacks ready for market. mr. huffman can sit in his study at home, and by his telephone talk to his clerks at merced (he is the banker there), as well as to the foremen at his various ranches for miles round the country. i particularly noticed one of his fields of wheat, comprising , acres, as level and clean as a well-kept lady's flower garden in england. the americans have a greater variety of foods served at their meals than we do, but i never got the flavour of meat cut from a joint to equal that which, when really well roasted and served, we get in england. as to bread, i never tasted bread worth the name, from the time i left london to the time i returned to it. alike on the cunard steamers, cars, hotels, etc., you can get no wholemeal bread. french and vienna breads, and other very white abortions of that kind are obtainable in abundance, and even a kind of brown bread, and "graham's" bread, but good honest wholemeal bread, containing all the properties of the full kernel of the wheat, it is impossible to get, and this to me was a very great deprivation, as my _principal_ article of food is _real_ wholemeal bread. the system of the custody of letters at the large american hotels appeared to me rather unsafe. a visitor asks for letters, whereupon there are handed to him all the letters in the pigeon-hole marked with the initial of which the visitor's name commences. the visitor then proceeds to look through them, and takes what he chooses, and hands the rest back. the official is too busy, or it is not customary for him, to look through them for the visitor, or even to watch the visitor in his process of selection. i noticed one gentleman with a packet of letters, i should think considerably over a hundred, every now and then slip one into his breast pocket and give a furtive glance, which did not inspire confidence, but probably this is a well accustomed habit of the people, and the letters, perhaps, are as safe as the newspapers i frequently saw deposited on the tops of the street letter boxes (outside the boxes), because they were too large to be put inside; of course anyone could have taken them, but the custom not to touch them is probably honourably recognized. the street letter boxes are quite small square boxes, not large pillar boxes as are ours in this country. i should like to have remarked more generally on america, but both time and space fail me. of course, as most people know, the (to us) disgusting practice of spitting is common in america; spittoons are universally provided in public and private places. at merced court house is this notice: "gentlemen will not, and others should not spit upon the floors." huge spittoons are provided there. the awful guttural which precedes the constant expectoration of americans is most trying. it excites in persons near them and who are unaccustomed to it, a sensation of necessity to vomit, as it conveys a fear that your neighbour is about to vomit over you. it is not the excusable expectoration arising from an accumalation in the air passages, but a continuous fusilade of saliva. it is a disgusting practice, and i believe will die out in america as its citizens travel more in the old countries and become used to manners more refined than such a one as this. i observed that my clients in california, who have travelled in europe, and other travelled americans, are not guilty of this odious practice. i would say to englishmen travelling in america, don't condescend to the "guessing" and other loose styles of expression, and don't affect the nasal twang. americans, with all their boast of one man being as good as another, are greatly pleased to entertain or travel with englishmen having a title, and they pay a marked respect to britishers who speak in a classical style, and who, while being devoid of foppishness, bounce, or vulgarity, conduct themselves with a genial dignity. =california.= i will now say something about california, and then proceed to describe the lands for sale, and the prospects of those who will settle upon them. california lies on the genial coast of the pacific ocean, midway between the too cold regions of the north and the too hot regions of the south. to be exact, the mean temperature in san francisco in the month of january, averages about °. it has varied from ° to °. the record of years shows that between sunrise and sunset it has not been so low as ° on more than days. snow is sometimes seen to fall, but it melts immediately. california has a bright, genial climate, and is described as "pre-eminently a sunny land." the early spring, commencing about the middle of february and lasting about six weeks, is a very pleasant part of the year, but april is described as the "cheeriest." december and january are the least pleasant, because it is the rainy and winter season. thunderstorms are rare, and no hurricane has ever been known there. the rainfall of california is about twenty inches, and the rainy days number about sixty in the year, or about half the number of rainy days experienced in the atlantic states or central europe. amongst the fruits grown in abundance are the orange, grape, peach, apricot, plum, cherry, apple, nectarine, fig, lemon, lime, olive, date, and all the berries of value. besides the immense growth of choice and luscious fruits, for which california is famous all over the globe, it claims to have the largest milk, butter, and cheese dairies in the world. it is also renowned for its mineral riches, its immense mercantile business, its manufacturing industries, its production of wool, its gigantic timber, its wealth of beauty in flowers, its fast horses, its grand scenery, embracing lofty mountains, deep valleys, expansive fertile plains, and all the variations of a beautiful country, with many rivers, and a magnificent sea coast, whilst the "coast range" and the slopes of the "sierra" offer to the sportsman such game in abundance as grizzly and cinnamon bears and californian lions. there are also deer, hare, rabbit, quail, large flocks of wild ducks and geese, and the rivers afford such fish as salmon and trout, and the deep sea splendid fishing. san francisco has been called "a city of hills." it has a population of nearly , inhabitants, amongst whom are no less than _millionaires_. its harbour is known all over the globe as the "golden gate," and it has answered well to its name, for an entrance to its vast resources has made the fortune of multitudes of people, and many going there now are laying the foundations for future wealth. the lands of california have the two essentials for successful culture--a rich soil and genial climate, with plenty of sun, yet never too hot and never too cold for out-door work, and most of its domestic animals are never housed, and require no food but wild herbage. fruit culture in california. our lands at merced, in california, offer to gentlemen wishing to make a first or a fresh start in life a really good opportunity. it is difficult to conceive how men with energy, enterprise, and a little capital, can be content to sit in an office in foggy, blocked-up london, "quill driving" from year's end to year's end, when a prospect is afforded them, such as we now offer, of establishing a pleasant home in a luxurious land, with a sunny, genial climate, and within about a fortnight's travel of england, and where they would have the liberty of being their own masters, and lay the foundation of a future competency. currency. as the currency in california is dollars, not pounds, we must ask our readers to accustom themselves to dollars. a dollar is cents, and, roughly speaking, a cent is equivalent to a halfpenny, so that a dollar would be worth, of our money, four shillings and twopence. its value, however, varies a few cents according to the place where it is exchanged. bank of england notes or pounds are never worth less than four shillings and twopence, _i.e.,_ cents or halfpennies, which, of course, is four dollars and cents, there being cents in a dollar. the decimal currency is extremely simple when once understood. never less than . is given for an english pound, but sometimes . and . is obtained. merced. the lands i have for sale are situate in the county of merced, in california, about miles by rail from the city of san francisco, they are designated "british colony," and at the nearest point are just one mile from the boundary of the town of merced, and two miles from the railway station, hotel, shops, etc. merced town is lighted by gas and electricity, has water laid on, telephones, telegraphs, court house, episcopal church, presbyterian church, cumberland presbyterian church, methodist church, south methodist church, baptist church, and catholic church, two schools, shops of various kinds; two railroads, the main one running up to san francisco, and down to los angeles and on to new orleans, etc., and the other, a branch line to stockton, sacramento, etc. merced is feet above the level of the sea; it is a pleasant little town, affords some congenial society, and i firmly believe will, before many years have passed, become an important centre, because my clients have brought water from the merced river more than twenty miles off, by a system of canals, and have formed a reservoir of acres in extent, with an average depth of feet, and thus have given facilities for irrigating the country round the town. it is certain to become a great fruit-growing district, as its soil is so fully adapted for the purpose. it is much nearer to san francisco than los angeles, and is nearer also than fresno and other districts which have already made themselves a name for fruit culture. the country around merced has a natural fall, and is drained by many creeks, which are dry in summer, but contain more or less water in winter. the lands for sale. merced is situated in the celebrated san joaquin valley (pronounced san wharkeen), which is an immense level of fertile land, the soil generally being of a rich sandy loam, but in some districts, such as that i am now offering for sale, of a deep rich black loam of a highly productive nature, in fact, it is the decomposed vegetation and alluvial deposits of past ages, than which nothing could be more fertile. we have good evidence that the land is especially suited for the production of prunes, apricots, pears, peaches, olives, plums, small fruit, such as strawberries, blackberries, sweet and common potatoes, garden stuff, and alfalfa. alfalfa (or lucerne) is a great crop in america in places where there are no old meadow lands for the cows. the land is, of course, suited for all cereal crops, too. all the fruits named can be dried in the sun without artificial heat. the lands are about to feet above the level of the sea, and, in common with all the country round, they command a view on the one side of the grand snow-capped sierra nevada mountains, and on the other of the mountains known as the coast range. immense flocks of wild geese and ducks (principally geese), are often on the land. there are also "rabbits" on the land (so called), but they more resemble hares in their size and habits and run. there are some excellent fruit orchards and gardens at merced. in the grounds around the court house are some very fine orange trees, full of fruit, and also in the gardens of private residents. one gentleman kindly sent a bough of oranges, and other gentlemen sent other fruits, which may be seen at our offices. at the buhach colony, near the town of merced, are extensive orchards of californian fruits. mr. atwater's gardens and orchard, a few miles from the town, are worth inspection. he has two magnificent olive trees, nine or ten years' old, which bear heavy crops, and which are used for the production of olive oil; his vineyard and orange orchard, his lemon and persimmon trees, all look very prosperous. he would gladly show any settler how he has cultivated them. he has a corn and stock farm, and has only gradually cultivated these fruits, which occupy some eleven acres. price of the land. the prices of the land for sale are , and , and dollars per acre, according to position. two-thirds of the purchase-money may remain on mortgage as long as the interest is paid at per cent, per annum, which is the lowest interest payable in california. the mortgagor is liable to the government for the taxes, which amount to - / to per cent, per annum, so that he would really only receive to - / per cent, interest. all mortgages are publicly recorded, and so the property is vested in the mortgagor till he is paid off, and when that is done it also is publicly recorded. these taxes embrace all known to us in england as rates and taxes, except a road tax of dollars a head per annum, chargeable to every male over twenty-one years of age. this tax may be paid for in labour on the road if desired. a free conveyance will be given, but the cost of recording the transaction in the county office (there is no stamp duty), about - / dollars, must be paid by the purchaser. the recording of a mortgage would probably be - / dollars because it is longer. the record is a public acknowledgment of the title of the owner to the land made in the county books. foreigners can hold freehold property in california, but they have no right to vote--indeed, they would have no right to vote until they had resided five years in the country, and had become naturalized; then a resident has before him the possibility of becoming governor of the state to which he belongs, or, indeed, secretary of the interior, which corresponds with the position of the premier in england. american surveys. according to the american surveys the country is arranged in squares, as shown on all the maps. a "section" is a square mile, or acres. a "township" is sections, _i.e.,_ six miles on each of its four sides. a quarter section is acres, and the lands are so arranged that a roadway is reserved around each quarter section feet wide, and the land for such roadway is taken from each side, so that each owner has to contribute feet to such road, and, of course, he has the benefit of the frontage to it. a acre lot would be an eighth of a quarter section. on some of the lots for sale at "british colony," are one or two houses and some buildings. these may be purchased thus: one house and buildings, , dollars; another house and buildings, , dollars; another house and buildings (n.e.), dollars; but if one purchaser bought four lots of acres, each adjoining so that one house and buildings should come near the centre, then such house and buildings would be given in. special knowledge of fruit culture. few settlers would have the requisite special knowledge of fruit culture without some instruction, and, therefore, the owners of the land have engaged the services of professor eisen, at a fixed salary, so that all settlers on their lands may have the benefit of the professor's instruction, _free of charge_. professor eisen is well known as a specialist in horticulture in california. he has just published a book on the raisin industry in california, which may be seen at our offices. the culture of grapes for raisins, and plums for prunes, would be remarkably successful on the lands for sale. canned fruits. wholesale buyers come round the country to buy the fruit crops while on the trees. an enormous trade is done in america in canned fruits; the hotels, steamers, railway cars, and private families use them largely at all meals, and america itself seems to be a sufficient market for ages to come for all the fruit and vegetables its state of california can produce. estimates. how to start with a capital of , dols. dols. acres of land, , dols., half cost , trees, such as orange, olive, fruit, etc. , house and barn , horses cow poultry furniture, etc. waggon, tools, etc. labour, per year, men, etc., for, years, including living , interest on , dols. at %-- dols. per year, years , ------ dols. , leaving a balance of , dols. for first payment of land, or for other improvements and unforeseen expenses. profit the fourth year should be about , to dols. at the lowest. how to start with a capital of , dols., i.e., say £ , . dols. dols. acres of land .. .. .. .. , house and barn .. .. .. .. , well and pump .. .. .. .. horses .. .. .. .. waggon and tools .. .. .. .. furniture, etc .. .. .. .. cow .. .. .. .. trees, etc. .. .. .. .. , seed, etc. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ---- , living one year, etc.; incidentals .. .. .. .. .. ----- dols. , profits. dols. dols. _first year_.--land between the trees, cultivated in potatoes, vegetables, etc. .. .. .. .. poultry, eggs, etc. .. .. .. .. --- (eggs and poultry pay for groceries. many families are doing this now.) dols. dols. _second year_.--the same as above .. _third year_.--the same as above .. yield from fruit, dols. per acre .. ---- , _fourth year_.--the same from poultry, etc. from fruit trees, dols. per acre .. , ---- , _fifth year_.--the orchard is now in good bearing, and should pay from to dols. per acre; say the lowest .. , (no time to attend to any but fruit trees unless a man is employed, so only the return of fruit trees is given). _sixth year_.--the orchard now pays, if properly attended to, from to dols. per acre; say the lowest .. , _seventh year_.--the orchard pays, if properly cared for, from to dols. per acre; say the lowest .. , this clear after expenses have been deducted. the farmer can take care of acres himself, with occasional help. with acres he requires one man more, his son or hired help. the first three years he will only make his living ordinarily so; after that time he will make money. poultry, and vegetables should, during the first year pay for all expenses at least, and in many instances leave a large surplus. all this depends upon the capacity of the settler. with good land such as this dollars or more could be made from vegetables the first season by a capable and experienced man. at least it has been done repeatedly. if poultry is properly cared for, a family will make its living by selling eggs and chickens until the trees come in bearing. =how to start with a capital of , dols., i.e., say £ , .= dols. land, acres, , dols., half cost.. .. , house and barn .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , horses .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. cows and chickens .. .. .. .. .. .. .. waggon and tools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. sundries, tools, etc. .. .. .. .. .. .. trees, etc. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , well and pump .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. or windmill and tank .. .. .. .. .. .. interest on , dols. at % for three years .. sundries for living, etc. .. .. .. .. .. ----- dols. , the fourth and fifth years there should be a gross profit of at least , dols. a year, enough to pay for the balance due on land. how to start with, a capital of , dols., i.e., say £ , . dols. land, acres, , dols., half cost .. .. , house and barn, etc. .. .. .. .. .. .. , trees .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. horses .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. cow .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. household furniture .. .. .. .. .. .. waggon and tools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. well and pump .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (if tank and windmill required, from dols. upwards extra). seed, etc. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. sundry expenses and chickens .. .. .. .. interest for three years on balance of land at % .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. capital on hand to pay for part of the land.. ----- dols. , what some people have started with, and come out all right. dols. dols. land, , dols., cash, balance credit house and barn horses cow poultry ___ provisions, sundries, etc furniture and tools sundry expenses waggon and horses _____ dols. , but ordinarily, this is too little, as the planting of the land cannot be proceeded with at once, and work must be procured among the neighbours, etc. the estimates, were furnished us by professor eisen, who remarked that, probably, in giving estimates all persons would vary somewhat, but these, and other estimates which he gave, are really more than estimates, because they are the actual results of past experiences. professor eisen's opinion. received january th, . professor eisen writes:--"i am of opinion that these lands (british colony, merced) are amongst the very best in the state for raisins; still, as i explained to you, i do not advise any one to put his whole interest in the raisin industry, as the market for this fruit is limited. for other dried fruit, especially for prunes (french plums), apricots, peaches, and nectarines, the market is practically unlimited, and as our population increases yearly , , people, it will be seen that our markets must extend as well, even after we have driven all foreign fruits out of our home markets. as regards the adaptability of the land of british colony for various fruits, i can say that they are especially adapted to the prune (french plums) and peaches for drying and canning, olives for olive oil and pickling; also for oranges. you can see how the orange thrives in the city of merced and surroundings, or in localities exactly like those of british colony lands, and there can be no doubt that oranges and lemons will prove very profitable in british colony. olives will especially do well there. the british colony lands i consider as exceptionally rich and fertile, and there are few, if any, equal to them in this state or anywhere else." price of fruit trees. the prices in california of young fruit trees for planting, for the season - , are given as follows:-- dols. prunes (like french plums) to per plums and other prunes " apricots " peaches, from to . " olives (layers) " olives, grafted to " pears " oranges, best kinds to " shade trees " grape-vines (raisins) " persimmons " walnuts, from to " when fruit trees pay. the fruit trees enumerated above would begin to bear the second year, but only the fourth year would they bear any considerable amount; the fifth and sixth years they would come into good bearing, and should then yield a profit of, say, from to dollars per acre. at seven years the orchard should be in full bearing, and never yield less than , and, possibly, dollars per acre. instances have been known when prunes, peaches, and pears have produced from to , dollars per acre clear profit. position of a settler. the position of a settler, then, is that for the first three years he cannot depend upon his crop of fruit to maintain him, but must either have sufficient capital to support him during that time, or else earn his living in some other way. to be idle, and live on capital, would not, of course, suit any man who meant to succeed, and therefore he would fill up his time in cultivating garden and poultry produce, for which there is always a demand, or in getting some occasional employment. cost of board and lodging. at merced railway station is a very large hotel, and the cost of board and lodging for emigrants is only dollars, _i.e.,_ say, £ per month; to usual visitors it is dollars a month. raisin culture. the _pacific rural press_, referring to the raisin vineyards in the san joaquin valley, california, states:-- "what is especially interesting to the home-seeker in connection with this information, is the fact that everyone of these vineyardists is prosperous. no other horticultural industry is so profitable as the culture of the raisin grape, in no other is the work so pleasant, and no other yields a return so quickly." an acre of muscat vines in full bearing will yield from two to three tons of grapes on good heavy soil. at - / cents a pound in the sweat-box, this means from to dollars per acre, gross. numerous instances are known, however, where the yield of an acre of muscats amounted to as much as dollars, this being the result of careful cultivation and favourable circumstances. some grapes are borne on the vines when they are one-year old, while two-year old's have been known to bear a crop. at three years the vines pay the expenses and interest on the money invested, and at four years from planting they bring the first large paying crop. the _merced argus_ says of raisin culture:-- "one of the great charms of raisin culture is the extreme simplicity of its operations. what can be more simple than to pick a bunch of muscat grapes from the vine, and lay it on the ground. in six days the bunch of grapes, without being meanwhile touched, has assumed the appearance of a bunch of raisins, and has flattened out as if it had been pressed. it is then carefully turned over, so as to expose the underside to the direct action of the sun. in eight days more it is a perfect bunch of raisins, and no act of man can improve it even in appearance. all the operations of fancy packing are so simple, that a child may learn them in a day. a single acre of raisin vines in a merced colony lot means handfuls of bright, golden double eagles to the bright-eyed children of the merced farmer in the near future. _harper's magazine_ for january, , contains an article on california, which all persons interested in that state would do well to read. i extract a few statements:-- irrigation. "a piece of land at riverside, below the flow of water, was worth dollars an acre. contiguous to it was another piece not irrigated, which would not sell for dollars an acre. by bringing water to it, it would quickly sell for dollars, thus adding dollars to its value. as the estimate at river side is that one inch of water will irrigate five acres of fruit land, five times dollars would be , dollars per inch, at which price water for irrigation has actually been sold at riverside. "the standard of measurement of water in southern california is the miner's inch under four inches pressure, or the amount that will flow through an inch-square opening under a pressure of four inches measured from the surface of the water in the conduit to the centre of the opening through which it flows. this is nine gallons a minute, or, as it is figured, , cubic feet or , gallons in hours, and / of a cubic foot a second. this flow would cover acres about inches deep in a year; that is, it would give the land the equivalent of inches of rain, distributed exactly when and where it was needed, none being wasted, and more serviceable than inches of rainfall as it generally comes. this, with the natural rainfall, is sufficient for citrous fruits and for corn and alfalfa, in soil not too sandy, and it is too much for grapes and all deciduous fruits. "but irrigation, in order to be successful, must be intelligently applied. in unskilful hands it may work more damage than benefit. mr. theodore s. van dyke, who may always be quoted with confidence, says that the ground should never he flooded; that water must not touch the plant or tree, or come near enough to make the soil bake around it; and that it should be let in in small streams for two or three days, and not in large streams for a few hours. olive culture. "the growth of the olive is to be, it seems to me, one of the leading and most permanent industries of southern california. it will give us, what it is nearly impossible to buy now, pure olive oil, in place of the cotton seed and lard mixture in general use. it is a most wholesome and palatable article of food. those whose chief experience of the olive is the large, coarse, and not agreeable spanish variety, used only as an appetizer, know little of the value of the best varieties as food, nutritious as meat, and always delicious. good bread and a dish of pickled olives make an excellent meal. a mature olive grove in good bearing is a fortune. i feel sure that within years this will be one of the most profitable industries of california, and that the demand for pure oil and edible fruit in the united states will drive out the adulterated and inferior present commercial products." special openings. there are now at merced special openings for a nurseryman and a dairyman; the latter would be by growing alfalfa (lucerne) and raising poultry for at present the merced people often have to get poultry and eggs from san francisco, miles off. potato growing. a settler might make a really good return out of potatoes while his fruit trees are maturing, which is a food more in use in america than in england. potatoes are not only served at luncheon and dinner, but also at breakfast everywhere, and, if every settler planted his land with potatoes, there would be no fear of overstocking the market. mr. eisen states that potatoes yield from to sacks to the acre, and sell at prices varying from cents to dollars per sack. if only sacks were grown to the acre, it would show a scarce year, when prices would range higher, but the crop is never a failure in california. two crops can be grown in a year; the first crop is planted at the end of february, if warm, or else in march, or indeed any time till the middle of may, and dug three months after; the second crop is planted in august or september, and dug three months after. to put in the potatoes a settler would need the help of a labourer, to whom he would have to give one dollar per day and his board, or, if the labourer be a chinaman, one dollar and a quarter per day without his board. if the potatoes occupied ten acres, and they produced say sacks to the acre, and fetched dollar per sack, that would yield , dollars, or for the two crops , dollars, or, say, £ . this sounds a large sum, but the land is exceedingly rich, as may be seen from the samples i have brought back, and large results may be expected from it if properly worked, for, of course, in any undertaking the result depends upon the way it is worked. the following paragraph is from an important paper or periodical of pages, known as the _pacific rural press_, of december th, , and although the crop it mentions was not grown in california, it shows at least what can be done on good ground:-- "nearly , bushels of potatoes, or, to be exact, bushels and pounds, have been grown on one acre of land in johnson county, wyoming, the past season. this crop wins the first prize of several hundred dollars offered by the _american agriculturist_ for the largest yield of potatoes on one exact acre. it was grown on virgin soil without manure or fertilizer, but the land was rich in potash, and the copious irrigation was of water also rich in saline material. there were , hills on one acre, and , pounds of sets, containing one, two, and three eyes, were planted of the early vermont and manhattan varieties. the profit on the crop on this first prize acre was dollars, exclusive of dollars in prizes." thus, this one acre would have produced £ worth of potatoes. i do not mention it as an example of what a settler may or may not do at merced, but as the land at merced which i am offering for sale is of the richest quality, rich results may certainly be expected. cost of goods, &c., at merced. per lb. beef (to boil), to cents beef (steak), cents beef (shoulder), cents beef (choice), - / cents beef (porterhouse and tenderloin), cents veal, to cents mutton, to - / cents pork, to - / cents sausages, - / to cents corned beef, to cents bacon, - / cents hams, cents tongues, cents flour, - / to dollars for a barrel weighing lbs. tea, cents to dollar coffee, to cents candles, to cents chocolate, cents cod fish, cents corn meal, to cents cocoa, to cents cracker biscuits, to cents graham flour, to cents macaroni, cents oatmeal, cents rolled oats, cents rice, - / to cents salt, to cents soda, cents starch, cents sugar, to cents sugar (house), - / to - / cents butter, to cents eggs, to cents per dozen, according to season coal oil, . per -gallon can. one of my clients recently visited england with his family, and says that one can live cheaper at merced than in england. the cost of a twelve-roomed house is , to , dollars, according to finish, _i.e.,_ from £ to £ . most of the houses are built of wood, and such a house could be built in twenty to thirty days, if necessary. stabling for two horses, with room for buggy, wagon, harness, and hay, would cost dollars or £ . a ten-roomed house would cost from , to , dollars, according to finish. an eight-roomed house would cost from , to , dollars. a six roomed house would cost about , dollars. a four-roomed house would cost about , dollars. live poultry cost about dollars per dozen. cows, to dollars each. horses, to dollars each. sheep, to dollars each. cultivators cost from to dollars each. ploughs and harrows about the same price. a riding cultivator, to dollars. pruning shears, dollars. day labour costs dollar per day and board; but, in harvest time, - / dollar per day and board. carpenters, - / dollars per day, sometimes with and sometimes without board. fencing costs dollars (_i.e_., £ ) a mile. to fence a -acre lot would cost dollars (_i.e_., £ ); but if the eight forming the quarter section joined together, it would cost each about dollars (_i.e_., £ ). the fence would be a -inch board at bottom, then inches of wire netting to keep out rabbits, then another -inch board and a barbed wire at top. firewood costs to dollars a cord of hard wood, or to dollars of willow wood; a cord of wood is -ft. by -ft. by -ft. take clothing and bric-a-brac. all kinds of clothing are dear. a good suit would cost £ to £ , or, if ready made, £ . settlers should therefore take with them plenty of clothes, sufficient, say, to last for five years, including boots, blankets, linen, etc.; also _bric-a-brac,_ and anything to add cheerfulness and refinement to the home, but they should not take furniture nor animals. guns they might take, but not tools nor implements. sea passage from england. steamships run from liverpool and southampton at the following rates:-- .--cunard company's line. liverpool to new york. during the summer months-- st class. nd class. rd class. from £ s. to £ s. £ £ . during the winter months-- st class. nd class. rd class. £ s. to £ £ £ . the third-class passengers are provided with a free ticket from london to liverpool. .--inman line. liverpool to new york-- first class fares from £ s. to £ . second class fares from £ s. to £ s. third class fares £ . the third class includes a free ticket from london to liverpool. .--the "white star" line. liverpool to new york st class. nd class. rd class. summer season--£ to £ £ to £ £ . winter season--£ s. to £ £ s. to £ £ . the third class passengers are provided with a free ticket from london to liverpool, and free tickets, if required, from new york to boston or philadelphia. .--north german lloyd company. southampton to new york-- first class, £ to £ . second class, £ . .--the american line. liverpool to new york-- second class, £ . third class, £ s. steamers leave southampton, liverpool, glasgow, and queenstown, thus being convenient respectively for passengers from the north or south of england, from scotland, or from ireland. steamers run from this country to new york, philadelphia, boston, or baltimore, but new york is the best port for merced. the land journey from new york to merced, california. _copy of letter from the southern pacific railroad company._ "our fares from new york to merced, _viâ_ new orleans, are:-- st class, unlimited, £ s. d.; limited, £ s. d.; nd class, £ s. d.; rd class, £ s. d., all rail; £ s. d. by steamer to new orleans, and thence rail, food, and sleeping berth on steamer included. the charges for sleeping car berths are:-- st class, dollars; nd class from new orleans, dollars. there are no nd class sleepers to new orleans, except on the fortnightly excursion trains from cincinnati, leaving that city january th and st, february th and th; march th and th; april th and nd, etc. the charge from cincinnati is dollars cents. third class passengers can travel in nd class sleepers upon payment of the usual charge. the fares from new orleans to principal californian points, including merced, are:-- st class, unlimited, £ . s. d.; nd class, £ . s. d.; rd class, none. sleeping cars-- st class, dollars; nd class, dollars. tickets may be obtained through messrs, dowsett and co., , lincoln's inn fields, london, direct from liverpool to california, or any other state _en route_. analysis of merced soils. having fitted up a portion of one of my offices with all the requisites for carrying out quantitative analyses of surface soils, i requested professor lobley, f.g.s., etc., to analyse the four samples of soils which i brought with me from merced. a general analysis of four samples of soil from merced, california, has given the following results:-- sample a. organic matter (humus) . soluble inorganic matter . insoluble silica and silicates . -------- . sample b. organic matter (humus) . soluble inorganic matter . insoluble silica and silicates . -------- . sample c. organic matter (humus) . soluble inorganic matter . insoluble silica and silicates . -------- . sample d. organic matter (humus) . soluble inorganic matter . insoluble silica and silicates . -------- . the organic matter is available for plant growth. the inorganic matter, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, is (with the exception of the alumina it may contain) composed of fertilising material. the substances found in the soluble inorganic matter of soils are lime, magnesia, alumina, silica, phosphoric acid, oxide of iron, oxide of manganese, potash and soda. the insoluble mineral matter is nearly all silica. there is very little clayey matter in any of the soils--not more than about five per cent. all the soils are remarkably free from stones or pebbles, or even coarse sand. from the above it will be seen that these soils, while possessing a large amount of matter available for plant growth, are exceedingly friable, and would be very easily worked. they would absorb heat quickly, and from their porosity would require little drainage, and so would be both warm and dry soils, and form fertile land suitable for almost all kinds of agricultural and horticultural produce. the position of my clients, the vendors. my clients, the owners of the land called "british colony," at merced, are well-known persons--well-known as men of great wealth, and as gentlemen of undoubted integrity, the hon. charles crocker and mr. c.h. huffman, whose enterprises in railway, canal, and other public works, have been of gigantic proportions. i have every confidence myself in dealing with these gentlemen, and i submit that my friends, clients, and the general public, who may be willing to take up any of this "british colony" land at merced, may have full confidence, too, that they will at least be treated justly, and more than that is not expected from strangers in business; but i believe that i might add they would be treated liberally if necessity arose, and i have ground for this statement from what i have heard of their treatment of other persons who have settled in one of their other "colonies." california, merced. i have for sale besides the estate designated "british colony," a tract of land belonging to a well-known merchant in the city of london, who has owned it for years. it comprises , acres, and has a registered government title. price dollars per acre, and years' credit would be given if per cent. is paid down. part of it is well suited for fruit growing, but as yet the water from the canals belonging to my other clients has not been taken to it. it has, however, some creeks upon it, but they are frequently dry. the land is of a rolling prairie character, and is now let at a nominal rent of cents per acre for sheep farming. the soil is varied; some of it is a good loam, some of a clayey nature, and some stony; there is a shepherd's house, with barn and yard. the taxes upon it are about to cents per acre. one half of the land would be sold separately, but it must be the half farthest from the side where the canals are. the situation is an attractive one as the undulations really form the first foothills of the sierra nevada mountains, of which there is a grand view. this land is well worth buying, as when water is obtained, the price will then be increased to that asked for other irrigated fruit lands. a plan may be seen at my offices, , lincoln's inn fields, london. finis. * * * * * london: printed by vincent brooks, day & son, gate street, lincoln's inn fields. to owners of lands and houses. required to purchase. _messrs. dowsett & co. have applications for landed estates, country houses, town houses, farms, villa farms, building lands, cheap sections of land for the people, ground rents, colonial lands, and general land and house investments. messrs. dowsett & co, invite owners wishing to sell, and who have not yet employed an agent, to employ them: they do not appreciate instructions which are sent to several agents, but they are prepared to give careful, intelligent, personal attention to the sale of property which is placed in their hands. they prefer giving personal attention to a few properties rather than having on their books a mass of particulars of which they have no personal knowledge, and which are to be found in many agents' lists. messrs. dowsett & co., personally inspect properties for sale, because a personal knowledge greatly facilitates success, and for this they make a nominal charge of sixpence per mile; they then prepare careful particulars so as to introduce the matter advantageously to the public. owners of property may obtain a printed statement of charges for valuing, or for selling by auction, or privately, all kinds of real and personal estate, furniture live and dead stock, stocks-in-trade, timber, growing crops, etc. messrs. dowsett & co. are prepared to make geological reports of soils and minerals, and give quantitative analyses of soils. they are assisted, when special needs require, by experts in agricultural and architectural science, and also in every branch of professional and commercial enterprise. messrs. dowsett & co., undertake any branch of these varied services in london or any part of england, scotland, ireland, the colonies, america, or other countries, and personally visit other countries on agreed terms. messrs. dowsett & co, auctioneers, surveyors, valuers, estate agents, etc., , lincoln's inn fields, london._ lands and residences for sale. _country houses, town houses, landed estates, farms, building lands, ground rents, and investments generally in lands and houses, see "the land roll," which for one penny may be obtained of messrs, dowsett & co., , lincoln's inn fields, london._ charles franks, charles aldarondo and the online distributed proofreading team. home vegetable gardening a complete and practical guide to the planting and care of all vegetables, fruits and berries worth growing for home use by f. f. rockwell author of _around the year in the garden_, _gardening indoors and under glass_, _the key to the land,_ etc., etc. preface with some, the home vegetable garden is a hobby; with others, especially in these days of high prices, a great help. there are many in both classes whose experience in gardening has been restricted within very narrow bounds, and whose present spare time for gardening is limited. it is as "first aid" to such persons, who want to do practical, efficient gardening, and do it with the least possible fuss and loss of time, that this book is written. in his own experience the author has found that garden books, while seldom lacking in information, often do not present it in the clearest possible way. it has been his aim to make the present volume first of all practical, and in addition to that, though comprehensive, yet simple and concise. if it helps to make the way of the home gardener more clear and definite, its purpose will have been accomplished. contents chapter i introduction ii why you should garden iii requisites of the home vegetable garden iv the planting plan v implements and their uses vi manures and fertilizers vii the soil and its preparation part two--vegetables viii starting the plants ix sowing and planting x the cultivation of vegetables xi the vegetables and their special needs xii best varieties of the garden vegetables xiii insects and disease, and methods of fighting them xiv harvesting and storing part three--fruits xv the varieties of pome and stone fruits xvi planting; cultivation; filler crops xvii pruning, spraying, harvesting xviii berries and small fruits xix a calendar of operations xx conclusion chapter i introduction formerly it was the custom for gardeners to invest their labors and achievements with a mystery and secrecy which might well have discouraged any amateur from trespassing upon such difficult ground. "trade secrets" in either flower or vegetable growing were acquired by the apprentice only through practice and observation, and in turn jealously guarded by him until passed on to some younger brother in the profession. every garden operation was made to seem a wonderful and difficult undertaking. now, all that has changed. in fact the pendulum has swung, as it usually does, to the other extreme. often, if you are a beginner, you have been flatteringly told in print that you could from the beginning do just as well as the experienced gardener. my garden friend, it cannot, as a usual thing, be done. of course, it may happen and sometimes does. you _might_, being a trusting lamb, go down into wall street with $ , [ed. note: all monetary values throughout the book are values] and make a fortune. you know that you would not be likely to; the chances are very much against you. this garden business is a matter of common sense; and the man, or the woman, who has learned by experience how to do a thing, whether it is cornering the market or growing cabbages, naturally does it better than the one who has not. do not expect the impossible. if you do, read a poultry advertisement and go into the hen business instead of trying to garden. i _have_ grown pumpkins that necessitated the tearing down of the fence in order to get them out of the lot, and sometimes, though not frequently, have had to use the axe to cut through a stalk of asparagus, but i never "made $ , in ten months from an eggplant in a city back-yard." no, if you are going to take up gardening, you will have to work, and you will have a great many disappointments. all that i, or anyone else, could put between the two covers of a book will not make a gardener of you. it must be learned through the fingers, and back, too, as well as from the printed page. but, after all, the greatest reward for your efforts will be the work itself; and unless you love the work, or have a feeling that you will love it, probably the best way for you, is to stick to the grocer for your garden. most things, in the course of development, change from the simple to the complex. the art of gardening has in many ways been an exception to the rule. the methods of culture used for many crops are more simple than those in vogue a generation ago. the last fifty years has seen also a tremendous advance in the varieties of vegetables, and the strange thing is that in many instances the new and better sorts are more easily and quickly grown than those they have replaced. the new lima beans are an instance of what is meant. while limas have always been appreciated as one of the most delicious of vegetables, in many sections they could never be successfully grown, because of their aversion to dampness and cold, and of the long season required to mature them. the newer sorts are not only larger and better, but hardier and earlier; and the bush forms have made them still more generally available. knowledge on the subject of gardening is also more widely diffused than ever before, and the science of photography has helped wonderfully in telling the newcomer how to do things. it has also lent an impetus and furnished an inspiration which words alone could never have done. if one were to attempt to read all the gardening instructions and suggestions being published, he would have no time left to practice gardening at all. why then, the reader may ask at this point, another garden book? it is a pertinent question, and it is right that an answer be expected in advance. the reason, then, is this: while there are garden books in plenty, most of them pay more attention to the "content" than to the form in which it is laid before the prospective gardener. the material is often presented as an accumulation of detail, instead of by a systematic and constructive plan which will take the reader step by step through the work to be done, and make clear constantly both the principles and the practice of garden making and management, and at the same time avoid every digression unnecessary from the practical point of view. other books again, are either so elementary as to be of little use where gardening is done without gloves, or too elaborate, however accurate and worthy in other respects, for an every-day working manual. the author feels, therefore, that there is a distinct field for the present book. and, while i still have the reader by the "introduction" buttonhole, i want to make a suggestion or two about using a book like this. do not, on the one hand, read it through and then put it away with the dictionary and the family bible, and trust to memory for the instruction it may give; do not, on the other hand, wait until you think it is time to plant a thing, and then go and look it up. for instance, do not, about the middle of may, begin investigating how many onion seeds to put in a hill; you will find out that they should have been put in, in drills, six weeks before. read the whole book through carefully at your first opportunity, make a list of the things you should do for your own vegetable garden, and put opposite them the proper dates for your own vicinity. keep this available, as a working guide, and refer to special matters as you get to them. do not feel discouraged that you cannot be promised immediate success at the start. i know from personal experience and from the experience of others that "book-gardening" is a practical thing. if you do your work carefully and thoroughly, you may be confident that a very great measure of success will reward the efforts of your first garden season. and i know too, that you will find it the most entrancing game you ever played. good luck to you! chapter ii why you should garden there are more reasons to-day than ever before why the owner of a small place should have his, or her, own vegetable garden. the days of home weaving, home cheese-making, home meat-packing, are gone. with a thousand and one other things that used to be made or done at home, they have left the fireside and followed the factory chimney. these things could be turned over to machinery. the growing of vegetables cannot be so disposed of. garden tools have been improved, but they are still the same old one-man affairs--doing one thing, one row at a time. labor is still the big factor--and that, taken in combination with the cost of transporting and handling such perishable stuff as garden produce, explains why _the home gardener can grow his own vegetables at less expense than he can buy them_. that is a good fact to remember. but after all, i doubt if most of us will look at the matter only after consulting the columns of the household ledger. the big thing, the salient feature of home gardening is not that we may get our vegetables ten per cent. cheaper, but that we can have them one hundred per cent. better. even the long-keeping sorts, like squash, potatoes and onions, are very perceptibly more delicious right from the home garden, fresh from the vines or the ground; but when it comes to peas, and corn, and lettuce,--well, there is absolutely nothing to compare with the home garden ones, gathered fresh, in the early slanting sunlight, still gemmed with dew, still crisp and tender and juicy, ready to carry every atom of savory quality, without loss, to the dining table. stale, flat and unprofitable indeed, after these have once been tasted, seem the limp, travel-weary, dusty things that are jounced around to us in the butcher's cart and the grocery wagon. it is not in price alone that home gardening pays. there is another point: the market gardener has to grow the things that give the biggest yield. he has to sacrifice quality to quantity. you do not. one cannot buy golden bantam corn, or mignonette lettuce, or gradus peas in most markets. they are top quality, but they do not fill the market crate enough times to the row to pay the commercial grower. if you cannot afford to keep a professional gardener there is only one way to have the best vegetables--grow your own! and this brings us to the third, and what may be the most important reason why you should garden. it is the cheapest, healthiest, keenest pleasure there is. give me a sunny garden patch in the golden springtime, when the trees are picking out their new gowns, in all the various self-colored delicate grays and greens--strange how beautiful they are, in the same old unchanging styles, isn't it?--give me seeds to watch as they find the light, plants to tend as they take hold in the fine, loose, rich soil, and you may have the other sports. and when you have grown tired of their monotony, come back in summer to even the smallest garden, and you will find in it, every day, a new problem to be solved, a new campaign to be carried out, a new victory to win. better food, better health, better living--all these the home garden offers you in abundance. and the price is only the price of every worth-while thing--honest, cheerful patient work. but enough for now of the dream garden. put down your book. put on your old togs, light your pipe--some kind-hearted humanitarian should devise for women such a kindly and comforting vice as smoking--and let's go outdoors and look the place over, and pick out the best spot for that garden-patch of yours. chapter iii requisites of the home vegetable garden in deciding upon the site for the home vegetable garden it is well to dispose once and for all of the old idea that the garden "patch" must be an ugly spot in the home surroundings. if thoughtfully planned, carefully planted and thoroughly cared for, it may be made a beautiful and harmonious feature of the general scheme, lending a touch of comfortable homeliness that no shrubs, borders, or beds can ever produce. with this fact in mind we will not feel restricted to any part of the premises merely because it is out of sight behind the barn or garage. in the average moderate-sized place there will not be much choice as to land. it will be necessary to take what is to be had and then do the very best that can be done with it. but there will probably be a good deal of choice as to, first, exposure, and second, convenience. other things being equal, select a spot near at hand, easy of access. it may seem that a difference of only a few hundred yards will mean nothing, but if one is depending largely upon spare moments for working in and for watching the garden--and in the growing of many vegetables the latter is almost as important as the former--this matter of convenient access will be of much greater importance than is likely to be at first recognized. not until you have had to make a dozen time-wasting trips for forgotten seeds or tools, or gotten your feet soaking wet by going out through the dew-drenched grass, will you realize fully what this may mean. exposure but the thing of first importance to consider in picking out the spot that is to yield you happiness and delicious vegetables all summer, or even for many years, is the exposure. pick out the "earliest" spot you can find--a plot sloping a little to the south or east, that seems to catch sunshine early and hold it late, and that seems to be out of the direct path of the chilling north and northeast winds. if a building, or even an old fence, protects it from this direction, your garden will be helped along wonderfully, for an early start is a great big factor toward success. if it is not already protected, a board fence, or a hedge of some low-growing shrubs or young evergreens, will add very greatly to its usefulness. the importance of having such a protection or shelter is altogether underestimated by the amateur. the soil the chances are that you will not find a spot of ideal garden soil ready for use anywhere upon your place. but all except the very worst of soils can be brought up to a very high degree of productiveness-- especially such small areas as home vegetable gardens require. large tracts of soil that are almost pure sand, and others so heavy and mucky that for centuries they lay uncultivated, have frequently been brought, in the course of only a few years, to where they yield annually tremendous crops on a commercial basis. so do not be discouraged about your soil. proper treatment of it is much more important, and a garden- patch of average run-down,--or "never-brought-up" soil--will produce much more for the energetic and careful gardener than the richest spot will grow under average methods of cultivation. the ideal garden soil is a "rich, sandy loam." and the fact cannot be overemphasized that such soils usually are made, not found. let us analyze that description a bit, for right here we come to the first of the four all-important factors of gardening--food. the others are cultivation, moisture and temperature. "rich" in the gardener's vocabulary means full of plant food; more than that--and this is a point of vital importance--it means full of plant food ready to be used at once, all prepared and spread out on the garden table, or rather in it, where growing things can at once make use of it; or what we term, in one word, "available" plant food. practically no soils in long- inhabited communities remain naturally rich enough to produce big crops. they are made rich, or kept rich, in two ways; first, by cultivation, which helps to change the raw plant food stored in the soil into available forms; and second, by manuring or adding plant food to the soil from outside sources. "sandy" in the sense here used, means a soil containing enough particles of sand so that water will pass through it without leaving it pasty and sticky a few days after a rain; "light" enough, as it is called, so that a handful, under ordinary conditions, will crumble and fall apart readily after being pressed in the hand. it is not necessary that the soil be sandy in appearance, but it should be friable. "loam: a rich, friable soil," says webster. that hardly covers it, but it does describe it. it is soil in which the sand and clay are in proper proportions, so that neither greatly predominate, and usually dark in color, from cultivation and enrichment. such a soil, even to the untrained eye, just naturally looks as if it would grow things. it is remarkable how quickly the whole physical appearance of a piece of well cultivated ground will change. an instance came under my notice last fall in one of my fields, where a strip containing an acre had been two years in onions, and a little piece jutting off from the middle of this had been prepared for them just one season. the rest had not received any extra manuring or cultivation. when the field was plowed up in the fall, all three sections were as distinctly noticeable as though separated by a fence. and i know that next spring's crop of rye, before it is plowed under, will show the lines of demarcation just as plainly. this, then, will give you an idea of a good garden soil. perhaps in yours there will be too much sand, or too much clay. that will be a disadvantage, but one which energy and perseverance will soon overcome to a great extent--by what methods may be learned in chapter viii. drainage there is, however, one other thing you must look out for in selecting your garden site, and that is drainage. dig down eight or twelve inches after you have picked out a favorable spot, and examine the sub-soil. this is the second strata, usually of different texture and color from the rich surface soil, and harder than it. if you find a sandy or gravelly bed, no matter how yellow and poor it looks, you have chosen the right spot. but if it be a stiff, heavy clay, especially a blue clay, you will have either to drain it or be content with a very late garden--that is, unless you are at the top of a knoll or on a slope. chapter vii contains further suggestions in regard to this problem. soil antecedents there was a further reason for, mentioning that strip of onion ground. it is a very practical illustration of what last year's handling of the soil means to this year's garden. if you can pick out a spot, even if it is not the most desirable in other ways, that has been well enriched or cultivated for a year or two previous, take that for this year's garden. and in the meantime have the spot on which you intend to make your permanent vegetable garden thoroughly "fitted," and grow there this year a crop of potatoes or sweet corn, as suggested in chapter ix. then next year you will have conditions just right to give your vegetables a great start. other considerations there are other things of minor importance but worth considering, such as the shape of your garden plot, for instance. the more nearly rectangular, the more convenient it will be to work and the more easily kept clean and neat. have it large enough, or at least open on two ends, so that a horse can be used in plowing and harrowing. and if by any means you can have it within reach of an adequate supply of water, that will be a tremendous help in seasons of protracted drought. then again, if you have ground enough, lay off two plots so that you can take advantage of the practice of rotation, alternating grass, potatoes or corn with the vegetable garden. of course it is possible to practice crop rotation to some extent within the limits of even the small vegetable garden, but it will be much better, if possible, to rotate the entire garden-patch. all these things, then, one has to keep in mind in picking the spot best suited for the home vegetable garden. it should be, if possible, of convenient access; it should have a warm exposure and be well enriched, well worked-up soil, not too light nor too heavy, and by all means well drained. if it has been thoroughly cultivated for a year or two previous, so much the better. if it is near a supply of water, so situated that it can be at least plowed and harrowed with a horse, and large enough to allow the garden proper to be shifted every other year or two, still more the better. fill all of these requirements that you can, and then by taking full advantage of the advantages you have, you can discount the disadvantages. after all it is careful, persistent work, more than natural advantages, that will tell the story; and a good garden does _not_ grow--it is made. chapter iv the planting plan having selected the garden spot, the next consideration, naturally, is what shall be planted in it. the old way was to get a few seed catalogues, pick out a list of the vegetables most enthusiastically described by the (wholly disinterested) seedsman, and then, when the time came, to put them in at one or two plantings, and sowing each kind as far as the seed would go. there is a better way--a way to make the garden produce more, to yield things when you want them, and in the proper proportions. all these advantages, you may suppose, must mean more work. on the contrary, however, the new way makes very much less work and makes results a hundred per cent. more certain. it is not necessary even that more thought be put upon the garden, but forethought there must be. forethought, however, is much more satisfactory than hind-thought. in the new way of gardening there are four great helps, four things that will be of great assistance to the experienced gardener, and that are indispensable to the success of the beginner. they are the planting plan, the planting table, the check list and the garden record. do not become discouraged at the formidable sound of that paragraph and decide that after all you do not want to fuss so much over your garden; that you are doing it for the fun of the thing anyway, and such intricate systems will not be worth bothering with. the purpose of those four garden helps is simply to make your work less and your returns more. you might just as well refuse to use a wheel hoe because the trowel was good enough for your grandmother's garden, as to refuse to take advantage of the modern garden methods described in this chapter. without using them to some extent, or in some modified form, you can never know just what you are doing with your garden or what improvements to make next year. of course, each of the plans or lists suggested here is only one of many possible combinations. you should be able to find, or better still to construct, similar ones better suited to your individual taste, need and opportunity. that, however, does not lessen the necessity of using some such system. it is just as necessary an aid to the maximum efficiency in gardening as are modern tools. do not fear that you will waste time on the planting plan. master it and use it, for only so can you make your garden time count for most in producing results. in the average small garden there is a very large percentage of waste--for two weeks, more string beans than can be eaten or given away; and then, for a month, none at all, for instance. you should determine ahead as nearly as possible how much of each vegetable your table will require and then try to grow enough of each for a continuous supply, and no more. it is just this that the planting plan enables you to do. i shall describe, as briefly as possible, forms of the planting plan, planting table, check list and record, which i have found it convenient to use. to make the planting plan take a sheet of white paper and a ruler and mark off a space the shape of your garden--which should be rectangular if possible--using a scale of one-quarter or one-eighth inch to the foot. rows fifty feet long will be found a convenient length for the average home garden. in a garden where many varieties of things are grown it will be best to run the rows the short way of the piece. we will take a fifty-foot row for the purpose of illustration, though of course it can readily be changed in proportion where rows of that length can not conveniently be made. in a very small garden it will be better to make the row, say, twenty-five feet long, the aim being always to keep the row a unit and have as few broken ones as possible, and still not to have to plant more of any one thing than will be needed. in assigning space for the various vegetables several things should be kept in mind in order to facilitate planting, replanting and cultivating the garden. these can most quickly be realized by a glance at the plan illustrated herewith. you will notice that crops that remain several years--rhubarb and asparagus--are kept at one end. next come such as will remain a whole season--parsnips, carrots, onions and the like. and finally those that will be used for a succession of crops--peas, lettuce, spinach. moreover, tall-growing crops, like pole beans, are kept to the north of lower ones. in the plan illustrated the space given to each variety is allotted according to the proportion in which they are ordinarily used. if it happens that you have a special weakness for peas, or your mother-in-law an aversion to peppers, keep these tastes and similar ones in mind when laying out your planting plan. do not leave the planning of your garden until you are ready to put the seeds in the ground and then do it all in a rush. do it in january, as soon as you have received the new year's catalogues and when you have time to study over them and look up your record of the previous year. every hour spent on the plan will mean several hours saved in the garden. the planting table is the next important system in the business of gardening, especially for the beginner. in it one can see at a glance all the details of the particular treatment each vegetable requires-- when to sow, how deep, how far apart the rows should be, etc. i remember how many trips from garden to house to hunt through catalogues for just such information i made in my first two seasons' gardening. how much time, just at the very busiest season of the whole year, such a table would have saved! ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------| | |pa| | | | rhubarb- |rs| | seed bed | | |le|??| | | |y | | | |-------------------------------------------------| | asparagus- | |-------------------------------------------------| | | | pole beans- | |-------------------------------------------------| | tomatoes- | |-------------------------------------------------| | cabbage early- | | late - | |-------------------------------------------------| | broccoli- | brussels sprouts- | | peppers- | egg plant- | |-------------------------------------------------| | celery- | |-------------------------------------------------| | | | onions- - / | | leeks- / | |-------------------------------------------------| | | | carrots- | |-------------------------------------------------| | | | beets- | |-------------------------------------------------| | turnips- - / | rutabaga- / | | parsnips- | |-------------------------------------------------| | | | | | | | corn- | | | | | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------| | | | | | | | peas- | | | | | |-------------------------------------------------| | | | bush beans- | |-------------------------------------------------| | | | lettuce- | | onion sets- | endive- | |-------------------------------------------------| | muskmelons- hills | cucumbers- hills | |-------------------------------------------------| | | | | pumpkins- h | watermelons- h | | | | |-------------------------------------------------| | | summer squash, bush- h | | winter squash- h | | | | summer squash, vine- h | | | | |-------------------------------------------------| a typical planting plan. the scale measurements at the left and top indicate the length and distance apart of rows. [ed. distances are approximate, due to typing line constraints.] the planting table prepared for one's own use should show, besides the information given, the varieties of each vegetable which experience has proved best adapted to one's own needs. the table shown herewith gives such a list; varieties which are for the most part standard favorites and all of which, with me, have proven reliable, productive and of good quality. other good sorts will be found described in part two. such a table should be mounted on cardboard and kept where it may readily be referred to at planting time. the check list is the counterpart of the planting table, so arranged that its use will prevent anything from being overlooked or left until too late. prepare it ahead, some time in january, when you have time to think of everything. make it up from your planting table and from the previous year's record. from this list it will be well to put down on a sheet of paper the things to be done each month (or week) and cross them off as they are attended to. without some such system it is almost a certainty that you will overlook some important things. the garden record is no less important. it may be kept in the simplest sort of way, but be sure to keep it. a large piece of paper ruled as follows, for instance, will require only a few minutes' attention each week and yet will prove of the greatest assistance in planning the garden next season. vegetable garden record-- -------------|---------------|--------|--------|---------------------- vegetable |variety | put in | ready | notes -------------|---------------|--------|--------|---------------------- beans, dwarf |red valentine | may | july | not best quality. try | | | | other earlies |golden wax | may | july | rusted. spray next | | | | year bean, pole |old homestead | may | july | too many. poles | | | | next year |early leviathan| may | aug. | good. dry. bean, lima |fordhook | may | | rotted. try may beet |egyptian | apr. | june | roots sprangled |eclipse | apr. | june | better quality cabbage |wakefield | apr. | june | injured by worms. | | | |hellebore next year etc., etc. | | | | -------------|---------------|--------|-------|---------------------- the above shows how such a record will be kept. of course, only the first column is written in ahead. i want to emphasize in passing, however, the importance of putting down your data on the day you plant, or harvest, or notice anything worth recording. if you let it go until tomorrow it is very apt to be lacking next year. try these four short-cuts to success, even if you have had a garden before. they will make a big difference in your garden; less work and greater results. check list jan. st--send for catalogues. make planting plan and table. order seeds. feb. st--inside: cabbage, cauliflower, first sowing. onions for plants. feb. th--inside: lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, beets. march st--inside: lettuce, celery, tomato (early). march th--inside: lettuce, tomato (main), eggplant, pepper, lima beans, cucumber, squash; sprout potatoes in sand. april st--inside: cauliflower (on sods), muskmelon, watermelon, corn. outside: (seed-bed) celery, cabbage, lettuce. onions, carrots, smooth peas, spinach, beets, chard, parsnip, turnip, radish. lettuce, cabbage (plants). may st--beans, corn, spinach, lettuce, radish. may th--beans, limas, muskmelon, watermelon, summer squash, peas, potatoes, lettuce, radish, tomato (early), corn, limas, melon, cucumber and squash (plants). pole-lima, beets, corn, kale, winter squash, pumpkin, lettuce, radish. june st--beans, carrots, corn, cucumber, peas, summer spinach, summer lettuce, radish, egg-plant, pepper, tomato (main plants). june th--beans, corn, peas, turnip, summer lettuce, radish, late cabbage, and tomato plants. july st--beans, endive, kale, lettuce, radish, winter cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts and celery plants. july th--beans, early corn, early peas, lettuce, radish. aug. st--early peas, lettuce, radish. aug. th--early peas, lettuce, radish in seed-bed, forcing lettuce for fall in frames. sept. st--lettuce, radish, spinach and onions for wintering over. note.--this list is for planting only (the dates are approximate: see note i at the end of the chapter). spraying and other garden operations may also be included in such a list. see "calendar of operations" at end of book. planting table depth to -distance apart- vegetable plant[ ] sow--ins. seeds[ ] rows i. crops remaining entire season asparagus, seed april-may - in. in. asparagus, plants april ft. ft. bean, pole may -june ft. ft. bean, lima may -june ft. ft. beet, late april-august - in. in. carrot, late may-july / - - in. in. corn, late may -july ft. ft. cucumber may -july ft. ft. egg-plant, plants june - .. ft. in. leek april .. - in. in. melon, musk may -june ft. ft. melon, water may -june - ft. - ft. onion april / - - in. in. okra may -june / - ft. ft. parsley[ ] april-may / - in. ft. parsnip april / - - in. in. pepper, seed june st / - in. in. pepper, plants june - .. ft. in. potatoes, main april -june - in. in. pumpkins may -june - - ft. - ft. rhubarb, plants april .. - ft. ft. salsify april-may - in. in. squash, summer may -july - ft. ft. squash, winter may -june - - ft. - ft. tomato, seed june / - in. in. tomato, plants may -july .. ft. ft. note.--the index reference numbers refer to notes at end of chapter. ------------------+---------+------------------------------------------ |seed for | | ft. | vegetable | row | varieties ------------------+---------+------------------------------------------ asparagus, seed | oz. | palmetto, giant argenteuil, barr's | | mammoth asparagus, plants | | palmetto, giant argenteuil, barr's | | mammoth bean, pole | / pt. | kentucky wonder, golden, cluster, | | burger's stringless bean, lima | / pt. | early leviathan, giant podded, burpee | | improved beet, late | oz. | crimson globe carrot, late | / oz. | danver's half-long, ox-heart, chantenay corn, late | / pt. | seymour's sweet orange, white evergreen, | | country gentleman cucumber | / oz. | early white spine, fordhook famous, davis | | perfect egg-plant, plants | | black beauty, n.y. purple leek | / oz. | american flag melon, musk | / oz. | netted gem, emerald gem, hoodoo melon, water | / oz. | cole's early sweetheart, halbert honey onion | / oz. | prizetaker, danver's globe, ailsa craig, | | southport red globe, mammoth | | silverskin (white) okra | / oz. | perfected perkins, white velvet parsley | / oz. | emerald parsnip | / oz. | hollow crowned (improved) pepper, seed | / oz. | ruby king, chinese giant pepper, plants | | ruby king, chinese giant potatoes, main | / pk. | irish cobbler, green mountain, uncle sam | | (norton beauty, norwood, early) pumpkins | / oz. | large cheese, quaker pie rhubarb, plants | | myatt's victoria salsify | / oz. | mammoth sandwich squash, summer | / oz. | white bush, delicata, fordhook, vegetable | | marrow squash, winter | / oz. | hubbard, delicious tomato, seed | / oz. | earliana, chalk's jewel, matchless, dwarf | | giant tomato, plants | | earliana, chalk's jewel, matchless, dwarf | | giant ------------------+---------+------------------------------------------ planting table depth to -distance apart- vegetable plant[ ] sow--ins. seeds[ ] rows ii. crops for succession plantings bean, dwarf may -aug - in. - / - ft. kohlrabi[ ] april-july / - - in. - / - ft. lettuce[ ] april-august / ft. - - / ft. peas, smooth april -aug - - in. ft. peas, wrinkled april -july - - in. - ft. radish april -sept / - in. ft. spinach april-sept - in. in. turnip april-sept / - - in. in. iii. crops to be followed by others beet, early april-june - in. in. broccoli, early[ ] april / - - / ft. ft. borecole[ ] april / - ft. - / ft. brussels sprouts[ ] april / - - / ft. ft. cabbage, early[ ] april / - - / ft. ft. carrot april / - - in. in. cauliflower[ ] april / - - / ft. ft. com, early may - ft. - ft. onion sets april-may - - in. in. peas april -may - in. ft. crops in sec. ii. iv. crops that may follow others beet, late july-august - in. in. borecole may-june[ ] / - ft. - / ft. broccoli may-june[ ] / - ft. - / ft. brussels sprouts may-june[ ] / - - / ft. - / ft. cabbage late may-june[ ] / - - / ft. - / ft. cauliflower may-june[ ] / - ft. - / ft. celery, seed april / - in. ft. celery, plant july -aug .. in. - ft. endive[ ] april-august / ft. ft. peas, late may -aug - - in. ft. crops in sec. ii. ii. crops for succession plantings ------------------+---------+------------------------------------------ |seed for | | ft. | vegetable | row | varieties ------------------+---------+------------------------------------------ bean, dwarf | pt. | red valentine burpee's greenpod, | | improved refugee, brittle wax, | | rust-proof golden wax, burpee's | | white wax kohlrabi | / oz | white vienna lettuce | | mignonette, grand rapids, may king, | | big boston, new york, deacon, cos, | | paris white peas, smooth | pt | american wonder peas, wrinkled | pt | gradus, boston unrivaled, quite content radish | / oz. | rapid red, crimson globe, chinese spinach | / oz. | swiss chard beet, long season, victoria turnip | / oz. | white milan, petrowski, golden ball iii. crops to be followed by others beet, early | oz. | edmund's early, early model broccoli, early | | early white french borecole | | dwarf scotch curled brussels sprouts | | dalkeith, danish prize cabbage, early | | wakefield, glory of enkhuisen, | | early summer, succession, savoy carrot | / oz. | golden ball, early scarlet horn cauliflower | | burpee's best early, snowball, sea-foam | | dry weather corn, early | / pt. | golden bantam, peep o' day, cory onion sets | pt. | peas | pt. | crops in sec. ii. iv. crops that may follow others beet, late | oz. | crimson globe borecole | | dwarf scotch curled broccoli | | early white french brussels sprouts | | dalkeith, danish prize cabbage, late | | succession, danish ballhead drumhead cauliflower | | as above [savoy, mammoth rock (red)] celery, seed | oz. | white plume, golden self-blanching, | | winter queen celery, plant | | white plume, golden self-blanching, | | winter queen endive | / oz. | broad-leaved batavian, giant fringed peas, late | pt. | gradus crops in sec. ii. reference notes from the tables in the vicinity of new york city. each miles north or south will make a difference of to days later or earlier. this is for sowing the seed. it will take three to six weeks before plants are ready. hence the advantage of using the seed-bed. for instance, you can start your late cabbage about june th, to follow the first crop of peas, which should be cleared off by the th of july. distances given are those at which the growing _plants_ should stand, after thinning. seed in drills should be sown several times as thick. best started in seed-bed, and afterward transplanted; but may be sown when wanted and afterward thinned to the best plants. chapter v implements and their uses it may seem to the reader that it is all very well to make a garden with a pencil, but that the work of transferring it to the soil must be quite another problem and one entailing so much work that he will leave it to the professional market gardener. he possibly pictures to himself some bent-kneed and stoop-shouldered man with the hoe, and decides that after all there is too much work in the garden game. what a revelation would be in store for him if he could witness one day's operations in a modern market garden! very likely indeed not a hoe would be seen during the entire visit. modern implements, within less than a generation, have revolutionized gardening. this is true of the small garden as certainly as of the large one: in fact, in proportion i am not sure but that it is more so--because of the second wonderful thing about modern garden tools, that is, the low prices at which they can be bought, considering the enormous percentage of labor saved in accomplishing results. there is nothing in the way of expense to prevent even the most modest gardener acquiring, during a few years, by the judicious expenditure of but a few dollars annually, a very complete outfit of tools that will handsomely repay their cost. while some garden tools have been improved and developed out of all resemblance to their original forms, others have changed little in generations, and in probability will remain ever with us. there is a thing or two to say about even the simplest of them, however,-- especially to anyone not familiar with their uses. there are tools for use in every phase of horticultural operations; for preparing the ground, for planting the seed, for cultivation, for protecting crops from insects and disease, and for harvesting. first of all comes the ancient and honorable spade, which, for small garden plots, borders, beds, etc., must still be relied upon for the initial operation in gardening--breaking up the soil. there are several types, but any will answer the purpose. in buying a spade look out for two things: see that it is well strapped up the handle in front and back, and that it hangs well. in spading up ground, especially soil that is turfy or hard, the work may be made easier by taking a strip not quite twice as wide as the spade, and making diagonal cuts so that one vertical edge of the spade at each thrust cuts clean out to where the soil has already been dug. the wide-tined spading-fork is frequently used instead of the spade, as it is lighter and can be more advantageously used to break up lumps and level off surfaces. in most soils it will do this work as well, if not better, than the spade and has the further good quality of being serviceable as a fork too, thus combining two tools in one. it should be more generally known and used. with the ordinary fork, used for handling manure and gathering up trash, weeds, etc., every gardener is familiar. the type with oval, slightly up-curved tines, five or six in number, and a d handle, is the most convenient and comfortable for garden use. for areas large enough for a horse to turn around in, use a plow. there are many good makes. the swivel type has the advantage of turning all the furrows one way, and is the best for small plots and sloping ground. it should turn a clean, deep furrow. in deep soil that has long been cultivated, plowing should, with few exceptions, be down at least to the subsoil; and if the soil is shallow it will be advisable to turn up a little of the subsoil, at each plowing--not more than an inch--in order that the soil may gradually be deepened. in plowing sod it will be well to have the plow fitted with a coulter, which turns a miniature furrow ahead of the plowshare, thus covering under all sods and grass and getting them out of the way of harrows and other tools to be used later. in plowing under tall-growing green manures, like rye, a heavy chain is hung from the evener to the handle, thus pulling the crop down into the furrow so that it will all be covered under. where drainage is poor it will be well to break up the subsoil with a subsoil plow, which follows in the wake of the regular plow but does not lift the subsoil to the surface. tools for preparing the seed-bed the spade or spading-fork will be followed by the hoe, or hook, and the iron rake; and the plow by one or more of the various types of harrow. the best type of hoe for use after the spade is the wide, deep-bladed type. in most soils, however, this work may be done more expeditiously with the hook or prong-hoe (see illustration). with this the soil can be thoroughly pulverized to a depth of several inches. in using either, be careful not to pull up manure or trash turned under by the spade, as all such material if left covered will quickly rot away in the soil and furnish the best sort of plant food. i should think that our energetic manufactures would make a prong-hoe with heavy wide blades, like those of the spading-fork, but i have never seen such an implement, either in use or advertised. what the prong-hoe is to the spade, the harrow is to the plow. for general purposes the acme is an excellent harrow. it is adjustable, and for ground at all mellow will be the only one necessary; set it, for the first time over, to cut in deep; and then, set for leveling, it will leave the soil in such excellent condition that a light hand- raking (or, for large areas, the meeker smoothing-harrow) will prepare it for the finest of seeds, such as onions and carrots. the teeth of the acme are so designed that they practically constitute a gang of miniature plows. of disc harrows there are a great many makes. the salient feature of the disc type is that they can tear up no manure, grass or trash, even when these are but partly turned under by the plow. for this reason it is especially useful on sod or other rough ground. the most convenient harrow for putting on the finishing touches, for leveling off and fining the surface of the soil, is the lever spike-tooth. it is adjustable and can be used as a spike-tooth or as a smoothing harrow. any of the harrows mentioned above (except the meeker) and likewise the prong-hoe, will have to be followed by the iron rake when preparing the ground for small-seeded garden vegetables. get the sort with what is termed the "bow" head (see illustration) instead of one in which the head is fastened directly to the end of the handle. it is less likely to get broken, and easier to use. there is quite a knack in manipulating even a garden rake, which will come only with practice. do not rake as though you were gathering up leaves or grass. the secret in using the garden rake is _not_ to gather things up. small stones, lumps of earth and such things, you of course wish to remove. keep these raked off ahead of where you are leveling the soil, which is accomplished with a backward-and-forward movement of the rake. the tool-house of every garden of any size should contain a seed-drill. labor which is otherwise tedious and difficult is by it rendered mere play--as well as being better done. the operations of marking the row, opening the furrow, dropping the seed at the proper depth and distance, covering immediately with fresh earth, and firming the soil, are all done at one fell swoop and as fast as you can walk. it will even drop seeds in hills. but that is not all: it may be had as part of a combination machine, which, after your seeds are planted--with each row neatly rolled on top, and plainly visible--may be at once transformed into a wheel hoe that will save you as much time in caring for your plants as the seed-drill did in planting your seed. hoeing drudgery becomes a thing of the past. the illustration herewith shows such a machine, and some of the varied attachments which may be had for it. there are so many, and so varied in usefulness, that it would require an entire chapter to detail their special advantages and methods of use. the catalogues describing them will give you many valuable suggestions; and other ways of utilizing them will discover themselves to you in your work. valuable as the wheel hoe is, however, and varied in its scope of work, the time-tried hoe cannot be entirely dispensed with. an accompanying photograph [ed. not shown here] shows four distinct types, all of which will pay for themselves in a garden of moderate size. the one on the right is the one most generally seen; next to it is a modified form which personally i prefer for all light work, such as loosening soil and cutting out weeds. it is lighter and smaller, quicker and easier to handle. next to this is the warren, or heart-shaped hoe, especially valuable in opening and covering drills for seed, such as beans, peas or corn. the scuffle-hoe, or scarifier, which completes the four, is used between narrow rows for shallow work, such as cutting off small weeds and breaking up the crust. it has been rendered less frequently needed by the advent of the wheel hoe, but when crops are too large to admit of the use of the latter, the scuffle-hoe is still an indispensable time-saver. there remains one task connected with gardening that is a bug-bear. that is hand-weeding. to get down on one's hands and knees, in the blistering hot dusty soil, with the perspiration trickling down into one's eyes, and pick small weedlets from among tender plantlets, is not a pleasant occupation. there are, however, several sorts of small weeders which lessen the work considerably. one or another of the common types will seem preferable, according to different conditions of soil and methods of work. personally, i prefer the lang's for most uses. the angle blade makes it possible to cut very near to small plants and between close-growing plants, while the strap over the back of a finger or thumb leaves the fingers free for weeding without dropping the instrument. there are two things to be kept in mind about hand-weeding which will reduce this work to the minimum. first, never let the weeds get a start; for even if they do not increase in number, if they once smother the ground or crop, you will wish you had never heard of a garden. second, do your hand-weeding while the surface soil is soft, when the weeds come out easily. a hard-crusted soil will double and treble the amount of labor required. it would seem that it should be needless, when garden tools are such savers of labor, to suggest that they should be carefully kept, always bright and clean and sharp, and in repair. but such advice is needed, to judge by most of the tools one sees. always have a piece of cloth or old bag on hand where the garden tools are kept, and never put them away soiled and wet. keep the cutting edges sharp. there is as much pleasure in trying to run a dull lawnmower as in working with a rusty, battered hoe. have an extra handle in stock in case of accident; they are not expensive. in selecting hand tools, always pick out those with handles in which the grain does not run out at the point where there will be much strain in using the tool. in rakes, hoes, etc., get the types with ferrule and shank one continuous piece, so as not to be annoyed with loose heads. spend a few cents to send for some implement catalogues. they will well repay careful perusal, even if you do not order this year. in these days of intensive advertising, the commercial catalogue often contains matter of great worth, in the gathering and presentation of which no expense has been spared. for fighting plant enemies the devices and implements used for fighting plant enemies are of two sorts:--( ) those used to afford mechanical protection to the plants; ( ) those used to apply insecticides and fungicides. of the first the most useful is the covered frame. it consists usually of a wooden box, some eighteen inches to two feet square and about eight high, covered with glass, protecting cloth, mosquito netting or mosquito wire. the first two coverings have, of course, the additional advantage of retaining heat and protecting from cold, making it possible by their use to plant earlier than is otherwise safe. they are used extensively in getting an extra early and safe start with cucumbers, melons and the other vine vegetables. simpler devices for protecting newly-set plants, such as tomatoes or cabbage, from the cut-worm, are stiff, tin, cardboard or tar paper collars, which are made several inches high and large enough to be put around the stem and penetrate an inch or so into the soil. for applying poison powders, such as dry paris green, hellebore and tobacco dust, the home gardener should supply himself with a powder gun. if one must be restricted to a single implement, however, it will be best to get one of the hand-power, compressed-air sprayers--either a knapsack pump or a compressed-air sprayer--types of which are illustrated. these are used for applying wet sprays, and should be supplied with one of the several forms of mist-making nozzles, the non- cloggable automatic type being the best. for more extensive work a barrel pump, mounted on wheels, will be desirable, but one of the above will do a great deal of work in little time. extension rods for use in spraying trees and vines may be obtained for either. for operations on a very small scale a good hand-syringe may be used, but as a general thing it will be best to invest a few dollars more and get a small tank sprayer, as this throws a continuous stream or spray and holds a much larger amount of the spraying solution. whatever type is procured, get a brass machine--it will out-wear three or four of those made of cheaper metal, which succumbs very quickly to the, corroding action of the strong poisons and chemicals used in them. of implements for harvesting, beside the spade, prong-hoe and spading- fork already mentioned, very few are used in the small garden, as most of them need not only long rows to be economically used, but horse- power also. the onion harvester attachment for the double wheel hoe, costing $ . , may be used with advantage in loosening onions, beets, turnips, etc., from the soil or for cutting spinach. running the hand- plow close on either side of carrots, parsnips and other deep-growing vegetables will aid materially in getting them out. for fruit picking, with tall trees, the wire-fingered fruit-picker, secured to the end of a long handle, will be of great assistance, but with the modern method of using low-headed trees it will not be needed. another class of garden implements are those used in pruning--but where this is attended to properly from the start, a good sharp jack-knife and a pair of pruning shears (the english makes are the best, as they are in some things, when we are frank enough to confess the truth) will easily handle all the work of the kind necessary. still another sort of garden device is that used for supporting the plants; such as stakes, trellises, wires, etc. altogether too little attention usually is given these, as with proper care in storing over winter they will not only last for years, but add greatly to the convenience of cultivation and to the neat appearance of the garden. various contrivances are illustrated in the seed catalogues, and many may be home-made--such as a stake-trellis for supporting beans. as a final word to the intending purchaser of garden tools, i would say: first thoroughly investigate the different sorts available, and when buying, do not forget that a good tool or a well-made machine will be giving you satisfactory use long, long after the price is forgotten, while a poor one is a constant source of discomfort. get good tools, and _take_ good care of them. and let me repeat that a few dollars a year, judiciously spent, for tools afterward well cared for, will soon give you a very complete set, and add to your garden profit and pleasure. chapter vi. manures and fertilizers to a very small extent garden vegetables get their food from the air. the amount obtained in this way however, is so infinitesimal that from the practical standpoint it need not be considered at all. practically speaking, your vegetables must get all their food from the garden soil. this important garden fact may seem self-evident, but, if one may judge by their practice, amateur gardeners very frequently fail to realize it. the professional gardener must come to realize it for the simple reason that if he does not he will go out of business. without an abundant supply of suitable food it is just as impossible to grow good vegetables as it would be to train a winning football team on a diet of sweet cider and angel cake. without plenty of plant food, all the care, coddling, coaxing, cultivating, spraying and worrying you may give will avail little. the soil must be rich or the garden will be poor. plant food is of as many kinds, or, more accurately speaking, in as many _forms_, as is food for human beings. but the first distinction to make in plant foods is that between available and non- available foods--that is, between foods which it is possible for the plant to use, and those which must undergo a change of some sort before the plant can take them up, assimilate them, and turn them into a healthy growth of foliage, fruit or root. it is just as readily possible for a plant to starve in a soil abounding in plant food, if that food is not available, as it would be for you to go unnourished in the midst of soups and tender meats if the latter were frozen solid. plants take all their nourishment in the form of soups, and very weak ones at that. plant food to be available must be soluble to the action of the feeding root tubes; and unless it is available it might, as far as the present benefiting of your garden is concerned, just as well not be there at all. plants take up their food through innumerable and microscopic feeding rootlets, which possess the power of absorbing moisture, and furnishing it, distributed by the plant juices, or sap, to stem, branch, leaf, flower and fruit. there is one startling fact which may help to fix these things in your memory: it takes from to pounds of water to furnish food for the building of one pound of dry plant matter. you can see why plant food is not of much use unless it is available; and it is not available unless it is soluble. the theory of manuring the food of plants consists of chemical elements, or rather, of numerous substances which contain these elements in greater or less degrees. there is not room here to go into the interesting science of this matter. it is evident, however, as we have already seen that the plants must get their food from the soil, that there are but two sources for such food: it must either be in the soil already, or we must put it there. the practice of adding plant food to the soil is what is called manuring. the only three of the chemical elements mentioned which we need consider are: nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash. the average soil contains large amounts of all three, but they are for the most part in forms which are not available and, therefore, to that extent, may be at once dismissed from our consideration. (the non-available plant foods already in the soil may be released or made available to some extent by cultivation. see chapter vii.) in practically every soil that has been cultivated and cropped, in long-settled districts, the amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash which are immediately available will be too meager to produce a good crop of vegetables. it becomes absolutely necessary then, if one would have a really successful garden, no matter how small it is, to add plant foods to the soil abundantly. when you realize, ( ) that the number of plant foods containing the three essential elements is almost unlimited, ( ) that each contains them in different proportions and in differing degrees of availability, ( ) that the amount of the available elements already in the soil varies greatly and is practically undeterminable, and ( ) that different plants, and even different varieties of the same plant, use these elements in widely differing proportions; then you begin to understand what a complex matter this question of manuring is and why it is so much discussed and so little understood. what a labyrinth it offers for any writer--to say nothing of the reader--to go astray in! i have tried to present this matter clearly. if i have succeeded it may have been only to make the reader hopelessly discouraged of ever getting at anything definite in the question of enriching the soil. in that case my advice would be that, for the time being, he forget all about it. fortunately, in the question of manuring, a little knowledge is not often a dangerous thing. fortunately, too, your plants do not insist that you solve the food problem for them. set a full table and they will help themselves and take the right dishes. the only thing to worry about is that of the three important foods mentioned (nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash) there will not be enough: for it has been proved that when any one of these is exhausted the plant practically stops growth; it will not continue to "fill up" on the other two. of course there is such a thing as going to extremes and wasting plant foods, even if it does not, as a rule, hurt the plants. if, however, the fertilizers and manures described in the following sections are applied as directed, and as mentioned in chapter vii., good results will be certain, provided the seed, cultivation and season are right. various manures the terms "manure" and "fertilizer" are used somewhat ambiguously and interchangeably. using the former term in a broad sense--as meaning any substance containing available plant food applied to the soil, we may say that manure is of two kinds: organic, such as stable manure, or decayed vegetable matter; and inorganic, such as potash salts, phosphatic rock and commercial mixed fertilizers. in a general way the term "fertilizer" applies to these inorganic manures, and i shall use it in this sense through the following text. between the organic manures, or "natural" manures as they are often called, and fertilizers there is a very important difference which should never be lost sight of. in theory, and as a chemical fact too, a bag of fertilizer may contain twice the available plant food of a ton of well rotted manure; but out of a hundred practical gardeners ninety- nine--and probably one more--would prefer the manure. there is a reason why--two reasons, even if not one of the hundred gardeners could give them to you. first, natural manures have a decided physical effect upon most soils (altogether aside from the plant food they contain); and second, plants seem to have a preference as to the _form_ in which their food elements are served to them. fertilizers, on the other hand, are valuable only for the plant food they contain, and sometimes have a bad effect upon the physical condition of the soil. when it comes right down to the practical question of what to put on your garden patch to grow big crops, nothing has yet been discovered that is better than the old reliable stand-by--well rotted, thoroughly fined stable or barnyard manure. heed those adjectives! we have already seen that plant food which is not available might as well be, for our immediate purposes, at the north pole. the plant food in "green" or fresh manure is not available, and does not become so until it is released by the decay of the organic matters therein. now the time possible for growing a crop of garden vegetables is limited; in many instances it is only sixty to ninety days. the plants want their food ready at once; there is no time to be lost waiting for manure to rot in the soil. that is a slow process--especially so in clayey or heavy soils. so on your garden use only manure that is well rotted and broken up. on the other hand, see that it has not "fire-fanged" or burned out, as horse manure, if piled by itself and left, is very sure to do. if you keep any animals of your own, see that the various sorts of manure --excepting poultry manure, which is so rich that it is a good plan to keep it for special purposes--are mixed together and kept in a compact, built-up square heap, not a loose pyramidal pile. keep it under cover and where it cannot wash out. if you have a pig or so, your manure will be greatly improved by the rooting, treading and mixing they will give it. if not, the pile should be turned from bottom to top and outside in and rebuilt, treading down firmly in the process, every month or two-- applying water, but not soaking, if it has dried out in the meantime. such manure will be worth two or three times as much, for garden purposes, as that left to burn or remain in frozen lumps. if you have to buy all your manure, get that which has been properly kept; and if you are not familiar with the condition in which it should be, get a disinterested gardener or farmer to select it for you. when possible, it will pay you to procure manure several months before you want to use it and work it over as suggested above. in buying manure keep in mind not what animals made it, but what food was fed--that is the important thing. for instance, the manure from highly-fed livery horses may be, weight for weight, worth three to five times that from cattle wintered over on poor hay, straw and a few roots. there are other organic manures which it is sometimes possible for one to procure, such as refuse brewery hops, fish scraps and sewage, but they are as a rule out of the reach of, or objectionable for, the purposes of the home gardener. there are, however, numerous things constantly going to waste about the small place, which should be converted into manure. fallen leaves, grass clippings, vegetable tops and roots, green weeds, garbage, house slops, dish water, chip dirt from the wood-pile, shavings--any thing that will rot away, should go into the compost heap. these should be saved, under cover if possible, in a compact heap and kept moist (never soaked) to help decomposition. to start the heap, gather up every available substance and make it into a pile with a few wheelbarrows full, or half a cartload, of fresh horse manure, treading the whole down firmly. fermentation and decomposition will be quickly started. the heap should occasionally be forked over and restacked. light dressings of lime, mixed in at such times, will aid thorough decomposition. wood ashes form another valuable manure which should be carefully saved. beside the plant food contained, they have a most excellent effect upon the mechanical condition of almost every soil. ashes should not be put in the compost heap, because there are special uses for them, such as dusting on squash or melon vines, or using on the onion bed, which makes it desirable to keep them separate. wood ashes may frequently be bought for fifty cents a barrel, and at this price a few barrels for the home garden will be a good investment. coal ashes contain practically no available plant food, but are well worth saving to use on stiff soils, for paths, etc. value of green manuring another source of organic manures, altogether too little appreciated, is what is termed "green manuring"--the plowing under of growing crops to enrich the land. even in the home garden this system should be taken advantage of whenever possible. in farm practice, clover is the most valuable crop to use for this purpose, but on account of the length of time necessary to grow it, it is useful for the vegetable garden only when there is sufficient room to have clover growing on, say, one half- acre plot, while the garden occupies, for two years, another half-acre; and then changing the two about. this system will give an ideal garden soil, especially where it is necessary to rely for the most part upon chemical fertilizers. there are, however, four crops valuable for green-manuring the garden, even where the same spot must be occupied year after year: rye, field corn, field peas (or cow peas in the south) and crimson clover. after the first of september, sow every foot of garden ground cleared of its last crop, with winter rye. sow all ground cleared during august with crimson clover and buckwheat, and mulch the clover with rough manure after the buckwheat dies down. sow field peas or corn on any spots that would otherwise remain unoccupied six weeks or more. all these are sown broadcast, on a freshly raked surface. such a system will save a very large amount of plant food which otherwise would be lost, will convert unavailable plant food into available forms while you wait for the next crop, and add _humus_ to the soil--concerning the importance of which see chapter vii. chemical fertilizers i am half tempted to omit entirely any discussion of chemical fertilizers: to give a list of them, tell how to apply them, and let the why and wherefore go. it is, however, such an important subject, and the home gardener will so frequently have to rely almost entirely upon their use, that probably it will be best to explain the subject as thoroughly as i can do it in very limited space. i shall try to give the theory of scientific chemical manuring in one paragraph. we have already seen that the soil contains within itself some available plant food. we can determine by chemical analysis the exact amounts of the various plant foods--nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, etc.--which a crop of any vegetable will remove from the soil. the idea in scientific chemical manuring is to add to the available plant foods already in the soil just enough more to make the resulting amounts equal to the quantities of the various elements used by the crop grown. in other words: ) available plant food elements in ( the soil, plus > == amounts of food elements available chemical food elements ( in matured crop supplied in fertilizers ) that was the theory--a very pretty and profound one! the discoverers of it imagined that all agriculture would be revolutionized; all farm and garden practice reduced to an exact science; all older theories of husbandry and tillage thrown by the heels together upon the scrap heap of outworn things. science was to solve at one fell swoop all the age- old problems of agriculture. and the whole thing was all right in every way but one--it didn't work. the unwelcome and obdurate fact remained that a certain number of pounds of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash--about thirty-three--in a ton of good manure would grow bigger crops than would the same number of pounds of the same elements in a bag of chemical fertilizer. nevertheless this theory, while it failed as the basis of an exact agricultural science, has been developed into an invaluable guide for using all manures, and especially concentrated chemical manures. and the above facts, if i have presented them clearly, will assist the home gardener in solving the fertilizer problems which he is sure to encounter. various fertilizers what are termed the raw materials from which the universally known "mixed fertilizers" are made up, are organic or inorganic substances which contain nitrogen, phosphoric acid or potash in fairly definite amounts. some of these can be used to advantage by themselves. those practical for use by the home gardener, i mention. the special uses to which they are adapted will be mentioned in part two, under the vegetables for which they are valuable. ground bone is rich in phosphate and lasts a long time; what is called "raw bone" is the best "bone dust" or "bone flour" is finely pulverized; it will produce quick results, but does not last as long as the coarser forms. cotton-seed meal is one of the best nitrogenous fertilizers for garden crops. it is safer than nitrate of soda in the hands of the inexperienced gardener, and decays very quickly in the soil. peruvian guano, in the pure form, is now practically out of the market. lower grades, less rich in nitrogen especially, are to be had; and also "fortified" guano, in which chemicals are added to increase the content of nitrogen. it is good for quick results. nitrate of soda, when properly handled, frequently produces wonderful results in the garden, particularly upon quick-growing crops. it is the richest in nitrogen of any chemical generally used, and a great stimulant to plant growth. when used alone it is safest to mix with an equal bulk of light dirt or some other filler. if applied pure, be sure to observe the following rules or you may burn your plants: ( ) pulverize all lumps; ( ) see that none of it lodges upon the foliage; ( ) never apply when there is moisture upon the plants; ( ) apply in many small doses--say to pounds at a time for x feet of garden. it should be put on so sparingly as to be barely visible; but its presence will soon be denoted by the moist spot, looking like a big rain drop, which each particle of it makes in the dry soil. nitrate of soda may also be used safely in solution, at the rate of pound to gallons of water. i describe its use thus at length because i consider it the most valuable single chemical which the gardener has at command. muriate and sulphate of potash are also used by themselves as sources of potash, but as a general thing it will be best to use them in combination with other chemicals as described under "home mixing." lime will be of benefit to most soils. it acts largely as an indirect fertilizer, helping to release other food elements already in the soil, but in non-available forms. it should be applied once in three to five years, at the rate of to bushels per acre, after plowing, and thoroughly harrowed in. apply as long before planting as possible, or in the fall. mixed fertilizers mixed fertilizers are of innumerable brands, and for sale everywhere. it is little use to pay attention to the claims made for them. even where the analysis is guaranteed, the ordinary gardener has no way of knowing that the contents of his few bags are what they are labeled. the best you can do, however, is to buy on the basis of analysis, not of price per ton--usually the more you pay per bag, the cheaper you are really buying your actual plant food. send to the experiment station in your state and ask for the last bulletin on fertilizer values. it will give a list of the brands sold throughout the state, the retail price per ton, and the actual value of plant foods contained in a ton. then buy the brand in which you will apparently get the greatest value. for garden crops the mixed fertilizer you use should contain (about): ) nitrogen, per cent. ( basic formula phosphoric acid, per cent. > == for potash, per cent. ( garden crops ) if applied alone, use at the rate of to pounds per acre. if with manure, less, in proportion to the amount of the latter used. by "basic formula" (see above) is meant one which contains the plant foods in the proportion which all garden crops must have. particular crops may need additional amounts of one or more of the three elements, in order to attain their maximum growth. such extra feeding is usually supplied by top dressings, during the season of growth. the extra food beneficial to the different vegetables will be mentioned in the cultural directions in part two. home mixing if you look over the experiment station report mentioned above, you will notice that what are called "home mixtures" almost invariably show a higher value compared to the cost than any regular brand. in some cases the difference is fifty per cent. this means that you can buy the raw chemicals and make up your own mixtures cheaper than you can buy mixed fertilizers. more than that, it means you will have purer mixtures. more than that, it means you will have on hand the materials for giving your crops the special feeding mentioned above. the idea widely prevails, thanks largely to the fertilizer companies, that home mixing cannot be practically done, especially upon a small scale. from both information and personal experience i know the contrary to be the case. with a tight floor or platform, a square-pointed shovel and a coarse wire screen, there is absolutely nothing impractical about it. the important thing is to see that all ingredients are evenly and thoroughly mixed. a scale for weighing will also be a convenience. further information may be had from the firms which sell raw materials, or from your experiment station. applying manures the matter of properly applying manure, even on the small garden, is also of importance. in amount, from fifteen to twenty-five cords, or to cartloads, will not be too much; although if fertilizers are used to help out, the manure may be decreased in proportion. if possible, take it from the heap in which it has been rotting, and spread evenly over the soil immediately before plowing. if actively fermenting, it will lose by being exposed to wind and sun. if green, or in cold weather, it may be spread and left until plowing is done. when plowing, it should be completely covered under, or it will give all kinds of trouble in sowing and cultivating. fertilizers should be applied, where used to supplement manure or in place of it, at from to pounds per acre, according to grade and other conditions. it is sown on broadcast, after plowing, care being taken to get it evenly distributed. this may be assured by sowing half while going across the piece, and the other half while going lengthwise of it. when used as a starter, or for top dressings--as mentioned in connection with the basic formula--it may be put in the hill or row at time of planting, or applied on the surface and worked in during the growth of the plants. in either case, especially with highly concentrated chemicals, care must be taken to mix them thoroughly with the soil and to avoid burning the tender roots. this chapter is longer than i wanted to make it, but the problem of how best to enrich the soil is the most difficult one in the whole business of gardening, and the degree of your success in growing vegetables will be measured pretty much by the extent to which you master it. you cannot do it at one reading. re-read this chapter, and when you understand the several subjects mentioned, in the brief way which limited space made necessary, pursue them farther in one of the several comprehensive books on the subject. it will well repay all the time you spend upon it. because, from necessity, there has been so much of theory mixed up with the practical in this chapter, i shall very briefly recapitulate the directions for just what to do, in order that the subject of manuring may be left upon the same practical basis governing the rest of the book. to make your garden rich enough to grow big crops, buy the most thoroughly worked over and decomposed manure you can find. if it is from grain-fed animals, and if pigs have run on it, it will be better yet. if possible, buy enough to put on at the rate of about twenty cords to the acre; if not, supplement the manure, which should be plowed under, with to pounds of high-grade mixed fertilizer (analyzing nitrogen four per cent., phosphoric acid eight per cent., potash ten per cent.)--the quantity in proportion to the amount of manure used, and spread on broadcast after plowing and thoroughly harrowed in. in addition to this general enrichment of the soil, suitable quantities of nitrate of soda, for nitrogen; bone dust (or acid phosphate), for phosphoric acid; and sulphate of potash, for potash, should be bought for later dressings, as suggested in cultural directions for the various crops. if the instructions in the above paragraph are followed out you may rest assured that your vegetables will not want for plant food and that, if other conditions are favorable, you will have maximum crops. chapter vii the soil and its preparation having considered, as thoroughly as the limited space available permitted, the matter of plant foods, we must proceed to the equally important one of how properly to set the table, on or rather in, which they must be placed, before the plants can use them. as was noted in the first part of the preceding chapter, most tillable soils contain the necessary plant food elements to a considerable extent, but only in a very limited degree in _available_ forms. they are locked up in the soil larder, and only after undergoing physical and chemical changes may be taken up by the feeding roots of plants. they are unlocked only by the disintegration and decomposition of the soil particles, under the influence of cultivation--or mechanical breaking up--and the access of water, air and heat. the great importance of the part the soil must play in every garden operation is therefore readily seen. in the first place, it is required to furnish all the plant food elements--some seven in number, beside the three, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, already mentioned. in the second, it must hold the moisture in which these foods must be either dissolved or suspended before plant roots can take them up. the soil is naturally classified in two ways: first, as to the amount of plant food contained; second, as to its mechanical condition--the relative proportions of sand, decomposed stone and clay, of which it is made up, and also the degree to which it has been broken up by cultivation. the approximate amount of available plant food already contained in the soil can be determined satisfactorily only by experiment. as before stated, however, almost without exception they will need liberal manuring to produce good garden crops. i shall therefore not go further into the first classification of soils mentioned. of soils, according to their variation in mechanical texture, i shall mention only the three which the home gardener is likely to encounter. rocks are the original basis of all soils, and according to the degree of fineness to which they have been reduced, through centuries of decomposition by air, moisture and frost, they are known as gravelly, sandy or clayey soils. clay soils are stiff, wet, heavy and usually "cold." for garden purposes, until properly transformed, they hold too much water, are difficult to handle, and are "late." but even if there be no choice but a clay soil for the home garden, the gardener need not be discouraged. by proper treatment it may be brought into excellent condition for growing vegetables, and will produce some sorts, such as celery, better than any warm, light, "garden" soil. the first thing to do with the clay soil garden, is to have it thoroughly drained. for the small amount of ground usually required for a home garden, this will entail no great expense. under ordinary conditions, a half-acre garden could be under-drained for from $ to $ --probably nearer the first figure. the drains--round drain tile, with collars--should be placed at least three feet deep, and if they can be put four, it will be much better. the lines should be, for the former depth, twenty to thirty feet apart, according to character of the soil; if four feet deep, they will accomplish just as much if put thirty to fifty feet apart--so it pays to put them in deep. for small areas - / -inch land tile will do. the round style gives the best satisfaction and will prove cheapest in the end. the outlet should of course be at the lowest point of land, and all drains, main and laterals, should fall slightly, but without exception, toward this point. before undertaking to put in the drains, even on a small area, it will pay well to read some good book on the subject, such as draining for profit and draining for health, by waring. but drain--if your land requires it. it will increase the productiveness of your garden at least to per cent.--and such an increase, as you can readily see, will pay a very handsome annual dividend on the cost of draining. moreover, the draining system, if properly put in, will practically never need renewal. on land that has a stiff or clay sub-soil, it will pay well to break this up--thus making it more possible for the water to soak down through the surface soil rapidly--by using the sub-soil plow. (see chapter v.) the third way to improve clay soils is by using coarse vegetable manures, large quantities of stable, manures, ashes, chips, sawdust, sand, or any similar materials, which will tend to break up and lighten the soil mechanically. lime and land plaster are also valuable, as they cause chemical changes which tend to break up clayey soils. the fourth thing to do in treating a garden of heavy soil is to plow, ridging up as much as possible, in the fall, thus leaving the soil exposed to the pulverizing influences of weather and frost. usually it will not need replowing in the spring. if not plowed until the spring, care should be taken not to plow until it has dried out sufficiently to crumble from the plow, instead of making a wet, pasty furrow. the owner of a clayey garden has one big consolation. it will not let his plant food go to waste. it will hold manures and fertilizers incorporated with it longer than any other soil. sandy soil is, as the term implies, composed largely of sand, and is the reverse of clay soil. so, also, with the treatment. it should be so handled as to be kept as compact as possible. the use of a heavy roller, as frequently as possible, will prove very beneficial. sowing or planting should follow immediately after plowing, and fertilizers or manures should be applied only immediately before. if clay soil is obtainable nearby, a small area of sandy soil, such as is required for the garden, can be made into excellent soil by the addition of the former, applied as you would manure. plow the garden in the fall and spread the clay soil on evenly, harrowing in with a disc in the spring. the result will be as beneficial as that of an equal dressing of good manure--and will be permanent. it is one of the valuable qualities of lime, and also of gypsum to even a greater extent, that while it helps a clay soil, it is equally valuable for a sandy one. the same is true of ashes and of the organic manures--especially of green manuring. fertilizers, on sandy soils, where they will not long be retained, should be applied only immediately before planting, or as top and side dressing during growth. sandy soil in the garden will produce early and quick results, and is especially adapted to melons, cucumbers, beans and a number of the other garden vegetables. gravelly soil is generally less desirable than either of the others; it has the bad qualities of sandy soil and not the good ones of clay, besides being poorer in plant food. (calcareous, or limestone pebble, soils are an exception, but they are not widely encountered.) they are not suited for garden work, as tillage harms rather than helps them. the ideal garden soil is what is known as a "rich, sandy loam," at least eight inches deep; if it is eighteen it will be better. it contains the proper proportions of both sand and clay, and further has been put into the best of mechanical condition by good tilth. that last word brings us to a new and very important matter. "in good tilth" is a condition of the soil difficult to describe, but a state that the gardener comes soon to recognize. ground, continually and _properly cultivated_, comes soon to a degree of fineness and lightness at once recognizable. rain is immediately absorbed by it, and does not stand upon the surface; it does not readily clog or pack down; it is crumbly and easily worked; and until your garden is brought to this condition you cannot attain the greatest success from your efforts. i emphasized "properly cultivated." that means that the soil must be kept well supplied with humus, or decomposed vegetable matter, either by the application of sufficient quantities of organic manures, or by green manuring, or by "resting under grass," which produces a similar result from the amount of roots and stubble with which the soil is filled when the sod is broken up. only by this supply of humus can the garden be kept in that light, friable, spongy condition which is absolutely essential to luxuriant vegetable growth. preparing the soil unless your garden be a very small one indeed, it will pay to have it plowed rather than dug up by hand. if necessary, arrange the surrounding fence as suggested in the accompanying diagram, to make possible the use of a horse for plowing and harrowing. (as suggested in the chapter on implements), if there is not room for a team, the one- horse plow, spring-tooth and spike-tooth cultivators, can do the work in very small spaces. if however the breaking up of the garden must be done by hand, have it done deeply--down to the sub-soil, or as deep as the spading-fork will go. and have it done thoroughly, every spadeful turned completely and every inch dug. it is hard work, but it must not be slighted. plowing if the garden can be plowed in the fall, by all means have it done. if it is in sod, it must be done at that time if good results are to be secured the following season. in this latter case, plow a shallow furrow four to six inches deep and turning flat, as early as possible in the fall, turning under a coating of horse manure, or dressing of lime, and then going over it with a smoothing-harrow or the short blades of the acme, to fill in all crevices. the object of the plowing is to get the sods rotted thoroughly before the following spring; then apply manure and plow deeply, six to twelve inches, according to the soil. where the old garden is to be plowed up, if there has not been time to get in one of the cover crops suggested elsewhere in this text, plow as late as possible, and in ridges. if the soil is light and sandy, fall plowing will not be advisable. in beginning the spring work it is customary to put on the manure and plow but once. but the labor of double plowing will be well repaid, especially on a soil likely to suffer from drouth, if the ground be plowed once, deeply, before the manure is spread on, and then cross- plowed just sufficiently to turn the manure well under--say five or six inches. on stiff lands, and especially for root crops, it will pay if possible to have the sub-soil plow follow the regular plow. this is, of course, for thoroughly rotted and fined manure; if coarse, it had better be put under at one plowing, making the best of a handicap. if you have arranged to have your garden plowed "by the job," be on hand to see that no shirking is done, by taking furrows wider than the plow can turn completely; it is possible to "cut and cover" so that the surface of a piece will look well enough, when in reality it is little better than half plowed. harrowing that is the first step toward the preparation of a successful garden out of the way. next comes the harrowing; if the soil after plowing is at all stiff and lumpy, get a disc-harrow if you can; on clayey soils a "cut-a-way" (see implements). on the average garden soil, however, the acme will do the work of pulverizing in fine shape. if, even after harrowing, the soil remains lumpy, have the man who is doing your work get a horse-roller somewhere, and go over the piece with that. the roller should be used also on very sandy and light soils, after the first harrowing (or after the plowing, if the land turns over mellow) to compact it. to follow the first harrowing (or the roller) use a smoothing-harrow, the acme set shallow, or a "brush." fining. this treatment will reduce to a minimum the labor of finally preparing the seed- or plant-bed with the iron rake (or, on large gardens, with the meeker harrow). after the finishing touches, the soil should be left so even and smooth that you can with difficulty bring yourself to step on it. get it "like a table"--and then you are ready to begin gardening. whatever implements are used, do not forget the great importance of making the soil thoroughly fine, not only at the surface, but as far as possible below even under the necessity of repetition. i want to emphasize this again by stating the four chief benefits, of this thorough pulverization: first, it adds materially in making the plant foods in the soil available for use; secondly, it induces the growing plants to root deeply, and thus to a greater extent to escape the drying influence of the sun; thirdly, it enables the soil to absorb rain evenly, where it falls, which would otherwise either run off and be lost altogether, or collect in the lower parts of the garden; and last, and most important, it enables the soil to retain moisture thus stored, as in a subterranean storage tank, but where the plants can draw upon it, long after carelessly prepared and shallow soils are burning up in the long protracted drouths which we seem to be increasingly certain of getting during the late summer. prepare your garden deeply, thoroughly, carefully, in addition to making it rich, and you may then turn to those more interesting operations outlined in the succeeding sections, with the well founded assurance that your thought and labor will be rewarded by a garden so remarkably more successful than the average garden is, that all your extra pains-taking will be richly repaid. part two--vegetables chapter viii. starting the plants this beautifully prepared garden spot--or rather the plant food in it-- is to be transformed into good things for your table, through the ever wonderful agency of plant growth. the thread of life inhering in the tiniest seed, in the smallest plant, is the magic wand that may transmute the soil's dull metal into the gold of flower and fruit. all the thought, care and expense described in the preceding chapters are but to get ready for the two things from which your garden is to spring, in ways so deeply hidden that centuries of the closest observation have failed to reveal their inner workings. those two are seeds and plants. (the sticklers for technical exactness will here take exception, calling our attention to tubers, bulbs, corns and numerous other taverns where plant life puts up over night, between growth and growth, but for our present purpose we need not mind them.) the plants which you put out in your garden will have been started under glass from seed, so that, indirectly, everything depends on the seed. good seeds, and true, you must have if your garden is to attain that highest success which should be our aim. seeds vary greatly--very much more so than the beginner has any conception of. there are three essentials; if seeds fail in any one of them, they will be rendered next to useless. first, they must be true; selected from good types of stock and true to name; then they must have been good, strong, plump seeds, full of life and gathered from healthy plants; and finally, they must be fresh. [footnote: see table later this chapter] it is therefore of vital importance that you procure the best seeds that can be had, regardless of cost. poor seeds are dear at any price; you cannot afford to accept them as a gift. it is, of course, impossible to give a rule by which to buy good seed, but the following suggestions will put you on the safe track. first, purchase only of some reliable mail-order house; do not be tempted, either by convenience or cheapness, to buy the gaily lithographed packets displayed in grocery and hardware stores at planting time--as a rule they are not reliable; and what you want for your good money is good seed, not cheap ink. second, buy of seedsmen who make a point of growing and testing their own seed. third, to begin with, buy from several houses and weed out to the one which proves, by actual results, to be the most reliable. another good plan is to purchase seed of any particular variety from the firm that makes a leading specialty of it; in many cases these specialties have been introduced by these firms and they grow their own supplies of these seeds; they will also be surer of being true to name and type. good plants are, in proportion to the amounts used, just as important as good seed--and of course you cannot afford losing weeks of garden usefulness by growing entirely from seed sown out-doors. beets, cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, egg-plant, and for really efficient gardening, also onions, corn, melons, celery, lima beans, cucumbers, and squash, will all begin their joyous journey toward the gardener's table several weeks before they get into the garden at all. they will all be started under glass and have attained a good, thrifty, growing size before they are placed in the soil we have been so carefully preparing for them. it is next to impossible to describe a "good" vegetable plant, but he who gardens will come soon to distinguish between the healthy, short-jointed, deep-colored plant which is ready to take hold and grow, and the soft, flabby (or too succulent) drawn-up growth of plants which have been too much pampered, or dwarfed, weazened specimens which have been abused and starved; he will learn that a dozen of the former will yield more than fifty of the latter. plants may be bought of the florist or market gardener. if so, they should be personally selected, some time ahead, and gotten some few days before needed for setting out, so that you may be sure to have them properly "hardened off," and in the right degree of moisture, for transplanting, as will be described later. by far the more satisfactory way, however, is to grow them yourself. you can then be sure of having the best of plants in exactly the quantities and varieties you want. they will also be on hand when conditions are just right for setting them out. for the ordinary garden, all the plants needed may be started successfully in hotbeds and cold-frames. the person who has had no experience with these has usually an exaggerated idea of their cost and of the skill required to manage them. the skill is not as much a matter of expert knowledge as of careful regular care, daily. only a few minutes a day, for a few sash, but every day. the cost need be but little, especially if one is a bit handy with tools. the sash which serves for the cover, and is removable, is the important part of the structure. sash may be had, ready glazed and painted, at from $ . to $ . each, and with care they will last ten or even twenty years, so you can see at once that not a very big increase in the yield of your garden will be required to pay interest on the investment. or you can buy the sash unglazed, at a proportionately lower price, and put the glass in yourself, if you prefer to spend a little more time and less money. however, if you are not familiar with the work, and want only a few sash, i would advise purchasing the finished article. in size they are three feet by six. frames upon which to put the sash covering may also be bought complete, but here there is a chance to save money by constructing your own frames--the materials required, being x in. lumber for posts, and inch-boards; or better, if you can easily procure them, plank x in. so far as these materials go the hotbed and coldframe are alike. the difference is that while the coldframe depends for its warmth upon catching and holding the heat of the sun's rays, the hotbed is artificially heated by fermenting manure, or in rare instances, by hot water or steam pipes. in constructing the hotbed there are two methods used; either by placing the frames on top of the manure heap or by putting the manure within the frames. the first method has the advantage of permitting the hotbed to be made upon frozen ground, when required in the spring. the latter, which is the better, must be built before the ground freezes, but is more economical of manure. the manure in either case should be that of grain-fed horses, and if a small amount of straw bedding, or leaves--not more, however, than one-third of the latter--be mixed among it, so much the better. get this manure several days ahead of the time wanted for use and prepare by stacking in a compact, tramped-down heap. turn it over after three or four days, and re-stack, being careful to put the former top and sides of the pile now on the inside. having now ready the heating apparatus and the superstructure of our miniature greenhouse, the building of it is a very simple matter. if the ground is frozen, spread the manure in a low, flat heap--nine or ten feet side, a foot and a half deep, and as long as the number of sash to be used demands--a cord of manure thus furnishing a bed for about three sash, not counting for the ends of the string or row. this heap should be well trodden down and upon it should be placed or built the box or frame upon which the sash are to rest. in using this method it will be more convenient to have the frame made up beforehand and ready to place upon the manure, as shown in one of the illustrations. this should be at least twelve inches high at the front and some half a foot higher at the back. fill in with at least four inches--better six --of good garden soil containing plenty of humus, that it may allow water to soak through readily. the other method is to construct the frames on the ground before severe freezing, and in this case the front should be at least twenty-four inches high, part of which--not more than half--may be below the ground level. the x in. planks, when used, are handled as follows: stakes are driven in to support the back plank some two or three inches above the ground,--which should, of course, be level. the front plank is sunk two or three inches into the ground and held upright by stakes on the outside, nailed on. remove enough dirt from inside the frame to bank up the planks about halfway on the outside. when this banking has frozen to a depth of two or three inches, cover with rough manure or litter to keep frost from striking through. the manure for heating should be prepared as above and put in to the depth of a foot, trodden down, first removing four to six inches of soil to be put back on top of the manure,--a cord of the latter, in this case, serving seven sashes. the vegetable to be grown, and the season and climate, will determine the depth of manure required--it will be from one to two feet,--the latter depth seldom being necessary. it must not be overlooked that this manure, when spent for heating purposes, is still as good as ever to enrich the garden, so that the expense of putting it in and removing it from the frames is all that you can fairly charge up against your experiment with hotbeds, if you are interested to know whether they really pay. the exposure for the hotbeds should be where the sun will strike most directly and where they will be sheltered from the north. put up a fence of rough boards, five or six feet high, or place the frames south of some building. the coldframe is constructed practically as in the hotbed, except that if manure is used at all it is for the purpose of enriching the soil where lettuce, radishes, cucumbers or other crops are to be grown to maturity in it. if one can put up even a very small frame greenhouse, it will be a splendid investment both for profit and for pleasure. the cost is lower than is generally imagined, where one is content with a home-made structure. look into it. preparing the soil all this may seem like a lot of trouble to go to for such a small thing as a packet of seed. in reality it is not nearly so much trouble as it sounds, and then, too, this is for the first season only, a well built frame lasting for years--forever, if you want to take a little more time and make it of concrete instead of boards. but now that the frame is made, how to use it is the next question. the first consideration must be the soil. it should be rich, light, friable. there are some garden loams that will do well just as taken up, but as a rule better results will be obtained where the soil is made up specially as follows: rotted sods two parts, old rotted manure one part, and enough coarse sand added to make the mixture fine and crumbly, so that, even when moist, it will fall apart when pressed into a ball in the hand. such soil is best prepared by cutting out sod, in the summer, where the grass is green and thick, indicating a rich soil. along old fences or the roadside where the wash has settled will be good places to get limited quantities. those should be cut with considerable soil and stacked, grassy sides together, in layers in a compost pile. if the season proves very dry, occasionally soak the heap through. in late fall put in the cellar, or wherever solid freezing will not take place, enough to serve for spring work under glass. the amount can readily be calculated; soil for three sash, four inches deep, for instance, would take eighteen feet or a pile three feet square and two feet high. the fine manure (and sand, if necessary) may be added in the fall or when using in the spring. here again it may seem to the amateur that unnecessary pains are being taken. i can but repeat what has been suggested all through this book, that it will require but little more work to do the thing the best way as long as one is doing it at all, and the results will be not only better, but practically certain--and that is a tremendously important point about all gardening operations. sowing the seed having now our frames provided and our soil composed properly and good strong tested seed on hand, we are prepared to go about the business of growing our plants with a practical certainty of success--a much more comfortable feeling than if, because something or other had been but half done, we must anxiously await results and the chances of having the work we had put into the thing go, after all, for nothing. the seed may be sown either directly in the soil or in "flats." flats are made as follows: get from your grocer a number of cracker boxes, with the tops. saw the boxes lengthwise into sections, a few two inches deep and the rest three. one box will make four or five such sections, for two of which bottoms will be furnished by the bottom and top of the original box. another box of the same size, knocked apart, will furnish six bottoms more to use for the sections cut from the middle of the box. the bottoms of all, if tight, should have, say, five three- quarter-inch holes bored in them to allow any surplus water to drain off from the soil. the shallow flats may be used for starting the seed and the three-inch ones for transplanting. where sowing but a small quantity of each variety of seed, the flats will be found much more convenient than sowing directly in the soil--and in the case of their use, of course, the soil on top of the manure need be but two or three inches deep and not especially prepared. where the seed is to go directly into the frames, the soil described above is, of course, used. but when in flats, to be again transplanted, the soil for the first sowing will be better for having no manure in it, the idea being to get the hardest, stockiest growth possible. soil for the flats in which the seeds are to be planted should be, if possible, one part sod, one part chip dirt or leaf mould, and one part sand. the usual way of handling the seed flats is to fill each about one- third full of rough material--screenings, small cinders or something similar--and then fill the box with the prepared earth, which should first be finely sifted. this, after the seeds are sown, should be copiously watered--with a fine rose spray, or if one has not such, through a folded bag to prevent the washing of the soil. here is another way which i have used recently and, so far, with one hundred per cent, certainty of results. last fall, when every bit of soil about my place was ash dry, and i had occasion to start immediately some seeds that were late in reaching me, my necessity mothered the following invention, an adaptation of the principle of sub-irrigation. to have filled the flats in the ordinary way would not have done, as it would have been impossible ever to wet the soil through without making a solid mud cake of it, in which seeds would have stood about as good a chance of doing anything as though not watered at all. i filled the flats one-third full of sphagnum moss, which was soaked, then to within half an inch of the top with soil, which was likewise soaked, and did not look particularly inviting. the flats were then filled level-full of the dust-dry soil, planted, and put in partial shade. within half a day the surface soil had come to just the right degree of moisture, soaked up from below, and there was in a few days more a perfect stand of seedlings. i have used this method in starting all my seedlings this spring--some forty thousand, so far--only using soil screenings, mostly small pieces of decayed sod, in place of the moss and giving a very light watering in the surface to make it compact and to swell the seed at once. two such flats are shown [ed., unable to recreate in typed format], just ready to transplant. the seedlings illustrated in the upper flat had received just two waterings since being planted. where several hundred or more plants of each variety are wanted, sow the seed broadcast as evenly as possible and fairly thick--one ounce of cabbage, for instance, to three to five x inch flats. if but a few dozen, or a hundred, are wanted, sow in rows two or three inches apart, being careful to label each correctly. before sowing, the soil should be pressed firmly into the corners of the flats and leveled off perfectly smooth with a piece of board or shingle. press the seed evenly into the soil with a flat piece of board, cover it lightly, one- eighth to one-quarter inch, with sifted soil, press down barely enough to make smooth, and water with a very fine spray, or through burlap. for the next two days the flats can go on a pretty hot surface, if one is available, such as hot water or steam pipes, or top of a boiler, but if these are not convenient, directly into the frame, where the temperature should be kept as near as possible to that indicated in the following table. in from two to twelve days, according to temperature and variety, the little seedlings will begin to appear. in case the soil has not been made quite friable enough, they will sometimes "raise the roof" instead of breaking through. if so, see that the surface is broken up at once, with the fingers and a careful watering, as otherwise many of the little plants may become bent and lanky in a very short time. from now on until they are ready to transplant, a period of some three or four weeks, is the time when they will most readily be injured by neglect. there are things you will have to look out for, and your attention must be regular to the matters of temperature, ventilation and moisture. vegetable date to sow seed will best temperature to keep germinate (about) (about) beets feb. -apr. years degrees broccoli feb. -apr. years degrees brussels sprouts feb. -apr. years degrees cabbage feb. -apr. years degrees cauliflower feb. -apr. years degrees celery feb. -apr. years degrees corn apr. -may years degrees cucumber mar. -may years degrees egg-plant mar. -apr. years degrees kohlrabi mar. -apr. years degrees lettuce feb. -apr. years degrees melon, musk apr. -may years degrees melon, water apr. -may years degrees okra mar. -apr. years degrees onion jan. -mar. years degrees pepper mar. -apr. years degrees squash mar. -apr. years degrees tomato mar. -apr. years degrees the temperatures required by the different varieties will be indicated by the table above. it should be kept as nearly as possible within ten degrees lower and fifteen higher (in the sun) than given. if the nights are still cold, so that the mercury goes near zero, it will be necessary to provide mats or shutters (see illustrations) to cover the glass at night. or, better still, for the few earliest frames, have double-glass sash, the dead-air space making further protection unnecessary. ventilation: on all days when the temperature within the frame runs up to sixty to eighty degrees, according to variety, give air, either by tilting the sash up at the end or side, and holding in position with a notched stick; or, if the outside temperature permits, strip the glass off altogether. watering: keep a close watch upon the conditions of the soil, especially if you are using flats instead of planting directly in the soil. wait until it is fairly dry--never until the plants begin to wilt, however--and then give a thorough soaking, all the soil will absorb. if at all possible do this only in the morning (up to eleven o'clock) on a bright sunny day. plants in the seedling state are subject to "damping off"--a sudden disease of the stem tissue just at or below the soil, which either kills the seedlings outright, or renders them worthless. some authorities claim that the degree of moisture or dampness has nothing to do with this trouble. i am not prepared to contradict them, but as far as my own experience goes i am satisfied that the drier the stems and leaves can be kept, so long as the soil is in good condition, the better. i consider this one of the advantages of the "sub-irrigation" method of preparing the seed flats, described above. transplanting: under this care the little seedlings will come along rapidly. when the second true leaf is forming they will be ready for transplanting or "pricking off," as it is termed in garden parlance. if the plants are at all crowded in the boxes, this should be done just as soon as they are ready, as otherwise they will be injured by crowding and more likely to damp off. boxes similar to the seed-flats, but an inch deeper, are provided for transplanting. fill these with soil as described for frames--sifted through a coarse screen (chicken-wire size) and mixed with one-third rotted manure. or place an inch of manure, which must be so thoroughly rotted that most of the heat has left, in the bottom, and fill in with soil. find or construct a table or bench of convenient height, upon which to work. with a flat piece of stick or one of the types of transplanting forks lift from the seedling box a clump of seedlings, dirt and all, clear to the bottom. hold this clump in one hand and with the other gently tear away the seedlings, one at a time, discarding all crooked or weak ones. never attempt to pull the seedlings from the soil in the flats, as the little rootlets are very easily broken off. they should come away almost intact. water your seed-flats the day previous to transplanting, so that the soil will be in just the right condition, neither wet enough to make the roots sticky nor dry enough to crumble away. take the little seedling by the stem between thumb and forefinger, and with a small round pointed stick or dibber, or with the forefinger of the other hand, make a hole to receive the roots and about half the length--more if the seedlings are lanky--of the stem. as the seedling drops into place, the tips of both thumbs and forefingers, by one quick, firm movement, compress the earth firmly both down on the roots and against the stem, so that the plant sticks up firmly and may not be readily pulled out. of course there is a knack about it which cannot be put into words--i could have pricked off a hundred seedlings in the time i am spending in trying to describe the operation, but a little practice will make one reasonably efficient at it. in my own work this spring, i have applied the "sub-irrigation" idea to this operation also. the manure placed in the bottom of the boxes is thoroughly watered and an inch of soil put in and watered also, and the box then filled and the plants pricked in. by preparing a number of flats at one time, but little additional work is required, and the results have convinced me that the extra trouble is well worth while. of the early cabbage and cauliflower, not two plants in a thousand have dropped out. ordinarily about one hundred plants are put in a x inch flat, but if one has room and is growing only a few plants for home use, somewhat better plants may be had if fifty or seventy-five are put in. in either case keep the outside rows close to the edges of the flats, as they will have plenty of room anyway. when the flat is completed, jar the box slightly to level the surface, and give a thorough watering at once, being careful, however, to bend down the plants as little as possible. set the flats close together on a level surface, and, if the weather is bright, shade from the sun during the middle of the day for two or three days. from now on keep at the required temperature and water thoroughly on bright mornings as often as the soil in the flats gets on the dry side, as gardeners say--indicated by the whitening and crusting of the surface. above all, give all the air possible while maintaining the necessary temperature. the quality of the plants will depend more upon this than anything else in the way of care. whenever the temperature allows, strip off the sash and let the plants have the benefit of the rains. a good rain seems to do them more good than any watering. should your plants of cabbage, lettuce, beets or cauliflower by any chance get frozen, do not give them up for lost, for the chances are that the following simple treatment will pull them through: in the first place, shade them thoroughly from the sun; in the second, drench them with cold water, the coldest you can get--if you have to break the ice for it, so much the better. try, however, to prevent its happening again, as they will be less able to resist subsequent injury. in hot weather, where watering and ventilation are neglected, the plants will sometimes become infested with the green aphis, which under such conditions multiplies with almost incredible rapidity. hardening off: for five days or a week before setting plants in the field they should be thoroughly hardened off. if they have been given plenty of air this treatment will mean little change for them--simply exposing them more each day, until for a few nights they are left entirely without protection. they will then be ready for setting out in the open, an operation which is described in the next chapter. starting plants outside much of the above is applicable also to the starting of plants out-of- doors, for second and for succession crops, such as celery and late cabbage. select for the outside seed-bed the most thoroughly pulverized spot to be found, enriched and lightened with fine manure. mark off rows a foot apart, and to the necessary depth; sow the seed evenly; firm in if the soil is dry, cover lightly with the back of the rake and roll or smooth with the back of the spade, or of a hoe, along the drills. the seed, according to variety, will begin to push through in from four to twenty days. at all times keep the seed-bed clear of weeds; and keep the soil between the rows constantly cultivated. not unless it is very dry will watering be necessary, but if it is required, give a thorough soaking toward evening. as the cabbage, celery and similar plants come along it will add to their sturdiness and stockiness to shear off the tops--about half of the large leaves--once or twice after the plants have attained a height of about six inches. if the precautions concerning seed and soil which i have given are heeded and the details of the work of planting, transplanting and care are carried out, planting time (april) will find the prospective gardener with a supply of good, stocky, healthy plants on hand, and impatient to get them into that carefully prepared garden spot. all of this work has been--or should have been--interesting, but that which follows in the next chapter is more so. chapter ix sowing and planting the importance of having good seeds has already been declared. they must not only grow, but grow into what we have bought them for--be true to name. without the latter quality we cannot be sure of good gardens, and without the former they will not be full ones. a meagre "stand" from seeds properly sown is a rather exasperating and discouraging experience to encounter. the cost for fertilizing and preparing the land is just as much, and the cost of cultivating very nearly as much, when the rows are full of thrifty plants or strung out with poor ones. whether you use ten cents' worth or ten dollars' worth, the best seed to be had will be the most economical to buy--to say nothing of the satisfaction that full rows give. and yet good seedsmen are more thoughtlessly and unjustly abused in the matter of seed vitality than in any other. inexperienced gardeners seem universally to have the conviction that the only thing required in seed sowing is to cover the seed with soil. what sort of soil it is, or in what condition, or at what depth or temperature the seed is planted, are questions about which they do not trouble themselves to think. two conditions--moisture and warmth--are necessary to induce germination of seeds, no matter how full of life they may be; and as was shown in the preceding chapter the different varieties have some choice as to the degree of each, especially of temperature. this means of course that some commonsense must be used in planting, and when planting outdoors, where we cannot regulate the temperature to our need, we simply must regulate our seed sowing to its dictates, no matter how impatient we may be. to insure the best possible germination, and thus the best gardening, we must, first of all then, settle the question of temperature when sowing out-of-doors. for practical work it serves to divide the garden vegetables into two groups, though in planting, the special suggestions in the following chapter should be consulted. when to sow outdoors sow from the end of march to the beginning of may, or when plum and peach trees bloom, the following: beet cabbage carrot cauliflower celery endive kale kohlrabi lettuce onions parsley parsnip peas radish spinach turnip water-cress sow from the beginning of may to the middle of june, or when apple trees bloom, the following: beans corn cucumber melon, musk melon, water okra pumpkin squash tomato getting the seed to sprout, however, is only the first step in the game; they must be provided with the means of immediately beginning to grow. this means that they should not be left to germinate in loosely packed soil, full of air spaces, ready to dry out at the first opportunity, and to let the tiny seed roots be shriveled up and die. the soil should touch the seed--be pressed close about it on all sides, so that the first tiny tap root will issue immediately into congenial surroundings where it can instantly take hold. such conditions can be found only in a seed-bed fine but light enough to pack, reasonably rich and sufficiently moist, and where, in addition to this, the seed has been properly planted. methods of planting the seed-bed, as it is called, is the surface prepared to receive the seed, whether for a patch of radishes or an acre of onions. for crops to be sown directly where they are to go, the chapter on preparation of the soil takes us to this point, and as stated at the conclusion of that chapter, the final preparation of the bed should be made only immediately prior to its use. having, then, good seeds on hand and the soil properly prepared to receive them, the only problem remaining is what way they shall be put in. the different habits of growth characteristic of different plants make it patent at the outset that there must be different methods of planting, for very evidently a cabbage, which occupies but three or four square feet of space and stays in one place to make a head, will not require the same treatment as a winter squash, roaming all over the garden and then escaping under the fence to hide some of its best fruit in the tall grass outside. the three systems of planting usually employed are known as "drills," "rows" and "hills." i do not remember ever seeing a definition giving the exact distinctions between them; and in horticultural writing they seem to be used, to some extent at least, interchangeably. as a rule "drills" refer to the growing of plants continuously in rows, such as onions, carrots or spinach. "rows" refer to the growing of plants at fixed distances apart in the rows such as cabbage, or potatoes--the cultivation, except hand weeding and hoeing, being all done in one direction, as with drills. "hills" refer to the growing of plants usually at equal distances, four feet or more apart each way, with cultivating done in both directions, as with melons and squashes. i describe the different methods at length so that the reader may know more definitely just what is meant by the special instructions given in the following text. sowing the seed if one observes the suggestions as to temperature just given, and the following precautions in placing the seed within the soil, failure of good seed to germinate is practically impossible. in the first place, plant _on a freshly prepared surface_, always just before a rain if possible, except in the case of very small seeds, when just after a rain will be better. if the soil is at all dry, or likely to be followed by a spell of hot, dry weather, always firm by using the back of the hoe for small seed, or the ball of the foot for larger ones, such as peas, beans or corn, to press the seed firmly and evenly into the soil before covering. then when the soil is covered in over the seed, firm along the top of the row very lightly, just enough to mark it and hold the soil in place. the depth of the drill furrow in which the seed is to be sown will depend ( ) on the variety of vegetable, ( ) on the season of planting, and ( ) on weather conditions. remember that the seed must be supplied with moisture both to germinate and to continue to exist after germination; and also that it must have soil through which the air can to some extent penetrate. keeping these things in mind, common sense dictates that seed planted in the spring, or during a wet spell of weather, will not need to be put in as deeply as should the same seed in summer or early autumn, or during a hot, dry spell. the old general rule is, to cover seed planted under glass, where the moisture can be controlled, to a depth of two or three times its diameter; and out-of-doors, to four or five times. i should say these depths were the minimums desirable. in other words, the smallest seed, such as onion, carrot, lettuce, will go in one-quarter to one-half inch deep. beets, spinach, parsnips and other medium-sized seed one-half to one inch deep, and peas, beans, corn, etc., two to four inches deep-- usually near the first figure. after the seed is sown it is of course desirable to keep the ground from baking or crusting on top, as it is likely to do after a morning rain followed directly by hot sun. if the seed sprouts have not yet reached the surface of the soil, rake very lightly across the rows with an iron rake; if they have broken through, work as close as possible to the row. the best implement i have ever seen for this purpose is the disc attachment of the double wheel hoe--see implements. an ordinarily good garden loam, into which the desirable quantity of short manure has been worked, will give little trouble by raking. in a clay soil, it often will pay, on a small scale, to sift leaf mould, sphagnum moss, or some other light porous covering, over the rows, especially for small seed. the special seed-bed, for starting late cabbage or celery, may easily be sheltered. in very hot, dry weather this method will be a great help. setting out plants the reader has not forgotten, of course, that plants as well as seeds must go into the well managed garden. we have already mentioned the hardening-off process to which they must be subjected before going into the open ground. the flats should also be given a copious watering several hours, or the day before, setting out. all being ready, with your rows made straight and marked off at the correct distances, lift out the plants with a trowel or transplanting fork, and tear or cut them apart with a knife, keeping as much soil as possible with each ball of roots. distribute them at their positions, but not so many at a time that any will dry out before you get them in place. get down on your hands and knees, and, straddling the row, proceed to "set." with the left hand, or a trowel or dibber if the ground is not soft, make a hole large enough to take the roots and the better part of the stem, place the plant in position and firm into place by bearing down with the backs of the knuckles, on either side. proceed so to the end of the row, being careful to keep your toes from undoing your good work behind you, and then finish the job by walking back over the row, still further firming in each plant by pressing down the soil at either side of the stem simultaneously with the balls of the feet. when all the rows are completed, go over the surface with the iron rake, and you will have a job thoroughly done and neatly finished. if the weather and soil are exceptionally dry it may be necessary to take the additional precautions, when planting, of putting a pint or so of water in each hole (never on the surface) previous to planting; or of puddling the roots in a thick mixture of rich soil and water. the large leaves also should be trimmed back one-half. in the case of plants that are too tall or succulent, this should be done in any case --better a day or two previous to setting out. after-care transplanting should be done whenever possible in dull weather or before rain--or even during it if you really would deserve the name of gardener! if it must be done when the sun continues strong, shade the plants from, say, ten to three o'clock, for a day or two, with half sheets of old newspapers held in tent-shaped position over the plants by stones or earth. if it is necessary to give water, do it toward evening. if the plants have been properly set, however, only extreme circumstances will render this necessary. keep a sharp lookout for cut-worms, maggots or other enemies described in chapter xiii. and above all, cultivate. never let the soil become crusted, even if there is not a weed in sight. keep the soil loosened up, for that will keep things growing. chapter x the cultivation of vegetables before taking up the garden vegetables individually, i shall outline the general practice of cultivation, which applies to all. the purposes of cultivation are three--to get rid of weeds, and to stimulate growth by ( ) letting air into the soil and freeing unavailable plant food, and ( ) by conserving moisture. as to weeds, the gardener of any experience need not be told the importance of keeping his crops clean. he has learned from bitter and costly experience the price of letting them get anything resembling a start. he knows that one or two days' growth, after they are well up, followed perhaps by a day or so of rain, may easily double or treble the work of cleaning a patch of onions or carrots, and that where weeds have attained any size they cannot be taken out of sowed crops without doing a great deal of injury. he also realizes, or should, that every day's growth means just so much available plant food stolen from under the very roots of his legitimate crops. instead of letting the weeds get away with any plant food, he should be furnishing more, for clean and frequent cultivation will not only break the soil up mechanically, but let in air, moisture and heat--all essential in effecting those chemical changes necessary to convert non- available into available plant food. long before the science in the case was discovered, the soil cultivators had learned by observation the necessity of keeping the soil nicely loosened about their growing crops. even the lanky and untutored aborigine saw to it that his squaw not only put a bad fish under the hill of maize but plied her shell hoe over it. plants need to breathe. their roots need air. you might as well expect to find the rosy glow of happiness on the wan cheeks of a cotton-mill child slave as to expect to see the luxuriant dark green of healthy plant life in a suffocated garden. important as the question of air is, that of _water_ ranks beside it. you may not see at first what the matter of frequent cultivation has to do with water. but let us stop a moment and look into it. take a strip of blotting paper, dip one end in water, and watch the moisture run up hill, soak up through the blotter. the scientists have labeled that "capillary attraction"--the water crawls up little invisible tubes formed by the texture of the blotter. now take a similar piece, cut it across, hold the two cut edges firmly together, and try it again. the moisture refuses to cross the line: the connection has been severed. in the same way the water stored in the soil after a rain begins at once to escape again into the atmosphere. that on the surface evaporates first, and that which has soaked in begins to soak in through the soil to the surface. it is leaving your garden, through the millions of soil tubes, just as surely as if you had a two-inch pipe and a gasoline engine, pumping it into the gutter night and day! save your garden by stopping the waste. it is the easiest thing in the world to do--cut the pipe in two. and the knife to do it with is-- _dust_. by frequent cultivation of the surface soil--not more than one or two inches deep for most small vegetables--the soil tubes are kept broken, and a mulch of dust is maintained. try to get over every part of your garden, especially where it is not shaded, once in every ten days or two weeks. does that seem like too much work? you can push your wheel hoe through, and thus keep the dust mulch as a constant protection, as fast as you can walk. if you wait for the weeds, you will nearly have to crawl through, doing more or less harm by disturbing your growing plants, losing all the plant food (and they will take the cream) which they have consumed, and actually putting in more hours of infinitely more disagreeable work. "a stitch in time saves nine!" have your thread and needle ready beforehand! if i knew how to give greater emphasis to this subject of thorough cultivation, i should be tempted to devote the rest of this chapter to it. if the beginner at gardening has not been convinced by the facts given, there is only one thing left to convince him--experience. having given so much space to the _reason_ for constant care in this matter, the question of methods naturally follows. i want to repeat here, my previous advice--by all means get a wheel hoe. the simplest sorts cost only a few dollars, and will not only save you an infinite amount of time and work, but do the work better, very much better than it can be done by hand. you _can_ grow good vegetables, especially if your garden is a very small one, without one of these labor-savers, but i can assure you that you will never regret the small investment necessary to procure it. with a wheel hoe, the work of preserving the soil mulch becomes very simple. if one has not a wheel hoe, for small areas very rapid work can be done with the scuffle hoe. the matter of keeping weeds cleaned out of the rows and between the plants in the rows is not so quickly accomplished. where hand-work is necessary, let it be done at once. here are a few practical suggestions that will reduce this work to a minimum, ( ) get at this work while the ground is soft; as soon as the soil begins to dry out after a rain is the best time. under such conditions the weeds will pull out by the roots, without breaking off. ( ) immediately before weeding, go over the rows with a wheel hoe, cutting shallow, but just as close as possible, leaving a narrow, plainly visible strip which must be hand- weeded. the best tool for this purpose is the double wheel hoe with disc attachment, or hoes for large plants. ( ) see to it that not only the weeds are pulled but that _every inch_ of soil surface is broken up. it is fully as important that the weeds just sprouting be destroyed, as that the larger ones be pulled up. one stroke of the weeder or the fingers will destroy a hundred weed seedlings in less time than one weed can be pulled out after it gets a good start. ( ) use one of the small hand-weeders until you become skilled with it. not only may more work be done but the fingers will be saved unnecessary wear. the skilful use of the wheel hoe can be acquired through practice only. the first thing to learn is that it is necessary to watch _the wheels only:_ the blades, disc or rakes will take care of themselves. other suggestions will be found in the chapter on implements. the operation of "hilling" consists in drawing up the soil about the stems of growing plants, usually at the time of second or third hoeing. it used to be the practice to hill everything that could be hilled "up to the eyebrows," but it has gradually been discarded for what is termed "level culture"; and the reader will readily see the reason, from what has been said about the escape of moisture from the surface of the soil; for of course the two upper sides of the hill, which may be represented by an equilateral triangle with one side horizontal, give more exposed surface than the level surface represented by the base. in wet soils or seasons hilling may be advisable, but very seldom otherwise. it has the additional disadvantage of making it difficult to maintain the soil mulch which is so desirable. rotation of crops there is another thing to be considered in making each vegetable do its best, and that is crop rotation, or the following of any vegetable with a different sort at the next planting. with some vegetables, such as cabbage, this is almost imperative, and practically all are helped by it. even onions, which are popularly supposed to be the proving exception to the rule, are healthier, and do as well after some other crop, _provided_ the soil is as finely pulverized and rich as a previous crop of onions would leave it. here are the fundamental rules of crop rotation: ( ) crops of the same vegetable, or vegetables of the same family (such as turnips and cabbage) should not follow each other. ( ) vegetables that feed near the surface, like corn, should follow deep-rooting crops. ( ) vines or leaf crops should follow root crops. ( ) quick-growing crops should follow those occupying the land all season. these are the principles which should determine the rotations to be followed in individual cases. the proper way to attend to this matter is when making the planting plan. you will then have time to do it properly, and will need to give it no further thought for a year. with the above suggestions in mind, and _put to use_, it will not be difficult to give the crops mentioned in the following chapter those special attentions which are needed to make them do their very best. chapter xi the vegetables and their special needs the garden vegetables may be considered in three groups, in each of which the various varieties are given somewhat similar treatment: the root crops, such as beets and carrots; the leaf crops, such as cabbage and lettuce; the fruit crops, such as melons and tomatoes. root crops under the first section we will consider: beet carrot kohlrabi leek onion parsnip potato salsify turnip any of these may be sown in april, in drills (with the exception of potatoes) twelve to eighteen inches apart. the soil must be rich and finely worked, in order that the roots will be even and smooth--in poor or ill-prepared soil they are likely to be misshapen, or "sprangling." they must be thinned out to the proper distances, which should be done if possible on a cloudy day, hand-weeded as often as may be required, and given clean and frequent cultivation. all, with the exception of leeks and potatoes, are given level culture. all will be greatly benefited, when about one-third grown, by a top dressing of nitrate of soda. _beet:_--beets do best in a rather light soil. those for earliest use are started under glass (as described previously) and set out six to seven inches apart in rows a foot apart. the first outdoor sowing is made as soon as the soil is ready in spring, and the seed should be put in thick, as not all will come through if bad weather is encountered. when thinning out, the small plants that are removed, tops and roots cooked together, make delicious greens. the late crop, for fall and winter use, sow the last part of june. for this crop the larger varieties are used, and on rich soil will need six to eight inches in the row and fifteen inches between rows. _carrot:_--carrots also like a soil that is rather on the sandy side, and on account of the depth to which the roots go, it should be deep and fine. the quality will be better if the soil is not too rich. a few for extra early use may be grown in the hotbeds or frame. if radishes and carrots are sown together, in alternating rows six inches apart, the former will be used by the time the carrots need the room, and in this way a single x ft. sash will yield a good supply for the home garden. use chantenay or ox-heart (see chapter xii) for this purpose. the late crop is sometimes sown between rows of onions, skipping every third row, during june, and left to mature when the onions are harvested; but unless the ground is exceptionally free from weeds, the plan is not likely to prove successful. _kohlrabi:_--while not truly a "root crop"--the edible portion being a peculiar globular enlargement of the stem--its culture is similar, as it may be sown in drills and thinned out. frequently, however, it is started in the seed-bed and transplanted, the main crop (for market) being sown in may or june. a few of these from time to time will prove very acceptable for the home table. they should be used when quite young; as small as two inches being the tenderest. _leek:_--to attain its best the leek should be started in the seed-bed, late in april, and transplanted in late june, to the richest, heaviest soil available. hill up from time to time to blanch lower part of stalk; or a few choice specimens may be had by fitting cardboard collars around the stem and drawing the earth up to these, not touching the stalk with earth. _onions:_--onions for use in the green state are grown from white "sets," put out early in april, three to four inches apart in rows twelve inches apart; or from seed sown the previous fall and protected with rough manure during the winter. these will be succeeded by the crop from "prickers" or seedlings started under glass in january or february. as onions are not transplanted before going to the garden, sow directly in the soil rather than in flats. it is safest to cover the bed with one-half inch to one inch of coarse sand, and sow the seed in this. to get stocky plants trim back twice, taking off the upper half of leaves each time, and trim back the roots one-half to two- thirds at the time of setting out, which may be any time after the middle of april. these in turn will be succeeded by onions coming from the crop sown from seed in the open. the above is for onions eaten raw in the green state when less than half grown. for the main crop for bulbs, the home supply is best grown from prickers as described above. prize-taker and gibraltar are mostly used for this purpose, growing to the size of the large spanish onions sold at grocery stores. for onions to be kept for late winter and spring use, grow from seed, sowing outdoors as early as possible. no vegetable needs a richer or more perfectly prepared soil than the onion; and especial care must be taken never to let the weeds get a start. they are gathered after the tops dry down and wither, when they should be pulled, put in broad rows for several days in the sun, and then spread out flat, not more than four inches deep, under cover with plenty of light and air. before severe freezing store in slatted barrels, as described in chapter xiv. _parsnip:_--sow as early as possible, in deep rich soil, but where no water will stand during fall and winter. the seed germinates very slowly, so the seed-bed should be very finely prepared. they will be ready for use in the fall, but are much better after the first frosts. for method of keeping see chapter xiv. _potato:_--if your garden is a small one, buy your main supply of potatoes from some nearby farmer, first trying half a bushel or so to be sure of the quality. purchase in late september or october when the crop is being dug and the price is low. for an extra early and choice supply for the home garden, start a peck or so in early march, as follows: select an early variety, seed of good size and clean; cut to pieces containing one or two eyes, and pack closely together on end in flats of coarse sand. give these full light and heat, and by the middle to end of april they will have formed dense masses of roots, and nice, strong, stocky sprouts, well leaved out. dig out furrows two and a half feet apart, and incorporate well rotted manure in the bottom, with the soil covering this until the furrow is left two to three inches deep. set the sprouted tubers, pressing firmly into the soil, about twelve inches apart, and cover in, leaving them thus three to four inches below the surface. keep well cultivated, give a light top dressing of nitrate of soda--and surprise all your neighbors! this system has not yet come extensively into use, but is practically certain of producing excellent results. for the main crop, if you have room, cut good seed to one or two eyes, leaving as much of the tuber as possible to each piece, and plant thirteen inches apart in rows three feet apart. cultivate deeply until the plants are eight to ten inches high and then shallow but frequently. as the vines begin to spread, hill up moderately, making a broad, low ridge. handle potato-bugs and blight as directed in chapter xiii. for harvesting see chapter xiv. while big crops may be grown on heavy soils, the quality will be very much better on sandy, well drained soils. planting on well rotted sod, or after green manuring, such as clover or rye, will also improve the looks and quality of the crop. like onions, they need a high percentage of potash in manures or fertilizers used; this may be given in sulphate of potash. avoid planting on ground enriched with fresh barnyard manure or immediately after a dressing of lime. _salsify:_--the "vegetable oyster," or salsify, is to my taste the most delicious root vegetable grown. it is handled practically in the same way as the parsnip, but needs, if possible, ground even more carefully prepared, in order to keep the main root from sprangling. if a fine light soil cannot be had for planting, it will pay to hoe or hand-plow furrows where the drills are to be--not many will be needed, and put in specially prepared soil, in which the seed may get a good start. _radish:_--to be of good crisp quality, it is essential with radishes to grow them just as quickly as possible. the soil should be rather sandy and not rich in fresh manure or other nitrogenous fertilizers, as this tends to produce an undesirable amount of leaves at the expense of the root. if the ground is at all dry give a thorough wetting after planting, which may be on the surface, as the seeds germinate so quickly that they will be up before the soil has time to crust over. gypsum or land-plaster, sown on white and worked into the soil, will improve both crop and quality. they are easily raised under glass, in autumn or spring in frames, requiring only forty to fifty degrees at night. it is well to plant in the hotbed, after a crop of lettuce. or sow as a double crop, as suggested under _carrots_. for outside crops, sow every ten days or two weeks. _turnip:_--while turnips will thrive well on almost any soil, the quality--which is somewhat questionable at the best--will be much better on sandy or even gravelly soil. avoid fresh manures as much as possible, as the turnip is especially susceptible to scab and worms. they are best when quite small and for the home table a succession of sowing, only a few at a time, will give the best results. leaf crops under leaf crops are considered also those of which the stalk or the flower heads form the edible portion, such as celery and cauliflower. asparagus brussels sprouts cabbage cauliflower celery endive kale lettuce parsley rhubarb spinach the quality of all these will depend largely upon growing them rapidly and without check from the seed-bed to the table. they are all great nitrogen-consumers and therefore take kindly to liberal supplies of yard manure, which is high in nitrogen. for celery the manure is best applied to some preceding crop, such as early cabbage. the others will take it "straight." most of these plants are best started under glass or in the seed-bed and transplanted later to permanent positions. they will all be helped greatly by a top-dressing of nitrate of soda, worked into the soil as soon as they have become established. this, if it fails to produce the dark green healthy growth characteristic of its presence, should be followed by a second application after two or three weeks--care being taken, of course, to use it with reason and restraint, as directed in chapter vi. another method of growing good cabbages and similar plants, where the ground is not sufficiently rich to carry the crop through, is to "manure in the hill," either yard or some concentrated manure being used. if yard manure, incorporate a good forkful with the soil where each plant is to go. (if any considerable number are being set, it will of course be covered in a furrow--first being trampled down, with the plow). another way, sure of producing results, and not inconvenient for a few hundred plants, is to mark out the piece, dig out with a spade or hoe a hole some five inches deep at each mark, dilute poultry manure in an old pail until about the consistency of thick mud, and put a little less than half a trowelful in each hole. mix with the soil and cover, marking the spot with the back of the hoe, and then set the plants. by this method, followed by a top-dressing of nitrate of soda, i have repeatedly grown fine cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce and sprouts. cotton-seed meal is also very valuable for manuring in the hill--about a handful to a plant, as it is rich in nitrogen and rapidly decomposes. the cabbage group is sometimes hilled up, but if set well down and frequently cultivated, on most soils this will not be necessary. they all do best in very deep, moderately heavy soil, heavily manured and rather moist. an application of lime some time before planting will be a beneficial precaution. with this group rotation also is almost imperative. the most troublesome enemies attacking these plants are: the flea- beetle, the cabbage-worm, the cabbage-maggot (root) and "club-root"; directions for fighting all of which will be found in the following chapter. _asparagus:_--asparagus is rightly esteemed one of the very best spring vegetables. there is a general misconception, however--due to the old methods of growing it--concerning the difficulty of having a home supply. as now cared for, it is one of the easiest of all vegetables to grow, when once the beds are set and brought to bearing condition. nor is it difficult to make the bed, and the only reason why asparagus is not more universally found in the home garden, beside that mentioned above, is because one has to wait a year for results. in selecting a spot for the asparagus bed, pick out the earliest and best drained soil available, even if quite sandy it will do well. plow or dig out trenches three feet apart and sixteen to twenty inches deep. in the bottoms of these tramp down firmly six to eight inches of old, thoroughly rotted manure. cover with six to eight inches of good soil-- not that coming from the bottom of the trench--and on this set the crowns or root-clumps--preferably one-year ones--being careful to spread the roots out evenly, and covering with enough soil to hold in position, making them firm in the soil. the roots are set one foot apart. then fill in level, thus leaving the crowns four to six inches below the surface. as the stalks appear give a light dressing of nitrate of soda and keep the crop cleanly cultivated. (lettuce, beets, beans or any of the small garden vegetables may be grown between the asparagus rows during the first part of the season, for the first two years, thus getting some immediate return from labor and manure). the stalks should not be cut until the second spring after planting and then only very lightly. after that full crops may be had. after the first season, besides keeping cleanly cultivated at all times, in the fall clear off and burn all tops and weeds and apply a good coating of manure. dig or lightly cultivate this in the spring, applying also a dressing of nitrate of soda, as soon as the stalks appear. if the yield is not heavy, give a dressing of bone or of the basic fertilizers mentioned earlier. it is not difficult to grow plants from seed, but is generally more satisfactory to get the roots from some reliable seedsman. _broccoli:-the broccoli makes a flower head as does the cauliflower. it is, however, inferior in quality and is not grown to any extent where the latter will succeed. it has the one advantage of being hardier and thus can be grown where the cauliflower is too uncertain to make its culture worth while. for culture directions see _cauliflower_. _brussels sprouts:_--in my opinion this vegetable leaves the cabbage almost as far behind as the cauliflower does. it is, if anything, more easily grown than cabbage, except that the young plants do not seem able to stand quite so much cold. when mature, however, it seems to stand almost any amount of freezing, and it is greatly improved by a few smart frosts, although it is very good when succeeding the spring crop of cauliflower. it takes longer to mature than either cabbage or cauliflower. _cabbage:_--cabbage is one of the few vegetables which may be had in almost as good quality from the green-grocer as it can be grown at home, and as it takes up considerable space, it may often be advisable to omit the late sorts from the home garden if space is very limited. the early supply, however, should come from the garden--some people think it should stay there, but i do not agree with them. properly cooked it is a very delicious vegetable. what has already been said covers largely the conditions for successful culture. the soil should be of the richest and deepest, and well dressed with lime. lettuce is grown with advantage between the rows of early cabbage, and after both are harvested the ground is used for celery. the early varieties may be set as closely as eighteen inches in the row, and twenty-four between rows. the lettuce is taken out before the row is needed. the late crop is started in the outside seed-bed about june st to th. it will help give better plants to cut back the tops once or twice during growth, and an occasional good soaking in dry weather will prove very beneficial. they are set in the field during july, and as it often is very dry at this time, those extra precautions mentioned in directions for setting out plants, in the preceding chapter, should be taken. if the newly set plants are dusted with wood ashes, it will be a wise precaution against insect pests. _cauliflower:_--the cauliflower is easily the queen of the cabbage group: also it is the most difficult to raise. ( ) it is the most tender and should not be set out quite so early. ( ) it is even a ranker feeder than the cabbage, and just before heading up will be greatly improved by applications of liquid manure. ( ) it must have water, and unless the soil is a naturally damp one, irrigation, either by turning the hose on between the rows, or directly around the plants, must be given--two or three times should be sufficient. ( ) the heads must be protected from the sun. this is accomplished by tying up the points of leaves, so as to form a tent, or breaking them (snap the mid- rib only), and folding them down over the flower. ( ) they must be used as soon as ready, for they deteriorate very quickly. take them while the head is still solid and firm, before the little flower tips begin to open out. _celery:_--this is another favorite vegetable which has a bad reputation to live down. they used to plant it at the bottom of a twelve-inch trench and spend all kinds of unnecessary labor over it. it can be grown perfectly well on the level and in the average home garden. as to soil, celery prefers a moist one, but it must be well drained. the home supply can, however, be grown in the ordinary garden, especially if water may be had in case of injurious drouth. for the early crop the best sorts are the white plume and golden self- blanching. seed is sown in the last part of february or first part of march. the seed is very fine and the greatest pains must be taken to give the best possible treatment. the seed should be pressed into the soil and barely covered with very light soil--half sifted leaf-mould or moss. never let the boxes dry out, and as soon as the third or fourth leaf comes, transplant; cut back the outside leaves, and set as deeply as possible without covering the crown. the roots also, if long, should be cut back. this trimming of leaves and roots should be given at each transplanting, thus assuring a short stocky growth. culture of the early crop, after setting out, is easier than that for the winter crop. there are two systems: ( ) the plants are set in rows three or four feet apart, six inches in the row, and blanched, either by drawing up the earth in a hill and working it in about the stalks with the fingers (this operation is termed "handling"), or else by the use of boards laid on edge along the rows, on either side. ( ) the other method is called the "new celery culture," and in it the plants are set in beds eight inches apart each way (ten or twelve inches for large varieties), the idea being to make the tops of the plants supply the shade for the blanching. this method has two disadvantages: it requires extra heavy manuring and preparation of soil, and plenty of moisture; and even with this aid the stalks never attain the size of those grown in rows. the early crop should be ready in august. the quality is never so good as that of the later crops. for the main or winter crop, sow the seed about april st. the same extra care must be taken as in sowing under glass. in hot, dry weather, shade the beds; never let them dry out. transplant to second bed as soon as large enough to develop root system, before setting in the permanent position. when setting in late june or july, be sure to put the plants in up to the hearts, not over, and set firmly. give level clean culture until about august th, when, with the hoe, wheel hoe or cultivator, earth should be drawn up along the rows, followed by "handling." the plants for early use are trenched (see chapter xiv), but that left for late use must be banked up, which is done by making the hills higher still, by the use of the spade. for further treatment see chapter xiv. care must be taken not to perform any work in the celery patch while the plants are wet. _corn salad or fetticus:_--this salad plant is not largely grown. it is planted about the middle of april and given the same treatment as spinach. _chicory:_--this also is little grown. the witloof, a kind now being used, is however much more desirable. sow in drills, thin to five or six inches, and in august or september, earth up, as with early celery, to blanch the stalks, which are used for salads, or boiled. cut-back roots, planted in boxes of sand placed in a moderately warm dark place and watered, send up a growth of tender leaves, making a fine salad. _chervil:_--curled chervil is grown the same as parsley and used for garnishing or seasoning. the root variety resembles the stump- rooted carrot, the quality being improved by frost. sow in april or september. treat like parsnip. _chives:_--leaves are used for imparting an onion flavor. a clump of roots set put will last many years. _cress:_--another salad little grown in the home garden. to many, however, its spicy, pungent flavor is particularly pleasing. it is easily grown, but should be planted frequently--about every two weeks. sow in drills, twelve to fourteen inches apart. its only special requirement is moisture. water is not necessary, but if a bed can be started in some clean stream or pool, it will take care of itself. upland cress or "pepper grass" grows in ordinary garden soil, being one of the very first salads. sow in april, in drills twelve or fourteen inches apart. it grows so rapidly that it may be had in five or six weeks. sow frequently for succession, as it runs to seed very quickly. _chard:_--see _spinach. dandelion:_--this is an excellent "greens," but as the crop is not ready until second season from planting it is not grown as much as it should be. sow the seed in april--very shallow. it is well to put in with it a few lettuce or turnip seed to mark the rows. drills should be one foot apart, and plants thinned to eight to twelve inches. the quality is infinitely superior to the wild dandelion and may be still further improved by blanching. if one is content to take a small crop, a cutting may be made in the fall, the same season as the sowing. _endive:_--this salad vegetable is best for fall use. sow in june or july, in drills eighteen to twenty-four inches apart, and thin to ten to twelve inches. to be fit for use it must be blanched, either by tying up with raffia in a loose bunch, or by placing two wide boards in an inverted v shape over the rows; and in either case be sure the leaves are dry when doing this. _kale:_--kale is a non-heading member of the cabbage group, used as greens, both in spring and winter. it is improved by frost, but even then is a little tough and heavy. its chief merit lies in the fact that it is easily had when greens of the better sorts are hard to get, as it may be left out and cut as needed during winter--even from under snow. the fall crop is given the same treatment as late cabbage. siberian kale is sown in september and wintered-over like spinach. _lettuce:_--lettuce is grown in larger quantities than all the other salad plants put together. by the use of hotbeds it may be had practically the year round. the first sowing for the spring under-glass crop is made in january or february. these are handled as for the planting outside--see chapter viii.--but are set in the frames six to eight inches each way, according to variety. ventilate freely during the day when over ° give ° at night. water only when needed, but then thoroughly, and preferably only on mornings of bright sunny days. the plants for first outdoor crops are handled as already described. after april st planting should be made every two weeks. during july and august the seed-beds must be kept shaded and moist. in august, first sowing for fall under-glass crop is made, which can be matured in coldframes; later sowings going into hotbeds. in quality, i consider the hard-heading varieties superior to the loose-heading sorts, but of course that is a matter of taste. the former is best for crops maturing from the middle of june until september, the latter for early and late sowings, as they mature more quickly. the cos type is good for summer growing but should be tied up to blanch well. to be at its best, lettuce should be grown very rapidly, and the use of top-dressings of nitrate are particularly beneficial with this crop. the ground should be light, warm, and very rich, and cultivation shallow but frequent. _mushroom:_--while the mushroom is not a garden crop, strictly speaking, still it is one of the most delicious of all vegetables for the home table, and though space does not permit a long description of the several details of its culture, i shall try to include all the essential points as succinctly as possible, ( ) the place for the bed may be found in any sheltered, dry spot--cellar, shed or greenhouse-- where an even temperature of to degrees can be maintained and direct sunlight excluded. (complete darkness is _not_ necessary; it is frequently so considered, but only because in dark places the temperature and moisture are apt to remain more even.) ( ) the material is fresh horse-manure, from which the roughest of the straw has been shaken out. this is stacked in a compact pile and trampled--wetting down if at all dry--to induce fermentation. this process must be repeated four or five times, care being required never to let the heap dry out and burn; time for re-stacking being indicated by the heap's steaming. at the second or third turning, add about one-fifth, in bulk, of light loam. ( ) when the heat of the pile no longer rises above to degrees (as indicated by a thermometer) put into the beds, tramping or beating very firmly, until about ten inches deep. when the temperature recedes to degrees, put in the spawn. each brick will make a dozen or so pieces. put these in three inches deep, and twelve by nine inches apart, covering lightly. then beat down the surface evenly. after eight days, cover with two inches of light loam, firmly compacted. this may be covered with a layer of straw or other light material to help maintain an even degree of moisture, but should be removed as soon as the mushrooms begin to appear. water only when the soil is very dry; better if water is warmed to about degrees. when gathering never leave stems in the bed as they are likely to breed maggots. the crop should appear in six to eight weeks after spawning the bed. _parsley:_--this very easily grown little plant should have at least a row or two in the seed-bed devoted to it. for use during winter, a box or a few pots may be filled with cut-back roots and given moderate temperature and moisture. if no frames are on hand, the plants usually will do well in a sunny window. parsley seed is particularly slow in germinating. use a few seeds of turnip or carrot to indicate the rows, and have the bed very finely prepared. _rhubarb:_--this is another of the standard vegetables which no home garden should be without. for the bed pick out a spot where the roots can stay without interfering with the plowing and working of the garden--next the asparagus bed, if in a good early location, will be as good as any. one short row will supply a large family. the bed is set either with roots or young plants, the former being the usual method. the ground should first be made as deep and rich as possible. if poor, dig out the rows, which should be four or five feet apart, to a depth of two feet or more and work in a foot of good manure, refilling with the best of the soil excavated. set the roots about four feet apart in the row, the crowns being about four inches below the surface. no stalks should be cut the first season; after that they will bear abundantly many years. in starting from seed, sow in march in frames or outside in april; when well along-about the first of june--set out in rows, eighteen by twelve inches. by the following april they will be ready for their permanent position. manuring in the fall, as with asparagus, to be worked in in the spring, is necessary for good results. i know of no crop which so quickly responds to liberal dressings of nitrate of soda, applied first just as growth starts in in the spring. the seed stalks should be broken off as fast as they appear, until late in the season. _sea-kale:_--when better known in this country, sea-kale will be given a place beside the asparagus and rhubarb, for, like them, it may be used year after year. many believe it superior in quality to either asparagus or cauliflower. it is grown from either seed or pieces of the root, the former method, being probably the more satisfactory. sow in april, in drills fourteen inches apart, thinning to five or six. transplant in the following spring as described for rhubarb--but setting three feet apart each way. in the fall, after the leaves have fallen--and every succeeding fall-- cover each crown with a shovelful of clean sand and then about eighteen inches of earth, dug out from between the rows. this is to blanch the spring growth. after cutting, shovel off the earth and sand and enrich with manure for the following season's growth. _spinach:_--for the first spring crop of this good and wholesome vegetable, the seed is sown in september, and carried over with a protection of hay or other rough litter. crops for summer and fall are sown in successive plantings from april on, long-standing being the best sort to sow after about may th. seed of the new zealand spinach should be soaked several hours in hot water, before being planted. for the home garden, i believe that the swiss chard beet is destined to be more popular, as it becomes known, than any of the spinaches. it is sown in plantings from april on, but will yield leaves all season long; they are cut close to the soil, and in an almost incredibly short time the roots have thrown up a new crop, the amount taken during the season being wonderful. spinach wants a strong and very rich soil, and dressings of nitrate show good results. the fruit crops under this heading are included: bean, dwarf bean, pole corn peas cucumber egg-plant melon, musk melon, water okra pepper pumpkins squash tomato most of these vegetables differ from both the preceding groups in two important ways. first of all, the soil should not be made too rich, especially in nitrogenous manures, such as strong fresh yard-manure; although light dressings of nitrate of soda are often of great help in giving them a quick start--as when setting out in the field. second, they are warm-weather loving plants, and nothing is gained by attempting to sow or set out the plants until all danger from late frosts is over, and the ground is well warmed up. (peas, of course, are an exception to this rule, and to some extent the early beans.) third, they require much more room and are grown for the most part in hills. light, warm, "quick," sandy to gravelly soils, and old, fine, well rotted manure--applied generally in the hill besides that plowed under, make the best combination for results. such special hills are prepared by marking off, digging out the soil to the depth of eight to ten inches, and eighteen inches to two feet square, and incorporating several forkfuls of the compost. a little guano, or better still cottonseed meal, say / to gill of the former, or a gill of the latter, mixed with the compost when putting into the hill, will also be very good. hills to be planted early should be raised an inch or two above the surface, unless they are upon sloping ground. the greatest difficulty in raising all the vine fruits--melons, etc.-- is in successfully combating their insect enemies--the striped beetle, the borer and the flat, black "stink-bug," being the worst of these. remedies will be suggested in the next chapter. but for the home garden, where only a few hills of each will be required, by far the easiest and the only sure way of fighting them will be by protecting with bottomless boxes, large enough to cover the hills, and covered with mosquito netting, or better, "plant-protecting cloth," which has the additional merit of giving the hills an early start. these boxes may be easily made of one-half by eight-inch boards, or from ordinary cracker-boxes, such as used for making flats. plants so protected in the earlier stages of growth will usually either not be attacked, or will, with the assistance of the remedies described in the following chapter, be able to withstand the insect's visits. _beans, dwarf:_--beans are one of the most widely liked of all garden vegetables--and one of the most easily grown. they are very particular about only one thing--not to have a heavy wet soil. the dwarf or bush sorts are planted in double or single drills, eighteen to twenty-four inches apart, and for the first sowing not much over an inch deep. later plantings should go in two to three inches deep, according to soil. ashes or some good mixed fertilizer high in potash, applied and well mixed in at time of planting, will be very useful. as the plants gain size they should be slightly hilled--to help hold the stalks up firmly. never work over or pick from the plants while they are wet. the dwarf limas should not be planted until ten to fourteen days later than the early sorts. be sure to put them in edgeways, with the eye down, and when there is no prospect of immediate rain, or the whole planting is fairly sure to be lost. _beans, pole:_--the pole varieties should not go in until about the time for the limas. plant in specially prepared hills (see above) ten to twenty seeds, and when well up thin, leaving three to five. poles are best set when preparing the hills. a great improvement over the old-fashioned pole is made by nailing building laths firmly across x -in. posts seven or eight feet high (see illustration). to secure extra early pods on the poles pinch back the vines at five feet high. _corn:_--for extra early ears, corn may easily be started on sod, as directed for cucumbers. be sure, however, not to get into the open until danger from frost is over--usually at least ten days after it is safe for the first planting, which is seldom made before may st. frequent, shallow cultivation is a prime necessity in growing this crop. when well up, thin to four stalks to a hill--usually five to seven kernels being planted. a slight hilling when the tassels appear will be advisable. plant frequently for succession crops. the last sowing may be made as late as the first part of july if the seed is well firmed in, to assure immediate germination. sweet corn for the garden is frequently planted in drills, about three feet apart, and thinning to ten to twelve inches. _cucumber:_--this universal favorite is easily grown if the striped beetle is held at bay. for the earliest fruits start on sod in the frames: cut out sods four to six inches square, where the grass indicates rich soil. pack close together in the frame, grass side down, and push seven or eight seeds into each, firmly enough to be held in place, covering with about one and a half inches of light soil; water thoroughly and protect with glass or cloth, taking care to ventilate, as described in chapter viii. set out in prepared hills after danger of frost is over. outside crop is planted directly in the hills, using a dozen or more seeds and thinning to three or four. _egg-plant:_--the egg-plant is always started under glass, for the northern states, and should be twice transplanted, the second time into pots, to be of the best size when put out. this should not be until after tomatoes are set, as it is perhaps the tenderest of all garden vegetables as regards heat. the soil should be very rich and as moist as can be selected. if dry, irrigating will be necessary. this should not be delayed until the growth becomes stunted, as sudden growth then induced is likely to cause the fruit to crack. watch for potato-bugs on your egg-plants. they seem to draw these troublesome beetles as a magnet does iron filings, and i have seen plants practically ruined by them in one day. as they seem to know there will not be time to eat the whole fruit they take pains to eat into the stems. the only sure remedy is to knock them off with a piece of shingle into a pan of water and kerosene. egg-plants are easily burned by paris green, and that standard remedy cannot be so effectively used as on other crops; hellebore or arsenate of lead is good. as the season of growth is very limited, it is advisable, besides having the plants as well developed as possible when set out, to give a quick start with cotton-seed meal or nitrate, and liquid manure later is useful, as they are gross feeders. the fruits are ready to eat from the size of a turkey egg to complete development. _melon, musk:_--the culture of this delicious vegetable is almost identical with that of the cucumber. if anything it is more particular about having light soil. if put in soil at all heavy, at the time of preparing the hill, add sand and leaf-mould to the compost, the hills made at least three feet square, and slightly raised. this method is also of use in planting the other vine crops. _melon, water:_--in the warm southern states watermelons may be grown cheaply, and they are so readily shipped that in the small home gardens it will not pay to grow them, for they take up more space than any other vegetable, with the exception of winter squash. the one advantage of growing them, where there is room, is that better quality than that usually to be bought may be obtained. give them the hottest spot in the garden and a sandy quick soil. use a variety recommended for your particular climate. give the same culture as for musk melon, except that the hill should be at least six to ten feet apart each way. by planting near the edge of the garden, and pinching back the vines, room may be saved and the ripening up of the crop made more certain. _okra:_--although the okra makes a very strong plant--and incidentally is one of the most ornamental of all garden vegetables-- the seed is quickly rotted by wet or cold. sow not earlier than may th, in warm soil, planting thinly in drills, about one and a half inches deep, and thinning to a foot or so; cultivate as with corn in drills. all pods not used for soup or stems during summer may be dried and used in winter. _peas:_--with care in making successive sowings, peas may be had during a long season. the earliest, smooth varieties are planted in drills twelve to eighteen inches apart, early in april. these are, however, of very inferior quality compared to the wrinkled sorts, which may now be had practically as early as the others. with the market gardener, the difference of a few days in the maturing of the crop is of a great deal more importance than the quality, but for the home garden the opposite is true. another method of planting the dwarf-growing kinds is to make beds of four rows, six to eight inches apart, with a two-foot alley between beds. the tall-growing sorts must be supported by brush or in other ways; and are put about four feet apart in double rows, six inches apart. the early varieties if sown in august will usually mature a good fall crop. the early plantings should be made in light, dry soil and but one inch deep; the later ones in deep loam. in neither case should the ground be made too rich, especially in nitrogen; and it should not be wet when the seed is planted. _pepper:_--a dozen pepper plants will give abundance of pods for the average family. the varieties have been greatly improved within recent years in the quality of mildness. the culture recommended for egg-plant is applicable also to the pepper. the main difference is that, although the pepper is very tender when young, the crop maturing in the autumn will not be injured by considerable frost. _pumpkin:_--the "sugar" or "pie" varieties of the pumpkin are the only ones used in garden culture, and these only where there is plenty of ground for all other purposes. the culture is the same as that for late squashes, which follows. _squash:_--for the earliest squash the bush varieties of scallop are used; to be followed by the summer crookneck and other summer varieties, best among which are the fordhook and delicata. for all, hills should be prepared as described at the beginning of this section and in addition it is well to mix with manure a shovelful of coal ashes, used to keep away the borer, to the attack of which the squash is particularly liable. the cultivation is the same as that used for melons or cucumbers, except that the hills for the winter sorts must be at least eight feet apart and they are often put twelve. _tomato:_--for the earliest crop, tomatoes are started about march st. they should be twice transplanted, and for best results the second transplanting should be put into pots--or into the frames, setting six to eight inches each way. they are not set out until danger of frost is over, and the ground should not be too rich; old manure used in the hill, with a dressing of nitrate at setting out, or a few days after, will give them a good start. according to variety, they are set three to five feet apart--four feet, where staking or trellising is given, as it should always be in garden culture, will be as much as the largest- growing plants require. it will pay well, both for quality and quantity of fruit, to keep most of the suckers cut or rubbed off. the ripening of a few fruits may be hastened by tying paper bags over the bunches, or by picking and ripening on a board in the hot sun. for ripening fruit after frost see chapter xiv. a sharp watch should be kept for the large green tomato-worm, which is almost exactly the color of the foliage. his presence may first be noticed by fruit and leaves eaten. hand-picking is the best remedy. protection must be made against the cutworm in localities where he works. all the above, of course, will be considered in connection with the tabulated information as to dates, depths and distances for sowing, quantities, etc., given in the table in chapter iv, and is supplemented by the information about insects, diseases and harvesting given in chapters xiii and xiv, and especially in the chapter on varieties which follows, and which is given separately from the present chapter in order that the reader may the more readily make out a list, when planning his garden or making up his order sheet for the seedsman. chapter xii best varieties of the garden vegetables it is my purpose in this chapter to assist the gardener of limited experience to select varieties sure to give satisfaction. to the man or woman planning a garden for the first time there is no one thing more confusing than the selection of the best varieties. this in spite of the fact that catalogues should be, and might be, a great help instead of almost an actual hindrance. i suppose that seedsmen consider extravagance in catalogues, both in material and language, necessary, or they would not go to the limit in expense for printing and mailing, as they do. but from the point of view of the gardener, and especially of the beginner, it is to be regretted that we cannot have the plain unvarnished truth about varieties, for surely the good ones are good enough to use up all the legitimate adjectives upon which seedsmen would care to pay postage. but such is not the case. every season sees the introduction of literally hundreds of new varieties--or, as is more often the case, old varieties under new names--which have actually no excuse for being unloaded upon the public except that they will give a larger profit to the seller. of course, in a way, it is the fault of the public for paying the fancy prices asked--that is, that part of the public which does not know. commercial planters and experienced gardeners stick to well known sorts. new varieties are tried, if at all, by the packet only--and then "on suspicion." in practically every instance the varieties mentioned have been grown by the author, but his recommendations are by no means based upon personal experience alone. wherever introductions of recent years have proved to be actual improvements upon older varieties, they are given in preference to the old, which are, of course, naturally much better known. it is impossible for any person to pick out this, that or the other variety of a vegetable and label it unconditionally "the best." but the person who wants to save time in making out his seed list can depend upon the following to have been widely tested, and to have "made good." _asparagus:_--while there are enthusiastic claims put forth for several of the different varieties of asparagus, as far as i have seen any authentic record of tests (bulletin , n. j. agr. exp. station), the prize goes to palmetto, which gave twenty-eight per cent. more than its nearest rival, donald's elmira. big yield alone is frequently no recommendation of a vegetable to the home gardener, but in this instance it does make a big difference; first, because palmetto is equal to any other asparagus in quality, and second, because the asparagus bed is producing only a few weeks during the gardening season, and where ground is limited, as in most home gardens, it is important to cut this waste space down as much as possible. this is for beds kept in good shape and highly fed. barr's mammoth will probably prove more satisfactory if the bed is apt to be more or less neglected, for the reason that under such circumstances it will make thicker stalks than the palmetto. _beans (dwarf):_--of the dwarf beans there are three general types: the early round-podded "string" beans, the stringless round- pods, and the usually more flattish "wax" beans. for first early, the old reliable extra early red valentine remains as good as any sort i have ever tried. in good strains of this variety the pods have very slight strings, and they are very fleshy. it makes only a small bush and is fairly productive and of good quality. the care-taking planter, however, will put in only enough of these first early beans to last a week or ten days, as the later sorts are more prolific and of better quality. burpee's stringless greenpod is a good second early. it is larger, finer, stringless even when mature, and of exceptionally handsome appearance. improved refugee is the most prolific of the green-pods, and the best of them for quality, but with slight strings. of the "wax" type, brittle wax is the earliest, and also a tremendous yielder. the long-time favorite, rust-proof golden wax, is another fine sort, and an especially strong healthy grower. the top-notch in quality among all bush beans is reached, perhaps, in burpee's white wax--the white referring not to the pods, which are of a light yellow, and flat --but to the beans, which are pure white in all stages of growth. it has one unusual and extremely valuable quality--the pods remain tender longer than those of any other sort. of the dwarf limas there is a new variety which is destined, i think, to become the leader of the half-dozen other good sorts to be had. that is the burpee improved. the name is rather misleading, as it is not an improved strain of the dreer's or kumerle bush lima, but a mutation, now thoroughly fixed. the bushes are stronger-growing and much larger than those of the older types, reaching a height of nearly three feet, standing strongly erect; both pods and beans are much larger, and it is a week earlier. henderson's new early giant i have not yet tried, but from the description i should say it is the same type as the above. of the pole limas, the new giant-podded is the hardiest--an important point in limas, which are a little delicate in constitution anyway, especially in the seedling stage--and the biggest yielder of any i have grown and just as good in quality--and there is no vegetable much better than well cooked limas. with me, also, it has proved as early as that old standard, early leviathan, but this may have been a chance occurrence. ford's mammoth is another excellent pole lima of large size. of the other pole beans, the two that are still my favorites are kentucky wonder, or old homestead, and golden cluster. the former has fat meaty green pods, entirely stringless until nearly mature, and of enormous length. i have measured many over eight and a half inches long--and they are borne in great profusion. golden cluster is one of the handsomest beans i know. it is happily named, for the pods, of a beautiful rich golden yellow color, hang in generous clusters and great profusion. in quality it has no superior; it has always been a great favorite with my customers. one need never fear having too many of these, as the dried beans are pure white and splendid for winter use. last season i tried a new pole bean called burger's green-pod stringless or white-seeded kentucky wonder (the dried seeds of the old sort being brown). it did well, but was in so dry a place that i could not tell whether it was an improvement over the standard or not. it is claimed to be earlier. _beets:_--in beets, varieties are almost endless, but i confess that i have found no visible difference in many cases. edmund's early and early model are good for first crops. the egyptian strains, though largely used for market, have never been as good in quality with me. for the main crop i like crimson globe. in time it is a second early, of remarkably good form, smooth skin and fine quality and color. _broccoli:_--this vegetable is a poorer cousin of the cauliflower (which, by the way, has been termed "only a cabbage with a college education"). it is of little use where cauliflower can be grown, but serves as a substitute in northern sections, as it is more hardy than that vegetable. early white french is the standard sort. _brussels sprouts:_--this vegetable, in my opinion, is altogether too little grown. it is as easy to grow as fall and winter cabbage, and while the yield is less, the quality is so much superior that for the home garden it certainly should be a favorite. today (jan. th) we had for dinner sprouts from a few old plants that had been left in transplanting boxes in an open coldframe. these had been out all winter--with no protection, repeatedly freezing and thawing, and, while of course small, they were better in quality than any cabbage you ever ate. dalkeith is the best dwarf-growing sort. danish prize is a new sort, giving a much heavier yield than the older types. i have tried it only one year, but should say it will become the standard variety. _cabbage:_--in cabbages, too, there is an endless mix-up of varieties. the jersey wakefield still remains the standard early. but it is at the best but a few days ahead of the flat-headed early sorts which stand much longer without breaking, so that for the home garden a very few heads will do. glory of enkhuisen is a new early sort that has become a great favorite. early summer and succession are good to follow these, and danish ballhead is the best quality winter cabbage, and unsurpassed for keeping qualities. but for the home garden the savoy type is, to my mind, far and away the best. it is not in the same class with the ordinary sorts at all. perfection drumhead savoy is the best variety. of the red cabbages, mammoth rock is the standard. _carrots:_--the carrots are more restricted as to number of varieties. golden ball is the earliest of them all, but also the smallest yielder. early scarlet horn is the standard early, being a better yielder than the above. the danvers half-long is probably grown more than all other kinds together. it grows to a length of about six inches, a very attractive deep orange in color. where the garden soil is not in excellent condition, and thoroughly fined and pulverized as it should be, the shorter-growing kinds, ox-heart and chantenay, will give better satisfaction. if there is any choice in quality, i should award it to chantenay. _cauliflower_;--there is hardly a seed catalogue which does not contain its own special brand of the very best and earliest cauliflower ever introduced. these are for the most part selected strains of either the old favorite, henderson's snowball, or the old early dwarf erfurt. snowball, and burpee's best early, which resembles it, are the best varieties i have ever grown for spring or autumn. they are more likely to head, and of much finer quality than any of the large late sorts. where climatic conditions are not favorable to growing cauliflower, and in dry sections, dry-weather is the most certain to form heads. _celery:_--for the home garden the dwarf-growing, "self-blanching" varieties of celery are much to be preferred. white plume and golden self-blanching are the best. the former is the earliest celery and of excellent quality, but not a good keeper. recent introductions in celery have proved very real improvements. perhaps the best of the newer sorts, for home use, is winter queen, as it is more readily handled than some of the standard market sorts. in quality it has no superior. when put away for winter properly, it will keep through april. _corn:_--you will have to suit yourself about corn. i have not the temerity to name any best varieties--every seedsman has about half a dozen that are absolutely unequaled. for home use, i have cut my list down to three: golden bantam, a dwarf-growing early of extraordinary hardiness--can be planted earlier than any other sort and, while the ears are small and with yellow kernels, it is exceptionally sweet and fine in flavor. this novelty of a few years since, has attained wide popular favor as quickly as any vegetable i know. seymour's sweet orange is a new variety, somewhat similar to golden bantam, but later and larger, of equally fine quality. white evergreen, a perfected strain of stowell's evergreen, a standard favorite for years, is the third. it stays tender longer than any other sweet corn i have ever grown. _cucumbers:_--of cucumbers also there is a long and varied list of names. the old extra early white spine is still the best early; for the main crop, some "perfected" form of white spine. i myself like the fordhood famous, as it is the healthiest strain i ever grew, and has very large fruit that stays green, while being of fine quality. in the last few years the davis perfect has won great popularity, and deservedly so. many seedsmen predict that this is destined to become the leading standard--and where seedsmen agree let us prick up our ears! it has done very well with me, the fruit being the handsomest of any i have grown. if it proves as strong a grower it will replace fordhood famous with me. _egg-plant:_--new york improved purple is still the standard, but it has been to a large extent replaced by black beauty, which has the merit of being ten days earlier and a more handsome fruit. when once tried it will very likely be the only sort grown. _endive:_--this is a substitute for lettuce for which i personally have never cared. it is largely used commercially. broad-leaved batavian is a good variety. giant fringed is the largest. _kale:_--kale is a foreigner which has never been very popular in this country. dwarf scott curled is the tenderest and most delicate (or least coarse) in flavor. _kohlrabi:_--this peculiar mongrel should be better known. it looks as though a turnip had started to climb into the cabbage class and stopped half-way. when gathered young, not more than an inch and a half in diameter at the most, they are quite nice and tender. they are of the easiest cultivation. white vienna is the best. _leek:_--for those who like this sort of thing it is--just the sort of thing they like. american flag is the best variety, but why it was given the first part of that name, i do not know. _lettuce:_--to cover the lettuces thoroughly would take a chapter by itself. for lack of space, i shall have to mention only a few varieties, although there are many others as good and suited to different purposes. for quality, i put mignonette at the top of the list, but it makes very small heads. grand rapids is the best loose- head sort--fine for under glass, in frames and early outdoors. last fall from a bench x ft., i sold $ worth in one crop, besides some used at home. i could not sell winter head lettuce to customers who had once had this sort, so good was its quality. may king and big boston are the best outdoor spring and early summer sorts. new york and deacon are the best solid cabbage-head types for resisting summer heat, and long standing. of the cos type paris white is good. _muskmelon:_--the varieties of muskmelon are also without limit. i mention but two--which have given good satisfaction out of a large number tried, in my own experience. netted gem (known as rocky ford) for a green-fleshed type, and emerald gem for salmon-fleshed. there are a number of newer varieties, such as hoodoo, miller's cream, montreal, nutmeg, etc., all of excellent quality. _watermelon:_--with me (in connecticut) the seasons are a little short for this fruit. cole's early and sweetheart have made the best showing. halbert honey is the best for quality. _okra:_--in cool sections the perfected perkins does best, but it is not quite so good in quality as the southern favorite, white velvet. the flowers and plants of this vegetable are very ornamental. _onion:_--for some unknown reason, different seedsmen call the same onion by the same name. i have never found any explanation of this, except that a good many onions given different names in the catalogues are really the same thing. at least they grade into each other more than other vegetables. with me prizetaker is the only sort now grown in quantity, as i have found it to outyield all other yellows, and to be a good keeper. it is a little milder in quality than the american yellows--danvers and southport globe. when started under glass and transplanted out in april, it attains the size and the quality of the large spanish onions of which it is a descendant. weathersfield red is the standard flat red, but not quite so good in quality or for keeping as southport red globe. of the whites i like best mammoth silver-skin. it is ready early and the finest in quality, to my taste, of all the onions, but not a good keeper. ailsa craig, a new english sort now listed in several american catalogues, is the best to grow for extra fancy onions, especially for exhibiting; it should be started in february or march under glass. _parsley:_--emerald is a large-growing, beautifully colored and mild-flavored sort, well worthy of adoption. _parsnip:_--this vegetable is especially valuable because it may be had at perfection when other vegetables are scarce. hollow crown ("improved," of course!) is the best. _peas:_--peas are worse than corn. you will find enough exclamation points in the pea sections of catalogues to train the vines on. if you want to escape brain-fag and still have as good as the best, if not better, plant gradus (or prosperity) for early and second early; boston unrivaled (an improved form of telephone) for main crop, and gradus for autumn. these two peas are good yielders, free growers and of really wonderfully fine quality. they need bushing, but i have never found a variety of decent quality that does not. _pepper:_--ruby king is the standard, large, red, mild pepper, and as good as any. chinese giant is a newer sort, larger but later. the flesh is extremely thick and mild. on account of this quality, it will have a wider range of use than the older sorts. _pumpkins:_--the old large cheese, and the newer quaker pie, are as prolific, hardy and fine in quality and sweetness as any. _potato:_--bovee is a good early garden sort, but without the best of culture is very small. irish cobbler is a good early white. green mountain is a universal favorite for main crop in the east--a sure yielder and heavy-crop potato of excellent quality. uncle sam is the best quality potato i ever grew. baked, they taste almost as rich as chestnuts. _radish:_--i do not care to say much about radishes; i do not like them. they are, however, universal favorites. they come round, half- long, long and tapering; white, red, white-tipped, crimson, rose, yellow-brown and black; and from the size of a button to over a foot long by fifteen inches in circumference--the latter being the new chinese or celestial. so you can imagine what a revel of varieties the seedsmen may indulge in. i have tried many--and cut my own list down to two, rapid-red (probably an improvement of the old standard, scarlet button), and crimson globe (or giant), a big, rapid, healthy grower of good quality, and one that does not get "corky." a little land-plaster, or gypsum, worked into the soil at time of planting, will add to both appearance and quality in radishes. _spinach:_--the best variety of spinach is swiss chard beet (see below). if you want the real sort, use long season, which will give you cuttings long after other sorts have run to seed. new zealand will stand more heat than any other sort. victoria is a newer variety, for which the claim of best quality is made. in my own trial i could not notice very much difference. it has, however, thicker and "savoyed" leaves. _salsify:_--this is, to my taste, the most delicious of all root vegetables. it will not do well in soil not deep and finely pulverized, but a row or two for home use can be had by digging and fining before sowing the seed. it is worth extra work. mammoth sandwich is the best variety. _squash:_--of this fine vegetable there are no better sorts for the home garden than the little delicata, and fordhook. vegetable marrow is a fine english sort that does well in almost all localities. the best of the newer large-vined sorts is the delicious. it is of finer quality than the well known hubbard. for earliest use, try a few plants of white or yellow bush scalloped. they are not so good in quality as either delicata or fordhook, which are ready within a week or so later. the latter are also excellent keepers and can be had, by starting plants early and by careful storing, almost from june to june. _tomato:_--if you have a really hated enemy, give him a dozen seed catalogues and ask him to select for you the best four tomatoes. but unless you want to become criminally involved, send his doctor around the next morning. a few years ago i tried over forty kinds. a good many have been introduced since, some of which i have tried. i am prepared to make the following statements: earliana is the earliest quality tomato, for light warm soils, that i have ever grown; chalk's jewel, the earliest for heavier soils (bonny best early resembles it); matchless is a splendid main-crop sort; ponderosa is the biggest and best quality--but it likes to split. there is one more sort, which i have tried one year only, so do not accept my opinion as conclusive. it is the result of a cross between ponderosa and dwarf champion--one of the strongest-growing sorts. it is called dwarf giant. the fruits are tremendous in size and in quality unsurpassed by any. the vine is very healthy, strong and stocky. i believe this new tomato will become the standard main crop for the home garden. by all means try it. and that is a good deal to say for a novelty in its second year! _turnip:_--the earliest turnip of good quality is the white milan. there are several others of the white-fleshed sorts, but i have never found them equal in quality for table to the yellow sorts. of these, golden ball (or orange jelly) is the best quality. petrowski is a different and distinct sort, of very early maturity and of especially fine quality. if you have room for but one sort in your home garden, plant this for early, and a month later for main crop. do not fail to try some of this year's novelties. half the fun of gardening is in the experimenting. but when you are testing out the new things in comparison with the old, just take a few plants of the latter and give them the same extra care and attention. very often the reputation of a novelty is built upon the fact that in growing it on trial the gardener has given it unusual care and the best soil and location at his command. be fair to the standards--and very often they will surprise you fully as much as the novelties. chapter xiii insects and diseases and methods of fighting them i use the term "methods of fighting" rather than the more usual one, "remedies," because by both experience and study i am more and more convinced that so long as the commercial fields of agriculture remain in the present absolutely unorganized condition, and so long as the gardener--home or otherwise--who cares to be neglectful and thus become a breeder of all sorts of plant pests, is allowed so to do--just so long we can achieve no remedy worth the name. when speaking of a remedy in this connection we very frequently are putting the cart before the horse, and refer to some means of prevention. prevention is not only the best, but often the only cure. this the gardener should always remember. this subject of plant enemies has not yet received the attention from scientific investigators which other branches of horticulture have, and it is altogether somewhat complicated. before taking up the various insects and diseases the following analysis and list will enable the reader to get a general comprehension of the whole matter. plant enemies are of two kinds--( ) insects, and ( ) diseases. the former are of two kinds, (a) insects which chew or eat the leaves or fruit; (b) insects which suck the juices therefrom. the diseases also are of two kinds--(a) those which result from the attack of some fungus, or germ; (b) those which attack the whole organism of the plant and are termed "constitutional." concerning these latter practically nothing is known. it will be seen at once, of course, that the remedy to be used must depend upon the nature of the enemy to be fought. we can therefore reduce the matter to a simple classification, as follows: plant enemies insects class eating a sucking b diseases parasitical c constitutional d remedies mechanical number covered boxes........... collars................. cards................... destructive hand-picking............ kerosene emulsion....... whale-oil soap.......... miscible oils........... tobacco dust............ carbolic acid emulsion.. corrosive sublimate.... bordeaux mixture....... poisonous paris green............ arsenate of lead....... hellebore.............. it will be of some assistance, particularly as regards quick reference, to give the following table, which shows at a glance the method of fighting any enemy, the presence of which is known or anticipated. while this may seem quite a formidable list, in practice many of these pests will not appear, and under ordinary circumstances the following six remedies out of those mentioned will suffice to keep them all in check, _if used in time:_ covered boxes, hand-picking, kerosene emulsion, tobacco dust, bordeaux mixture, arsenate of lead. enemy | attacking | class | remedy --------------------|----------------------------|--------|------- aphis (plant-lice) | cabbage and other plants, | b | , , | especially under glass | | asparagus-beetle | asparagus | a | , asparagus rust | asparagus | c | black-rot | cabbage and the cabbage | d | | group | | borers | squash | b | caterpillars | cabbage group | a | , , caterpillars | tomato | a | club-root | cabbage group | c | see text cucumber-beetle | cucumber and vines | a | , , (striped beetle) | | | cucumber-wilt | cucumber and vines | c | cucumber-blight | cucumber, muskmelon, | c | | cabbage | | cut-worm | cabbage, tomato, onion | a | , , , flea-beetle | potato, turnip, radish | a | , potato-beetle | potato and egg-plant | a | , , potato-blight | potato | c | potato-scab | potato (tubers) | c | root-maggot | radish, onion, cabbage, | a | , , | melons | | squash-bug | squash, pumpkin | b | , , , white-fly | plants; cucumber, tomato | b | , , white-grub | plants | a | however, that the home gardener may be prepared to meet any contingency, i shall take up in brief detail the plant enemies mentioned and the remedies suggested. _aphis:_--the small, soft green plant-lice. they seldom attack healthy growing plants in the field, but are hard to keep off under glass. if once established it will take several applications to get rid of them. use kerosene or soap emulsion, or tobacco dust. there are also several trade-marked preparations that are good. aphine, which may be had of any seed house, has proved very effective in my own work, and it is the pleasantest to use that i have so far found. _asparagus-beetle:_--this pest will give little trouble on cleanly cultivated patches. thorough work with arsenate of lead ( to ) will take care of it. _black-rot:_--this affects the cabbage group, preventing heading, by falling of the leaves. in clean, thoroughly limed soil, with proper rotations, it is not likely to appear. the seed may be soaked, in cases where the disease has appeared previously, for fifteen minutes in a pint of water in which one of the corrosive sublimate tablets which are sold at drug stores is dissolved. _borers:_--this borer is a flattish, white grub, which penetrates the main stem of squash or other vines near the ground and seems to sap the strength of the plant, even when the vines have attained a length of ten feet or more. his presence is first made evident by the wilting of the leaves during the noonday heat. coal ashes mixed with the manure in the hill, is claimed to be a preventative. another is to plant some early squash between the hills prepared for the winter crop, and not to plant the latter until as late as possible. the early squash vines, which act as a trap, are pulled and burned. last season almost half the vines in one of my pieces were attacked after many of the squashes were large enough to eat. with a little practice i was able to locate the borer's exact position, shown by a spot in the stalk where the flesh was soft, and of a slightly different color. with a thin, sharp knife-blade the vines were carefully slit lengthwise on this spot, the borer extracted and killed and the vines in almost every instance speedily recovered. another method is to root the vines by heaping moist earth over several of the leaf joints, when the vines have attained sufficient length. _cabbage-caterpillar:_--this small green worm, which hatches upon the leaves and in the forming heads of cabbage and other vegetables of the cabbage group, comes from the eggs laid by the common white or yellow butterfly of early spring. pick off all that are visible, and spray with kerosene emulsion if the heads have not begun to form. if they have, use hellebore instead. the caterpillar or worm of tomatoes is a large green voracious one. hand-picking is the only remedy. _club-root:_--this is a parasitical disease attacking the cabbage group, especially in ground where these crops succeed each other. lime both soil and seed-bed--at least the fall before planting, unless using a special agricultural lime. the crop infested is sometimes carried through by giving a special dressing of nitrate of soda, guano or other quick-acting powerful fertilizer, and hilled high with moist earth, thus giving a special stimulation and encouraging the formation of new roots. while this does not in any way cure the disease, it helps the crop to withstand its attack. when planting again be sure to use crop rotation and to set plants not grown in infested soil. _cucumber-beetle:_--this is the small, black-and-yellow-striped beetle which attacks cucumbers and other vines and, as it multiplies rapidly and does a great deal of damage before the results show, they must be attended to immediately upon appearance. the vine should be protected with screens until they crowd the frames, which should be put in place before the beetles put in an appearance. if the beetles are still in evidence when the vines get so large that the screens must be removed, keep sprayed with bordeaux mixture. plaster, or fine ashes, sifted on the vines will also keep them off to some extent, by keeping the leaves covered. _cucumber-wilt:_--this condition accompanies the presence of the striped beetle, although supposed not to be directly caused by it. the only remedy is to get rid of the beetles as above, and to collect and burn every wilted leaf or plant. _cucumber-blight_ or _mildew_ is similar to that which attacks muskmelons, the leaves turning yellow, dying in spots and finally drying up altogether. where there is reason to fear an attack of this disease, or upon the first appearance, spray thoroughly with bordeaux, - - , and repeat every ten days or so. the spraying seems to be more effective on cucumbers than on melons. _cut-worm:_--the cut-worm is perhaps the most annoying of all garden pests. others do more damage, but none is so exasperating. he works at night, attacks the strongest, healthiest plants, and is content simply to cut them off, seldom, apparently, eating much or carrying away any of the severed leaves or stems, although occasionally i have found such bits, especially small onion tops, dragged off and partly into the soil. in small gardens the quickest and best remedy is hand-picking. as the worms work at night they may be found with a lantern; or very early in the morning. in daytime by digging about in the soil wherever a cut is found, and by careful search, they can almost invariably be turned out. as a preventive, and a supplement to hand-picking, a poisoned bait should be used. this is made by mixing bran with water until a "mash" is made, to which is added a dusting of paris green or arsenate of lead, sprayed on thickly and thoroughly worked through the mass. this is distributed in small amounts--a tablespoonful or so to a place along the row or near each hill or plant--just as they are coming up or set out. still another method, where only a few plants are put out, is to protect each by a collar of tin or tar paper. _flea-beetle:_--this small, black or striped hard-shelled mite attacks potatoes and young cabbage, radish and turnip plants. it is controlled by spraying with kerosene emulsion or bordeaux. _potato-beetle:_--the striped colorado beetle, which invariably finds the potato patch, no matter how small or isolated. paris green, dry or sprayed, is the standard remedy. arsenate of lead is now largely used. on small plots hand-picking of old bugs and destruction of eggs (which are laid on under side of leaves) is quick and sure. _potato-blight:_--both early and late forms of blight are prevented by bordeaux, - - , sprayed every two weeks. begin early-- when plants are about six inches high. _potato-scab:_--plant on new ground; soak the seed in solution prepared as directed under no. , which see; allow no treated tubers to touch bags, boxes, bins or soil where untreated ones have been kept. _root-maggot:_--this is a small white grub, often causing serious injury to radishes, onions and the cabbage group. liming the soil and rotation are the best preventives. destroy all infested plants, being sure to get the maggots when pulling them up. the remaining plants should be treated with a gill of strong caustic lime water, or solution of muriate of potash poured about the root of each plant, first removing an inch or so of earth. in place of these solutions carbolic acid emulsion is sometimes used; or eight to ten drops of bisulphide of carbon are dropped into a hole made near the roots with the dibber and then covered in. extra stimulation, as directed for _club-root_, will help carry the plants through. _squash-bug:_--this is the large, black, flat "stink-bug," so destructive of squash and the other running vines. protection with frames, or hand-picking, are the best home garden remedies. the old bugs may be trapped under boards and by early vines. the young bugs, or "sap-sucking nymphs," are the ones that do the real damage. heavy tobacco dusting, or kerosene emulsion will kill them. _white-fly:_--this is the most troublesome under glass, where it is controlled by fumigation, but occasionally is troublesome on plants and tomato and cucumber vines. the young are scab-like insects and do the real damage. spray with kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap. _white-grub_ or _muck-worm:_--when lawns are infested the sod must be taken up, the grubs destroyed and new sward made. when the roots of single plants are attacked, dig out, destroy the grubs and, if the plant is not too much injured, reset. the remedies given in the table above are prepared as follows: mechanical remedies .--_covered boxes:_--these are usually made of half-inch stuff, about eight inches high and covered with mosquito netting, wire or "protecting cloth"--the latter having the extra advantage of holding warmth over night. .--_collars_ are made of old cans with the bottoms removed, cardboard or tarred paper, large enough to go over the plant and an inch or so into the ground. .--_cards_ are cut and fitted close around the stem and for an inch or so upon the ground around it, to prevent maggots going down the stem to the root. not much used. destructive remedies .--_hand-picking_ is usually very effective, and if performed as follows, not very disagreeable: fasten a small tin can securely to a wooden handle and fill one-third full of water and kerosene; make a small wooden paddle, with one straight edge and a rather sharp point; by using this in the right hand and the pan in the left, the bugs may be quickly knocked off. be sure to destroy all eggs when hand-picking is used. .--_kerosene emulsion_ is used in varying strengths; for method of preparing, see chapter xvii. and .--for use of whale-oil soap and miscible oils, see chapter xvii. .--_tobacco dust:_--this article varies greatly. most sorts are next to worthless, but a few of the brands especially prepared for this work (and sold usually at $ per hundred pounds, which will last two ordinary home gardens a whole season) are very convenient to use, and effective. apply with a duster, like that described in implements. .--_carbolic acid emulsion:_-- pint crude acid, lb. soap and gal. water. dissolve the soap in hot water, add balance of water and pump into an emulsion, as described for kerosene emulsion. .--_corrosive sublimate_ is used to destroy scab on potatoes for seed by dissolving oz. in gals, of water. the same result is obtained by soaking for thirty minutes in a solution of commercial formalin, at the rate of gill to gals. of water. .--_bordeaux mixture:_--see chapter xvii. poisonous remedies .--_paris green:_--this is the standard remedy for eating-bugs and worms. with a modern dusting machine it can be put on dry, early in the morning when the dew is still on. sometimes it is mixed with plaster. for tender plants easily burned by the pure powder, and where dusting is not convenient, it is mixed with water at the rate of lb. to to gals. and used as a spray. in mixing, make a paste of equal quantities of the powder and quicklime, and then mix thoroughly in the water. it must be kept stirred up when using. .--_arsenate of lead:_--this has two advantages over paris green: it will not burn the foliage and it will stay on several times as long. use from to lbs. in gals. of water; mix well and strain before putting in sprayer. see also chapter xvii. .--_hellebore:_--a dry, white powder, used in place of nos. or on vegetables or fruit that is soon to be eaten. for dusting, use lb. hellebore to of plaster or flour. for watering or spraying, at rate of lb. to gals. of water. precautions so much for what we can do in actual hand-to-hand, or rather hand-to- mouth, conflict with the enemy. very few remedies have ever proved entirely successful, especially on crops covering any considerable area. it will be far better, far easier and far more effective to use the following means of precaution against plant pest ravages: first, aim to have soil, food and plants that will produce a rapid, robust growth without check. such plants are seldom attacked by any plant disease, and the foliage does not seem to be so tempting to eating- insects; besides which, of course, the plants are much better able to withstand their attack if they do come. second, give clean, frequent culture and keep the soil busy. do not have old weeds and refuse lying around for insects and eggs to be sheltered by. burn all leaves, stems and other refuse from plants that have been diseased. do not let the ground lie idle, but by continuous cropping keep the bugs, caterpillars and eggs constantly rooted out and exposed to their natural enemies. third, practice crop rotation. this is of special importance where any root disease is developed. fourth, watch closely and constantly for the first appearance of trouble. the old adages "eternal vigilance is the price of peace," and "a stitch in time saves nine," are nowhere more applicable than to this matter. and last, and of extreme importance, be prepared to act _at once_. do not give the enemy an hour's rest after his presence is discovered. in almost every case it is only by having time to multiply, that damage amounting to anything will be done. if you will keep on hand, ready for instant use, a good hand-sprayer and a modern powder gun, a few covered boxes, tobacco dust, arsenate of lead and materials for kerosene emulsion and bordeaux mixture, and are not afraid to resort to hand-picking when necessary, you will be able to cope with all the plant enemies you are likely to encounter. the slight expense necessary--considering that the two implements mentioned will last for years with a little care--will pay as handsome a dividend as any garden investment you can make. chapter xiv harvesting and storing it is a very common thing to allow the garden vegetables not used to rot on the ground, or in it. there is a great deal of unnecessary waste in this respect, for a great many of the things so neglected may just as well be carried into winter, and will pay a very handsome dividend for the slight trouble of gathering and storing them. a good frost-proof, cool cellar is the best and most convenient place in which to store the surplus product of the home garden. but, lacking this, a room partitioned off in the furnace cellar and well ventilated, or a small empty room, preferably on the north side of the house, that can be kept below forty degrees most of the time, will serve excellently. or, some of the most bulky vegetables, such as cabbage and the root crops, may be stored in a prepared pit made in the garden itself. as it is essential that such a pit be properly constructed, i shall describe one with sufficient detail to enable the home gardener readily to construct it. select a spot where water will not stand. put the vegetables in a triangular-shaped pile, the base three or four feet wide, and as long as required. separate the different vegetables in this pile by stakes about two feet higher than the top of the pile, and label them. then cover with a layer of clean straw or bog hay, and over this four inches of soil, dug up three feet back from the edges of the pile. this work must be done late in the fall, as nearly as one can judge just before lasting freezing begins, and preferably on a cold morning when the ground is just beginning to freeze; the object being to freeze the partly earth covering at once, so that it will not be washed or blown off. the vegetables must be perfectly dry when stored; dig them a week or so previous and keep them in an airy shed. as soon as this first layer of earth is partly frozen, but before it freezes through, put on another thick layer of straw or hay and cover with twelve inches of earth, keeping the pile as steep as possible; a slightly clayey soil, that may be beaten down firmly into shape with a spade, being best. the pile should be made where it will be sheltered from the sun as much as possible, such as on the north side of a building. the disadvantage of the plan is, of course, that the vegetables cannot be got at until the pile is opened up, in early spring, or late if desired. its two advantages are that the vegetables stored will be kept in better condition than in any cellar, and that cellar or house room will be saved. for storing small quantities of the roots, such as carrots or beets, they are usually packed in boxes or barrels and covered in with clean sand. where an upstairs room has to be used, swamp or sphagnum moss may replace the sand. it makes an ideal packing medium, as it is much lighter and cleaner than the sand. in many localities it may be had for the gathering; in others one may get it from a florist. in storing vegetables of any kind, and by whatever method, see to it that: ( ) they are always clean, dry and sound. the smallest spot or bruise is a danger center, which may spread destruction to the lot. ( ) that the temperature, whatever required--in most cases - degrees being best--is kept as even as possible. ( ) that the storage place is kept clean, dry (by ventilation when needed) and sweet (by use of whitewash and lime). ( ) that no rats or other rodents are playing havoc with your treasures while you never suspect it. so many of the vegetables can be kept, for either part or all of the winter, that i shall take them up in order, with brief directions. many, such as green beans, rhubarb, tomatoes, etc., which cannot be kept in the ordinary ways, may be easily and cheaply canned, and where one has a good cellar, it will certainly pay to get a canning outfit and make use of this method. _beans:_--almost all the string and snap beans, when dried in the pods, are excellent for cooking. and any pods which have not been gathered in the green state should be picked, _as soon as dry_ (as wet weather is likely to mould or sprout them), and stored in a dry place, or spread on a bench in the sun. they will keep, either shelled or in the dry pods, for winter. _beets:_--in october, before the first hard frosts, take up and store in a cool cellar, in clean, perfectly dry sand, or in pits outside (see cabbage); do not cut off the long tap roots, nor the tops close enough to cause any "bleeding." _brussels sprouts:_--these are improved by freezing, and may be used from the open garden until december. if wanted later, store them with cabbage, or hang up the stalks in bunches in a cold cellar. _cabbage:_--if only a few heads are to be stored, a cool cellar will do. even if where they will be slightly frozen, they will not be injured, so long as they do not freeze and thaw repeatedly. they should not be taken in until there is danger of severe freezing, as they will keep better, and a little frost improves the flavor. for storing small quantities outdoors, dig a trench, a foot or so deep, in a well drained spot, wide enough to admit two heads side by side. pull up the cabbages, without removing either stems or outer leaves, and store side by side, head down, in the bottom of the trench. now cover over lightly with straw, meadow hay, or any refuse which will keep the dirt from freezing to the cabbages, and then cover over the whole with earth, to the depth of several inches, but allowing the top of the roots to remain exposed, which will facilitate digging them up as required. do not bury the cabbage until as late as possible before severe freezing, as a spell of warm weather would rot it. _carrots:_--treat in the same way as beets. they will not be hurt by a slight freezing of the tops, before being dug, but care must be taken not to let the roots become touched by frost. _celery:_--that which is to be used early is blanched outside, by banking, as described in chapter xi, and as celery will stand a little freezing, will be used directly from the garden. for the portion to be kept over winter, provide boxes about a foot wide, and nearly as deep as the celery is high. cover the bottoms of these boxes with two or three inches of sand, and wet thoroughly. upon this stand the celery upright, and packed close together. in taking up the celery for storing in this way, the roots and whatever earth adheres to them are kept on, not cut, as it is bought in the stores. the boxes are then stored in a cellar, or other dark, dry, cold place where the temperature will not go more than five degrees below freezing. the celery will be ready for use after christmas. if a long succession is wanted, store from the open two or three different times, say at the end of october, first part of november and the latter part of november. _cucumbers, melons, egg-plant:_--while there is no way of storing these for any great length of time without recourse to artificial cold, they may be had for some time by storing just before the first frosts in a cool, dark cellar, care being taken in handling the fruits to give them no bruises. _onions:_--if the onions got a good early start in the spring, the tops will begin to die down by the middle of august. as soon as the tops have turned yellow and withered they should be pulled, on the first clear dry day, and laid in windrows (three or four rows in one), but not heaped up. they should be turned over frequently, by hand or with a wooden rake, and removed to a shed or barn floor as soon as dry, where the tops can be cut off. keep them spread out as much as possible, and give them open ventilation until danger of frost. then store in a dry place and keep as cool as possible without freezing. a few barrels, with holes knocked in the sides, will do well for a small quantity. _parsley:_--take up a few plants and keep in a flower-pot or small box, in the kitchen window. _parsnips:_--these will stay in the ground without injury all winter, but part of the crop may be taken up late in the fall and stored with beets, carrots and turnips, to use while the ground is frozen. _potatoes:_--when the vines have died down and the skin of the new potatoes has become somewhat hardened, they can be dug and stored in a cool, dry cellar at once. be sure to give plenty of ventilation until danger of frost. keep from the light, as this has the effect of making the potatoes bitter. if there is any sign of rot among the tubers, do not dig them up until it has stopped. _squash and pumpkins:_--the proper conditions for storing for winter will be indicated by the drying and shrinking of the stem. _cut_ them from the vines, being careful never to break off the stem, turn over, rub off the dirt and leave the under side exposed to a few days' sunlight. then carry in a spring wagon, or spring wheelbarrow, covered with old bags or hay to keep from any bruises. store in the dryest part of the cellar, and if possible where the temperature will not go below forty degrees. leave them on the vines in the field as late as possible, while escaping frosts. _tomatoes:_--just before the first frosts are likely to begin, pick all of the best of the unripened fruits. place part of these on clean straw in a coldframe, giving protection, where they will gradually ripen up. place others, that are fully developed but not ripe, in straw in the cellar. in this way fresh tomatoes may frequently be had as late as christmas. _turnip:_--these roots, if desired, can be stored as are beets or carrots. it is hard to retain our interest in a thing when most of its usefulness has gone by. it is for that reason, i suppose, that one sees so many forsaken and weed-grown gardens every autumn, where in the spring everything was neat and clean. but there are two very excellent reasons why the vegetable garden should not be so abandoned--to say nothing of appearances! the first is that many vegetables continue to grow until the heavy frosts come; and the second, that the careless gardener who thus forsakes his post is sowing no end of trouble for himself for the coming year. for weeds left to themselves, even late in the fall, grow in the cool moist weather with astonishing rapidity, and, almost before one realizes it, transform the well kept garden into a ragged wilderness, where the intruders have taken such a strong foothold that they cannot be pulled up without tearing everything else with them. so we let them go--and, left to themselves, they accomplish their purpose in life, and leave upon the ground an evenly distributed supply of plump ripe seeds, which next spring will cause the perennial exclamation, "mercy, john, where did all these weeds come from?" and john replies, "i don't know; we kept the garden clean last summer. i think there must be weed seeds in the fertilizer." do not let up on your fight with weeds, for every good vegetable that is left over can be put to some use. here and there in the garden will be a strip that has gone by, and as it is now too late to plant, we just let it go. yet now is the time we should be preparing all such spots for withstanding next summer's drouth! you may remember how strongly was emphasized the necessity for having abundant humus (decayed vegetable matter) in the soil--how it acts like a sponge to retain moisture and keep things growing through the long, dry spells which we seem to be sure of getting every summer. so take thought for next year. buy a bushel of rye, and as fast as a spot in your garden can be cleaned up, harrow, dig or rake it over, and sow the rye on broadcast. just enough loose surface dirt to cover it and let it sprout, is all it asks. if the weather is dry, and you can get a small roller, roll it in to ensure better germination. it will come up quickly; it will keep out the weeds which otherwise would be taking possession of the ground; it will grow until the ground is frozen solid and begin again with the first warm spring day; it will keep your garden from washing out in heavy rains, and capture and save from being washed away and wasted a good deal of left-over plant food; it will serve as just so much real manure for your garden; it will improve the mechanical condition of the soil, and it will add the important element of humus to it. in addition to these things, you will have an attractive and luxuriant garden spot, instead of an unsightly bare one. and in clearing off these patches for rye, beware of waste. if you have hens, or by chance a pig, they will relish old heads of lettuce, old pea-vines, still green after the last picking, and the stumps and outer leaves of cabbage. even if you have not this means of utilizing your garden's by- products, do not let them go to waste. put everything into a square pile--old sods, weeds, vegetable tops, refuse, dirt, leaves, lawn sweepings--anything that will rot. tread this pile down thoroughly; give it a soaking once in a while if within reach of the hose, and two or three turnings with a fork. next spring when you are looking for every available pound of manure with which to enrich your garden, this compost heap will stand you in good stead. burn _now_ your old pea-brush, tomato poles and everything that is not worth keeping over for next year. do not leave these things lying around to harbor and protect eggs and insects and weed seeds. if any bean-poles, stakes, trellises or supports seem in good enough condition to serve another year, put them under cover now; and see that all your tools are picked up and put in one place, where you can find them and overhaul them next february. as soon as your surplus pole beans have dried in their pods, take up poles and all and store in a dry place. the beans may be taken off later at your leisure. be careful to cut down and burn (or put in the compost heap) all weeds around your fences, and the edges of your garden, _before_ they ripen seed. if the suggestions given are followed, the vegetable garden may be stretched far into the winter. but do not rest at that. begin to plan _now_ for your next year's garden. put a pile of dirt where it will not be frozen, or dried out, when you want to use it next february for your early seeds. if you have no hotbed, fix the frames and get the sashes for one now, so it will be ready to hand when the ground is frozen solid and covered with snow next spring. if you have made garden mistakes this year, be planning now to rectify them next--without progress there is no fun in the game. let next spring find you with your plans all made, your materials all on hand and a fixed resolution to have the best garden you have ever had. part three--fruits and berries chapter xv. the varieties of pome and stone fruits many a home gardener who has succeeded well with vegetables is, for some reason or other, still fearsome about trying his hand at growing his own fruit. this is all a mistake; the initial expense is very slight (fruit trees will cost but twenty-five to forty cents each, and the berry bushes only about four cents each), and the same amount of care that is demanded by vegetables, if given to fruit, will produce apples, peaches, pears and berries far superior to any that can be bought, especially in flavor. i know a doctor in new york, a specialist, who has attained prominence in his profession, and who makes a large income; he tells me that there is nothing in the city that hurts him so much as to have to pay out a nickel whenever he wants an apple. his boyhood home was on a pennsylvania farm, where apples were as free as water, and he cannot get over the idea of their being one of nature's gracious gifts, any more than he can overcome his hankering for that crisp, juicy, uncloying flavor of a good apple, which is not quite equaled by the taste of any other fruit. and yet it is not the saving in expense, although that is considerable, that makes the strongest argument for growing one's own fruit. there are three other reasons, each of more importance. first is quality. the commercial grower cannot afford to grow the very finest fruit. many of the best varieties are not large enough yielders to be available for his use, and he cannot, on a large scale, so prune and care for his trees that the individual fruits receive the greatest possible amount of sunshine and thinning out--the personal care that is required for the very best quality. second, there is the beauty and the value that well kept fruit trees add to a place, no matter how small it is. an apple tree in full bloom is one of the most beautiful pictures that nature ever paints; and if, through any train of circumstances, it ever becomes advisable to sell or rent the home, its desirability is greatly enhanced by the few trees necessary to furnish the loveliness of showering blossoms in spring, welcome shade in summer and an abundance of delicious fruits through autumn and winter. then there is the fun of doing it--of planting and caring for a few young trees, which will reward your labors, in a cumulative way, for many years to come. but enough of reasons. if the call of the soil is in your veins, if your fingers (and your brain) in the springtime itch to have a part in earth's ever-wonderful renascence, if your lips part at the thought of the white, firm, toothsome flesh of a ripened-on-the-tree red apple-- then you must have a home orchard without delay. and it is not a difficult task. apples, pears and the stone fruits, fortunately, are not very particular about their soils. they take kindly to anything between a sandy soil so loose as to be almost shifting, and heavy clay. even these soils can be made available, but of course not without more work. and you need little room to grow all the fruit your family can possibly eat. time was, when to speak of an apple tree brought to mind one of those old, moss-barked giants that served as a carriage shed and a summer dining-room, decorated with scythes and rope swings, requiring the services of a forty-foot ladder and a long-handled picker to gather the fruit. that day is gone. in its stead have come the low-headed standard and the dwarf forms. the new types came as new institutions usually do, under protest. the wise said they would never be practical--the trees would not get large enough and teams could not be driven under them. but the facts remained that the low trees are more easily and thoroughly cared for; that they do not take up so much room; that they are less exposed to high winds, and such fruit as does fall is not injured; that the low limbs shelter the roots and conserve moisture; and, above all, that picking can be accomplished much more easily and with less injury to fine, well ripened fruit. the low-headed tree has come to stay. if your space will allow, the low-headed standards will give you better satisfaction than the dwarfs. they are longer-lived, they are healthier, and they do not require nearly so much intensive culture. on the other hand, the dwarfs may be used where there is little or no room for the standards. if there is no other space available, they may be put in the vegetable or flower garden, and incidentally they are then sure of receiving some of that special care which they need in the way of fertilization and cultivation. as i have said, any average soil will grow good fruit. a gravelly loam, with a gravel subsoil, is the ideal. do not think from this, however, that all you have to do is buy a few trees from a nursery agent, stick them in the ground and from your negligence reap the rewards that follow only intelligent industry. the soil is but the raw material which work and care alone can transform, through the medium of the growing tree, into the desired result of a cellar well stored each autumn with fruit. fruit trees have one big advantage over vegetables--the ground can be prepared for them while they are growing. if the soil will grow a crop of clover it is already in good shape to furnish the trees with food at once. if not, manure or fertilizers may be applied, and clover or other green crops turned under during the first two or three years of the trees' growth, as will be described later. the first thing to consider, when you have decided to plant, is the location you will give your trees. plan to have pears, plums, cherries and peaches, as well as apples. for any of these the soil, of whatever nature, must be well drained. if not naturally, then tile or other artificial drainage must be provided. for only a few trees it would probably answer the purpose to dig out large holes and fill in a foot or eighteen inches at the bottom with small stone, covered with gravel or screened coal-cinders. my own land has a gravelly subsoil and i have not had to drain. then with the apples, and especially with the peaches, a too-sheltered slope to the south is likely to start the flower buds prematurely in spring, only to result in total crop loss from late frosts. the diagram on the next page suggests an arrangement which may be adapted to individual needs. one may see from it that the apples are placed to the north, where they will to some extent shelter the rest of the grounds; the peaches where they will not be coddled; the pears, which may be had upon quince stock, where they will not shade the vegetable garden; the cherries, which are the most ornamental, where they may lend a decorative effect. and now, having decided that we can--and will--grow good fruit, and having in mind suggestions that will enable us to go out to-morrow morning and, with an armful of stakes, mark out the locations, the next consideration should be the all-important question of what varieties are most successfully grown on the small place. [illustration: a suggested arrangement of fruit trees on the small place.] [ed. unable to recreate in text format.] the following selections are made with the home fruit garden, not the commercial orchard, in mind. while they are all "tried and true" sorts, succeeding generally in the northeast, new england and western fruit sections, remember that fruits, as a rule, though not so particular as vegetables about soil, seem much more so about locality. i would suggest, therefore, submitting your list, before buying, to your state experiment station. you are taxed for its support; get some direct result from it. there they will be glad to advise you, and are in the best position to help you get started properly. above all, do not buy from the traveling nursery agent, with his grip full of wonderful lithographs of new and unheard-of novelties. get the catalogue of several reliable nurseries, take standard varieties about which you know, and buy direct. several years ago i had the opportunity to go carefully over one of the largest fruit nurseries in the country. every care and precaution was taken to grow fine, healthy, young trees. the president told me that they sold thousands every year to smaller concerns, to be resold again through field and local agents. yet they do an enormous retail business themselves, and of course their own customers get the best trees. the following are listed, as nearly as i can judge, in the order of their popularity, but as many of the best are not valuable commercially, they are little known. whenever you find a particularly good apple or pear, try to trace it, and add it to your list. apples without any question, the apple is far and away the most valuable fruit, both because of its greater scope of usefulness and its longer season--the last of the winter's russets are still juicy and firm when the first early harvests and red astrachans are tempting the "young idea" to experiment with colic. plant but a small proportion of early varieties, for the late ones are better. out of a dozen trees, i would put in one early, three fall, and the rest winter sorts. among the summer apples are several deserving special mention: yellow transparent is the earliest. it is an old favorite and one of the most easily grown of all apples. its color is indicated by the name, and it is a fair eating-apple and a very good cooker. red astrachan, another first early, is not quite so good for cooking, but is a delicious eating-apple of good size. an apple of more recent introduction and extremely hardy (hailing first from russia), and already replacing the above sorts, is livland (livland raspberry). the tree is of good form, very vigorous and healthy. the fruit is ready almost as soon as yellow transparent, and is of much better quality for eating. in appearance it is exceptionally handsome, being of good size, regular form and having those beautiful red shades found almost exclusively in the later apples. the flesh is quality is fully up to its appearance. the white, crisp-breaking flesh, most aromatic, deliciously sub-acid, makes it ideal for eating. a neighbor of mine sold $ worth of fruit from twenty trees to one dealer. for such a splendid apple mcintosh is remarkably hardy and vigorous, succeeding over a very wide territory, and climate severe enough to kill many of the other newer varieties. the fameuse (widely known as the snow) is an excellent variety for northern sections. it resembles the mcintosh, which some claim to be derived from it. fall pippin, pound sweet and twenty ounce, are other popular late autumns. in the winter section, baldwin, which is too well known to need describing, is the leading commercial variety in many apple districts, and it is a good variety for home growing on account of its hardiness and good cooking and keeping qualities; but for the home orchard, it is far surpassed in quality by several others. in northern sections, down to the corn line, northern spy is a great favorite. it is a large, roundish apple, with thin, tender, glossy skin, light to deep carmine over light yellow, and an excellent keeper. in sections to which it is adapted it is a particularly vigorous, compact, upright grower. jonathan is another splendid sort, with a wider range of conditions favorable for growth. it is, however, not a strong-growing tree and is somewhat uncertain in maturing its fruit, which is a bright, clear red of distinctive flavor. it likes a soil with more clay than do most apples. in the middle west and middle south, grimes (golden) has made a great local reputation in many sections, although in others it has not done well at all. the spitzenberg (esopus) is very near the top of the list of all late eating-apples, being at its prime about december. it is another handsome yellow-covered red apple, with flesh slightly yellowish, but very good to the taste. the tree, unfortunately, is not a robust grower, being especially weak in its earlier stages, but with good cultivation it will not fail to reward the grower for any extra care it may have required. these, and the other notable varieties, which there is not room here to describe, make up the following list, from which the planter should select according to locality: _earliest or summer:_--early harvest, yellow transparent, red astrachan, benoni (new), chenango, sweet bough, williams' favorite, early strawberry, livland raspberry. _early autumn:_--alexander, duchess, porter, gravenstein, mcintosh red. _late autumn:_--jefferies, fameuse (snow), maiden's blush, wealthy, fall pippin, pound sweet, twenty ounce, cox orange, hubbardston. _winter:_--baldwin, rhode island greening, northwestern greening, jonathan, northern spy, yellow, swaar, delicious, wagener, king, esopus, spitzenberg, yellow bellflower, winter banana, seek-no-further, talman sweet, roxbury russett, king david, stayman's winesap, wolf river. pears pears are more particular than apples in the matter of being adapted to sections and soils. submit your list to your state experiment station before ordering trees. many of the standard sorts may be had where a low-growing, spreading tree is desired (for instance, quince-stock pears might be used to change places with the plums). varieties suitable for this method are listed below. they are given approximately in the order of the ripening: wilder: early august, medium in size, light yellow, excellent quality. does not rot at the core, as so many early pears are liable to do. margaret: oblong, greenish, yellow to dull red. clapp favorite: very large, yellow pear. a great bearer and good keeper--where the children cannot get at it. howell: a little later than the foregoing; large, bright yellow, strong-growing tree and big bearer. duchesse d'angouleme: large greenish yellow, sometimes reaching huge size; will average better than three-quarters of a pound. the quality, despite its size, is splendid. seckel: small in size, but renowned for exquisite flavor--being probably the most universally admired of all. beurre superfine: october, medium size, excellent quality. bartlett: the best known of all pears, and a universal favorite. succeeds in nearly all sections. anjou: one of the best keepers, and very productive. one of the best in flavor, rich and vinous. for trees of the standard type the following are worthy of note: congress (souvenir du c.): a very large summer sort. handsome. belle lucrative: september to october. winter nelis: medium size, but of excellent quality and the longest keeper. kieffer: very popular for its productiveness, strength of growth and exceptional quality of fruit for canning and preserving. large fruit, if kept thinned. should have a place in every home garden. josephine de malines: not a great yielder but of the very highest quality, being of the finest texture and tempting aroma. peaches success with peaches also will depend largely upon getting varieties adapted to climate. the white-fleshed type is the hardiest and best for eating; and the free-stones are for most purposes, especially in the home garden, more desirable than the "clings." greensboro is the best early variety. crawford is a universal favorite and goes well over a wide range of soil and climate. champion is one of the best quality peaches and exceptionally hardy. elberta, ray, and hague are other excellent sorts. mayflower is the earliest sort yet introduced. plums the available plums are of three classes--the natives, europeans and japans; the natives are the longest-lived, hardier in tree and blossom, and heavier bearers. the best early is milton; brilliant red, yellow and juicy flesh. wildgoose and whitaker are good seconds. mrs. cleveland is a later and larger sort, of finer quality. three late-ripening plums of the finest quality, but not such prolific yielders, are wayland, benson and reed, and where there is room for only a few trees, these will be best. they will need one tree of newman or prairie flower with them to assure setting of the fruit. of the europeans, use reine claude (the best), bradshaw or shropshire. damson is also good. the japanese varieties should go on high ground and be thinned, especially during their first years. my first experience with japanese plums convinced me that i had solved the plum problem; they bore loads of fruit, and were free from disease. that was five years ago. last spring the last one was cut and burned. had they been planted at the top of a small hill, instead of at the bottom, as they were, and restricted in their bearing, i know from later experience that they would still be producing fruit. the most satisfactory varieties of the japanese type are abundance and red june. burbank is also highly recommended, cherries cherries have one advantage over the other fruits--they give quicker returns. but, as far as my experience goes, they are not as long-lived. the sour type is hardier, at least north of new jersey, than the sweet. it will probably pay to try a few of the new and highly recommended varieties. of the established sorts early richmond is a good early, to be followed by montmorency and english morello. windsor is a good sweet cherry, as are also black tartarian, sox, wood and yellow spanish. all the varieties mentioned above are proved sorts. but the lists are being added to constantly, and where there is a novelty strongly recommended by a reliable nurseryman it will often pay to try it out--on a very small scale at first. chapter xvi planting: cultivation: filler crops as the pedigree and the quality of the stock you plant will have a great deal to do with the success or failure of your adventure in orcharding, even on a very small scale, it is important to get the best trees you can, anywhere, at any price. but do not jump to the conclusion that the most costly trees will be the best. from reliable nurserymen, selling direct by mail, you can get good trees at very reasonable prices. as a general thing you will succeed best if you have nothing to do with the perennial "tree agent." he may represent a good firm; you may get your trees on time; he may have a novelty as good as the standard sorts; but you are taking three very great chances in assuming so. but, leaving these questions aside, there is no particular reason why you should help pay his traveling expenses and the printing bills for his lithographs ("made from actual photographs" or "painted from nature," of course!) when you can get the best trees to be had, direct from the soil in which they are grown, at the lowest prices, by ordering through the mail. or, better still, if the nursery is not too far away, take half a day off and select them in person. if you want to help the agent along present him with the amount of his commission, but get your trees direct from some large reliable nursery. well grown nursery stock will stand much abuse, but it will not be at all improved by it. do not let yours stand around in the sun and wind, waiting until you get a chance to set it out. as soon as you get it home from the express office, unpack it and "heel it in," in moist, but not wet, ground; if under a shed, so much the better. dig out a narrow trench and pack it in as thick as it will go, at an angle of forty-five degrees to the natural position when growing. so stored, it will keep a long time in cold weather, only be careful that no rats, mice, or rabbits reach it. do not, however, depend upon this knowledge to the extent of letting all your preparations for planting go until your stock is on hand. be ready to set it the day it arrives, if possible. planting planting can be done in either spring or fall. as a general rule, north of philadelphia and st. louis, spring planting will be best; south of that, fall planting. where there is apt to be severe freezing, "heaving," caused by the alternate freezing and thawing; injury to the newly set roots from too severe cold; and, in some western sections, "sun-scald" of the bark, are three injuries which may result. if trees are planted in the fall in cold sections, a low mound of earth, six to twelve inches high, should be left during the winter about each, and leveled down in the spring. if set in the spring, where hot, dry weather is apt to follow, they should be thoroughly mulched with litter, straw or coarse manure, to preserve moisture--care being taken, however, against field mice and other rodents. the trees may either be set in their permanent positions as soon as bought, or grown in "nursery rows" by the purchaser for one or two years after being purchased. in the former case, it will be the best policy to get the strongest, straightest two-year stock you can find, even if they cost ten or fifteen cents apiece more than the "mediums." the former method is the usual one, but the latter has so many advantages that i give it the emphasis of a separate paragraph, and urge every prospective planter to consider it carefully. in the first place, then, you get your trees a little cheaper. if you purchase for nursery row planting, six-foot to seven-foot two-year-old apple trees, of the standard sorts, should cost you about thirty cents each; one-year "buds," six feet and branched, five to ten cents less. this gain, however, is not an important one--there are four others, each of which makes it worth while to give the method a trial. first, the trees being all together, and in a convenient place, the chances are a hundred to one that you will give them better attention in the way of spraying, pruning and cultivating--all extremely important in the first year's growth. second, with the year gained for extra preparation of the soil where they are to be placed permanently, you can make conditions just right for them to take hold at once and thrive as they could not do otherwise. third, the shock of transplanting will be much less than when they are shipped from a distance--they will have made an additional growth of dense, short roots and they will have become acclimated. fourth, you will not have wasted space and time with any backward black sheep among the lot, as these should be discarded at the second planting. and then there is one further reason, psychological perhaps, but none the less important; you will watch these little trees, which are largely the result of your own labor and care, when set in their permanent positions, much more carefully than you would those direct from the nursery. i know, both from experience and observation, how many thrifty young trees in the home orchard are done to an untimely death by children, careless workmen, and other animals. so if you can put a twelve-month curb on your impatience, get one-year trees and set them out in a straight row right in your vegetable garden where they will take up very little room. keep them cultivated just as thoroughly as the rest of your growing things. melons, or beans, or almost any low-growing vegetable can be grown close beside them. if you want your garden to pay for your whole lot of fruit trees this season dig up a hole about three feet in diameter wherever a tree is to "go permanently." cut the sod up fine and work in four or five good forkfuls of well rotted manure, and on these places, when it is warm enough, plant a hill of lima pole-beans-the new sort named giant-podded pole lima is the best i have yet seen. place a stout pole, eight to ten feet high, firmly in each hole. good lima beans are always in demand, and bring high prices. let us suppose that your trees are at hand, either direct from the nursery or growing in the garden. you have selected, if possible, a moist, gravelly loam on a slope or slight elevation, where it is naturally and perfectly drained. good soil drainage is imperative. coarse gravel in the bottom of the planting hole will help out temporarily. if the land is in clover sod, it will have the ideal preparation, especially if you can grow a patch of potatoes or corn on it one year, while your trees are getting further growth. in such land the holes will not have to be prepared. if, however, you are not fortunate enough to be able to devote such a space to fruit trees, and in order to have them at all must place them along your wall or scattered through the grounds, you can still give them an excellent start by enriching the soil in spots beforehand, as suggested above in growing lima beans. in the event of finding even this last way inapplicable to your land, the following method will make success certain: dig out holes three to six feet in diameter (if the soil is very hard, the larger dimension), and twelve to eighteen inches deep. mix thoroughly with the excavated soil a good barrowful of the oldest, finest manure you can get, combined with about one-fourth or one-fifth its weight of south carolina rock (or acid phosphate, if you cannot get the rock). it is a good plan to compost the manure and rock in advance, or use the rock as an absorbent in the stable. fill in the hole again, leaving room in the center to set the tree without bending or cramping any roots. where any of these are injured or bruised, cut them off clean at the injured spot with a sharp knife. shorten any that are long and straggling about one-third to one-half their length. properly grown stock should not be in any such condition. remember that a well planted tree will give more fruit in the first ten years than three trees carelessly put in. get the tree so that it will be one to three inches deeper in the soil than when growing in the nursery. work the soil in firmly about the roots with the fingers or a blunt wooden "tamper"; do not be afraid to use your feet. when the roots are well covered, firm the tree in by putting all your weight upon the soil around it. see that it is planted straight, and if the "whip," or small trunk, is not straight stake it, and tie it with rye straw, raffia or strips of old cloth-never string or wire. if the soil is very dry, water the root copiously while planting until the soil is about half filled in, never on the surface, as that is likely to cause a crust to form and keep out the air so necessary to healthy growth. prune back the "leader" of the tree-the top above the first lateral branches, about one-half. peach trees should be cut back more severely. further information in regard to pruning, and the different needs of the various fruits in regard to this important matter, will be given in the next chapter. setting standard apple trees, fully grown, will require thirty to forty-five feet of space between them each way. it takes, however, ten or twelve years after the trees are set before all of this space is needed. a system of "fillers," or inter-planting, has come into use as a result of this, which will give at least one hundred per cent, more fruit for the first ten years. small-growing standards, standard varieties on dwarf stock, and also peaches, are used for this purpose in commercial orchards. but the principle may be applied with equally good results to the home orchard, or even to the planting of a few scattered trees. the standard dwarfs give good satisfaction as permanent fillers. where space is very limited, or the fruit must go into the garden, they may be used in place of the standard sorts altogether. the dwarf trees are, as a rule, not so long-lived as the standards, and to do their best, need more care in fertilizing and manuring; but the fruit is just as good; just as much, or more, can be grown on the same area; and the trees come into bearing two to three years sooner. they cost less to begin with and are also easier to care for, in spraying and pruning and in picking the fruit. cultivation the home orchard, to give the very finest quality of fruit, must be given careful and thorough cultivation. in the case of scattered trees, where it is not practicable to use a horse, this can be given by working a space four to six feet wide about each tree. every spring the soil should be loosened up, with the cultivator or fork, as the case may be, and kept stirred during the early part of the summer. unless the soil is rich, a fertilizer, high in potash and not too high in nitrogen, should be given in the spring. manure and phosphate rock, as suggested above, is as good as any. in case the foliage is not a deep healthy green, apply a few handfuls of nitrate of soda, working it into the soil just before a rain, around each tree. about august st the cultivation should be discontinued, and some "cover crop" sown. buckwheat and crimson clover is a good combination; as the former makes a rapid growth it will form, if rolled down just as the apples are ripening, a soft cushion upon which the windfalls may drop without injury, and will furnish enough protection to the crimson clover to carry it through most winters, even in cold climates. in addition to the filler crops, where the ground is to be cultivated by horse, potatoes may be grown between the rows of trees; or fine hills of melons or squash may be grown around scattered trees, thus, incidentally, saving a great deal of space in the vegetable garden. or why not grow a few extra fancy strawberries in the well cultivated spots about these trees? neither they nor the trees want the ground too rich, especially in nitrogen, and conditions suiting the one would be just right for the others. it may seem to the beginner that fruit-growing, with all these things to keep in mind, is a difficult task. but it is not. i think i am perfectly safe in saying that the rewards from nothing else he can plant and care for are as certain, and surely none are more satisfactory. if you cannot persuade yourself to try fruit on any larger plan, at least order half a dozen dwarf trees (they will cost about twenty cents apiece, and can be had by mail). they will prove about the best paying investment you ever made. chapter xvii pruning, spraying, harvesting the day has gone, probably forever, when setting out fruit trees and giving them occasional cultivation, "plowing up the orchard" once in several years, would produce fruit. apples and pears and peaches have occupied no preferred position against the general invasion of the realm of horticulture by insect and fungous enemies. the fruits have, indeed, suffered more than most plants. nevertheless there is this encouraging fact: that, though the fruits may have been severely attacked, the means we now have of fighting fruit-tree enemies, if thoroughly used, as a rule are more certain of accomplishing their purpose, and keeping the enemies completely at bay, than are similar weapons in any other line of horticultural work. with fruit trees, as with vegetables and flowers, the most important precaution to be taken against insects and disease is to _have them in a healthy, thriving, growing condition_. it is a part of nature's law of the survival of the fittest that any backward or weakling plant or tree seems to fall first prey to the ravages of destructive forces. for these reasons the double necessity of maintaining at all times good fertilization and thorough cultivation will be seen. in addition to these two factors, careful attention in the matter of pruning is essential in keeping the trees in a healthy, robust condition. as explained in a previous chapter, the trees should be started right by pruning the first season to the open-head or vase shape, which furnishes the maximum of light and air to all parts of the tree. three or four main branches should form the basis of the head, care being taken not to have them start from directly opposite points on the trunk, thus forming a crotch and leaving the tree liable to splitting from winds or excessive crops. if the tree is once started right, further pruning will give little trouble. cut out limbs which cross, or are likely to rub against each other, or that are too close together; and also any that are broken, decayed, or injured in any way. for trees thus given proper attention from the start, a short jackknife will be the only pruning instrument required. the case of the old orchard is more difficult. cutting out too many of the old, large limbs at one time is sure to give a severe shock to the vitality of the tree. a better plan is, first, to cut off _close_ all suckers and all small new-growth limbs, except a few of the most promising, which may be left to be developed into large limbs; and then as these new limbs grow on, gradually to cut out, using a fine-tooth saw and painting the exposed surfaces, the surplus old wood. apples will need more pruning than the other fruits. pears and cherries need the least; cutting back the ends of limbs enough to keep the trees in good form, with the removal of an occasional branch for the purpose of letting in light and air, is all the pruning they will require. of course trees growing on rich ground, and well cultivated, will require more cutting back than those growing under poorer conditions. a further purpose of pruning is to effect indirectly a thinning of the fruit, so that what is grown will be larger and more valuable, and also that the trees may not become exhausted by a few exceptionally heavy crops. on trees that have been neglected and growing slowly the bark sometimes becomes hard and set. in such cases it will prove beneficial to scrape the bark and give a wash applied with an old broom. whitewash is good for this purpose, but soda or lye answers the same purpose and is less disagreeably conspicuous. slitting the bark of trunks and the largest limbs is sometimes resorted to, care being taken to cut through the bark only; but such practice is objectionable because it leaves ready access to some forms of fungous disease and to borers. where extra fine specimens of fruit are desired, thinning is practiced. it helps also to prevent the tree from being overtaxed by excessive crops. but where pruning is thoroughly done this trouble is usually avoided. peaches and japan plums are especially benefited by thinning, as they have a great tendency to overbear. the spread of fruit diseases, especially rot in the fruit itself, is also to some extent checked. of fruit-tree enemies there are some large sorts which may do great damage in short order--rabbits and field mice. they may be kept away by mechanical protection, such as wire, or by heaping the earth up to a height of twelve inches about the tree trunk. or they may be caught with poisoned baits, such as boiled grain in which a little rough on rats or similar poison has been mixed. the former method for the small home garden is little trouble, safer to fido and tabby, and the most reliable in effect. insects and scale diseases are not so easily managed; and that brings us to the question of spraying and of sprays. for large orchards the spray must, of course, be applied with powerful and expensive machinery. for the small fruit garden a much simpler and very moderate priced apparatus may be acquired. the most practical of these is the brass-tank compressed-air sprayer, with extension rod and mist-spray nozzle. or one of the knapsack sprayers may be used. either of these will be of great assistance not only with the fruit trees, but everywhere in the garden. with care they will last a good many years. whatever type you get, be sure to get a brass machine; as cheaper ones, made of other metal, quickly corrode from contact with the strong poisons used. apple enemies the insects most commonly attacking the apple are the codlin-moth, tent-caterpillar, canker-worm and borer. the codlin-moth lays its eggs on the fruit about the time of the falling of the blossoms, and the larvae when hatched eat into the young fruit and cause the ordinary wormy apples and pears. owing to these facts, it is too late to reach the trouble by spraying after the calyx closes on the growing fruit. keep close watch and spray immediately upon the fall of the blossoms, and repeat the spraying a week or so (not more than two) later. for spray use paris green at the rate of lb., or arsenate of lead (paste or powder, less of the latter: see accompanying directions) at the rate of lbs. to gallons of water, being careful to have a thorough mixture. during july, tie strips of burlap or old bags around the trunks, and every week or so destroy all caterpillars caught in these traps. the tent-caterpillar may be destroyed while in the egg state, as these are plainly visible around the smaller twigs in circular, brownish masses. (see illustration.) upon hatching, also, the nests are obtrusively visible and may be wiped out with a swab of old bag, or burned with a kerosene torch. be sure to apply this treatment before the caterpillar begins to leave the nest. the treatment recommended for codlin-moths is also effective for the tent-caterpillar. the canker-worm is another leaf-feeding enemy, and can be taken care of by the paris green or arsenate spray. the railroad-worm, a small white maggot which eats a small path in all directions through the ripening fruit, cannot be reached by spraying, as he starts life inside the fruit; but where good clean tillage is practiced and no fallen fruit is left to lie and decay under the trees, he is not apt to give much trouble. the borer's presence is indicated by the dead, withered appearance of the bark, beneath which he is at work, and also by small amounts of sawdust where he entered. dig him out with a sharp pocket-knife, or kill him inside with a piece of wire. the most troublesome disease of the apple, especially in wet seasons, is the apple-scab, which disfigures the fruit, both in size and in appearance, as it causes blotches and distortions. spray with bordeaux mixture, - - , or - - (see formulas below) three times: just before the blossoms open, just as they fall, and ten days to two weeks after they fall. the second spraying is considered the most important. the san josé scale is of course really an insect, though in appearance it seems a disease. it is much more injurious than the untrained fruit grower would suppose, because indirectly so. it is very tiny, being round in outline, with a raised center, and only the size of a small pinhead. where it has once obtained a good hold it multiplies very rapidly, makes a scaly formation or crust on the branches, and causes small red-edged spots on the fruit (see illustration). for trees once infested, spray thoroughly both in fall, after the leaves drop, and again in spring, _before_ growth begins. use lime-sulphur wash, or miscible oil, one part to ten of water, thoroughly mixed. cherry enemies sour cherries are more easily grown than the sweet varieties, and are less subject to the attacks of fruit enemies. sweet cherries are troubled by the curculio, or fruit-worm, which attacks also peaches and plums. cherries and plums may be sprayed, when most of the blossoms are off, with a strong arsenate of lead solution, to lbs. to gals. water. in addition to this treatment, where the worms have once got a start, the beetles may be destroyed by spreading a sheet around and beneath the tree, and every day or so shaking or jarring them off into it, as described below. peach enemies do not spray peaches. for the curculio, within a few days after the flowers are off, take a large sheet of some cheap material to use as a catcher. for large orchards there is a contrivance of this sort, mounted on a wheelbarrow frame, but for the home orchard a couple of sheets laid upon the ground, or one with a slit from one side to the center, will answer. if four short, sharp-pointed stakes are fastened to the corners, and three or four stout hooks and eyes are placed to reunite the slit after the sheet is placed about the tree, the work can be more thoroughly done, especially on uneven ground. after the sheet is placed, with a stout club or mallet, padded with a heavy sack or something similar to prevent injury to the bark, give a few sharp blows, well up from the ground. this work should be done on a cloudy day, or early in the morning--the colder the better--as the beetles are then inactive. if a considerable number of beetles are caught the operation should be repeated every two or three days. continue until the beetles disappear. peaches are troubled also by borers, in this case indicated by masses of gum, usually about the crown. dig out or kill with a wire, as in the case of the apple-borer. look over the trees for borers every spring, or better, every spring and fall. another peach enemy is the "yellows," indicated by premature ripening of the fruit and the formation of stunted leaf tufts, of a light yellow color. this disease is contagious and has frequently worked havoc in whole sections. owing to the work of the agricultural department and the various state organizations it is now held in check. the only remedy is to cut and burn the trees and replant, in the same places if desired, as, the disease does not seem to be carried by the soil. pear enemies pears are sometimes affected with a scab similar to the apple-scab, and this is combated by the same treatment--three sprayings with bordeaux. a blight which causes the leaves suddenly to turn black and die and also kills some small branches and produces sores or wounds on large branches and trunk, offers another difficulty. cut out and burn all affected branches and scrape out all sores. disinfect all sores with corrosive sublimate solution-- to --or with a torch, and paint over at once. plum enemies plums have many enemies but fortunately they can all be effectively checked. first is the curculio, to be treated as described above. for leaf-blight--spotting and dropping off of the leaves about midsummer--spray with bordeaux within a week or so after the falling of the blossoms. this treatment will also help to prevent fruit-rot. in addition to the spraying, however, thin out the fruit so that it does not hang thickly enough for the plums to come in contact with each other. in a well kept and well sprayed orchard black-knot is not at all likely to appear. it is very manifest wherever it starts, causing ugly, black, distorted knarls, at first on the smaller limbs. remove and burn immediately, and keep a sharp watch for more. as this disease is supposed to be carried by the wind, see to it that no careless neighbor is supplying you with the germs. as will have been seen from the above, spraying poisons are of two kinds: those that work by contact, which must be used for most sucking insects, and germs and fungous diseases; and those that poison internally, used for leaf-eating insects. of the former sort, bordeaux mixture is the standard, although within the last few years it has been to a considerable extent replaced by lime-sulphur mixtures, which are described below. bordeaux is made in various forms. that usually used is the - - , or lbs. copper sulphate, lbs. unslaked lime, gals. water. to save the trouble of making up the mixture each time it is needed make a stock solution as follows: dissolve the copper sulphate in water at the rate of lb. to gal. this should be done the day before, or at least several hours before, the bordeaux is wanted for use. suspend the sulphate crystals in a cloth or old bag just below the surface of the water. then slake the lime in a tub or tight box, adding the water a little at a time, until the whole attains the consistency of thick milk. when necessary, add water to this mixture if it is kept too long; never let it dry out. when ready to spray, pour the stock copper sulphate solution into the tank in the proportion of gals. to every of spray required. add water to amount required. then add stock lime solution, first diluting about one-half with water and straining. the amount of lime stock solution to be used is determined as follows: at the druggist's get an ounce of yellow prussiate of potash dissolved in a pint of water, with a quill in the cork of the bottle so that it may be dropped out. (it is poison.) when adding the stock lime solution as directed above, continue until the prussiate testing solution when dropped into the bordeaux mixture will no longer turn brown; then add a little more lime to be on the safe side. all this sounds like a formidable task, but it is quite simple when you really get at it. remember that all you need is a few pounds each of quicklime and copper sulphate, an ounce of prussiate of potash and a couple of old kegs or large pails, in which to keep the stock solutions, lime-sulphur mixtures can be bought, or mixed by the home orchardist. they have the advantages over bordeaux that they do not discolor the foliage or affect the appearance of the fruit. use according to directions, usually about part to of water. these may be used at the same times and for the same purposes as bordeaux. lime-sulphur wash is used largely in commercial orcharding, but it is a nasty mess to prepare and must be used in late fall or winter. for the home orchard one of the miscible oils now advertised will be found more satisfactory. while they cost more, there is no time or expense for preparation, as they mix with cold water and are immediately ready for use. they are easier to apply, more comfortable to handle, and will not so quickly rot out pumps and spraying apparatus. like the sulphur wash, use only during late fall and winter. kerosene emulsion is made by dissolving ivory, soft, whale-oil, or tar soap in hot water and adding (away from the stove, please!) kerosene (or crude oil); / lb. soap, gal. water, gals, kerosene. immediately place in a pail and churn or pump until a thick, lathery cream results. this is the stock solution: for use, dilute with five to fifteen times as much water, according to purpose applied for--on dormant fruit trees, to times; on foliage, or even . of the poisons for eating-insects, arsenate of lead is the best for use in the fruit orchard, because it will not burn the foliage as paris green is apt to do, and because it stays on longer. it can be used in bordeaux and lime-sulphur mixtures, thus killing two bugs with one spray. it comes usually in the form of a paste--though there is now a brand in powder form (which i have not yet tried). this should be worked up with the fingers (it is not poison to touch) or a small wooden paddle, until thoroughly mixed, in a small quantity of water and then strained into the sprayer. use, of the paste forms, from one- fourth to one lb. in gals, clear water. paris green is the old standard. with a modern duster it may be blown on pure without burning, if carefully done. applied thus it should be put on during a still morning, before the dew goes. it is safer to use as a spray, first making a paste with a small quantity of water, and then adding balance of water. keep constantly stirred while spraying. if lime is added, weight for weight with the green, the chances of burning will be greatly reduced. for orchard work, lb. to gals. water is the usual strength. the accompanying table will enable the home orchardist to find quickly the trouble with, and remedy for, any of his fruit trees. the quality of fruit will depend very largely upon the care exercised in picking and storing. picking, carelessly done, while it may not at the time show any visible bad results, will result in poor keeping and rot. if the tissue cells are broken, as many will be by rough handling, they will be ready to cause rotten spots under the first favorable conditions, and then the rot will spread. most of the fruits of the home garden, which do not have to undergo shipping, will be of better quality where they ripen fully on the tree. pears, however, are often ripened in the dark and after picking, especially the winter sorts. apples and pears for winter use should be kept, if possible, in a cold, dark place, where there is no artificial heat, and where the air will be moist, but never wet, and where the thermometer will not fall below thirty-two degrees. upon exceptionally cold nights the temperature may be kept up by using an oil stove or letting in heat from the furnace cellar, if that is adjacent. in such a place, store the fruit loosely, on ventilated shelves, not more than six or eight inches deep. if they must be kept in a heated place, pack in tight boxes or barrels, being careful to put away only perfect fruit, or pack in sand or leaves. otherwise they will lose much in quality by shriveling, due to lack of moisture in the atmosphere. with care they may be had in prime quality until late in the following spring. fruit | pest | remedy | times to apply | | | and when ------+--------------+-------------------------------+---------------- apple | apple-scab | bordeaux - - , or summer | .--b b o--a b | | lime-sulphur spray | f--f d. | | | | apple-maggot | pick up and destroy all | (see key below.) | or | fallen fruits | | railroad worm| dig out or kill with wire; | | borer | search for in fall and spring| | | | | codlin moth | arsenate of lead, in ; | | | or paris green, in . | .--a b f-f | | burlap bands on truck | d. | | for traps during july | | | | | cankerworm | same as above | | | | | tent- | same as above, also wipe out | | caterpillar | out or burn nests | | | | | blister-mite | lime-sulphur wash; kerosene | late fall or | | emulsion (dilute times) | early spring. | | or miscible oil ( in gal.)| | | | | bud-moth | arsenate of lead or paris | .--when leaves | | green | appear--b b o. ------+--------------+-------------------------------+----------------- cherry| leaf blight | bordeaux - - | .--b b c--a | | | calyx closes--f | | | d--f d. | | | | curculio | arsenate of lead, in . | .--a b f. | | curculio catcher (see plum) | times a week | | | | black-knot | cut out and burn at once | | | (see plum) | | | | | fruit-rot | pick before fully ripe. | | | spread out in cool airy room | ------+--------------+-------------------------------+----------------- peach | borer | dig out or kill with wire | | yellows | pull out and burn | | | tree--replant | | | | | curculio | do not spray. catch on sheets | | | (see plum) | | | | | brown-rot | summer lime-sulphur; open | | | pruning; pick rotten fruit | .--when fruit | | | is half | | | grown--f | | | d--f d. | | | | leaf-curl | bordeaux - - ; lime-sulphur | --b buds swell, | | wash | fall or early | | | spring. ------+--------------+-------------------------------+----------------- pear | blight | cut out diseased branches; | | | clean out sores; disinfect | | | with corrosive sublimate | | | in ; paint over | | | | | scab | bordeaux - - , or summer | .--b b o--a b | | sulphur (see apple) | o--f d. | | | | blister-mite | | ------+--------------+-------------------------------+----------------- plum | leaf-blight | bordeaux or summer sulphur | .--after fruits | | | set. | fruit-rot | same; also thin fruits so as | | black-knot | not to touch (see cherry) | | curculio | also have neighboring trees | | | cleaned up | | | jar down on sheets stretched | | | beneath trees and destroy | a b f--cool | | | mornings- | | | times a week. ------+--------------+-------------------------------+----------------- any | san josé | lime-sulphur wash, kerosene | late fall or | scale | emulsion, times diluted; | early spring. | | miscible oil, in gals | | | | | oyster-shell | kerosene emulsion | may or june, | scale | | when young | | | whitish lice | | | appear. ------+--------------+-------------------------------+----------------- a-after. b-before. d-days. f-follow up in. b-blossoms. o-open. f-fall. do not let yourself be discouraged from growing your own fruit by the necessity for taking good care of your trees. after all, you do not have to plant them every year, as you do vegetables, and they yield a splendid return on the small investment required. do not fail to set out at least a few this year with the full assurance that your satisfaction is guaranteed by the facts in the case. chapter xviii berries and small fruits besides the tree-fruits discussed in the preceding chapters, there is another class which should be represented in every home garden--the berries and small fruits. these have the advantage of occupying much less room than the former do and are therefore available where the others are not. the methods of giving berries proper cultivation are not so generally known as the methods used with vegetables. otherwise there is no reason why a few of each should not be included in every garden of average size. their requirements are not exacting: the amount of skill, or rather of attention, required to care for them is not more than that required by the ordinary vegetables. in fact, once they are well established they will demand less time than the annual vegetables. of these small fruits the most popular and useful are: the strawberry, the blackberry, dewberry and raspberry, the currant, gooseberry and grape. the strawberry is the most important, and most amateurs attempt its culture--many, however, with indifferent success. this is due, partly at least, to the fact that many methods are advocated by successful growers, and that the beginner is not likely to pick out _one_ and stick to it; and further, that he is led to pay more attention to how many layers he will have, and at what distance he will set the plants, than to proper selection and preparation of soil and other vital matters. the soil should be well drained and rich--a good garden soil being suitable. the strawberries should not follow sod or corn. if yard manure is used it should be old and well rotted, so as to be as free as possible from weed seeds. potash, in some form (see fertilizers) should be added. the bed should be thoroughly prepared, so that the plants, which need careful transplanting, may take hold at once. a good sunny exposure is preferable, and a spot where no water will collect is essential. the plants are grown from "layers." they are taken in two ways: ( ) by rooting the runners in the soil; and ( ) by layering in pots. in the former method they are either allowed to root themselves, or, which gives decidedly better results, by selecting vines from strong plants and pushing them lightly down into the soil where the new crown is to be formed. in the second method, two-inch or three-inch pots are used, filling these with soil from the bed and plunging, or burying, them level with the surface, just below where the crown is to be formed, and holding the vine in place with a small stone, which serves the additional purpose of marking where the pot is. in either case these layers are made after the fruiting season. setting the plants in using the soil-rooted layers, it is generally more satisfactory to set them out in spring, as soon as the ground can be worked, although they are sometimes set in early fall--august or september--when the ground is in very good condition, so that a good growth can at once be made. care should be used in transplanting. have the bed fresh; keep the plants out of the soil as short a time as possible; set the plants in straight, and firm the soil; set just down to the crown--do not cover it. if the soil is dry, or the season late, cut off all old leaves before planting; also shorten back the roots about one-third and be sure not to crowd them when setting, for which purpose a trowel, not a dibble, should be used if the condition of the ground makes the use of any implement necessary. if so dry that water must be used, apply it in the bottom of the hole. if very hot and dry, shade for a day or two. methods of growing i describe the three systems most valuable for the home garden: ( ) the hill, ( ) the matted row, and ( ) the pot-layered. ( ) in the hill system the plants are put in single rows, or in beds of three or four rows, the plants one foot apart and the rows, or beds, two or three feet apart. in either case each plant is kept separate, and all runners are pinched off as fast as they form, the idea being to throw all the strength into one strong crown. ( ) in the matted row system the plants are set in single rows, and the runners set in the bed at five or six inches each side of the plants, and then trained lengthways of the row, this making it a foot or so wide. the runners used to make these secondary crowns must be the first ones sent out by the plants; they should be severed from the parent plants as soon as well rooted. all other runners must be taken off as they form. to keep the beds for a good second crop, where the space between the rows has been kept cultivated and clean, cut out the old plants as soon as the first crop of berries is gathered, leaving the new ones--layered the year before-- about one foot apart. ( ) the pot-layering system, especially for a small number of plants, i consider the best. it will be seen that by the above systems the ground is occupied three years, to get two crops, and the strawberry season is a short one at best. by this third system the strawberry is made practically an annual, and the finest of berries are produced. the new plants are layered in pots, as described above. the layers are taken immediately after the fruit is gathered; or better still, because earlier, a few plants are picked out especially to make runners. in either case, fork up the soil about the plants to be layered, and in about fifteen days they will be ready to have the pots placed under them. the main point is to have pot plants ready to go into the new bed as soon as possible after the middle of july. these are set out as in the hill system, and all runners kept pinched off, so that a large crown has been formed by the time the ground freezes, and a full crop of the very best berries will be assured for the following spring. the pot-layering is repeated each year, and the old plants thrown out, no attempt being made to get a second crop. it will be observed that ground is occupied by the strawberries only the latter half of the one season and the beginning of the next, leaving ample time for a crop of early lettuce, cabbage or peas before the plants are set, say in , and for late cabbage or celery after the bed is thrown out, in . thus the ground is made to yield three crops in two years--a very important point where garden space is limited. cultivation whatever system is used--and each has its advocates--the strawberry bed must be kept clean, and attention given to removing the surplus runners. cultivate frequently enough to keep a dust mulch between the rows, as advocated for garden crops. at first, after setting, the cultivation may be as deep as three or four inches, but as the roots develop and fill the ground it should be restricted to two inches at most. where a horse is used a planet jr. twelve-tooth cultivator will be just the thing. mulching after the ground freezes, and before severe cold sets in (about the st to the th of december) the bed should be given its winter mulch. bog hay, which may be obtained cheaply from some nearby farmer, is about the best material. clean straw will do. cover the entire bed, one or two inches over the plants, and two or three between the rows. if necessary, hold in place with old boards. in spring, but not before the plants begin to grow, over each plant the mulch is pushed aside to let it through. besides giving winter protection, the mulch acts as a clean even support for the berries and keeps the roots cool and moist. insects and disease for white-grub and cut-worm see pages elsewhere in the text. for rust, which frequently injures the leaves so seriously as to cause practical loss of crop, choose hardy varieties and change bed frequently. spraying with bordeaux, - - , four or five times during first season plants are set, and second season just before and just after blossoming, will prevent it. in making up your strawberry list remember that some varieties have imperfect, or pistillate blossoms, and that when such varieties are used a row of some perfect-flowering (bi- sexual) sort must be set every nine to twelve feet. varieties new strawberries are being introduced constantly; also, they vary greatly in their adaptation to locality. therefore it is difficult to advise as to what varieties to plant. the following, however, have proved satisfactory over wide areas, and may be depended upon to give satisfaction. early crop:--michel's early, haverland, climax; mid- season crop:--bubach no. , brandywine, marshall, nic. ohmer, wm. belt, glen mary, sharplesss; late crop:--the gandy, sample, lester lovett. the blackberry, dewberry and raspberry are all treated in much the same way. the soil should be well drained, but if a little clayey, so much the better. they are planned preferably in early spring, and set from three or four to six or seven feet apart, according to the variety. they should be put in firmly. set the plants in about as deep as they have been growing, and cut the canes back to six or eight inches. if fruit is wanted the same season as bushes are set, get a few extra plants--they cost but a few cents--and cut back to two feet or so. plants fruited the first season are not likely to do well the following year. two plants may be set in a place and one fruited. if this one is exhausted, then little will be lost. give clean cultivation frequently enough to maintain a soil mulch, as it is very necessary to retain all the moisture possible. cultivation, though frequent, should be very shallow as soon as the plants get a good start. in very hot seasons, if the ground is clean, a summer mulch of old hay, leaves or rough manure will be good for the same purpose. in growing, a good stout stake is used for each plant, to which the canes are tied with some soft material. or, a stout wire is strung the length of the row and the canes fastened to this--a better way, however, being to string two wires, one on either side of the row. another very important matter is that of pruning. the plants if left to themselves will throw up altogether too much wood. this must be cut out to four or five of the new canes and all the canes that have borne fruit should be cut and burned each season as soon as through fruiting. the canes, for instance, that grow in will be those to fruit in , after which they should be immediately removed. the new canes, if they are to be self-supporting, as sometimes grown, should be cut back when three or four feet high. it is best, however, to give support. in the case of those varieties which make fruiting side-shoots, as most of the black raspberries (blackcaps) do, the canes should be cut back at two to three feet, and it is well also to cut back these side shoots one-third to one-half, early in the spring. in cold sections (new york or north of it) it is safest to give winter protection by "laying down" the canes and giving them a mulch of rough material. having them near the ground is in itself a great protection, as they will not be exposed to sun and wind and will sometimes be covered with snow. for mulching, the canes are bent over nearly at the soil and a shovelful of earth thrown on the tips to hold them down; the entire canes may then be covered with soil or rough manure, but do not put it on until freezing weather is at hand. if a mulch is used, it must be taken off before growth starts in the spring. the blackberry the large-growing sorts are set as much as six by eight feet apart, though with careful staking and pruning they may be comfortably handled in less space. the smaller sorts need about four by six. when growth starts, thin out to four or five canes and pinch these off at about three feet; or, if they are to be put on wires or trellis, they may be cut when tied up the following spring. cultivate, mulch and prune as suggested above. blackberries will do well on a soil a little dry for raspberries and they do not need it quite so rich, as in this case the canes do not ripen up sufficiently by fall, which is essential for good crops. if growing rank they should be pinched back in late august. when tying up in the spring, the canes should be cut back to four or five feet and the laterals to not more than eighteen inches. blackberry enemies do not do extensive injury, as a rule, in well- cared-for beds. the most serious are: ( ) the rust or blight, for which there is no cure but carefully pulling and burning the plants as fast as infested; ( ) the blackberry-bush borer, for which burn infested canes; and ( ) the recently introduced bramble flea-louse, which resembles the green plant-louse or aphis except that it is a brisk jumper, like the flea-beetle. the leaves twist and curl up in summer and do not drop off in the fall. on cold early mornings, or wet weather, while the insects are sluggish, cut all infested shoots, collecting them in a tight box, and burn. blackberry varieties as with the other small fruits, so many varieties are being introduced that it is difficult to give a list of the best for home use. any selections from the following, however, will prove satisfactory, as they are tried-and-true:--early king, early harvest, wilson junior, kittatinny, rathburn, snyder, erie. the dewberry this is really a trailing blackberry and needs the same culture, except that the canes are naturally slender and trailing and therefore, for garden culture, must have support. they may be staked up, or a barrel hoop, supported by two stakes, makes a good support. in ripening, the dewberry is ten to fourteen days earlier than the blackberry, and for that reason a few plants should be included in the berry patch. premo is the earliest sort, and lucretia the standard. raspberry the black and the red types are distinct in flavor, and both should be grown. the blackcaps need more room, about three by six or seven feet; for the reds three by five feet will be sufficient. the blackcaps, and a few of the reds, like cuthbert, throw out fruiting side branches, and should have the main canes cut back at about two and a half feet to encourage the growth of these laterals, which, in the following spring, should be cut back to about one-third their length. the soil for raspberries should be clayey if possible, and moist, but not wet. raspberry enemies the orange rust, which attacks the blackberry also, is a serious trouble. pull up and burn all infested plants at once, as no good remedy has as yet been found. the cut-worm, especially in newly set beds, may sometimes prove destructive of the sprouting young canes. the raspberry-borer is the larva of a small, flattish, red-necked beetle, which bores to the center of the canes during summer growth, and kills them. cut and burn. raspberry varieties of the blackcaps, gregg, mccormick, munger, cumberland, columbian, palmer (very early), and eureka (late), are all good sorts. reds: cuthbert, cardinal (new), turner, reliance, the king (extra early), loudon (late). yellow: golden queen. currants the currant and gooseberry are very similar in their cultural requirements. a deep, rich and moist soil is the best--approaching a clayey loam. there need be no fear of giving too much manure, but it should be well rotted. plenty of room, plenty of air, plenty of moisture, secured where necessary by a soil or other mulch in hot dry weather, are essential to the production of the best fruit. the currant will stand probably as much abuse as any plant the home gardener will have to deal with. stuck in a corner, smothered in sod, crowded with old wood, stripped by the currant-worm, it still struggles along from year to year, ever hopefully trying to produce a meager crop of poor fruit. but these are not the sort you want. although it is so tough, no fruit will respond to good care more quickly. to have it do well, give it room, four or five feet each way between bushes. manure it liberally; give it clean cultivation, and as the season gets hot and dry, mulch the soil, if you would be certain of a full-sized, full-flavored crop. two bushes, well cared for, will yield more than a dozen half-neglected ones. anywhere north of new york a full crop every year may be made almost certain. pruning currants besides careful cultivation, to insure the best of fruit it is necessary to give some thought to the matter of pruning. the most convenient and the most satisfactory way is to keep it in the bush form. set the plants singly, three or four feet apart, and so cut the new growth, which is generously produced, as to retain a uniform bush shape, preferably rather open in the center. the fruit is produced on wood two or more years old. therefore cut out branches either when very small, or not until four or five years later, after it has borne two or three crops of fruit. therefore, in pruning currants, take out ( ) superfluous young growth; ( ) old hard wood (as new wood will produce better fruit); and ( ) all weak, broken, dead or diseased shoots; ( ) during summer, if the tips of the young growths kept for fruiting are pinched off, they will ripen up much better-- meaning better fruit when they bear; ( ) to maintain a good form, the whole plant may be cut back (never more than one-third) in the fall. in special situations it may be advisable to train the currant to one or a few main stems, as against a wall; this can be done, but it is less convenient. also it brings greater danger from the currant-borer. the black currant, used almost entirely for culinary or preserving purposes, is entirely different from the red and white ones. they are much larger and should be put five to six feet apart. some of the fruit is borne on one-year-old wood, so the shoots should not be cut back. moreover, old wood bears as good fruit as the new growth, and need not be cut out, unless the plant is getting crowded, for several years. as the wood is much heavier and stronger than the other currants, it is advisable gradually to develop the black currants into the tree form. enemies of the currant the worst of these is the common currant-worm. when he appears, which will be indicated by holes eaten in the lower leaves early in spring, generally before the plants bloom, spray at once with paris green. if a second brood appears, spray with white hellebore (if this is not all washed off by the rain, wipe from the fruit when gathered). for the borer, cut and burn every infested shoot. examine the bushes in late fall, and those in which the borers are at work will usually have a wilted appearance and be of a brownish color. varieties of currants red dutch, while older and smaller than some of the newer varieties, is hardier and not so likely to be hurt by the borer. london market, fay's prolific, perfection (new), and prince albert, are good sorts. white grape is a good white. naples, and lee's prolific are good black sorts. the gooseberry this is given practically the same treatment as the currant. it is even more important that it should be given the coolest, airiest, location possible, and the most moist soil. even a partially shaded situation will do, but in such situations extra care must be taken to guard against the mildew--which is mentioned below. summer mulching is, of course, of special benefit. in pruning the gooseberry, it is best to cut out to a very few, or even to a single stem. keep the head open, to allow free circulation of air. the extent of pruning will make a great difference in the size of the fruit; if fruit of the largest size is wanted, prune very close. all branches drooping to the ground should be removed. keep the branches, as much as possible, from touching each other. gooseberry enemies the currant-worm attacks the gooseberry also, and is effectively handled by the arsenate of lead, paris green or hellebore spraying, mentioned above. the great trouble in growing gooseberries successfully is the powdery mildew--a dirty, whitish fungous growth covering both fruit and leaves. it is especially destructive of the foreign varieties, the culture of which, until the advent of the potassium sulfide spray, was being practically abandoned. use oz. of potassium sulfide (liver of sulphur) to gals. water, and mix just before using. spray thoroughly three or four times a month, from the time the blossoms are opening until fruit is ripe. gooseberry varieties of the native gooseberries--which are the hardiest, downing and houghton's seedling are most used. industry is an english variety, doing well here. golden prolific, champion, and columbus, are other good foreign sorts, but only when the mildew is successfully fought off. the grape no garden is so small that there cannot be found in it room for three or four grape-vines; no fruit is more certain, and few more delicious. if it is convenient, a situation fully exposed to the sun, and sloping slightly, will be preferable. but any good soil, provided only it is rich and thoroughly drained, will produce good results. if a few vines are to be set against walls, or in other out-of-the-way places, prepare the ground for them by excavating a good-sized hole, putting in a foot of coal cinders or other drainage material, and refilling with good heavy loam, enriched with old, well rotted manure and half a peck of wood ashes. for culture in the garden, such special preparation will not be necessary--although, if the soil is not in good shape, it will be advisable slightly to enrich the hills. one or two-year roots will be the most satisfactory to buy. they may be set in either fall or spring--the latter time, for new york or north, being generally preferable. when planting, the cane should be cut back to three or four eyes, and the roots should also be shortened back-- usually about one-third. be sure to make the hole large enough, when setting, to let the roots spread naturally, and work the soil in well around them with the fingers. set them in firmly, by pressing down hard with the ball of the foot after firming by hand. they are set about six feet apart. grape pruning as stated above, the vine is cut back, when planting, to three or four eyes. the subsequent pruning--and the reader must at once distinguish between pruning, and training, or the way in which the vines are placed--will determine more than anything else the success of the undertaking. grapes depend more upon proper pruning than any other fruit or vegetable in the garden. two principles must be kept track of in this work. first principle: _the annual crop is borne only on canes of the same year's growth, springing from wood of the previous season's growth_. second principle: _the vine, if left to itself, will set three or four times the number of bunches it can properly mature_. as a result of these facts, the following system of pruning has been developed and must be followed for sure and full-sized crops. ( ) at time of planting, cut back to three or four eyes, and after these sprout leave only one (or two) of them, which should be staked up. ( ) following winter (december to march), leave only one cane and cut this back to three or four eyes. ( ) second growing season, save only two canes, even if several sprout, and train these to stake or trellis. these two vines, or arms, branching from the main stem, form the foundation for the one-year canes that bear the fruit. however, to prevent the vine's setting too much fruit (see second principle above) these arms must be cut back in order to limit the number of fruit-bearing canes that will spring from them, therefore: ( ) second winter pruning, cut back these arms to eight or ten buds-- and we have prepared for the first crop of fruit, about forty bunches, as the fruiting cane from each bud will bear two bunches on the average. however these main arms will not bear fruiting-canes another year (see first principle above) and therefore: ( ) at the third winter pruning, (a) of the canes that bore fruit, only the three or four nearest the main stem or trunk are left; (b) these are cut back to eight or ten buds each, and (c) everything else is ruthlessly cut away. each succeeding year the same system is continued, care being taken to rub off, each may, buds or sprouts starting on the main trunk or arms. the wood, in addition to being cut back, must be well ripened; and the wood does not ripen until after the fruit. it therefore sometimes becomes necessary to cut out some of the bunches in order to hasten the ripening of the rest. at the same time the application of some potash fertilizer will be helpful. if the bunches do not ripen up quickly and pretty nearly together, the vine is overloaded and being damaged for the following year. the matter of pruning being mastered, the question of training is one of individual choice. poles, trellises, arbors, walls--almost anything may be used. the most convenient system, however, and the one i would strongly recommend for practical home gardening for results, is known as the (modified) kniffen system. it is simplicity itself. a stout wire is stretched five or six feet above the ground; to this the single main trunks of the vine run up, and along it are stretched the two or three arms from which the fruiting-canes hang down. they occupy the least possible space, so that garden crops may be grown practically on the same ground. i have never seen it tried, but where garden space is limited i should think that the asparagus bed and the kniffen grape- arbor just described could be combined to great advantage by placing the vines, in spaces left for them, directly in the asparagus row. of course the ground would have to be manured for two crops. a - - fertilizer is right for the grapes. if using stable manure, apply also ashes or some other potash fertilizer. if the old-fashioned arbor is used, the best way is to run the main trunk up over it and cut the laterals back each year to two or three eyes. the most serious grape trouble which the home gardener is likely to encounter is the black-rot where only a few grapes are grown the simplest way of overcoming this disease is to get a few dozen cheap manila store-bags and fasten one, with a couple of ten-penny nails, over each bunch. cut the mouth of the bag at sides and edges, cover the bunch, fold the flaps formed over the cane, and fasten. they are put on after the bunches are well formed and hasten the ripening of the fruit, as well as protecting it. on a larger scale, spraying will have to be resorted to. use bordeaux, - - , from third leaf's appearance to middle of july; balance of season with ammoniacal copper carbonate. the spray should be applied in particular just before every rain-- especially on the season's growth. besides the spraying, all trimmed- off wood, old leaves and twigs, withered bunches and grapes, or "mummies," and refuse of every description, should be carefully raked up in the spring and burned or buried. also give clean culture and keep the main stems clean. the grape completes the list of the small fruits worth while to the average home gardener. if you have not already experimented with them, do not let your garden go longer without them. they are all easily obtained (none costing more than a few cents each), and a very limited number will keep the family table well supplied with healthy delicacies, which otherwise, in their best varieties and condition, could not be had at all. the various operations of setting out, pruning and spraying will soon become as familiar as those in the vegetable garden. there is no reason why every home garden should not have its few rows of small fruits, yielding their delicious harvests in abundance. chapter xix a calendar of operations one of the greatest difficulties in gardening is to get things started ahead at the proper time, and yet upon the thoroughness with which this is done the success of the garden must depend, in large measure. the reader may remember that in a previous chapter (chapter iv) the importance of accurately planning the work ahead was emphasized. i mentioned there the check list used to make sure that everything would be carried out, or started ahead at the proper time--as with the sowing of seeds. the following garden operations, given month by month, will serve not only as a timely reminder of things to be done, but as the basis for such a check list. the importance of the _preparations_ in all matters of gardening, is of course obvious. january probably one of the good resolutions made with the new year was a better garden for the coming summer. the psychologists claim that the only hope for resolutions is to nail them down at the start with an _action_--that seems to have more effect in making an actual impression on the brain. so start the good work along by sending at once for several of the leading seed catalogues. _planting plan_. make out a list of what you are going to want this year, and then make your planting plan. see chapter iv. _seeds_. order your seed. _do it now_ while the seedsman's stock is full; while he is not rushed; while there is ample time to rectify mistakes if any occur. _manures_. altogether too few amateur gardeners realize the great importance of procuring early every pound of manures, of any kind, to be had. it often may be had cheaply at this time of year, and by composting, adding phosphate rock, and several turnings, if you have any place under cover where it can be collected, you can double its value before spring. _frames_. even at this season of the year do not fail to air the frames well on warm days. practically no water will be needed, but if the soil does dry out sufficiently to need it, apply early on a bright morning. _onions_. it will not be too early, this month, to sow onions for spring transplanting outside. get a packet each of prizetaker, ailsa craig, mammoth silver-skin, or gigantic gibraltar. _lettuce_. sow lettuce for spring crop under glass or in frames. _fruit_. this is a good month to prune grapes, currants, gooseberries and peach trees, to avoid the rush that will come later. february _hotbeds_. a little early for making them until after the th, but get all your material ready--manure, selected and stacked; lumber ready for any new ones; sash all in good repair. _starting seeds_. first part of the month, earliest planting of cabbage, cauliflower and lettuce should be made; and two to four weeks later for main early crop. at this time also, beets and earliest celery. _tools_. overhaul them all now; order repairs. get new catalogues and study new improvements and kinds you do not possess. _poles and brush_. whether you use the old-fashioned sort (now harder to obtain than they used to be) or make your "poles" and use wire trellis for peas, attend to it now. _fruit_. finish up last month's work, if not all done. also examine plum and cherry trees for black-knot. march _hotbeds_. if not made last of february, should be made at once. some of the seed sown last month will be ready for transplanting and going into the frames; also lettuce sown in january. radish and carrot (forcing varieties) may be sown in alternating rows. give much more air; water on bright mornings; be careful not to have them caught by suddenly cold nights after a bright warm day. _seed-sowing under glass_. last sowing of early cabbage and early summer cabbages (like succession), lettuce, rhubarb (for seedling plants), cauliflower, radish, spinach, turnip, and early tomatoes; towards last of month, late tomatoes and first of peppers, and egg- plant. sweet peas often find a place in the vegetable garden; start a few early, to set out later; they will do better than if started outside. start tomatoes for growing in frames. for early potatoes sprout in sand. _planting, outside_. if an early spring, and the ground is sufficiently dry, sow onions, lettuce, beet, radish, (sweet peas), smooth peas, early carrot, cabbage, leek, celery (main crop), and turnip. set out new beds of asparagus, rhubarb and sea-kale (be sure to try a few plants of the latter). manure and fork up old beds of above. _fruit_. prune now, apple, plum and pear trees. and this is the last chance for lime-sulphur and miscible-oil sprays. april now the rush is on! plan your work, and _work your plan_. but do not yield to the temptation to plant more than you can look out for later on. remember it is much easier to sow seeds than to pull out weeds. _the frames_. air! water! and do not let the green plant-lice or the white-fly get a ghost of a chance to start. almost every day the glass should be lifted entirely off. care must be taken never to let the soil or flats become dried out; toward the end of the month, if it is bright and warm, begin watering towards evening instead of in early morning, as you should have been doing through the winter. if proper attention is given to ventilation and moisture, there will not be much danger from the green plant-louse (aphis) and white-fly, but at the first sign of one fight them to a finish. use kerosene emulsion, tobacco dust, tobacco preparations, or aphine. _seed sowing_. under glass: tomato, egg-plant and peppers. on sod: corn, cucumbers, melons, early squash, lima beans. _planting, outside_. onions, lettuce, beet, etc., if not put in last month; also parsnip, salsify, parsley, wrinkled peas, endive. toward the end of this month (or first part of next) second plantings of these. set out plants of early cabbage (and the cabbage group) lettuce, onion sets, sprouted potatoes, beets, etc. _in the garden_. cultivate between rows of sowed crops; weed out by hand just as soon as they are up enough to be seen; watch for cut- worms and root-maggots. _fruit_. thin out all old blackberry canes, dewberry and raspberry canes (if this was not done, as it should have been, directly after the fruiting season last summer). be ready for first spraying of early- blossoming trees. set out new strawberry beds, small fruits and fruit trees. may _keep ahead of the weeds_. this is the month when those warm, south, driving rains often keep the ground too wet to work for days at a time, and weeds grow by leaps and bounds. woe betide the gardener whose rows of sprouting onions, beets, carrots, etc., once become green with wild turnip and other rapid-growing intruders. clean cultivation and slight hilling of plants set out are also essential. _the frames_. these will not need so much attention now, but care must be taken to guard tender plants, such as tomatoes, egg-plant and peppers, against sudden late frosts. the sash may be left off most of the time. water copiously and often. _planting, outside_. first part of the month: early beans, early corn, okra and late potatoes may be put in; and first tomatoes set out --even if a few are lost--they are readily replaced. finish setting out cabbage, lettuce, cauliflower, beets, etc., from frames. latter part of month, if warm: corn, cucumbers, some of sods from frames and early squash as traps where late crop is to be planted or set. _fruit_. be on time with first sprayings of late-blossoming fruits--apples, etc. rub off from grape vines the shoots that are not wanted. june _frequent, shallow cultivation!_ firm seeds in dry soil. plant wax beans, lima beans, pole beams, melons, corn, etc., and successive crops of lettuce, radish, etc. top-dress growing crops that need special manure (such as nitrate of soda on onions). prune tomatoes, and cut out some foliage for extra early tomatoes. toward end of month set celery and late cabbage. also sow beans, beets, corn, etc., for early fall crops. spray where necessary. allow asparagus to grow to tops. _fruit._ attend to spraying fruit trees and currants and gooseberries. make pot-layers of strawberries for july setting. july maintain frequent, shallow cultivation. set out late cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, leeks and celery. sow beans, beets, corn, etc., for late fall crops. irrigate where needed. _fruit_. pinch back new canes of blackberry, dewberry and raspberry. rub off second crop of buds on grapes. thin out if too many bunches; also on plums, peaches and other fruit too thick, or touching. pot-layered strawberries may be set out. august keep the garden clean from late weeds--especially purslane, the hot- weather weed pest, which should be always _removed_ from the garden and burned or rotted down. sow spinach, rutabaga turnip, bush beans and peas for last fall crop. during first part of month, late celery may still be put out. sow lettuce for early fall crop, in frames. first lot of endive should be tied up for blanching. _fruit_. strawberries may be set, and pot-layered plants, if wanted to bear a full crop the following season, should be put in by the thin out and bag grapes. september _frames_. set in lettuce started in august. sow radishes and successive crop of lettuce. cooler weather begins to tell on late- planted crops. give cabbage, cauliflower, etc., deeper cultivation. "handle" celery wanted for early use. harvest and store onions. get squash under cover before frost. from the th to th sow spinach, onions, borecole for wintering over. sow down thickly to rye all plots as fast as cleared of summer crops; or plow heavy land in ridges. attend to draining. _fruit_. trees may be set. procure barrels for storing fruit in winter. at harvest time it is often impossible to get them at any price. october get ready for winter. blanch rest of endive. bank celery, to be used before christmas, where it is. gather tomatoes, melons, etc., to keep as long as possible. keep especially clean and well cultivated all crops to be wintered over. late in the month store cabbage and cauliflower; also beets, carrots, and other root crops. get boxes, barrels, bins, sand or sphagnum moss ready beforehand, to save time in packing. clean the garden; store poles, etc., worth keeping over; burn everything else that will not rot; and compost everything that will. _fruit_. harvest apples, etc. pick winter pears just before hard frosts, and store in dry dark place. november _frames_. make deep hotbeds for winter lettuce and radishes. construct frames for use next spring. see that vegetables in cellar, bins, and sheds are safe from freezing. trench or store celery for spring use. take in balance of all root crops if any remain in the ground, except, of course, parsnip and salsify for spring use. put rough manure on asparagus and rhubarb beds. get mulch ready for spinach, etc., to be wintered over, if they occupy exposed locations. _fruit_. obtain marsh or salt hay for mulching strawberries. cut out old wood of cane-fruits--blackberries, etc., if not done after gathering fruit. look over fruit trees for borers. december cover celery stored last month, if trenched out-of-doors. use only light, loose material at first, gradually covering for winter. put mulch on spinach, etc. _fruit_. mulch strawberries. prune grape-vines; make first application of winter sprays for fruit trees. and then set about procuring manures of all kinds from every available source. remember that anything _which will rot_ will add to the value of your manure pile. muck, lime, old plastering, sods, weeds (earth and all), street, stable and yard sweepings--all these and numerous others will increase your garden successes of next year. chapter xx conclusion it is with a feeling in which there is something of fear that i close these pages--fear that many of those little things which become second nature to the grower of plants and seem unimportant, but which sometimes are just the things that the beginner wants to know about, may have been inadvertently left out. in every operation described, however, i have tried to mention all necessary details. i would urge the reader, nevertheless, to study as thoroughly as possible all the garden problems with which he will find himself confronted and to this end recommend that he read several of the many garden books which are now to be had. it must be to his advantage to see even the same subjects presented again from other points of view. the more familiar he can make himself, both in theory and in practice, with all the multitude of operations which modern gardening involves, the greater success will he attain. personally, the further i have gone into the growing of things--and that has now become my business as well as my pleasure--the more absorbingly interesting i find it. each season, each crop, offers its own problems and a reward for the correct solution of them. it is a work which, even to the beginner, presents the opportunity of deducting new conclusions, trying new experiments, making new discoveries. it is a work which offers pleasant and healthy recreation to the many whose days must be, for the most part, spent in office or shop; and it gives very substantial help in the world-old problem of making both ends meet. let the garden beginner be not disappointed if he does not succeed, for the first season or two, or possibly three, with everything he plants. there is usually a preventable reason for the failure, and studious observation will reveal it. with the modern success in the application of insecticides and fungicides, and the extension of the practice of irrigation, the subject of gardening begins to be reduced to a scientific and (what is more to the point) a sure basis. we are getting control of the uncertain factors. all this affects first, perhaps, the person who grows for profit, but with our present wide circulation of every new idea and discovery in such matters, it must reach soon to every remote home garden patch which is cared for by a wide-awake gardener. such a person, from the fact that he or she is reading a new garden book, i take the reader to be. i hope this volume, condensed though it is, has added to your fund of practical garden information; that it will help to grow that proverbial second blade of grass. i have only to add, as i turn again to the problems waiting for me in field and under glass, that i wish you all success in your work--the making of better gardens in america. dwarf fruit trees other books by the same author [illustration] landscape gardening plums and plum culture fruit harvesting, storing, marketing systematic pomology [illustration: dwarf cherry tree two years planted] dwarf fruit trees their propagation, pruning, and general management, adapted to the united states and canada _by_ f. a. waugh _illustrated_ new york orange judd company copyright, by orange judd company preface the commercial interests have so continuously and completely held the horticultural stage in america during the last two decades that it has been impossible for amateur horticulture to get in a word edgewise. any public speaker or writer has had to talk about several acres at a time or he would not be listened to. he has been obliged to insist that his scheme would pay on a commercial scale before anyone would hear, much less consider, what he had to tell. but now a change is coming. different conditions are already upon us. a thousand signs indicate the new era. with hundreds--yes thousands--of men and women now horticulture is an avocation, a pastime. they grow trees largely for the pleasure of it; and their gardens are built amidst surroundings which would make commercial pomology laugh at itself. and so i undertake to offer the first american fruit book in a quarter century which can boldly declare its independence of the professional element in fruit growing. i am confident that dwarf fruit trees have some commercial possibilities, but they are of far greater importance to the small householder, the owner of the private "estate," the village dweller, the suburbanite and the commuter. in other words, while i hope that all good people will be interested in dwarf fruit trees and that some of them will share the enthusiasm of which this book is begotten, i do not want anyone to think that i have issued any guaranty, expressed or implied, that dwarf trees will open a paying commercial enterprise. because the argument that a thing pays has been so long the only recommendation offered for any horticultural scheme, many persons have formed the habit of assuming that every sort of praise stands on this one foundation. f. a. waugh. _massachusetts agricultural college, ._ table of contents page preface v i. general considerations ii. advantages and disadvantages iii. propagation iv. pruning v. special forms vi. general management vii. dwarf apples viii. dwarf pears ix. dwarf peaches x. dwarf plums xi. bush fruits xii. fruit trees in pots xiii. personalia index list of illustrations dwarf cherry tree _frontispiece_ fig. page dwarf apple trees in western new york trained cordon apple trees bismarck apple pear tree trained as an espalier bush apple tree plums as upright cordons paradise apple stocks in early spring the western sand cherry upright cordon plum bush apple bush apple, three years old, before pruning bush apple, same tree, after pruning cordon pears before pruning cordon pears after pruning pears in double u form pears in u form apricots in u form pear in espalier old espalier pears on farm house wall horizontal cordon apple and other dwarf trees design for a back yard fruit garden dwarf fruit garden fruit gardening and landscape gardening combined a fruit garden containing many dwarf trees dwarf apples on prof. l. h. bailey's farm, new york upright cordon apples horizontal cordon apple trees young orchard of dwarf pear in western new york dwarf pear in the old and profitable yeomans orchard, new york orchard of dwarf duchess pear, lockport, n. y. pyramid pears in a german orchard dwarf peach in nursery espalier peach, hartford, conn. peach in fan espalier on wall--england peach trees trained under glass plum trees trained as upright cordons burbank plums on upright cordons trained to trellis currants as fan espaliers on trellis gooseberry fan espalier tree form gooseberry a fruiting peach in pot a fig tree in a pot dwarf pear chenango apples in prof. l. h. bailey's orchard dwarf fruit trees i general considerations a dwarf fruit tree is simply one which does not reach full size. it is not so large as it might be expected to be. it is smaller than a normal tree of the same variety and age. there are indeed some trees which are normally dwarf, so to speak. they never reach a considerable size. they are smaller than other better known and related species. for example, the species _prunus pumila besseyi_ is sometimes called the dwarf sand cherry, simply because it is always notably smaller than related species. the paradise apple is spoken of as a dwarf because it never attains the stature which other apples attain. but in the technical sense, as the term is used by nurserymen and pomologists, a dwarf tree is one which is made, by some artificial means, to grow smaller than normal trees of the same variety. these artificial means used for making dwarf trees are chiefly three: ( ) propagation on dwarfing stocks, ( ) repressive pruning, and ( ) training to some prescribed form. dwarfing stocks the most common and important means of securing dwarf trees is that of propagating them on dwarfing stocks. these are simply such roots as make a slower and weaker growth than the trees from which cions are taken. this will be understood better from a concrete example. the quince tree normally grows slower than the pear, and usually reaches about half the size at maturity. now pear cions will unite readily with quince roots and will grow in good health for many years. but when a pear tree is thus dependent for daily food on a quince root it fares like oliver twist. it never gets enough. it is always starved. it makes considerably less annual growth, and never (or at least seldom) reaches the size which it might have reached if it had been growing on a pear root. this is, somewhat roughly stated, the whole theory of dwarfing fruit trees by grafting them on slow-growing stocks. the tree top is always under-nourished and thus restrained in its ambitious growth of branches, as seen in fig. . while the tree is made thus smaller by being grafted on a restraining root, it is not affected in its other characteristics. at least theoretically it is not. it still bears the same kind of fruit and foliage. bartlett pear trees budded on quince roots yield fruit true to name. the pears are still bartletts, and can not be told from those grown on an ordinary tree. sometimes the fruit from dwarf trees seems to be better colored or better flavored than that from standard trees; but such differences are very delicate and usually receive slight thought. [illustration: fig. --dwarf apple trees in western new york] dwarf fruit trees have not been very largely grown in america, but have been much more widely used in europe. this statement holds good either for commercial plantations or for private fruit gardens. they are coming into more common use in this country because, in both market orchards and amateur gardens, our pomology is coming to be somewhat more like that of europe. our conditions are approaching those of the old world, even though they will always be very different from those of europe in horticultural matters. dwarf fruit trees are particularly valuable in small gardens; and small gardens are becoming constantly more popular among our urban, and especially our suburban, population. this matter is discussed more fully in another chapter. fruit of finer quality can be grown on dwarf trees, as a general rule, than can usually be grown on standard trees. every year there are more people in america who are willing to take any necessary pains to secure fruit of extra quality. this remark applies particularly to amateur fruit growers and to owners of private estates who grow fruit for their own tables, but it is no less true of a certain class of fruit buyers, especially in the richer cities. although $ a barrel is still a high price for ordinary good apples, sales of fancy apples at $ a dozen fruits are by no means infrequent in the city markets every winter. [illustration: fig. --trained cordon apple trees from loebner's "zwergobstbäume"] in this respect also we are approaching european conditions. in the markets of the continental capitals in particular fancy fruits are frequently sold at prices which seem almost incredible to an american. single apples sometimes bring cents to a dollar, and peaches an equal price. just recently a story has been going the rounds of the newspapers that the caterer for the czar's table sometimes pays as high as $ apiece for peaches for the royal table. hereupon a solemn american editor remarked that if the whole royal family should live upon nothing but peaches it would still be cheaper than carrying on the japanese war. now if there is anywhere within reach a market for apples or peaches at $ a dozen specimens--and there unquestionably is--then it will pay to grow fancy fruits with special care to meet this demand. this kind of fruit can be grown better upon dwarf trees than upon standards in many cases, if not in most. at least such is the conviction of the present writer. moreover this has been the experience in the old country. with such facts in view there seems to be a possible future for dwarf fruit trees, even for commercial purposes. their present utility in amateur gardens and on wealthy private estates can not be questioned. these various amateur and commercial adaptations of dwarf trees will have to be more carefully analyzed and discussed in a future chapter, and the subject may therefore be dropped for the present. [illustration: fig. --bismarck apple, first year planted inches high; bearing fruits] ii advantages and disadvantages it is a good prejudice which expects every man who writes anything to be enthusiastic over his subject. such enthusiasm doubtless leads a writer many times to over-state his case, and to claim more than the calm judgment of the multitude will ratify. and on the other hand, readers usually tacitly discount the statements of any man who writes about any matter in which he is plainly interested. the present writer knows that he is also under the ban, and that the reader firmly expects him to claim more for dwarf fruit trees than their merits will fairly warrant. this expectation the writer hopes to disappoint. it will be enough to set down here the obvious advantages and disadvantages which the horticulturist will meet in handling dwarf fruit trees. these statements are mostly of matters of common experience and they need no coloring to make them serve their present purpose. we may fairly set down the following good points standing more or less generally to the credit of dwarf fruit trees: . _early bearing._--this is a sufficiently obvious advantage. the alexander apple will bear the second year after planting when grown as a dwarf, while it requires six to ten years to come into bearing as a standard. this habit of early bearing proves valuable in many ways. it encourages men to plant trees. the disinclination of old men to plant trees rests upon the slenderness of the chance that they will ever gather of the fruit. but a man may plant dwarf trees whenever his expectation of life is two years or more. such trees would serve octogenarians, consumptives and those sentenced to be hanged for murder. [illustration: fig. --pear tree, trained as an espalier] early bearing--to return to the subject--makes dwarf trees valuable to that large and unfortunately growing class of citizens who rent the premises where they live. they do not expect to stay more than five or six years in any one place. in that length of time ordinary trees would not begin to yield any fruit. but with dwarf trees there is excellent probability of seeing something ripen. then again early bearing is a great advantage when one is testing new or old varieties. it is a great advantage when a commercial orchard is designed and when dwarf trees are used for fillers as explained below. . _small size._--the very smallness of the dwarf trees has many advantages in it. the trees are easier to reach and to care for. they are easier to prune and to spray. this facility in spraying is what has chiefly recommended smaller fruit trees to commercial fruit growers in recent years. particularly in those places where the san josé scale is a perennial problem a very large tree becomes an impossibility, and the smaller the trees can be the better it suits. the small size of dwarf trees permits the planting of larger numbers on a given area. this is specially worth while to the amateur who has a small garden where only three or four standard trees could grow, but where he can comfortably handle forty or fifty dwarfs. yet it is also worth the consideration of the commercial fruit grower who is trying to earn a profit on expensive land. if he can increase the number of bearing trees on each acre, especially during the early years of establishing his orchard, it almost certainly means increased income. [illustration: fig. --bush apple tree, three years planted] . _high quality._--it is not perfectly certain that every kind of fruit can be produced in higher quality on dwarf trees than on standards, but such is the general rule. this is notably true of certain pears, as buerré giffard and doyenne du comice, and it is generally the case with all apples that can be successfully grown on paradise roots. one can secure size, color, flavor and finish on an alexander or a ribston pippin, for example, which can never be secured on a standard tree. one who has not seen this thing done will hardly understand it; those who have will not need more argument. such plums as we have fruited on dwarf trees have shown similar improvement in quality, being always distinctly superior to the same varieties grown on standard trees. the significance of these facts will appear at once to any one familiar with the course of the fruit markets in america. there are greater rewards awaiting the fruit grower who can produce fruit of superior quality than the one who succeeds merely in increasing the quantity of his output. special uses for dwarf trees these various items of advantage recommend dwarf fruit trees for several specific purposes, some of which are worth pointing out in detail. . _for suburban places._--a large and increasing percentage of our population now lives the suburban life--in that zone where city and country meet. they have small tracts of land, which, however, they too often lease instead of owning. on these they do more or less gardening,--usually more, in proportion to the size of their holdings. for them dwarf fruit trees are a precious boon. it is possible to plant three hundred to five hundred dwarf fruit trees on a quarter of an acre, where less than a dozen standard trees would flourish. this gives the opportunity to experiment with all sorts and varieties of fruits, a privilege very dear to the heart of the commuter. the dwarf fruit trees also work more readily into a scheme of more or less ornamental gardening, where fruits are combined with vegetables and flowers. especially if some sort of formal gardening is attempted, the cordons, espaliers and pyramids exactly suit the demands. then the fact, already mentioned, that the dwarf trees come into bearing much sooner, is a consideration of the highest value to the suburban gardener. he fully expects to move from one home to another at least once in ten years, if not once in five. with the best of intentions and the most favorable of opportunities he can hardly expect to settle down anywhere for life. the suburbs themselves change too rapidly for that; and the place which today is away off in the country may be all covered with factories five years from now. it is terribly discouraging, under such circumstances, to plant a tree knowing that ten years must pass before any considerable fruitage can be expected from it. it is altogether another feeling with which one plants a tree which promises fruit within two or three years. so that, whatever the drawbacks to the planting of dwarfs, they are the salvation of the suburban garden. for such circumstances they can be freely recommended, without exception or reservation. . _for orchard fillers._--as commercial orcharding becomes more refined, under the stress of modern competition, and as good orchard land increases in value, up to one hundred, two hundred, or even three hundred dollars an acre, new methods must be adopted with a view to increasing the returns. this opportunity looms especially large for the first few years after the establishment of the commercial orchard, more particularly the apple orchard. when standard trees are planted thirty-five to the acre, which is now the usual practice, the land is not more than one-fourth occupied for the first five years, and not more than half occupied for the first ten years. indeed it is full twenty years from the time of planting before the thirty-five apple trees will use the whole acre. and since a good farmer can not afford to let expensive land lie idle he has before him a very pretty problem to determine how the space between the standard trees shall be utilized during the early years of the orchard's growth. several different methods are in vogue for the solution of this problem; but probably the best one is that system which supplies fillers or temporary trees between the standard or permanent ones. in an orchard of standard apple trees these fillers may very properly be dwarf apple trees; or between standard pears dwarf pears may be planted. if there are thirty-five standard apple trees to an acre, and if a dwarf tree is placed half way between each two standards in every direction, including the diagonal direction, this will make one hundred and five dwarf trees, or one hundred and forty trees in all, instead of the thirty-five trees with which the acre of apple orchard land is more commonly furnished. the dwarf apple trees will be bearing good crops at the end of five years at most; and they can be kept on the land for five years longer at the least, before they will begin to crowd the permanent standards. during these five years, if the orchard has a paying management at all, they will easily pay all the expenses of the enterprise, and should leave a substantial balance of profit. as this system of filling, or interplanting, commercial orchards is becoming more and more common, the suitability of dwarf trees, for this purpose, becomes more generally evident. . _for school gardens._--thus far school gardens in america have been mostly temporary and experimental affairs. but we are already satisfied that they have come to stay, and that gardening in some form will be a permanent feature of the curriculum in many of our best schools. as soon as a school garden becomes a permanent institution, with ground of its own to be held in use year after year, the dependence on annual crops will give way to the use of various perennial plants, shrubs and trees. and among these dwarf fruit trees will naturally be one of the first introductions. their small size adapts them to the school premises, their habit of early bearing again serves to recommend them most strikingly, and the special opportunity which they offer to pupils to observe details of pruning and other items of tree management, make them almost a first necessity in the permanent school garden. . _for covering walls and fences._--there are many places about every farm, suburban establishment, or even about many city homes, where back walls and fences could be put out of sight very agreeably by almost any sort of foliage. various ornamental climbers and creepers are in vogue for this service; but a certain number of such unattractive walls and fences could be treated quite as acceptably, from the esthetic point of view, with trained fruit trees, and the result would be more satisfactory in some other ways. apples or pears trained as cordons or espaliers, or peaches, nectarines, or cherries in fan forms, will thrive on almost any brick or wooden wall, except those with a northern front. it is necessary only to supply a proper soil, to plant sound trees of proper sorts, and to give them the prescribed care. the result is not only a thing of beauty but one of practical utility as well. there are many places where the owner of a city or suburban lot can secure the fun and the substantial benefits belonging to the fruit grower on land that would be otherwise wasted, if he will only build a woven wire fence on the property line between him and his not-too-agreeable neighbor, using this fence as a support for a row of cordon plums, pears or apples. if he has time and inclination to do a little more work with the trees he can better plant u-form peaches, nectarines or apricots, or he can grow plums in u-form, or he can have fan-form cherry trees, or apples or pears in verrier-palmettes. one of the most interesting and productive lots in the author's dwarf fruit garden is a row of plum trees on such a woven wire trellis. the trees in this row stand two feet apart, and form a perfect screen. (fig. .) the majority of the trees which were necessarily taken for planting this row were not propagated on suitable stocks, and many varieties were introduced for experimental purposes which were obviously unadapted to this mode of training, but nevertheless the net result has been highly satisfactory. [illustration: fig. --plums as upright cordons, set two feet apart] in a very similar manner apple, pear or plum trees may be trained so as to form an arched arbor way. in this kind of make-up they present a most agreeable novelty. an example of this kind of training is shown in the illustration, page . for this purpose cordon trees are usually best; though peach or apricot trees in u-form or double u-form will answer very well. even apple trees or pears formed as palmettes-verrier can be carried up over an arched trellis. mr. geo. bunyard in "the fruit garden" tells of carrying apple trees up over the slate roof of an outbuilding, with marked success. the fruit-bearing portion of the trees, lying there on the slate roof beautifully exposed to the sun above, and assisted by the heat absorbed and radiated by the slate, yielded large crops of apples of very superior quality. some disadvantages there are, of course, some disadvantages in growing dwarf fruit trees, and these should be examined with as much care as the advantages. the more important ones are as follows: . _greater expense._--the trees are somewhat harder to propagate, and therefore cost more. there is no general demand for them in america, so that they are carried by only a few nurseries and are not looked upon as staple goods even with those dealers; and on this account the price is necessarily increased. thus each tree costs more than a similar tree of the same age and variety propagated in the usual way. but the greatest increase of expense comes from the fact that many more trees are required to plant the same area. there is often an advantage, as already argued, in planting more trees to the acre, but it costs something to gain this advantage. an acre of ground can be planted with thirty-five standard apple trees set thirty-five feet apart each way, and these trees will cost, roughly estimating retail prices at $ a hundred, $ . . to plant an acre to dwarf apple trees, setting them six feet apart each way, which is about as thick as these trees should ever be planted, will require , trees. estimating the retail price roughly at $ a hundred this would make the first cost $ . --a considerably greater initial investment in the orchard. . _the trees are shorter lived._--this statement is true for certain kinds of dwarf trees, but not for others. certain varieties of pears, for example, which do not unite well with the quince root, naturally make short lived trees. on the other hand other varieties of pears appear to live as long and thrive fully as well on quince roots as on pear roots. there is a common belief, especially in england, that apples worked on french paradise roots are apt to be short-lived. the nurserymen who hold this belief contend, however, that the so-called english paradise, more properly called doucin, supplies a stock on which apples will live to as great an age as on any other stock whatever. there is some evidence to show that vigorous varieties of plums worked on americana roots or on dwarf sand cherry are shorter lived than the same varieties on freer growing stocks. in many cases, however, dwarf trees live as long as standards; and in almost all cases they live long enough. . _they require more care._--this objection stands particularly against the dwarf trees trained in special and intricate forms. such trees undoubtedly do require more careful attention, more frequent going-over, and more hand work in the course of the year. it is probably not true that apples, pears, plums or peaches in bush or pyramid forms require any more labor or attention than standard trees to secure equally good results. on the other hand it must not be forgotten, as has already been pointed out, that whatever care may be required is much more easily given the dwarf trees than the standards. . _they are not a commercial success._--this statement, too, though undoubtedly having some truth in it, can not stand without qualification. it is certainly true that no one could grow ordinary varieties of apples, like baldwin or ben davis for instance, on dwarf trees in competition with men who are growing the same varieties on standards. it is probably true that fancy varieties of apples can be grown with profit on dwarf trees, but even this can not be strongly urged. so far as apples are concerned the chief value of dwarf trees for modern commercial enterprises in america will come through their use as fillers between rows of standard trees. in the case of pears the situation is somewhat more favorable to dwarf trees. there are a number of orchards in this country where pears have been successfully grown for market, these many years, on dwarf trees. the famous and everywhere planted bartlett succeeds admirably on the quince stock wherever the soil is suited to it. no successful commercial orchards of dwarf peaches or plums can be cited in this country, individual trees of these kinds even being extremely rare; yet there is good reason to suppose that under favorable conditions dwarf peaches and plums may have some commercial value. such value may be more in the way of supplementing standard trees than in superseding them, but it is still worth consideration. so that, after all, when we say that dwarf fruit trees are not a commercial success we mean merely that they will not take the place of standard trees. the large market orchards must always continue to be made up of standard trees; but in their own way the dwarf trees will find a limited place even in commercial operations, and this use of them seems destined to be more general in the future than it has been in the past. iii propagation the propagation of dwarf fruit trees is in some senses a more critical and interesting problem than the propagation of ordinary nursery stock. the successful production of a dwarf fruit tree depends primarily on its propagation. the selection of stocks for dwarfing purposes is necessarily a complicated matter. under the terms of the problem it is impossible that the stock and the cion which are wedded together should be very closely related. the stock must be distinctly different and pronouncedly dwarfer in his habit of growth. it is not always an easy matter to find a stock which is thus distinctly different from the tree which it is desired to grow and which will at the same time form with it a vigorous and long lived union. it is necessary further that the propagation can be carried on with ease and with a fair degree of success in commercial nurseries. if difficult methods of grafting are required, or if only a small stand of nursery trees can be secured, the undertaking becomes too expensive from the nurseryman's point of view. the methods of propagating dwarf trees are for the most part the same as those used in reproducing the same kinds of fruit on standard stocks. as a matter of fact nearly all dwarf trees are propagated by budding. apples, pears, and plums can be readily grafted, but budding is simpler, speedier, and usually the cheaper process in the nursery. in the upper mississippi valley, where plums are somewhat extensively worked on americana plum roots, grafting is rather common. the side graft and the whip graft are the forms most used. the theory of the production of a dwarf fruit tree by the restraining of its growth has already been mentioned in another chapter. the dwarf stock simply supplies less food than is required for the normal growth of the variety under propagation, and the tree is, in a sense, starved or stunted into its dwarf stature. as the selection of proper stocks--the adaptation of stock to cion--is one of the fundamental problems in dwarf fruit growing, we may now address ourselves to that. we will take up the different classes of fruit in order. the apple everyone who has observed the wild or native apples which grow in new england pastures must frequently have noticed certain dwarf and slow-growing specimens. it it not difficult to find such which do not reach a height of five feet in ten years of unobstructed growth. if the cions of ordinary varieties of apples like greening and winesap should be grafted upon these stocks, the result would be a dwarf greening or winesap. if these dwarf wild apples could be produced with certainty and at a low price, they would furnish a source of supply for dwarf apple stocks. the paradise apple so-called (fig. ) is simply one of these dwarf varieties which can be reproduced freely and cheaply. this reproduction is secured nearly always by means of mound layerage. as the variety does not come true to seed, any more than such varieties as king or hubbardston do, some such method of propagation is necessary. this paradise apple is naturally inclined to stool out somewhat from the roots. this habit is encouraged by cutting the plants back to the ground. when the young shoots are thrown up they are banked up with a hoe or by plowing furrows up against the rows of plants. the young shoots then form roots at the base and these rooted shoots or layers are removed when one year old. they are then planted in nursery rows in the spring, where they are usually budded the following july or august. these paradise stocks are largely grown in france. practically all the supply comes from that country. the nurserymen who grow dwarf apple trees in america import their stocks from france during the winter, plant them in nursery rows early in the spring, bud the stocks the following july or august, and have the dwarf apple trees for sale the second year following. this paradise is the dwarfest stock known for apples. its effect on nearly all varieties is very marked, causing them to form very small trees and to bear very early. some of the more vigorous varieties, like northern spy for instance, do not submit kindly to such treatment. for this, or possibly for more recondite reasons, a few varieties do not succeed well on paradise roots. the writer would be glad to give a list of such varieties which are not adapted to the paradise stock, but confesses he is unable to do so. [illustration: fig. --paradise apple stocks in early spring] the doucin stock is simply another variety of dwarf apple. it is more vigorous and larger growing than the paradise, and, therefore, produces a tree, when ordinary varieties are grafted upon it, about midway in size between the ordinary standard apple and the same variety growing upon paradise. this doucin is sometimes called the english or broad-leaved paradise, but this name is misleading. it will be well to remember this in buying stocks or in buying trees in england. dwarf apples are largely propagated in england, but the trees which are said to be on paradise roots are often on doucin. this confusion comes about from the englishman's habit of calling doucin the broad-leaved paradise. the doucin is perhaps better for the free-growing bush form trees, especially where excessive dwarfing is not needed. for orchard planting in the united states this doucin stock would be likely to suit many growers better than paradise. for trees which are to be kept within very narrow bounds, or those which are to be trained in particular forms, the paradise stock is better. for all sorts of cordon apple trees, the paradise is essential. the pear dwarf pears are always propagated on quince roots. any kind of a quince may be used as a stock for pears, but the one commonly employed by nurserymen is the angers quince, named after angers, france, from which place the supply largely comes. almost all the quince stocks used by nurserymen in america are imported from france. as in dealing with apple stocks, the importation is made during the winter, the stocks are planted in nursery rows in the early spring, and are usually budded in july or august of the same year. a few varieties of pears do not make good unions with the quince. in some cases this antipathy is overcome by the expedient of double-working. the quince root is first budded with some variety which unites well with it. after this pear cion has grown one year, the refractory variety is budded upon this pear shoot. the complete tree, when it leaves the nursery, consists of three pieces,--a quince root below, a pear top above, and a short section of only one or two inches in length of some other variety of pear which simply holds together the two essential parts of the tree. this practise of double-working is sometimes undertaken with other kinds of fruit for special purposes. there are no other cases, however, in which it becomes a generally recognized commercial practise. the peach the peach is dwarfed by budding it upon almost any kind of a plum root, especially upon the smaller growing species of plums. the stock most used is the ordinary myrobalan plum. this is simply because the myrobalan stock is commoner and cheaper. the st. julien plum probably furnishes a better dwarfing stock for peaches, but it is more expensive and harder to work. the americana plum, now somewhat largely grown for stocks in the states of the upper mississippi valley, furnishes a good dwarfing stock for the peach. according to the writer's experience the americana stock gives better results with peaches than either myrobalan or st. julien. it should be observed that this stock requires budding rather early in the season. the dwarf sand cherry, which is further discussed below under plums, also makes a good stock for peaches. as this stock is very dwarf, it produces the smallest possible peach tree. the peach cion rapidly overgrows the stock and the tree can hardly be expected to be long lived. the growth is very vigorous and satisfactory during early years, however. i have not had an opportunity to determine how long peaches will live and thrive on this stock. nectarines can be grown in dwarf form in exactly the same manner employed for peaches. the plum in all the old books it is said that dwarf plum trees are secured by working on myrobalan stocks. this statement is hardly true according to our present standards, and is certainly far from satisfactory. this rule came into vogue at the time when only large growing domestica plums were propagated in this country and the stocks used were mostly either "horse plums" or myrobalan. the myrobalan stock does give a somewhat smaller tree than the old fashioned horse plums; but this myrobalan stock has been for many years the one principally used for propagating all kinds of plums in america. it has come to be looked upon as a standard rather than a dwarf stock. when we think of dwarf trees, therefore, we expect to see something smaller than what will grow under ordinary circumstances on a myrobalan root. the americana plum, already mentioned, is a first-rate stock in nearly all respects except that it can not be bought so cheaply as the myrobalan. it is now grown to a considerable extent by nurserymen in minnesota, iowa and the neighboring states. if grafted, or budded early, all varieties of plums take well upon it. the trees on americana roots make a good growth in the nursery and are easily transplanted. the tree produced on this stock is only moderately dwarf. still this dwarfing effect is always well marked, this result being shown by the overgrowing of the cion. the top thus appears to outgrow the root, and such trees are apt to blow over during wind storms. suitable precautions should be taken to guard against damage of this sort. prof. a. t. erwin of iowa writes on this subject as follows: "regarding the americana as a plum stock, i would state that we are using it by the thousands out here; in fact, have about quit using anything else. as a stock for the european and japanese sorts, it does dwarf them, and the cion tends to outgrow the stock at the point of union, causing an enlargement. the union is also not very congenial, and they frequently break off on account of high winds. however, in my experience and observation, this is not the case when the americana is used as a stock for americana varieties. it does not dwarf the trees seriously and the union is splendid. it is by all odds the best stock we have for plums, and since we do not grow anything but americana varieties, it works first rate. it does tend to sprout some, though there is little trouble in this regard after the trees come into bearing." [illustration: fig. the western sand cherry _prunus pumila besseyi_] the sand cherry seems to be the dwarfing stock par excellence for the plum. this sand cherry is a heterogeneous species, or as some botanists think, is three species, ranging throughout the northern states from maine to colorado. the narrow leaf upright form growing about five feet tall, known as _prunus pumila_, is found along the atlantic coast. the broad leafed dwarfer form known as _prunus pumila besseyi_ or _p. besseyi_, is found in the western states. another rarer form of more irregular growth known as _prunus pumila cuneata_, or as _p. cuneata_, is found in the north central states. [illustration: fig. --upright cordon plum with buds set into the naked trunk] all of these different forms may be used for propagating plums or peaches. the western form (_p. besseyi_) (fig. ) is in some respects the best, producing the dwarfest and apparently the best trees. in our experience, however, nearly all varieties of plums and peaches give a better stand of trees when budded on _p. pumila_. _prunus cuneata_ is inferior to the others. the eastern form, _p. pumila_, has another advantage from the standpoint of the nurseryman in that it is more easily propagated from cuttings. for the most part the western sand cherry is propagated from seed. both forms can be propagated from layers. nursery management dwarf trees are managed in the nursery very much the same as standards of the same varieties. there are no special points to be observed except in the formation of the tops. western new york nurserymen, who now grow the principal supply of dwarf apple and pear trees, have the custom of forming their nursery stock with high heads. that is, the heads are formed at a height of eighteen inches to three feet from the ground. in this matter the pattern is taken after the usual style of standard trees. this is quite wrong. of course, some planters might like to have dwarf trees with trunks two or three feet tall, but the best form has a much shorter stem. at any rate the buyer of dwarf trees ought to be at liberty to form the head within three or four inches of the ground if he so desires. this becomes very difficult if the tree is once pruned up to a height of two or three feet. in order that the planter may reach his own ideal perfectly in this matter, it is sometimes necessary to buy one year old trees, what the english nurserymen call maidens. this, of course, enables the tree planter to form the head wherever he desires. iv pruning dwarf fruit trees the pruning of dwarf fruit trees is a matter of the greatest consequence, for on proper pruning depend both the form and the productivity of the trees. some of the details of management will be explained in the succeeding chapters, dealing with the particular kinds of fruits, but a few general statements should be set down here. . the trees are severely headed in. this applies more particularly to bush and pyramid forms. by the term "heading in" we refer to the shortening of the leaders. such shortening is usually given at the spring pruning, while the trees are dormant. the leaders may be headed in at times, however, during the latter part of the growing season, in july. such stopping of growing leaders will be practised more often on young trees just coming into bearing than on old trees. (fig. ). constant heading back of some sort, however, is required in nearly all cases, if the tree is to be retained in its dwarf form. the mistake has often been made of thinking that a tree propagated on a dwarf root would take care of itself. . summer pruning is essential. in most american orchard practise one annual pruning (sometimes one pruning every five years!) is considered sufficient, and systematic summer pruning is seldom or never given. now summer pruning tends much more to repress the growth of a tree than winter pruning does. in fact, heavy winter pruning leads rather to increased vegetative vigor. aside from any special system of pruning, therefore, this rule is to be remembered, that summer pruning is desirable, on general principles, for dwarf fruit trees. [illustration: fig. --bush apple, three years old showing strong leaders formed during the summer] . side shoots usually need pinching during the growing season. leaders are more frequently allowed to grow unchecked throughout the season, or are stopped only late in their period of development. in the pomaceous fruits, which form distinct fruit spurs, the checking of these side shoots helps toward the production of fruit buds. as long as every bud is allowed to push out into a strong shoot no fruit spurs can become established. thus the summer pinching of the side shoots on apples and pears has the purpose of encouraging the formation of fruit spurs. on peach and plum trees equally distinct fruit spurs do not form; but if the side shoots are allowed to push forth unrestricted they are apt to choke one another. there will be too many of them, they will not get light enough, their growth will be weak and sappy, and they will not form fruit buds. good fruit buds on a peach tree, for example, form on strong, clean, healthy shoots of this year's growth for next year's crop of fruit. it is seen, therefore, that in nearly all sorts of dwarf fruit trees the summer pruning is especially directed to the suppression or regulation of the growth of side shoots. this part of the treatment becomes of prime importance in dealing with cordons and espaliers. . the control of the fruit spurs or of the side shoots here contemplated requires that the trees be gone over more than once during the growing season. in fact, four successive examinations of the tree are usually required. old trees can sometimes be managed with two or three, but young ones, on the other hand, will sometimes require six or more. of course, there are usually only a few shoots that need attention at each succeeding visit, and the work can be very rapidly performed. the first pruning, or pinching, falls about three weeks after the trees have started into growth. the next one comes ten days later, the next one ten days later again, and the fourth pruning two weeks after the third. from this time onward the intervals lengthen. these specifications, of course, are only approximate and suggestive. some judgment is required to select just the proper moment for pinching back a shoot and even more to select the time for a general summer pruning. those trees which enjoy the sympathetic presence of the gardener every day are sure to fare best. the bulk of this pruning can be done with the thumb nail and forefinger, but i find a light pair of pruning scissors pleasanter to work with. . root pruning is sometimes advisable. since the whole program is arranged to check the growth of the dwarf tree, root pruning would naturally fit well with the other practises recommended. root pruning checks the growth of a tree about as positively as any treatment that can be devised. when dwarf pear or apple trees seem to be making too much wood growth and not enough fruit, they can be taken up, as for transplanting, during the dormant season and set right back into place. this digging up and replanting is always accompanied by some cutting of roots. the whole root system is disturbed and has to re-establish itself before the top vegetates very strongly once more. such root pruning ought to be done late in the fall. it is a special practice, suited to refractory cases, and the gardener is not recommended to indulge in it too freely. [illustration: fig. --bush apple three years old, before pruning] [illustration: fig. --bush apple same tree after pruning] . a certain equilibrium between vegetative growth and fruit bearing should be established at the earliest possible moment, and should be maintained thereafter. of course, some such equilibrium is sought in the management of a standard tree; but it is secured earlier in the life of the dwarf tree and should be much more accurately maintained. the tree must make a certain amount of growth each year, but this must be only enough to keep it in good health, and to furnish foliage enough to mature the fruit. beyond this wood growth the tree should bear a certain amount of fruit every year, for annual bearing is not only an ideal but a rule in the management of dwarf trees. this equilibrium once established must be maintained not by haphazard pruning, but by some suitable system. if there is the proper balance between summer pruning and winter pruning, combined with proper control of cultivation and fertilization, then the balance between vegetation and fruitage can be kept up. it is a delicate business, like courting two girls at once, but it can be carried out successfully. . the training of trees into mathematical forms is largely a mechanical process. for the most part the trees are shaped while they are growing. the young shoots are twisted and bent to the desired positions, and are tied into place until the stems become hardened. there are many clever little tricks for expediting this sort of work and for making the results more sure, but a rehearsal of them here would be tedious. the most important rule to remember is that constant attention must be given the shoots while they are growing. mistakes are corrected with difficulty after an undesirable form has been allowed to harden. [illustration: fig. --cordon pears before pruning] [illustration: fig. --cordon pears after pruning] v special forms for trained trees we have already explained the connection between dwarf trees and the practise of training them in special forms. it is true that this practise looks childish to american eyes. it seems to be only a kind of play, and a rather juvenile sport at that. nevertheless we should understand that in some parts of the world it is a real and profitable commercial undertaking. we should consider also that in other places, where fruit of very high quality is better appreciated, perhaps, than it is in america, the extra trouble is thought to be worth while for the superior quality which it gives the fruit. as this matter is coming to be of more importance in america also, and as the interest in amateur fruit growing is enormously increasing, we may fairly begin to talk about these methods. the formation of trees into bushes and pyramids, by means of systematic pruning according to a definite plan, as explained in the succeeding chapters, while apparently simpler and more reasonable to our american eyes, it is still a method of training the tree. the fruiting branches are placed at definite points and the fruit spurs are encouraged to grow in regular succession. it is not a very great step from this to a distribution of the branches into a more precise form. the different forms which are used most commonly are named and classified in the following outline: _a._--_forms of three dimensions_: _a._ vase or bush _b._ pyramid _c._ winged pyramid, etc. _b._--_forms of two dimensions_: _a._ various espaliers _b._ palmette-verrier _c._ fans or fan-espaliers _d._ u-form and double u-form _c._--_trained to a single stem_: _a._ upright cordon _b._ oblique cordon _c._ horizontal cordon (with one arm) (with two arms) _d._ serpentine cordon, etc. among the forms of three dimensions none is of much practical importance besides the pyramid and bush or vase form. these are sufficiently explained in the chapters on pears and apples. here we need only to define them. the pyramid tree is one which has a straight central stem with branches radiating therefrom. it is especially adapted to upright growing varieties of pears. the bush or vase form has several main arms or branches, all standing out from approximately the same point and growing upward at a more or less acute angle, thus forming roughly a vase. the secondary branches put out from these, bearing fruiting wood, as the gardener may order. [illustration: fig. --pears in double u-form from loebner's "zwergobstbäume"] the flying pyramid or winged pyramid, described in all european books, is considerably different from the ordinary pyramid and is more precise in its design. usually six arms are brought out at the base of the tree. these are grown in a direction approximately horizontal until they reach a convenient length,--say two to three feet. they are then suddenly bent upward and inward and are conducted along wires set for this purpose until they meet in a common point with the main stem of the tree some four to eight feet above where the branches put out. there is thus formed a precise mathematical pyramid. along these main arms fruiting spurs are allowed to grow, but no branches are expected to develop. sometimes the flying pyramid is made more elaborate by bending the arms into a spiral form. other more or less complex modifications are practised to some extent. all of them are to be regarded merely as curiosities and as of no practical value. the various forms of espaliers and fan-shaped trees have their special and legitimate uses. it may be said here that the palmette-verrier is regarded generally as being the most successful for the largest number of varieties of fruits. it is a safe rule also that the simpler forms are generally the better. with rare exceptions a tree confined to a moderately small space is more satisfactory than one trained over a large space. great care must be exercised in forming these trees. if the geometrical style of training is undertaken at all, it should be carried out with considerable precision. if one arm happens to be placed a little higher, or at a little more moderate angle, or otherwise more favorably than the corresponding arm, it will very soon divert to its own use the major portion of food supplied by the top. it will outgrow its mate and the form which the gardener designed will eventually be lost. it will be seen at once that this condition makes the same care and precision necessary in all forms of training. [illustration: fig. --pears in u-form sometimes called two-arm upright cordons] the u-form classifies somewhere between the cordon and the espalier. it consists of two upright branches joined to a single trunk below by an arc of a circle. the fruit is all borne on the two parallel stems which are treated essentially the same as upright cordons. (fig. .) the double u-form is made by growing two u's from the same tree. the stem is first divided near the ground into two branches and each of these is immediately divided into two more. the tree thus provides four parallel and equally spaced upright and fruiting stems equal to four upright cordons, except that they are all supported from a single trunk. the u- and double u-forms are employed mostly for plums, apricots, peaches and nectarines. one occasionally sees much more elaborate schemes of training than any here mentioned. there are complex geometrical designs, even pictorial figures--birds, dogs, and beer-steins--and sometimes the initials of the gardener, or the name of his kingly and imperial majesty. in every case the method of producing these forms is practically the same. a frame is built of wood or wire in the form which it is desired to give the tree. branches are developed at suitable points on the tree and these are tied out while they are growing to the wooden or metal form. it does not require any special care or ingenuity to produce the most elaborate designs in this method. it is essentially a job of carpentry. [illustration: fig. --apricots in u-form] we come now to the cordons. if we take the simplest form, namely the upright cordon, we have what we may call a tree of one dimension only. the upright cordon has nothing but height, eschewing both breadth and thickness. a cordon is simply a tree trained to a single stem and this stem may be placed in any position. the position or direction of the stem classifies the cordon. there are, therefore, besides the upright cordon, others which are oblique, that is, which make an angle with the horizontal, those which are horizontal, and those which are bent into various forms. the serpent form is one of the simplest of these. this form of cordon is simply bent back and forth against a trellis forming a series of s's one above another. the horizontal cordons are of two varieties, namely one-arm and two-arm forms. it is altogether a matter of convenience which one of these forms is chosen. [illustration: fig. --pear in espalier this tree is carrying over fruits] in conclusion it may be pointed out that the slower growing trees, pears and apples, are the better suited to the more elaborate forms of training. the more free and rapid growing species, such as peaches, nectarines, cherries, and japanese plums, are better managed in somewhat simpler forms, preferably the fan. such trees do well, however, in the u-form or double u-form. [illustration: fig. --old espalier pears on farm house wall] vi general management the general management of dwarf trees is naturally very much like the management of ordinary standard trees. as dwarf trees are grown more often in gardens rather than in orchards they will receive garden treatment. heavy tools and extensive methods of culture will hardly find application. good soil culture may be regarded as essential. whatever some american fruit growers may be saying about the propriety of growing apple orchards in sod, no one has yet undertaken to adapt the sod system into the kitchen garden. the close planting which is customary with dwarf trees makes culture comparatively difficult, yet not unreasonably so. apple and pear trees planted six feet apart each way can be worked for several years with a single horse and cultivator. in fact if the trees are kept carefully headed in, the time need never come when the cultivator will have to be abandoned. when cordons or espaliers are planted in a garden large enough to warrant horse cultivation under ordinary circumstances then the rows of trained trees should be set six feet apart, which will be enough to permit the continued use of the horse and cultivator between the rows. [illustration: fig. --horizontal cordon apple and other dwarf trees with cover crop of hairy vetch] however, the horse cultivator is certain to be definitely crowded out of some dwarf fruit gardens. many of the men who have greatest reason for growing dwarf fruit trees are those whose backyard gardens were never large enough to justify the presence of a horse or horse tools. in such cases the spading fork and the hand cultivator are the ready and proper substitutes. our extensive methods of farming in america have bred a strong prejudice against all sorts of hand labor like this, but experience will show that under some conditions it is quite worth while. a very common mistake in all kinds of agriculture is to allow prejudice to rule experience. [illustration: fig. --design for a back yard fruit garden ft. square north fence (top of map), peach espalier ( ); row , bush apple ( ); row , pyramid pear ( ); row , currants and gooseberries ( ); row and , horizontal cordon apples, with grass walk between; row , raspberry bushes ( ); row , strawberries; row , plums in bush form ( ); row , apples in horizontal cordons ( ); east fence, apples as upright cordons ( ); west fence, pears in espalier.] garden culture means not only good tillage of the soil, but good treatment in other respects. it means good feeding and good spraying. as for spraying we need make only two observations. first, the treatment to be given is almost precisely the same as that which is given to standard trees of the same species; second, the work is much more easily performed because the trees are smaller. if one happens to have a considerable block of dwarf trees closely planted. there may be difficulty, it is true, in driving in with a spray pump. this difficulty is overcome by having long runs of hose on the spray pump, so that the cart may stand on the borders of the garden while the operator carries the nozzle in among the trees. in case of large plantings of dwarf trees alley-ways should be left every one hundred feet, or better, every eighty feet, between the blocks. these alleys will be useful for other purposes besides spraying. [illustration: fig. --dwarf fruit garden by feet from lucas' handbuch des obstbaues] in the management of a small garden the gardener is expected to be liberal in his allowance of fertilizers. while it is true that dwarf fruit trees should be liberally fed there is a possibility of overdoing it. it has already been explained that the dwarfing of the tree depends in a certain way on its well-regulated starvation. if the tree top could get all the food which its nature calls for it would not be dwarfed. the rule in feeding dwarf fruit trees therefore should be to give enough fertilizer to keep them in perfect health and in good growing condition, but not enough to force unnecessary growth. fertilizer rich in nitrogen should be especially avoided, and, as the object in view is to secure an early maturity of the tree and to produce fruit always in preference to wood, a larger proportion of potash would naturally be substituted for the diminished proportion of nitrogen. of course the amounts and proportions of the different elements (nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid) to be applied will vary greatly with different conditions,--with the nature of the soil, the age of the trees, etc. as a sort of standard we may say that under normal conditions of good soil with dwarf apple and pear trees in bearing there should be given annually for each acre: pounds ground bone pounds muriate of potash pounds peruvian guano peaches and plums require more nitrogen during early growth, and more potash when in full bearing. for a new plantation of these trees the following amounts should be given annually for each acre: pounds ground bone pounds muriate of potash pounds nitrate of soda for peach and plum trees in bearing, the following formula may be suggested: pounds ground bone pounds muriate of potash pounds peruvian guano inasmuch as many owners of dwarf fruit trees will have so much less than an acre for treatment it will be best to repeat these formulas, reducing them to a smaller unit. making this reduction somewhat freely, in order to avoid long and useless decimals, we may compute the quantity needed annually for each one hundred square feet of land as follows: for apples and pears in bearing pound ground bone pound muriate of potash / pound peruvian guano for peaches and plums newly planted / pound ground bone pound muriate of potash / pound nitrate of soda for peaches and plums in bearing / pound peruvian guano - / pound muriate of potash pound ground bone cherries should be treated like plums; gooseberries, currants, and most other fruits, like apples. in the home of dwarf tree culture, that is, in europe, trained trees are extensively grown upon walls. the gardeners utilize for this purpose not only the walls of stables and outbuildings, and of the enclosed gardens, but long ranges of brick are built for the special and exclusive purpose of accommodating fruit trees. in southern germany, in switzerland, in belgium, in france, and especially in the neighborhood of paris, there are hundreds of miles of these walls. the walls may run north and south or east and west. both sides of the walls are used, even when one side faces the north. currants and gooseberries are expected to thrive on north walls. west walls are considered especially favorable for pears and plums. the walls are nearly always built of brick. they should have a height of ten to fourteen feet. each wall usually has a coping at the top with a projection of ten to eighteen inches, which sheds the rain, protecting both the wall and the fruit trees. where extreme pains are spent on the culture of fancy table fruits there are curtains hung from rods along the outer edge of these copings, and the curtains are drawn to protect ripening fruit from too hot sunshine, or to protect the blossoms in the spring season from late frosts. brick walls, with all their appurtenances, are less important in america than in europe and the advantages to be expected from this particular method of culture are decidedly less. walls would more probably be useful for peaches and nectarines in northern latitudes than for any other fruits. cordons and espaliers require some sort of support, however, and where walls are not used trellises are necessary. these may be of wood or wire. there is a belief current that the wooden trellises are better because they reflect less heat, but wire is so much cheaper and more durable that it will usually be chosen. five or six wires are needed to make a good trellis for upright cordons. these should be placed twelve to fourteen inches apart, with the lowest wire thirty inches from the ground. all wires should be tight, and to this end stout, well-set posts are necessary. the wires should be loosened in the autumn, before freezing weather begins, and should be tightened again in the spring. [illustration: fig. --fruit gardening and landscape gardening combined from lucas' handbuch des obstbaues the entire planting, exclusive of the borders, is made up of fruit trees and bushes. dimensions, × , feet.] for espaliers the woven wire fences are better. in fact, the woven wire fencing is excellent for all sorts of fruit trellises. poultry netting makes a cheap and convenient trellis, but it is neither so strong nor so durable as the better grades of woven wire fencing. on the whole it is very poor economy to buy a cheap trellis or to put it up on poor posts. these trellises will need to be comparatively high. nothing less than eight feet will be satisfactory, and for upright cordons a trellis ten to fifteen feet high will be much better. of course, this entire height is not needed the first year, but upright cordon apples will cover a twelve foot trellis in five years. peaches or japanese plums will cover the same trellis in three years. in the selection of varieties for growing in a garden of dwarf fruit trees the horticulturist will naturally be guided by principles altogether different from those which control him in the selection of varieties for a commercial orchard. he must, of course, consider which varieties are best adapted to the special stocks on which they have to be propagated. he must also bear in mind that certain varieties are better adapted than others for the special forms in which he may wish to train his dwarf trees. beyond all this lies the great consideration that in the very large majority of cases dwarf fruit trees are grown to secure fancy fruit, not to produce a large quantity for a general market. all varieties of inferior quality would therefore be eliminated from consideration at the beginning, no matter how productive they might be, nor how famous for other things. [illustration: fig. --a fruit garden containing many dwarf trees a is the entrance; b, well or cistern; c, space to turn a horse and cart. from p. barry's "fruit garden"] varieties of specially good flavor would be given special thought, even though they might lack in hardiness or productivity. the special favorites of the man who owns the garden should be chosen, no matter whether they are popular or not. then for similar reasons a comparatively long list of varieties will be chosen instead of the very short list always held to by the commercial grower. from first to last one should remember that the growing of dwarf fruit trees is essentially the enterprise of an amateur, not of a man who grows fruit for money. vii dwarf apples dwarf apples are the most interesting and valuable of dwarf fruits. we have become so thoroughly accustomed to the standard apple tree in this country, however, and it so fully meets all the apparent requirements, that there seems to be no call for dwarf apples. nevertheless dwarf trees have some real advantages under certain circumstances. some of these have already been pointed out in the general discussion in previous chapters, and some of them will bear reiteration here. where so much interest is taken in apple culture as in america, the advantage which dwarf trees offer for the rapid testing of new varieties cannot be overlooked. still more important is the value of the dwarf trees in producing extra fancy specimens. thus in growing very fine apples for exhibition or for a particularly fastidious market, one would naturally choose the dwarf trees. inasmuch as dwarf trees are recommended chiefly to the amateur and are grown generally less for cash profit than for other considerations, the great and obvious advantages of standard trees quickly disappear. for men who like to play at fruit growing, nothing can equal a selection of apple trees on paradise stocks. they are the most engaging of all dwarf trees, in fact of all fruit trees whatsoever. the general matter of selecting stocks has been referred to under the head of propagation, but the statement should be repeated here that the french paradise stock is preferable for very dwarf garden trees, and is almost necessary for cordons and espaliers, while the doucin (sometimes called the english or broad-leaved paradise) may be chosen where only a moderate amount of dwarfing is desired. some of the most expert apple growers of north america are beginning to think that the doucin may be required for the commercial orchards in the future, when spraying for the san josé scale becomes an established routine and smaller trees are an accepted necessity. dwarf apple trees may be cultivated in nearly all the artificial forms ever given to fruit trees. undoubtedly the simplest is the bush or vase form. this requires less care and attention and probably gives as much fruit to the same area as any other. the pyramid form is somewhat difficult to produce. it can be secured successfully only with the varieties which have a tendency to grow strong, straight branches, as for instance sutton, gravenstein and northern spy. on the whole the pyramid is not to be recommended for dwarf apples. apples succeed very well as upright cordons and in all the simpler modifications of this form. as these trees can be planted very close together--as close as fifteen inches certainly--thus occupying very little room, a large number of them can be planted in very limited areas of the city lot or backyard. they are especially adapted to stand on the property line where they seem to use no space whatever, and where in fact they do occupy space which otherwise would be lost. the upright cordon can be bent into the form of an arch in order to make delightful arbors along the walks. the illustration, fig. , shows a good example of this sort. [illustration: fig. --dwarf apples on prof. l. h. bailey's farm, new york] nearly all varieties of apples--indeed all as far as i know--succeed in this form. the trees are not very long-lived, however. that is they cannot be maintained in good presentable form and prolific bearing indefinitely, because it is difficult to reproduce the fruit spurs on the lower part of the stem. nevertheless the trees are inexpensive and can be cheaply replaced. as they come into bearing the first or second year after planting, this task of replacing worn-out trees is a small one. very fine specimens of fruit can be produced on these upright cordons. indeed this form is superior to the bush form in this respect. the apple is the best of all trees for horizontal cordons. in this form it becomes the most entertaining plaything in the garden, as well as one of the most rewarding trees in its product of fruit. either the single arm or the double arm cordon can be used with success. these horizontal cordons are naturally used along the borders of walks, flower beds or plots devoted to vegetables. they may sometimes be used along foundations of buildings, where it is not desired to grow upright cordons or espaliers against the walls. the fruit produced by horizontal cordons is probably superior in size, color and finish to that produced on any other form of tree. in climates where the summer's heat and sunshine are apt to be meager, this advantage of the horizontal cordon will be comparatively greater. conversely it will be less in places where sunshine and heat are very abundant during the summer. it is probably true that on the plains of arizona and texas the horizontal cordon will not be a brilliant success. dwarf apples need practically the same care and cultivation, aside from pruning, as standard apples. the soil should be cultivated during the early part of the summer and allowed to rest during the latter part of the year. cover crops may be sown during june or july, according to the custom practised in the usual orchard management; but the advantages of a cover crop in a small garden are less material than in a large commercial orchard. [illustration: fig. --upright cordon apples inches apart; in author's garden] the formation of the tree is discussed under another head. it remains to be said only that careful and intelligent pruning are required to keep any dwarf apple tree to its work. the more complicated and the more restricted the form of the tree, the more careful and continuous must be this pruning. the general system may be outlined in comparatively few words, and may be explained in its simplest form as applied to the treatment of a horizontal cordon. each horizontal cordon, perfectly formed and full grown, should have fruit spurs throughout its horizontal length, which may be from three to fifteen feet. the upright portion of the trunk, from the point where the graft is set to the angle made by the bending down of the stem, should be kept clean and bare. constant care is required to remove the sprouts from this portion of the tree, especially such as come up from the stock. at the further end of the horizontal portion there should be one, two, or three strong shoots allowed to push forth each year. these may be called leaders. they represent the principal wood growth in each tree. they draw up the sap from the roots, their leaves elaborate this sap, and from them the digested material is sent back for the support of the tree and the ripening of the fruit. they are allowed to take an upright or nearly upright position and their growth is encouraged. on all other portions of the tree growth is sternly restricted, when not altogether repressed. there is a constant tendency for strong shoots to start into growth all along the horizontal part of the stem and especially near the bend. if any of these shoots are allowed to make headway, the form of the tree is spoiled. even if they are cut out after a year's growth, thus retaining somewhat the form of the tree, the fruit spurs are thereby lost. it is the business of the fruit grower, therefore, to pinch back these shoots which start along the horizontal stem, and this pinching is done at a comparatively early stage of their growth. usually the first pinching should be given when the stems have grown long enough so as to have seven or eight leaves. these shoots are then cut or pinched back to three leaves. if the tree is in good vigorous condition, these shoots will soon start into growth once more. again they have to be pinched. this time the pinching comes a little earlier, taking the shoot when it reaches only about five leaves and the pinching is still more severe. the shoots may start into growth a third time or even a fourth time, but each time they are pinched back sooner and more severely than before. in most cases two or three pinchings will suffice. these constant repressions of growth tend to secure the formation of fruit spurs and fruit buds along the horizontal trunk of the tree. some slight modifications of the plan here outlined will develop themselves in experience. in particular it will be found that different varieties require slightly different handling. some form fruit spurs more readily than others. with certain varieties it is very difficult to repress the rampant habit of growth and to secure a proper formation of fruit buds. these differences, however, are of minor importance as compared with the general management of the tree. the system just outlined has in view the summer pruning of the horizontal cordon apple. the upright cordon is pruned in almost exactly the same manner. various forms of espaliers are handled in much the same way. strong shoots or leaders are allowed to grow at the ends of the main branches to keep up a proper circulation and elaboration of sap, while the growth of fruit spurs is encouraged along the sides of the stems by frequent and regular pruning. in a somewhat less precise manner the same system of pruning can be applied to bush and pyramid forms. each bush, for instance, is made up of a certain number of fruiting branches. the fruit is borne on spurs on the sides of these branches, while the woody growth is made by the leaders appearing at the ends of these branches. these leaders are annually cut back and the constant formation of fruit spurs is encouraged by pinching whatever shoots are on the sides of the main stems. it will be seen that the whole business of pruning falls into two general categories, viz., winter pruning and summer pruning. the winter or spring pruning is given any time after the stress of winter is over and before the sap starts running in the spring. this is the time when the ordinary fruit trees are customarily pruned. the work at this season consists chiefly in cutting back leaders. these are pruned off short, that is the whole stem is taken off down to within two or three buds of where it started growth the previous year. in some cases it is worth while to cut even further back, going into wood two or three years old. at this spring pruning the defective or diseased branches are of course removed wherever they are found. cases requiring such treatment always occur even on the best trained cordons and espaliers. whenever it becomes necessary an entire branch, sometimes composing half the tree, is taken out. usually such branches can be replaced without great loss of time. [illustration: fig. --horizontal cordon apple trees] after this winter or spring pruning comes the summer pruning which has been outlined above. this usually begins may - , and continues until july - , differing, of course, in different latitudes. practically all varieties of apples can be grown as dwarfs, though some succeed on paradise roots better than others. some varieties also are better adapted for special forms, as for cordons, than are others. such requirements are not very strict, and a careful gardener can grow practically anything he wants to. patrick barry, in his "fruit garden," recommends "twenty very large and beautiful sorts for dwarfs," having in mind american conditions, and especially his own experience in rochester, n. y. his list is as follows: red astrachan large sweet bough primate beauty of kent alexander duchess of oldenburg fall pippin williams' favorite gravenstein hawthornden maiden's blush porter menagere red bietigheimer bailey sweet canada reinette northern spy mother king of tompkins county twenty ounce wagener in europe, where greater attention has been paid to these matters, the opinion has settled down to a comparatively limited number. for example, mr. george bunyard in "the fruit garden" recommends the following varieties for cordons: mr. gladstone aug. devonshire quarrenden aug. james grieve sept. wealthy oct. margil oct. king of pippins oct. mother oct. calville rouge precoce oct. cox's orange pippin oct., feb. st. edmund's pippin nov. ross nonpareil nov. duchess of oldenburg aug. pott's seedling sept. lord grosvenor sept. adams' pearmain dec. hubbard's pearmain dec. allington pippin nov., feb. scarlet nonpareil jan., feb. norman's pippin jan. lord burghley feb. duke of devonshire feb. rosemary russet feb. sturmer pippin very late allen's everlasting very late fearn's pippin. very late lord derby nov. bismarck dec. lane's prince albert jan., march lord suffield sept. grenadier sept., oct. golden spire sept., oct. seaton house sept., oct. sandringham feb. alfriston feb., march calville malingre feb. to mch. calville rouge feb. to mch. the same authority recommends the following varieties to be grown on paradise stocks as bushes: beauty of bath july, aug. red quarrenden july, aug. lady sudeley sept. worcester pearmain sept., oct. yellow angestrie sept. duchess' favorite sept. to oct. king of the pippins oct. early white transparent j'ly. lord suffield aug., sept. pott's seedling aug., sept. lord grosvenor aug., sept. early julien aug., sept. ecklinville seedling sept., oct. grenadier sept., oct. stirling castle sept., oct. golden spire sept., oct. cox's orange pippin nov., feb. beauty of barnack nov. allington pippin dec., feb. gascoigne's scarlet dec. christmas pearmain dec. winter quarrenden dec. baumann's reinette jan. lord derby oct., nov. stone's apple oct., nov. tower of glamis oct., nov. warner's king oct., nov. bismarck oct., nov. lane's prince albert dec., mch. bramley's seedling dec., mch. newton wonder dec., mch. max loebener in his book on dwarf fruits recommends the following varieties for dwarf apples: red astrachan july, aug. yellow transparent aug., sept. charlamowsky aug., sept. transparent de croncels sept., oct. prince apple sept., jan. danzig oct., dec. dean's codlin oct. to feb. landbury reinette nov., feb. cox's orange nov. to mch. _requires good soil_ winter gold pearmain nov., march ribston pippin nov., april _good warm soil_ canada reinette. nov., april _hardy_ belle de boskoop nov., may virginia rose aug. red peach summer apple aug., sept. lord suffield aug., oct. cellini sept., nov. alexander oct., dec. gravenstein oct. to jan. _for moist soils, bears late_ yellow richard nov., dec. bismarck nov., feb. yellow bellflower nov. to april _requires good position_ baumann's reinette dec., may inasmuch as the advantages of the dwarf trees apply especially to the growing of fine fruit, only the better varieties should generally be propagated in this way. on this basis, therefore, rather than on the basis of adaptation learned from experience, the following varieties may be suggested among the well known american sorts for growing in dwarf form: baldwin esopus mother williams' favorite sutton king northern spy grimes winesap yellow transparent mcintosh red astrachan alexander wolf river ribston pippin wealthy wagener of course, one propagating dwarf apples would always select his own favorites. it should be noticed that in the list given above are some varieties which are notable for beauty of appearance rather than for superior quality. they are recommended on the former consideration. certain varieties in the list, for instance alexander, are known to succeed especially well as dwarfs. viii dwarf pears pears are the fruit most largely grown in dwarf form in america. there are a few well established and successful commercial orchards of pears, especially in western new york and michigan. the pear is the fruit most assiduously cultivated in dwarf and trained forms in europe. at the same time it is the one with which i confess i have had the least satisfaction. this is perhaps because i have always experimented in a country where pears do not naturally succeed, and because, further, my fancies have run more to other kinds of fruit. [illustration: fig. --young orchard of dwarf pears in western new york] it is probably true that the pear is improved more in quality than any other fruit by being grown in dwarf form and trained as cordons and espaliers on a suitable frame or wall. this is emphatically true in cold and inclement climates, where indeed some of the best varieties of pears will not succeed at all unless given this advantage. a west wall is recommended as giving the very finest results. it should be noted, however, that some varieties do better on walls than others. those which grow vigorously in bush, pyramid, or standard forms receive comparatively less benefit from wall training. [illustration: fig. --dwarf pears in the old and profitable yeomans orchard, new york] the pear is the best of all trees for training in pyramid form. sometimes very tall slim pyramids are made, becoming almost pillars of foliage and fruit in their old age. these may be in fact upright cordons which are trained with strong stems and allowed to support themselves without a trellis. some of the less upright growing varieties are difficult to form into pyramids, and such may be pruned in the ordinary bush or vase form. in growing dwarf pears commercially, as is sometimes done, it is probably best to give most varieties the bush form. the pyramid is rather harder to maintain. the pear succeeds well as a cordon tree. perhaps the best form is the oblique cordon, one placed at an angle of about forty-five degrees with the horizon. the upright and horizontal cordons may also be used, though neither of these forms is specially well adapted to pears. all of the better types of espaliers are suited to pear trees. probably the palmette-verrier is the best, although the old fashioned espaliers are often used. the u-form and the double u-form also succeed if well built. the pruning of the pear tree is substantially the same as that of the apple. where pear blight is a factor in the problem, due allowance must be made for it. it sometimes happens that entire branches or arms have to be cut away on account of blighting. the system of pruning therefore should furnish a means of renewing such members promptly when necessity requires. [illustration: fig. --orchard of dwarf duchess pears, lockport, n. y.] the quince root prefers a fairly heavy and even moist soil. a heavy clay loam is best, although a strong clay will answer. light sandy soils or loose gravelly soils will not give such good results. on the other hand any clay soil which holds water to a considerable extent will answer. as these are the requirements for quince roots, they become also the requirements for dwarf pears. any attempt to grow dwarf pears on a light loose soil is almost certain to prove a failure. [illustration: fig. --pyramid pears in a german orchard] it is often said that dwarf pears should be planted deep in the ground when they are set out. the rule is to put them deep enough so that the bud union will be buried beneath the surface of the soil. with such treatment the pear itself often throws out roots and eventually establishes a feeding system of its own, becoming independent of the quince stock. it is then no longer a dwarf tree except by the authority of the pruning knife. it is probably true that many varieties of dwarf pears are longer lived when treated in this way. in planting, therefore, it becomes a question whether one desires chiefly a long-lived tree or a strictly dwarf one. the ease with which dwarf trees are replaced makes longevity a less important factor than in commercial orchards of standard trees. of course, it is understood that if the dwarfest form is to be maintained, the tree must be planted high enough to leave the union out of the ground, thus preventing the pear from throwing out roots of its own. the varieties principally grown in this country as dwarfs are angouleme, bartlett, anjou, and louise bonne. in european nurseries the list of pears propagated on quince roots is much larger. the following varieties are recommended for england by mr. owen thomas, and are said to be particularly good for training on walls: buerré giffard clapp's favorite jargonelle williams' (bartlett) buerré d'amanlis fondante d'automne triomphe de vienne buerré bosc buerré hardy buerré brown comte de lamy louise bonne de jersey pitmaston duchess la france buerré d'anjou buerré de jonghe doyenne d'alençon glou morceau marie benoist winter nelis buerré diel nouvelle fulvie buerré sterckmans easter buerré le lectier olivier de serres seckel conference doyenne du comice marie louise thompson's duchesse d'angouleme passe crassane ne plus meuris bergamotte esperen buerré rance josephine de malines ix dwarf peaches the peach as a dwarf tree is almost unknown in america. it is not very often grown as a dwarf even in europe, except when it is trained on walls or grown in houses. the species, however, is easily dwarfed and makes a good tree in various forms when well propagated. the methods by which dwarf peaches are propagated are fully described in the chapter devoted to that subject. peach trees growing on plum stocks and formed in vases or bushes make excellent garden trees. naturally they should be headed low, best within three to six inches of the ground. they then make fine, regular, well balanced tops which are easily kept opened out in the desired vase form. such trees usually come into bearing one or two years earlier than those propagated and trained in the usual way. in a country like new england where peach growing is largely a system of gambling against cold weather, and where the business largely resolves itself into a race for getting a crop before the trees freeze back, the smaller stature and the earlier bearing of the dwarf tree are obvious advantages. it has not yet been shown that this may be turned to account on a commercial scale, but there seem to be possibilities in it. in case the peach grower undertakes the method of laying down his peach trees and covering them during the winter to save them from freezing, the smaller growth of the dwarf trees would prove a decided advantage. this method of handling peach trees has proved a practical success under certain conditions. [illustration: fig. --dwarf peach in nursery headed back and formed into bushes] the peach does not succeed as a cordon. the nearest that this form can be successfully approached is the u-form. the double u-form is probably even better. the fan form of training is the best of all methods of training for the peach. the tree makes wood so rapidly that considerable space has to be provided for the annual growth. the fan form being less definite in its makeup can be more readily adapted to the exigencies of rapid growth and severe cutting out. [illustration: fig. --espalier peach, hartford, conn.] on account of its more vigorous growth the peach demands even more drastic pruning than that already described for apples and pears. the method of managing a peach tree, however, differs in some details. there is not such a distinct establishment of leaders at the end of the shoot; and since the peach never forms fruit spurs like those of the apple, the pruning of the fruit-bearing wood is necessarily different. the best fruit buds are formed on the strong clean shoots of the current season's growth. these must be allowed to grow far enough and vigorously enough to ripen good fruit buds. if they make too much growth, however, the side buds start secondary branches and the fruiting prospects are reduced. the management of the tree must be such as to keep this growth of new wood in just the proper balance. in order to carry out the idea thus outlined, an early spring pruning is given while the trees are dormant, and several successive prunings are administered during the growing season. at the spring pruning a considerable amount of wood is cut out from all portions of the tree, the amount thus removed being much greater than that from the pear or apple trees at the same season. the old decrepit and diseased branches are taken first for removal, and then one year old wood is cut back where necessary, so as to leave two or three buds at the base of each branch. the first summer pruning is given about may th to th, after the growth has well begun. a vigorous tree will start more shoots than there is room for, and these are thinned out until all have sufficient space. a few of the most vigorous ones are pinched back at this time. one week to ten days later the trees are gone over again, at which time the principal pinching back is done. the shoots which are making too much growth, especially on the interior of the tree or on the main arms, are stopped. a third pruning is given about june first, and consists chiefly in removing weak shoots or those which are crowding one another, and cutting back those which are growing too far. [illustration: fig. --peach in fan espalier on wall, england] the peach usually requires a comparatively light soil and a warm exposure. the plum root upon which a dwarf peach is budded will usually succeed in a considerably heavier soil, and the method of budding on plum is therefore sometimes practised with the specific object of adapting the peach tree to heavier soils. inasmuch as various kinds of plums succeed in all soils on which any crop can be grown, from light sand to heavy clay, it is not difficult to meet any reasonable requirements in this respect. all varieties of peaches and nectarines seem to succeed equally well as dwarfs. those varieties which are grown as dwarfs in europe are naturally the ones which are favorites there. in this country the favorite varieties are almost altogether different and we would expect to choose such sorts as late crawford, foster, old mixon, belle of georgia, champion, waddell, and other choice american varieties for our use. [illustration: fig. --peach trees trained under glass] the nectarine is in large favor in europe and is much more extensively grown than in america. the merits of this fruit seem to have been strangely overlooked in this country. when nectarines are properly grown under glass, they are one of the most delicious and beautiful fruits known in this world of limitations and disappointments. the nectarine is a fruit which will in general bear more extensive cultivation in america and which is to be especially recommended for dwarf fruit gardens. this is not to say that it should supersede the peach, or even that it should take equal prominence, but simply that it should be well represented in every selection of fruits for an amateur's collection. x dwarf plums most amateur and professional fruit growers are less interested in plums than in other tree fruits. perhaps i am prejudiced, but i feel that this is not fair to the plum. plums yield some profit when rightly cultivated commercially, and no end of satisfaction when cultivated for the gardener's own entertainment. the large assortment of varieties which one may secure is in itself a claim to interest, and a source of much delight to the collector. the fact that different types of plums furnish fruit of very diverse characters makes the collection more valuable from every standpoint. so far as the writer knows dwarf plums have seldom been grown to any extent in america. they certainly have no present claim based on experience for recognition in commercial orchards. nevertheless they have possibilities even for the growing of market fruit, and for cultivation in the garden, dwarf trees are altogether worth while. in the chapter on propagation, reference has been made to the stocks used for plums and that subject need not be discussed here. [illustration: fig. --plum trees trained as upright cordons] when plum trees have been secured budded on suitable dwarfing stocks, as, for example, americana or sand cherry, they may be trained in a variety of ways. probably the ordinary bush form is the best. most varieties of plums do not form either a satisfactory pyramid or a strictly vase form. some of the better growing japanese varieties of plums approach the latter form fairly well. red june, satsuma, and chabot may be mentioned as particular examples. with such varieties a true vase form can be maintained as well as with peaches. in dealing with a majority of varieties, however, a simple bush-like head without a mathematically constructed frame work is about the best that can be secured. in most cases the head should be formed low, preferably not more than six inches from the ground. still considerable latitude has to be allowed the gardener's fancy in dealing with dwarf trees, and the writer can easily imagine a garden design which would require trees to be high headed. it would be practicable and excusable in some cases to form heads four, five, or even six feet from the ground. this is often done in england and germany with all sorts of fruit trees, this form being referred to as a "standard." a head can be secured at almost any point on a plum tree of good growth, by heading back at the desired height. four to six branches should be allowed to grow the first year and in course of time these will be increased to eight, twelve, or even more. that is, there will be this number of what we might call main branches because they are all of approximately equal importance. at the end of the first year after the tree has been headed back the main branches, which have now formed, are to be cut back in turn. with all strong-growing varieties it is best to remove from one-half to two-thirds of the annual growth from these main branches, if the tree is to be restricted to a comparatively narrow spread. a considerable number of strong shoots will put forth the next year. these should be thinned out as soon as they start to a number approximately twice that of the main arms. these new branches should be distributed as symmetrically as possible. the tree top is now formed and subsequent pruning consists essentially of a severe heading in during the latter part of the dormant season, that is, about march, followed by two, three, or four summer prunings somewhat after the manner described for the peach. at the time of these summer prunings the young growing shoots should be thinned out enough to prevent any choking of the tree top and should be headed in wherever it is necessary to retain the symmetrical growth. the manner of forming the fruit buds or spurs is so diverse in the different kinds of plums that no general rule can be given for encouraging them. close observation of each variety will soon enable the gardener to direct his pruning in such a way as to assist in this important process of fruit bud formation. in a rough general way it may be said that the domestica and americana varieties of plums form distinct fruit spurs along the sides of one and two year old branches, and that, for the encouragement of these, considerable light should be admitted and the growth of the interior shoots rather rigidly checked. the japanese and hortulana varieties on the other hand fruit best from very short spurs or clusters of buds which form along from the strong one and two year old branches. the main object, therefore, with these latter varieties is to maintain a succession of clean, sound, well matured shoots. this is done by a moderate thinning of the main shoots early in the year, resulting in the forcing of those which are left. these strong growing shoots are checked late in the summer in order that they may ripen up thoroughly, but the pinching which is done to this end is delayed long enough so that the pinched shoots will not start into growth again. moreover, this pinching is done well out to the ends of the shoots. certain varieties of plums succeed fairly well as vertical cordons. the varieties least adapted to this purpose are the hortulana offspring and their hybrids and a few of the rank-growing japanese, like hale and october purple. in the dwarf tree garden at the massachusetts agricultural college the writer has a row of plum trees containing a large assortment of varieties and species. these trees were picked out at random from various sources and very few of them were propagated on dwarfing stocks. on this account the trees were set two feet apart, which is more than is usually recommended for upright cordons. they have now been growing three years, and they furnish much interesting testimony regarding the feasibility of growing plums in this form. contrary to expectation such varieties as red june, abundance, and burbank have done well under this treatment. these varieties all fruited the next year after planting. some varieties of the domestica group are bearing the third year after planting, which is unusually early. all of them seem to be fairly well adapted to this method of treatment. varieties like wildgoose and wayland, and such hybrids as gonzales, waugh and red may, can hardly be controlled in the restricted space allowed them in a row of vertical cordons. they give very little promise of success. it is probable that all these varieties would make a better showing if they were propagated on some such stock as sand cherry. [illustration: fig. --burbank plums on upright cordons trained to trellis] plums are seldom--almost never--propagated as horizontal cordons. i have never yet undertaken it myself, but propose to do so at the first opportunity and with some expectation of moderate success with certain varieties. the slow growing sorts like green gage, italian prune, and agen seem to offer special promise. in the form of espaliers plums are often trained against walls. indeed this is the favorite way of producing fancy plums in england, and the same practise prevails to a considerable extent on the continent of europe. in this country walls are not required, and in most cases would be of no advantage. where it is desired to cover back fences or sides of buildings, however, plum trees in espalier form can be confidently recommended. the domestica varieties of highest quality such as bavay, jefferson, victoria, pond, bradshaw, and coe's golden drop would have first choice. the japanese varieties can also be grown on trellises or walls, but the freer forms, such as the fan espalier used for the peach, are better suited to their habits of growth. the following varieties of plums can be recommended for dwarf bush forms: green gage jefferson bradshaw agen grand duke bavay (reine claude) mclaughlin pond bleeker italian prune cluster damson (or other damsons) such varieties of the japanese class as abundance, chabot, red june, satsuma, burbank may be grown on dwarf stocks in bush forms, but they are not altogether satisfactory. there are two objections against them: ( ) it is difficult to keep them in restricted bounds, such a result being dependent on constant and severe heading in. ( ) they overgrow the dwarf stocks very strongly and thus do not have a very firm hold on the ground. they are apt to blow over or break off after a few years, unless carefully staked up. the following varieties can be recommended for upright cordons, in which form they will give moderate success if properly managed: coe's golden drop agen victoria grand duke abundance burbank bradshaw bavay lombard chabot cheney aubert (yellow egg or magnum bonum) also most of the clean-growing americana varieties such as smith, terry, stoddard, etc. mr. owen thomas recommends for growing on walls in england the following varieties: green gage brandy gage denniston's superb gage comte d'athem's gage transparent gage transparent late gage jefferson reine claude violette brahy's green gage bryanstone gage oullin's golden gage golden transparent gage reine claude de bavay coe's golden drop kirke's blue washington xi bush fruits the bush fruits, so far as i know, are never cultivated as dwarfs. to speak more exactly i should say that no dwarf stock is ever used to reduce the size to which the plants grow. on the other hand, bush fruits are often systematically pruned back in order to restrict their size, and are sometimes trained in elaborate forms as dwarf fruit trees are. to this extent they are managed in the same way and might properly be treated in the same general category. what is more to our purpose, they are almost always included in the plan of any private fruit garden on a restricted area, such as we have had chiefly in view in this discussion of dwarf fruit trees. these reasons make it appropriate, if not indeed essential, that something should be said regarding these fruits here. all bush fruits can be grown in such forms as cordons, espaliers, etc. anything of this sort which the gardener wishes can become a part of his garden of little trees. gooseberries and currants offer the most entertainment and remuneration when subjected to special pruning and training, and indeed they should not be omitted from any garden scheme of this kind. raspberries are less amenable to this kind of education and should be introduced with some care. blackberries are necessarily difficult to handle and no very complicated schemes of pruning and training can be successfully applied to them. such other fruits as loganberries, strawberry-raspberries, june berries, etc., may be introduced "at the owner's risk." any of them will submit to a certain amount of correction with the pruning knife, and may add to the variety of fruits grown in the amateur's garden. of course, it is distinctly understood that these special methods of treatment are not commercially recommended for any of the bush fruits in america. [illustration: fig. --currants as fan espaliers on trellis, hartford, conn.] probably the most interesting and practical way for handling gooseberries and currants in dwarf fruit gardens is the form known as standards. this form consists of a small round fruiting top of almost any desired variety grafted high upon a straight clean trunk or stem. this stem may have any convenient height from two to ten feet, the most common and practical height being about four feet. the stock used is the flowering currant, _ribes aureum_, which forms a sufficiently strong and upright growth for this purpose. nevertheless it is almost always necessary to support these standards with a convenient stake apiece. for the present these standard gooseberries and currants can be obtained only of the european nurserymen. at least the writer knows of no one who propagates them in america. there are several importers, however, who make a business of supplying european stock and who are always glad to import these on order. the finer varieties are especially chosen for growing as standards. this applies particularly to gooseberries, which are more widely grown and which are more highly prized in europe than in this country. the varieties grown in europe are usually finer table fruits than the american varieties. it is generally understood that the finest fruits for eating fresh out of hand are secured from the standard gooseberries. [illustration: fig. --gooseberry fan espalier variety industry, trained on wire trellis] gooseberries and currants are also adapted easily to the espalier form. the most elaborate palmettes and other geometrical designs can be worked out. nevertheless the simplest and most practical form for trained gooseberries and currants is the fan shape. if a suitable trellis is provided, the vines may be easily tied out upon it in very attractive fan forms and these are found to be quite satisfactory, both as regards their looks and their product of fruit. they are also easily sprayed, which is a consideration worth mentioning when one has to fight the currant worm. in general, it is best in our latitude to run these espaliers north and south, because they receive too much sun when the trellis runs east and west. this rule, however, is not absolute. probably the most convenient and practical way for growing these fruits in the dwarf tree garden is to plant standards at regular intervals in a row, say six feet apart, and to plant a certain number of fan shaped bushes between each pair of standards in the row. if these standards were six feet apart, two plants for fan training would be enough between each pair. the top of the trellis on which the fan forms are tied, would not be above four feet high, better only three. the heads of the standards then rise well above the top of the trellis. this furnishes some support for the stem of the standard and economizes space. economy of space is one of the first principles of this style of gardening. [illustration: fig. --tree form gooseberry] no list need be given here of the varieties of gooseberries and currants to be recommended for this class of planting. it may be said that any of the favorite varieties of currants grown in this country, as for example, fay, victoria, red versailles, etc., may be chosen, and that these are indeed the varieties usually preferred in europe. with respect to gooseberries it may be remarked that the english, french, and german varieties are mostly very different from those grown in america, and that while they have some shortcomings in our climate, they are for the most part to be recommended for the purposes which we here have in view. xii fruit trees in pots those who are used to seeing large fruit trees in orchard plantations where each specimen has , to , square feet of space, with unlimited opportunities downward, find a fruit tree in a pot a curiosity. it seems remarkable to see a tree in vigorous health and bearing fruit with less than one cubic foot of soil. nevertheless this method of handling fruit trees is entirely practicable. in some places it is practised extensively in an amateur way, and occasionally reaches almost commercial proportions. for those who grow fruit trees for recreation there could hardly be a more interesting experiment. the pots mostly used are the nine, ten, eleven and twelve inch standard earthenware pots. with most trees it is best to begin with small sizes and gradually shift forward to the larger ones. a bearing tree may be maintained for several years in a twelve inch pot or even in a ten inch size. sometimes wooden tubs are substituted for pots. these look better, but are not so good in any other way. trees may be grown in pots out of doors, although there is no particular advantage in doing this. if such practise is undertaken the pots should be plunged their full depth in good garden soil. perfect drainage should be secured by having some broken brick or coarse cinders underneath. usually potted trees are grown under glass. they are kept in a cool greenhouse, that is one with little heat. sometimes they are without artificial heat. in fact this is probably the best way. the houses which are purposely constructed for fruit trees may have a single line of pipe if this is convenient, so that the chill may be taken off the air in severe cold weather. to reach anything like real success, houses must be devoted exclusively to fruit trees. occasionally trees may be grown with other plants, as in cold graperies, but the results are not the best and often come very close to failure. in building houses for fruit trees exclusively, the even span construction is nearly always used. houses eighteen or twenty feet wide, and five feet high at the eaves, will answer the purpose very well. the leading greenhouse designers are prepared to furnish plans for such houses and it is usually best to follow the advice of their experts. all kinds of fruit trees can be grown in pots. this includes apples, pears, peaches, plums, nectarines, and cherries. those which give the best returns are plums and nectarines. apples in pots are very interesting and furnish a superior quality of fruit when grown under glass. apples, plums and nectarines take a finer finish and a higher flavor when grown in this way than when grown in any other. all fruit trees to be grown in pots should be propagated on the dwarfest of dwarfing stocks. this means practically that apples should be on paradise, pears on quince, peaches and nectarines on sand cherry, plum on sand cherry or st. julien plum, and cherries on mahaleb. [illustration: fig. --a fruiting peach in pot] the trees should be potted in good rich soil, preferably the best garden loam. this should have enough sand and gravel in it to insure good drainage. a considerable amount of drainage material should be placed in the bottom of each pot. the trees should be repotted in fresh soil annually in october or november. trees in pots require liberal feeding. besides being given well enriched earth at the time of repotting, they should be supplied from time to time with small amounts of fertilizer. good soluble chemical fertilizers can be applied either dry or dissolved. a good formula is one part nitrate of soda, two parts of muriate of potash, two parts of high grade phosphoric acid. a very little sprinkling, say a tablespoonful, of this can be given on each pot once a month during the growing season which lasts roughly from december to may. in place of this, or alternately with this, moderate waterings with liquid manure may also be given. these small doses of food are especially useful at the time when the fruit is forming on the trees. the trees are usually brought into the house at the time of potting, say november . if early fruit is desired, they are kept in a house with some heat. it is necessary only that the temperature should be kept constantly and safely above the freezing point. rapid forcing with a high temperature is not desirable and is hardly possible. if kept simply above the freezing point, these trees will start into growth in january. they can then be kept somewhat warmer during february, the heat being slightly increased in march. peaches and nectarines will stand fairly high temperatures after the fruit is well set and especially toward ripening time. by this method of mild forcing, plums, peaches, and nectarines can be brought into fruit as early as the latter part of may. [illustration: fig. --a fig tree in a pot] the main crop of potted fruits, however, need not be expected until june or july; that is not very much in advance of the outdoor crop. the object of growing fruit under glass is not so much to force it ahead of season as it is to improve the quality. trees which are to be kept in a cool house without heat need no particular attention except to see that they are watered occasionally and that some plant food is given after growth begins. even if the temperature goes down considerably below freezing during the winter months in this cold house where the potted fruit trees are, no damage need be expected. of course, special care will be given to prevent damage from attacks of fungi or insects which occasionally become troublesome in the houses. the small size of these trees makes such work comparatively easy. the methods of pruning are the same as those recommended for pyramid and bush form trees. these forms are the most practical for pot culture, though pot trees are occasionally trained in cordon forms. xiii personalia many persons have a strong prejudice in favor of the concrete. on general principles they object to generalities. they choose rather the specific case. personal experience, they say, means more to them than theory, even though the theory be the sublimation of all experience. for the benefit of such people i am going to set down an account of some of my own attempts at growing dwarf fruit trees, and to that i will add brief opinions and experiences of some friends of mine. the first dwarf fruit tree that i ever saw, so far as i remember, was in the grounds of the kansas state agricultural college when i was a student there. this tree was an apple, on paradise stock, and at two years after planting it bore six or eight very fine yellow transparent apples. it was one of several dwarf apples planted by professor e. a. popenoe, but the other trees did not much attract my attention. this particular specimen had a straight, clean trunk of about thirty inches, after the absurd style of heading dwarf apples practised in most american nurseries. but the crown was full and symmetrical, and the fruit was incomparable. that particular tree has always been a sort of ideal and inspiration to me. later, when i planted an orchard in oklahoma, i put in some dwarf trees, particularly pears, but i did not stay there long enough to see what came of them. the next fruit garden in which i became interested was in vermont. this had in it some dwarf pear trees, dwarf apples and dwarf plums, and my own personal experience had fairly begun. the dwarf apples proved to be an almost complete failure, for reasons which i can not now satisfactorily explain. a few years later i planted a few dwarf apple trees in another vermont garden, where they did reasonably well. but, at any rate, the whole undertaking was unsatisfactory, for it did not give me a vital understanding of the trees. i never got onto terms of real personal goodfellowship with them; and until a gardener does that his work is some sort of a failure. the dwarf pears did somewhat better. they seemed to understand their business, and they kept about it without much attention from me. i never cared much for pears, anyway. but the plums were the brilliant success, at least with reference to my own interior personal experience. every plum tree meant something to me. a stub of a root and two scrawny plum branches would at any time arouse my imagination like the circus posters' appeal to a boy. in this vermont garden which i adopted when it was about four years old, there were various plum trees, mostly of domestica varieties, growing on americana roots. they had come from the iowa state college, where they had been educated that way. they had been given those americana roots, not primarily to dwarf them, but to insure them against damage from the cold winters. the tops had not been cut back, and the whole treatment was just such as would have been applied to standards. later i saw the bad results of this treatment, for several of the trees blew over in high winds. from subsequent experience i feel sure that if they had been headed low at first, if they had been kept closely headed back and otherwise handled like real dwarfs, they would have lived to a greater age and would have made everybody happier. at this time also i began, on a somewhat comprehensive plan, the propagation of plums on all sorts of stocks, including americana, wayland seedlings, miner root cuttings and sand cherry, all more or less efficient dwarfing stocks. by this time i was into it head over ears, as far as the plums were concerned. this having been the largest chapter in my personal pomological experience, i suppose it ought to form the largest portion of this chapter in the book; but my plum work and my experiments in propagation have been so often and so fully reported elsewhere that it would be a vain repetition to go over them again now. they are all written down in the proper places where they may be consulted by the enthusiastic or ill-advised student. and then i came to massachusetts; and here the first project, almost, to which my hand was turned was the installation of a garden of dwarf fruit trees. from the following memorandum of the trees growing in this garden any reader may surmise the enjoyment i have found in it. there is one row of dwarf plum trees set six feet apart and trained, rather unsatisfactorily, into bush form. the trees were many of them too large when they came from france, and, though i cut them back severely, they did not form such low bushy heads as my ideal species. they are on st. julien roots, which serve the purposes in hand fairly well. though the trees had a hard trip across the water only one out of forty-six has died in three years. unfortunately these trees have not yet borne fruit,--not one of them. next year many of them will bear. earlier fruitage can certainly be secured on sand cherry stocks and under other methods of training. besides the bush plums, the garden contains a row of upright cordons. most of these were not propagated on dwarf stocks at all, and were not expected to suffer any such drastic training as i have put upon them. they were taken from the college nursery and from the nurseries of several of my correspondents, just wherever i could find the varieties i wanted, and without reference to the stocks on which they were growing. a few are on americana stocks, several are on peach roots (of all things), and probably a majority are growing on the usual myrobalan roots. these trees are planted two feet apart in the row and are tied up to a trellis of chicken wire. there are about thirty varieties in the row, numbering most of the different botanical types more frequently cultivated in north america. many of the varieties are totally and very obviously unsuited to this method of treatment, and presently i will replace them with more amenable varieties. but many of the varieties have fruited, especially the japanese kinds, and some of them, like burbank, have proved most unexpectedly docile. altogether this row of unsuitably propagated and unsuitably selected varieties of plum trees has been one of the most interesting, instructive and entertaining elements in my dwarf fruit garden. next there comes a trellis bearing some espaliers, including plums, pears, apples, peaches and cherries; but these have been recently planted, and as yet they have done nothing worth relating. there is one row of twenty-three dwarf pears, mostly trained in pyramid form. these have not done well, but the reason is not far to seek. the soil is light and full of gravel, and quite unsuited to pear or quince. pears never thrive on it. several of the trees are bearing a crop this year, but some of the trees are also dead, and the whole row looks like the finish of a bargain sale on the remnant ribbon counter. the row of upright cordon pears is a trifle better, but that is only an accident, i think. the varieties which are growing there seem to be rather better adapted to withstand the unpropitious surroundings. these trees also are bearing. when we come to the two rows of horizontal cordon apples, though, the real fun has begun. nearly all these trees are in bearing, and a few of them have borne every year since they were planted out. they are set only three feet apart in the row, which is not enough; and they suffered terribly the first year from a midsummer attack of aphides; and the pruning was neglected to allow them to recover from that scourge, so that the form was somewhat injured; but they have never ceased to be a joy to me and a wonderment to visitors. they are mostly of european varieties, but bismarck is the showiest and most fruitful one in the collection, though far from the best to eat. then there are standard gooseberries and currants, of which there is little to be said. they haven't been there long, but they are at home and are going to stay. next year i am going to put in some gooseberries and currants in espalier form. [illustration: fig. --dwarf pear in pyramid form two years planted; author's garden] very few persons know what a medlar is. for the benefit of the ignorant and to increase the kaleidoscopic effect on my fruit garden, i have some medlar trees,--holländische monströse,--which i bought of louis späth, baumschulenweg, berlin. a wire trellis, built much like a grape trellis, only higher, carries the row of upright cordon apples. some of these bore fruit the first year they were planted, and there has been a fair sprinkling of fruit every year since then. this has been one of the most satisfactory lots in the make-up. there are two rows containing forty-six bush-form apples on paradise roots set six feet apart. some of these have borne every year since planting out, many of them showing a good crop this year. again bismarck is the most fruitful, but the least pleasing to eat. alexander has made a good record, and this year calville d'automne shows a very pretty crop. it is customary with visitors, especially those already interested in fruit-growing and those of a practical turn of mind, to depart with the judgment that "all those other schemes are curious and interesting, but the bush form apple trees look the most like business." i think so too. in fact my experience with dwarf apples might be summarized by saying, "bush trees for business, cordons for fun." one row of peach trees on st. julien plum roots set fruit buds in abundance the first year, but they were killed by the freeze of the following winter. the second year the experience was the same, except that the tops froze with the fruit buds. new tops were grown at once, however, and the following year nearly every tree bore a small crop of fruit. dwarf peach trees are worth while. this garden has also a row of cherry trees, including morello, richmond and montmorency; but these trees were set the second year of the garden making and have borne only a small crop of sample cherries. the last planting in this garden consists of one row of nectarines, twenty-two trees. this little garden, containing considerably less than a quarter of an acre of land, has now growing upon it fruit trees of the kinds named. and i am not yet done planting. there are various other things that i want to put in,--quinces, apricots, and perhaps raspberries, dewberries, and other bush fruits. in fact, i should like to make it a "paradise" like good old gerarde's or dodoens', in which all the fruits "good for food or physic" might be brought together and represented in a little space. it would be quite wrong to close this experience meeting without giving the observations and quoting the opinions of some other and better men. patrick barry, in his delightful "fruit garden," recorded his belief that dwarf fruit trees were well worth while. "the apple," said he, "worked on the paradise, makes a beautiful little dwarf bush. we know of nothing more interesting in the fruit garden than a row or little square of these miniature fruit trees. they begin to bear the third year from the bud, and the same variety is always larger and finer on them than on standards." speaking of pears, he said: "on the quince stock the trees bear much earlier, are more prolific, more manageable, and consequently preferable for small gardens." the late mr. e. g. lodeman, who wrote the most comprehensive american monograph on dwarf apples, concluded his essay rather pessimistically in these words: "from all the evidence which i have been able to collect, therefore, i cannot advise the planting of dwarf apple trees for commercial rewards, but it seems to me, nevertheless, that they are worth experimenting with for this purpose." mr. lodeman recorded and endorsed the common opinion "that apples grown on dwarf trees are handsomer and of better quality than those grown upon standards"; but he did not seem to consider that fact of much importance. those who are acquainted at the lazy club in cornell university, and especially those who know bailiwick, have heard of professor l. h. bailey's dwarf apples. (fig. .) these were planted six or eight years ago, and most of them are now in bearing. there are a good many different varieties, nearly all french. my understanding of the scheme is that it was as much as half intended to be a commercial venture; but up to the present time little else but confusion and fun have been gathered with the fruit from those dwarf apple trees. when last i asked the proprietor for his experience with dwarf apples he said that he was having a lot of experience, only he didn't know what it was. dwarf pears have been planted frequently, especially in western new york and michigan. i asked professor s. a. beach for his observations of them, to which he replied: "with regard to dwarf pears i will say that the variety which is most generally grown in commercial orchards is bartlett. almost without exception this is grown as a standard. other important commercial varieties are seckel, bosc and winter nelis. all these are generally grown as standards. the variety commonly grown as dwarf is angouleme. a few fruit growers of my acquaintance are making some money from orchards of dwarf angouleme. the other varieties which are often propagated on dwarf stock as clairgeau, anjou and so forth, are seldom profitable. in fact i have heard it stated that outside of ellwanger and barry's orchard there is not a profitable orchard of anjou in this state. from these statements i wish you to derive the conclusion that in new york state under present conditions there is little encouragement for planting dwarf pears commercially." [illustration: fig. --in professor bailey's orchard chenango apple on doucin stocks, interplanted between standard trees] mr. e. w. wood, for many years chairman of the fruit committee of the massachusetts horticultural society, says that "under the right conditions the dwarf pear tree is a necessity for commercial pear growing. the growers in revere and cambridge would feel they could not get along without the dwarf trees. putting the pear on the quince stock does not change the wants of the roots of the latter, and it is no use setting them on a light, dry soil, as the roots being confined to a small area of unsuitable soil, will make a feeble growth and finally die outright; or, if in an exposed situation, blow over. most all the varieties may be grown as dwarfs. the angouleme and clairgeau, both good market varieties, cannot be successfully grown in any other way." recently mr. m. b. waite has written me the letter quoted below, giving some conclusions from his experience with dwarf pears in anne arundel county, maryland. he says: "i planted out , dwarf pear trees nine years ago. they were largely duchess (angouleme), but there are some manning, howell, anjou, louise bonne and lawrence. i have not been entirely satisfied with the results. we have not had the proper quantity of fruit. there has been some fruit every year since the fourth year, and two years ago there was quite a good crop, but nothing to compare with the yield per acre of kieffer, leconte and garber, for instance. of course, these are higher-priced fruit and large yields are not required for good returns. only the duchess and manning, however, have produced sufficient to pay at all, and the orchard has not as yet really paid financially. we have a nice crop this year, however, more than the total yield up to this season, and perhaps from now on we may win out. my dwarf pears are on a soil too dry and sandy for the best results, and i think we are at washington pretty near the southern limit, at least at low altitudes. in the mountains of virginia and north carolina they can be grown further southward. they require a moist, preferably clay-loam soil even in their naturally favored districts, such as new england, new york and michigan, but such a soil is still more desirable when rather too far south for their normal range. they require high culture, manuring and fertilizing, and thorough pruning and spraying in any locality, and these requirements are still more exacting in maryland. a slight neglect in cultivation, pruning or spraying in one season results in a mass of blooms the next spring, but little or no fruit set. of course, this extra attention which has to be devoted to dwarf pears as compared with oriental pears, peaches, apples, etc., to be profitable should result in larger yields, but does not usually do so in this latitude. on the other hand, we may say in favor of the dwarf pear that the quince root is a healthy, reliable root for the pear tree; that the trees attain their seasonal growth early, and therefore are not as susceptible to pear blight as standard pears. furthermore, they are more easily sprayed, pruned, and otherwise handled than the high standard trees." my friend, mr. j. w. kerr, of the eastern shore of maryland, who owns one of the oldest and most picturesque orchards of dwarf pears i ever saw, says that angouleme (duchess) is the only variety that pays for growing in that form. thus the experience of many men in many parts of america sums up as we began. the conclusion of the whole matter seems to be about this: dwarf fruit trees have not yet played any prominent role in american commercial horticulture; but they have been profitable in a few special cases, and the probability seems strong almost to the point of certainty that, with the development, refinement and specialization of our commercial fruit growing, a wider field of usefulness will be opened for dwarf trees. in the realm of amateur fruit growing, on the other hand,--a realm now daily widening,--dwarf fruit trees are of capital importance. the owners and renters of small grounds, the cultivators of little gardens--the great majority of american home-makers, in fact,--will find in them an unfailing source of pleasure, inspiration, and even of profit. index page advantages of dwarf trees, apple, propagation of, apples, apples, recommended varieties, bailey, h., quoted, barry's "fruit garden," bismarck apple, boundary fences, bush fruits, commercial value, cordon trees, currants, definition of dwarf tree, designs for fruit gardens, , , , disadvantages of dwarf trees, double-working, doucin apple, dwarf tree, definition, early bearing, erwin, a. t., quoted, expense of dwarf trees, fertilizers, fillers in orchards, forms for trees, gooseberries, heading young trees, houses for dwarf fruits, j. w. kerr, quoted, lodeman, e. g., quoted, longevity of dwarf trees, management of dwarf trees, management of trees in pots, nectarine, propagation of, nursery management, paradise apple, peach, propagation of, peaches, pear, propagation of, pears, pears, recommended varieties, personalia, pinching, plum, propagation of, plums, plums, recommended varieties, pots for fruit trees, propagation, pruning apple trees, pruning dwarf trees, pruning peach trees, pruning plum trees, pyramid tree, quality of fruit, root pruning, sand cherry, san josé scale, school gardens, selection of varieties, suburban places, tillage, training in special forms, trellises for trees, u-form trees, uses for dwarf trees, waite, m. b., quoted, walls and fences, walls for dwarf trees, wood, e. w., quoted, ............. transcriber's note: in the plain-text version of this ebook italics are indicated by _underscores_. obvious typographical errors in spelling and punctuation have been corrected without comment. one example of an obvious typographical error is on page where the word "an" was changed to "on" in the phrase "... on the other hand...." other than obvious typographical errors, the author's original spelling, punctuation, hyphenation and use of accents has been left intact with the following three exceptions: . on page a hyphen was added to the term "one-half". . in the index (page ) an accent mark was added in the term: "san josé scale". . in the index (page ) the entry "j. w. kerr" was changed to "kerr, j. w." to correspond with other similar entries. melting buttery, sugary, highly flavored; nov. and dec. =delcange. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large; flesh melting; first quality; sept. =délices de la cacaudière. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . gained by count eugène des nouhes in near pouzauges, vendée, fr. fruit above medium, long-conic, slightly obtuse, mammillate at crown and irregular in contour, bright yellow, dotted with gray and greenish specks, colored with carmine on the cheek next the sun; flesh very white and fine, melting; juice abundant, acidulous, sugary, aromatic, rather savory; second; july and aug. =délices de charles. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _guide prat._ , . . _wredow._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised in by simon bouvier, jodoigne, bel. fruit medium, turbinate-pyriform but inconstant in contour, dark lemon-yellow, dotted with russet; flesh white, fine, very melting, buttery, sweet, juicy, vinous and with a delicious tartness; good to very good; oct. to dec. =délices de chaumont. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . fruit rather large, conic-ovate, olive spotted with gray; flesh white, buttery, melting, wanting in juice, very sweet; second, cooking. =délices everard. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by gabriel everard, tournay, fr., in . it was sent to england in and received a first-class certificate from the royal horticultural society in . fruit small, globular-turbinate, smooth, shining, bright yellow, much speckled and marked with russet; flesh salmon tint, tender, buttery, melting, very juicy, sweet, delicious flavor and fine perfume; oct. to feb. =délices de froyennes. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by isidore degaud, froyennes, tournay, fr. fruit medium, oval, yellow covered with fawn-colored russet; flesh tender, melting, very juicy, sugary and perfumed, vinous; oct. and nov. =délices d'hardenpont. .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by abbe hardenpont, mons, bel., in . there has been much confusion between this and _délices d'hardenpont d'angers_ and the _archiduc charles_ and _charles of austria_. fruit large, oblong-obovate-obtuse; skin smooth, bright green changing to yellow, with pale brown-russet dots; flesh white, tender, buttery, melting, rich, sweet, perfumed; good; nov. =délices d'hiver. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . = .= _gard. chron._ n. s. = =: . . distributed by m. dauvesse, orléans, fr., early in the latter half of the nineteenth century. fruit large; form variable from elongate-pyriform to globular-pyriform with short stalk set obliquely; skin thick, green, heavily dotted; flesh moderately fine, full of sugary juice, acid and delicately perfumed; dec. to jan. =délices de huy. .= _guide prat._ , . . fruit large, conic-pyriform, yellowish-green; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, pleasantly perfumed; first; sept. =délices de jodoigne. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . obtained by simon bouvier, jodoigne, bel., in . fruit medium, pyriform, irregular, slightly obtuse and larger on one side of the axis than the other, grass-green on the shaded side and reddish-gray on the exposed face, covered with numerous very fine dots of fawn; flesh white, firm, breaking, sweet, juicy, refreshing and aromatic; first; oct. =délices de ligaudières. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium, of the style of white doyenné, but the stem thicker and shorter; flesh fine, melting; first; oct. =délices de lovenjoul. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _jules bivort._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling of van mons in whose catalog of it is no. . fruit medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow washed with orange-red, speckled all over with russet dots; color variable; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, semi-buttery; juice abundant, sugary, with an acid flavor and delicious perfume, rich; first; oct. and nov. =délices de la meuse. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . laurent de bavay, director of the royal nurseries of vilvorde, near brussels, sent this pear out in . fruit medium and above, ovate, irregular, bossed, more enlarged on one side than the other, greenish-yellow, very finely speckled with green and brown dots; flesh dirty white, coarse, breaking, gritty at center; juice variable in amount, moderately sweet, acid, musky; second; feb. =délices de naghin. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit rather large, turbinate, yellow, washed with fawn; flesh very juicy, very sweet; an exquisite pear; nov. =délices de saint-médard. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out from belgium. fruit medium or rather large, shining yellow touched with russet; flesh fine, melting, sweet; good quality; sept. =délices de tirlemont. .= _guide prat._ . . first placed in commerce by h. millet, nurseryman at tirlemont, bel. fruit medium or large; flesh melting; first; jan. to mar. =délicieuse de grammont. .= _guide prat._ . . raised by m. de la croix d'ogimont, tournai, bel. fruit medium, long-pyriform, delicate yellowish-green; flesh white, very juicy; first; end of aug. =délicieuse de swijan. .= _guide prat._ . . distributed by baron de trauttenberg, prague, bohemia. tree very fertile and suitable for cold and mountainous climates. fruit medium, globular, yellowish-green, dotted; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, sugary; very good; nov. and dec. =délisse. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium, oblong, of even contour, much covered with fawn-russet; flesh fine, melting, very juicy; good; sept. and oct. =delpierre. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _guide prat._ , . . a wilding found in the canton of jodoigne, brabant, bel. fruit large, ovate-obtuse-pyriform, wrinkled, thick, olive-green clouded with dark yellow; flesh greenish-white, coarse, semi-melting; juice acid, rather sweet, vinous, abundant; second; sept. =delporte bourgmestre. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit rather large, yellowish; first; mar. and apr. =democrat. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling originated in pennsylvania and introduced as new in . fruit medium or below, globular-obovate, greenish-yellow with nettings and patches of russet and dotted with russet and brown spots; flesh semi-melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant good; sept. =demorest. .= _wash. nurs. cat._ . . reported as "luscious, larger, later and a better keeper than bartlett." =dempsey. .= ont. dept. agr. _fr. ont._ . . a canadian pear produced from a seed of bartlett fertilized with duchesse d'angoulême. fruit large, oblong-obovate-pyriform, smooth, yellowish-green with brownish-red cheek in sun; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, almost melting, with sweet, delicious flavor; oct. and nov. =denis dauvesse. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium to large, long-pyriform; flesh fine, melting, pleasantly perfumed; sept. =des chartreux. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . origin uncertain. fruit small or nearly medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, light green, speckled with dots of a very deep green, washed with light red on the sunny side; flesh slightly yellow, fine, more firm than breaking; juice sugary, acidulous, slightly perfumed; second; aug. =des deux soeurs. .= _gard. chron._ . . the original tree was found in the garden of the misses knopp of mechlin, bel. fruit medium, oblong, lemon-yellow; flesh melting, juicy, sugary, slightly astringent but wanting in perfume and flavor; grown both in belgium and france; not first class. =désiré cornélis. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . the parent tree was from seed sown by van mons; first bore fruit in . fruit large, oblong-oval, obtuse; skin very fine, pale yellow and often orange-yellow, dotted and netted with greenish-gray; flesh very tender, buttery, melting; juice plentiful, sugary, deliciously perfumed; first; sept. =dessauer weissbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . north german, . fruit medium, smooth, pale greenish-yellow changing to citron yellow, sometimes rather lightly blushed; flesh fine, somewhat soft, sweet, aromatic; good; aug. =deutsche augustbirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _d'aout allemande._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a german variety much cultivated in saxony. fruit small, ovate; skin rather thick, dull green, sprinkled with small and numerous gray dots, becomes yellow on ripening and somewhat blushed in the sun; flesh green and veined with green, semi-fine, buttery; juice sufficient, sugary, vinous, acid, pleasant; good; aug. =deutsche glasbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, . fruit medium, globular-turbinate, bent toward stalk, uniformly light yellow, blushed with russety-red on the side of the sun; flesh sweet; good; sept. =deutsche kümmelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, . fruit small, globular, dirty yellow, washed with russet; flesh very tender, sweet, strongly aromatic and perfumed; good; sept. =deutsche muskateller. .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _muscat allemand d'hiver._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _german muscat._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . an old pear of uncertain origin. la quintinye mentioned it without description in , but in duhamel du monceau gave a careful description to distinguish between it and _royale d'hiver_ which it somewhat resembles. fruit medium or above, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, pale yellow, speckled with numerous large, gray dots; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, semi-melting, juicy, granular, sweet, slightly astringent; second; mar. to may. =deux têtes. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _zwibotzenbirne._ = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . one of the most ancient pears cultivated in france. charles estienne described it in in his seminarium, under the name _pyra bicipitia_ or _poirè a deux-testes_. it takes its name from its large and oval calyx being placed on two prominences. fruit small to medium, globular, somewhat turbinate, pale yellowish-green in the shade, blushed on the side next the sun; flesh white, coarse, breaking, juicy, slightly perfumed, but often having an unpleasant acidity; an indifferent dessert fruit; aug. =devergnies. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . obtained from seed in in hainaut by m. devergnies of mons. fruit medium, turbinate-obtuse, much corrugated at summit, olive-green, nearly covered with gray-russet and slightly clouded with orange-red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, buttery; juice abundant, acidulous, sugary, aromatic; second; nov. and dec. =dewey. .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . an oriental pear, in form resembling kieffer. fruit medium, conical to globular-oval, rusty green with faint blush; skin rough; flesh white, juicy, coarse, gritty, fibrous; quality poor; oct. =dhommée. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling raised by the horticultural society of angers, fr.; it first bore fruit in . fruit medium and often larger, long-ovate, bossed, one side always larger than the other, bright green, finely dotted and much mottled with russet; flesh white, firm, fine, melting, slightly gritty; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, devoid of perfume; second; oct. to dec. =dickerman. .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _dikeman._ = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . obtained by s. d. pardee, new haven, conn. fruit medium, globular-oblate, often irregular in outline, yellowish, bright cinnamon on the sunny side, covered with minute dots; flesh white, fine, melting, sugary, perfumed; first; sept. =diego. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . described by john parkinson in as a small pear growing in clusters, excellent, and musky in flavor. =dienstbotenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . dutch, . fruit medium, pyriform, light greenish-yellow turning to bright yellow, with only an indistinct red blush, if any; flesh granular, aromatic and sweet; good; oct. =dieudonné anthoine. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . obtained by dieudonné anthoine at ecaussines-d'enghien, bel., and bore fruit at brussels in . fruit medium and above, globular, slightly turbinate, bossed, flattened at both ends, greenish-yellow, dotted with brown, mottled with russet, becoming at maturity a brilliant yellow, washed with vermilion on the side of the sun; flesh very white and very fine, breaking; juice sufficient, sweet, often astringent and only slightly perfumed; second; oct. =diller. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this pear was approved at the american pomological congress in , where it was reported to have been imported from germany by the diller family many years previously, but considered by others to be a native of pennsylvania. fruit below medium, globular-ovate, cinnamon-russet; flesh somewhat granular, whitish, buttery, melting; juicy with a fine aromatic flavor; good to very good; aug. and sept. =diman. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., submitted this among other seedlings to the fruit committee of the massachusetts horticultural society in . fruit - / in. in diameter, russet, with red cheek; flesh breaking, melting, very sweet and juicy; ripens soundly; all oct. this pear has improved, year by year, in size and character; first-rate. =directeur alphand. .= _gard. chron._ n. s. = =: . . = .= _guide prat._ . . sent out in by messrs. croux and son, chatenay, seine, fr. fruit very large, oblong-pyriform, yellowish-green passing into golden-green, dotted and splashed with red; flesh white, semi-fine, generally gritty toward the center, sugary; very good for ornament and stewing; feb. and mar. =directeur hardy. .= _rev. hort._ . . = .= _ibid._ , fig. . . from the seed beds of m. tourasse and promoted by m. baltet of troyes, fr. it was submitted to the tasting committee of the pomological society of france in and declared to be very good. fruit large or medium, turbinate, elongated, obtuse, slightly bent, golden-yellow, washed with red on the exposed side; flesh white, fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous, slightly perfumed; sept. =directeur tisserand. .= _rev. hort._ . . obtained by m. a. sannier, rouen, from beurré d'hardenpont fertilized with doyenné du comice; introduced in . fruit medium or rather large, ovate-turbinate; skin fine, shining, colored in the sun; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, having a peculiar flavor; good; dec. and jan. =directeur varenne. .= _rev. hort._ . . a cross between easter beurré and bergamote espéren, introduced by m. arsène sannier, rouen, fr. fruit large to very large, approaching easter beurré in form and color; stem short; flesh very fine, juicy, with a slight aroma. =dirkjes peer. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . = .= _guide prat._ . . dutch. fruit medium, globular-conic, lemon-yellow streaked with brownish-red; flesh whitish, semi-breaking, agreeably acid and sugary; second; good for household use; aug. =dix. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . originated in the garden of madame dix, boston, mass.; it bore first in . fruit large, oblong or long-pyriform; skin rough, green, the exposed fruit becoming deep yellow when ripe, marked with distinct russet dots and sprinkled with russet around the stalk; flesh melting, rich, juicy, of a fine flavor and by some thought to be superior to the st. germain; very good to best; oct. and nov. =dixie. .= griffing bros. _cat._ , fig. . originated in southern georgia as a chance seedling, possibly a cross between le conte and the sand pear; and was introduced in by griffing brothers of florida. fruit medium to above, roundish, slightly oblong, light green, sweet, sprightly; aug. =doat. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . the parent tree was noticed by m. doat in his garden near fleurance, gers, fr. fruit large, like calebasse in form; skin rough to the touch, bright yellow dotted with fawn; flesh yellowish-white or greenish, semi-melting, gritty around the core; juice abundant, vinous, sugary, rather aromatic; second; sept. =docteur andry. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised in the nurseries of m. boisbunel, jr., at rouen, fr., in . fruit medium, globular, bergamot-shaped, bright yellow all over, with dots of russet around the stalk, and sprinkled with small brown specks; flesh very white, fine, melting, somewhat gritty at center, juicy, sugary, with a delicate taste of musk; first; nov. =docteur bénit. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised from seed by van mons in . fruit below medium, globular, larger on one side than the other, wrinkled, bronzed all over, dotted with bright grayish-green; flesh whitish, dense, semi-melting, veined with greenish-yellow; juice sufficient, rather sugary, vinous, slightly aromatic; third; dec. and jan. =docteur bourgeois. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr. fruit medium, apple-shaped, lemon-yellow; flesh fine, somewhat granular at center, juicy, with agreeable perfume. =docteur bouvier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . an excellent french pear suitable for a mild climate. fruit medium, globular-obovate-pyriform, greenish, more yellow at maturity, sprinkled, shaded and dotted with russet, sometimes with slight crimson and fawn on exposed cheek; flesh rather coarse, melting, juicy, vinous, having but little perfume; good to very good; dec. to mar. =docteur capron. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _guide prat._ , . . obtained by van mons in . fruit medium or rather large, ovate, lemon-yellow; flesh melting, yellow, buttery, sugary, juicy, of good flavor and scented with almond; first; nov. =docteur chaineau. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit rather large; flesh melting; first; oct. =docteur delatosse. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit exquisite; oct. and nov. resisted the severe frost of - . =docteur gromier. .= _guide prat._ . . first published in . fruit medium; flesh very fine, buttery, melting, juicy, with an aroma of mingled rose and musk; first; oct. =docteur joubert. .= _rev. hort._ . . baltet brothers, troyes, fr., introduced this pear in . fruit rather large, pyriform, clear green passing to pale yellow, dotted with fawn, rosy on the side of the sun; flesh melting; juice abundant, with a sugary taste and having a pleasant perfume; autumn. =docteur koch. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . raised from seed by andré leroy in . fruit above medium, ovate, bossed, irregular, lemon-yellow, finely dotted and reticulated with russet, lightly washed with reddish-brown on the side exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, fine, firm, melting, rather gritty about the core, full of sugary juice, acid and pleasantly perfumed; first; sept. =docteur lentier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _guide prat._ , . . from seed sown in by m. grégoire, jodoigne, brabant. fruit medium, ovate, somewhat elongated, smooth, greenish or lemon-yellow, splashed and dotted with cinnamon-russet; flesh whitish, fine-grained, tender, buttery, melting, juicy, exceedingly rich, sweet and perfumed; first, of the highest merit; oct. =docteur lindley. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . shown at the annual exhibition of the massachusetts horticultural society in . fruit above medium, broadly turbinate, yellow, tinged with red and slightly traced with russet; flesh white, buttery, sweet, highly flavored; very good; nov. =docteur meniere. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised from seed by andré leroy, angers, fr.; fruited first in . fruit large, cylindrical, slightly ovate; skin wrinkled, bright yellow, dotted with greenish-gray and partly covered with russet markings; flesh whitish, fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, slightly acid, agreeably-perfumed flavor; sept. =docteur nélis. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . obtained by m. xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel.; first published in . fruit above medium or small, turbinate-obtuse, generally much more curved on one side than the other, clear dark lemon-yellow, thinly dotted with russet; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, very tender, melting, juicy and sweet, rather aromatic; second; sept. =docteur p. bruzon. .= _rev. hort._ . . placed on the market as a new variety in by m. bruant, poitiers, fr. fruit very large, greenish-yellow, dotted and mottled with russet; flesh white, semi-fine but very juicy, very melting, sugary, pleasantly perfumed; good; sept. =docteur pariset. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large, nearly cylindrical, golden lemon-yellow; flesh buttery, melting, juicy, sugary and perfumed; first; nov. =docteur pigeaux. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _guide prat._ . . from a seed bed of major espéren of mechlin, bel., placed on the market in . fruit above medium and often rather large, globular-ovate, yellow tinged with rose; flesh fine, melting; good; oct. to dec. =docteur trousseau. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . one of the last of the seedlings of van mons; fruited in . fruit large, pyriform-obtuse, yellowish-green, dotted with bright fawn and stained with brown-russet around the stem; flesh white, buttery, melting, very juicy and aromatic; first; nov. =doctor bachmann. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . produced at the pomaria nurseries, south carolina, from seed and reported to the american pomological society in . fruit medium, globular, green with dull red cheek; flesh juicy, vinous and refreshing. =doctor engelbrecht. .= lauche _deut. pom._ = =:no. , pl. . . german. fruit rather large, pyriform-elongated, nearly smooth, shining, green, clouded with greenish-yellow; flesh yellowish-white, fine, softish, melting, sweet, vinous, with an agreeable cinnamon flavor. =doctor hogg bergamot. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by t. rivers, sawbridgeworth, eng., from seed of gansel late bergamot; received a first-class certificate from the royal horticultural society in . fruit produced in great clusters, small, size of seckel, obovate, even in outline, grass-green, with a dull brownish cheek, changing to deep yellow and bright red cheek with an orange glow; flesh melting, remarkably sweet like honey, with a brisk acidulous flavor and perfume of lemon; one of the richest flavored pears; sept. =doctor hoskins. .= _rural n. y._ = =: , , figs. , . . according to correspondence with j. t. macomber of adams, vt., this variety is a seedling of flemish beauty. it is said to be medium to above in size, roundish-obtuse, pyriform, pale yellow, red on the sunny side and "very good" in quality. =doctor howe. .= downing _fr. trees am._ nd app. . . originated in garden of dr. john t. howe, birmingham, conn., about . fruit medium, globular, inclining to pyriform, somewhat obtuse, greenish changing to light yellow, netted and patched with russet dots; flesh whitish, semi-fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly-vinous flavor; promising in ; oct. =doctor turner. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a pear of connecticut origin. tree of good growth, moderately spreading, rather an early and regular although not an over-abundant bearer; young wood a dark olive-brown. fruit large, oblong-pyriform, with blunt neck; skin pale yellow, sometimes with a slight blush and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots, a few traces of russet; stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by a ring or lip; calyx closed; basin rather small; flesh white, juicy, half melting, slightly vinous, somewhat astringent; good; aug. =dodge. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . a hybrid-oriental variety. fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, narrowing rapidly to the stem, greenish-yellow, profusely dotted; skin thin but tough, russeted near stem; flesh white, juicy, melting, tender, free from grit; fair; oct. =doktorsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, from the rhine country, . fruit large, pyriform, smooth, light-yellow without russet, slightly blushed on side next the sun; flesh agreeable, sweet; good; oct. =donatienne bureau. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial in at simon louis's grounds at metz, lorraine. fruit large, ovate-long, bright yellow stained with brown; flesh fine; first. =dones. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit small; flesh melting, juicy; first; sept. and oct. =donville. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . an old french pear mentioned first by merlet in . fruit medium to large, pyriform-obtuse, bright yellow when ripe, washed with dark red on the side of the sun; flesh-yellowish, semi-fine or coarse, breaking; juice deficient, sweet, no perfume; first for kitchen use; jan. to apr. =doppelttragende gelbe muskatellerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated in thuringia, ger., . fruit medium, conic, symmetrical, light greenish-yellow; flesh breaking, soft, mild, tender, aromatic; good; aug. =dörell herbst muskateller. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . fruit nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, pale yellow sprinkled with very small, very numerous and regularly-spaced fawn dots usually free from any trace of russet; at maturity the yellow passes into clear lemon-yellow and on well-exposed fruits is washed with vermilion; flesh white, rather fine, breaking, dense, not juicy but sugary and perfumed; good for culinary purposes; winter. =dorothée nouvelle. .= _guide prat._ . . belgian; highly recommended. fruit of first quality; oct. tree very fertile. =dorothée royale nouvelle. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . fruit small, pyriform, green changing to pale yellow, some russet markings and speckled with grayish dots; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sugary, delicious; good; oct. and nov. =dorr. .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . originated in new hampshire. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, pale yellow, blushed with red; flesh rather coarse, deficient in juice, sweet, pleasant; cooking or eating; aug. =dorschbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small, obtuse-turbinate, somewhat globular, green changing to yellow when ripe, dotted with yellow-brown and marked with cinnamon-russet, blushed on the sun-exposed side; flesh tough, light yellow, very astringent, subacid and very juicy; oct. =dosoris. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . found in a field at glen cove, l. i, about . fruit full medium, obtuse-pyriform, when ripe a beautiful yellow with two-thirds bright scarlet; flesh sweet, juicy, agreeable, though deficient in flavor; beginning of aug.; good but not first quality. =double d'automne. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . fruit medium, bergamot-shaped, entirely cinnamon-russet, through which a little green appears, with numerous small, gray specks; flesh white, breaking, rather gritty but mellow; juice saccharine. new in and considered promising but in was discarded by the london horticultural society. =double-fleur. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _double blossom._ = .= langley _pomona_ . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . of ancient and unknown origin. mentioned by nicholas de bonnefonds in in his first edition of the _jardinier francais_, by merlet in and claude saint-etienne in . worth growing for ornament, its large, double flowers, with from twelve to fifteen petals, being very handsome. fruit above medium, globular or globular-turbinate, generally enlarged on one side more than on the other, green but yellow when ripe, dark red or pale purple on the side of the sun; flesh greenish, semi-fine, quite crisp, juicy, sweet, rather sugary; excellent culinary pear; feb. to may. =double de guerre. .= _garden_ = =: . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . introduced into england from mechlin, bel., about . tree hardy, productive. fruit medium to above, pyriform, tapering to the stem, yellow-brown speckled with russet; stem short, stout, generally obliquely inserted; calyx open in a shallow basin; flesh yellow, firm, slightly acid; dec. to feb. =double-plouvier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin and age uncertain. fruit above medium, long-ovate, more or less bossed, greenish, dotted all over with gray-russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine, semi-melting, scented; juice moderate but sugary; first for the kitchen; jan. to mar. =double rousselet. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by major espéren, mechlin, bel., about . fruit medium, globular-turbinate, regular in contour; skin fine, tender, green but almost entirely covered with cinnamon-colored russet; when ripe the russet becomes more golden and warmer in tint on the side next the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting, with abundant sugary juice, vinous, very agreeable; first; oct. =dow. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by dr. eli ives, new haven, conn., in the middle of the nineteenth century. fruit above medium, obovate, acutely pyriform, sometimes turbinate; skin rough, yellowish-green, with russet patches and dots; flesh white, buttery, juicy, melting, vinous flavored sometimes slightly astringent; good; sept. and oct. =dowler. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . exhibited before the london horticultural society in , under the name of _dowler's seedling_. a small winter pear, described as one of the best and a good keeper. =downton. .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by t. a. knight, downton castle, eng., about . fruit medium or above, oval, somewhat irregular, greenish-yellow changing to lemon-yellow, a good deal russeted particularly on the side next the sun where it is completely covered and assumes a reddish-brown tinge; flesh whitish, not quite melting but tender, fine, free from grit, agreeably acidulous, sweet and juicy, with some taste of orange; first; nov. and dec. =doyen dillen. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . from seed sown by van mons at louvain in . fruit medium to large, pyriform-conic, yellow, much covered with dots and patches of russet; flesh white, buttery, melting, free from grit; juice rather abundant, sweet, rich and pleasantly perfumed; first; nov. =doyenné bizet. .= _guide prat._ . . tree moderately vigorous, very fertile. fruit large; good; mar. to june. =doyenné blanc long. .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . = .= _guide prat._ . . origin unknown. fruit medium, growing often in bunches, pyriform; skin thin, fine, bright green changing to brilliant yellow, golden on the side next the sun, with some bright red shading; flesh white, fine, melting, musky; first; oct. =doyenné boisnard. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit rather large; first; dec. =doyenné boisselot. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _garden_ = =: . . a little-known pear, large in size, some of the fruit weighing a pound, bergamot in form, maturing about christmas. =doyenné de bordeaux. .= _pom. fr._ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin unknown but cultivated in the environs of bordeaux about . fruit large, globular, flattened at each end; skin thick, wrinkled and oily, golden-yellow sown with large dots of greenish-russet and marbled with the same, some orange-red on side next the sun; flesh very white, coarse, breaking, gritty at center; juice sufficient, sweet; third for dessert, first for compotes; oct. to dec. =doyenné bouyron. .= _guide prat._ . . distributed from bordeaux, fr. fruit of the size, form and color of the doyenné gris; flesh fine, juicy, somewhat acid; aug. =doyenné du cercle. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling obtained by m. boisbunel, a nurseryman at rouen, fr.; first published in . fruit medium, turbinate-globular, varying to irregular-ovate, pale yellow covered with very fine gray dots and stained with fawn, often encrimsoned on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, very melting, scented; juice abundant, sweet, highly vinous, with a delicate, tartish flavor; first; nov. =doyenné à cinq pans. .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . a cross effected in between duchesse de bordeaux and easter beurré by m. herault. fruit medium, rather globular, smooth, yellow, spotted and flecked with fawn; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet, with an aroma of pelargoniums; oct. and nov. =doyenné defays. .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . _doyenné d'effay._ = .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . obtained by m. françois-andré defays in the field of saint martin, near angers, fr. fruit about medium, globular-obovate or doyenné-shaped, bossed at the stalk end and generally larger and longer on one side, yellow, much covered with cinnamon-russet on the side next the sun; flesh tender, buttery, melting, very juicy, rich, sugary, vinous, with musky aroma; one of the best; dec. =doyenné downing. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a wilding found in a garden near angers, fr., by françois desportes, the noted nurseryman, in ; it was named after a. j. downing. fruit medium, globular or ovate, mammillate, one side always larger than the other, pale yellow, dotted and marbled with russet; flesh very white, tender, semi-melting; juice sufficient, sweet, acidulous, with a pleasant flavor of anis; sept. =doyenné flon ainé. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _rev. hort._ , . obtained from seed by m. flon, senior, of angers, fr., in . fruit large, globular, generally mammillate at summit, greenish-yellow and yellowish-brown on the side of the sun, marbled and dotted with brown; flesh white, fine, very melting, juicy, sugary, slightly tartish, with a pronounced flavor of roses; first; nov. to feb. =doyenné fradin. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . regarded as a gain of m. parigot of poitiers. fruit medium, globular, depressed at both extremities, water-green, dotted with brown, becoming citron-yellow on ripening; flesh whitish, fine, melting, gritty at core, full of sweet juice, vinous and richly perfumed. =doyenné georges boucher. .= _rev. hort._ , fig. . = .= _ibid._ . . came from a seed bed of doyenné du comice made in . fruit large and very large, globular-turbinate, bossed at the extremities; skin rather thick, dark yellow, sprinkled with small dots and marbled with fawn, russeted and reddened on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, sugary; very good; feb. to apr. =doyenné goubault. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by m. goubault, angers, fr. fruit above medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform, pale yellow with russet markings and dots; flesh melting, sugary, vinous and highly perfumed; rich and excellent; jan. =doyenné de la grifferaye. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by m. le gris, angers, fr.; gave its first fruit in . fruit medium, turbinate-oblate, very obtuse and irregular, greenish-yellow, finely dotted with russet and brown, stained with fawn; flesh white, fine, buttery, melting, full of sweet and perfumed juice; first; sept. and oct. =doyenné gris. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xlvii, fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _doyenné gray._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _red doyenné._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . an ancient pear attributed to the garden of the chartreux monastery at paris about the middle of the eighteenth century. fruit medium and above, globular, flattened at each extremity; skin rather thin and wrinkled, yellow-ochre, nearly covered with cinnamon-colored russet, so that little of the true color is visible, brownish-red toward the sun; flesh white, tender, melting, very buttery, rich and delicious; one of the best dessert pears; oct. =doyenné guillard. .= _guide prat._ . . described as a new variety by simon-louis bros., metz, lorraine, in . fruit rather glossy, brown, slightly dotted with green; flesh almost fine, white, very juicy, vinous; nov. and dec. =doyenné des haies. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a wilding found on the property of m. bardi, bwalt, canton of montastruc, haute-garonne, fr., and first reported in . fruit medium, globular or globular-turbinate, flat at base, mammillate at summit, pale yellow, dotted and stained with fawn, blushed with tender rose on the side toward the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, rather gritty around the core; juice abundant, sweet, very sugary, tasting of musk; second; oct. =doyenné hudellet. .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . obtained by m. jules hudellet at ceyzeriat near bourg, ain, fr.; it was first published in . fruit medium, globular-cylindrical, regular outline, bright green sprinkled with dots of gray-brown, passing to pale yellow, with some red on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, full of sweet juice, slightly musky; first; nov. =doyenné jamin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . gained by jamin & durand, nurserymen at bourg-la-reine, near paris, in from seed. fruit medium, turbinate-conic or turbinate-ovate, irregular, greenish-yellow changing to yellow and washed with rose on the sunny side, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine, buttery, full of sweet juice, vinous, astringent, without much perfume; second; jan. and feb. =doyenné de lorraine. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , . . received by diel, the eminent german pomologist, from a nurseryman at metz under the name of _doyenné d'austrasie_ by which it is mostly known to german authors. fruit medium, globular, depressed at each pole, water-green, with gray-brown dots, bright citron-yellow when ripe and golden on the side next the sun or sometimes washed with red; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-buttery; juice plentiful, sweet and slightly perfumed; good; sept. and oct. =doyenné louis. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . seedling of van mons, previous to . fruit small, turbinate-obtuse, regular in form, dark yellow, strewn with numerous gray-brown dots and carmined on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, coarse, semi-melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, sugary, lacking in flavor; third; sept. and oct. =doyenné de montjean. .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ , fig. . obtained in by m. trottier, montjean, department of maine-et-loire, fr., and first published in . fruit large to very large, ovate, nearly equally rounded at its two poles; skin thin and rough, yellow, much russeted; flesh white, very fine, melting, very juicy, with a slightly vinous and sweet flavor, perfumed; very good; jan. to mar. =doyenné nérard. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . = .= _guide prat._ . . obtained in by m. bonnefoy, a nurseryman at saint-genis-laval, near lyons, fr. fruit small, globular-conic, yellowish-white, marbled with bright red; flesh semi-breaking, very sugary; good; aug. =doyenné nouveau. .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . fruit medium, obovate; flesh tender and juicy; excellent; apr. =doyenné perrault. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium, rather oblate, resembling easter bergamot with a long stalk; flesh fine, firm, melting; first; winter. =doyenné picard. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium; flesh melting; first; aug. =doyenné rahard. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large or very large; flesh fine, melting, very sweet; dec. to jan. =doyenné de ramegnies. .= _gard. chron._ n. s. = =: . . raised by m. norbert bouzin of ramegnies-chin near tournai, bel. fruit large, turbinate and very symmetrically shaped; olive-brown, russeted; flesh fine, buttery, vinous; oct. and nov. =doyenné robin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised in at angers, fr., by a gardener named robin. fruit large, globular-ovate, yellowish, dotted and stained with bright russet; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, vinous, aromatic; first; oct. =doyenné rose. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . from a seed bed made in by edouard sageret, author of _pomologie physiologique_; it bore fruit first in . fruit above medium, globular, irregular, yellow-ochre on the shaded side and beautiful rose on the side of the sun; flesh very white, semi-melting, granular; juice scarcely sufficient, little perfume or flavor; second; oct. =doyenné saint-roch. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . largely grown in the gironde, fr., in the middle of the nineteenth century. fruit above medium and sometimes larger, globular but variable, pale yellow dotted with russet passing to bright yellow on the side next the sun, where it is lightly washed with carmine; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or slightly breaking, juicy, sugary, acidulous, of delicate flavor; second; aug. and sept. =doyenné de saumur. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a french pear of uncertain origin but known in the districts of saumur and lyons early in the nineteenth century. fruit medium and below, very variable in form, from ovate-elongated to turbinate-obtuse, bossed and swelled, pale greenish-yellow, dotted with gray-russet especially on the side next the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting, juicy, perfumed, having an after-taste of musk; first; sept. =doyenné sentelet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a gain of van mons, . fruit about medium or below, turbinate-ovate-obtuse, often irregular, deep rich yellow, much mottled and speckled with cinnamon-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous; good; oct. =doyenné sieulle. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . from a seed bed of jean sieulle, vaux-praslin, fr.; it was placed on the market in . fruit above medium to medium, often globular and often doyenné-shaped, deep rich yellow ground, mottled and speckled with cinnamon-colored russet; flesh very white, fine, semi-melting; juice sufficient, acidulous, sweet, with an agreeable almond flavor; variable, from second to first; nov. =drapiez. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . of belgian origin. fruit medium, obovate, pale green, very much marbled with gray; flesh tender, sweet, acidulous, strongly perfumed; a very excellent autumn fruit; oct. and nov. =drone. .= miller _gard. dict._ = .= . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . fruit middle sized, globular, light green dotted with darker shade of same color; flesh white, breaking, full of sweet, musky juice; aug. =du breuil père. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . alphonse du breuil obtained this variety from seeds of louise bonne de jersey sown in . fruit medium, nearly a true sphere, slightly depressed at the two poles, lemon-yellow, much russeted and at maturity mottled with blood-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy; first; sept. =du mirror. .= baltet _trait. cult. fr._ . . a first-class french perry pear, grown in the haute-savoie, yielding from to litres of perry per tree; the beverage is clear, very sweet, rather sparkling, and becomes stronger with age. =du roeulx. .= _guide prat._ . . tree hardy. fruit medium, pyriform, short, yellow, mottled with fawn; flesh yellowish, very melting, juicy and sugary, with an exquisite aroma; first; sept. =dubrulle. .= _guide prat._ , . . fruit rather large, globular, yellowish-green and gray mottled with fawn; flesh melting, very juicy, sugary, highly perfumed and of a luscious flavor; first; sept. and oct. =duc alfred de croy. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . propagated and disseminated by m. de jonghe, brussels. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, regular and handsome, smooth, yellowish-green, washed with pale brown on side next the sun; flesh white, tinted with green, not very juicy, but buttery, rich and with a fine spicy flavor and perfume; excellent; nov. =duc d'aumale. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a product of the van mons nursery at louvain where it first fruited in . fruit small, turbinate-obtuse-pyriform; skin rough, greenish-yellow mottled all over with cinnamon-colored russet; flesh whitish, melting and juicy, sugary, acidulous, perfumed; first; sept. and oct. =duc de brabant. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . sent by van mons as no. to simon bouvier in jodoigne, bel., in . fruit medium, pyriform-obtuse, greenish-yellow, dotted with russet, marbled with fawn, sometimes washed with red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-breaking; juice sufficient, sugary, acidulous; good; sometimes second; oct. =duc de morny. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by m. boisbunel, rouen, and first published in . fruit large, long-obtuse-pyriform, bossed, green, mottled and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, tender, melting, very juicy, too acid, little sugar or perfume; second; nov. to jan. =duc de nemours. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by van mons at louvain in . fruit large and handsome, obovate, narrowing abruptly, bright greenish or lemon-yellow, even-dotted with russet and gray specks, sometimes reddened on cheek next the sun; flesh white, melting, rich, sweet, sprightly, juicy, perfumed; first; oct. and nov. =duchesse d'angoulême bronzée. .= _guide prat._ . . _duchess bronze._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a sub-variety of duchesse d'angoulême found in a garden of m. weber, dijon, fr., and introduced in . fruit large to very large, differs from type by its skin being red-brown or bronze, this feature being perfectly constant; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary; first; oct. to dec. =duchesse d'angoulême panachée. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a variegated form of duchesse d'angoulême, the wood, leaves and fruit being mottled with yellow and green. in it was attributed to m. audusson, who originated duchesse d'augoulême, but leroy claims that it proceeded from his nursery in . =duchesse anne. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised in by jacques jalais, nantes, fr. fruit above medium, like calebasse in form, meadow-green, slightly yellowish, dotted with gray; flesh greenish-white, fine, melting; juice sufficient, sweet, acidulous, perfumed; first; nov. =duchesse d'arenberg. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . although distributed from the royal nurseries at vilvorde-lez-bruxelles without mention of origin its name suggests belgium. fruit medium and often larger, turbinate-obtuse-oblate, greenish-yellow passing to bright green on the side of the sun, dotted with gray-russet; flesh yellowish, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty around the core; sugary, perfumed, rather sour; second; aug. =duchesse de berry d'Été. .= leroy _dic. pom._ = =: . fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised in a seed bed in the commune of saint-herblain, department of loire-inferieure, fr., in . fruit medium, globular-turbinate, yellow, dotted with dark gray; flesh very white, semi-fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, aromatic; first; aug. and sept. =duchesse de bordeaux. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . _beurré perrault._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . _bordeaux._ = .= cal. com. hort. _pear grow. cal._ = =:no. , . . m. secher, in the commune of montjean, department of maine-et-loire, fr., bought in from m. perrault, montrevault, some pear trees. ten years passed away and then one of the trees produced the excellent fruit here described. m. secher invited many persons to taste it, in particular mm. perrault and baptiste desportes. later the variety fruited with m. perrault and was named by him _beurré perrault_. secher affirmed he had properly given the variety the name of duchesse de bordeaux. tree large, vigorous, upright. fruit large, roundish-pyriform; skin thick, very tough, rough, greenish-yellow, with mottlings and patches of russet; stem rather long, thick, set in a moderately deep, acute cavity; calyx large, open, placed in a moderately deep basin; flesh yellowish-white, firm, granular, juicy, mild; good; nov. and dec. =duchesse de brabant. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a posthumous seedling of van mons, which gave its first fruit in . fruit medium, short-pyriform-obtuse; skin thin, smooth, shining, greenish-yellow; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, melting; juice abundant, sweet, savory; good; oct. =duchesse de brabant= (de capeinick). = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . this variety, obtained by m. capeinick, received medals at brussels and at tournai in . fruit medium, regular pyriform, bright green and speckled with dots of gray-green, becoming lemon-yellow at maturity, washed with blood-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, rather fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, refreshing; first; sept. =duchesse de brissac. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . came from a seed bed of auguste benoist, brissac, maine-et-loire, fr., and ripened for the first time in . fruit above medium, ovate, rather irregular, bright greenish-yellow, spotted with russet; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic; first; aug. and sept. =duchesse grousset. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large, elongated, very obtuse at base; bright yellow, speckled with brown dots; flesh fine, very melting, rather granular at center; dec. =duchesse hélène d'orléans. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . from a seed bed made at louvain, bel., in by van mons; it first fruited in . fruit medium, ovate, always somewhat distorted, one side being longer than the other, yellowish-green, dotted and mottled with gray and russet, carmined on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, melting, very juicy, acidulous, sugary, good flavor; first; sept. =duchesse d'hiver. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _tardive de toulouse_. = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . m. barthère, sr., a nurseryman of toulouse, fr., found this pear in near calmont on one of his travels through southern france. tree moderately vigorous, characteristically small and pyramidal. fruit large, roundish-pyriform, light yellow; flesh white, juicy; matures in winter and late spring. although not a pear of highest quality it is worthy of notice because of its large size and long keeping. =duchesse hybrid. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . form resembles kieffer, lemon-yellow; flesh coarse; poor; oct. =duchesse de mars. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . origin uncertain; generally attributed to belgium. fruit medium, obovate but variable, yellowish-green, russeted; flesh buttery, white, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed, well flavored; first class dessert pear; nov. =duchesse de mouchy. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . from a wilding noted in by the curé of breteuil, oise, fr. fruit large, turbinate-obtuse, bright olive-yellow, dotted with gray-russet; flesh yellowish-white, a little coarse, semi-breaking, juicy, sugary, vinous, slightly perfumed; second; apr. and may. =duchesse précoce. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . came from a seed bed of duchesse d'angoulême made in by andré leroy. fruit large and often very large, ovate, golden-yellow, sprinkled with large greenish dots, slightly carmined on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh very white, breaking or semi-melting, with seeds usually absent, juicy, sweet; flavor agreeable; second; aug. =duchovaya. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _scented._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a central-russian pear. fruit medium to above, obtuse-pyriform, yellow, russeted; flesh coarse, sweet, juicy; poor; mid-season. =dudley. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . originated with mr. dudley, boston highlands, mass. fruit medium long; very good; mid-season. =dumon-dumortier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . from the van mons seed beds. fruit medium, turbinate, yellowish-green, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, very fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, deliciously perfumed; first; nov. =dundas. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . disseminated by van mons in in which year it was sent to america to both r. manning and w. kenrick. this pear is known in europe mostly under the names of _rousselet jamin_, _henri nicaise_ and _héliote dundas_ or _héloise dundas_. fruit medium, turbinate-obtuse, greenish-yellow or yellow-ochre, dotted with brown and gray and washed with beautiful carmine on the side of the sun; flesh white, with green veins, between breaking and melting; juice insufficient; very handsome but wanting in quality; sept. and oct. =dunmore. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , fig. . one of the best seedling pears raised by thomas andrew knight, downton castle, wiltshire, eng. it first fruited in being then reported in this country by c. m. hovey. fruit large, oblong-obovate; skin slightly rough, yellowish-green, with russet patches, brownish-red tinge next the sun; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, rich, subacid, juicy, sprightly, vinous, perfumed and aromatic; excellent; sept. and oct. =dupuy charles. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . louis berckmans, augusta, ga., raised this pear in from seed sent from ghent, bel. fruit medium to above, like calebasse in form, rough to the touch, bright green, dotted with russet; flesh greenish-white, very fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous; flavor delicate and slightly musky; first; oct. and nov. =durandeau. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc._ . . _de tongres_. = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated from seed with charles louis durandeau, tongres-notre-dame, a village in hainaut, bel., probably about . tree fairly vigorous, pyramidal, an early and abundant bearer. fruit medium large, obovate-pyriform, generally irregular; skin thin, covered with fine golden russet, blushed with carmine on the exposed cheek; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, very juicy, vinous, sprightly, with an exquisite aroma and of first quality; oct. and nov. =durée. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a wilding found by isaac hicks, westbury, n. y., and introduced by him before . fruit medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, pale yellow, dotted and patched with russet; flesh whitish, semi-melting, juicy, sweet, slightly musky; good to very good; oct. =durst-lösche. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, . fruit medium, globular-turbinate, greenish-yellow turning to yellow; flesh breaking, soft, honey-sweet and aromatic; good; sept. =early ely. .= _tex. nursery cat._ . . originated on the grounds of silas ely of sherman, tex., and was introduced by the texas nursery company about . said to be small, yellow and good for both table and market. =early green sugar. .= j. van lindley _cat._ . . fruit large, yellow, blushed; june. =easter bergamot. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _bergamote de pâques_. = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . an old french pear of which merlet wrote in , calling it _bergamote de pasques_ or the _la grillière_. this variety was early known in england according to switzer who saw trees of it at hampton court growing against a wall said to have been erected by queen elizabeth and which had every appearance of having stood there since that time. fruit medium, globular-turbinate, narrowing toward the stalk, grayish-green, dull, changing to pale yellow, thickly dotted with brown; flesh white, semi-fine, gritty, breaking; juice sweet, acid, with not much perfume or flavor; second only, on account of its extreme lateness; mar. to may. =eastern belle. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ st app., , fig. . this pear originated with henry mclaughlin, bangor, me. tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, obovate-pyriform; skin pale yellow, with nettings and patches of russet and many russet dots, occasionally blushed with bright red; flesh whitish-yellow, coarse at center, juicy, half-melting, sweet, rich, with a peculiar piquant aroma; good; sept. =echasserie. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xxxii. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _walnut._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _besi de l'echasserie._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the wilding from which this variety was derived was probably noticed about and la quintinye before spoke of it as having been in french gardens for twenty years. it appears to have been a native of anjou, where there are three places bearing the name given to it. probably it had been locally cultivated under other names for a long time previous to its official recognition. fruit medium to small, globular-oval but variable, always obtuse and bossed; skin rough to the touch, lemon-yellow dotted with fawn and with some patches of grayish-brown russet; flesh white, fine, melting, with very small grits around the core; juice extremely abundant, acidulous, saccharine, with an after-taste of musk, very agreeable; first; nov. through jan. =edle sommerbirne. .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . germany and holland. fruit small, pyriform and somewhat long-gourd-shaped, smooth yellowish-green changing to yellow at maturity, with reddish-brown on the side next the sun, dotted and speckled with gray; flesh fine, semi-melting, with a sweet, agreeable, aromatic flavor of rose; good for dessert and first for kitchen use; aug. =edward seedling st. germain, .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . raised by dr. w. d. brincklé, philadelphia, pa. fruit medium or rather large, globular-pyriform-obtuse, a little irregular in form, with its greatest diameter at the center; skin somewhat thick and tender, intense green at first, sprinkled with grayish-black dots changing at maturity to bright citron-yellow, some russet nettings and patches; flesh whitish, semi-fine, slightly granular yet melting, full of saccharine juice, acidulous and delicately perfumed; good; oct. to dec. =effie holt. .= j. van lindley _cat._ . . said to have originated on the farm of l. w. holt near burlington, n. c.; introduced by j. van lindley nursery company about . tree healthy, thrifty. fruit large, greenish-yellow; flesh light yellow, rich, juicy; season about the same as duchesse d'angoulême. =eliot early. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _rural n. y._ = =: , figs. , . . said to have been raised by judge charles eliot of windsor, ontario, canada, from a cross between madeleine and doyenné d'Éte. tree strong, vigorous, hardy, an early and productive bearer. fruit small, pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, brownish-red next the sun; stem long, slender, curved; cavity small, russeted; calyx closed or partially open; base small; flesh whitish, half-fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed; good to very good; july. =Élisa d'heyst. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . obtained by major espéren of mechlin, bel. fruit small but sometimes medium, ovate, with an irregular outline, grass-green, dotted and stained with clear fawn; flesh greenish, coarse, semi-melting, very gritty around the core; juice sweet, abundant, sugary, slightly perfumed, little flavor; second; mar. =elizabeth (edwards). .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ = =. . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . this pear was raised at new haven, conn., by governor edwards[ ] and was first exhibited in . fruit of medium size, roundish-obtuse-pyriform, slightly angular; skin smooth, pale lemon-yellow, profusely sprinkled with very small, pale russet dots and a few grayish-russet patches; flesh white, somewhat coarse, melting, very juicy, slightly subacid, with a vinous flavor; oct. =elizabeth maury. .= downing _fr. trees am._ nd app., . . a chance seedling on the ground of reuben maury, charlottesville, va. fruit small, oblate, slightly elevated, pale greenish-yellow, sometimes with a shade of brown in the sun, with many greenish dots; flesh whitish, semi-fine, tender, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous; aug. =ellis. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . raised from seed of seckel in by annie e. ellis, new bedford, mass. tree vigorous, hardy, prolific. fruit large, oblong-obovate-pyriform, truncate, slightly uneven, greenish-yellow, patched and mottled with russet, sprinkled with many russet dots; stem rather long, rather stout, set in a small cavity; calyx large, open; basin uneven, slight; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, aromatic; very good; sept. and oct. =ellis= (new york), = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . downing says that there is another pear under the name of "ellis" grown in western new york, entirely distinct from ellis. the fruit is described as medium, acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow, shaded with crimson-red in sun, with very small brown dots; flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, often astringent, disposed to rot at the core; good; aug. and sept. =emerald. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . belgian. fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, pale green, with pale brownish-red next the sun and covered with russety dots; flesh white, melting, buttery, richly flavored, subacid, vinous; good; nov. and dec. =Émile d'heyst. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . a seedling raised by major espéren, mechlin, bel., which fruited in . fruit medium and often larger, ovate, rather long, irregular, generally with sides unequal, bossed, bronzed, dotted with fine specks; flesh greenish, fine and dense, melting, scented, free from grit; juice very abundant, refreshing, sugary, slightly acid but very agreeably perfumed; first; oct. =enfant nantais. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . originated by m. grousset of nantes, fr. tree vigorous and productive. fruit large, conic, gray; flesh fine, buttery, juicy, aromatic but very slightly tart; oct. =enfant prodigue. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _rousselet enfant prodigue._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _verschwenderin._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . a van mons seedling of about . fruit medium to large, ovate but variable, greenish-yellow, largely obscured with cinnamon-colored russet, more or less carmined on the side of the sun; flesh greenish-white, dense, melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic, acidulous, astringent; second; sept. =Épine d'Été. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . an old pear grown in the gardens of the monastery of chartreux, paris, and stated in the catalog of that institution, of , to be identical with the pear _bugiarda_ of italy. this leroy has shown to be an error, the _bugiarda_ being the pear known in france as _trompeur_. le lectier appears to have grown it in in his famous gardens at orléans, though under the name of _poire d'espine_. fruit above medium, pyriform, more or less obtuse, bright green, finely dotted with gray-russet and lightly colored with tender rose on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish, fine, melting, juicy, sugary and musky; a moderately good autumn pear; sept. =Épine d'Été rouge. .= _guide prat._ , . . _rother sommerdorn_. = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . french, . fruit medium, ovate, slightly bossed, light grass-green turning to yellow-green, dark blush, dotted; flesh finely-grained; juice somewhat deficient, aromatic; good for the table, kitchen and market; sept. =Épine d'hiver. .= langley _pomona_ . . = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xliv, fig. . . _winter thorn._ = .= bradley _gard._ . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . a very old french pear, reported as early as . tree healthy, although not a strong grower, and bears well. fruit medium to above, roundish-obovate, smooth, green becoming yellowish and irregularly covered with grayish-brown dots; stem rather long, fleshy at base, inserted without depression; calyx small, open, set in a rather shallow basin; flesh whitish, melting, tender, buttery, with a sweet and agreeable musky flavor; a dessert pear; nov. to jan. =Épine de jernages. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium; first; mar. =Épine du mas. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _belle epine dumas_. = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _dumas_. = .= _rural n. y._ = =: , figs. , . . a wilding found about by a m. chemison in the forest of rochechouart near mas, department of haute-vienne, fr. fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, lively yellow or lemon-yellow, finely dotted with brown and washed with carmine on the sun-exposed cheek; flesh white, fine, tender, melting, sweet, gritty at center, juicy, acid, musky; good; nov. and dec. =Épine royale. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . of french origin. fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish, blushed with bright red on the side next the sun; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous; oct. =Épine-royale de courtray. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin not clear though mentioned in the bulletin of the society of van mons in . fruit medium or large, pyriform-obtuse, green sprinkled with numerous brown dots, changing to pale yellow at maturity, with some red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, pleasant; handsome and good for transportation; aug. =ermsinde. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a chance seedling found in the garden of m. bouvier, jodoigne, bel., and reported in . fruit above medium, in form variable from pyramidal to turbinate, lemon-yellow, dotted and marked with brown-russet, and blushed with dark red on the exposed cheek; second; early oct. =ernestine auzolle. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . of french origin. fruit small, globular-pyriform, sometimes acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun, often netted and patched with russet; flesh rather coarse, yellowish, moderately juicy, semi-melting, sweet; good; sept. and oct. =eseme. .= _ia. soc. hort. rpt._ . . cultivated on the northern steppes of russia and introduced to this country by j. l. budd of iowa in . =esperine. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . by van mons from an undated seed bed; it was first reported in and dedicated to major espéren, the enthusiastic and distinguished pomologist of mechlin. fruit large, obtuse-ovate, yellow with greenish tinge, much dotted with greenish-gray-russet, clouded with tender rose on the side of the sun; flesh white, semi-melting, full of juice, sugary, vinous, refreshing, perfumed; first; oct. and nov. =esperione. .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . fruit medium, obovate, slightly pyriform, yellow, juicy, melting, perfumed; sept. =essex. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in the garden of w. flack, essex, n. y., before . fruit below medium, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with many brown and green dots, marbled with carmine in the sun; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, granular, sweet; good; sept. =esther comte. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . cataloged by dauvesse of orléans in . fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, bright green changing to yellow, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, rather fine, semi-melting, juicy, sugary, delicately perfumed; good; winter. =estranguillon. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . according to charles estienne, , this pear was at that time well known to french gardeners. first rate for making perry. fruit small, ovate, yellowish, dotted with gray and slightly tinted with rose on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, rather coarse, breaking or semi-melting, very juicy, without perfume; sept. =esturion. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin unknown. fruit rather small, conic, pale green changing to yellow, tinged with light red on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish, fine, melting; juice abundant, sweet and perfumed. =eugène appert. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . raised from seed by andré leroy, angers, fr., and first gave fruit in . it was introduced to this country about , in which year it was described as of "very superior quality" and one of the "best of the kinds recently introduced." fruit medium, globular, bossed, unequal, grass-green, with grayish stains and large dots; flesh yellowish-white, very fine and melting, very full of sugary, acidulous juice, having an exquisite aroma; first; aug. and sept. =eugène furst. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a gain of van mons. fruit medium, globular-conic, very obtuse, green changing to lemon-yellow, dotted with brown and more or less washed with red-brown on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, with a characteristic perfume; first; nov. and dec. =eugène maisin. .= _guide prat._ . . under trial in the nurseries of simon-louis bros. of metz, lorraine, in . fruit medium; skin rough and grayish; flesh melting; first; dec. and jan. =eugène des nouhes. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . m. parigot, president of the imperial court of poitiers, fr., obtained this variety which he dedicated in . fruit above medium, obtuse-turbinate, dark yellow, dotted and stained with gray-russet, slightly vermilioned on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet, delicately perfumed; first; sept. =eugène thirriot. .= _guide prat._ . . produced and placed on the market in by thirriot bros. fruit large, pyriform, pale greenish-yellow; flesh melting, buttery, very juicy, sugary, perfumed; first; oct. and nov. =euratsfelder mostbirne. .= _löschnig mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium to large, globular; skin smooth, light yellow when ripe, sprinkled with rather fine dots, and russet speckles; flesh rather white, not very coarse, agreeably subacid, very juicy; oct. and nov. =eureka. .= a. m. augustine _cat._ . . according to correspondence with a. m. augustine, normal, ill., the introducer of this pear, it was fruited in by a mr. dickinson of eureka, ill.; a chance cross between seckel and kieffer and shows characteristics of both parents. tree reported similar to kieffer in leaf, habit of growth and resistance to and recovery from blight. fruit medium, shaped like seckel; skin delicate, waxy, bright yellow, slightly russeted, with a bright red cheek; flesh flavor of seckel, more solid, longer keeper. =eva baltet. .= _rev. hort._ , fig. . from a seed bed of bartlett fertilized with flemish beauty. it was exhibited at the international exhibition of st. petersburg in . fruit very large, pyriform-truncated; skin fine, light cream passing into yellow, dotted with brown, extensively blushed with bright carmine; flesh white, fine, juicy, sugary and aromatic; first; nov. but variable. =excellente de moine. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . distributed by burgomaster rossy of schönburg, in moravia, austria, in . fruit medium or rather large, globular-ovate, grass-green, dotted with gray-green specks; flesh white, rather greenish especially just under skin, buttery, juicy, delicately perfumed; good; latter half of august. =excelsior. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling of francis dana, boston, mass., raised about . fruit medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with some russet and many brown dots; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; sept. =eyewood. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised from seed by t. a. knight about at downton, wiltshire, eng. fruit medium, globular; skin very thick, greenish-yellow, tinged with brown next the sun, much covered with pale brown-russet and large dots; flesh yellowish, very tender and melting, juicy, sweet, with a sprightly, vinous flavor and fine aroma; first, but sometimes has too little perfume; oct. =fall. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a natural tree planted at least as early as by gov. prince at eastham, on cape cod. fruit about the size of a hen's egg, tapering towards both ends, green, nearly covered with thin russet, of inferior quality. in it was a flourishing, lofty tree, producing an average of fifteen bushels of fruit. =fall beurré d'arenburg. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . exhibited by asahel foote, williamstown, mass., at the boston meeting of the american pomological society in as one of his seedlings. fruit medium, globular-oblate, inclining to obtuse-pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, tinged with orange where well exposed, sometimes blushed on the cheek next the sun, slightly patched and netted and much dotted with russet; flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, musky; very good; oct. =famenga. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a foreign variety exhibited in by r. manning, salem, mass. fruit medium, obovate, greenish-yellow; sept. =faurite. .= _gard. chron._ . . fruit medium, oblong-obovate, yellow, shining, tinged with red next the sun, and having numerous reddish dots; flesh yellowish-white, semi-melting, slightly perfumed; keeps nearly a year. =fauvanelle. .= _rev. hort._ . . considered by m. chasset, secretary-general of the pomological society of france, to be the finest of all cooking pears. fruit long-pyriform, bright green, largely covered with fawn, and rayed or washed with red on the sun-exposed cheek; flesh yellowish-white, very sugary, giving a good red wine tone to the cooked fruit, with an agreeable aroma; very good for kitchen use. =favorite joanon. .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ , fig. . obtained in by m. joanon, at saint-cyr-an-mont-d'or, rhône. fruit medium to large, turbinate; skin smooth, bright yellow, dotted with gray, flushed with rose at maturity; flesh white, very fine, melting, very juicy, sweet, acidulous, perfumed; very good; aug. and sept. =favorite morel. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained from a seed of bartlett by m. morel, a nurseryman at lyons, fr., in . fruit rather large, obtuse-pyriform, suggesting in form a long bartlett, somewhat bossed in outline; skin a little rough, passing from greenish-yellow to golden-yellow, mottled with fawn; flesh white, fine, melting, compact, juicy, fresh, vinous, acidulous; first; oct. =feast. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with samuel feast, baltimore, md., from seed of seckel. fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with brown dots; flesh whitish, juicy, sweet; good; sept. =félix de liem. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a posthumous variety from the seedlings of van mons at geest-saint-rémy, . fruit below medium, turbinate, generally obtuse, greenish-yellow, very much mottled with dirty or dusky brown, much speckled bronze-russet on side next the sun and some traces of crimson streaks; flesh yellowish, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, slightly perfumed; second; early nov. =félix sahut. .= _rev. hort._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . from passe colmar crossed with bartlett by arsène sannier; new in . fruit similar in appearance to passe colmar; flesh fine, juicy, melting, sugary, with a very agreeable perfume; very good; nov. to jan. =ferdinand gaillard. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large or very large; skin smooth, brilliant yellow all over; flesh yellowish-white, fine, tender, very melting, juicy, very sugary; good or very good; nov. to jan. =ferdinand de lesseps. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by andré leroy in . fruit medium, ovate, not very regular, bright yellow, extensively washed and marbled with brown-russet; flesh white, very fine, melting; juice very abundant, acidulous, very sugary, with an exquisite flavor; first; early oct. =fertility. .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: , fig. . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . raised by t. rivers, sawbridgeworth, eng., in , from beurré goubault. fruit medium, obovate, even and regular, entirely covered with a bright cinnamon coat of russet, tinged with orange on the side next the sun; flesh semi-melting or crackling, very juicy, sweet, with a rich, highly-perfumed flavor; good; oct. =figue. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . the pear described under this name by duhamel in is quite different from the pear _figue d'alençon_ with which it has been confused, the _green fig_ of biedenfeld or _longue verte_ of leroy. origin uncertain. fruit medium, long-pyriform, green and next the sun of a dull dark red, entirely covered with numerous dots and patches of brown-russet; flesh white, tender, buttery, melting; juice sweet, sugary, perfumed; excellent early dessert pear; sept. =figue d'alençon. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _rural n. y._ = =: , figs. , . . obtained about near alençon, department orne, fr. fruit above medium, sometimes large, long, very similar to the fig in form and color; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine and melting, sugary, acidulous and perfumed; first but requiring a favorable soil and climate; oct. and nov. =figue de naples. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this has been confused with _figue d'alençon_ but is a distinct variety. fruit above medium, oblong, greenish-yellow, entirely covered with thin, delicate russet, dark reddish-brown on the side next the sun; flesh greenish-white, buttery, melting, with a rich, sugary flavor; excellent; nov. =figueira. .= _rev. hort._ . . a variety introduced as new in by m. bruant, poitiers, fr. fruit of good size, having rather the form of a large fig, brilliant yellow, colored with purple on the side of the sun, of magnificent appearance; flesh very white, fine, melting, juicy, very sugary, with an agreeable perfume; first, one of the best of the season; july and aug. =fin juillet. .= _rev. hort._ , fig. . . obtained by m. hérault, angers, fr., from beurré giffard crossed with joyau de septembre in . fruit medium, turbinate, ovate, enlarged at center, russeted all over; flesh fine, very melting, rather subject to mellowness, excessively juicy, very sugary, slightly acidulous and with a delicate, musky savor; good; aug. =fin-or d'orleans. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _fine gold of summer._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . an old pear mentioned by the earliest french writers. fruit small, turbinate, swelled, obtuse, golden-yellow, dotted with carmine on the shaded side and bright red on the other cheek; flesh greenish, semi-fine and melting, juicy, sugary, sourish, rather delicate; second; aug. =fin-or de septembre. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . . hogg _fruit man._ . . under the names of _finor_ and _finoin_ claude saint-etienne wrote of this pear in . fruit medium, pyriform-obtuse, yellowish-green speckled with brown-fawn dots, orange-yellow and brick-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, tender, semi-breaking; juice moderate, sugary, slightly acid, without pronounced perfume; third; oct. =fitzwater. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated in new york. it resembles lawrence. fruit small, obtusely pyriform, yellow partly covered with russet; flesh very fine-grained and melting; fair; winter. =flemish bon chrêtien. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _bon-chrétien de vernois._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , figs. . of flemish origin. it was widely propagated in england in . fruit medium, obovate, green changing to yellow; flesh yellowish-white, crisp, sweet, perfumed; an excellent stewing pear; nov. to mar. =fleur de neige. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _henri van mons._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . obtained by van mons between and . fruit rather large, pyriform, narrowed toward the stalk, greenish-yellow, stained with russet and washed with dark brick-red on the cheek next the sun and dotted with carmine and maroon; stem long, slender; calyx open in a small basin; flesh white, melting, abounding in sugary juice, with a pleasant perfume; good to very good; sept. and oct. =florent schouman. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a posthumous gain of van mons propagated by the society van mons. fruit nearly large, globular-turbinate, clear green, speckled with large, round, gray-brown spots; flesh white, fine, melting, sugary; juice abundant, vinous, acidulous; good; oct. =florida bartlett. .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . received for trial in michigan in from stark bros., louisiana, mo. fruit large, roundish-oval, tapering at both ends, yellow, with dark brown dots; flesh greenish, firm, juicy, half-breaking, granular, mild, almost sweet, perfumed; fair; dec. and jan. =fluke. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . disseminated by n. k. fluke. reported as hardy, blight-resistant and better than kieffer. =fondante agréable. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= _guide prat._ . . belgian; described as new in by m. p. wilder. fruit medium, globular-ovate, dull yellowish-green slightly russeted; flesh tender, juicy and melting, pleasant, refreshing, with a delicate aroma; very good; aug. =fondante albert. .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . obtained by albert boucqueau, belgium. it was propagated in france in . fruit medium, globular-conic, depressed at the poles, green turning to yellow, with large dots and markings of fawn, flesh white; semi-fine, breaking, granular about the center; juice deficient, but delicate, vinous and aromatic; second; sept. =fondante d'angers. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin unknown, probably french. fruit medium or rather large, turbinate; skin fine yet a little firm, clear green, dotted with greenish-gray, passing to yellow at maturity; flesh white, fine, entirely melting; juice abundant and sugary, vinous, acidulous; first; oct. =fondante de bihorel. .= _rev. hort._ . . fruited in france about from seed of a common french country pear. tree hardy. fruit small or medium, pyriform, deep green passing to bright yellow, speckled with gray dots, touched with carmine on the side of the sun; flesh delicate, melting, buttery, without grit; juice sufficient, sugary, acid, well perfumed; quality good; july. =fondante de brest. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . mentioned by claude saint-etienne in under the name of _inconnue du chesneau_. fruit medium or nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, more or less swelled, smooth, shining, bright green changing to yellowish-green on the shaded side as it ripens, and red, mottled dark blood-red next the sun, covered with small gray dots; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, gritty, juicy, sugary, perfumed, rose-water flavor; second; oct. =fondante de charleville. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large, pyriform, regular in outline, of a beautiful color; flesh melting, buttery, of an agreeable flavor; nov. and dec. =fondante de charneau. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a wilding found by m. légipont growing on his property at charneau, in the province of liège, bel., at the beginning of the last century. fruit large, sometimes very large, pyriform but uneven in outline, pale greenish-yellow, thickly dotted with large gray specks and sometimes vermilioned on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, very melting, juicy, scented, sugary and rich; excellent; sept. to nov. =fondante de cuerne. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . this variety was found by reynaert beernaert in the environs of courtrai, bel., but the time of its first production is unknown. fruit large, conic-pyriform, rather irregular in outline, lemon-yellow, with numerous ash-gray dots; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine and melting, rather gritty about the core, very juicy, sugary, vinous, slightly aromatic; second; sept. =fondante des emmurées. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained from a seed of doyenné boussock by m. sannier, rouen, fr., and placed on the market in . fruit medium, turbinate, clear yellow, dotted with gray; flesh yellowish, sugary, perfumed; good; sept. =fondante d'ingendal. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . belgian. raised by m. gambier and first published in . fruit medium, pyriform, greenish-yellow, touched with gray and with red; flesh fine, melting; good to very good; sept. to nov. =fondante de ledeberg. .= _guide prat._ . . belgian. raised about . fruit pale green, dotted with brown; flesh very melting, white and slightly perfumed; first; mar. and apr. =fondante de la maitre-École. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . produced in the gardens of robert & moreau, growers at angers, fr.; first tested in . fruit medium, oblong, golden or orange-yellow, dotted and mottled with fawn; flesh fine, yellowish, breaking, juicy, vinous, sugary and perfumed; second; dec. and jan. =fondante de malines. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . raised by major espéren at mechlin (malines), bel., in . fruit large, globular-turbinate, smooth, of a deep golden-yellow with a crimson cheek in the sun, spotted with crimson dots; flesh white, a little coarse, buttery, juicy, sugary, tart, good but somewhat variable; oct. and nov. =fondante de mars. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin uncertain. fruit above medium, globular, irregular, more or less bossed; skin rough, greenish, mottled and dotted with brown; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking, granular, wanting in juice and sugar; third; dec. and jan. =fondante de moulins-lille. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . obtained in by m. grolez-duriez, rouchin-lez-lille, fr., from a seed of the pear napoleon. fruit above medium, obtuse-pyriform, pale greenish-yellow; flesh white, coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, with a delicious flavor; first; nov. =fondante de nees. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit large, long-obovate, fine deep yellow, mottled and dotted all over with pale brown-russet; flesh yellowish, buttery, lacking sufficient juice, with a sprightly flavor; second; oct. =fondante du panisel. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . _délices d'hardenpont d'angers._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _delices d'angers._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised about by the abbé hardenpont, mons, bel. fruit medium to large, globular or conic-ovate; skin rough, thick, tender, green, almost entirely covered with marblings of olive-gray and dark green, the basic green changing to golden-yellow, and the stains to a russet-fawn on the side of the sun; flesh citrine, fine or semi-fine, melting, very juicy, with a sugary flavor and a very agreeable perfume; very good; nov. and dec. =fondante des prés. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , , fig. . _belgische pomeranzenbirne._ = .= dochnahl _führ obstkunde_ = =: . . a seedling of van mons, belgium, . fruit turbinate, inclining to pyriform, broad across the middle, yellowish-green changing to clear lemon-yellow, sometimes tinged with red next the sun; flesh white, melting, sweet, juicy, aromatic; very good; oct. =fondante de la roche. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . found on the property of m. chesneau of la haugrenière, in the commune of sainte-gemmes-sur-loire and named by the horticultural society of maine-et-loire. fruit above medium, ovate, irregular, clear russet, washed with tender rose on the exposed cheek; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, aromatic, with an agreeable musky taste; first; oct. and nov. =fondante de rome ou sucré romain. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin uncertain. fruit under medium, conic-pyriform, bright green changing to a beautiful golden-yellow, washed on the side of the sun with crimson-red; flesh yellowish, somewhat coarse, breaking, sweet and juicy; second; aug. =fondante de saint-amand. .= _guide prat._ . . belgian. fruit medium, nearly spherical, orange-yellow slightly touched with russet; flesh fine, sugary, perfumed; first; oct. =fondante-de-septembre. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . gained by van mons about or somewhat later. fruit medium, globular-pyriform, dull green, speckled with very fine brown dots, changing to yellow and crimson at maturity; flesh green, transparent, very fine and melting, semi-buttery, full of sugary juice, pleasant and perfumed; first; sept. =fondante sickler. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by van mons. fruit small, ovate, sometimes a little pyriform; skin rather thick and firm, clear green, speckled with dots of a darker shade, passing when ripe to lemon-yellow and golden on the side of the sun, without any tinge of red; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, semi-buttery, gritty about the core; juice sufficient, sugary and musky; second; sept. to nov. =fondante de thines. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . distributed by the society of van mons. fruit medium, long-pyriform, very bright green changing to pale yellow, with a rosy blush; flesh white, with a tinge of yellow, very melting, plenty of sugary juice, with a delicate and agreeable flavor of musk; good; oct. =fondante thirriot. .= _guide prat._ , . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . obtained in by m. thirriott, charleville, ardenne, fr. fruit rather large, pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, dotted with gray-brown; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, juicy, with an excellent flavor; first; dec. =fondante van mons. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by van mons and introduced to this country by r. manning, salem, mass. fruit medium, globular, somewhat depressed; skin thin, delicate, smooth, removable like that of an orange when the pear is fully ripe and having a peculiar perfume and flavor, very agreeable to some persons; pale yellow, mottled with thin cinnamon-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, sweet, melting, juicy, with a musky perfume; good; oct. and nov. =fondante de wollmet. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . origin unknown. fruit has some resemblance both in shape and color to beurré de rance, has the same coarseness of flesh, which has a greenish tinge under the skin, very juicy, rather crisp, with a fine brisk, vinous flavor; excellent; nov. =fontarabie. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a french pear mentioned by le lectier of orléans in , and merlet in . fruit above medium, turbinate, obtuse, enlarged around the center, bright yellow, dotted with fine points of russet and extensively carmined on the side next the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, gritty at core, juicy, sugary, with an after-taste of musk; second, cooking only; feb. to apr. =foote seckel. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised from seed of seckel by asahel foote, williamstown, mass. fruit small, oblate, obtuse-pyriform, yellow tinged with brownish-crimson on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, sugary, slightly vinous; very good; sept. =ford. .= _ford seed co. cat._ , fig. . originated with m. p. ellison, naples, n. y., and was introduced by the ford seed company about . the tree is reported as healthy, a rapid grower, and an early and productive bearer; the fruit is similar in appearance to bartlett and as large, practically free from seeds, with no core to speak of, rich, sweet, juicy, ripening three weeks later than bartlett. =forme de bergamotte crassane. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling of van mons which gave its first fruits in . fruit above medium, turbinate, slightly obtuse, yellowish-green, speckled with large gray-russet dots; flesh yellowish, rather fine, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic; good; early nov. =forme de curtet. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a gain of van mons. fruit small, exactly turbinate; skin fine, thin, bright green, sprinkled with very small grayish-green dots, changes on ripening to lemon-yellow, lightly tinged with red; flesh white, semi-fine and breaking; juice sufficient, sweet, slightly perfumed; second; sept. and oct. =forme de délices. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a flemish pear. fruit medium, obovate, yellow, almost entirely covered with rather rough brown-russet; flesh tender, buttery, melting, with a rich, sweet flavor; an excellent dessert pear; oct. and nov. =fortune. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . one of dr. shurtleff's seedlings raised at brookline, mass.; first fruited in . fruit small, turbinate, golden-yellow, with russet spots; flesh white, melting, juicy and very sweet; first; oct. =fortunée. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _bergamotte fortunée._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . _fortunée de printemps._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a belgian wilding found near enghien in hainaut; disseminated about . fruit small, globular or globular-turbinate; skin rough to the touch, deep yellow, covered with flakes and lines of brown-russet; flesh semi-melting, juicy, sweet; a cooking pear; may and june. =fortunée boisselot. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised from a bed of seeds of fortunée by auguste boisselot, nantes, fr.; it gave its first fruit in . fruit large or above medium, turbinate, very obtuse and enlarged around center; skin thick and rough, greenish-yellow or yellow-ochre; flesh white, fine, melting, gritty around the core, juicy, sugary, delicate, somewhat aromatic; first; jan. and feb. =fortunée supérieure. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . this was obtained by m. flon, angers, fr., about from a bed of seeds of fortunée. in m. flon submitted it to the horticultural society of maine-et-loire which found its flesh "very fine, very melting, agreeably perfumed and more free from acidity than the old pear fortunée," and therefore gave it the name fortunée supérieure; jan. to apr. =fourcroy. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by van mons about . fruit medium, ovate-pyriform; skin thick, rather rough to the touch, yellow or yellowish-green, covered with gray-russet dots; flesh white, very sugary, agreeably perfumed; good and sometimes first; winter. =fouron. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . french. fruit medium, globular-ovate, dark olive-green, dotted with grayish-white spots, large and numerous; flesh yellowish, fine, melting, with abundant sugary juice, vinous, sprightly and musky; good; oct. =franc-réal. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _franc réal d'hiver._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . mentioned by charles estienne in , and other french authorities of the seventeenth century. fruit above medium and often larger, globular-turbinate and bossed, golden-yellow, strewed with large russet dots, and some brownish-red patches; flesh very white, breaking, juicy, hardly sweet, rather acid, without perfume; first for cooking; nov. to feb. =frances. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a seedling raised by the hon. h. w. edwards of new haven, conn., and first published in . similar to virgouleuse, rather large, and not so sweet. =franchimont. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . supposed french origin. fruit below medium, globular-oblate, yellow shaded with red in the sun, netted and patched with russet, many russet dots; flesh yellowish, juicy, semi-melting, sweet, slightly aromatic; good or very good; sept. and oct. =franchipanne. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xlvii, fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _frangipane._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this is the franchipanne of duhamel but not of merlet, , as hogg and leroy prove. its origin is uncertain. fruit medium or above, obtuse-pyriform, yellowish-green or lemon-yellow, dotted and veined with russet, dark deep red next the sun; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine and semi-melting, juicy, tender, buttery, perfume supposed to resemble frangipani, a scent invented by the marquis of that name; a dessert pear; oct. and nov. =francis. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by dr. shurtleff, brookline, mass., which fruited in . fruit medium, turbinate; skin tough and rather liable to crack, dark green; flesh fine-grained, white and delicate, with a flavor inclining to that of white doyenné; first; nov. =francis dana. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . one of several seedling plants given by francis dana to eliphalet stone who in showed its fruit. fruit medium, globular-acute-pyriform, clear lemon-yellow, with tracings of thin russet; flesh buttery, juicy, good quality but not up to best; sept. =françois hutin. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit very large, long-turbinate, dark yellow; flesh fine, white, melting, juicy, sugary, acid; oct. =frangipane d'hiver. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin unknown. is not to be confused with franchipanne, a smaller ball pear. fruit large, turbinate, much swelled at center; skin thin, intense green, sprinkled with numerous dots of a darker shade, changing to lemon-yellow at maturity, with some blush of brown-red or orange-red; flesh white, breaking, not very sweet, somewhat acidulous, with an aromatic flavor; suitable for kitchen use; all through the winter. =frankenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . würtemberg, germany, . fruit medium, oval-obtuse, variable, bossed, grass-green changing to golden-yellow, blushed with reddish-brown; flesh whitish, breaking, fairly soft, very aromatic, acidulous, sweet; good; sept. =frankfurter birne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . baden, germany, . fruit large, variable in form, often oblique, dirty yellow, brilliant red on the sun-touched side; flesh breaking, coarse-grained, very sweet and juicy; good; sept. =frau louise goethe. .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . raised from a seed of bergamotte espéren, in the horticultural school of geisenheim in . fruit medium, bergamot-shaped; skin thick, coarse, dark green, covered with fine warts, becoming a clouded yellow when ripe, with russety patches; flesh clouded yellow, sometimes salmon colored, juicy, sweet, aromatic, with an aroma reminiscent of the orange; winter. =frederic leclerc. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man_. . . raised in at ghent, bel., by louis berckmans. fruit below medium, short-pyriform-obtuse, one side always less curved than the other, greenish-yellow, dotted, striped, veined and stained with fawn; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting, slightly gritty; juice sugary, rich; second and sometimes first when its juice is abundant; dec. and jan. =frédéric de wurtemberg. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _médaille d'or._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . _herbstsylvester._ = .= lauche _deut. pom._ = =:no. , no. . . van mons raised this variety from seed of the fourth generation about and named it _sylvester d'hiver_ after a secretary by the name of sylvester. upon the request of frederick i, king of württemburg, the pear was dedicated to that monarch and named frédéric de wurtemberg. still further confusion arose in america when knight of england sent to the hon. john lowell of massachusetts this fruit, by mistake, under the name of _capiaumont_. it was cultivated in the vicinity of boston by that name for some time. tree vigorous, upright, an early and excellent bearer; leaves roundish, broad, flat, entire. fruit large, one-sided, obtuse-pyriform, deep yellow, marbled and dotted with red on the shaded side and of a most beautiful, bright crimson next the sun; stem medium, sometimes appearing a continuation of the fruit; calyx medium, partially open, placed even with the surface; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet and when in perfection buttery and good; sept. =frederica bremer. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . introduced by j. c. hastings of oneida co., n. y., in at the exhibition of the pomological convention of new york. fruit above medium, globular-turbinate; skin very smooth, shining, dull green reminding one of many poor pears but on ripening becomes a fine citron, dotted with brown-russet and slightly colored with red on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, sweet and vinous, slightly perfumed; one of the best; oct. =fremion. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . french, . bergamot type. fruit small, globular, symmetrical, light green changing to light lemon-yellow, faintly blushed; flesh agreeable, buttery, gritty near the center, aromatic, sweet, acidulous; good; oct. =frensdorff rothe flaschenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, bel., . fruit medium, smooth and shining, light yellow, blushed; flesh very juicy, sweet, with flavor of cinnamon; good; sept. =florimond parent. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling of van mons raised about . fruit large, long, more or less obtuse, always contracted near the summit and much swelled in its lower part, dark yellow clouded with pale green, dotted and mottled with fawn and slightly washed with dark violet-red on the side exposed to the sun, sometimes also covered with small, black and scaly stains; flesh whitish, coarse, rather melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, sweet, sugary, wanting in perfume; third; sept. =frühe backhausbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, bel., . fruit medium, globular-ovate, yellowish, light green changing to pale yellow, often blushed; flesh granular, rather astringent, sourish, musky, good for any situation; aug. and sept. =frühe schweizer bergamotte. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . holland, . fruit fairly large, variable in form, often ovate, ventriculous-turbinate, and often pyriform, yellowish-light green changing to lemon-yellow, sprinkled with green and yellow-gray dots, marked with russet and often with fine yellow-gray russet on the side exposed to the sun; flesh snow-white, buttery, melting, very juicy, acidulous and aromatic; first; aug. =fuller. .= _gard. mon._ . . = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated in madison, o., about . fruit similar in size, form and season to beurré giffard but not quite so good. it is, however, claimed that it is a better grower and less liable to crack; greenish-yellow; aug. =fullero. .= _montreal hort. soc. rpt._ . . fruit rather large, greenish, with some dull red on the sunny side; first; early summer. =fulton. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . originated on the farm of a mr. fulton in brunswick, me. exhibited before the massachusetts horticultural society in . fruit medium, globular-turbinate, dark yellow, russeted; flesh, if picked and matured in the house, buttery, melting, full of rich juice. if allowed to remain on the tree it becomes breaking, dry and without flavor. a peculiarity of this pear first discovered by manning in is that the fruits after they have attained half their size, are in good eating condition after lying a day or two; second; oct. =fusée d'automne. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , figs. . origin ancient and obscure, but probably the neighborhood of eisleben, saxony. fruit often above medium and often much less, very long, conic, bossed, golden-yellow or clear yellow, rather greenish, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine and semi-melting, exempt from grit; juice rather lacking, sweet; third; sept. =fusée d'hiver. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . first described by merlet in . fruit above medium and sometimes less, long and bossed, somewhat obtuse, wrinkled, clear green, freely dotted, mottled with gray-russet; flesh white, semi-melting; juice abundant, rather sugary, slightly acid, without pronounced scent; third; feb. and mar. =gabourell seedling. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . originated in early half of last century. fruit below medium, globular, bossed, mammillate, yellowish-green, speckled with gray dots; flesh yellowish, coarse, breaking, gritty; juice rather lacking, sweet, vinous, slightly perfumed; third; nov. to jan. =gakovsky. .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . introduced from russia in . tree extremely hardy. fruit medium, pyriform, greenish-yellow, stem long; flesh dingy white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, mild, vinous, but not rich; good. =galston muirfowl egg. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . scotch. fruit below medium, short-obovate, flattened at calyx, greenish-yellow, covered with thin, pale-brown russet, mottled with red on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet and juicy, with a peculiar aroma; excellent; sept. =gans. .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ , pl. vii. . found by joseph gans in a wood near cheviot, o., in . fruit large, pyriform, yellow, with faint brownish cheek on sunny side; stem slender, rather long, in a slight depression; calyx open, in a shallow basin; flesh tender, melting, juicy; aug. =gänsekopf. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . north german, . fruit medium, conic, smooth and shining, green, changing to yellow, with brownish-red blush; flesh breaking, juicy, sweet, aromatic; first; oct. and nov. =gansel bergamot. .= brookshaw _pomona_ = =:pl. l. . = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . _diamant-peer._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _bergamote gansel._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised from seed of autumn bergamot by lieutenant-general gansel near colchester, eng., in . fruit medium, globular-oblate, greenish-yellow on the shaded side, reddish-brown on the side of the sun, dotted and marbled with russet, sometimes washed with red; flesh white, buttery, melting, a little gritty around the core; juice abundant, sugary, vinous, slightly musky and acid; first; oct. and nov. =gansel late bergamot. .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _bergamotte tardive de gansel._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . gansel late bergamot was raised from seed by a mr. williams, pitmaston, eng. fruit similar in shape and size to gansel bergamot, green, thickly covered with russet dots and freckles which sometimes form patches, yellow-green when ripe, flesh white, rather coarse and gritty, not very juicy nor melting in england; in france and america, however, it seems to become more juicy, melting and rich, vinous and highly perfumed; good to very good; nov. and dec. =garnier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _besi garnier._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . from a seed bed made by m. garnier, bouvardière, near nantes, fr.; first published in . fruit large, pyriform-obtuse, skin rough, thick, green, orange-yellow when ripe, washed with brick-red on the side of the sun; dotted and mottled with brown-russet; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking, rather granular, juicy, sugary; second. =garnons. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . fruit large, oblong, greenish-yellow, flesh buttery and excellent; second; jan. =gassenbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, symmetrical in contour, green changing to yellow at maturity, covered with gray-brown russet, dotted with brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse texture, very juicy and subacid; oct. to dec. =gaston du puys. .= _guide prat._ . . distributed by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit medium; flesh white, very fine, melting, sufficiently sweet and perfumed; good; nov. =gaudry. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit small, globular-ovate, even in outline, straw-colored, covered with russet dots and patches; flesh white, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous and sweet, with a pleasant rose-water flavor; good; oct. and nov. =géant. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . probably of french origin. cataloged in this country by t. w. field in . fruit medium, globular-turbinate; skin wrinkled, thick, dark green speckled with gray-russet and almost entirely stained with brown; flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, watery, very gritty around the core; juice sugary, vinous, slightly perfumed; third. =gefleckte pomeranzenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hesse, germany, . fruit small, globular, flattened at poles; skin rough, yellow, often green, marbled with russet, blushed, dotted with russet; semi-melting, granular, very aromatic; sept. =gefleckte sommerrusselet. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, bel., . fruit small, globular, shortened, blunt, symmetrical; skin rough, often entirely covered with russet and blushed; flesh very juicy, coarse-grained, sweet and acid, melting and aromatic; first; sept. =gefundene. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . belgian, van mons, . fruit small, light yellow, often entirely covered with russet, free from dots; flesh fine, strongly aromatic, with scent of cinnamon, sweet; sept. =geigenschnabel. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . württemberg, ger., . fruit medium, pyriform, uneven in outline, entirely covered with yellowish-gray russet; good; oct. =geishirtle. .= christ _handb._ . . fruit large, shaped like winter rousselet, green with brownish-red blush on the sun-touched side; flesh soft, breaking, sweet, juicy, with perfume of the rousselets; aug. =gelbe frühe sommerapothekerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . of french origin, . fruit medium and above; skin glazed and smooth, greenish-yellow changing to lemon-yellow, with red blush on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish-white, gritty, soft; good; aug. =gelbe fürsten-tafelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . widely diffused in germany. probably originated in that country about . fruit medium, rather shortened-pyriform, whitish-yellow changing to golden-yellow, with pale blush, green dots; flesh yellowish-white, mild, breaking, full of juice and sugar; first; sept. =gelbe heckenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . grown along the rhine, germany. fruit small, turbinate, broad, light green changing to yellowish-green, often lightly blushed, russeted; flesh greenish-white, rather granular, acid, vinous, breaking; first; sept. =gelbe holzbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium, globular-conic; skin firm, shining yellow when ripe, speckled with numerous green markings and finely dotted with russet; flesh yellowish-white, granular, very juicy, astringent, subacid; good for transportation; oct. =gelbe landlbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small to medium, long-pyriform, rather obtuse; skin firm, green turning yellow, dotted with russet; flesh whitish, coarse, very juicy, astringent and subacid; good for transportation; oct. and nov. =gelbe langstielige alantbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german rheinland. fruit medium and above, somewhat gourd-shaped; skin smooth and thin, uniformly lemon-yellow, somewhat marked with russet; flesh yellowish-white, wanting in juice, sweet, aromatic; third for table, good for market; sept. =gelbe laurentiusbirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _saint-laurent jaune._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , . . this pear was known in saxony early in the nineteenth century. fruit medium, conic, uniform in contour, its largest diameter being below the center; skin rather thick, green at first sprinkled with dots of gray-green changing at maturity to bright citron-yellow, golden on the side of the sun of fruits well exposed, washed with a blush of dull red; flesh white, coarse, semi-breaking, gritty near the core, juicy, sweet, saccharine, but little flavor; second; aug. =gelbe leutsbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a lower-austrian perry pear. fruit small, long-pyriform, diminishing to the stalk, sides unequal; light green turning yellow when ripe, russet dots; flesh juicy and subacid; first for keeping and transportation; oct. =gelbe scheibelbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian pear producing a good and clear perry. fruit medium to large, globular, flattened at both poles, green changing to yellow at maturity, dotted with grayish-white; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, with a sweet and acid flavor; good; oct. and nov. =gelbe wasserbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown in lower austria. fruit small to medium, globular-obtuse but diminishing toward stalk in upper part, yellow-green, slightly blushed on the sun-touched side, and speckled on the shaded side with dark green dots; flesh whitish, juicy, very sweet and slightly acidulous; good for transportation; sept. =gelbmostler. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry or wine pear grown in austria and northern switzerland. fruit medium to fairly large, globular and diminishing rather acutely to the stalk, greenish-yellow changing to light yellow, often slightly blushed, speckled with russet dots; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, juicy, very astringent, quickly becomes over-ripe; sept. =gemeine kochbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small, globular-conic, green changing to greenish-yellow at maturity, occasionally with a dark red blush on the sun-exposed side; flesh yellowish-white, very juicy, saccharine, astringent and acidulous; oct. and nov. =gemeine pfundbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . upper-austria, . fruit above medium, globular-turbinate, medium convex, bossed, green turning to light yellow; flesh breaking, wanting in juice, sweet; third for dessert, best for culinary use; oct. to dec. =général de bonchamp. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . a seedling found on the estate of m. panneton, coteau, maine-et-loire, fr. fruit medium, variable in form, oblong-pyriform or globular-turbinate, dull greenish-yellow, dotted with russet; flesh white, melting, buttery, fine-grained, juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic; good to first; aug. =général bosquet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . obtained by m. flon-grolleau, angers, fr. the seed bed from which the tree sprang was made in . fruit large, conic, very long, rather swelled at the base and narrowed at the upper end; skin thick, grass-green, dotted and mottled with fawn and often bearing some small brownish stains; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting or melting, rather granular at center; juice abundant, sweet, vinous, delicate; second; sept. and oct. =général canrobert. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . from a bed of the seeds of saint-germain made about by m. robert, angers, fr. fruit medium, long-conic and irregular, golden-yellow, dotted, marbled and stained with russet, washed with brown around the calyx and stem; flesh white, fine, melting and juicy, the juice being abundant, sweet, acid, rich and aromatic; first, though very exceptionally second when it has no flavor; jan. and feb. =général delage. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a gain of van mons about . fruit medium, conic-pyriform, clear green, speckled with gray, changing to pale yellow at maturity, tinged with dark red on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, melting, full of slightly sugary juice, refreshing and somewhat musky. =général dutilleul. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a seedling of van mons. fruit medium to large, pyramidal, uneven in outline, deep golden yellow, extensively washed with bright crimson where it is exposed to the sun; flesh firm, not very juicy, sweet, of good flavor; good; sept. =général duvivier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _beurré duvivier._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised from seed by m. boisbunel, rouen, fr., in . fruit medium, long-conic, slightly obtuse, greenish-yellow, finely dotted and reticulated with russet, washed sometimes with dark red on the side facing the sun; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting, watery, not gritty; juice plentiful, sugary, acidulous, aromatic, delicate; first; mar. =general kearney. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., which fruited in . fruit large, pyriform, greenish-yellow; flesh fine-grained, juicy, of rather high flavor; a good market pear; sept. =general lamoricière. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . according to leroy this name is synonymous with _beurré citron_. mas, however, thought that _beurré citron_ was quite different. fruit medium, obtuse-pyramidal, greenish-yellow, much reticulated and spotted and patched with russet; flesh greenish-white, fine, melting, tender, buttery; juice abundant, sugary, vinous and perfumed; first; sept. to nov. =general sherman. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling of dr. shurtleff's submitted to the committee on fruits of the horticultural society of massachusetts in . "fruited in . diam. - / in.; flesh white, melting, breaking and juicy; november to december, turbinate." =general taylor. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . introduced by l. n. rogers, baltimore, md., the original tree having been found by him at franklin, md., in . fruit medium or under, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, yellow but practically all cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish-white, granular, buttery, melting, sweet, highly flavored; good to very good; oct. and nov. =général thouvenin. .= _guide prat._ . . origin unknown. fruit medium, greenish; flesh rather yellow, fine, melting, juicy, very sugary and pleasantly perfumed; dec. =général totleben. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . m. fontaine de ghélin, mons, bel., raised this variety from a seed bed made in . fruit large or very large, pyriform, slightly contorted, one side often rather longer than the other, yellow, covered with dots and patches of russet; flesh tinted with salmon-rose, melting, juicy, with a rich, sugary and perfumed juice; excellent; nov. to jan. =general wauchope. .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: , fig. . . raised about by charles ross, gardener to captain carstairs, welford park, newbury, eng., from a cross of nec plus meuris and duchesse d'angoulême. fruit moderate size, obtuse-pyriform, very regular, yellowish-green, with fine spotting; flesh soft, free from grit, rich, sweet, somewhat of the flavor nec plus meuris; dec. =gensbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry and wine pear. fruit medium, long-pyriform, diminishing toward the stalk from the center; skin tolerably fine and shining yellow when ripe, densely and finely dotted with russet; flesh white, coarse-grained, juicy, subacid, astringent; sept. =george augustus. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling exhibited to the massachusetts horticultural society in by francis dana. fruit similar to winter nelis, but larger and more oblong, and not quite so rich. =georges delebecque. .= _guide prat._ . . raised from seed of joséphine de malines and distributed by daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit medium, having some resemblance to urbaniste, yellow, dotted with fawn and bronzed around the stem; flesh sometimes very salmon-colored, melting, with a slight perfume of rose; a good pear for the amateur; tree of moderate vigor and very fertile; dec. and jan. =gerando. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . received by c. m. hovey in from m. jamin of paris. fruit large, globular-obovate; skin rather rough, dull greenish-russet, with a mottled yellow and light russet tinge when mature, thickly covered with conspicuous dark russet specks; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting and juicy, rich, sugary and slightly perfumed; good; sept. and oct. =gérardine. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel., early in the nineteenth century. fruit medium, turbinate, more or less short and swelled, reducing to a point at the top; skin thick, firm, intense green dotted with large brown specks, changing to dark yellow at maturity, with golden-russet on the side of the sun and some red blush; flesh white, rather fine, buttery, melting, gritty about the center, full of rich sugary juice, vinous and highly scented; nov. =gerdessen. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . according to diel, this variety was obtained by the pastor gerdessen of weigsdorf, in the oberlausitz, ger. fruit rather small or nearly medium, almost spherical, even in contour, the greatest diameter being at the center, intense and somber green, without any russet; flesh yellow, rather fine, buttery; juice sufficient in quantity and richly saccharine, vinous and highly perfumed; first; sept. =gerippte pomeranzenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, bel., . fruit small, orange-form, ribbed, a good yellow, lightly blushed with red; flesh juicy, semi-melting, cinnamon-flavored, sweet; second for dessert, good for the market; sept. =gernröder pomeranzenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . central germany, . fruit small, flattened, green changing to yellowish, faintly blushed, speckled with gray; flesh greenish-white, tender; good; oct. and nov. =gestreiffe winter-apothekerbirne. .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . fruit large; form that of bon-chrétien d'Été, light yellow, streaked, aromatic, sugary; good; feb. to apr. =ghellinck de walle. .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . raised in the garden of m. ghellinck de walle near ghent, bel., described as new. fruit medium, oblong-obovate, yellowish, speckled with russet; flesh creamy-white, melting, juicy, sugary, slightly acid and delicately perfumed. said by m. pynaert to be one of the best autumn pears; nov. =gibb. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . raised from seed sent by charles gibb from mongolia to prof. budd at ames, ia. said to be very hardy and productive, coming into bearing when young. fruit about the size of bartlett, pyriform, nearly equal to bartlett in quality, according to prof. budd. seems to be of a better quality than most oriental pears. =gilain. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a gain of m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit medium, pyriform, pale green changing to yellow, a warm gold and sometimes red on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, melting, rather gritty near the core; juice sufficient, sugary and perfumed; good; sept. =gilles ô gilles. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _girogile._ = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . a french pear of very ancient and uncertain origin. jean bauhin in his _historia plantarum_, , wrote of a pear which appears to be identical with this and said that in burgundy it was styled a _poire de livre_ or _pound pear_. le lectier in his catalog of and merlet as well as claude saint-etienne and la quintinye also mention it though spelling it variously. fruit large to very large, nearly spherical; calyx large, open, set in deep basin; skin thick, pale dull green, washed with brown-red on the face exposed to the sun, much covered with thin brown-russet; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine and semi-breaking, rarely gritty, very juicy, saccharine and sweet, without much perfume, occasionally spoiled by too much acerbity; third; cooking; nov. to feb. =giram. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . a wilding found on the estate of giram at uryosse, fr., and propagated by dr. doat. fruit nearly medium, pyriform, sometimes rather turbinate; skin thick and firm, green, sprinkled with large dots of greenish-brown, becomes yellowish-green at maturity and blushed with red on the sun-exposed side; flesh very fine, tender, melting, very juicy, sugary and agreeably perfumed; first; aug. =girardon. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . according to diel this pear was raised in paris by a m. girandoux whose name leroy identifies with girardon. it seems to have dated from about the beginning of the nineteenth century. fruit below medium, globular, flattened and deeply depressed at both poles, one side rather less swelled than the other; skin wrinkled, yellowish-green, dotted with clear brown and almost entirely mottled and reticulated with dark russet; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, rather granular; juice very abundant, saccharine, acidulous, very musky; second; late sept. =glace d'hiver. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _winter eisbirne._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . belgian. fruit medium, globular-conic; skin rather thick, a lively green sprinkled with brown dots, changing to lemon-yellow, often golden on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, fine, breaking; juice sufficient, sugary, without appreciable perfume; good; end of winter. =glastonbury. .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: , , . . = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . the _benedictine_ of the english or glastonbury pear, apparently originated as a wilding with w. g. l. lovell, glastonbury, eng., but bunyard believes it to be an old sort introduced by the monks. grafts were first taken from the tree in . fruit large, oblong-obovate, russeted; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, aromatic; oct. =gleck. .= _guide prat._ . . distributed by m. niemetz, winnitsa, russia, and on trial with simon-louis bros. at metz in . fruit medium or large, green changing to yellow at maturity; flesh rather tart in flavor, juicy, good for drying as it diminishes little in volume; it makes good cider; sept. and oct. =gliva. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a russian pear imported by j. l. budd, from the northern steppes where the summers are "fully as dry and hot as ours and the winter far more severe." it shows marked traces of the chinese forms of the pear in shape, serration, thickness and size of leaf and in the peculiar enlarged character of the scaly, terminal buds. =gloire de cambron. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . probably derives its name from the famous abbey of cambron near mons in hainaut, bel. it was in france early in the nineteenth century. fruit below medium, acute-pyriform, generally rather contorted in the lower part, yellow-ochre in color, dotted with very fine gray-russet points; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking, dry and gritty, sweet and rather delicate in flavor; third; nov. =gloward. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . possibly of english origin. it was cultivated in the garden of the horticultural society of angers, fr., in . fruit medium and above; form rather variable but always ovate, more or less long, irregular, bossed, clear green sprinkled with grayish dots and a little stained with russet; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, watery, some grit around the core; juice sugary, very refreshing, rather savory; second; oct. =gnoico. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . italian, with the place of its origin in the old principality of parma. fruit below medium, long, obtuse-pyriform, whitish-gray on the shaded side, very clear dull green on the other face, dotted with russet, washed occasionally with fawn around the stalk and partially covered with a light bluish efflorescence; flesh greenish-white, fine, dense, breaking or semi-breaking, watery, almost exempt from grit; juice abundant and sugary, with a flavor of anis; aug. =goat-herd. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . on trial in the experimental orchard at agassiz, b. c., in . fruit small, acute-pyriform, green, russeted, flesh red, buttery, juicy, subacid; mid-season. =gogal. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated by n. e. hansen, brookings, s. d., from parrot crossed by _pyrus ovoidea_, and introduced by him in . =gold dust. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit of bergamot shape, with slender stem; skin very rough; oct. =gold nugget. .= stark bros. _cat._ , fig. . this pear originated with f. h. davis, esmeralda, cal., in the early seventies. a few years ago stark bros., louisiana, mo., secured control of the variety and introduced it to the trade in . tree vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit large, roundish-obovate-pyriform; skin thick; flesh fine-grained, juicy, with a honey-sweet flavor; ripens late. =goldbirne. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . austrian, . fruit small, conic, beautiful light yellow; skin thin, light red blush; flesh semi-breaking, sweet, with muscatel flavor; best; beginning of oct. =goldbordirte holzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . classed by dochnahl among varieties of special character. the tree has its leaves bordered with gold. fruit small; flesh firm, insipid. =golden bell. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling fruited by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., in . tree prolific. fruit medium, pyriform, golden-yellow; flesh fine, with good flavor; sept. =golden beurré of bilboa. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , pl. . _beurré doré de bilboa._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . imported to this country from bilboa, spain, in by j. hooper, marblehead, mass. fruit medium to large, obovate-pyriform, golden-yellow, speckled evenly with small, brown dots, and slightly marked with russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, very buttery, vinous and excellent flavor; first; sept. =golden june. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated with joe houghlin, near bloomfield, ky., and introduced by sunny slope nursery, hannibal, mo. tree reported about years old. fruit said to have a small core, to be delicious and to ripen about june th. =golden knap. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . grown extensively in the orchards of the border countries of scotland. the name is a corruption of golden knob, the shape being that of a small knob. fruit very small, globular-turbinate, russety, of no particular merit. =golden queen. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised at the royal gardens, frogmore, near windsor, eng., and was first exhibited in . fruit small, obovate, straw-colored, strewed with a few minute dots; flesh very tender and extremely juicy, sweet and highly perfumed; a delicious pear but when ripe speedily rots at the core; sept. =golden russet. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a seedling raised at the royal gardens, frogmore, near windsor, eng., and first exhibited in ; entirely distinct from japan golden russet, which bears the same name as a synonym. fruit small, obtuse-obovate, bright cinnamon-russet; flesh yellow, fine-grained, buttery and melting, juicy, sweet and with a flavor resembling that of marie louise; an excellent little pear; oct. =goldwörther lederbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small to medium, turbinate, diminishing rather acutely to the stalk, green covered with dark brown-russet; flesh yellow-green, coarse, saccharine, with an unpleasant acidity; very good for transport; oct. and nov. =gönnersche birne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hesse, ger., . fruit almost medium, turbinate, light green changing to greenish-yellow, often with a rather pale blush; flesh granular and rather coarse; second; sept. =goodale. .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . = .= ont. dept. agr. _fr. ont._ , figs. . raised by e. goodale, saco, me., from seed of the mclaughlin. fruit large, oblong-obovate-pyriform, green, yellowing at maturity, shaded with crimson and fawn in the sun, slightly netted and patched with russet and sprinkled with small russet dots; flesh white, fine, rather gritty at core, juicy, sweet, pleasant, perfumed, slightly vinous; fair for dessert; first for market; oct. =got. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin unknown. according to leroy this variety has been cultivated in belgium ever since . fruit above medium; form rather variable, passing from long-conic and slightly obtuse to ovate, a little swelled; skin rough, fine, dark green; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking or semi-melting, granular around the core; juice sufficient, sugary, aromatic, rather delicate; second; sept. and oct. =governor carver. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . fruited in by s. a. shurtleff from seed. fruit "diam. in.; flesh firm and very rich in flavor; keeps perfectly until june or july of following year, and ripens well; fine flavor, and a valuable pear. turbinate." =grabenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a german and austrian pear, common in middle franconia. fruit small to medium, turbinate or conic; skin smooth, shining, yellow-green turning yellow, with green marblings, sometimes slightly blushed, dotted; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, breaking, juicy, saccharine, without any perceptible acid; mid-oct. =graf moltke. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =ii=:no. , pl. . . named after a. von moltke, a prime minister of denmark, . fruit rather large, irregular in form although handsome; skin rough, yellowish-green covered with russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, very juicy, aromatic; quality variable; a table fruit; oct. =grand bretagne. .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , tab. ii. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . origin french or belgian. fruit large, obtuse-obovate, greenish-yellow, dotted with brown; flesh fine, juicy, buttery and melting; moderately good; dec. to feb. =grand isle. .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app., , fig. . = .= _rural n. y._ = =: , figs. , . . raised by benjamin macomber, grand isle, vt. tree vigorous, upright, somewhat alternate in bearing. fruit medium, roundish-oblong, straw color, covered with many small russet dots; stem medium long, rather slender; calyx small, open, in a small basin; flesh whitish, half-fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous; very good; sept. and oct. =grand-soliel. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . introduced by major espéren, mechlin, bel., in the early half of the nineteenth century. fruit medium, globular-turbinate, more or less bossed; skin rough to the touch, yellow, almost covered with gray-russet, blushed with red on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, rather stringy, melting, vinous, sugary, with a particularly delicate aroma; first; dec. and jan. =grant. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling fruited by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass, in . fruit large, obtuse-pyriform; greenish-yellow; flesh sweet, fine, rich; first; oct. =graslin. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a wilding found in the commune of flée, sarthe, fr.; introduced about . fruit large, oblate, somewhat irregular, larger on one side than the other, yellow-ochre, dotted and marbled with gray-russet, and stained with large markings of fawn; flesh fine, white, veined with greenish-yellow, very melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, perfumed, delicate; first; oct. and nov. =grasshoff leckerbissen. .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . german. fruit medium, pyriform, often rather ovate, inclined or bent at the head; skin smooth, grass-green changing to yellow-green, thickly dotted, not much russet; flesh yellowish-white, rather gritty around the core, melting, fine, juicy, good flavor; very good for dessert and good for household use; early oct. =gratiola. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the gratiola peare is a kinde of bon cretien, called the _cucumber peare_, or _spinola's peare_." =graue herbstrusselet. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, upper hesse, . fruit medium, ventriculous, uneven, rough, entirely covered with russet, changing at maturity to dull red on the side next the sun; flesh very juicy, coarsely granular and woody, sugary and musky; first for household purposes; sept. =graue holzbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown throughout austria under various names. fruit medium, globular, diminishing toward the stalk; skin firm, rough, grayish-green turning at maturity to a dirty greenish-yellow, dotted with grayish-brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, astringent and subacid; mid-oct. =graue honigbirn. .= lauche _deut. pom._ = =: no. , pl. . . german. published by oberdieck in . fruit medium, turbinate; skin thin, rough, yellowish-green or yellow, blushed, and dotted and marked with cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine grained, breaking, tender, semi-melting, sweet, with an aromatic flavor of cinnamon. =graue pelzbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an excellent austrian perry pear. fruit medium, turbinate, inclining to pyriform; skin firm, rough, yellow ground when ripe, with cinnamon-brown-russet marking and grayish-brown dots, blushed on the sun-exposed side; flesh whitish, coarse grained, very juicy, subacid, with very little aroma; oct. =graue speckbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported from germany, . fruit large, long, broad, conic, yellow, strongly and thickly dotted with gray; calyx small; stem fleshy; flesh granular, somewhat aromatic, sweet; third; sept. =graue zuckerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . dutch, . fruit small, rather oviform, smooth, greenish-yellow, dotted with green; flesh yellowish, semi-breaking, melting, very sweet, vinous, juicy; second for dessert, good for the market; aug. =grazbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . grazbirne is a variety of wild pear well distributed in lower austria. fruit medium, globular, regular in form, green, dotted and heavily marked with russet; flesh subacid, vinous, astringent, wanting in juice; inferior; early oct. =great cassolette. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . there appear to be several varieties of cassolette three or four of which bear the synonym of _lechfrion_. the cassolette is so named from its resemblance to a small vessel made of copper and silver in which pastilles were burnt. fruit small, globular-turbinate, - / inches in height and - / inches in breadth, entirely light green even at maturity, dotted all over with numerous green specks; flesh melting, of a very peculiar acid flavor which however, is not disagreeable when the fruit is ripe; aug. =great citron of bohemia. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . fruit small, oblong, yellow; flesh sugary, juicy, a little coarse-grained, having little flavor; sept. =great mammoth. .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . grown in pioneer days in indiana, illinois, and neighboring states. =green chisel. .= langley _pomona_ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _guenette._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the origin of this ancient early summer variety is unknown, but it was described by mawe and abercrombie in , and was also mentioned by philip miller in as being still "in prime" in july in england. under the name of _guenette_ it was described by merlet in articles written in , and and appears to have been well known in english and french gardens. hogg deems chisel to be a corruption of the french name choiseul. fruit small or very small, growing in clusters, globular-turbinate, green or rarely yellowish-green, with sometimes a brownish tinge next the sun, sprinkled with small russet dots; flesh white, slightly green, fine, semi-breaking, sweet, slightly gritty around centre; juice ample in amount, sugary, acid, slightly aromatic; second; aug. =green mountain boy. .= elliott _fr. book_ . . a native variety. fruit medium, globular-obovate, or obovate-pyriform, golden yellow, with russety-brown specks; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet; very good; oct. =green pear of yair. .= _trans. lond. hort. soc._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _green yair._ = .= hogg _fruit. man._ . . an old scotch pear raised at yair on the tweed, peeblesshire. fruit below medium, obovate, smooth, dark green changing to yellow, patched and dotted with russet; flesh tender, juicy, sugary; good; sept. =grégoire bordillon. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . raised by leroy in from seed of graslin, and fruited for the first time in . fruit large, ovate, rather larger on one side than the other, pale yellow on shaded side and dark yellow on the exposed cheek, mottled, striped, and dotted with brown; flesh yellowish, fine, very melting, very juicy and sugary; first; aug. =grey good-wife. .= mawe-abercrombie _univ. gard. bot._ . fruit medium, globular, brown-red, moderately tender and of good flavor; oct. to dec. =grise-bonne. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _französische gute graue sommerbirne._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . the dutch pomologist pierre van den hoven writing in the middle of the eighteenth century affirmed that the grise-bonne was the _sucrée grise de hollandaise_ and the _pirum falernum_ of the romans. it may be noted that in jacques daléchamp thought he had found the _falernum_ in the french _autumn bergamote_; and, again, in henri manger declared it to be still cultivated under the name _bourdon_, the _orange musquée_; similarly sickler wrote in that the _bergamote d'Été_ appeared to him to be the _falernum_. fruit medium; form variable, sometimes irregular-turbinate, long and ventriculous, at other times regular-turbinate, clear green, russeted with gray, clouded with pale yellow on the shaded side and covered with large dots of golden or orange-yellow; flesh white, fine, dense, semi-breaking, watery, free from grit; juice very abundant, sugary, acidulous, musky; second; aug. =groom prince royal. .= _gard. chron._ , . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _bergamotte Éliza mathews._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _princesse-royale._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . a mr. groom, a nurseryman at clapham near london, introduced this pear in . fruit medium, globular or bergamot-shaped, greenish-brown, with a tinge of yellow and slight traces of gray-russet; flesh melting, buttery, sometimes rather gritty, sweet, vinous, perfumed; a good second-rate pear; jan. to mar. =gros blanquet long. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _large blanquet._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _kreiselförmige blankette._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this is one of a group of pears which in the seventeenth century were designated by various pomologists with names such as _blanquet à longue queue_, _blanquet d'hiver_, etc. their origin is ancient, possibly roman. the variety here described is the largest of the blanquettes and was said by olivier de serres in to be also named _de florence_ from which it might be adduced that it came originally from tuscany. fruit below medium and often small, obtuse-pyriform, smooth, of a beautiful yellow color, dotted with bright green and sometimes carmined on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking, sweet, full of sugary juice possessing a musky-anis flavor; a dessert pear, second; july and aug. =gros blanquet rond. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . an ancient dessert pear mentioned by claude saint-etienne in the seventeenth century and by mawe and abercrombie in their _universal gardener and botanist_ in . fruit below medium, globular-ovate, pale yellow covered with very fine russet dots, more or less washed with rose on the side of the sun; flesh yellow-white, breaking, rather coarse, almost exempt from grit; juice abundant, sugary, sourish, musky; third for dessert; sept. =gros-hativeau. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this pear has been supposed to belong to a class identified with the _pira hordearia_ of columella and of pliny, and was mentioned by various french and german writers from the sixteenth century onward; if its origin is not clear it is at any rate one of the three varieties of the pear bearing the name of _hativeau_ in the seventeenth century, _h. blanc_, or _bergamotte d'Été_, and the _petit-h._ being the other two. fruit below medium, turbinate-obtuse; skin fine, yellowish-green, delicately dotted with olive-gray, washed with bright vermilion on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, gritty; juice rarely abundant, sugary, astringent and slightly aromatic; third; end of july. =gros loijart. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . fruit large, irregular-obovate, green and yellow; flesh breaking, tough but neither gritty nor austere; for cooking purposes; apr. and may. =gros lucas. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the fruit garden of the horticultural society of angers, fr. was formed in and the gros lucas soon afterwards appeared in its catalog. fruit large, obtuse-ovate-globular, irregular and much bossed; skin rather thick, yellow, sprinkled with very small dots of green color, stained with patches of russet; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-breaking, spongy, gritty at the center; juice rather deficient, without perfume or much sugar; second, but good for kitchen use; jan. and feb. =gros muscat rond. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . although the origin of this variety is doubtful it is almost certainly french. diel received it from holland but german pomologists appear to have regarded it as french. claude saint-etienne described it in . fruit medium, globular-ovate, mammillate at summit, one side always more convex than the other, grayish-green on the shaded side and pale yellow on that exposed to the sun, dotted and slightly stained with gray-russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine and semi-breaking, watery, rarely very gritty; juice plentiful, very saccharine, acidulous and aromatic; second; aug. =gros rousselet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _roi d'Été._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . mentioned by rea as being cultivated in england in under the name of _great russet of remes_, under which name it was also known in france, there being known these two varieties, the _gros rousselet de rheims_ and the _petit-rousselet_. father rapin, a french jesuit, who wrote in the poem _hortorum_, mentioned the pears of rousselet in the valley of amiterne at the foot of the apennines. in the german pomologist henri manger wrote that he believed the french _rousselet_ was none other than the roman _favonianum_ mentioned by pliny. fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, yellowish or bright green changing to bright lemon-yellow, covered with numerous small brown spots, red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, semi-melting, semi-breaking, rich in sugary and perfumed juice; variable in quality, requires a warm, sheltered position; aug. and sept. =gros rousselet d'aout. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _rousselet d'aout._ = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . this was one of the first seedlings raised by van mons and is in his catalog of . fruit medium, pyriform, yellow washed with rose-red; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, with an agreeable perfume; a very good early fruit, ripening in august in belgium. =gros trouvé. .= _guide prat._ . . this seedling was found by gabriel everard in a garden at tournai, bel. fruit very large, fusiform, washed with red on the side next the sun; flesh breaking; first for kitchen purposes; keeps until the autumn of the year following. =grosse eisbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported in . fruit medium, onion-shaped; skin very smooth, shining and greasy, yellowish-green changing to light citron-yellow, often somewhat blushed; flesh coarse, solid and dry; third for the table, first for culinary use; oct. =grosse figue. .= _guide prat._ , . . fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, yellow stained with brown; flesh semi-melting, juicy, well perfumed; first; nov. =grosse gelbe weinbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, . fruit below medium, globular, obtuse-conic, often turbinate, light lemon-yellow, dotted with fine brown spots, somewhat russeted; flesh extremely juicy, vinous, mingled sweet and sour; third for dessert, very good for the kitchen. =grosse-herbst-bergamotte. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported in middle germany, . fruit medium, long-pyriform, round, yellowish-green, russeted, speckled with gray dots; flesh breaking, firm, white, juicy, sweet; third for dessert, good for household use; oct. =grosse landlbirne. .= löschnig _mostbiren_ , fig. . a perry pear grown throughout austria. fruit medium, turbinate, otherwise short-pyriform; skin smooth, shining, yellow when ripe, blushed on the side opposed to the sun, sprinkled with numerous dots of cinnamon-brown; flesh coarse-grained, yellow-white, very juicy, sweet, astringent and without aroma; excellent; oct. to dec. =grosse leutsbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium, long-pyriform, green covered all over with gray-russet; flesh very juicy, astringent, saccharine, with a sourish after-taste; good for transportation; oct. =grosse-louise. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a chance seedling found in a garden of the town of tourcoing, fr. fruit large, conic-turbinate-obtuse, bossed and generally mammillate at summit, yellow, slightly greenish, dotted all over with russet and having some small brown stains; flesh white, very fine, dense, free from grit; juice very abundant, sugary, sweet, delicately perfumed; first; sept. =grosse mostputzer. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown throughout austria. fruit medium but variable in size, globular, turbinate, otherwise pyriform; skin firm, leaf-green turning bright yellow at maturity, with large russet dots; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid and strongly astringent; very good for transportation on account of its prolonged season of maturity; oct. to dec. =grosse petersbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported in thuringia, . fruit medium, obtuse-conic, yellow, blushed, some russet, dotted with green, thin-skinned; flesh sweet, deficient in juice; third for dessert, good for household use, good for the market. =grosse poire d'amande. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . _grosse angleterre de noisette._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . belgian. fruit large, long-conic or obtuse-pyramidal, grayish-green becoming yellow at maturity, slightly bronzed on the side next the sun, speckled all over with numerous brown dots; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, buttery; juice very plentiful, sugary; flesh sweet and tasting strongly of almond; first; sept. and oct. =grosse poire de vitrier. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . fruit large, turbinate, yellow, with red blush, perfumed; nov. and dec. =grosse queue. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this variety probably originated about when nicolas de bonnefond named it in his _jardinier francais_. in , however, merlet gave a rather complete description of it and a few years later it was admitted by la quintinye into the orchard of louis xiv at versailles. fruit medium, rather variable, always globular in the lower part, bossed and more or less conic near the summit, a little wrinkled especially on the side next the sun, olive-yellow, finely rayed and dotted with clear green, and washed with carmine on the exposed face; flesh very white, semi-fine, breaking or semi-melting, juice deficient, sweet mingled with sourness, musky; third; sept. and oct. =grosse rommelter. .= _guide prat._ . . a french pear valued for perry making. fruit medium, globular, green; first for perry; oct. tree very vigorous, extraordinarily fertile and succeeding everywhere. =grosse schöne jungfernbirne. .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . german. reported . fruit below medium, ventriculous-pyriform, sides rather unequal; skin extremely smooth, light yellowish-green turning to greenish-yellow, often washed with a slight brownish blush; second for dessert, first for the kitchen; end of aug. for two weeks. =grosse september birne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _belle de septembre._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . an old variety originated in prussia and cultivated chiefly in the north of germany and especially in pomerania. fruit above medium and sometimes large, oblong or globular-turbinate, generally having unequal sides, pale yellow, stained with fawn, finely dotted with gray and sometimes washed with brown-red on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh greenish, fine, semi-melting, rarely gritty; juice abundant, saccharine, perfumed, delicate but rather astringent; second; end of sept. =grosse sommer-zitronenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported in saxony in . fruit medium, long-turbinate, sides uneven; skin extremely shining, light green changing to lemon-yellow, spotted with gray, rather rust-colored on the side next the sun; flesh coarse, melting, rather yellow in the interior, very aromatic, tender and juicy; first for dessert, household and market; end of aug. for days. =grosse sommersirene. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . holland, . fruit small, ventriculous-pyriform, smooth, shining lemon-yellow, without any russet, watery, with a tart sweetness; third for dessert; best for market. =grosse späte weinbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . switzerland. reported first in . fruit above medium, ventriculous-turbinate, green-yellow, blushed with a brownish tint, spotted with white, and marked with russet; flesh coarse-grained, very juicy, astringent, vinous and sourish; very good for perry; oct. =grosser roland. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . first reported from treves, prussia, in . one of the group of volema or pound pears. fruit large, bent and uneven in form, light green changing to yellowish, blushed; flesh breaking, aromatic, juicy; first for household use; sept. =groveland. .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . a native variety grown in alabama and southeastern states. fruit large, obovate, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with brownish cheek, washed, netted and speckled nearly all over with russet; flesh creamy-white, tender, buttery, juicy, vinous; good; autumn. =grubbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit rather large, irregular in form, diminishing toward the stem almost acutely, yellow-green slightly blushed, dotted and speckled with russet; flesh coarse-grained, juicy, astringent, saccharine and with an agreeable flavor; good for keeping and transporting; oct. =grumkow. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . discovered by m. koberstein at rügenwald, basse-pomerania, prussia. diel, first to describe it, placed its origin at about . fruit medium, very irregular, long, pyramidal, always obtuse, contorted and much warted, pale green, sprinkled with a few gray specks, more or less colored with brown-red on the sunny side; flesh whitish, fine, breaking, or semi-breaking; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, with a musky flavor; second; oct. to dec. =grunbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a german pound pear. originated in württemberg and reported in . fruit medium, long, sides unequal, dark green, with dark red blush on ripening; flesh greenish-white, breaking, granular, glutinous, juicy, aromatic; first for kitchen; aug. =grüne confesselsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, . fruit small, obtuse-conic, grass-green changing to yellowish-green, green dots; flesh yellow, firm, insipid; second for table, good for household; may to aug. =grüne frühe gewurzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, . fruit small, turbinate, yellowish grass-green often rather blushed, very fine spotting, thick-skinned; flesh granular, semi-melting, aromatic, musky; second for dessert, good for domestic and market use; early sept. for days. =grüne fürstliche tafelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . wetterau, . fruit small, globular, thin-skinned, light green changing to yellowish-green, seldom blushed; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, full of flavor; first for table and market; aug. =grüne gesegnete winterbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . holland, . fruit medium, globular, light green changing to yellowish-green, dotted with small brown specks; flesh coarse-grained near centre, breaking, juicy, very sweet; good for culinary use; jan. to mar. =grüne langstielige winterhirtenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said to be a belgian variety, published by diel in . fruit medium, globular-oblate, bossed, dark green changing to light green, a rather brownish blush, fine gray dots; flesh greenish-white, buttery, melting; first for table and household; feb. =grüne pfundbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _poire livre verte._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a german rhineland pound pear, . fruit very large, regular in form, five inches long by three and a half broad, uniform green turning to yellow-green, covered with dense star-like brown spots; flesh breaking, juicy, aromatic; first for kitchen; oct. =grüne pichelbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear extensively grown under a variety of names throughout austria. fruit medium, globular-ovate, shining dark green, yellowish when ripe, white dots; flesh coarse-grained, yellow-white turning more yellow on ripening, juicy and astringent; oct. and nov. =grüne sommer-bergamote. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . saxony, . a volema or pound pear. fruit medium, globular, dark green changing to yellowish-green, blushed with streaks of brown; flesh glutinous, juicy, aromatic; first for household; sept. =grüne sommer-citronenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, . fruit small, ventriculous, rather variable, shining light green becoming a uniform light greenish-yellow, russeted with gray, specked with gray dots; flesh granular near the centre, melting, acid, sweet, strongly scented with musk; first for table and household. =grüne wiedenbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown throughout austria. fruit medium, turbinate, otherwise short-pyriform, irregular; skin smooth, shining green turning greenish-yellow when ripe, with numerous very fine green dots; flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, not particularly firm when ripe, astringent, sourish and saccharine; mid-oct. for fourteen days. =grüne winawitz. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown under a variety of names in upper and lower austria. fruit medium, long-ovate, greatest diameter at its center, light green turning yellowish at maturity, covered with russet and green dots; flesh yellowish, coarse and juicy, saccharine, astringent; good for transport; oct. and nov. =grünmostler. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear widely distributed in switzerland and austria. fruit fairly large, globular-oblate, ventriculous, one side larger than the other; flesh greenish-white, coarse, juicy, saccharine and acidulous; mid-oct., for about two weeks. =gulabi. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out and recommended as one of the best sorts in the caucasus by m. niemetz of winnitza in the former government of polish-russia. the varieties of the caucasus are for the most part highly saccharine, rather coarse, and the vegetation very vigorous. =guntershauser holzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . württemberg, ger., . fruit medium, turbinate, uniform whitish-green, russet dots; flesh fine-grained, very juicy, vinous, astringent, sweet; good; oct. =gustave bivort. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . french. fruit medium, globular, pale yellow, with stains and nettings of russet, blushed on side next the sun; flesh white, juicy, semi-melting, sweet, slightly perfumed; good or very good; aug. =gustave bourgogne. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . gained by van mons at louvain about . fruit large or medium, turbinate-ovate, flattened at both poles, whitish-green, speckled with fine fawn dots, some bronze-green on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, almost melting; juice very abundant and sugary, delicately perfumed, refreshing, and agreeable; second for both eating and cooking; sept. =gustin summer. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . originated in new jersey. fruit small, globular, yellow, sweet without much flavor; sept. =gute grüne. .= christ _handb._ . . german. fruit medium, globular, green changing to yellowish, blushed; flesh tender, melting; beginning of sept. for several weeks. =habichtsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . rhineland. described by diel in . fruit very large, in. x in., hook-nosed or like the beak of a bird, crooked, uniformly light green, densely speckled with light brown dots and marked with russet; flesh coarse-grained, semi-melting, breaking; third for table and good for cooking; nov. and dec. =hacon incomparable. .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . about the year a mrs. rayner sowed the seeds of a rayner's norfolk seedling at norfolk, eng. subsequently, about , one of the resultant trees was propagated from grafts by a mr. hacon of the same place. the hardy and productive tree renders it particularly valuable for climates similar to that of england. the blossoms bear the sharpest frosts without injury but the tree cannot be made to bear until it is eight to ten years old. fruit medium, globular-oblate, flattened and depressed at both poles, pale yellowish-green, covered with numerous russety spots and markings; flesh yellowish-white, melting, buttery with a rich, vinous, sweet, musky flavor; nov. to jan. =haddington. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . in j. b. smith, a farmer near haddington, philadelphia, raised this pear from seed of a pound pear. fruit above medium, obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with a brownish cheek and minute russet dots and patches; flesh yellowish, juicy, aromatic; texture varies, some being quite melting, others inclined to break; good; jan. to apr. =haffner butterbirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _beurré haffner._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig, . - . a variety found as a chance seedling near nuremberg, bavaria, by the brothers haffner; first published in by biedenfeld. fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, pale yellow, speckled and stained with russet; flesh white, sometimes a little yellow, rather granular but fine, slightly gritty at center, full of sugary, vinous juice, and has a perfume similar to that of the beurré gris; good; oct. =hagar. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . french, according to downing. fruit medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in sun, some russet; flesh coarse, dry, sweet; poor; oct. =haight. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . an american variety. fruit medium, globular-pyriform, yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, with small brown dots and traces of russet; flesh white, pink at center, a little coarse, breaking, juicy, sweet and pleasant; good; oct. =hallische gelbe honigbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . saxony. fruit small, oblate, flattened, sides unequal, yellowish-green changing to light yellow; flesh breaking, coarse-grained, very juicy and sweet; second for dessert, good for kitchen; sept. =hamburg. .= _can. hort._ = =: , fig. . . russian. fruit medium, yellow-green; flesh juicy, perfumed; sept. =hamburger birne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a north german pound pear; published in . fruit medium, turbinate or conic-obtuse, light green changing to light yellow, with dark russet markings; flesh breaking, juicy, aromatic; first for the kitchen; oct. =hamilton. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in south carolina, where it is said to be of good quality. fruit medium, oblate; skin rough, yellowish, some stains and numerous dots of russet; flesh yellowish, coarse, wanting in juice; nov. =hammelsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, . fruit below medium, ovate, yellow-green changing to citron-yellow, numerous small dots, thick-skinned; flesh granular, sweet; third for dessert, not of much value for culinary use. =hamon. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by m. nérard, a nurseryman at vaise near lyons, fr., from seed sown by him in . fruit medium, irregular-ovate, often a little bossed, pale green, covered with large fawn dots; flesh slightly greenish, coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, acerb, with an agreeable flavor; second; aug. =hampden bergamot. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . an old variety of uncertain origin and possessing many synonyms. fruit large, globular, narrowing abruptly to the stalk, even and regular in outline, pale greenish-yellow, with traces of thin russet and greenish dots, sometimes a tinge of brownish-red next the sun; flesh white, rather coarse-grained, buttery, sweet, agreeable; handsome, but hardly more than second class; sept. =hampton bergamot. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with w. c. hampton, mount victory, ohio. fruit small, globular-oblate, yellow, netted and sprinkled with russet and green dots; flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, semi-melting, vinous; good; sept. =hampton cluster. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by w. c. hampton, mount victory, ohio. fruit borne in clusters, very small, globular, greenish-yellow, shaded with dull red on the sun-exposed side, netted with russet; flesh juicy, melting, sweet; very good; sept. =hampton virgalieu. .= elliott _fr. book_ , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with w. c. hampton, mount victory, ohio, from a seed of the white doyenné. tree vigorous, hardy and productive. fruit medium, globular, or slightly obtuse-pyriform, yellowish-green at maturity, with many russet dots and marblings of russet, the latter becoming reddish-brown in the sun; flesh white, buttery, juicy, rich, vinous, brisk; core small; very good; oct. and nov. =hancock. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling fruited by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., in . fruit - / in. long, in. wide, obovate, light green; flesh breaking and juicy, a great bearer, and an excellent cooking pear, always sells readily; sept. =hangelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . holstein, published . fruit large, long-gourd-shaped, yellow-green, yellow on the sunny side; flesh breaking, coarse-grained, fairly juicy, sweet; third for dessert, good for kitchen; nov. to apr. =hannover'sche jakobsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =ii=:no. , pl. . . hanover, prussia, . fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, dull grass-green changing to yellow, with a brownish blush, dotted with green on the yellow and with bright yellow on the flush; flesh whitish, fine, sweet, becoming mealy when over ripe; third for dessert, good for culinary use and market; july. =hannover'sche margarethenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hanover, prussia, . fruit medium, turbinate, light green turning to light yellow; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, soon becoming mealy when ripe; second for table, good for kitchen use; end of july for weeks. =hanover. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . from hanover furnace, n. j. fruit below medium, globular-obovate, green, with dull green-russet markings, and a brown cheek; flesh greenish-yellow, exceedingly melting and juicy; flavor pleasant, good; oct. =hardenpont frühe colmar. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _guide prat._ , . . this is not the _passe colmar_ of hardenpont, although regarded as such by dochnahl. it ripens in august and september whereas passe colmar is in season during november and december. fruit medium, globular-turbinate, a beautiful uniform yellow; flesh fine-grained, musky; aug. and sept. =harigelsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . württemberg, . fruit medium, obtuse-conic, light green changing to golden yellow, with a dark blush; flesh rather astringent, sweet, breaking, aromatic; third for table, not of much account for cooking; oct. =harnard. .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . shown before the new jersey state horticultural society in . said to be "a seedling from the farm of john harnard, springfield," n. j., and to have originated about years previously. a cooking pear, valued for its regular and abundant bearing and keeping qualities. =harris= (georgia). = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . disseminated from georgia. fruit medium, obovate-obtuse to obovate-acute-pyriform, pale yellow, deep red in the sun, many green and brown dots; flesh whitish, buttery, not juicy, sweet; good; sept. =harris= (massachusetts). = .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ nd app., , fig. . raised by lemuel clapp, dorchester, mass., from urbaniste crossed with beurré bosc. fruit above medium, ovate-pyriform, resembling beurré hardy; stem medium long; flesh yellowish-white, fine grained, very tender, melting, juicy, rich, vinous, spirited, aromatic; very good to best; oct. =harrison large fall. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _rushmore._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a fine old baking pear of american origin. fruit large, irregular, inclined, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, pale yellow with a red cheek; aug. to oct. =hartberger mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown in hungary and austria. fruit medium, globular and irregular, somewhat acute toward the stalk, dark green turning to yellow-green, finely dotted and much covered with russet; flesh greenish-white, abnormally large core and seeds, firm and juicy; oct. =harte neapolitanerin. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . although cultivated mainly at naples, italy, in the middle of the last century and called the pear of naples, it appears to have been first published in france in . fruit medium, turbinate, medium ventriculous, light green changing to lemon-yellow, blushed; flesh firm, sweetish, aromatic; very good for culinary uses; jan. to summer. =harvard. .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _belle de flushing._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . originated at cambridge, mass. in it was taken from america to france without a label by parsons, a nurseryman at flushing, n. y., and was named _belle de flushing_ by leroy. fruit rather large, oblong-pyriform, russety olive-yellow, with a brownish-red cheek; in france it seems to develop a vivid red on the side exposed to the sun, finely dotted with fawn; flesh white, semi-fine, tender, melting, slightly gritty; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous and agreeably musky; second; a fine commercial variety; aug. and sept. =harvest. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . an american variety. fruit below medium, globular, pale yellow, tinged with brown-red on exposed side, brown and green dots; flesh whitish, not very juicy or melting, but sweet, pleasant; good; july. =hassler. .= cal. com. hort. _pear grow. cal._ = =:no. , , figs. , . . originated as a chance seedling with j. e. hassler, placerville, cal. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with russet dots; calyx open: basin large, deep, irregular; stem heavy, medium long, inclined in a deep cavity; flesh, fine, juicy, buttery, pleasant; very good; feb. and mar. =hausemerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, published . fruit medium, turbinate-obtuse, light green changing to whitish-yellow, blushed, with brown spots; flesh firm, somewhat aromatic; good for kitchen use; dec. to mar. =hautmonté. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin unknown but was propagated in the garden of the horticultural society of angers in . fruit medium, long-turbinate, yellowish-green spotted with russet and washed with rose-carmine on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, juicy, gritty at center; second for dessert, first for stewing; feb. to apr. =hawaii. .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . a japanese pear; date of introduction unknown. fruit medium, apple-shaped, light lemon-yellow, with rough, russet dots; flesh hard, gritty, wanting in flavor, subacid; oct. =hawes winter. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . originated on the farm of the hawes family in king and queen county, virginia. fruit large, globular, slightly flattened, dull yellow at maturity, with russet spots; flesh a little coarse, very juicy, rich, sweet, vinous; nov. to jan. =hawkesbill. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the hawkes bill peare is of a middle size, somewhat like unto the rowling pears." =hays. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . exhibited, from the pomological garden, salem, mass., at the sixteenth annual meeting of the massachusetts horticultural society, september, . placed on the rejected list of the american pomological society in . =heathcot. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . raised in on the estate of governor gore in waltham, mass. fruit medium, obovate, greenish-yellow becoming lemon-yellow, very few dots and a few russet streaks, slightly browned on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, fine, very melting, buttery and juicy; in flavor it is rich, sprightly, juicy and excellent, with little perfume; oct. =hebe. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . . raised by william sumner of pomaria, s. c. fruit large; specimens have often weighed ounces, of fair size of this pear generally weigh lbs., globular, obovate, with irregular protuberances, lemon-yellow inclined to greenish, dotted with russet specks and blotches; flesh melting, sprightly, buttery, slightly vinous, has no matured seeds, and seldom forms seeds at all; dec. in south carolina. =hedwig von der osten. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _hedwige d'osten_. = .= mas _pom. gen._ = := , fig. . . herr schmidt, blumberg, received this variety from van mons under number and dedicated it to the daughter of a zealous pomologist of his country. fruit rather large, long-pyriform, rather deformed in contour, water-green changing to dull pale yellow, usually rather golden on the face next the sun; flesh whitish, fine, buttery, very melting, very juicy and delicately perfumed; good for amateurs; sept. and oct. =hegeman. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _hagerman._ = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . originated on the farm of andrew hegeman, north hempstead, long island. fruit medium, globular-ovate, rather variable in form and color, greenish-yellow, netted and dotted with russet; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet; good to very good; sept. =heilige angelika-birne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . coblenz, ; published by diel, . fruit rather large, obtuse-conic, with unequal sides, pale green changing to light yellowish-green, dotted with rusty gray, and rather russeted on the side touched by the sun; flesh whitish, with light green veinings, fine-grained, buttery; first for dessert and household use; nov. and dec. =hélène grégoire. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . xavier grégoire, a tanner at jodoigne, bel., obtained this pear in from a bed of the seeds of the pear pastorale. fruit large or very large, ovate, inclined to be contorted at times, smooth, shining, dotted and veined with russet, stained with the same around the stem and calyx; flesh white, fine, melting, semi-buttery, green under the skin, free from grit, full of sweet juice, delicate and possessed of an exquisite buttery flavor; first; early oct. =hellmann melonenbirn. .= koch _deut. obst._ . . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =ii=:no. , pl. . . german; first published in . fruit large, globular-obtuse, very variable; skin thick, dark green becoming citron-yellow at maturity, large russet dots, slightly washed with red on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, melting, agreeably sweet and vinous, very juicy and having a muscatel flavor; nov. and dec. =hemminway. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . _madame hemminway._ = .= ellwanger & barry _cat._ . . introduced by ellwanger and barry. american. fruit large, obovate-blunt-pyriform, green turning yellow, russeted; stem long, thick, in a small, narrow cavity; flesh yellowish, melting, sweet, juicy; good; oct. =henkel. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . _henkel d'automne._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . van mons raised this pear before and in or it was introduced at boston by kenrick and manning. this is the _cumberland_ of the belgians. fruit rather large, broad-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, netted and patched with russet, sprinkled with green and brown dots; stem rather stout, inclined, inserted by a ring or lip; calyx partially open; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, rich, slightly vinous; very good to best; sept. =henri bivort. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _poire henri._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . issued from the last seed beds made at louvain by van mons and bought in by bivort who transplanted the seedlings to geest-saint-rémy near jodoigne, bel. fruit large or above medium, obtuse-pyramidal, smooth, olive-yellow, dotted with brown, striped and mottled with greenish russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine, semi-buttery, rather melting, rarely very gritty, juice plentiful, sweet, acid, aromatic and delicate; first; end of aug. =henri bouet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . obtained in by henri bouet, a nurseryman at fougereuse, deux-sèvres, fr., from duchesse d'angoulême fertilized by jargonelle (french). fruit large, turbinate-ovate, bossed, mammillate at crown and generally somewhat contorted, pale yellow, dotted and striated with fawn, spotted with greenish-russet around stalk; flesh very white and fine, melting, gritty around the core, extremely juicy, sugary, perfumed, acidulous and possessing a delicious flavor; first; oct. and nov. =henri de bourbon. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . published in germany in . in experimental orchard at agassiz, b. c., . fruit medium, pyriform, green changing to yellow, some brown; flesh juicy, melting, sweet; good to very good; mid-season. =henri capron. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . stated by baron biedenfeld in to have issued from a seed bed of van mons, it was propagated by the horticultural society of angers in . fruit medium, long-ovate-acute passing at the top into the stem; skin rough to the touch, gray-green, clouded with dark yellow and dotted with russet; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, inclined to decay before falling, very juicy, sugary, aromatic, often rather astringent; variable in quality; sept. =henri decaisne. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _le bon jard._ . . on trial with simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . fruit large, pyriform, greenish-yellow, handsomely washed with vermilion at maturity; flesh melting, and of agreeable flavor; first; sept. and oct. =henri desportes. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by leroy, angers, fr., it fruited first in . fruit large or below, turbinate-obtuse, ventriculous, strongly bossed, generally irregular and much less curved on one side than the other; skin thick, orange-yellow dotted with gray-russet, slightly vermilioned on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, very melting; juice abundant, vinous, sugary; first; aug. =henri grégoire. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . on trial with simon-louis at metz, lorraine, in , and in and was "very much recommended" by the firm in both of those years. fruit medium; first; nov. and dec. =henri ledocte. .= _guide prat._ . . one of m. grégoire's seedlings. fruit medium size; flesh melting; first; dec. and jan. =henri quatre. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _henry the fourth._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . on the authority of diel it appears that this pear was originated by m. de witzthumb before , and was afterward described by the vicomte vilain xiv, mayor of ghent under napoleon i. fruit below medium, obtuse-pyriform, rather variable, often contorted and always has one side larger than the other, greenish-white, becoming deep lemon-yellow as it reaches maturity, much covered with fine cinnamon-russet on which are small greenish dots; flesh yellowish, coarse or semi-fine, breaking, gritty at center, very rich, sweet, juicy and with an aromatic flavor; good; oct. =henrietta. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ , fig. . . a seedling of governor edwards, new haven, conn. fruit a medium-sized and pretty pear, obovate, inclining to oval, tapering towards each end and rather obtuse at the stem; skin fair, smooth, dull yellow, tinged with red in the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, melting, juicy; good; sept. =henriette. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised from seed by simon bouvier, jodoigne, bel., and produced its first fruit in . fruit small or medium, globular-turbinate; skin rough, almost entirely washed with russet, colored and stained with red-brown, carmined on the side next the sun; flesh white, rather fine, melting, full of sugary juice, of an agreeable perfume. =henriette van cauwenberghe. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . from lievin van cauwenburghe, a business man at audenarde, bel., where it bore fruit for the first time about . fruit medium or nearly large, pyriform-ovate, globular, a little bossed; skin rather thick and firm, pale water-green and whitish, dotted with gray-brown specks; at maturity it becomes dull or orange-yellow and golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, abounding in sweet juice, vinous and pleasantly perfumed; good; oct. =henry= (connecticut). = .= _cultivator_ n. s. = =: , fig. . . a seedling raised by the hon. h. w. edwards, governor of connecticut and described by him to the pomological society of new haven in . fruit small, turbinate, green turning to yellow, with a coppery blush; flesh juicy, melting and exceedingly rich and sweet, not surpassed by any in richness; sept. =henry= (illinois). = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _phoenix nurs. cat._ . . originated from french pear seed planted in by henry c. henry, effingham county, ill. said to be a hardy and long-keeping pear of good quality. fruit large, resembling bartlett in shape and flavor. =herbelin. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium, having the appearance of bartlett; flesh fine, a little dense, very sugary; sept. =herbin. .= _guide prat._. . . = .= baltet _trait. cult. fr._ . . a french winter pear cultivated particularly at saint-erme, department aisne. fruit medium, long, red; first; feb. and mar. =herborner schmalzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, bel. published by diel in . fruit medium, nearly pyriform; skin smooth, with fine scales, light yellow turning to citron-yellow, without russet; flesh granular, gritty, sweet and acid; good for kitchen use; sept. =herbst-citronenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, published in . fruit small, globular, yellow-green changing to citron-yellow, dotted with green, lightly blushed; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, acidulous, sweet; second for dessert, first for culinary use; sept. and oct. =herbst-klöppelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a seedling of van mons, . fruit small, turbinate-ventriculous, sides unequal, green turning to yellowish, blushed on the sunny side with brown; flesh yellowish-white, fine, semi-melting; second for the table, first for the kitchen; sept. and oct. =herbsteierbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia and saxony; earliest report . fruit small, somewhat swelled, green-yellow, dotted with dark green, often strongly blushed with brown, with yellow dots; flesh greenish-white, sweet; third for the table, very good for kitchen use; sept. =herbstlanger. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear growing in the voralberg and in switzerland. fruit large, long-pyriform, almost like calebasse in form, greenish-yellow changing to lemon-yellow, finely dotted; flesh yellow-white, juicy, saccharine, with a slightly aromatic flavor; sept. =héricart. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . cions of this variety were received in and by manning and kenrick from van mons of belgium. it was placed on the list of rejected fruits by the american pomological society in . tree vigorous and productive. fruit medium, obovate, often rather oblong, yellow, russety; stem medium long, rather slender, set in a small cavity; basin shallow; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, not rich, peculiarly aromatic, gritty, slightly astringent; good; sept. =héricart de thury. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _thury schmalzbirne._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . raised from seed by van mons and dedicated to m. héricart de thury, president of the society of horticulture of france. tree a good grower, rather pyramidal, neither an early nor a profuse bearer. fruit medium or above, obtuse-ovate-pyriform, yellow, thinly shaded with red in the sun, slightly netted, thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, rather slender, curved, set in a small cavity; calyx closed, set in a small, uneven, basin; flesh white, not very juicy, slightly astringent; good; nov. and dec. =herkimer. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated on the farm of s. earl, herkimer, new york, previous to . fruit medium to large, globular-oblate, pale greenish-yellow, clouded with dull red in the sun; flesh white, rather coarse-grained at center, juicy, sweet, melting and agreeable; good; sept. and oct. =herr late winter. .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . described as a new fruit in by barry. it was raised by a. g. herr of louisville, ky. fruit medium to large, good in quality and a long keeper, sometimes until may and june of the following year. =hert. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . from thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, near london, eng. fruit medium or nearly medium, ovate-pyriform; skin thick, firm, very pale green, sprinkled with gray-brown dots, citron-yellow when ripe and often golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, semi-melting, sufficient juice which is sugary, refreshing, agreeable; good, for the season; end of winter and spring. =hessenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . german; hesse, . fruit medium and above, curved, thin-skinned, greenish-yellow changing to yellow, with a vivid blush, often mottled with yellowish-brown; flesh sweet, juicy, becoming mealy; second for dessert, first for kitchen; sept. and oct. =hessle. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . hessle is an old english pear, and takes its name from the village of hessle in yorkshire where it was first discovered. fruit rather small, turbinate, greenish-yellow, much covered with large russety dots, giving it a freckled appearance; flesh nearly white, tender, with an agreeable, aromatic juice; a good market-garden pear; oct. =hewes. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . raised at brandywine, del., from seed of the white doyenné which it much resembles though smaller. in it was in possession of aaron hewes and was said then to have been in bearing about years. fruit medium, globular-obovate, yellow; sept. =heyer zuckerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _sucrée d'heyer._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a van mons seedling sent in to his friend herr heyer, a grafter at luneburg, hanover, ger. fruit medium, long-turbinate, sides unequal, slightly bossed, light green turning to yellow, often flushed with vermilion, speckled with russet; second for the table, first for kitchen; sept. =hilda. .= _guide prat._ . . distributed by daras de naghin of antwerp, bel. fruit resembles joséphine de malines; flesh yellowish-white tinted with green near the stalk, melting, very juicy, having the flavor of the beurré gris; nov. and dec. =hildegard. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . a seedling of van mons; published in . fruit medium, turbinate-ventriculous, light green turning yellow, washed with brown, sometimes rusty red on the side of the sun; flesh fine, free from grit, very sweet; very good for general household use; all winter to april. =hildesheimer bergamotte. .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . _bergamote d'hildesheim._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . central germany, . fruit medium, oblate, medium-ventriculous, sides unequal, light green turning to citron-yellow, without any red blush but a good deal russeted: flesh melting, very juicy; a good dessert pear; end of sept. for weeks. =hildesheimer späte sommerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a seedling of cludius, hildesheim, ger., . fruit medium, pyriform-ventriculous, sides unequal, yellowish-green, washed with rusty russet on the side of the sun; flesh rosaceous, spongy, sweet, wanting in flavor; third for table, first for culinary use; sept. =hildesheimer winterbirn. .= christ _handb._ . . german. fruit medium, bergamot-shaped, of excellent flavor; nov. to mar. =hingham. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in hingham, mass. fruit medium, obovate-acute-pyriform, pale yellow, tinged with red on the side next the sun, freely dotted with brown specks; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous; good; oct. =hirschbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear, raised from a wilding in styria. fruit one of the larger perry or wine pears, globular and bergamot in form, greenish-yellow, brownish-red flush on the side opposed to the sun, brown dots; flesh yellow-white, fairly firm, juicy; good; oct. =hirsenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . middle rhineland, germany, . fruit small, pyriform, rounded at the top, sides unequal, light green turning yellowish, often rather brown-blushed, some russet markings; flesh fine-grained, very juicy; second for the table, first for the kitchen; aug. =hitzendorfer mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit large, globular, somewhat like bergamot in form, light green, blushed with a beautiful brown-red on the cheek next the sun, tender, dotted; flesh greenish-white, firm and very juicy; end of sept. for two weeks. =hoe langer hoe liever. .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , tab. iii. . dutch. fruit medium, long-pyriform, somewhat ventriculated toward the lower end, often rather deformed, pale green or yellowish-white; flesh fine, gritty, juicy, agreeable, savory, when eaten exactly at the right time, otherwise it is insipid; sept. and oct. =hofsta. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . sweden. c. gibb called it a fine culinary variety. fruit medium, pyriform; good; mid-season. =holland green. .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ , fig. . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . an old variety described by william coxe in , and stated by him to have been imported from holland by william clifton of philadelphia. it was sometimes called the _holland table_ pear. fruit rather large, irregular or turbinate in form, green, with numerous indistinct spots and small cloudings of russet; flesh melting, sprightly, greenish-white and juicy; thought much of at the beginning of the nineteenth century, but considered by manning to be worthless in this country. was discarded by the london horticultural society before ; sept. and oct. =holländische butterbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . north germany, , at bremen. fruit medium or below, sides unequal, light yellow changing to golden-yellow at maturity, blushed with cinnamon on the sunny side and speckled with brown dots; flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy and full of flavor; first for dessert; sept. and oct. =holländische gewürzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . holland, . fruit medium, ventriculous-turbinate, covered with rough russet; flesh semi-melting, very juicy and aromatic; second for the table, very good for cooking; end of sept. =holländische zuckerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . possibly of dutch origin but reported in thuringia, . fruit small, globular but variable, light yellow, blushed and dotted with yellowish specks becoming greenish at maturity, thin-skinned; flesh breaking, musky, aromatic; third for dessert, first for kitchen; aug. =holmer. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a well-known perry pear in herefordshire, eng. fruit very small, globular-turbinate, even and regular in outline, dull greenish-yellow when ripe, and thickly covered with russet dots, so as to form a kind of crust on the surface; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, and very astringent. =homestead. .= downing _fr. trees am._ nd app., . . raised by asahel foote, williamstown, mass., from seed of white doyenné. fruit medium or above, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, often pale yellow when fully matured, sometimes a shade of brownish-red where exposed, slightly netted and patched with russet and many russet dots; flesh whitish, rather coarse around the core, semi-fine, melting, sweet, juicy, slightly vinous and aromatic; nov. and dec. =honey. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _deux fois l'an._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . although known in this country as honey, its original european name is _deux fois l'an_, or two times a year, on account of its flowering twice in the season, the second crop ripening in september or october. it is of ancient and uncertain origin, but le lectier at orléans possessed it in his immense orchard in , and merlet described it in . fruit medium or below, globular-pyriform, rarely very obtuse, generally much swelled in the lower part, diminishing abruptly toward the stem, rather bright greenish-yellow, stained and dotted with gray chiefly on the side exposed to the sun where it is also rayed and washed with carmine; flesh yellowish, coarse, semi-breaking, granular around the core; juice sufficient, sugary and possessing a pleasant, musky flavor; aug. =honey= (russia). = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . introduced from russia in under the russian name _gliva medovaya_. fruit small, globular-pyriform, yellow, blushed red; flesh coarse, juicy, sweet; mid-season. =honey dew. .= stark bros. _cat._ . . originated by mr. raabe of illinois and introduced by stark bros. in . fruit large, roundish, golden-yellow, almost covered with rich russet; flesh tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet; early fall. =honigbergamotte. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, . fruit medium, globular, symmetrical; skin smooth, uniformly greenish-yellow, brownish-red on the side next the sun; flesh semi-melting, aromatic; second for dessert; first for general culinary uses; sept. =honnelbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown in lower austria. fruit fairly large, long-pyriform; skin rather smooth and shining, greenish-yellow changing to yellow; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, very juicy, saccharine, rather astringent and feebly aromatic; oct. =hoosic. .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= ont. dept. ag. _fr. ont._ . . raised by a. foote, williamstown, mass., from seed of hacon incomparable, and distributed by him about . fruit large to very large, obtuse-pyriform, somewhat one-sided, yellow, with russet dots and light red blush in the sun; flesh fine, white, tender, moderately juicy, with a rich almond flavor; quality ranking as "best" for all purposes; first class for near market; oct. =hopfenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hesse, germany, . fruit small, obtuse-conic; skin smooth, pale yellow, blushed with a dark glow; flesh rosy, fine, acid, juicy; third for the table, first for kitchen; end of aug. =hosenschenk. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised from seed about the year by john schenk, weaver township, pa. fruit medium, roundish-oblate, light yellowish-green, rarely blushed; flesh rather coarse, tender, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, with a mild and pleasant flavor; first; end of aug. =housatonic. .= downing _fr. trees am._ nd app., . . originated in the garden of john j. howe, birmingham, conn. fruit rather large, globular-pyriform; surface uneven, greenish-yellow, with many green and brown dots; flesh white, semi-fine, juicy, melting, rich, vinous; nov. =houser. .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a native pear reported to the missouri state horticultural society in . =hovey. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , figs. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . propagated by andré leroy in and dedicated by him to the american pomologist hovey. fruit medium or above, conic-pyriform or turbinate-obtuse-pyriform, variable but always very long; skin fine and very smooth, bright yellow, finely dotted with gray and stained with patches of russet; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, melting, watery and slightly granular; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, and possessing a musky perfume; first; nov. =howard. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . disseminated by d. w. coit, norwich, conn. fruit medium, globular-obovate, pale yellow, with patches of russet and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly perfumed, pleasant; very good; sept. =howe winter. .= field _pear cult._ . . said to have originated in virginia. fruit large, globular, yellow-russeted; good; late. =hubert grégoire. .= _guide prat._ . . in the trial orchards of simon-louis bros. at metz, lorraine, in . fruit rather large; first; jan. =huffcap. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . of several varieties of the huffcap perry pears such as the brown, red, and yellow, growing in herefordshire, eng., this is the best. fruit middle sized, ovate, pale green marked with gray russet. =hüffel bratbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . upper hesse, prussia, . a variety of the volema class. fruit large, broad-turbinate, with unequal sides, light green turning to yellowish, often faintly blushed, numerous russet spots; flesh aromatic, breaking, juicy; first for household use; dec. to apr. =huggard. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . originated at whitby, ontario, can., from beurré clairgeau crossed with beurré d'anjou. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, yellow with red blush; flesh sweet, juicy, good; medium late. =huguenot. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated by a mr. johonnot of salem, mass. rejected by the american pomologica. society, october, . fruit medium, globular, smooth, pale yellow, sprinkled with large spots of bright red; flesh white, fine-grained, semi-breaking, sweet but wanting in flavor and juice; poor; oct. =huhle de printemps. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . this pear was received in france by m. papeleu from m. hartwiss, director of the imperial gardens at nikita, southern russia, about . fruit medium, cylindrical-ovate, rather in form like a small cask or keg, even in contour; skin thick, firm, more or less intense green, dotted with brownish-gray specks, very small and numerous and mingled with small strokes of russet over nearly all the surface; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, semi-breaking, rather gritty near the core, sufficiently juicy, with a refreshing and agreeable flavor; cooking; end of winter. =hull. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . the original tree was found in swansey, mass., about . fruit medium, obovate, yellowish-green, russeted, some dull red on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting, juicy, gritty at core, pleasantly perfumed; good to very good; oct. =hungerford oswego. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . from oswego, n. y. fruit medium, globular, yellow, with brown dots; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, gritty, sweet; good; oct. =hunt connecticut. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . an american cooking pear. rejected by the american pomological society in . fruit medium, oblate, yellowish-green, coarse, dry, and sweet. =huntington. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . a wilding found by james huntington, new rochelle, n. y. in it was considered to be or years old. fruit under medium, globular-obovate, yellow, with numerous russet dots and sometimes a red cheek; flesh fine texture, buttery, slightly vinous, with a delicate aroma; very good; sept. =hurbain d'hiver. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit small, bergamot-shaped, even and handsome in outline, fine golden yellow in the shade, strewed and mottled with patches of thin cinnamon-colored russet, with a patch of russet around the stalk, washed with bright red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, melting, rather coarse, juicy, sweet, without much perfume; second; nov. =hussein armudi. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . an oriental pear, published in . fruit below medium, obovate, smooth, bright green at first changing to greenish-yellow, strewed with russety dots of brown and some traces of russet; flesh whitish, gritty at core, tender, melting, very juicy, with a rich, vinous, sweet flavor; first for table; sept. =hutcherson. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . reported in the experimental orchard at agassiz, b. c., in . fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow; flesh melting, juicy, sweet; mid-season. =huyshe prince consort. .= _jour. hort._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . fruited in by the rev. john huyshe of cullompton, devon, eng., from beurré d'arenberg fertilized by passe colmar. fruit very large, oblong, uneven and bossed in outline, grass-green becoming sometimes yellowish-green, thickly covered with large russet dots; flesh yellow, with a greenish tinge, melting, rather crisp, very juicy, sweet, vinous, with a very powerful and peculiar flavor unlike any other pear; a first quality, delicious fruit; nov. =huyshe prince of wales. .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= _jour. hort._ = =: , fig. . . _huyshe bergamot._ = .= _gard. chron._ = =: , fig. . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . of the same origin as huyshe victoria. first fruited in and named _huyshe bergamot_ but later changed to huyshe prince of wales. fruit large, globular-oval, even in outline, lemon-yellow covered with a finely reticulated cinnamon-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, tender, melting, juicy and richly flavored; first; end of nov. to jan. =huyshe princess of wales. .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . this pear, first fruited in , is of the same origin as huyshe victoria. fruit medium, oblong, even in outline, abrupt at the stalk, lemon-yellow sprinkled with patches, veins and dots of pale cinnamon-russet; flesh of a deep yellow, fine, very melting, abundantly juicy, richly flavored and highly aromatic; very excellent; nov. =huyshe victoria. .= _jour. hort._ = =: . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . _victoria._ = .= _gard. chron._ , fig. . . _victoria d'huyse._ = .= _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . rev. john huyshe, a clergyman at clysthydon rectory, near cullompton, devon, eng., raised, about , three plants from pips of one fruit from marie louise, hybridized with gansel bergamot. of these three plants one produced fruit in or and was named huyshe victoria. the other two fruited in subsequent years and were named huyshe prince of wales and huyshe princess of wales, respectively; these three together with a fourth, huyshe prince consort, being known as the _royal pears_. tree vigorous, spreading, very productive. fruit medium in size, ovate-pyriform or ovate-acute-pyriform, yellow, freckled and veined with thin, smooth cinnamon-russet; stem medium in length, stout, generally inclined and inserted without depression; calyx open; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, vinous; good to very good; nov. =hyacinthe du puis. .= _guide prat._ . . in trial orchards of simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . fruit medium; flesh rather fine, salmon tinted, savory, juicy; nov. and dec. =ickworth. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . originated by t. a. knight, president of the london horticultural society, who in sent cions to mr. lowell and the massachusetts agricultural society. fruit melting, rich, rose-flavored; mar. and apr. =ida. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . fruit large, doyenné-shaped, yellowish-green washed with red-brown; flesh buttery; first; oct. =ilinka. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . this variety was published by messrs. simon-louis, of metz, lorraine, in as having been received by them from m. niemetz, winnitza, european western russia. fruit medium to large, yellow, blushed with red on the side of the sun; medium quality; end of july. =impériale à feuilles de chêne. .= duhamel _trait arb. fr._ = =: , pl. liv. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _oak-leaved imperial._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _impériale._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . the origin of this pear is unknown but it was propagated by the chartreux monks of paris in . the tree is very vigorous and hardy and the leaves are singular in that, due to their peculiar indenting and puckering, they have the appearance of being sinuated like those of the oak. fruit large, ovate, irregular, mammillate at the summit and always having one side larger than the other, dull yellow, covered with large reddish dots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-breaking, juicy, gritty at center, sugary, almost without perfume; first for cooking, third for dessert; feb. to may. =incommunicable. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= _mag. hort_. = =: . . flemish. in a list of pears grown in france and the netherlands sent by joseph parmentier to the london horticultural society in . fruit above medium, pyramidal and compressed toward the stalk, pale grass-green, thickly sprinkled with small gray-russety specks; stem short, stout, inclined; flesh yellowish-white, tinged near the core with a light shade of orange, a little gritty, melting, juicy, saccharine, with a slight musky perfume; latter half of oct. =incomparable de beuraing. .= _guide prat._ . . a french pear, presumably, published first by grégoire and on trial in the trial-orchard of messrs. simon-louis in . fruit very large; flesh fine, melting, juicy; of rather good quality; nov. =indian queen. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . exhibited by henry mclaughlin, bangor, me., before the massachusetts horticultural society in . fruit rather large, long-pyriform, greenish-yellow with a brown cheek; flesh coarse, semi-melting, sweet, not rich, insipid; good for market only; sept. =infortunée. .= mas. _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . said to have been shown at the exhibition of gotha, ger., in . fruit medium, turbinate-ovoid, ordinarily regular in contour; skin rather thick, clear green spotted with gray specks, round, small, numerous; at maturity the basic green becomes a dull pale yellow and golden on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, semi-fine and melting, gritty round the core; juice sufficient and sweet; second; aug. =ingénieur wolters. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit medium; flesh fine, very sugary, perfumed; first; oct. =innominée. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . raised by van mons who in sent cions of it to the massachusetts horticultural society. fruit over inches in length and nearly - / in breadth, rather pyramidal, swollen at the middle; skin light green, mottled with pale fawn color, partially yellow at maturity; flesh delicate, melting, sweet, and full of a pleasant odor; good; between summer and autumn. =international. .= _guide prat._ . . reported in the trial orchards of messrs. simon-louis at metz, lorraine, in . fruit medium; first; dec. to feb. =iris grégoire. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling raised by xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel., it fruited for the first time in . fruit variable in size, sometimes below medium, long-conic, swelled at base, bossed, and corrugated at apex, a clear golden-yellow, finely dotted and streaked with gray, washed with fawn at either pole; flesh white, semi-fine and melting, rather dry and gritty; juice insufficient, sweet, having a pleasant aroma; second or even third when especially deficient in juice; nov. and dec. =isabella. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass.; it fruited first in . fruit medium, pyriform, light green blushed with red on the side next the sun; flesh white, juicy, sprightly, agreeable; oct. =isabelle de malèves. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . this pear is no. in _les fruits du jardin van mons_ by m. bivort but is stated by mas to have been obtained by grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit small or nearly medium, fig-like in form, i. e., ovate-conic, regular in contour, a lively green speckled with gray dots, some russet around each pole; at maturity the green becomes yellowish; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous, refreshing; first; end of july and early aug. =island. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with cornelius bergen on bergen island adjoining long island about . fruit medium, short-pyriform inclining to turbinate, often turbinate or bergamot-shaped, pale yellow, netted, sprinkled, and patched with russet, covered thickly with small brown spots and slightly shaded with crimson where exposed to the sun; flesh white, a little granular, juicy, melting, with a sprightly, perfumed, somewhat aromatic flavor; very good; sept. and oct. =italienische winterbergamotte. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . italy, . fruit medium, turbinate, slightly bossed, light green changing to yellowish-green, often blushed with brown, speckled with numerous fine, brown dots; flesh yellowish, coarse-grained, juicy, melting and sweet; third for the table, first for kitchen; apr. and may. =ives. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by dr. eli ives, new haven, conn. fruit small to medium, rather globular, greenish, brownish-red cheek; flesh melting, sugary, juicy; good; sept. =ives august. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by dr. eli ives. fruit medium, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, green, with a brownish-red cheek; flesh greenish-white, semi-melting, juicy, rather astringent; good; aug. =ives bergamotte. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated by dr. eli ives. fruit medium or small, globular, greenish-yellow with some traces of russet; flesh rather coarse, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous; good; sept. =ives seedling. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . raised by dr. eli ives. fruit nearly medium, rather globular, greenish-yellow, shaded with crimson; flesh whitish, coarse and granular, melting, juicy, with a refreshing sugary flavor, perfumed; good; sept. =ives virgalieu. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . raised by dr. eli ives. fruit below medium, pyriform, greenish blushed with dull crimson; flesh whitish, granular, juicy, sweet, vinous, buttery and melting; good to very good; oct. =ives winter. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . raised by dr. eli ives. fruit medium, depressed-pyriform, yellowish, sprinkled with russet spots; flesh white, coarse, granular; cooking; dec. =ives yale. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by dr. eli ives. fruit medium, globular, mammillate at base of stem, dull greenish-yellow, blushed with brownish-crimson in the sun; flesh greenish-white, moderately juicy; good; early aug. =jablousky. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated at wittenberg, ger., in . fruit small, nearly round, symmetrical; skin smooth and polished, greenish-yellow turning to light waxy yellow, often slightly blushed; flesh semi-melting and rather coarse, having a musky aroma; second for the table, first for culinary uses, first for market; sept. =jackson. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . origin, new hampshire. fruit medium, obovate, short-pyriform, pale yellow, somewhat russeted; flesh white and juicy, brisk, vinous; good to very good; sept. =jackson elizabeth. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with s. s. jackson, cincinnati, ohio. fruit medium, globular-obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, tinged with crimson on the sunny side and thickly dotted with russet; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant and slightly aromatic; good to very good; sept. =jacqmain. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . from simon bouvier, jodoigne, bel., about . fruit above medium, long-turbinate, obtuse, swelled at middle circumference, smaller on one side than the other; skin rugose, thick, greenish, dotted with clear gray and sometimes vermilioned on the side exposed to the sun; flesh greenish-white, coarse, semi-breaking, gritty; juice sufficient, sugary without any pronounced perfume; third; oct. =jacques chamaret. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . from the last seed beds made at laval, france, in or by léon leclerc. fruit above medium, turbinate, slightly obtuse, mammillate at base, bossed at summit, clear yellow, dotted and stained with russet; flesh white, fine, semi-melting, watery, rather granular at center; juice abundant, sweet, very sugary and perfumed; first; nov. =jacques mollet. .= _guide prat._ . . published by boisbunel in . fruit medium or large, oblong; first; nov. to feb. =jakobsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported from wetterau. fruit medium, long, green, changing to yellow, some brown-russet and very fine dots; flesh very sugary, balsamic, mild and tender; first for dessert, domestic and market uses; sept. =jalousie. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xlvii, fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this is one of the oldest french pears, having been mentioned by the naturalist daléchamp before and thought by him to have come from the romans. merlet mentioned it in . fruit rather large, obovate and sometimes obtuse-pyriform; skin rough to the touch, yellowish-green, very much covered with cinnamon-colored russet, ruddy on the sun-exposed side, and singularly marked with conspicuous, lighter-colored specks, which are slightly raised; flesh white, melting, juicy, sugary, sourish, having a pleasant flavor; hardly first class; oct. =jalousie de la réole. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium; flesh fine, very melting, very sugary; delicious; nov. to jan. =jalousie tardive. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin unknown, but it was among the first trees planted in the garden of the horticultural society of maine-et-loire, fr., on its creation in . fruit large, variable, long-turbinate, more or less obtuse, or very long-ovate, bossed and contorted, depressed at both poles, clear russet extensively washed with red-brown; flesh breaking; first for cooking; feb. and mar. =jalvy. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . fruit above medium, long, slightly obtuse, swelled at the middle, contracted at both ends especially at the summit; skin rough to the touch, yellowish-green, dotted and reticulated with gray, washed with clear brown-russet on the side next the sun and bearing some black stains; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting, free from grit, but apt to rot quickly; juice abundant, refreshing, sugary; second; jan. =jaminette. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . from a seedling in the garden of m. pyrolle early in the nineteenth century. fruit medium, turbinate-obtuse, pale yellowish-green, dotted and reticulated all over with gray-russet; flesh yellowish, semi-fine and semi-melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous and aromatic on light soils, but insipid and without perfume on clayey and humid land; first; nov. to jan. =jansemine. .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the origin of jansemine is unknown but it has been cultivated in the neighborhood of bordeaux for some years. fruit below medium or rather small, short-turbinate or globular-conic, grass-green, dotted with gray-russet and clouded with clear maroon on the side of the sun; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine, granular at the center, slightly breaking, juicy, sugary and pleasantly perfumed; rather good, but not first; july. =japan. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . . raised by gideon ross, westfield, n. j., from seeds found in the trunk of his nephew who died on his way from japan. fruit medium, oblate; skin rough, reddish-russet-yellow with large light-colored specks; flesh coarse, gritty, firm, with a consistence and flavor much like that of a delicate quince; of no value for dessert; oct. to feb. =japan golden russet. .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . _golden russet._ = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . _canners japan._ = .= _huntsville nurs. cat._ . . said to closely resemble gold dust and japan wonder. tree very hardy and a young bearer, often blossoming the first year and setting the fruit the second. fruit large to medium, apple-shaped, rather flat, regular, light lemon-yellow, with many fine dots, russeted, especially about the stem; flesh juicy, aromatic, slightly sweetish; poor; texture coarse; oct. =japan wonder. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . japanese, introduced to this country by doctor whitaker, who says of it: "the fruit is rather flat, large, apple-like; color light yellow, with many white dots covering the entire surface; flesh white, brittle, juicy, poor in quality. tree an open grower." =japanese sand. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit medium, apple-shaped, lemon-yellow, with russet dots; flesh hard, flavor much like daimyo; poor; late oct. =jargonelle d'automne. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis at metz, lorraine, in . fruit medium, fusiform, long, yellow, sometimes washed with red; flesh very fine, very melting and juicy; excellent; oct. and nov. =jaune hâtive. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . _gelbe frühbirne._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . french. fruit small, pyriform, flattened at the lower end, obtuse at the apex, yellow-green; flesh white, coarse, sprightly, slightly perfumed; juice deficient; of value only on account of its early season; july. =jaune de merveillon. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . an old french variety. fruit very small, turbinate, pale green, free from dots or marks, changing at maturity to pale yellow, golden on the side next the sun; flesh white, tinted with yellow beneath the skin, fine, semi-breaking, possessing sufficient juice, sugary, and refreshing, with an agreeable perfume of musk; good; beginning of july. =jean baptist. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling raised at ath, hainaut, bel.; first described in . fruit large, obtuse-conic; skin rough, grass-green, spotted with clear brown and stained with gray-russet; flesh yellowish, semi-melting and semi-fine, juicy, sugary, scented and delicate; second for the table, first for culinary purposes; oct. and nov. (leroy); jan. and feb. (dochnahl). =jean-baptiste bivort. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated at geest-saint-rémy in . fruit rather large, regular turbinate, bright green becoming partially yellow at maturity, marked and dotted with gray-russet; flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy, sugary and highly aromatic; nov. =jean-baptiste dediest. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by m. xavier grégoire, jodoigne, brabant; first reported in . fruit medium, globular; flesh fine, juicy, sugary; good; spring until july. =jean cottineau. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . on trial in the orchards of messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in and rated by them in as a third-class summer pear. fruit medium, globular, yellowish-green, spotted with red on the sun-exposed side; flesh white, sugary; good; mid-aug. =jean laurent. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis at metz in . tree of remarkable fertility; suitable for large orchards. fruit small or medium; flesh breaking; first for culinary purposes; dec. to june. =jean sano. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel., and on trial in the orchards of messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . fruit medium or rather large; flesh semi-fine, very sugary and aromatic; nov. and dec. =jean de witte. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _passe colmar françois._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . raised at brussels early in the nineteenth century by m. witzthumb, director of the botanical garden. fruit below but sometimes up to medium, globular or turbinate, irregular, surface bossed and undulated, greenish, dotted and marbled with a more or less gray-russet; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, extremely juicy, sugary, perfumed, with a buttery flavor, quite delicious; first; dec. =jeanne. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in , having been received by them from m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit large or very large, oblong-obovate; flesh semi-melting, nearly breaking, juicy, sugary and aromatic; nov. =jeanne d'arc. .= _rev. hort._ , fig. . obtained by a. sannier, rouen, fr., from a seedling of beurré diel fertilized with the doyenné du comice. placed in commerce in , and recommended by the pomological society of france ten years later. fruit large, obtuse, rather of the aspect of the duchesse d'angoulême; skin slightly rough, pale lemon-yellow, tinted with rose on the side exposed to the sun, speckled with rose, some marks of fawn color; flesh white, granular about the core, fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, agreeable, only slightly perfumed; good; oct. and nov. =jefferson. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . in a report from georgia to the american pomological society in , p. barry wrote of a jefferson pear as a native of alabama and an early summer fruit. downing gives the following description of a pear of the same name originating in mississippi. fruit large, roundish-obtuse-pyriform, straw-color, shaded with red in the sun, and dotted with small green dots; flesh white, not juicy, sweet, coarse, decays quickly at core, not highly flavored; aug. =jersey gratioli. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . in the island of jersey this is known as the _gratioli_ and was at the beginning of the nineteenth century grown in england under that name. but as _gratioli_ is the italian name of bon chrétien d'Été, the name was changed in england to "jersey gratioli." fruit above medium, globular-obovate, greenish-yellow, covered with large, rough, russet spots, tinged with pale brown next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, very melting, rich, sugary, vinous, sprightly; a dessert pear of the highest excellence. =jerusalem. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the peare of jerusalem, or the stript pear, whose barke while it is young, is as plainly seene to be stript with greene, red, and yellow, as the fruit it selfe is also, and is of a very good taste: being baked also, it is as red as the best warden, whereof master william ward of essex hath assured mee, who is the chiefe keeper of the king's granary at whitehall." =jeschil armudi. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a turkish variety, probably of small value. fruit medium, pyriform, greenish-yellow; flesh sweet, perfumed; mid-season. =jewel. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated with captain bankhead near edgewood, mo., about . said to be productive and not to have blighted. =jewess. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . from a seedling raised by major espéren, mechlin, bel., and so named because the tree grew on a wall fronting the rue des juifs (street of the jews). it first fruited in . fruit medium, ovate, always a little bossed and more swelled on one side than on the other, uniformly pale yellow, dotted, veined, and mottled with gray-russet and often slightly roseate on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, very juicy, sugary and rich; first; nov. to feb. =john cotton. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., and fruited in . fruit below medium, turbinate, green; flesh fine-grained, slightly acid; good market pear, ripens well and bears abundantly; sept. =john griffith. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in westchester co., n. y. fruit medium, globular-obovate-obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with numerous brown dots, nettings and patches of russet; flesh whitish, coarse, wanting in juice, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; sept. =john monteith. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a good quality pear esteemed highly in perthshire, scotland. fruit medium, angular toward the calyx where it becomes rather foursided; skin bright green changing to yellowish-green at maturity; flesh greenish-yellow, melting, buttery, sweet and pleasantly flavored; good. =john williams. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ , . . an old american variety but not propagated until about . in it was reported to be the best winter pear for tennessee. fruit large, pyriform, clear yellow washed with red; flesh white, very juicy, sugary, vinous and perfumed; good; nov. and dec. =johonnot. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . raised by george s. johonnot, salem, mass., and first came unto bearing about . fruit medium, globular-obovate, irregular, swollen on one side, hardly tapering to the stem; skin slightly rough, very thin, pale greenish-yellow, partially covered with dull russet, and a little browned on the sunny side; flesh white, coarse, melting and very juicy, rich, brisk, with a delicious, musky aroma; core large and slightly gritty; good; sept. =joie du semeur. .= _guide prat._ . . issued from a seed bed of joséphine de malines, which fruit it resembles in size and form, and was disseminated by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. flesh fine, melting, saccharine and aromatic; nov. =jolie lille de gust. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . belgian. fruit small, globular, acute-pyriform, pale yellow shaded with crimson; flesh white, coarse, dry; of no value except for its beauty; sept. =joly de bonneau. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . first published by de jonghe. fruit medium or above, curved obovate, pale green, strewed with spots and veins of brown-russet; flesh reddened, or white with a pink tinge, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous; first; dec. =jonah. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . known early in the last century in the city of new haven, conn., and said to be one of the parents of howell. fruit, "a very hard and tough winter pear, producing enormous crops every year that seldom becomes mellow and fit for dessert fruit, but when it does, it is very good, being full of rich, subacid, slightly astringent juice." =jones. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ , fig. . originated at kingsessing, near philadelphia. fruit medium or below, pyriform, broad at calyx, tapering to the stem which meets it by a fleshy junction; yellow shaded with russet, bright cinnamon on the sunny side; flesh coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, brisk and vinous; very good; were it a little larger would be one of the most valuable; oct. =joseph lebeau. .= _guide prat._ . . originated by dr. nelis. fruit large; flesh melting; first; mar. and apr. =joseph staquet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . obtained by bivort from a seed bed made at fleurus, bel., in . fruit medium, often smaller, pyriform, somewhat obtuse; skin fine, tender, dull green passing to dark yellow, dotted, veined and stained with fawn; flesh whitish, fine, melting; juice sufficient, sugary, with a rather delicate aroma; second; end of aug. and early sept. =joséphine de binche. .= _guide prat._ . . described in . fruit medium, globular-turbinate, bright yellow ground washed with brown; flesh semi-melting, very juicy, sugary, with an exquisite flavor; first; nov. and dec. =joséphine de maubrai. .= _gard. chron._ n. s. = =: . . fruit medium, globular-turbinate; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary; first; nov. to jan. =josephsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . austrian. published in . fruit medium, obtuse-conic, light green turning to yellowish, often somewhat blushed; flesh granular, semi-melting, sweet; third for table, first for kitchen; sept. =joyau de septembre. .= _rev. hort._ , fig. . . obtained by a. hérault, angers, fr., and first published in . fruit medium, turbinate, obtuse, curved, golden yellow at maturity, slight greenish near the summit, dotted with gray and often marbled with bronze-russet; flesh white, fine, free from grit, melting, very juicy, sugary, pleasantly acid and perfumed; first; sept. and oct. =judge andrews .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in pennsylvania. fruit medium, oblong-obovate-pyriform, yellowish, traced and mottled with red in the sun; flesh coarse, breaking, dry; of no value; sept. =jules d'airoles= (grégoire). = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . raised by m. xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel, and first published in . fruit medium or rather large, spherical but somewhat irregular, often a little bossed or deformed in contour; skin rather firm and rough to the touch, bright green speckled with very numerous, irregular, blackish dots; at maturity the basic green becomes whitish-yellow; flesh white, semi-fine, buttery, melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, sugary, slightly acid and perfumed; good; oct. =jules d'airolles= (leclerc). = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . obtained in by léon leclerc, laval, mayence, fr. fruit rather large, long-conic, greenish-yellow washed with carmine; flesh semi-melting, very sugary, juicy and perfumed; first; beginning of winter. =jules blaise. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . = .= _guide prat._ . . stated to have been a gain of m. millet, nancy, fr., and to have been known also as the _bonne-gris de nancy_. fruit small or medium, pyriform, mottled and dotted all over with fawn; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed, refreshing; first; oct. =jules delloy. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit rather small, globular-obovate, yellow covered with speckles and network of cinnamon-russet; flesh melting, pasty, flavorless; inferior; dec. =julie duquet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . originated at châlons-sur-marne, fr., about the year . fruit medium, globular-oblate, dark yellow stained and dotted with fawn; flesh whitish, breaking, granular; juice sufficient, insipid; third for dessert, second for the cuisine; end of apr. to end of june. =julienne. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . a beautiful and productive fruit and profitable for the market. fruit medium but varying on different soils, obovate, regularly formed, very smooth, skin fair, clear bright yellow all over; flesh white, rather firm at first, semi-buttery, sweet, moderately juicy, rich, sprightly; should be gathered a few days before ripe and kept in the house; aug. =juvardeil. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . originated at juvardeil, maine-et-loire, fr.; its age is unknown. fruit below medium though occasionally rather larger, turbinate, regular in form, slightly obtuse, swelled at the base, pale yellow, evenly dotted with russet and slightly tinged with rose on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and breaking, gritty about the core; juice plentiful, sugary, acidulous and scented; second; nov. and dec. =kaestner. .= _guide prat._ . . belgian. raised by van mons. fruit medium to small, oval, lemon-yellow, without russet, small light brown spots; skin scentless; flesh fine-grained, melting, very juicy, acid, sweet and aromatic; good; sept. =kalchbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown throughout austria and the northern tyrol though under various names. fruit fairly large to very large, long-pyriform, crooked toward the stalk; skin smooth and shining, green turning lemon-yellow at maturity, with a rather shining red blush, fine green dots; flesh whitish, coarse, very juicy, saccharine, aromatic, rather astringent, slightly acid; among the richest of the wine pears; sept. =kalmerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . dutch, published . fruit large, conic, slightly obtuse, yellow flecked with brown; flesh rather tender and succulent, sweet and agreeable; second for table, first for culinary use; aug. =kamper-venus. .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _camperveen._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . of ancient and unknown origin. the kamper-venus has been cultivated in holland for some centuries and a dutch writer, de lacour, writing in , said, as m. leroy thinks, that "the romans possessed it and called it the _pear of venus_." fruit large, pyriform, obovate, smooth, shining, very pale green, sprinkled with dark brown spots; at maturity the green changes to a beautiful bright lemon-yellow, marbled on the side of the sun with red; flesh white, rather fine, firm, melting; juice abundant, vinous, acidulous, perfumed; first class for kitchen use; winter. =kathelenbirne. .= oberdieck _obst-sort_. . . german. fruit small, in form of an orange and bergamot; surface polished, grass-green becoming rather golden, russeted, without any red blush; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, aromatic; best for household use; oct. and nov., weeks. =katy. .= _pearfield nursery cat._ . . said to have originated at new ulm, tex., and to be a seedling of le conte. it is reported that the tree is a rapid, upright grower, and an early and abundant bearer; and that the fruit resembles howell in size, shape, and color, and is very juicy, buttery and refreshing, with a pleasant vinous flavor. =keiser. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . fruit medium, turbinate, gradually tapering from the middle to the stalk, pale green becoming yellowish-green, thickly sprinkled with small, gray-russety specks, and russet around the stalk; flesh greenish-white, a little gritty, melting, juicy, saccharine, without any particular flavor; keeps some weeks from mid-oct.; hardy, and bears plentifully upon an open standard. =kelsey. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . about a pear seedling came up in the garden of william kelsey, columbus, ohio, and was named kelsey. fruit above medium to large, globular-obovate, surface uneven, dull green becoming yellow at maturity, traces of russet all over the fruit, many small dark green spots; flesh greenish-yellow, melting, sweet, buttery, juicy, vinous, slightly aromatic; good; oct. to feb., ripening gradually. =kennedy. .= _cal. bd. hort. rpt._ . . = .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . originated by general bidwell, rancho chico, cal. fruit globular-oblate, small, russet; flesh tough, gritty; mid-season. =kentucky. .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . fruit small, turbinate, obovate, yellow, russeted; flesh white, melting, granular, mild; very poor; sept. =kenyon. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated at mcgregor, iowa, about . fruit to - / inches in diameter, globular, begins to drop in september or october and then apparently of no account, but if picked then and properly cared for until the middle of november or later, changes in color from a dark green to a golden yellow or straw color and is tender, juicy, and sweet, with a very fine flavor. =kermes. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . raised by van mons, . fruit medium; gourd-shaped, green becoming yellowish-green, speckled with russet; flesh yellowish-white, semi-melting, full of juice; second for dessert, first for domestic use; sept. =kilwinning. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit medium, oblong, dark green, strewed all over with gray dots, with some patches of russet, brownish-red next the sun, changing at maturity to yellowish-green and a livelier red; flesh yellowish-white, tender, pleasant, with a strong perfume; second; oct. =king. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated at oswego, n. y. fruit medium or below, globular-oblate-pyriform, greenish-brown in the sun, with many green and brown dots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, sweet; good; sept. and oct. =king edward. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . an english variety cataloged by the horticultural society of london in . fruit enormous, sometimes - / in. long and - / wide, pyriform, gradually tapering to the stalk; skin smooth and shining, of a beautiful grass-green changing to yellow, speckled with dark green dots on the shaded side, red on the exposed cheek; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, very juicy, sweet and acidulous, with a slight rose-water perfume; good for cooking; sept. to nov. =king seedling. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . origin uncertain but probably american. fruit medium, oblate, uneven, yellowish-green, rough; flesh granular, whitish-green, juicy, sugary, aromatic, perfumed; good; sept. and oct. =king sobieski. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: , . . fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, yellow, with red blush; flesh juicy, sweet, perfumed; good; mid-season. =kirtland. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . . in professor kirtland, cleveland, ohio, raised several trees on his farm in poland, ohio, of which this is one. fruit medium, globular-ovate, rich crimson-russet, varying to a dull green; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, aromatic; first; sept. =klein landlbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear known as _landlbirne_ in lower austria, _green landlbirne_ in upper and lower austria, and by other names in upper austria and istria. fruit small to medium, globular or turbinate and very even in contour, leaf-green changing to greenish-yellow when ripe, densely sprinkled with very fine russet spots; flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, astringent, saccharine, acidulous; good for transportation; end of oct. to dec. =kleine fuchselbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a pear used for perry in lower austria. fruit small, turbinate to ovate, very regular in contour, yellow when ripe, covered with cinnamon-russet and finely dotted with green specks, some red on the sunny side; flesh white, tolerably fine, juicy, highly saccharine, only slightly astringent, very aromatic; sept. =kleine gelbe bratbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . rhineland. reported in diel in . fruit small, ovate, pale yellow-green turning to waxy yellow, dotted with fine, green specks; flesh granular, very juicy, sweet; second for table, first for kitchen; aug. =kleine gelbe hessenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hesse, ger. reported in by diel. fruit small, pyriform, symmetrical, yellowish light-green changing to lemon-yellow, very fine dots; flesh breaking, white, granular, wanting in juice; first for culinary use; sept. =kleine gelbe maukelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . hesse, ger. published by diel in . fruit small, round-ovate, symmetrical, smooth, light green changing to yellowish green, often lightly blushed; flesh snow white, buttery, semi-melting, musky, aromatic; first for the table, household and market purposes; sept. =kleine gelbe sommer-zuckerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german. published by sickler, . fruit medium, variable in form, obtuse-conic, greenish-yellow turning to yellow, with very minute green and gray specks; flesh semi-breaking, very white, very sweet; second for table, first for cuisine, good for market; aug. =kleine gelbe sommermuskatellerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _petite bergamotte jaune d'Été._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . nassau. published by diel, . fruit very small, turbinate, shining skin, lemon-yellow, seldom blushed, very finely dotted with light green; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, semi-melting, musky, aromatic; first for household, good for market; mid-july. =kleine grüne backbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german. published by diel, . fruit small, ovate, symmetrical, light green turning to yellow-green, very finely dotted, rather russeted; flesh glutinous, very sugary, aromatic; first for household use; end of sept. for two weeks. =kleine lange sommer-muskatellerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _petite muscat long d'Été._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . thuringia, ger., . fruit small, sometimes ovate-turbinate, sometimes conic-ovate, regular in contour; skin thick and firm, clear green at first, sprinkled with dots of a darker shade changing to lemon-yellow with the dots little visible, orange-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, tinted with yellow, rather fine, semi-buttery, very sugary and musky; moderately good; early aug. =kleine leutsbirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown in upper austria under the name of _holzbirne_ and by that of kleine leutsbirne and other names in lower austria. fruit below medium, variable in form, mostly long-obtuse-pyriform, gray-green with dark green streaks downward from the stalk, changing to yellow-green when ripe, densely covered with minute dots; flesh whitish, moderately fine, juicy, acidulous, saccharine, unusually astringent; nov. and dec. =kleine pfalzgrafin. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _petite comtesse palatine._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . appears to be an ancient and perhaps roman variety. reported in germany in . fruit small, conic-ovate or ovate-pyriform, water-green dotted with small brown points; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, breaking, gritty near the center; juice sufficient and rich in sugar and perfume; good for the table, and first class for all the purposes of the cook; sept. and oct. =kleine pfundbirne. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . wetterau, ger., . fruit large, globular-turbinate, grass-green changing to yellowish-green, rough, dotted with gray; flesh tender, pleasant, good for household; oct. to dec. =kleine runde haferbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, ger., . fruit small, globular, light green changing to pale lemon-yellow, strongly blushed with dark red, dotted; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, rather astringent, sourish; good for cooking, early sept. =kleine schlesische zimmbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german. published . fruit small, pyriform, yellow-green with vivid red blush, finely dotted with gray and yellow-green; flesh breaking, very aromatic and sweet; second for table, first for cooking; aug. =kleine sommer-zuckerratenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . rhineland, , dr. diel. fruit medium, turbinate, often rather conic, yellow-green turning to lemon-yellow, with dark red blush; flesh gritty, sugary, aromatic; second for dessert, first for kitchen; sept. =kleine zwiebelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported in thuringia, . fruit small, bulbous or globular-turbinate, lemon-yellow, blushed, dotted with gray, splashed with gray-russet; flesh whitish, sweet, firm, breaking, juicy; good for culinary use; autumn. =kloppelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . hesse, ger. reported by diel, . one of the volemas. fruit medium, almost round, yellowish-white, changing to lemon-yellow with pale blush; flesh breaking, aromatic, juicy, perfumed; second for table, first for cooking; dec. =knabenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german. published by diel, . fruit medium, turbinate, swelled, sides unequal; skin polished, light green changing to greenish yellow, often has a dark blush, green dots; flesh granular, very juicy, sweet and acid; second for dessert, first for household; end of aug. =knausbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown under a variety of names in austria and germany. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, sides unequal, greenish light-yellow, washed and streaked with reddish-brown; flesh yellow-white, breaking, astringent, saccharine, with little flavor or aroma; third for the table, but good for cooking use, perry or drying; end of sept. =knechtchensbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, ger., . fruit small, round pear-shaped, yellow, russet dots, blushed; flesh firm, insipid; good for cooking; aug. and sept. =knight. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by william knight of cranston, r. i., and first exhibited before the massachusetts horticultural society in . fruit medium, oblate-pyriform, yellowish pale-green with grayish specks; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic; sept. and oct. =knollbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear of swiss origin introduced into austria about . fruit medium to rather large, long-ovate; skin leaf-green turning to yellow-green at maturity, half the fruit on the sun-exposed side often being a dark brown-red; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, very juicy, saccharine and astringent; good for transporting; oct. and nov. =knoops simmtbirne. .= _guide prat._ , . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _poire canelle._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin uncertain, possibly dutch. dr. diel received it from harlem under the name of _franse canneel-peer_. knoop described under the name _fondante de brest_, a variety to which he gave the synonym _franse canneel-peer_, but it is not the _fondante de brest_ of duhamel and other french authors. fruit medium, nearly short-conic, and sometimes conic and somewhat pyriform; skin fine and thin, clear green sown with numerous small, brown dots changing to dull yellow; flesh white, slightly tinted with yellow, buttery or semi-buttery, gritty around the core, juice sufficient, sweet and perfumed; good for eating raw and very good for cooking; sept. =kolmasbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small, globular or longish-pyriform, smooth, shining, dirty greenish-yellow, golden on the sun-exposed side, dotted with red; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, very juicy, saccharine, astringent; late sept. =kolstuck. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _koolstock._ = .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . origin unknown. reported on trial at the experiment station, agassiz, b. c, in . fruit medium or nearly medium, obtuse-conic-pyriform, rather like calebasse in form, often a little irregular in contour, clear green on which, in parts, are visible very small specks of gray-black; at maturity the basic green changes to pale yellow and the cheek exposed to the sun is extensively washed or flamed with bright vermilion; medium early. =könig karl von württemberg. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= lucas _tafelbirnen_ , fig. . . _roi charles de wurtemberg._ = .= _guide prat._ . . obtained about by herr müller, gardener to the king of württemberg. fruit large to very large, oval, bossed, obtuse, pale yellow, speckled with russet and brown dots; flesh fine, nearly melting, agreeably perfumed, juicy, good for dessert and is decorative for the table; oct. and nov. =königliche weissbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . holland, . fruit medium, obtuse-conic, rounded at the apex, regular; skin shining, smooth, light green turning to greenish-yellow, green dots; flesh breaking, white, sweet, aromatic, fairly melting; second for dessert, first for cuisine; early sept. =königsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . north german, . fruit large, sides unequal, smooth, light green turning to yellow, dotted with fine gray; flesh breaking, tender, sweet; second for table, first for household; aug. and sept. =konstanzer langler. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown in the voralberg, austria, and in bavaria, baden and other parts of germany. fruit medium to large, long-pyriform, greenish, speckled with brownish-red dots and patches of russet; flesh greenish-white, juicy, of a saccharine and acidulous flavor; end of sept. =kraft sommer bergamotte. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _bergamotte d'été de kraft._ = .= _guide prat._ . . fruit small, spherical-oblate, fine, bright yellow; flesh breaking, sugary; end of aug. and beginning of sept. =krauelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported in holstein, ger., . fruit small, globular, wrinkled and uneven; flesh granular, sweet, wanting in juice; third for dessert, good for culinary use; nov. to whitsuntide. =kreiselförmige flegelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . upper hesse, ger., . reported by diel. fruit large, turbinate, entirely covered with russet, with very dark dots, breaking, fragrantly scented; first for household; jan. =kriegebirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . switzerland, schwaben, published . fruit small, globular, yellow-green, shining, dark blush with gray specks; first for household and market; oct. =krivonogof. .= _can. hort._ = =: . . originated in the province of toula, russia. tree very hardy. fruit of good quality. =krockhals. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, . published by diel. fruit medium, pyriform, bent or acutely sloping, lemon-yellow, cinnamon-russeted, often having a dark blush, heavily dotted; flesh rather white, granular, buttery, melting, juicy and extremely aromatic; first for table and cooking; nov. and dec. =krull. .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= budd-hansen _am. pom. man._ = =: . . _krull winter._ = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated on the farm of mr. krull, st. charles, mo., about , and brought to notice by c. t. mallinckrodt in . fruit type of lawrence, medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, green with a tinge of yellow; stem short, thick, in a shallow cavity; calyx open, in a shallow basin; flesh yellowish, firm, granular, tough, rather dry, sweet, flat; poor to above; keeps into winter. =krummgestielte feigenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . saxony, . fruit medium, pyriform, thick-skinned, yellow-green with brown blush and rather rust-colored on the side next the sun, speckled with very fine dots; flesh yellowish-white, glutinous, very sweet, wanting in flavor; third for dessert, first for domestic use; oct. =kuhfuss. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _pied-de-vache._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . the origin of this pear, probably german, is not definitely known, but according to oberdieck it was cultivated in almost all the large gardens of hanover, and bore the name of _pfundbirn_ or _pound pear_ at hildesheim, göttingen and cassel. fruit large, globular-turbinate; skin rather thick, of an intense green, speckled with dots of a darker shade, the green turning to yellow at maturity; flesh white, tinted with green, coarse, semi-melting; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous and refreshing; good; aug. =kurskaya. .= _neb. hort. soc. rpt._ . . introduced from russia in . fruit oblong-obtuse-pyriform, brownish-green changing partially to deep yellow when fully ripe; stem set in a narrow, shallow depression; calyx open in a rather wide, smooth basin; flesh nearly white, tender, not very juicy, nearly sweet; fair; oct. =l'inconnue van mons. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _unbekannte von mons._ = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . fruit large, pyriform, rough to the touch, greenish-yellow, covered with large gray dots and patches of cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish, firm, very juicy, rich and sugary, with an agreeable aroma; first; feb. =l'inconstante. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _inconstant._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling raised either by van mons or by his successor, bivort. fruit medium, conic or conic-pyriform, a little variable in form; skin thin, tender, pale green, sprinkled with very small and inconspicuous dots of gray fawn; on ripening the basic green changes to clear yellow, often preserving a green tint on the side next the sun, sometimes tinted with light red; flesh whitish, semi-fine, very melting, rather granular near the core; juice abundant, saccharine and more or less perfumed; good; oct. =la béarnaise. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by p. tourasse, pau, basses pyrénées, fr. fruit above medium or large, well colored; flesh melting, juicy; first; nov. =la cité gomand. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . attributed by van mons to m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit small, short-obtuse-turbinate, usually regular in outline, very clear green, whitish, speckled with very small dots not clearly visible; at maturity the basic color changes to pale yellow, slightly golden or washed with a suggestion of red on the side next the sun; flesh white, rather fine, semi-buttery; juice slightly deficient, sugary, faintly perfumed; second; end of sept. =la france. .= _gard. chron._ d ser. = =: . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. fr._ , fig. . obtained by claude blanchet, vienne, isere, fr., about . fruit medium or rather large, globular-conic, irregular, strongly bossed, greenish, sometimes pale yellow, freely dotted with gray; flesh white, fine or nearly fine, very melting; juice very saccharine, perfumed; very good; oct. and nov. =la moulinoise. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a foreign variety, probably french. fruit large, oblong-pyriform, greenish-yellow, partially netted and patched with russet and thickly sprinkled with brown-russet dots; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous; first; sept. =la quintinye. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised from a bed made in by m. boisbunel, a nurseryman at rouen, fr.; first published in . fruit above medium or sometimes less, globular, irregular, bossed, sides unequal, pale yellow, thickly dotted and shaded with gray-russet, and sometimes reddened on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, semi-melting; juice abundant, saccharine, slightly aromatic but agreeably tart; second and sometimes first when the flesh is well perfumed; mar. to may. =la savoureuse. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . probably of german origin. fruit nearly medium, globular-oblate, intense green with greenish-brown dots; flesh greenish-white, buttery, sweet, fine, agreeably refreshing, perfumed like the bergamots, a little gritty around the center, third; all winter. =la solsticiale. .= _guide prat._ . . reported on trial in the orchards of messrs. simon-louis at metz, lorraine, in . fruit rather large, elongated, obtuse, yellowish tinted with russet; flesh saffron in hue, semi-breaking, very sugary and strongly perfumed; may to july. =la vanstalle. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . "fruit perfectly pyramidal; highly colored with red; of medium size; flesh granulous, becoming insipid, and finally soft; it keeps till the middle of october. i did not find this fruit excellent; it is however, better than the doyenné, (st. michael)." =lacroix. .= _gard. chron._ d ser. = =: . . published in _revue horticole_ in . fruit medium, regular pyriform, yellow blushed and spotted with red on the exposed side; flesh white, flavor said to be like that of easter beurré; dec. and jan. =lady clapp. .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= ellwanger & barry _cat._ . . fruit large, yellow; flesh juicy, melting, vinous; first; sept., following bartlett. =lafayette. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . originated in connecticut. fruit small, globular-pyriform, pale yellow, stained with russet, passing at maturity to lemon-yellow and the russet becoming golden, numerous dots of gray-brown; flesh yellowish, rather fine, melting, slightly gritty at the core, buttery, very juicy, sweet but lacking flavor; medium; oct. =lahérard. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin uncertain, but attributed to van mons. fruit above medium, ovate, mammillate at summit, sometimes rather elongated but generally more swelled at the middle, thin-skinned, yellow-ochre or greenish-yellow, vermilioned on the face exposed to the sun, dotted with fine specks and stains of gray especially around the calyx; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, rather granular around the core; juice abundant, very sugary, acid, and having an exquisite savor; first; oct. =lammas. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . originated possibly in the highlands of scotland, being recommended for that district by lindley. grown also in england. fruit below medium, pyramidal, regular pale yellow, streaked with red next the sun; flesh melting, tender, juicy, agreeable; good; aug. =lämmerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german. franken, bavaria, . fruit below medium, ovate-conic, whitish-green; flesh hard, juicy, somewhat aromatic, and sweet and acid; third for table, first for cooking and market; july. =lancaster. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling grown by t. s. lancaster, gloucester, mass., and exhibited in . fruit medium, oblong-pyriform, yellow, with brown-russet; flesh coarse, juicy, buttery; hardly good; late autumn. =landsberger malvasier. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . raised by burchardt at landsberg, ger., . fruit medium, often large, conic, even sides, dark yellow, speckled with russet dots; flesh rather white, buttery, melting; very valuable, first for dessert and market; nov. and dec. =langbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _d'ane._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . switzerland and germany, ; particularly popular in the former country where it is very generally cultivated, and often known as the _Étrangle_. fruit medium or above, very long, like calebasse in form, greenish-yellow turning to lemon-yellow, somewhat blushed, and speckled with dots of greenish-gray; first for culinary use; end of aug. =lange gelbe bischofsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . holland, . fruit medium, oblong; sides unequal; skin smooth, yellowish-green turning to light yellow, sometimes slightly blushed, dotted with yellow; flesh spongy, lacking juice, glutinous, sweet and scented with rose; third for table, first for kitchen and market; end of aug. =lange gelbe muscatellerbirne. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . german. tree vigorous, fertile, resisted the phenomenal frost in europe - . fruit small, yellow, dotted with carmine; of moderate quality; second half of aug. =lange grüne winterbirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _longue verte d'hiver._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a german variety cultivated especially in saxony and thuringia. fruit medium or nearly so, conic-pyriform, often rather deformed, one side being longer than the other at either end; skin firm, water-green, sprinkled with numerous indistinct dots regularly spaced, the basic green changing to greenish or yellowish-white; flesh white, rather fine, semi-melting; juice plentiful, sweet, sugary, agreeable but wanting in perfume; good; autumn and early winter. =lange mundnetzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , fig. . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . thuringia, . fruit medium, ventriculous, grass-green turning to greenish-yellow, often faintly blushed, dotted with green; very good for dessert, good for household and market; aug. =lange sommer-bergamotte. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, . fruit below medium, long-turbinate, yellow-green turning to whitish-yellow, rough, heavily dotted with brown, slightly russeted, thick-skinned; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, granular becoming glutinous; first for table; aug. =lange wasserbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . this perry pear is found spread throughout upper and lower austria. fruit medium, long-pyriform, very regular in contour; skin fine, smooth, shining, yellow-green when ripe, very densely dotted with fine spots, some cinnamon-brown russet around the stem and calyx; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, juicy, sweet but insipid and without aroma; sept. =langstieler. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . switzerland, baden and württemberg, published . fruit small, pyriform, grass-green, russeted on the side next the sun, gray dots; flesh yellowish-white, fine-grained, tartish; third for the table, first for cider and culinary use; oct. suitable for every situation. =langstielige pfaffenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . germany. published by diel in . fruit medium, pyriform, otherwise conic; skin rough and entirely covered with cinnamon-colored russet, often faintly blushed; second for table; third for household; sept. =langstielige zuckerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german. published by diel, . fruit medium, long-pyriform or even gourd-shaped, light green changing to light yellow, without russet or red blush, semi-melting, fine, juicy, sweet, with cinnamon flavor; second for dessert, first for culinary use; nov. =lansac. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. lvii. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _herbstbirne ohne schale._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated at hazé near tours, fr. merlet described it in . in the catalog of the chartreuse fathers, paris, there occurs in the following passage. "the pear _de lansac_, or _dauphin_, which many authors name _satin_ ... was presented for the first time to louis xiv ... by madame de lansac...." as king louis ascended the throne in the pear would seem to have been originated between that year and , the year in which madame de lansac died. fruit medium, sometimes less, globular-turbinate, dull yellow, sprinkled with numerous minute, russet dots; flesh fine, yellowish-white, melting, juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic, with an after-flavor of anis; second, but first when the flesh is well perfumed; oct. to dec. =large duchess. .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . a variety of oriental type planted at the agricultural experiment station at auburn, ala., in . it was reported in as free from blight, and still on trial. =larissa. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . submitted to the pennsylvania horticultural society in as a seedling by a mr. ladd of philadelphia. fruit small, obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, a good deal russeted, with a mottled red cheek; flesh rather dry, saccharine and pleasant; scarcely good. =laure gilbert. .= _guide prat._ . . distributed by m. gilbert, antwerp, bel., in . the fruit bears much resemblance to that of the chaumontel, but its flesh is much more melting and its flavor more sprightly; oct. =laure de glymes. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the parent tree was raised from a seed bed made by van mons in at louvain. fruit ovate, or more or less globular and swelled, nearly always mammillate at summit; skin thick, bronzed, having on the side next the sun some orange-yellow; flesh white, semi-melting, watery, gritty about the core; juice sufficient, sweet, vinous, perfumed; second; sept. =laxton bergamot. .= _gard. chron._ = =: . . = .= _jour. hort._ = =: . . a new seedling pear shown by a mr. laxton, bedford, eng., at the royal horticultural society's meeting at south kensington in october, . tree fertile and the fruits are not easily blown off by the wind. fruit small, exceedingly juicy and rich; a delicious pear. =le breton. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . origin unknown. fruit medium, obovate, obtuse-pyriform, irregular, yellow, netted and patched with russet, with numerous russet dots; flesh yellowish, rather coarse at core, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; good; nov. to jan. =le brun. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . m. gueniot, nurseryman at troyes, fr., sowed seeds the plants from which fruited in . one of these he named le brun. fruit above medium to large, oblong-conic, slightly obtuse and generally bossed and rather contorted about the summit, bright yellow, sprinkled with bright brown spots, and largely stained with fawn about calyx and stem and often also on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, and dense, melting, seldom gritty and rarely has seeds; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, savory but often with an excessive taste of musk, spoiling its delicacy; first; end of sept. =le congo. .= _guide prat._ . . distributed by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel., and in the trial orchards of messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . tree vigorous and fairly prolific. fruit medium; flesh semi-fine, very saccharine and highly scented; nov. and dec. =le lecher. .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . this seedling, raised by a. lesuer, ypres, bel., resulted from bartlett fertilized with fortunée. fruit large, pyriform, yellow, spotted with drab spots; flesh white, juicy, sugary, brisk and perfumed, free from grit; jan. to mar. =leclerc-thouin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by m. andré leroy at angers, fr., and fruited first in . fruit above medium, conic, very obtuse and generally more curved on one side than on the other; skin uneven, clear yellow, clouded with green and partially covered with russet on which appear small specks of gray; flesh whitish, semi-fine, watery, very melting, granular around the core; juice sugary, vinous and slightly acid, perfumed flavor; first; sept. =lederbirne. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium, truncated-pyriform, somewhat bossed and irregular in outline, leaf-green turning greenish-yellow, gray russet dots, blushed on the sunny side; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid; oct. to dec. =lee. .= elliott _fr. book_ . . originated at salem, mass. fruit small to medium, globular-oval, greenish-russet, brown in the sun; flesh white, coarse, juicy, good; sept. =lee seckel. .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . fruit medium to large, obovate, rich russet; flesh buttery, rich, perfumed; very good; sept. =léger. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained from a seed bed of winter nelis by m. sannier. tree of moderate vigor, fertile and suitable for all forms of culture. fruit medium, globular-ovate; flesh fine, acidulous; oct. =lehoferbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear widely distributed in upper and lower austria under various names. fruit medium to large, globular-pyriform, leaf-green turning yellow at maturity, dotted and marked with russet, well-exposed fruit blushed; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, astringent, saccharine, acidulous; mid-oct. and keeps in storage till end of nov. =leipziger rettigbirn. .= lauche _deut. pom._ =ii=:no. , pl. . . _radis de leipsick._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . _leipsic radish._ = .= _can. exp. farms. rpt._ . . originated at duben near leipsic, saxony. it was published by diel in . fruit small, nearly spherical or spherical-ovate, a little more constricted at the stem end then toward the calyx, light green turning to yellow-green and slightly golden on the cheek next the sun, brown around the summit, and with numerous light brown dots; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, juicy, very pleasantly perfumed, having a slight bergamot flavor; good for dessert, first for cuisine; aug. to oct. =lemon= (massachusetts). = .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling of s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass.; first fruited in . fruit large, turbinate, yellow. =lemon= (russia). = .= _ind. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . imported from russia in . it was reported in to have fruited in iowa, and collectively with some other varieties was described as "generally 'off' in color, coarse, some of them leathery and corky, and all without melting qualities or flavor." =lenawee. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= field _pear cult._ . . origin unknown. distributed in lenawee county, mich., in ; it was named by the adrian horticultural society. at that time it was supposed to have been introduced from western new york some twenty-five years previously. fruit medium to large, oblate-pyriform, one side generally being larger than the other; surface frequently irregular, lemon-yellow, with small russet specks, washed with bright vermilion on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, tender, buttery, with a high and peculiar, aromatic flavor; very good; early to mid-aug. =leochine de printemps. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow, netted and patched with russet, sprinkled with russet dots; flesh melting, white, firm, not very juicy; a beautiful and good fruit; feb. and mar. =léon dejardin. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained at boussoir, maubeuge, nord, fr. fruit medium, pyriform, ventriculous, resembles the beurré bollwiller, semi-melting, juicy, sugary, refreshing; good for its season; may and june. =léon grégoire. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this variety was gained by xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel., and was fruited first in . fruit large, sometimes medium, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, sometimes more or less globular, dull yellow, dotted and marbled with fawn on its shaded side and entirely stained with grayish-russet on the exposed face, becoming pale yellow and golden at maturity; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, semi-melting, sweet, watery, acidulous, vinous, agreeable; second, inconstant in quality, sometimes good; dec. and jan. =léon leclerc Épineux. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . in the bulletin of the society van mons, , this variety is stated to have been obtained by van mons, though some doubt has been raised as to its origin. fruit large, ovate-pyriform, often rather contorted; skin rough, thick, grayish-yellow, finely dotted with russet and stained with the same around the calyx and stalk and sometimes clouded and streaked with red on the face exposed to the sun; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, breaking, granular at the center; juice sufficient, vinous and sugary; third for dessert, first for cooking; nov. =léon leclerc de laval. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this, which is different from léon leclerc (van mons), was obtained at louvain in by van mons. fruit large, turbinate-obtuse-pyriform, yellow-ochre, finely dotted with gray-russet and marked with some tracing of russet, occasionally washed with a little red; flesh very white, semi-melting or semi-breaking, watery, gritty, juicy, sweet, slightly perfumed; third for dessert, first for stewing; jan. to may. =léon recq. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in , who received it from m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit large or nearly large, pyriform, lemon-yellow when ripe; flesh fine, slightly acid, sugary, perfumed; nov. and dec. =léon rey. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . in , m. rey, toulouse, fr., sowed seeds of the best french pears, and in the following year selected the most promising seedlings, one of which received the name léon rey. fruit medium and sometimes rather larger, turbinate, very round in its lower part, and conic-obtuse at the top, golden-yellow, finely dotted and stained with fawn and nearly always washed with tender rose on the face exposed to the sun; flesh very white and fine, melting, free from grit; juice very abundant, sugary, acidulous, having a delicious flavor; first; oct. =léonce de vaubernier. .= _guide prat._ . . tree vigorous on quince, very fertile. fruit rather large, ovate, very pale green, touched with russet and washed with dark carmine; flesh yellowish, fine, dense, of a highly agreeable flavor; third; second half of sept. =léonie. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit medium, of doyenné form, globular-obovate; flesh melting, sugary; good. =léonie bouvier. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. simon bouvier, jodoigne, bel. tree vigorous on quince, fertile. fruit medium, pyriform, whitish-yellow blushed with orange-red; flesh fine, very melting and juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed; a very beautiful and excellent fruit; sept. =léonie pinchart. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . described in as a new belgian variety. fruit medium, globular-obovate, greenish-yellow, much covered, netted, and patched with yellow-russet and minute russet dots; flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, melting; very good; sept. and oct. =léontine van exem. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by henri grégoire, beurechin, bel. fruit small, turbinate or conic-turbinate, very clear green changing to pale yellow at maturity, dotted with specks of darker green; some clear russet covers the calyx and the summit, and the side next the sun becomes golden; flesh white, fine, melting, full of juice rich in sugar and perfume of the almond; oct. =leopold i. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a posthumous gain of van mons which gave its first fruit in . fruit above medium, ovate, regular, swelled in the lower part, obtuse, grass-green, often yellowish, dotted, streaked, and stained with russet; flesh white, with some yellow tinge, fine, very melting, juicy, sweet, vinous, aromatic and delicate; good to very good; nov. =leopold riche. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . one of m. de jonghe's seedlings. fruit rather large, obovate, yellow, thickly sprinkled with large cinnamon-russet dots; flesh rather coarse-grained, crisp, buttery, melting; juice abundant, rich, thick and sugary, with a fine almond flavor; a very richly flavored pear; nov. =lepine. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . tree of moderate growth but very productive. fruit small, oblate, yellowish, shaded with crimson, slightly russeted; flesh coarse, granular, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous, good; nov. and dec. =lesbre. .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised from seed at boulogne-sur-mer, before , by m. bonnet. fruit medium or above, turbinate, very obtuse and swelled, nearly always mammillate at the top; skin rough, olive-yellow, sprinkled with many large russet dots and small brownish stains; flesh white, fine and melting, juicy, rather granular at the core; juice abundant, sugary, vinegary, with a delicate scent of anis; first; end of aug. =levard. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . grown on the seed beds of m. leroy, antwerp, bel., and fruited in . fruit below medium, globular-turbinate, irregular, bossed and always less swollen on one side than on the other; color yellowish-green, dotted with brown and fawn, and entirely covered with bronze-russet on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh greenish-white, fine, melting and juicy, gritty around the core, sugary, acidulous, musky and very rich in flavor; first; nov. =levester zuckerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hanover, . fruit small, obtuse-turbinate, sides unequal, light green changing to greenish-yellow, often streaked with red and finely dotted with greenish-russet; flesh fine, deficient in juice, granular near the center, highly aromatic; first for household and market purposes; sept. and oct. =lewes. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . described by john parkinson in , in england, as "brownish greene pears, ripe about the end of september, a reasonable well rellished fruit, and very moist." =lewis. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated on the farm of john lewis, roxbury, mass., about . fruit below medium, globular, obovate, obtuse, dark green in autumn, pale green at maturity, with numerous russet specks; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse, melting, juicy and rich in flavor, with a slight spicy perfume; nov. to feb. =lexington. .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . originated in kentucky and is said to resemble bartlett, but to ripen two weeks earlier. hardy and free from blight, but described as "too poor" in quality. =liberale. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . belgian. introduced to this country as a new variety about . fruit large, obtuse-pyramidal or truncate-pyriform; skin fair, smooth, yellowish-green, very thickly dotted with large, conspicuous, russety specks, and patched with russet; flesh yellowish-white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, sweet, rich, with a peculiar almond, aromatic perfume; a very handsome and fine fruit; oct. =liegel honigbirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _poire de miel de liegel._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin uncertain, probably german. fruit medium, ovate-pyriform; skin fine and smooth, at first pale green turning to pale yellow, more golden on the side next the sun and very rarely touched with rose; flesh yellow, fine, melting, full of sugary juice, vinous, and with a distinct savor of musk; first; oct. =lieutenant poidevin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . flon-grolleau, a frenchman, obtained this variety in . fruit large, obovate and undulating; skin fine, yellow-ochre dotted with gray; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, breaking, gritty around the center, sugary, vinous; second for dessert, first for cooking; mar. and apr. =limon. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a van mons seedling. fruit rather small, obovate, yellow, with a faint red cheek; flesh white, buttery, melting and juicy, with a sprightly flavor; very good; mid-aug. =linzer mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear taking its name from the town of linz near hauptstadt in upper austria. fruit medium, globular to pyriform, yellow, strongly carmined on the sun-exposed side and dotted with red; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, with a saccharine, astringent flavor; oct. =livingston virgalieu. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . an old variety, grown to some extent along the hudson river. fruit globular-obovate, greenish-yellow, patched and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, juicy, nearly melting, sweet, pleasant; good; sept. =locke. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised from seed in the garden of james locke, west cambridge, mass., in . fruit medium, globular-obovate, full at the crown, ending obtusely at the stem; skin fair, slightly rough, yellowish-green changing to lemon-yellow when ripe, spots of darker hue mingled with russet, tinged with red on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting and juicy, rich, sweet and perfumed; good; dec. =lodge. .= kenrick _am. orch._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a native of pennsylvania and understood to have originated near philadelphia. fruit medium, pyriform, tapering to the stem and larger on one side than on the other, greenish-brown, the green becoming a little paler at maturity and much covered with patches of dull russet; flesh whitish, a little gritty at the core, juicy, melting, with a rather rich flavor, relieved by a pleasant acid; sept. and oct. =loire-de-mons. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a gain of m. loire, at mons, bel. fruit medium, turbinate, or globular-turbinate, usually regular in contour; skin rather fine and tender, clear and bright green, sprinkled with gray-green dots; at maturity the green becomes clear lemon and golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, very melting, full of juice, acidulous, delicately perfumed; first; end of sept. =london sugar. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . english. much cultivated in norfolk for the norwich market. fruit below medium, turbinate, pale green approaching lemon-yellow at maturity, with a slight brownish tinge; flesh tender, melting; juice saccharine and of a rich, musky flavor; an excellent early fruit; end of july. =long green. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _belgische zapfenbirne._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _longue-verte._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _grüne lange herbstbirne._ = =. mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this french pear is distinct from the _verte longue_ which is synonymous with _verte longue d'automne_, though these two pears have been confused and have various names in common. it has been cultivated in france for the last years. _longue verte_ has ten french synonyms. fruit above medium, very long, fig-like in form, narrowed from middle to stalk, acute, grass-green passing to brownish-green on the face exposed to the sun, uniformly sprinkled with dots of gray-russet; flesh greenish-white, fine or semi-fine, melting, rather granular around the seeds; juice abundant, saccharine, sweet, with a characteristic perfume, often very slight; second; sept. =long green of autumn. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _verte-longue d'automne._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _lange grüne herbstbirne._ = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . the long green of autumn, better known abroad as the _verte-longue d'automne_ or _verte-longue_, must be distinguished from the long green or _longue-verte_. it is of very ancient origin and mentioned in the catalog, published by le lectier, king's attorney, in , of the immense nursery he created in . the german author henri manger, , considered the _verte-longue_ identical with the _viridium_ of pliny. fruit medium to large, turbinate, slightly obtuse, often larger on one side than on the other, green clouded with pale yellow, speckled with large gray spots and very rarely blushed on the exposed side; flesh white, fine, melting, very full of a saccharine, well-flavored, musky juice; first when its juice is well perfumed, but rather variable; oct. =long green of esperin. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . belgian. fruit medium, oblong-ovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, blushed with crimson on the cheek next the sun, patched and netted with russet, with numerous brown dots; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, semi-melting, vinous; good; sept. =longland. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a very old english perry pear chiefly grown in herefordshire. fruit small, turbinate, even, rather handsomely shaped, bright gold, tinged and mottled all over with a lively russety orange, the side next the sun having a pale red cheek; flesh yellow, very astringent. =longue du bosquet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling raised by leroy. it was reported in . fruit medium, conic, elongated, regular, obtuse and round at the top, greenish-yellow, dotted with gray, washed with brown at the extremities; flesh greenish, semi-fine, melting, rather gritty at the center; juice abundant, very saccharine, acidulous and deliciously perfumed; first; sept. =longue-garde. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial in the orchards of messrs. simon-louis at metz, lorraine, in . fruit large, highly perfumed; in season until may. =longue-sucrée. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . either german or austrian. cataloged by jahn in . fruit nearly medium, conic-pyriform, dark green, dotted with gray-brown, changing to pale yellow, clouded with red on the side of the sun, speckled with whitish-gray; flesh whitish, fine, breaking, deficient in juice and sugar, acidulous, with an unpleasant perfume; third; end of aug. =longueville. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . much grown in the south of scotland. it has been conjectured that the tree was brought to scotland from france by douglas when lord of longueville in the fifteenth century. fruit large, obovate, regular in outline and handsome, greenish-yellow, with a tinge of pale red next the sun, covered with numerous gray-russet specks, so numerous sometimes as to appear like network; flesh yellowish, breaking, tender, very juicy, sweet and richly flavored; good. =longworth. .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . originated at dubuque, iowa. its great hardiness and freedom from blight make it valuable in breeding for the north though its fruit is not of such quality as to recommend it where choice varieties can be grown. fruit medium to large, obtuse-ovate, green turning to yellow; good; mid-season. =lorenzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . saxony, . fruit medium, obtuse-conic, light green, blushed with dark brown on the sunny side changing to light yellow, washed with vivid red, green dots and some cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish-white, melting, rather gritty around the center; first for kitchen and market, second for dessert; sept. =loriol de barny. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a gain of leroy from his seed beds at angers, fr.; it fruited for the first time in . fruit medium or above, very long ovate-pyriform, often bossed in its contour; skin thin, yellow-ochre, speckled with minute gray dots and showing some stains of russet; flesh white, fine, melting, almost free from grit; juice very abundant and sugary having a delicate aroma; first; end of aug. and beginning of sept. =lothrop. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass.; it first fruited in . fruit diameter - / in., yellow with russet; flesh white, with good flavor; mid-sept. =loubiat. .= _guide prat._ , . . this variety bears the name of the owner of the parent tree living in the dordogne. fruit large, of handsome appearance; flesh yellow; third, yet of good quality for its season; spring until july. =louis cappe. .= _guide prat._ . . a seedling of easter beurré and of similar quality. on trial in the orchards of messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . tree very fertile and vigorous. fruit medium to large, bergamot in form; nov. and dec. =louis grégoire. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . m. xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel., obtained this pear from a seed bed made in . fruit below medium, obtuse-turbinate, irregular in form, much larger on one side than on the other, rather rough to the touch, greenish-yellow, dotted and mottled with russet and generally stained with fawn on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine and semi-melting, juicy, sugary, highly acid, often rather astringent, slightly musky, and sometimes rather delicate; second and sometimes third when the astringency of its juice is too pronounced; oct. =louis noisette. .= _guide prat._ . . published by boisbunel in . tree very vigorous and fertile. fruit rather large, globular-turbinate; flesh fine, very melting and very juicy, sugary and sprightly; first; nov. and dec. =louis pasteur. .= _rev. hort._ . . obtained by arsène sannier, rouen, fr. fruit smooth and fine, clear yellow, strongly washed with fawn on one face and covered with patches of the same color on the other side; flesh yellowish-white, the yellow being more noticeable near the skin, very fine, melting, and sugary, sprightly and perfumed; very good; dec. =louis-philippe. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin uncertain, though it was described by prévost, rouen, fr., in . fruit large, turbinate, very obtuse and very irregular in form, swelled, especially on one side on its lower half; skin rough and bronzed all over on a basis of gray-green, sprinkled with numerous large, prominent, brownish dots; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-breaking; juice not abundant, more or less acid, wanting in sugar, slightly perfumed; second; early oct. =louis van houte. .= _guide prat._ . . classed by messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, with varieties of doubtful or little merit. =louis vilmorin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ st app., . . originated from seed of beurré clairgeau about by andré leroy, angers, fr. tree vigorous, rather spreading, very productive. fruit medium to large, pyriform, variable, yellow, netted and dotted with russet, sometimes shaded with red; stem short, curved; calyx large, open; basin medium, uneven, russeted; flesh white, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed; good to very good; dec. =louise-bonne. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . merlet the french pomologist was the first to write of this pear in . fruit above medium, variable in form, ovate-obtuse and swelled in lower half, or long-pyriform, narrowed toward the stalk; skin thick, smooth, bright green changing as it ripens to yellowish-green, strewed with small dots and some markings of russet; flesh greenish-white, coarse, semi-melting, gritty at center, juicy, only slightly saccharine, generally sweetish and deficient in perfume; variable for dessert, but first for compotes; dec. =louise bonne d'avanches panachée. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a variegated form of louise bonne de jersey, the wood and fruit being marked with golden stripes. it originated as a bud sport. =louise-bonne de printemps. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . obtained by m. boisbunel, rouen, fr., and first published in . fruit above medium, long obtuse-pyriform, regular in contour, mammillate at summit and slightly bossed at base, yellow-ochre, dotted with greenish-gray; flesh semi-fine and semi-melting, white, gritty around the center, very juicy, rarely sugary, slightly sweet and slightly aromatic; grafted on pear and trained on espalier in a good situation it is a pear of high merit; feb. to apr. =louise bonne sannier. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ , fig. . m. sannier, rouen, fr., obtained this pear; it was first reported in . fruit rather small or medium, oval, obliquely obtuse near the stem, dark yellow, touched with bright red; flesh yellow, juicy, melting, remarkably saccharine, sprightly and perfumed; good to very good; oct. to dec. =louise de boulogne. .= barry _fr. garden_ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . described by barry in among "new and rare pears, recently introduced, that give promise of excellence." leroy wrote of it as a seedling of van mons. fruit large, breaking, keeps through the winter. =louise dupont. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . louise dupont was the product of one of the last seedlings raised by van mons and was harvested for the first time in . fruit rather large, sometimes of doyenné form but usually longer and more turbinate; skin thin, dull green passing to golden yellow at maturity, colored with russet-fawn on the sunny side, dotted and marked with fawn all over; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, full of juice, saccharine and well perfumed; first; oct. and nov. =louise d'orléans. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . from seed sown by van mons in at louvain and first bore fruit in . fruit medium, oblong-obtuse; skin is of a fine bronzed-green, covered with gray speckles; flesh very white, fine grained and very melting; juice exceedingly rich, sugary and delicious; early nov. =louise de prusse. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . obtained by van mons and published by him in september, , but it had already been reported in . fruit large, turbinate-obtuse, more or less long, considerably swelled toward its lower end; skin thick and rough, yellow-ochre clouded with green, speckled with fine gray dots and stained with light brown around the calyx and stem; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking or semi-breaking, granular at center; juice abundant, very saccharine, acidulous, pleasantly perfumed; second; sept. =louison. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . french. fruit large, oblong and almost conical, terminated obtusely; skin delicate and smooth, sometimes washed on the sunny side, and in other cases pretty deeply tinged with red, speckled with brownish-red dots, the other side being of a beautiful yellow, scattered with specks of russet; flesh very white, melting, full of very pleasant juice, slightly perfumed but not of high flavor; early oct. =lovaux. .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . . reported by the committee on foreign fruits of the ohio state horticultural society as a new variety which they recommended. fruit large to medium, juicy, sweet, melting; good; sept. =lübecker prinzessin birne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _princesse de lubeck._ = .= _guide prat._ . . german; extensively cultivated about lubeck, ger. fruit medium, long-pyriform, beautiful yellow, extensively covered with brilliant crimson; flesh breaking, juicy; good; beginning of aug. =lubin. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a seedling found by m. pariset of curciat-dongalon, ain, fr.; first reported in . fruit medium, conic-pyriform, regular in its contour, obtuse, having its largest circumference well below its middle; skin fine, delicate, at first a clear and bright green, sprinkled with very numerous round, small, brown dots only very slightly visible on the side of the sun; at maturity the basic green passes to lemon-yellow, with a golden hue on the exposed side; flesh whitish, very fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, slightly vinous, acidulous; good; winter. =lucie audusson. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . obtained by alexis audusson, angers, fr.; first published in . fruit large, long, nearly cylindrical, obtuse and slightly narrowed toward the stem, grass-green, finely dotted and speckled with fawn-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine or semi-fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, vinous, delicately perfumed; first; mid-nov. to end of dec. =lucien chauré. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by arsène sannier, rouen, fr. tree healthy, vigorous and adaptable for all forms of growth. fruit medium, grayish-yellow; flesh melting, juicy, fine and sugary; oct. and nov. =lucien leclercq. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . from a seed bed made by van mons in , but it did not bear fruit till after his death in . fruit below medium and sometimes rather larger, globular-ovate, regular, rarely bossed, pale yellow on the shaded side and darker yellow where exposed, dotted all over with fine gray and green spots; flesh white, coarse, semi-melting and juicy, sugary, acidulous, and aromatic, very gritty around the core; second; latter half of aug. =lucné hative. .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . tree vigorous and productive. fruit medium, elongated, pale green; flesh semi-melting, sugary, moderately perfumed; good; sept. =lucy grieve. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . english; bore fruit first in . named in honor of the little girl who planted and tended the seed, but died before the tree fruited. fruit large, oval, rather uneven in outline, bossed around the waist and about the calyx, lemon-yellow, with occasionally a brownish-red blush on the side next the sun, sprinkled with cinnamon-colored dots; flesh white, tender, melting, very juicy and richly flavored; first; oct. =luola. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . said to be a cross between seckel and dana hovey originated by w. c. eckard, watervliet, mich., about . fruit very small, globular, greenish-yellow, with faint blush, very rich; excellent; oct. =lutovka. .= _me. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . russian. introduced in . fruit large; good; mid-season. =lutzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, published in . fruit medium, obtuse-conic, dull greenish-yellow, slightly blushed, strongly dotted, marked with russet, and covered with rusty russet on the sun-exposed side; flesh granular, gritty near center, semi-melting, aromatic; first for culinary uses; sept. =luxemburger mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear widely distributed in france, luxemburg, germany and austria. fruit large, globular-oblate, like bergamot in form, gray-green turning yellow-green when ripe sprinkled with large russet dots and specklings; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, unusually juicy, astringent and sweet flavor; end of sept. =lycurgus. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . originated with george hood, cleveland, ohio, from seed of winter nelis. the tree is productive, and of rather spreading growth. fruit small, oblong-pyriform, greenish-yellow, much covered with thin brownish-russet, many large grayish dots; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, rather aromatic, having some perfume; first, one of the best in quality of late winter pears; dec. to feb. =lydie thiérard. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . originated from a seed of crassane by jules thiérard, bethel, fr. fruit rather large, bergamot-shaped, clear green, dotted; flesh fine, very melting, sugary, perfumed; first; jan. to mar. =lyerle. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . raised by a mr. lyerle, union county, ill., in from seed of bartlett. fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish-green, with numerous patches of russet; flesh sugary; good; early july, four weeks ahead of bartlett. =lyon. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated at newport, r. i. fruit medium, oblong-obovate or doyenné-shaped, yellow, thick and smooth skin, finely dotted, blushed; flesh coarse, a little gritty at core, vinous; very good; oct. =mace. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . francis dana showed this among other seedlings of his to the fruit committee of the massachusetts horticultural society in . fruit medium, oval, russet; flesh has something of the honeyed sweetness as well as some external resemblance to dana hovey. =machländer mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit large, pyriform, green turning to yellowish-green, russeted; flesh granular, green under the skin, subacid; sept. and oct. =mackleroy. .= _south. nurs. cat._ . . this variety, introduced by the southern nursery company, winchester, tenn., in , is said to have been brought to tennessee by davis mackleroy from south carolina over years ago. =mclaughlin. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . in october, , general wingate of portland, me., stated "that a person in oxford county, many years since raised a number of pear trees from seeds, all of which produced inferior fruit, with the exception of one tree; and from that tree, the scions were taken and engrafted by a mr. mclaughin, of scarborough." fruit large, obtuse-pyriform; skin slightly rough, bright cinnamon-russet, tinged with brownish-red on the sunny side, with some traces of a bright yellow ground on the shaded side; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, rich, sugary; nov. to jan. =macomber. .= _rural n. y._ = =: , figs. , . . raised by j. t. macomber, grand isle, vt. fruit medium, pyriform, green changing to yellow, blushed; flesh buttery, melting, juicy, sweet; very good; oct. and nov. =mcvean. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in monroe county, n. y., about or earlier. fruit large, obovate-acute-pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, and numerous green and brown dots; flesh coarse, not juicy, or melting, sweet; good; sept. =madame alfred conin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by andré leroy, angers, fr., in . fruit medium, turbinate, obtuse, much swelled around central circumference, fairly regular, clear yellow often covered all over with a layer of bronze on which are scattered, uniformly, numerous grayish-brown dots, scarcely visible; flesh whitish, fine, melting, watery, rarely gritty around the center; juice abundant, sugary, with an extremely delicious perfume; first; late sept. =madame andré leroy. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . obtained from his seed beds by m. andré leroy at angers, fr.: first published in . fruit medium to large, long-conic, slightly obtuse, irregular, more or less misshapen, yellowish-green, entirely dotted, especially at its extremities, with small points and slight patches of gray; flesh greenish-white, fine or semi-fine, very melting, slightly granular at center, juicy, sugary, vinous, with a very delicate flavor; first; end of sept. =madame antoine lormier. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr. tree vigorous and fertile. fruit medium or large, regular pyriform, yellow, dotted; flesh fine, melting, very sugary; first; sept. and oct. =madame appert. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by m. andré leroy at angers, fr., in . fruit medium, long pyriform, slightly obtuse, largest circumference around its middle, much reduced at the extremities, especially at the summit, yellow, with gray-russet, and numerous fawn-colored dots on the side of the sun and around the stem; flesh whitish, fine, very melting, rarely gritty, juicy, sugary, with a delicate flavor of almond, acidulous; first; early oct. =madame arsène sannier. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr. fruit medium to large; flesh sugary, slightly perfumed and of a pleasant flavor; oct. =madame ballet. .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ , fig. . obtained by m. ballet, nurseryman at parenty, fr., and was placed on the market in . fruit large, ovate, yellow, dotted with gray, and brightened with a rose blush on the side next the sun; very good; jan. to mar. =madame baptiste desportes. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a seedling from the nurseries of andré leroy at angers, fr., which ripened for the first time in . fruit above medium, globular-ovate, rather regular, often a little bossed about the base; skin rather fine, yellow-ochre, mottled, stained, and dotted with gray-russet; flesh fine or semi-fine, melting, excessively juicy, saccharine, vinous, with a very agreeable flavor; first; early oct. =madame blanchet. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium, greenish-yellow covered with fawn; flesh fine, buttery, of a delicate flavor; good; oct. and nov. =madame bonnefond. .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . obtained in by m. bonnefond, rhône, fr., and placed on the market for the first time in . fruit large, like calebasse in form, often irregular in contour; skin fine, delicate, clear yellow-green, sprinkled with very small points of darker green; flesh white, slightly greenish under the skin, fine, very melting and juicy, delicately perfumed; very good; end of autumn. =madame charles gilbert. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis at metz, lorraine, in . fruit medium sized, having much in common with winter nelis; jan. to apr. =madame chaudy. .= _gard. chron._ n. s. = =: . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ , fig. . obtained by m. chaudy at chaponost, rhône, fr., from a seed bed made in . fruit large, sometimes of the form of the bartlett, generally turbinate, swelled and bossed in its circumference; skin slightly rough, pale yellow, dotted with gray, reddened on the side next the sun, marbled and washed with clear fawn around the two ends; flesh rather white, granular at center, rather fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, and agreeably acid and perfumed; very good; nov. =madame cuissard. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . cuissard and barret, nurserymen at ecully-les-lyon, fr., obtained this variety in and placed it on the market in . fruit above medium, oblong and obtuse, swelled at its lower part and generally more enlarged on one side than on the other; skin fine, golden-yellow, sprinkled with large gray dots and some russet markings, and more or less stained with clear brown around the stem; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, gritty at the center; juice deficient; rather savory, but slightly acerb; second; mid-aug. =madame delmotte. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, dull green dotted with greenish-gray; flesh white, or slightly tinted with yellow, very fine, buttery, melting, full of sweet juice, delicately perfumed. =madame ducar. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this was a posthumous gain of major espéren, mechlin, bel., dating from . fruit medium, globular-ovate, regular in form, slightly undulating around the summit; skin fine, rather dull yellow, finely dotted and streaked with fawn; flesh white, coarse, semi-melting, very gritty; juice sufficient, sugary, sweet, almost without perfume but having a certain delicacy of taste; second; end of aug. =madame duparc. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . gained by m. bessard-duparc, near savenay, fr., and fruited first about . fruit medium, ovate-obtuse-pyriform, regular in contour; skin rather thick, lively green, speckled with indistinct darker green spots, the green becoming brighter at maturity, a rather dense russet sometimes covering the calyx and the summit; flesh white, coarse, semi-buttery, gritty around the core; juice rather deficient, sugary and only slightly scented; indifferent; oct. and nov. =madame durieux. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a variety which came from the seed beds of van mons but did not fruit till . fruit medium, globular, rather bergamot-shaped, grayish or greenish-yellow, covered with patches of thin cinnamon-colored russet, yellowish, semi-fine, very melting, buttery, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic; first; oct. =madame Élisa. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . raised in the seed beds of van mons and first bore fruit in . fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, often rather irregular in its upper half, greenish-yellow passing to lemon-yellow at maturity, with numerous small blackish-gray dots; flesh white, a little yellow next the skin, fine, melting, free from grit, full of rich saccharine juice, vinous; first; sept. to nov. =madame Élisa dumas. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a seedling raised by m. bonnefoy, near lyons, fr. he disseminated it in . fruit medium, conic-ovate, regular in contour; skin thick, at first whitish-green speckled with grayish-black dots, changing to pale yellow, and more golden on the side next the sun; sometimes stains of rough brown-russet are dispersed over its surface; flesh white, only slightly firm without being breaking, rather gritty around the center, full of sugary juice, vinous and refreshing; handsome and of good quality; aug. =madame ernest baltet. .= baltet _trait. cult. fr._ , fig. . . french. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, reddish-brown-yellow, with light russet; flesh very fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, sprightly; very good; sept. and oct. =madame favre. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . obtained by m. favre, president of the section of arboriculture of the agricultural society of shalon-sur-marne, fr.; it first fruited in . fruit above medium and often larger, globular surface unequal and bossed; skin rough, greenish-yellow, dotted, streaked, marbled, stained with gray-russet and vermilioned on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting; juice abundant, very sugary, vinous, deliciously perfumed; first; end of aug. =madame flon. .= _guide prat._ . . published by m. flon in . fruit medium, globular, yellow and gray-russet; flesh very melting and juicy, saccharine, sprightly, perfumed; first; end of dec. =madame grégoire. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . obtained in by m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel., and was published the same year. fruit medium to large, long-oval, obtuse; skin greasy, clear green becoming yellow at maturity, marked with gray-russet, especially around the stem, and some dots of whitish-gray; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed and acidulous; good or very good; dec. and jan. =madame henri desportes. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by leroy, angers, fr.; first fruited in . fruit large, turbinate, uneven in outline, yellow, covered with russety dots and patches; flesh yellowish-white, very fine and very melting, seldom gritty, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, with a decided aroma and delicious flavor; excellent; first; oct. =madame loriol de barny. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . raised by leroy in at his nurseries at angers, fr., from seed of bartlett. fruit large, ovate and nearly cylindrical, always rather irregular, clear yellow clouded with green, more or less streaked and mottled with russet, covered with large, grayish-brown or greenish dots and often stained with fawn around the calyx and stem; flesh yellowish-white, excessively melting and fine, juicy, rarely gritty, sugary, perfumed, with a tart flavor and a delicate and agreeable after-taste of musk; first; nov. =madame lyé-baltet. .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . obtained by ernest baltet, nurseryman at troyes, fr.; placed on the market in . fruit medium or rather large, turbinate, obtuse, swelled, truncated at base; skin fine, green or yellow-green all over, dotted with russet and touched with fawn; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sugary and perfumed; very good; dec. and jan. =madame de madre. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . sent out by daras de naghin, antwerp, bel., who raised it from délices d'hardenpont, in . fruit medium, pyriform, rather elongated, contracted at the lower end terminating in an oblique cone at the base, compressed on two sides at the narrow end, rounded at the upper end, citron-yellow lightly speckled with rust-red; flesh amber-white, very delicate, melting, very juicy, sweet, with a pleasant perfume, nutty and rather spicy; very good; oct. =madame millet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by charles millet of ath, bel., in . fruit large, short-obovate or turbinate, rather uneven in its outline; flesh tender, semi-melting, juicy, richly flavored; first; mar. and apr. =madame morel. .= _guide prat._ . . published by m. morel in . fruit large; flesh very fine, compact, very melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, sprightly; first; oct. and nov. =madame planchon. .= _guide prat._ . . belgian. fruit large or very large, in form similar to bartlett, golden yellow dotted with russet; flesh granular, very juicy; cooking; end of oct. and beginning of nov. =madame du puis. .= _rev. hort._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ , fig. . a gain of daras de naghin, antwerp, bel., in . fruit rather large or large, long, obtuse-pyriform, rounded at lower end, yellow but nearly covered with smooth fawn-russet; flesh very fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, sprightly and perfumed; very good; dec. to feb. =madame de roucourt. .= _guide prat._ . . distributed by daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit medium to large, yellowish, dotted with dark brown; flesh fine, saccharine, perfumed; good; oct. =madame stoff. .= _gard. chron._ = =: . . obtained from seed by m. stoff. fruit large or medium, regular-pyramidal, olive-green speckled with red; flesh fine, melting, buttery, delicate and brisk in flavor; feb. =madame torfs. .= _guide prat._ . . described as a new variety and distributed by daras de naghin, antwerp, bel., in . fruit medium to large, greenish-yellow, sprinkled with patches of fawn-russet; flesh fine and juicy, white around center, clouded with green toward the skin, very sugary; oct. =madame treyve. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . _souvenir de madame treyve._ = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . from seed sown in by m. treyve, trévaux, fr. fruit large, obtusely obovate, bossed and always very much swelled around its lower part, greenish-yellow, dotted, streaked, and often touched with fawn on the shaded side, but brilliantly encrimsoned on the side exposed to the sun and dotted on that side with gray; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, with a delicate and fine aroma; first, a delicious dessert pear; sept. =madame vazille. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . from the seed beds of m. leroy, angers, fr.; first fruit in . fruit above medium, conic-obtuse, fairly regular in outline but always having one side larger than the other; skin thick, somewhat uneven, bronzed all over, sprinkled with dots widely apart and only slightly visible; flesh whitish, fine, melting or semi-melting, very juicy, saccharine, vinous, having a very pleasant flavor; first; sept. =madame verté. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin uncertain, but it was first sent out by m. de jonghe, brussels, bel., and then extensively propagated in france. fruit medium, globular-ovate, irregular, yellowish-green, much washed with brown-fawn and speckled with small ashen-gray dots; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, semi-melting, granular at center; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, with a somewhat savory perfume and after taste of anis; second, variable; from end of nov. to jan. =madame von siebold. .= =guide prat.= . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . japan. the following description was made on the grounds of messrs. simon-louis bros., metz, lorraine: "madame von siebold.--fruit very large, rounded, a little narrow toward the cavity, where it is angular; truncated at the base and indented at the circumference.... skin rather smooth, of a pretty brown color, dotted with large gray specks which are very regular and very apparent. flesh white, slightly yellowish, medium fine, crisp, juicy, sweet, perfumed like quinces, almost eatable raw. the most beautiful of the japanese--simon-louis frères." =madeleine d'angers. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . from the environs of segré or of beaupreau, districts in the same department (maine), where it has been generally grown for years. fruit medium and sometimes below, conic and very elongated, somewhat contorted at the upper end, grass-green passing to greenish-yellow on the part near the stalk and dotted with gray-russet; flesh white, semi-fine or coarse, rather melting, watery and gritty; juice abundant, sugary, more or less acid, and only slightly perfumed; third; end of july. =mademoiselle blanche sannier. .= _guide prat._ . . a french variety. fruit large, oblong-pyriform; flesh fine, melting, perfumed, juicy; oct. =mademoiselle marguerite gaujard. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. gaujard at ghent, fr.; described as a new variety in . fruit oblong, rather gourd-shaped in form, covered with gray-russet and slightly blushed on the exposed side; flesh melting, of a sprightly taste, perfumed; jan. to mar. =mademoiselle solange. .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . described by the fruit committee of the royal horticultural society of england in as a new variety. fruit small, nearly globular, green, juicy and of good flavor. =magherman. .= _guide prat._ . . tree very vigorous, beautiful in aspect and extremely fertile. fruit large or very large, long-pyriform, regular in outline, yellow streaked with carmine; flesh yellowish, excessively melting and very juicy, sugary and having an exquisite perfume; first; second half of sept. =magnate. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . a seedling raised by rivers of sawbridgeworth, eng., from louise bonne de jersey prior to . fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, even and symmetrical in outline, yellow covered with rather dark brown-russet, thickly strewed with large russet freckles, blushed and streaked with crimson; flesh yellow, tender, melting, rather gritty at the core, richly flavored, and with a slight perfume of rose-water; very good; oct. and nov. =magnolia. .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . an oriental hybrid which originated in southern georgia. fruit large, globular to pyriform, smooth, yellowish-russet, with numerous irregular dots; flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, subacid; fair; "three or four weeks later than kieffer in the south." =malconnaître d'haspin. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . tree vigorous, hardy and productive. fruit large, globular-obovate, dull yellow, with brownish-red cheek, stippled with coarse dots, and russeted at the calyx; flesh juicy, tender, and melting, rich, subacid, perfumed; oct. and nov. =malvoisie de landsberg. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by judge burchardt, landsberg, brandenbourg, ger. fruit rather large, pyriform, more or less swelled, even in contour, but often irregular in form; skin somewhat firm, at first water-green, dotted with gray, the green changing to yellow and the side next the sun being at maturity slightly washed with rosy red; flesh white, rather fine, buttery, juicy, sweet, acidulous, having a sprightly and somewhat musky flavor; good; oct. =manchester. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in providence, r. i. fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow, with traces and numerous dots of russet; flesh white, moderately juicy, semi-melting, sweet, agreeable; good; oct. =mandelblättrige schneebirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a french wilding; published . tree dwarf. fruit small, globular-turbinate, green, smooth; flesh firm, astringent; winter. =manning. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff of brookline, mass. fruited in . fruit large, obovate, yellow with russet streaks and dots; flesh fine-grained, white, juicy, with a rich, pleasant flavor; first; sept. =mannsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . württemberg, ger., . classed among the pound pears or libralia. fruit large, globular-turbinate, dull green changing to yellowish-green, blushed, both ends covered with russet, rusty dots; third for table, first for kitchen; nov. and dec. =mansfield. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a native variety of uncertain origin. fruit medium, globular-oblate, yellowish-green, with considerable russet and many green and brown dots; flesh whitish, coarse, buttery, melting, sweet, a little astringent; good; sept. =mansuette. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. lviii, fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _solitaire._ = .= christ _handb._ . . origin unknown. fruit large, long-obovate, irregular, obtuse, pale green, spotted with brown and much covered with the same color on the shaded side, and tinged with red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-melting, moderately fine, inclined to grow soft, juicy, pleasantly acid and well flavored; a dessert pear; sept. and oct. =mansuette double. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this french cooking pear was first described in . fruit sometimes considerable, rather variable in form, often conic, obtuse, very swelled in the lower part and slightly bossed, sometimes very long ovate having one side near the base larger than the other, dark yellow, much covered with cinnamon-russet and large dots of ashy gray; flesh greenish-white, coarse, juicy, semi-breaking or breaking, very gritty at the core; juice abundant, deficient in sugar, wanting in perfume, often too acid; second; oct. to dec. =marasquine. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. - . = .= _guide prat._ . . raised by major espéren, mechlin, bel. fruit medium, regular-pyriform, tender green, sprinkled with grayish dots, golden at maturity; flesh very white, fine, buttery, melting, slightly gritty at the center; juice sufficient, having a characteristic perfume; end of aug. =march bergamot. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by t. a. knight, president of the horticultural society of london. fruit small or medium, globular, green or yellowish-brown, partially covered with russet; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, slightly gritty at the core, but very rich; in europe it is a dessert pear of high merit; in this country, however, it seems to be of small worth; mar. and will keep later. =maréchal de cour. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a seedling of van mons of which he sent grafts to alexandre bivort, five months before his death, in april, . fruit large, sometimes very large, oblong-pyriform or obtuse-turbinate, one side always smaller than the other, thickly encrusted with russet so that but little of the yellow ground is visible; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, gritty at center, extremely juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed; first; sept. to nov. =maréchal dillen. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by van mons in and was published by him in . fruit very large, obtuse-obovate, yellowish-green, mottled with patches and dots of brown-russet; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, very saccharine, having a very agreeable flavor of vinegar and musk; first, an excellent dessert pear; oct. and nov. =maréchal pelissier. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . this pear was raised by m. flon, senior, the well-known horticulturist, of angevin, fr., in . fruit medium, ovate, yellow, blushed with red on the side next the sun; flesh tender, juicy; sept. and oct. =maréchal vaillant. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a seedling of m. boisbunel of rouen, fr., gained in . fruit very large, obovate, uneven in outline, yellowish-green, mottled and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, rather fine, semi-melting; juice sufficient, sugary, vinous, richly flavored and musky; an excellent pear; mid-dec. to end of jan. =margarethenbirne. .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german. reported in . fruit small, turbinate, greenish-yellow and heavily dotted with green, seldom blushed; flesh semi-breaking, juicy and aromatic; third for dessert, first for kitchen and market; mid-july. =marguerite d'anjou. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . m. flon, angers, obtained this from a seedling in . fruit above medium, irregular-ovate, and bossed, more enlarged on one side than on the other and often slightly contorted, clear yellow, slightly tinted with pale rose on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, dense, melting, watery, free from grit; juice abundant, highly saccharine, acidulous, possesses a delicious flavor recalling the perfume of the violet; first; oct. =marguerite chevalier. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium, nearly spherical, almost entirely covered with fawn-russet; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sprightly; good; end of autumn. =marguerite marillat. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . similar to souvenir du congrès but of brighter golden hue, obtained by m. marillat, craponne, near lyons, fr., . fruit large, pyriform-turbinate, pale yellow touched with fawn-russet, blushed with red on the side next the sun, sometimes a rich golden yellow at maturity; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, aromatic, slightly musky, very rich; second; early sept. =maria. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit rather large, oblong-ovate; flesh yellowish, very agreeable; feb. and mar. =maria de nantes. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by m. garnier near nantes, fr., and reported in . fruit nearly medium, globular-turbinate or oval-turbinate, greenish-yellow covered with fawn-russet; flesh fine, buttery, melting; juice saccharine, highly perfumed, and acidulous; first; oct. to dec. =maria stuart. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . belgian, . a van mons seedling. fruit large, conic, bent, with unequal sides, lemon-yellow, covered densely with gray dots, lightly russeted; very good for all purposes; oct. =marianne de nancy. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling of van mons who sent cuttings of it a few days before his death to m. millot, a pomologist at nancy, fr. fruit medium, obtuse-turbinate, very regular and even in contour, grass-green, stained with brown-russet; flesh whitish, fine, melting or semi-melting; juice abundant, very sugary, acidulous; second, though sometimes first when its flesh is very melting and its juice full of flavor; mid-aug. =marie benoist. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . obtained from seed by auguste benoist, brissac, maine-et-loire, fr., in . fruit large, turbinate, very irregular, obtuse and mammillate at the summit, globular at the base and generally much more enlarged on one side than on the other, clear green, dotted and veined with russet, stained with fawn especially around the calyx and stem; flesh white, fine, melting, a little gritty; juice abundant, saccharine, vinous, delicately perfumed; first; dec. to feb. =marie guisse. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . grown from seed of st. germain in , near metz, lorraine. fruit medium, obovate-oblong-pyriform, surface uneven, yellow, with shades of red in the sun, and large, dull dark specks; flesh yellowish-white, granular, melting, sweet, vinous; dec. to feb. =marie henriette. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out by daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit small or medium, globular; flesh granular, very juicy and sugary; first; oct. =marie jallais. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by jules buneau, . fruit medium, form variable; flesh melting, juicy, very sugary and perfumed, of a sprightly flavor; first; oct. to dec. =marie louise nova. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . sent by van mons to mr. manning, and though in some seasons very good, it cannot compare with marie louise. fruit medium, regular-acute-pyriform, yellow, with a brownish-red cheek; flesh at first melting, juicy, but quickly decays; good; end of sept. =marie louise d'uncle. .= _gard. chron._ , . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . marie louise d'uncle is a seedling of marie louise raised by m. gambier, a neighbor and contemporary of van mons. it produced its first fruits in . fruit rather large, pyriform, pale cinnamon-colored russet, rather similar to marie louise; flesh very fine, very melting, buttery, saccharine, very juicy and richly flavored; good to very good; sept. and oct. =marie mottin. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis at metz, lorraine, in . fruit large; flesh melting; first; oct. =marie parent. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by bivort, director of the nurseries of the society van mons at geest-saint-rémy, bel., from a seed bed formed in from seeds of the last generation of van mons' seedlings. fruit above medium, oblong, more or less cylindrical and bossed, or turbinate, very much swelled at the base and bossed at either extremity; skin fine ochre or golden yellow, dotted and stained with russet, washed with brick-red on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting or semi-melting, containing numerous small grits around the core, juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed; first; oct., often till dec. =marietta. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . an oriental hybrid. tree is said to be inclined to grow tall, with a single main stem. fruit light yellow, with red blush; oct. =mariette de millepieds. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a very late pear which came from the seed beds of maurice goubalt, a nurseryman in the suburbs of angers, fr., fruiting after his death, in . fruit large, ovate, irregular and bossed or turbinate, slightly obtuse, one side larger than the other, rough to the touch, rather thick, yellowish-green, washed with dark russet on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting, juicy and scented, refreshing, sugary, acidulous, having an exquisite flavor; first; mar. often till may. =markbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . mid-germany, . fruit fairly large, ventriculous, faint light green turning to pale green, often blushed and dotted with greenish-gray specks and marked with russet; flesh white, fairly soft, buttery, melting, full of flavor; very good for the table and good for culinary purposes; dec. and jan. =marksbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, ger., . fruit small, globular, flattened, greenish-yellow, speckled with yellowish-gray and greenish dots; flesh firm, breaking, juicy and acidulous; first for household; sept. =marmion. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . according to the bulletin of the société van mons this was either obtained or propagated by m. bivort in belgium. fruit nearly medium, turbinate, dull water-green, sprinkled with numerous and rather large brown spots, the basic green passing at maturity to lemon-yellow and warmly golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, rather fine, breaking, fairly juicy, saccharine and sprightly; dessert; sept. =marquise. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xlix. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . of french origin. merlet described it in in his _abrégé des bons fruits_. fruit above medium, turbinate, globular in the lower part, conic and slightly obtuse in the upper, bright green changing to yellowish, with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun, thickly covered with dots, which are green on the shaded side and brown or gray on the other; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking, full of sugary juice, slightly acid and musky, and very delicate; a good dessert pear; nov. and dec. =marquise de bedman. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . foreign. fruit medium or below, roundish-pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, with a few traces and patches of russet and many green and brown dots; flesh white, sweet, rather firm; good; sept. =marsaneix. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a cooking pear of no particular merit which originated at the market town of marsaneix, department of dordogne, fr., and was cultivated on the farms of that country in the middle of the eighteenth century. fruit small, globular, regular in form; skin rough, entirely russeted, dotted with yellowish-gray; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking, scented, gritty; juice abundant but deficient in sugar, insipid; second and for cooking only; jan. and feb. =marshall. .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . said to have originated on the farm of william marshall, cambridge, n. y., some years previous to . fruit medium, globular, inclining to obtuse-pyriform, yellow, netted and patched with russet over nearly the whole surface and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, semi-fine, juicy, semi-melting, slightly vinous and slightly aromatic; very good; end of sept. =marshall wilder. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . originated in the nurseries of m. leroy at angers, fr., in . fruit large, long-conic, very irregular, somewhat like calebasse in form, more or less bossed; skin rough, clear green slightly yellowish, dotted with gray-russet, marbled with brown and scaly; flesh yellowish-white, fine or semi-fine, juicy, very melting, sugary, deliciously perfumed and refreshing; first; oct. and nov. =martha ann. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a seedling raised by francis dana, roxbury, mass. fruit medium or below, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, yellowish-green, with patches and dots of russet; flesh coarse, juicy, astringent; poor; oct. =martin. .= _kans. hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated in cowley, kans., and reported as a new fruit and a good substitute for the vicar of winkfield. fruit medium to large, oblate-pyriform, irregular, greenish changing to yellowish-white, smooth; flesh firm, fine grained, buttery, juicy; fair; jan. =martin-sec. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _trockener martin._ = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . hogg tells us that this and the martin sire are among the earliest varieties known to have been grown in england, for they are mentioned among the fruits delivered into the treasury by the fruiterer of edward i in . in charles estienne of paris wrote of it as being cultivated in france and affirmed the pears of saint martin were so named because their time of ripening coincided with the festival of that saint. again, in merlet in his _abrégé des bons fruits_ spoke of the martin-sec of provins or of champagne. fruit medium or above, long-pyriform-obtuse, regular in form, yellowish and russeted, dotted with gray points and extensively washed with carmine on the face exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, very breaking, rather dry, but sweet and perfumed, very gritty when grafted on quince; third; mid-nov. to feb. =martin-sire. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xix, fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this pear, sometimes known as _lord martin pear_, was grown in england in the thirteenth century. by claude saint-Étienne in it was mentioned under two of its most ancient names, martin-sire and _ronville_. in the eighteenth century mayer in the _pomona franconica_ said the name martin-sire which was the most generally recognized of its many names originated from a former lord of ronville whose name was martin. fruit medium, pyriform, obtuse and very regular; skin fine, smooth and shining, bright green changing to a fine deep yellow, dotted and marked with fawn, carmined on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking, fairly juicy, sweet, perfumed and often with an after-taste of musk; more fit for stewing than dessert; dec. to feb. =marulis. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . foreign. fruit small, globular, greenish-yellow; poor; sept. =mary (case). .= downing. _fr. trees am._ . originated in the grounds of william case, cleveland, ohio. fruit small to medium, globular-pyriform, greenish-yellow, slight blush in the sun and many minute brown dots; flesh white, juicy, almost buttery, sweet and acid; very good; last of july. =mary= (van mons). = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling obtained by van mons, which gave its first fruit at brussels about the year . fruit medium and often above medium, ovate, obtuse, rather regular but generally a little depressed on one side at the calyx, yellow-ochre stained with fawn-brown around the stem and sprinkled with light marblings and large dots of green and russet, very numerous around the base; flesh whitish, very fine, melting; juice very abundant, sugary, with a vinegary flavor both delicate and refreshing; first; mid-oct. =mascon colmar. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated from seed at nassau, ger., . fruit medium, obtuse-conic, distorted in form, light green turning yellowish-green at maturity, free from any red blush, but much russeted and dotted; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, full of flavor; good for dessert and culinary purposes; feb. =masselbacher mostbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a perry pear. württemberg, ger., . fruit small, almost a sphere, green turning to yellow, much covered with russet; flesh firm, granular, acidulous; very good for perry and good for household use; end of sept. and early oct. =masuret. .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . one of the best french perry pears suitable for commercial and amateur growers; good for the production of sparkling perry; juice clear and very full of perfume; end of nov. =mather. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . the mather pear originated with john mather, jenkintown, pa., from seed planted by him about . fruit below medium, obovate, yellow, with occasionally a red mottled cheek and russeted at the insertion of the stem; flesh rather coarse, buttery, of delicate flavor and agreeable; good; aug. =mathilde. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a van mons seedling, . fruit medium, ovate, greenish changing to greenish-yellow, blushed, and speckled with gray dots; flesh semi-melting, granular, sweet, vinous; second for dessert, first for kitchen and market purposes; end of aug. for days. =mathilde gomand. .= _guide prat._ . . published by grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit medium; skin russeted; flesh melting; first; jan. =mathilde recq. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis, at metz, lorraine, in . tree vigorous and fertile. fruit, flesh fine, very saccharine and highly perfumed; nov. =mathilde de rochefort. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis at metz, lorraine, in . tree vigorous, forming good pyramids. fruit small, ovate, covered with russet; flesh fine, melting, very juicy and sugary; dec. =matou. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a variety, known also as _chat-grillé_ and _chat-rôti_ in france and which must not be confounded with the _chat-brûlé_, already described, which ripens in december. its origin is unknown. fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform and enlarged around central circumference, golden-yellow, dotted and marbled with gray-russet, washed with carmine on the face exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking, watery, very granular at the center; juice rather abundant, rarely very saccharine, astringent, almost devoid of perfume; third; mid-aug. =matthews. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _hopedale nurs. cat._ . . brought from new jersey about by a mr. chiever and planted at delavan, ill. tree long-lived, a late bearer. fruit medium to large, apple-shaped, green turning yellow, sweet, juicy; oct. to feb. =maud hogg. .= _jour. hort._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by john mannington, uckfield, in the weald of sussex, eng.; bore fruit in for the first time. fruit above medium, oblong-obovate; skin entirely covered with a crust of warm brown-russet like that of the beurré gris, and has a slight orange glow on the side exposed to the sun, very much like the chaumontel, no yellow or ground color visible; flesh yellowish-white, tender and buttery, very juicy, sweet, richly flavored; a dessert pear of the first quality; oct. to dec. =maude. .= _guide prat._ . . a french perry pear abundantly cultivated in the haute-savoie, fr. fruit medium, globular, grayish-green washed with red; flesh coarse, remarkably juicy. =maurice desportes. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this came from the seed beds of m. andré leroy, angers, fr., and first fruited in . fruit medium, oblong-conic, yellow, dotted with gray, blushed on the sunny side; stem long, rather stout, continuous with the fruit; calyx small, open, in a large cavity; flesh white, rather fine and rather melting, slightly granular, juicy, sweet; first; sept. =mausebirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hanover, ger., . fruit medium to large, variable in form, distorted, bossed; skin fine, greenish turning to yellow when ripe, almost entirely covered with cinnamon-russet, sprinkled with green spots; flesh yellowish-white, sweet and scented with rose; first for the table and kitchen use; oct. =mayflower. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by dr. shurtleff, brookline, mass., which fruited first in . fruit "short diameter - / inches, long diameter inches; flesh rather dry and firm; skin yellow, with red cheek; keeps soundly without extra care until may. a most prolific bearer. short pyriform." =maynard. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . origin unknown but thought to have been first grown in lancaster county, pa. fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow with russet dots and a crimson cheek; flesh white, juicy and sugary; moderately good; end of july. =mayr frühzeitige butterbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported at gratz, styria, austria, . fruit medium, turbinate-pyriform, uniformly light yellow, slightly russeted on the side next the sun, often with no russet; flesh white, soft, melting, full of flavor, keeps well; first for dessert, good for culinary use and market; sept. and oct. =max. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling of flemish beauty grown in ohio. fruit medium, globular-pyriform, yellow brightly blushed, flavor vinous, subacid; good; sept. in ohio. =mecham. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling pear reported from st. george, utah, in . fruit very large, bright green, ripens in oct. =medaille d'Été. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis of metz, lorraine, in . fruit large, ovate-pyramidal, lemon-yellow; flesh semi-breaking, very juicy, highly perfumed; aug. =medofka. .= _can. hort._ = =: . . russian. fruit very small, conical, clear yellow; flesh very melting, agreeable. =meissner grossvatersbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported to be of saxon origin, . fruit small, turbinate, almost entirely covered with light brown-russet, and sprinkled with round red spots; flesh juicy, semi-melting, having a strong aroma of cinnamon. =meissner hirschbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . saxony, . fruit medium, conic, bossed, pale light green changing at maturity to light lemon-yellow, often washed extensively with dark blood-red, numerous reddish dots, scentless; flesh breaking, juicy, aromatic; first for household and market; aug. =meissner langstielige feigenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . saxony, . fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, ventriculous and flat, crooked, somewhat uneven, light green changing to yellowish-green, often blushed with dark red, without dots, marked with russet; flesh yellowish-green white, coarse-grained, sweet, firm, breaking; third for dessert, first for kitchen; oct. =meissner liebchensbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, chiefly found in saxony. fruit small, globular-ventriculous-conic; skin shining, lemon-yellow, becoming highly polished, strongly dotted with round red spots, often marked with fine russet on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, firm, breaking, wanting in juice; third for the table, first for kitchen and market. =meissner zwiebelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . saxony, . fruit small, globular, light yellow, speckled with numerous fine russety spots; flesh often melting, with musky aroma, fine-grained; first for table and very good for culinary purposes; end of aug. for three weeks. =mélanie michelin. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . gained by m. boisbunel, junior, rouen, fr. fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, even in contour; skin rather thick, whitish-green, sprinkled with fairly numerous and rather large green spots, scarcely visible and often absent altogether; when ripe the basic green takes a more yellow tone on the side of the sun, and in the case of well-exposed fruits is blushed with a very light rosy red; flesh whitish, slightly tinted with green, tender, a little soft, melting, full of sweet juice and delicately perfumed; good; mid-july. =mellish. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . fruit below medium, globular-pyriform, pale yellow, netted, patched and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; oct. =melon. .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , tab. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . of dutch origin; first described in the pomology of knoop in . fruit medium, typically pyriform, slightly obtuse, regular in outline, sometimes a little uneven and crooked, greenish-yellow when ripe and more or less marked with black, or dark brown, stains, of poor appearance; flesh delicate and gritty, rather succulent and savory but having no particular flavor, not sprightly nor does it justify its name; aug. and sept. =melon de hellmann. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . grown by m. hellmann, meiningen, ger. fruit large, spherical, even in outline, intense green passing to decided yellow when ripe and warmly golden on the side of the sun, numerous dark green spots; flesh white, coarse, semi-breaking; juice sugary, perfumed and agreeable; second, good for cooking; sept. =ménagère sucrée de van mons. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a seedling of van mons who distributed it without name. fruit medium, conic-turbinate; skin thick, at first very clear green sprinkled with gray dots, numerous, very small but clearly visible; towards maturity the green changes to brilliant lemon-yellow and warmly golden on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, semi-buttery and distinctly perfumed with clove; oct. =mendenhall. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned as one of the "newer" varieties of pears, having given its first ripe specimens on july th, . fruit small, pyriform, yellow, much better in quality than early harvest. =meresia nevill. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a seedling of john mannington, uckfield, sussex, eng.; first fruited in . fruit below medium, roundish-obovate or oval, even and regular in outline, entirely covered with thick, dark-brown russet; flesh semi-melting, crisp, juicy, sweet, with a rich vinous flavor; an excellent dessert pear; dec. and jan. =merlet .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . merlet came from the nurseries of m. boisbunel, rouen, fr.; it fruited first in . fruit medium, turbinate, slightly obtuse and bossed; skin smooth, fine and shining, yellowish-green, delicately dotted with gray; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine, melting, watery, granular around the core; juice abundant and saccharine, refreshing and having a highly delicate flavor; first; aug. =merriam. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . originated at roxbury, mass.; popular in boston in . fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened at base and crown, smooth, rich yellow, covered with pale russet around the stem and calyx, and netted with russet all over; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed, very good; sept. and oct. =méruault. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by m. pariset from a seed bed of the easter beurré made in . fruit medium, ovate, shortened and thick, water-green sown with dots of fawn-brown, more often almost wholly covered with russet of fawn color; on ripening the basic green changes to an intense lemon-yellow, the russet clears, and the side next the sun becomes golden; flesh whitish, fine, buttery, melting, without grit; juice abundant, rich in sugar, delicately perfumed with musk; first; throughout winter. =merveille de moringen. .= _guide prat._ . . originated in the environs of moringen, ger., where it is very well thought of. tree large, very fertile, resisted the phenomenal frost of - in europe. fruit small, turbinate, a beautiful lemon-yellow; flesh breaking; for cooking; oct. =messire jean. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xxvi. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . of ancient and untraceable origin, but mentioned by venette, rochelle, fr., in and . fruit medium, turbinate, sometimes slightly obovate, surface slightly bossed; skin rough, thick, dark green, passing to buff, washed with dark red on the side of the sun, strewed with speckles of darker russet; flesh white, slightly tinged with lemon, rather fine, breaking, juicy, richly saccharine, perfumed, sprightly; good, either for dessert or kitchen use; nov. and dec. =messire jean goubault. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this variety dates from and came from a seed bed of m. goubault, angers, fr. fruit large or medium, turbinate, more or less globular, often irregular, bossed and much larger on one side than on the other; skin fine and wrinkled and entirely reddened and dotted with large grayish spots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, always doughy and containing some grit around the core; juice rather scanty, sugary, tart, slightly perfumed and very agreeable; second; nov. =michaelmas nelis. .= _gard. chron._ n. s. = =: , fig. . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . a seedling from winter nelis, which messrs. bunyard, nurserymen, maidstone, eng., found by chance in a cottage garden, and sent out in . it was given an award of merit at a meeting of the fruit committee of the royal horticultural society in october, . fruit medium, pyriform, very shapely, light greenish skin, somewhat russety; flesh white, melting, very little grit, juicy and of delicious flavor; end of sept. =michaux. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . origin not clear but r. manning, salem, mass., stated that he had received it from a town in alsace, fr. fruit medium, nearly globular-pyriform, light yellowish-green changing to yellow, with a slight blush of red; flesh white, coarse, semi-buttery, juicy, sweet; second; sept. and oct. =mignonne d'Été. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. boisbunel, rouen, fr., and placed in commerce in . fruit medium to large, like calebasse in form; skin glossy and yellow, finely dotted and streaked with gray-russet; flesh fine and melting; aug. =mignonne d'hiver. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . an old belgian variety. fruit medium, obovate to oblong-ovate-pyriform, light yellow, mostly covered with thick, rough russet, and veined with crimson and fawn; flesh yellowish, rather granular, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic; good; nov. and dec. =mikado. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: , . . among the most successful importers of oriental plants was freiherr v. siebold who maintained a nursery and botanic garden in leyden, holland, during the first half of the nineteenth century. of the pears imported by him, mikado was one. this was procured from von siebold's nursery in by messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine. fruit rather large, globular-ovoid; skin rough to the touch, yellowish-olive, dotted with gray specks; flesh white, fine, breaking, rather juicy, perfumed, with a pronounced quince flavor, subacid; poor, uneatable raw; end of sept. =milan d'hiver. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a very old pear described in by merlet, the french pomologist. fruit large, globular-turbinate, usually mammillate at the summit and very regular; skin thick and rough to the touch, gray-russet, sprinkled around the stalk with large whitish-gray dots; flesh yellowish, fine, semi-melting, granular at the core; juice rarely plentiful, only slightly saccharine, acidulous, feebly aromatic; third; nov. to jan. =milan de rouen. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . gained by m. boisbunel, rouen, fr.; distributed in . fruit medium, globular, a little conic toward the summit, slightly bossed and one side less swelled than the other; skin thick, dull yellow, dotted and streaked with fawn, much stained with gray around the stem; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, and semi-melting, juicy, rather granular at the core, sugary; juice aromatic, often spoiled by an unpleasant acerbity; second; end of aug. =miller. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised from seed by andré leroy; first reported in . fruit medium and sometimes larger; in form it passes from rounded conic to globular, slightly flattened especially at the base; skin rough to touch, bronzed all over, dotted with russet, and dotted and mottled with greenish-yellow; flesh white, fine, melting, a little granular at the core, juicy, sugary, sourish, with a delicious aroma; first; oct. =millot de nancy. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . produced in the nurseries of van mons at louvain; first reported in . fruit medium, ovate, very obtuse, more or less regular and bossed, often rather globular, yellow-ochre dotted with gray-russet, mottled with olive-brown, sometimes washed with clear fawn on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, gritty at the center; juice rarely abundant, but very saccharine, aromatic and full of flavor, sometimes a little too acid; second; oct. =milner. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . cataloged by silas wharton in under the name of _milner's favorite_. fruit small, pyriform; good. =mima wilder. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . a seedling of colonel wilder, in a collection of new pears shown by him in . in november of the following year it was found to have retained its previous good quality. =ministre bara. .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . a gain of grégoire, jodoigne, bel. it was exhibited by p. j. berckmans of augusta, georgia, before the georgia state horticultural society in and . =ministre pirmez. .= _guide prat._ . . published by grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit medium to large; flesh melting; first; jan. and feb. =ministre viger. .= _rev. hort._ . . raised by messrs. baltet of troyes, fr., from seed of the pierre tourasse. it was much noticed at the international exhibition at paris in . fruit large, turbinate, bossed, tender yellow clouded with ochre, washed with rosy gray and salmon on the side next the sun, with speckles of fawn; flesh fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, with perfume noticeable on the skin, and flavor recalling that of the duchesse d'angoulême; mid-dec. to mid-jan. =minot jean marie. .= _guide prat._ . . a seedling of grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit large, pyriform, shortened, covered with russet on a yellow foundation; flesh yellowish, breaking, very juicy, sugary; first; dec. to feb. =missile d'hiver. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a foreign variety recommended by m. dalbret and m. jamin, well known pomologists. fruit large, buttery, valuable according to m. jamin; nov. and dec. =mission. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated at the old mission near capistrano, california. fruit medium, acutely pyriform, long, yellow, nearly covered with russet; flesh very fine and buttery; very mild or sweet; ripe in sept. in southern california. =mr. hill's pear. .= langley _pomona_ , pl. lxiii, figs. , . . mentioned by batty langley, twickenham, eng., as bearing two crops in the year. fruit rather small, obtuse-pyriform, usually distorted at the upper end, grows in clusters; in the first crop matured on aug. , and the second crop on oct. . =mitchell russet. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . originated at belleville, ill. fruit medium or small, obovate inclining to conic; skin rough, dark russet, thickly covered with gray dots; flesh juicy, melting, rich and highly perfumed, astringent; scarcely good; oct. =mitschurin. .= _can. hort._ = =: . . probably russian. fruit very large; a good kitchen fruit; mid-season. =moccas. .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised from seed by thomas andrew knight, downton castle, eng. fruit medium, oval, uneven, and bossed in outline, lemon-colored, marked with patches and veins of thin pale brown-russet and strewed with russet dots; flesh yellowish, fine, melting, tender, full of rich vinous juice, musky in flavor; a delicious dessert pear. =mollet guernsey beurré. .= _gard. chron._ , . . raised from seed by charles mollet of guernsey, channel islands, who died in . fruit medium, obovate or somewhat pyramidal, with a remarkable fleshy extension of about / inch at the insertion of the stalk, surface of the pear uneven, yellow, but much obscured with ferruginous russet, sometimes equally scattered, but often disposed in broad, longitudinal stripes; flesh yellowish, very melting, buttery, with a rich chaumontel flavor though distinct; dec. =monarch. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . _knight monarch._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by thomas andrew knight, downton castle, eng., in . bunyard says: "tree easily recognized in winter by its very large oval buds, which stand out like those of a red currant." fruit medium, globular, yellowish-green, much covered with brown-russet and strewed with gray-russet specks; flesh yellowish, buttery, melting and very juicy, with a rich, vinous, sugary, and agreeably-perfumed flavor; first, one of the most valuable; dec. and jan. =monchallard. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . found about by m. monchallard at valeuil, dordogne, fr. fruit above medium to large, long-obovate, very obtuse; skin delicate, yellow, clear and dull, speckled uniformly with greenish dots and often washed with dark red on the cheek next the sun; flesh very white, fine or semi-fine, extremely melting, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, slightly aromatic and of delicious flavor; first; end of aug. and sept. =mongolian. .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . considered by budd of iowa to be the best of the oriental varieties yet tested in this country. obtained from seed at ames, iowa. fruit medium to large, globular-oval, narrowing at both ends, with its greatest diameter near the middle, similar to kieffer in shape, inclined to ridging near the apex, greenish, with blushed cheeks and russet dots; flesh tender, melting, juicy; good when ripened indoors. =monseigneur affre. .= leroy _dict. pom_. = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by van mons though the tree did not produce fruit until , three years after his death. fruit medium, form variable, globular-obtuse-truncate, pyriform, greenish-yellow; flesh white, reddish under the skin, very melting, juicy, sugary, acidulous, aromatic, with a fine flavor; first; nov. =monseigneur des hons. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . m. gibey-lorne, troyes, fr., raised this pear from seed in . fruit below medium and often small, usually turbinate, rather long and obtuse, but sometimes cylindrical and bossed, olive-green dotted with russet on the shaded side, golden on the exposed face, sometimes blushed with carmine; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, aromatic; second; end of aug. =monseigneur sibour. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated at jodoigne, bel., from a bed made by xavier grégoire; it dates from . fruit above medium but often less, ovate, swelled in its lower half, yellowish-green, dotted, marbled and streaked with gray-russet and more or less washed with brown-fawn on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, rather coarse, semi-melting, juicy, containing numerous grits around the core; juice saccharine, vinous and aromatic; second; end of oct. =moon. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . cultivated by silas wharton in . its synonyms, _moon's pound_, and _pound, moon's_, are significant of its size. fruit described by ragan as medium sized, yellow; flesh melting, juicy; good; late. =moorcroft. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . often called in england the _malvern_ pear, being much grown about that place; esteemed for perry. fruit small, globular, even and regular in outline, greenish-yellow on the shaded side, and with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun, strewed all over with large ashy gray freckles of russet; flesh breaking. =moorfowl egg. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _muirfowl egg._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . an old scotch dessert pear partaking somewhat of the character of swan egg. fruit below medium, globular, dull green changing to yellow-green, mottled with red next the sun, and thickly strewed with pale brown-russety dots; flesh yellowish, semi-buttery, tender, sweet and with a slight perfume; oct. =morel. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . propagated by alexandre bivort, successor of van mons, and can be traced earlier than . fruit below medium or small, ovate, sensibly hexagonal, flattened at either extremity, and one side usually more enlarged than the other, yellowish-green, dotted and marbled with russet; flesh yellowish, fine, breaking, rather granular at the center; juice abundant, wanting in sweetness, insipid and of a very unpleasant astringency; second, but good only for cooking; apr. =morgan. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . originated on the farm of a mr. morgan in new hanover county, north carolina. fruit large, oblate varying to obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, speckled with gray-russet intermingled with some tracery of the same; flesh white, a little gritty, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; very good, nearly best; oct. =morley. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . mentioned in parkinson's list of orchard pears as a "very good peare, like in forme and colour unto the windsor but somewhat grayer." =morosovskaja. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned in a paper read by mr. j. l. budd before the horticultural society of iowa in . it is a russian variety, having gritty, thorn-like wood. =moskovka. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . a russian variety said to be largely grown for cooking. fruit small, pyriform, juicy; early season. =mostbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, ger., . fruit medium, pyriform, sides rather unequal, whitish-yellow skin changing to lemon-yellow, without any blush, dotted indistinctly, russeted; flesh yellow, breaking, coarse-grained, juicy, aromatic, sweet; third for dessert, but first for cooking and perry; sept. and oct. =moyamensing. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . supposed to be a native. the original tree stood in in the garden of j. b. smith of philadelphia. fruit medium, variable in form, some globular, others obovate, uniform light yellow, with patches and dots of russet; flesh whitish, buttery, melting, coarse, sweet; with a rich, spicy and delicious flavor; good to best; aug. and sept. =mrs. seden. .= _garden_ = =: , figs. . a cross between seckel and bergamotte espéren; exhibited by james veitch and sons, chelsea, eng., before the royal horticultural society in january, , and received an award of merit. fruit small, round, yellow, toning to a bright crimson on the sunny side; flesh is free from the grittiness which sometimes characterizes the fruits of bergamotte espéren; the flavor is remarkably fine; jan. =muddy brook. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling from s. a. shurtleff of brookline, mass., which fruited in . fruit diameter - / inches, short pyriform; skin dark green; flesh white, melting and juicy, with good flavor; great bearer and good market pear; sept. =muir everbearing. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated with hal muir, bloomfield, ky., about . reported as "delicious; august to november." =mungo park. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . = .= _guide prat._ . . a seedling of van mons named after the celebrated scotch voyager. fruit small, turbinate-pyriform or globular-ovate, very pale green sprinkled with fawn dots, very small, numerous, and feebly visible, the basic green passing at maturity to pale whitish-yellow and becoming a little golden on the side of the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting, free from grit, full of sugary juice, sprightly and agreeably perfumed; first; oct. =munz apothekerbirne. .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . presumably german. a medium-sized pear, obovate, oblong, with a stalk rather more than an inch long, continuous with the fruit, yellowish; flesh white; of good flavor; aug. =muscadine. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . the original tree is supposed to have grown on the farm of a dr. fowler near newburgh, n. y., and the pear was introduced to notice by downing. fruit medium, globular-obovate, regular in form, pale yellowish-green, thickly sprinkled with brown dots; flesh white, buttery, semi-melting, with an agreeable rich, musky flavor; good to very good, a valuable late summer variety; end of aug. and beginning of sept. =muscat allemand d'automne. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . found in the horticultural society's garden at angers, fr., in . its origin is uncertain but the name indicates that it came from germany. fruit medium and sometimes below, rather variable in form, from long-pyriform, slightly obtuse and regular in contour, to irregular-ovate and strongly bossed, somber yellow, dotted with clear gray, extensively washed with russet, and vermilioned on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, rather granular, watery; juice abundant and saccharine, vinous, musky and almost always marred by too great an acidity; second; oct. =muscat fleuri d'Été. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . known at orléans at the end of the sixteenth century under the name _muscat à longue queue_. fruit small, globular-turbinate or turbinate slightly ovate, olive-yellow finely dotted with fawn and washed with red-brown on the cheek next the sun; flesh yellowish, coarse, semi-breaking, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, musky; second; end of july. =muscat robert. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. ii. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this pear was mentioned by le lectier in and by la quintinye in under the name of _pucelle de saintonge_. its name of muscat robert dates from about and merlet wrote of it in as the _amber pear_ or muscat robert. it has also been widely known as the _amber pear_. fruit small, globular, very round in all its lower part but slightly conic at its other extremity where it is a little wrinkled, yellowish-green, finely and uniformly dotted with olive-brown and sometimes rather carmined on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, breaking or semi-breaking, inclined to rot before ripe, granular, very juicy, sugary, very musky; second; mid-july. =muscat royal. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . an old french pear growing in kitchen garden at versailles planted about by la quintinye for louis xiv. it was then called _muscat fleuri d'autumne_ or _muscat à longue queue_, on account of its long stem. fruit small, globular in its lower half but somewhat conic-obtuse in its upper half; skin fine, grayish-yellow, dotted with clear brown and partly covered with russet which often passes into brownish-red of a somber hue on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, watery, rather granular round the seeds; juice abundant, very saccharine, more or less acid and having a pleasant flavor; second; sept. =muscat royal de mayer. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . this is the muscat royal described by the german mayer in his _pomona franconia_, , and by diel in , and must not be confused with the muscat royal of duhamel. fruit small or nearly medium on a pruned tree, globular-turbinate, largest circumference around the middle, very obtuse; skin thick, green, covered with a sort of white bloom which dulls it, sprinkled with numerous round, whitish-gray dots, especially apparent on the side next the sun where they are nearly white; at maturity the green brightens somewhat; by the time it becomes yellow the fruit is already over ripe; flesh greenish, coarse, gritty at the core, semi-buttery, fairly full of sugary juice, with an agreeable musky flavor; third, should be eaten promptly on ripening; end of july. =muscat roye. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . fruit small, oblong; skin rough to the touch, yellowish-green on the shaded side, and of a "pleasant red" next the sun; flesh breaking and perfumed; end of aug. =muscatelle. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . one of the last gains of major espéren, mechlin, bel., who died in . fruit small, nearly globular or globular-conic, at first water-green dotted with numerous round points brown in color, changing to lemon-yellow; flesh yellowish, transparent, semi- or nearly melting, full of sugary juice strongly scented with musk; first; feb. and mar. =musette d'anjou. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . claude saint-Étienne wrote of this pear briefly in , being the first writer to mention it. probably it originated in the old province of anjou. its name and form recall the rural bag-pipes which the breton country folk play, and dance to. fruit below medium, very elongated, flattened at its extremities, constricted at the middle, the upper part being often bent so as to make it resemble the musical instrument after which it is named, lemon-yellow or yellow-ochre, dotted uniformly with gray and brown points; flesh white, coarse and breaking, watery and gritty; juice sufficient, rarely very saccharine, more or less astringent, slightly perfumed, and with a disagreeable after-taste; third; sept. =musette de nancy. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit large, pyramidal and handsome, with an uneven and undulating outline, shaped like beurré de rance, lemon-yellow covered with a fine, warm, orange-brown or bright cinnamon-colored russet; flesh yellowish-white, rather crisp like the texture of passe colmar; juice abundant, rich, saccharine and very finely perfumed; first; end of oct. and beginning of nov. =muskateller-bergamotte. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . origin uncertain, probably german. fruit small, globular, light grass-green changing to yellowish-green, uniform in color, washed with brown on the side exposed to the sun, strongly dotted with brown; flesh melting, extremely musky; first for the table; oct. =muskingum. .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . origin uncertain, but probably either ohio or connecticut is its native habitat. fruit medium, globular to obovate, greenish-yellow, with dark specks and much russet; flesh breaking, yellow-white, with many dark specks and much russet, juicy, sprightly, vinous, pleasantly perfumed, aromatic flavor; good; middle and last of aug. =muskirte wintereirbirne. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a dutch variety, published in . fruit small, ovate, medium ventriculous; skin fine and smooth, light straw-yellow changing to a waxy lemon-yellow and often washed with a golden blush; flesh semi-breaking, sweet, having a musky aroma; second for dessert, first for household; dec. to feb. =musquée d'espéren. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling of major espéren; probably first reported in . fruit medium, variable in form, passing from ovate rounded at each end to ovate nearly cylindrical and more or less bossed; greenish-yellow, dotted and streaked with russet; flesh whitish, fine, breaking, perfumed; juice very abundant, saccharine, acidulous and very musky in flavor and agreeable; first; beginning of feb. and through mar. =mussette. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a normandy perry pear. fruit medium, rather long-pyriform; skin a dirty greenish-yellow changing to brown-green; flesh gritty, juicy, sweet, sharp and vinous; good for household use, first class for perry; end of oct. =mützchensbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, . fruit small, in clusters, short-turbinate, upper end flat, greenish-yellow, covered with cinnamon and dotted; flesh whitish-yellow, tender, sweet, vinous; third for dessert, first for culinary use; oct. =naegelgesbirn. .= _guide prat._ . . a rhenish-prussian perry pear which is exceedingly prolific but produces a perry of inferior quality. =nain vert. .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . this strange variety was obtained from seed by m. de nerbonne, in the commune of huillé (maine-et-loire), fr., and first fruited in . the tree forms a bush between and feet high; it is remarkable for its dwarf habit, and its erect, thick, fleshy branches, fruit medium and sometimes larger, globular, irregular, but variable in form; skin thin, slightly rough, yellowish-green, uniformly covered with large gray-russet dots; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, rather dry; juice deficient, sugary, sweet, almost without perfume; third; oct. =napa. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated in california and was introduced by leonard coates in . fruit very large, mid-season. =naples. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this old variety known in france for many centuries and described by claude saint-Étienne in was also known as the _feuille de chêne_ or _oak leaf_. its name indicates that it came from italy. henri manger said in that it appeared to him to be identical with the pear _picentia_ described by pliny. fruit medium and often less, turbinate-obtuse much swelled at central circumference, and more or less bossed at both extremities, olive-yellow or bright green at first, changing to a beautiful lemon-yellow, finely dotted with fawn, brownish-red next the sun, changing to bright red as the ground color changes; flesh whitish, semi-fine, semi-breaking, almost free from grit; juice plentiful, sweet and sugary, possessing usually a slight after-taste of anis; second; jan. to mar. =napoleon. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . _napoleon i._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _napoleon butterbirne._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . napoleon was raised in by m. liard, a gardener at mons, bel. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, swelled toward the base; skin thin, smooth, bright green changing to greenish-yellow, covered with numerous brown dots, seldom blushed; flesh white and fine, tender, melting, rather granular, very juicy, with a very saccharine, refreshing and aromatic flavor; first, a valuable dessert pear; mid-oct. or nearly nov. to dec. =napoleon savinien. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . obtained in the garden of the society van mons at geest-saint-rémy, bel., in . fruit medium, turbinate-ventriculous or pyriform-ventriculous, acute at the top which passes into the stalk; greenish-yellow, dotted with gray-russet; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, juicy and perfumed, saccharine; juice musky, delicate; oct. to mar.; the long period of its ripening is its very valuable quality. =napoleon iii. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . the seedling which bore this beautiful fruit came from the seed beds of andré leroy. it was first reported in . fruit large, obovate, obtuse, uneven, deep yellow, dotted and streaked with russet, and marked with numerous brownish stains; flesh white, fine, juicy and vinous, saccharine, tastes sourish; an excellent pear, first; sept. =naquette. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . under the name naquette this pear was described by claude saint-Étienne in . after that time it appears to have been classed in the caillot family with the name _caillot_. later still it received among other names that of _bergamot early_ (lindley) and _bergamote précoce_ (calvel). fruit medium or smaller, spherical, flattened at both poles; skin thin, smooth, grass-green dotted with fawn, when ripe clouded with yellow on the shaded side and washed or streaked with red on the cheek next the sun; flesh white, rather transparent, fine, melting, full of sugary juice, acidulous, pleasantly perfumed, very delicate; first; mid-aug. =nassau ehre. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . belgian, . fruit medium, pyriform, blushed, somewhat streaked with vermilion, slightly russeted; flesh semi-breaking, fine, cinnamon-flavored, sweet; second for dessert, first for household use; end of aug. =naudin. .= _guide prat._ . . published in the _revue horticole_, fr., in . fruit medium, long-pyriform, grass-green stained with gray; flesh extremely melting, very juicy, pleasantly relieved with a fresh savor; first; aug. to oct. =naumkeag. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . originated at salem, mass., by george johonnot; derives its name from the old indian name of salem. fruit medium, globular, yellow-russet; flesh juicy, melting but rather astringent in flavor; good; oct. =navez peintre. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . received by hogg, the english pomologist, from m. papeleu, wetteren, bel., in . fruit medium, ovate, even and regular in form, yellowish-green on the shaded side and marked with bands of brown-russet, but with a blush of brownish-red next the sun; flesh yellowish, melting, very juicy, piquant and sugary, with a fine aroma; a very fine pear; end of sept. =neapolitan. .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =:pl. . . described by brookshaw in as a valuable acquisition to english collections. fruit thin-skinned, green changing to yellow when quite ripe, rich in flavor, and so juicy that it cannot be pared without a considerable quantity of the juice running from it; nov. =nec plus meuris. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . this is not the nec plus meuris of france which is our beurré d'anjou. the origin is uncertain. fruit small, round-oval, uneven, greenish-yellow, nearly covered with rough brown-russet; stem very short, stout, continuous with the fruit; calyx large, open, in a small basin; flesh pale, yellow, melting, deliciously perfumed; feb. and mar. =nectarine. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit medium, globular-obovate, yellow covered with large dots and patches of pale brown-russet; flesh yellowish, buttery, rich, with a fine, brisk, acidulous flavor and agreeable aroma; first-rate, with a good deal of the character of the passe colmar; oct. =negley. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . introduced in by j. s. negley, pittsburg, pa. fruit above medium, obtusely obovate, nearly regular, sometimes a perfect pyriform, rich lemon shaded with bright crimson in the sun, sprinkled with minute brown-russet dots; flesh white, a little coarse, moderately melting, juicy, richly saccharine, vinous, slightly aromatic; good to very good; sept. =new bridge. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . described in the london horticultural society's catalog in as having been produced in the horticultural garden at chiswick. fruit below medium, turbinate, dull gray covered with thin gray-russet, and light, lively, shining brown on the sunny side; flesh melting, a little gritty, with a sugary juice, but without flavor; oct. =new haven. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a seedling raised in the garden of dr. ives, new haven, conn. it was said to partake of the habit of white doyenné, to be a good cropper, and of excellent quality. =new meadow. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a perry pear, grown in herefordshire, england. fruit very small, turbinate, covered with brownish-gray russet, and a brownish cheek next the sun. =newhall. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling of f. and l. clapp, exhibited before the massachusetts horticultural society in . fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, inclining to oval, surface rather uneven, yellow at maturity, with some traces of russet, occasionally blushed on the side next the sun; flesh melting, buttery, tender, very juicy, sweet, with a musky aroma; very good; oct. =newtown. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated at newtown, long island. fruit medium, globular-obovate, lemon-yellow, netted and patched with russet; flesh whitish, rather coarse, semi-melting, sweet, and pleasant; good; sept. =nicholas. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling shown by messrs. f. and l. clapp in november, . fruit medium, obovate; skin thin, yellow; very juicy and highly flavored. =nickerson. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated from seed planted at readfield, me. fruit large, oblong-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with a dull red cheek on the side next the sun; flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, sweet; good; oct. =nicolas eischen. .= _guide prat._ . . reported in by messrs. simon-louis as on trial in their nurseries at metz, lorraine. it was said to be a beautiful fruit, speckled and very musky like the bartlett, but more perfumed; dec. to feb. =niell d'hiver. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . shown at a meeting of the cincinnati horticultural society in . a late variety, acid in flavor. =nikitaer grüne herbst-apothekerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bon-chrétien de nikita._ = .= _guide prat._ . . german, published . fruit medium, conic, light green changing to light green-yellow, without any blush, numerous fine dots, russeted on the sun-exposed side; flesh yellowish-white, sweet, vinous; first for household purposes; oct., eight weeks. =niles. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this variety was imported from france about by the hon. j. m. niles, hartford, conn., without a name. it was consequently designated "niles." some pomologists have considered it to be the easter beurré, but it appears to be more oblong in form, more yellow in color, to have a longer stem and to be earlier in time of maturity. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, yellow thickly covered with russet dots; flesh juicy, buttery, sweet and pleasant; dec. =niochi de parma. .= _guide prat._ . . a summer variety highly esteemed in piedmont, italy. it is suitable for cultivation on a large scale and is hardy, having resisted the phenomenal european frost of - . =noir grain. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a variety very highly esteemed in flanders in the early part of the last century. fruit is of medium size and matures in sept., the flesh being buttery as is indicated by its synonym _beurré noire graine_. =noire d'alagier. .= _guide prat._ . . a caucasian variety sent out by m. niemetz, winnitsa, podolia, russia. on trial with messrs. simon-louis of metz, lorraine, in . the fruit is said to resemble winter nelis, gray, bronze-russeted, rough; flesh fine, juicy. =nonpareil. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling raised by judge livingston, of new york. fruit globular-oblate, russety-yellow, mostly overspread and shaded with red in sun, and bright fawn-russet in shade; flesh yellowish-white, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed; nov. =nordhäuser winter-forellenbirne. .= _deutschland obst._ = =:pt. , pl. . a north german variety of the forelle or trout pear. it is known as the _winter forelle_ or _northern forelle_. fruit medium, conic-obtuse; skin smooth and shining, greenish-yellow, speckled and washed with red on the side next the sun, dotted all over on the shaded face with fine brownish-red; flesh white, melting, sweet, aromatic and agreeable; jan. to mar. =norfolk county. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff of brookline, mass., and submitted by him to the fruit committee of the horticultural society of that state in . fruit, long diameter - / inches, short diameter - / inches, long turbinate, green with dots, good grain, juicy, with pleasant flavor, ripens well, a handsome fruit and large bearer; oct. . =normännische ciderbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . this pear was found growing wild in normandy, fr., and in upper austria, and is excellent for making perry and for distillation. fruit very small, turbinate, greenish-yellow covered with cinnamon-russet and ashy-gray dots; flesh yellowish-white, rather dry, sweet but with some sprightliness; sept. =notaire lepin. .= _rev. hort._ . . notaire lepin was obtained by m. rollet, a horticulturist at villefranche, rhône, fr., about and was placed on the market in . fruit large or very large, variable in size, obtuse-pyramidal but variable, skin fine, somewhat rough to the touch, yellow, dotted with russet, marbled with fawn, flesh white, granular around the core, fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, slightly but agreeably perfumed; its quality very variable, rather good, and rarely very good; jan. to apr. =notaire minot. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a posthumous gain of van mons of only very moderate merit. it fruited in nurseries at geest-saint-rémy, jodoigne, bel., in . fruit medium, rather variable in form, but usually irregular ovate-globular or very obtuse-turbinate and ventriculous; skin thick and rather rough, grass-green, dotted all over with fawn and blushed with dark red on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish, semi-fine and semi-melting, very gritty around the core; juice insufficient, saccharine, aromatic, having a disagreeable astringency; third; oct. =nouveau doyenné d'hiver. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . stated by diel to have been a gain of van mons. fruit medium, spherical or spherical-conic, slightly depressed at the two poles, even in its outline; skin thick and firm, of a very clear green, sprinkled with small brown dots regularly placed in a characteristic manner; at maturity the basic green passes to pale yellow and the side next the sun becomes a little golden; flesh white, rather fine, compact, breaking or semi-breaking; juice deficient, saccharine but wanting in perfume; not very desirable; end of winter. =nouveau poiteau. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . according to leroy this was a seedling of van mons raised in his nursery at louvain from a bed made in . fruit large and sometimes enormous, oblong or irregular-ovate, always much bossed, swelled around the middle and often more so on one side than on the other, grass-green, covered with numerous fawn dots, and with some squamose patches of brown-russet on the side of the sun; flesh white, greenish near the core, very fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, savory; first; oct. =nouvelle aglaé. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. grégoire, jodoigne, brabant. fruit medium, long-obtuse-oval, dark yellow touched with fawn; flesh fine, juicy; first; end of autumn. =nouvelle fulvie. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . _belle de jarnac._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a gain of m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel. first reported in . fruit large or very large, pyramidal-pyriform, strongly bossed, lemon-yellow when ripe, colored with vivid red on the side exposed to the sun, marked and dotted with russet; flesh yellowish-white, very fine, melting, buttery; juice very abundant, sugary, having an exquisite perfume; good; nov. to feb. =nussbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . schwarben, thuringer wald, ger., . fruit small, globular-turbinate, green, thick skin; flesh firm, breaking, vinous and acidulous; first for household; end of aug. =nypse. .= _guide prat._ . . a winter pear received by messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, from italy, and on trial in that firm's orchards in . =oakley park bergamotte. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . raised from seed by t. a. knight, downton castle, eng. former president of the london horticultural society. fruit medium, globular-obovate, greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh buttery, melting; good; oct. =ochsenherz. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _coeur-de-boeuf._ = .= _guide prat._ , . . south germany, . fruit large, pyriform, crooked, light green turning to lemon-yellow, almost entirely blushed with dull light red, dotted with green; flesh pulpy and tender, not juicy, very sweet and musky; third for table, first for household and market; end of oct. =ockletree. .= _hist. mass. hort. soc._ . . this was a seedling brought from pittsburg, pa., in and planted near vincennes, ind. in it produced bushels of pears, the largest crop recorded from it. in it measured ten and one-half feet in circumference at the smallest place below the limbs, seventy-five feet across the top, and sixty-five feet in height. in it was split down by a tornado, and seven or eight years later the trunk also died. it took its name from mr. ockletree its owner. the fruit was of inferior quality. =octave lachambre. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . m. octave lachambre, loudon, vienne, fr., found this variety in the orchard of the château of guérinière about . m. lachambre propagated it and offered it to leroy who placed it on the market in . fruit medium or less, globular-ovate, bossed, flattened at the top, and always smaller on one side than on the other, dull yellow, finely dotted and streaked with russet, slightly mottled with fawn on the cheek exposed to the sun and around the calyx and stalk; flesh whitish, fine, melting or semi-melting, rather granular around the core; juice extremely abundant, acidulous and saccharine, more or less aromatic but always full of flavor; first; may. =oesterreichische muskatellerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . austria, . fruit medium, globular, medium ventriculous; skin thick, greenish-yellow, somewhat blushed with brown and without russet; flesh firm, somewhat gritty, very melting and juicy; first for dessert, household and market; sept. =oeuf de woltmann. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . of german origin. fruit small to medium, exactly ovate, bright green, sprinkled with numerous dots, some gray and some dark green; at maturity the basic green changes to pale yellow the dots becoming less visible and on well-exposed fruits the side next the sun is slightly blushed with earthy-red on which are some dots of whitish-gray; flesh very white, semi-fine, semi-breaking, sugary, with a refreshing and agreeable perfume; good; end of july. =ogereau. .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . believed to be european. fruit obovate-oblong-pyriform, yellow blushed with red, some russet; flesh white, buttery, vinous, medium quality, for market; oct. and nov. =ognon. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out by m. gilbert, antwerp, bel. fruit small to medium, globular, irregular, green covered with russet; third class; sept. =ognonnet. .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . a cider pear used in france for the production of alcohol by distillation. =oignon. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . this is a variety which leroy found cultivated in the western departments of france which he thought might be the same as the pear called by le lectier in _oignon d'Été de bretagne_. in england it is one of the most fertile pears grown. fruit above medium, spherical, much flattened at both ends and often smaller on one side than on the other; skin thick and rough, gray-fawn, entirely covered with large grayish dots; flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, rather granular around the core; juice moderate in amount, sweet, saccharine, only slightly perfumed; second; end of sept. =oignonet de provence. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the origin of this pear is unknown, but it was propagated by m. urbain audibert, a nurseryman near tarascon in the south of france. in m. audibert sent it to m. loiseleur-deslongchamps who later published at paris the _nouveau duhamel_. in this work it was described and illustrated in . fruit small, globular or ovate, decidedly rounded; skin fine and thin, grass-green, covered with small gray dots, generally speckled with fawn and washed with clear reddish-russet on the side of the sun; flesh greenish-white, fine or semi-fine, melting, gritty at the center; juice sufficient, saccharine, vinegary, with a rather agreeable taste of anis; second; end of july. =oken. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _winter oken._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a seedling of van mons which fruited about . fruit medium, nearly globular or globular-ovate; skin fine, tender, pale green sprinkled with gray, extensively stained with fawn and slightly vermilioned on the side next the sun; flesh very white and fine, melting, watery, rather granular around the core; juice abundant, saccharine and having an exquisite aroma; first; mid-oct. to end of nov. =oldfield. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this is one of the most popular english perry pears, and took its name from the field where it was raised near ledbury in herefordshire. fruit small, globular, even and regularly formed; skin uniform yellow, covered with minute dots, and with a patch of russet around the stalk; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking and very astringent. =olivenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german rhineland, . fruit medium or small, globular-turbinate, dark olive-green turning to dull yellowish, dotted, and somewhat blushed with brownish-red; flesh white, fine, cinnamon-flavored, gritty toward center; third for dessert, first for household; nov. =oliver russet. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . oliver russet originated about and was shown before the massachusetts horticultural society in the autumn of by g. w. oliver, lynn, mass., in whose garden the parent tree was found growing. fruit medium or below, obovate, obtuse; skin fair cinnamon-russet on a yellow ground, with a blush; flesh yellowish, coarse, melting, juicy without much flavor; oct. =one-third. .= _iowa hort. soc. rpt._ . . reported to be growing on the iowa state college farm and to have been called one-third, from the fact that it is the third generation from seeds originally sown in wisconsin. =oneida. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in western new york. fruit medium or below, globular, pale yellow, partially netted and patched with light russet; flesh white, coarse, juicy, semi-melting, agreeable; good; sept. =onion. .= mawe-abercrombie _univ. gard. bot._ . _la grosse oignonette._ = .= brookshaw _pomona_ = =:pl. liii. . the onion, or la grosse oignonette, is a rare pear and is distinct from oignonet de provence. fruit medium, globular, brown-skinned; flesh sweet, well flavored but rather dry, and when too ripe becomes pithy; sept. =orange, .= _mass. hort soc. rpt._ . . a seedling fruited by s. a. shurtleff of brookline, mass., in . fruit diameter - / inches, globular; skin tough and bright yellow, with dots; flesh fine-grained, keeps well and is a good cooking pear; end of dec. =orange-bergamot. .= bradley _gard._ . . = .= brookshaw _horticultural repository_ = =: , pl. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . of english origin. tree hardy, free bearer, succeeding on either pear or quince stock. fruit small, globular-turbinate; skin smooth, pale green changing to yellow or yellow-green at maturity, blushed with dull red on the side next the sun, strewed with whitish-gray dots; flesh white, semi-melting, juicy, with a sweet, orange flavor; dessert pear; early sept. =orange d'hiver. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xix, fig. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _winter pomeranzenbirne._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _winter orange._ = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . this is a very old pear, probably of french origin. tree rather vigorous, said to be a late but heavy bearer. fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened at base and apex, bright yellow, covered all over with numerous brown dots and lined with russet; stem medium long, stout, inserted in a small, oblique cavity; calyx small, open, set in a small, round, very shallow depression; flesh white, rather gritty, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a pleasant, slightly musky, aromatic flavor; a good cooking pear and a fair dessert pear; feb. to apr. =orange mandarine, .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised from seed by leroy at angers, fr., and fruited first in . fruit below medium and sometimes a little larger, globular, rather regular in outline, more or less mammillate at the summit, pale yellow, passing to clear russet on the cheek exposed to the sun, and covered with minute brown dots; flesh white, very fine and very melting, slightly gritty at the center; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, endowed with an exquisite perfume; first; oct. =orange musquée. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. x. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _müskierte pomeranzenbirne._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this is an old pear of uncertain origin, though probably french or italian. fruit medium, globular, more or less bossed, flattened at both ends though sometimes rather conic and obtuse at the top; smooth skin punctured like an orange, yellow-green changing to fine lemon, with a lively red next the sun but rather variable; flesh white, coarse, breaking, gritty at center; juice not very abundant, rather saccharine, sweet, possessing a musky flavor and perfume; quality variable, on the whole, good; end of aug. =orange rouge. .= duhamel _trait arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _red orange._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . an old variety of obscure origin. henri manger wrote in that it appeared to him to be the _favonianum rubrum_ mentioned by pliny, but it appears according to m. leroy more likely to have originated at poitiers, and to be the _rousette_ or _orange du poitou_ or _poire de poitiers_. fruit medium, round, even, regular or inclining to turbinate; skin thick, clear grayish-yellow, clouded with green on the shaded side, sprinkled with pale gray dots and extensively washed and streaked with a lively dark red; flesh whitish, semi-fine; juice abundant, more or less saccharine, acidulous and musky; second, often third; end of aug. =orange tulipée. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xli. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ , fig. . an old french pear grown in the south of france and sold in paris at a very low price. it is known to have been cultivated for some three centuries, but is not worth growing today. described in the _jardinier françois_ in . fruit medium and often below, globular-ovate, or turbinate-rounded, with one side larger than the other; skin thick and rough, yellow-green, sprinkled with large, gray, scaly dots, and well colored with red-brown on the side next the sun, and numerous carmine streaks and marks on the other side; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, more or less granular around the core; juice sufficient, saccharine, slightly astringent, with a slight perfume of fennel; third; sept. =orange de vienne. .= _guide prat._ . . _wiener pomeranzenbirne._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a van mons seedling, . fruit small to medium, short-turbinate, clear yellow, with light brown dots; flesh granular, semi-melting, very sweet and sugary, having a bergamot flavor; first for table and all purposes; mid-sept. =ordensbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated in nassau, a former german duchy, . fruit medium, even-sided; skin smooth and tender, yellowish-green turning to light yellowish and light green, seldom blushed, grass-green dots; flesh white, juicy, semi-buttery; very good for dessert and good for cooking and the market; mid-aug. =orel . .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . introduced from russia about by professor budd of the iowa agricultural college. free from blight and apparently valuable as a stock for top-grafting. =orpheline colmar. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . the orpheline colmar was a gain of van mons a few years before his death and is a beautiful and handsome fruit. fruit very large, pyriform and obtuse-pyramidal, clear green becoming yellow at maturity, streaked and dotted with grayish-brown and black and stained with russet-fawn on the side of the sun and around the calyx; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, rather granular around the core, full of saccharine juice and pleasantly perfumed; good. =osband summer. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . originated in the vicinity of palmyra in wayne county, n. y., about and was at first known as _summer virgalieu_ and so published in the _genesee farmer_ in or . fruit small, obovate-pyriform, clear yellow, thickly dotted with small greenish and brown dots, with a warm cheek on the side next the sun and with some traces of russet especially around the stem and calyx; flesh white, juicy, melting, with a rich sugary flavor and agreeable perfume of musk; first in quality and appearance; early in aug. =osborne. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a native variety which originated on the farm of john osborne, economy, ind. it was introduced by ernst, and published in the _western farmer and gardener_ (vol. ), having first fruited in ernst's nursery in . fruit small, short-pyriform, stem planted on one side; skin thin, yellowish-green, with numerous gray dots; flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, sweet, vinous, with a slight astringency and highly-perfumed flavor; first; aug. and sept. =oswego beurré. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by walter read, oswego, n. y. tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellowish-green, streaked and mottled with thin russet; flesh melting, buttery, juicy, with a fine, sprightly, vinous and aromatic flavor; good; oct. and nov. =oswego incomparable. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated at oswego, n. y. fruit rather large, obtuse-obovate-pyriform, yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, a tinge of crimson in the sun and many russet dots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, sweet, juicy, agreeable; moderate quality, sometimes good; sept. =ott. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . ott is a seedling of seckel and was originated by samuel ott, montgomery county, pa., and introduced to the massachusetts horticultural society by dr. brincklé of philadelphia in the summer of . fruit small, globular-obovate, regular, largest about the middle, rounding off to the calyx end and narrowing to the stem where it is obtuse; skin slightly rough, dull green changing to yellow when mature, some russet, bronzy-red on the sunny side and dotted with russet specks intermixed with some greenish spots; flesh greenish-white, coarse, melting, very juicy, rich, sugary, with a spicy aroma resembling the seckel; very good; end of aug. =owen. .= cole _am. fr. bk._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in the garden of john owen, cambridge, mass. fruit small, globular-obtuse-pyriform, dark green, shaded with dull red in the sun and thickly sprinkled with green and light dots; flesh tender, delicious and finely colored; one of the finest cooking pears in its season; oct. to dec. =owener birne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . württemberg, . fruit globular-turbinate, greenish-yellow, with rather dark blush, russeted all over; flesh yellowish-white, astringent, juicy, breaking, aromatic, first for household use and the making of perry; end of sept. =ozark. .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . originated about from seed taken by a mr. rooks from kentucky to polk county, missouri. fruit large, oblate, greenish-yellow, with a few russet veinings and patches, dots numerous, minute, russet; stem medium long, in a large, deep basin; calyx large, open; flesh white, with yellow veins, buttery, granular, mild subacid; good; aug. =paddock. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . sent out by chauncey goodrich, burlington, vt. fruit rather below medium, oblong-ovate-pyriform, light yellow, sometimes with a faint blush; flesh fine-grained, melting, sweet, but not very highly flavored; good; end of july. =pailleau. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . attributed to van mons, belgium. fruit large, oblong, greenish-yellow, rough, with brown and green dots and patches of russet; flesh juicy, sweet, rich, good, but rather coarse-grained; excellent quality; early sept. =pain-et-vin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . cultivated in normandy early in the nineteenth century under the two names of _pain-et-vin_ and _chêne-vert_ or _green-oak_. fruit medium, ovate, rather long and swelled; skin thin, rough, dark yellow ground covered with bronze, freely stained and dotted with gray and reddened on the side of the sun; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, very firm, although semi-melting, rather gritty at core, very juicy, saccharine, acid, very vinous, with a particularly pleasant flavor; second; about mid-sept, to beginning of oct. =palmischbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown in germany and upper austria and known in different localities by various names. it was published in germany in . fruit small, turbinate, regular in contour, greenish-yellow turning to light yellow, often with a dark blush, covered all over with large gray spots; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, very juicy, acidulous and saccharine, aromatic; third for the table, but first for perry; sept. =paradiesbirne. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, ger., . fruit small to medium, conic, yellow-green changing to golden yellow, slightly blushed, and dotted with brown, thin skin; flesh yellowish-white, very sweet, juicy; second for dessert, first for household; end of oct. =pardee. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by s. d. pardee, new haven, conn. fruit small, globular, greenish-yellow, much covered with russet; flesh coarse, granular, buttery, juicy, melting, with a high vinous flavor, strongly perfumed; oct. =parfum d'aout. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the parfum d'aout described here is the variety described under that name by jean merlet in and and afterwards by duhamel in . it probably originated in the village of berny, not far from paris. fruit small, long, nearly pyriform, enlarged on one side more than the other at the lower end; skin smooth, pale yellow, slightly tinged with green, covered with dots and small speckles of fawn, tinged with a beautiful red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking or semi-breaking, some grit around the core; juice rarely abundant, saccharine, sweet, with a perfume of musky-anis; second; end of aug. =parfum d'hiver. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . as early as , this variety was grown in france under the name _bouvert musqué_. tree rather vigorous, very productive. fruit medium, roundish-turbinate, olive-yellow washed with bright red; stem rather long; calyx large, partially open; flesh brittle, juicy; good for cooking; feb. to apr. =parfum de rose. .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . obtained by bivort and first introduced in . fruit small, long-pyriform, rather irregular in contour; skin fine, a little thick, water-green and whitish at first, sprinkled with small dots of grayish-green, combined with many stains of the same color, passing at maturity to dull yellow; flesh nearly white, very fine, buttery, melting; juice sufficient, having a distinct perfume of rose, which is its chief distinguishing feature; end of sept. =parfumé. .= miller _gard. dict._ = =: . fruit medium, globular; skin rather thick and tough, of a deep red color, spotted with brown; flesh melting, but dry and has a perfumed flavor; end of aug. =parfumée. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . french. gained by m. pariset, courciat-dongalon, fr., and fruited for the first time in . fruit medium, globular-ovate, short and thick; skin thick, pale green, sprinkled with numerous greenish-gray dots only slightly visible on the side next the sun, at maturity pale yellow and the exposed cheek more or less warm gold; flesh white tinted with yellow, fine, melting, gritty around the center; juice abundant, sugary and perfumed; first; beginning of winter. =parrot. .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . introduced in england about . fruit like bergamot in form; very richly flavored; oct. =parsonage. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . originated at new rochelle, n. y. fruit medium to large, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, often inclined, orange-yellow, rough, generally shaded with dull crimson, netted and patched with russet and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, slightly coarse, somewhat granular, juicy, melting, with a refreshing vinous flavor; good; sept. =passa-tutti. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . an italian autumn pear. fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, much covered with yellowish-gray russet, lighter yellow on the sunny side, with some red blush; flesh agreeable, with a muscat flavor; third; nov. and dec. =passans du portugal. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . passans du portugal would seem from its name to be of portuguese origin. it should not be confused with summer portugal although the two varieties have various synonyms in common and have some qualities in common. fruit medium, oblate, flattened after the bergamot type, lively green changing to pale yellow on ripening, red next the sun brightening toward maturity to a more vivid shade; flesh white, breaking, juicy, with a fine sugary and perfumed flavor; an excellent dessert pear; aug. =passe-colmar des belges. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . origin unknown but was found growing under this name in the collection of the horticultural society of angers early in the last century. fruit above medium, turbinate-obtuse and bossed, yellow, dotted and streaked with russet; flesh white, coarse, semi-breaking, wanting in juice and sugar, sharp and acidulous; third; nov. =passe colmar d'Été. .= _guide prat._ . . french. fruit small, turbinate, olive-green; flesh very juicy; good; sept. =passe colmar musqué. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . obtained by major espéren, mechlin, bel., from a bed of mixed seeds he made about . it yielded its first fruit and was published in . _passe colmar musqué_ is also known as _autumn colmar_ but is distinct from the variety most usually known by that name. fruit medium and sometimes less, turbinate, otherwise obtuse-conic, rather variable in form; skin thick, tender, green changing to golden-yellow, dotted, mottled and patched with pale cinnamon-russet and often washed on the side next the sun with a light transparent red; flesh slightly yellowish, very fine, melting, very saccharine, richly flavored, aromatic and scented; first; nov. =passe crassane. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . this winter pear was raised by m. boisbunel, a nurseryman at rouen, fr., from a bed of mixed seeds which he made in ; it bore fruit and was first published at rouen in . fruit medium or rather large, turbinate or globular-conic, flattened in bergamot fashion; skin rough, thick, of a dull pale green, mottled with russet markings and passing to yellow on the side turned to the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, very juicy, saccharine, perfumed, and agreeably sprightly; very good; jan. to mar. =passe-goemans. .= mas. _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _goemans gelbe sommerbirne._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . belgian, and probably from van mons in . fruit medium, globular, ventriculous, sides unequal, very obtuse, uniformly citron-yellow, blushed with cinnamon on the sun-exposed side; flesh very full of flavor; first; end of sept. =passe madeleine. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . probably a french variety. tree vigorous and very productive. fruit medium, long, lemon-yellow, lightly tinted with gray on the side next the sun; flesh melting, sugary, rather perfumed; beginning of sept. =passe-tardive. .= leroy _dict. pom._ . fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . obtained by major espéren of mechlin, bel., and first published in . fruit above medium to large, turbinate, regular, bossed and much swelled in all its lower part and greatly contracted at the summit; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, gritty around the core; juice seldom abundant, sugary, agreeable, though but slightly perfumed; second or third for dessert, first for the kitchen; apr. to june. =pastor. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . reported in the experimental orchard at agassiz, br. c., in and at various canadian experiment farms in . fruit medium, oblate-pyriform, yellow; flesh melting, sugary, juicy, perfumed flavor; good; late season. =pastorale, .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. lv. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . mayer, director of the gardens of the grand duke of wurtzburg, bavaria, described this pear in his _pomona franconica_ in and , and duhamel du monceau wrote of it in . earlier still le lectier spoke of its cultivation before under the name _musette d'hiver rosate_, merlet called it _pastorale_ in , and la quintinye named it _pastourelle_ and _musette d'autumne_ in . fruit above medium, pyriform, slightly obtuse, much puckered at the summit and generally larger on one side than on the other; skin greenish, nearly covered with gray-russet, sprinkled with large brown dots, vermilioned on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, semi-fine, more or less gritty around the core; juice abundant, rather sugary, slightly acid; nov. to jan. =pater noster. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . mentioned in the van mons catalog of fruits cultivated from to . fruit above medium, and often large, variable in form, oblong or long-turbinate, slightly obtuse, contorted and bossed, clear olive-yellow; flesh white, fine, melting or semi-melting, watery; juice abundant, saccharine, very vinous, acidulous, with an agreeable aroma; first; nov. =paul ambre. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . a belgian variety resembling nec plus meuris; origin unknown. fruit globular or globular-oval, pale greenish-yellow, shaded with crimson on the side next the sun, dots and markings of russet; flesh whitish, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet; good to very good; oct. =paul bonamy. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . m. bonamy, a nurseryman at toulouse, fr., obtained this pear and named it after his son. it was first published in . fruit large, ovate, bossed; skin fine, thin, oily and scented at maturity; flesh white, semi-fine, a little fibrous when the fruit is too ripe, melting or semi-melting, streaming with sugary juice, sprightly, highly perfumed; good; sept. =paul coppieters. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel., previous to . fruit rather large, pyriform-turbinate, yellow, dotted and heavily marbled with reddish-yellow; flesh white, very fine, free from granulations, buttery, saccharine and aromatic; beginning of nov. =paul d'hoop. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out in as a new variety by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. fruit medium, covered with fawn-russet; flesh fine, yellowish-white, buttery, vinous, saccharine, having a delicious aroma; jan. and feb. =paul thielens. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . paul thielens came from a seed bed made by van mons in in his nursery at louvain, bel. fruit large, ovate, very irregular, bossed and swelled, or ovate, nearly globular; skin a little rough, transparent greenish-yellow, dotted and marked with grayish-russet, slightly blushed with dull red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, gritty at the center; juice rarely abundant, more or less saccharine, slightly aromatic; second; oct. =pauls birne. .= _guide prat._ . . _poire de paul._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . fruit large or rather large, globular-conic or conic-obtuse, dull water-green, usually entirely covered with a wash of cinnamon color which at maturity becomes golden, and the side exposed to the sun is blushed with a garnet red on which are numerous small gray dots; flesh white tinted with yellow, rather fine, breaking, gritty about the core, juicy, sugary, vinous, slightly perfumed; first for cooking; winter, lasting well toward the end. =payen. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by m. boisbunel, a nurseryman at rouen, fr., from a mixed seed bed made in . it was reported on in and propagated in . it is distinct from both beurré payen and président payen. fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, bright greenish-yellow, mottled with fawn and covered with large and numerous brownish dots; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet; first class; oct. =payenche. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _paquency._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . found in a hedge at the village of payenche in périgord, fr. it was taken to paris in . fruit nearly medium, oblong-ovate-pyriform, light yellow stained or marbled and dotted with gray-russet and colored with brick-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, some grit around the core; juice extremely abundant, very saccharine, acidulous, with a savory perfume and a slight after-taste of anis; first; oct. =payton.= according to letters from nicholas hallock, queens, n. y., this variety originated on the premises of a mr. payton of flatbush, l. i., and had been known locally as payton for some time previous to . fruit obovate-obtuse-roundish, about the size of doyenné boussock, dull green becoming yellow, thickly sprinkled with small brownish dots; stem short, stout, set in a rather shallow, russeted cavity; calyx open, placed in a shallow, wide basin; flesh not coarse, not gritty, not stringy, white, moderately juicy, good but not highly flavored; sept., later than bartlett. =peach. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _pêche._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a variety obtained by major espéren, mechlin, bel., from a bed of mixed seeds he made in , and first reported in . fruit small to medium, globular-obovate; skin smooth, pale greenish-yellow when ripe, occasionally tinted with a faint blush of red on the side toward the sun, dotted and mottled with brown; flesh white, citrine, fine, very melting, very juicy, sweet, richly flavored and delicately perfumed; first in france, but variable according to climate; aug. =pei-li. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . pei-li or _snow pears_: a race of pears grown in northwestern china; globular, white, juicy and generally regarded as the best fruits in the country. =pemberton. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling of s. a. shurtleff, boston, mass. fruit medium, inclining to oval, light green, thickly sprinkled with dark dots, yellowish on the side of the sun, with sometimes a red cheek; flesh somewhat coarse, but juicy, sweet; good; feb. and mar. =penderson. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by samuel penderson, new haven, conn. fruit medium, globular, greenish-yellow; flesh white, breaking, semi-melting, brisk, rather astringent; good; oct. =pendleton early york. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . _york-précoce de pendleton._ = .= _guide prat._ , . . originated by mrs. jeremiah york, connecticut, about from seed of rousselet hâtif. fruit medium or below, obovate, varying to obtuse-pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, with russet specks, sometimes with a faint blush; flesh white, tender, sweet, melting, slightly perfumed; good; last of july. =pengethley. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . raised by t. a. knight, president of the london horticultural society, who, in february, , sent cions of the variety to mr. lowell and the massachusetts agricultural society. fruit medium, inclining to oval, obovate, pale green, covered with dark dots, changing to yellow as it ripens, sometimes having a red cheek; flesh somewhat coarse, but juicy, sweet, and good; feb. and mar. =penn. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . the original tree was planted at the beginning of the last century close to the old penn manor in pennsylvania and on the margin of land which became the track of the camden and amboy railroad. inasmuch as its position was so close to the railway the company threatened to cut it down. hence it acquired the name of _railroad fuss_ by which it was known for many years. fruit medium, oblate, sometimes globular-oblate, angular, pale lemon-yellow, thickly sprinkled with small grayish and russet dots, sometimes with a few patches and dots of russet around the calyx; flesh white, a little coarse, very juicy, melting, with a sweet, pleasant, refreshing flavor, slightly aromatic, with a little musky perfume; good to very good; oct. =pennsylvania. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling found on the ground of j. b. smith of pennsylvania. in the original tree was stated to be nearly forty feet high, of a pyramidal form and remarkably robust habit. fruit medium, obovate, tapering toward the stem, obtuse, brown-russet on dull yellow ground, ruddy on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, slightly perfumed and with a musky flavor; good but not strictly first rate; as an american fruit it may be ranked with buffum, cushing and fulton; oct. =pepin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this pear was growing in the orchard of le lectier in anjou, fr., in the year and was described by claude saint-Étienne in . fruit below medium and sometimes small, globular, bossed, always mammillate at the summit, meadow-green, clouded with pale yellow, dotted with gray and extensively washed with brick red on the side turned to the sun; flesh whitish, fine or semi-fine, breaking, watery; at the center are numerous granulations; juice very saccharine, sweet and savory; second; mid-aug. =perpetual. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said to have originated on long island, n. y. disseminated by messrs. berckmans, augusta, ga. fruit medium, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, green and yellow, beautifully blushed in the sun; flesh whitish, firm, moderately juicy, sweet; good; keeps till may. =perrier. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. morel in . fruit medium, globular, green; flesh fine, melting, juicy; good; beginning of aug. tree vigorous and fertile. =pertusati. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised in the nurseries of m. andré leroy, angers, fr., in . fruit medium, globular-ovate, irregular, having one side larger than the other; skin rough, golden-yellow, finely dotted with gray, marbled with clear brown around the calyx and the stem; flesh white, fine, melting; juice abundant, very saccharine, with an acidulous flavor, very pleasant and delicately perfumed; first; nov. =petersbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _petite poire de pierre._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _kleine petersbirne._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . altenburg, ger., . fruit small, clear green, sprinkled with numerous minute blackish-green dots, turning to dull yellow at maturity and washed over a large area of its surface with dark red, on which the dots are of a darker red; flesh greenish-white, very fine, semi-breaking, sufficiently juicy and agreeably perfumed; a good fruit to preserve or to dry; aug. =petit-blanquet. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. vi. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _little blanquet._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _small blanquet._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this variety was known in french gardens in the middle of the sixteenth century under the name _poire perle_, and some years later also by that of _petit-blanquet_. fruit small or very small; form rather inconstant, slightly obtuse-pyriform, or more obtuse-ovate; skin smooth and transparent and shining, clear pale yellow or of a white, waxy and pearl-like tone, sprinkled with greenish dots, with occasionally a blush of tender rose on the side next the sun; flesh very white, semi-fine, breaking and firm; juice rarely abundant, saccharine, savory although only slightly perfumed; a second class dessert pear; aug. =petit catillac. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _kleiner katzenkopf_. = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this pear is probably of german origin. it has points of resemblance in common with the old french catillac but is distinguished by its size, being often less than that of the latter, its time of maturity being earlier, its flesh being less breaking, more saccharine and without any tartness. fruit large, ovate-pyriform and much swelled, even in contour, green at first, sprinkled with large, regularly spaced, prominent, brown dots, the green passing to lemon-yellow at maturity, with a blush of red-brown on well-exposed fruits on the side next the sun; flesh white, coarse, semi-buttery; juice abundant, rather vinous and without any appreciable perfume; good for the kitchen; oct. and nov. =petit-chaumontel. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . from the old garden of the horticultural society of angers, fr., and sometimes erroneously confused with oignon which ripens some six weeks earlier. fruit medium, globular, very bossed and irregular in form, clear green, dotted, veined with russet and extensively washed with carmine on the side turned to the sun; flesh very white, semi-fine, breaking, gritty at center; juice sufficient, saccharine, vinous, slightly astringent; second; latter half of aug. =petit-hâtiveau. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a variety of ancient and unknown origin, but cultivated among a group of pears termed _hâtiveau_ for over the last five centuries. it was called by the name _petit-hâtiveau_ by claude saint-Étienne in to distinguish it from the _gros-hâtiveau_. fruit small, ovate, obtuse and more or less globular; skin smooth and fine, lemon-yellow, dotted with exceedingly minute greenish points and more or less stained with gray-russet around the calyx and stem; flesh whitish, breaking, semi-fine, scented, juicy and gritty, juice sugary, acid, and slightly musky; third; july. =petit-muscat. .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , tab. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _little muscat_. = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . jean mayer, director of the gardens of the grand duke of wurtzburg, bavaria, in his _pomona franconica_ published in showed that the petit-muscat was the antique pear _superba_ described by pliny. various other pomologists wrote of it prior to mayer as for instance jacq. daléchamp, ; jean jonston, ; and henri manger, . charles estienne was the first to write of it in france, , and he named it _musquette_. fruit very small, turbinate, more or less obtuse and sometimes globular-turbinate; the eye is placed in a regular-formed cavity and is always naked in consequence of the segments of the calyx falling off, pale greenish-yellow, finely dotted and slightly clouded with rose on the side of the sun (in france); flesh yellowish, semi-fine, breaking, not very juicy, sugary, acidulous and with a pleasant musk flavor; second; june. =petit-oin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _winterwunder_. = .= christ handb. . . _müskirte schmeerbirne_. = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _merveille d'hiver_. = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . valerius cordus was the first to describe this pear which originated in germany and belongs to the schmeerbirne or greasy class. about it was cultivated in france under the name of _oing_ or _oin_, the french equivalent of the german _speck_ or _lard_. fruit medium or less, globular-ovate or turbinate, slightly obtuse at summit, with thick but smooth and greasy skin, dull yellow-green, more or less gray, dotted and flecked with greenish-russet; flesh whitish, granular, scented, exceedingly melting and juicy, very saccharine, free from acid and having an exquisite flavor; third; sept. to nov. =petite charlotte. .= _guide prat._ . . french. fruit small, pyramidal, greenish-yellow, highly colored on the side of the sun; flesh breaking, juicy, vinous; excellent; aug. and sept. =petite fondante. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _kleine schmalzbirne_. = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . origin unknown. fruit small, nearly spherical, sometimes depressed at both poles, even in contour; skin rather thick and yet tender, pale water-green, sown with numerous very faint, very small, brown dots; at maturity the basic green whitens a little and the side next the sun of fruits well exposed becomes a lighter yellow; flesh whitish, semi-fine, semi-melting, rather gritty around the core, highly saccharine, vinous and sprightly; good; end of aug. =petite marguerite. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . raised in the nurseries of m. andré leroy, angers, fr., in and propagated in . fruit medium, irregular ovate, bossed, swelled at the base and having one side always larger than the other, grass-green, dotted with gray and brown and slightly bronzed on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh greenish-white, fine and very melting, slightly gritty at the center; juice extremely abundant and saccharine, acidulous, with a very pleasant perfume; first; aug. =petite tournaisienne. .= _guide prat._ . . a variety on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz. fruit medium, oval, oblong, yellow; flesh very fine, semi-melting; apr. and may. =petite victorine. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling of m. andré leroy raised in . fruit below medium, globular, flattened at the base but slightly conic at its other extremity, greenish, dotted and marbled with russet; flesh white, fine, melting, generally free from grit; juice sufficient, saccharine, acidulous, with a specially exquisite, musky flavor; first; dec. and jan. =petre. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . this valuable variety was raised by john bartram, the proprietor of a botanic garden near philadelphia, from seed received in a letter from lord petre of england about the year . the tree still stands, although becoming decrepit. fruit medium, obovate, truncate at both ends; skin thin, greenish-yellow, with small pale spots; flesh white, soft, juicy and buttery, with a delicious flavor, very slightly musky and vinous; very good; mid-sept. to dec. =pfaffenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . württemberg and baden, ger., . fruit small, turbinate, yellow, tinted with a dark cinnamon-colored blush on the side next the sun; the summit is covered with russet, thickly sprinkled with gray dots; flesh firm and tasteless. =pfingstbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german seedling, . fruit medium, globular, green turning yellowish-green, speckled and dotted with gray; skin thin and scentless; flesh rather white, sweet and musky; first for table, household and market; early summer. =philiberte. .= _guide prat._ . . french. fruit rather large, nearly globular, a beautiful lemon-yellow; flesh very fine, melting, very juicy, agreeably perfumed; first; dec. and jan. =philippe-le-bon. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _philipp der gute_. = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . according to the catalog of van mons of this was one of his seedlings. fruit hardly medium, ovate, or turbinate-ovate, short and thick, usually even in outline; skin thick, firm, glossy, pale green, whitish-brown dots; at maturity the basic green passes to pale dull yellow, washed with some clear cerise-red; flesh white, rather coarse, buttery, not much juice, but vinous and perfumed; good; sept. and oct. =philippe couvreur. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . of belgian origin. fruit medium to large, orange-yellow dotted with russet; flesh white, tinted with salmon, fine, juicy, perfumed; good; beginning of oct. =philippe goes. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a posthumous gain from the seed beds of van mons. the parent tree gave its first fruit in . fruit above medium, obovate, uneven and undulating in outline; skin rough to the touch, of a dark olive, much covered with a bright russet; flesh semi-melting, gritty, sweet, rather granular at the center, juice rarely abundant, saccharine, vinous and fairly well perfumed; second; dec. =philippot. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . originated with m. philippot, a nurseryman at saint-quentin, aisne, fr. in it fruited for the first time and was propagated in . fruit large to very large, globular-conic, obtuse, swelled and fleshy at the base; skin yellowish, in part dotted and marbled with brownish-fawn; flesh very white, coarse, semi-breaking, watery; juice abundant, sweet, having little sugar or perfume although rather delicate; third for dessert, first for cooking; jan. to mar. =philopena. .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a chance variety brought to notice by reuben ragan of indiana, about and named philopena by him. fruit small to medium, oblong-pyriform, yellow, with purple blush; calyx open, in a small, shallow basin; stem short, cavity small or absent; quality medium; three or four weeks after bartlett. =picciola. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . of belgian origin. fruit small, globular-oblate, greenish-yellow, sometimes slightly blushed in the sun, with traces of russet; flesh whitish, very juicy, melting, with a vinous flavor; good to very good; sept. =pie ix. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _pius ix._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . the parent tree of pie ix sprang from seed sown in by van mons in his nurseries at louvain, bel. fruit large, turbinate, more or less obtuse and elongated, much swelled at the middle, bossed and contorted at its summit, lemon-yellow, dotted and striped with fawn; flesh white, coarse or semi-fine, juicy and melting, rather gritty at the center, saccharine, sour, fairly well perfumed, sometimes disagreeably astringent; second; sept. =pierre corneille. .= _guide prat._ . . pierre corneille was obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr., from a seedling of beurré diel crossed with doyenné du comice; introduced about . the fruit has the appearance of duchesse d'angoulême. tree vigorous, fertile and pyramidal in form. fruit large globular-obovate, greenish-yellow; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary, deliciously perfumed; dec. and jan. =pierre curie. .= _rev. hort._ . . this is a seedling from doyenné d'alençon crossed with beurré henri courcelle by m. arsène sannier, a nurseryman at saint-sever-rouen, fr., and placed on the market in . fruit medium, oval, of the form of the doyenné d'alençon; skin gray; flesh extremely fine, with a very agreeable perfume; jan. to mar. =pierre macé. .= _guide prat._ . . french, attributed to andré leroy. tree vigorous and fertile. fruit rather large, globular-turbinate, yellow dotted with fawn; flesh fine, melting, juicy, highly perfumed; first; second half of sept. and early oct. =pierre paternotte. .= _guide prat._ . . raised from seed of the marie-louise by pierre paternotte, at molenbeck-saint-jean, near brussels, bel. tree vigorous and fertile. fruit large, long, yellow, dotted and marbled with gray; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy; first; oct. and nov. =pierre pépin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling raised by leroy, angers, fr., and first reported in . fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, bossed, and swelled in its lower half, more or less hollowed at either end, lemon-yellow, slightly clouded with green and much speckled and spotted with brown; flesh whitish, fine, melting, some grit around the core; juice abundant, saccharine, vinous, and agreeably perfumed; first; mid-sept. =pierre tourasse. .= _rev. hort._ . . exhibited in france by m. tourasse, its originator, in . tree vigorous, upright, stocky, productive. fruit of good size, broadly turbinate, spotted with brilliant fawn color upon a clear yellow ground, washed with orange and saffron; flesh fine, melting, very juicy, rich in sugar; last of sept. and first of oct. =pimpe. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the pimpe peare is as great as the windsor peare, but rounder, and of a very good rellish." =pinneo. .= _cultivator_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _hebron_. = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . _boston_. = .= _ibid._ . . the parent tree of this variety was found growing in a woodland, new haven, conn., by dea. pinneo who transplanted it to a spot near his dwelling about the year . it was propagated and distributed over many farms and found a good market in boston. by error it acquired also the names of _boston_ and _virgalieu_. fruit medium or below, globular-oblate, slightly pyriform, pale yellow, netted, patched, and dotted with russet, slightly blushed on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, brisk, with a refreshing and delicious aroma; good; aug. =piton. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling found by m. piton who lived at cholet, maine-et-loire, fr. the horticultural society of angers described it in its pomology, and it was named after its propagator. fruit large to very large, long-turbinate-obtuse, depressed at each pole, clear dull green, sown with large russet dots; flesh white, semi-breaking and semi-fine, watery, containing some grit below the core; juice rather vinous, sugary, and more or less perfumed; second for dessert, first for compotes. =pitson. .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a handsome pear from stone and wellington, fonthill, ont. fruit medium, regularly pyriform, brown inclining to russet; good; jan. =pius x. .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . described in as a new pear raised by the alexiens brothers at tirlemont, bel. fruit large, somewhat cylindric, greenish-olive, with a few brown spots; flesh creamy-white, perfumed; reported to be of first rate quality; oct. =plantagenet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . the plantagenet was raised from seed by the old horticultural society of maine-et-loire, the parent tree gave its first fruit in in the society's garden at angers. fruit above medium, irregular-ovate, bossed, swelled at the central circumference, of a uniform bright green, some russet around the calyx and sprinkled with numerous dark brown dots; flesh whitish, fine or semi-fine, extremely melting; juice very abundant, extremely saccharine, acidulous, possessing a delicious perfume which gives an after-taste of musk; first; end of sept. and early oct. =plascart. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . sent out by the society van mons, bel., without any account of its origin. fruit below medium, turbinate-ovate, even in outline; skin firm, pale water-green, covered with numerous large, brown dots, very prominent, the green changing at maturity to a beautiful golden yellow, washed on the side next the sun with a lively vermilion on which the dots are golden yellow; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, rather firm and breaking; juice rich in sugar and perfumed; good; oct. =platt. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . originated on the farm of thomas tredwell, beekmantown, clinton county, n. y. fruit medium, globular-oblate, pale yellow, netted and patched with russet and sprinkled with russet dots; flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, semi-melting, agreeable; good; oct. =platte honigbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, . fruit medium, obtuse-turbinate, light yellow-green, with a pale blush, numerous gray dots, marked with russet; flesh coarse-grained, aromatic; third for dessert, first for household; sept. =pocahontas. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated at quincy, mass., and was exhibited before the horticultural society of that state in october, . fruit below medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow, netted, patched, and dotted with russet, sometimes shaded in the sun with bright crimson; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly musky; pleasant; good to very good; sept. =pöckelbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown in lower austria. fruit small to medium, globular-turbinate; skin tough, shining, smooth, green changing to greenish-yellow, blushed and streaked with red on the sunny side, dotted with yellow-brown; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, juicy, subacid; good; nov. =poëte béranger. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling of leroy which first fruited in and was placed in commerce in . fruit medium; form rather inconstant, nearly always having unequal sides, globular, or obtuse-turbinate; skin fine, rough, bright yellow shaded with green, dotted with gray and almost entirely washed and mottled with brown-russet, more or less scaly; flesh greenish-white especially under the skin, fine, extremely melting, free from grit; juice very abundant, saccharine, acidulous, vinous, with a delicate perfume; first; mid-sept. =poire d'abbeville. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . the poire d'abbeville probably originated at the city of that name in the department of the somme, fr.; for m. jamin, senior, propagated it about when he received it from m. bennet of boulogne-sur-mer, who stated it was very well known and esteemed in the neighborhood of abbeville. fruit large, globular-conic but irregular, water-green sprinkled with numerous and large dots of fawn; at maturity the green changes to lemon-yellow; flesh white tinted with yellow, coarse, breaking, slightly gritty at the core, not very juicy or perfumed; first for culinary purposes, keeps easily for a long period; winter. =poire d'ange de meiningen. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . this pear has been in much request in the neighborhood of meiningen, ger., for many years and should be distinguished from the ancient _poire d'ange_, now called boutoc, which it does not resemble. fruit small, ovate or ovate-pyriform, even in contour; skin fine, delicate, bright green changing to beautiful bright lemon-yellow, the side next the sun being blushed and streaked with vermilion; the very numerous brown dots change on the blushed part to yellow; flesh tinted with yellow, rather fine, semi-breaking; juice sweet and agreeably perfumed but rather deficient; second; latter half of aug. =poire d'avril. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . stated by messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, to have been received by them from england under this name. fruit large, pyramidal, obtuse; skin smooth and shining, of a lively dark green, with a brown tinge next the sun, and patches of gray-russet on the shaded side, the whole surface being covered with very large pale-colored specks; flesh crisp, juicy and sweet; first class for cooking according to messrs. simon-louis; mar. and apr. =poire brune de gasselin. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . gained by m. durand-gasselin, architect at nantes, fr., from a seed bed made in . fruit medium, ovate-pyramidal, yellow washed with fawn-russet; flesh very tender, juicy, very sugary and perfumed; first; oct. and nov. =poire de casserole. .= _guide prat._ . . _casserule._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . of foreign origin, probably french. fruit large, obovate-pyriform, yellow, with much russet and brown on cheek; flesh whitish, coarse, granular, breaking, very juicy, rich, with high aroma; first quality for cooking; oct. and nov. =poire des chartriers. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . this variety is mentioned by van mons in his catalog and is therein considered to be of belgian origin. fruit medium, globular-pyriform, irregular and bossed; skin a little thick at first, water-green, rather dark, sprinkled with very small and numerous dots of gray-brown, the basic green becoming brilliant lemon-yellow and on maturity covered on the side next the sun with golden russet; flesh yellow, very fine, firm, buttery, melting, full of saccharine juice, vinous, perfumed; first; oct. =poire des chasseurs. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . _des chasseurs._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a posthumous gain of van mons tasted for the first time in and reported on by m. simon bouvier of jodoigne, bel. fruit medium to large, ovate-pyriform, greenish, dotted with russet, and much stained with russet on the sun-exposed side; flesh yellowish, coarse, watery, melting, granular; juice vinous, agreeably perfumed; first; oct. =poire de coq. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this variety is distinct from the _poire de coq_ synonymous with the beurré de bruxelles, and is of unknown origin. it was cultivated for many years in the old gardens of the horticultural society of angers. fruit large, long-turbinate, bossed, strongly mammillate at apex, citron-yellow, dotted and stained with dark gray, and washed with bright carmine on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and melting; juice sweet with slight perfume but delicate flavor; second; sept. poire de graisse. =.= knoop _pomologie_ = =: , tab. iv. . probably of belgian or french origin. in holland it is known as the _smeer-peer_. fruit medium, oblong, terminating acutely toward the stalk, greenish and speckled with blackish-brown; flesh rather gritty, soft, with a slightly spicy flavor; not of much value. =poire de gros queue. .= miller _gard. dict._ = .= . fruit large, taking its name from its very thick stalk, globular, yellow, flesh breaking; wanting in juice, having a very musky flavor. =poire de hert. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . mas states he received this variety from thomas rivers, the well known english nurseryman of sawbridgeworth near london, eng. fruit medium or nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in contour; skin thick, firm, very pale green all over, sprinkled with dots of gray, changing when ripe to lemon-yellow; flesh white, fine, semi-melting; juice sufficient, flavor refreshing, agreeable; good, of real merit for the season; end of winter and spring. =poire de houblon. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin unknown, but cultivated for a long time in many localities in germany. fruit small, ovate or globular-ovate, swelled, usually regular in contour, bright green, sown with grayish dots, passing to golden yellow on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, a little yellow near the center, coarse, semi-breaking, fairly full of sweet juice, with a fresh perfume of rose; second rate for eating raw but an excellent variety to dry; end of aug. =poire de klevenow. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . originated in the environs of klevenow, a village of pomerania, prussia. fruit small or nearly medium, regular pyriform, sombre green and yellow blushed with carmine; flesh white, slightly greenish, fine, buttery; juice very sugary and abundant, vinous, perfumed; good; mid-aug. =poire noire à longue queue. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin thought to be german. fruit nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in outline; skin thick, firm, dull green covered with a network of gray-russet, through which a light yellow shows at maturity; on the shaded side are some gray dots and on the sun-exposed side are numerous large black-red spots; flesh white, transparent, semi-fine, buttery; juice sufficient, saccharine, slightly acid; good for cooking; aug. =poire du pauvre. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _rev. hort._ . . this pear was raised from seed of the urbaniste sown in . fruit medium or large, oval, pyriform, ventriculous; skin fine and shining, white tinted with green, much covered with fawn around the two ends; flesh white, rather fine, a little gritty around the center, very melting; juice abundant, saccharine, and pleasantly perfumed, with a fresh flavor and agreeable astringency; oct. and nov. =poire des peintres. .= _guide prat._ . . described by messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in as a new variety. tree vigorous and very fertile. fruit rather large, oval-pyriform, dark yellow, extensively washed with lively red; flesh melting, juicy, saccharine and highly perfumed; end of aug. and sept. =poire de pendant. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . "it is from the long stem by which this pear is suspended, which is near two inches in length, that it obtains its title." the _pendar_ of la quintinye, and the _hanging pear_ of evelyn, although quoted as synonyms of this pear, are probably not the same as they are said to ripen in october. it is also very doubtful whether the synonyms of _pendar_ and _knaves' pear_ given by miller and forsyth apply to this fruit. fruit, "the entire height of the fruit is twenty-eight lines, and its breadth two inches, and sometimes a line more;" turbinate; skin is ash-colored, approaching russet, and dotted over with small points of russet; flesh greenish-white, melting, sweet, and partially perfumed; end of sept. =poire de preuilly. .= _guide prat._ . . published in the french _revue horticole_, . tree vigorous and very fertile. this is a very large fruit used for decorative purposes. in form it is similar to the bartlett; skin yellow-green, speckled; flesh breaking. =poire de rateau. .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . tree very vigorous when grafted on pear. fruit very large, turbinate, greenish-white, reddish and sown with russet dots on the side next the sun; flesh breaking, slightly saccharine and perfumed; eatable raw, and good for cooking; mid-dec. =poire rigoleau. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . introduced in as a new variety. origin unknown. fruit small, nearly globular; skin thick, greenish-yellow, covered with russet specks, little russet at either stem and calyx; flesh white, tender, juicy, of a very pleasant flavor; first part of nov. =poire du roeulx. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in ; it was published in the _revue de l'arboriculture_ in france. fruit medium, pyriform, short, irregular, yellow clouded with fawn; flesh yellowish, very melting, exceedingly juicy, very saccharine and with a very exquisite perfume; first; latter half of sept. =poire souvenir d'hortolès père. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . a variety unpublished previous to but cultivated in france, where it had already existed for more than sixty years. fruit small, pyriform, usually growing in clusters strongly attached to the tree, green, dotted, passing to yellow and washed with dark brilliant red on the side of the sun; flesh white, firm, melting, slightly gritty; juice abundant, with a strong perfume of muscatel; good; july. =poire thouin. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . according to diel, poire thouin was obtained by van mons. fruit medium, ovate, more or less short, usually symmetrical in contour, largest circumference at center; skin a little thick and firm, bright green, sprinkled with numerous inconspicuous spots of a darker shade, changing to pale yellow, and washed with orange-red on the side next the sun of well-exposed fruits; flesh white, coarse, breaking, full of saccharine juice, perfumed; third, for the season of its maturity; early sept. =poire de torpes. .= _guide prat._ . . tree hardy, very productive. fruit rather large, globular, yellow stained with russet; flesh fine, melting; good; oct. to dec. =poire des trois fréres. .= _guide prat._ , . . a wilding found near maizieres-les-metz, fr. it was propagated by messrs. maline and placed in commerce in . tree vigorous, very fertile, and suitable especially for wind-blown situations. fruit medium, long, green; flesh whitish, buttery, sugary and perfumed; first; end of aug. =poire des trois jours. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _trois jours_. = .= _cultivator_, . . kenrick says: "new and large; beurrée; of first-rate excellence, ripening at paris in november, according to m. jamin." =poire de vitrier. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xliv, fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this is probably a variety of german origin, for valerius cordus, who was a native of hesse and died in , spoke of it as abounding in saxony, in the suburbs of eisleben, and very common in all germany. duhamel du monceau described it in france in . fruit medium, rather regular-ovate, wrinkled and mammillate at the summit, dull yellow, much clouded over with gray-russet, dotted with light brown, and vermilioned on the side toward the sun; flesh whitish, watery, semi-fine and semi-melting, gritty around the center; juice sufficient, sugary, vinous, slightly musky; second; nov. and dec. =poire du voyageur. .= _guide prat._ , . . originated by m. boisbunel of rouen, fr. tree vigorous and fertile. fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish-green; flesh juicy, granular around the core; third; summer. =poirier de jardin. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr_. = =: , pl. xix, fig. . . _garden pear._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . origin unknown; probably french. fruit large, globular-oblate, orange-shaped, surface a little bossed, on the side of the sun a beautiful deep red, spotted with golden-yellow, the shaded side being streaked and rayed with bright red on yellow; flesh semi-breaking, a little coarse and somewhat gritty around the core; juice sugary and of a very good flavor; good; dec. =poiteau. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by van mons, and first fruited at louvain, bel., in . fruit above medium, long-ovate, variable in form, sometimes being short-ovate and ventriculous, orange-yellow, dotted with brown, stained with greenish-russet around the calyx and stem, and mottled with the same on the cheek next the sun; flesh whitish, rather coarse, melting, gritty, full of saccharine juice, sometimes astringent, without pronounced perfume; second; oct. =polish lemon. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . known as _cytrymova_ in poland. it was received in by the iowa state agricultural college, and was subsequently propagated and distributed by the college. =polk. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a seedling raised by h. w. edwards, new haven, conn., at one time governor of that state. it came into bearing in . fruit larger than the seckel, like bergamot in form; flesh juicy, melting, subacid, sweet and rich; first; sept to nov. =pollan. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a pennsylvania pear. fruit below medium, nearly globular, greenish-yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun; flesh whitish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, vinous, pleasant; good; aug. =pollvaskaja. .= _iowa hort. soc. rpt._ . . a russian variety growing on the iowa state college farm in , and having thorny wood; it unites very imperfectly with the apple. it shows "marked traces of the chinese forms of the pear in shape, serration, thickness and size of leaf, and in the peculiar enlarged character of the scaly terminal buds." =polnische grüne krautbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . galicia, . fruit small, globular-flattened, distorted, grass-green changing to yellowish grass-green and often with a dark blush and brown-russet on the side next the sun; scentless skin; flesh coarse-grained, melting, vinous, very juicy, acidulous; second for dessert, first for household; mid-sept. =polnische seidenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . galicia, . fruit medium to large, regular in form, light lemon-yellow, often rather blushed, sprinkled with numerous small, prominent, light brown and often greenish dots; flesh breaking, and coarse-grained, sweet, muscatel in flavor; third for dessert, very good for household purposes; sept. =pomeranzenbirn von zabergäu. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear found in germany and upper austria. fruit large, globular-turbinate; skin smooth, shining, of a light leaf-green changing when ripe to light greenish-yellow, finely dotted, without russet; flesh yellow-white, rather coarse-grained, with small grits around the center, very juicy, saccharine, acidulous, having a strong scent; oct. =pomme d'Été. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the origin of the pomme d'Été is uncertain, except that m. leroy of angers received it from the old garden of the horticultural society of angers about . fruit medium and below, globular, much flattened and similar to the form of caillot rosat and naquette, yellow-ochre, entirely covered with gray dots; flesh white, fine and breaking, watery, rather granular around the core; juice abundant, saccharine, sweet and very musky; second; end of sept. =pope quaker. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . origin, long island, n. y. fruit very fair, medium-size, oblong-pyriform, smooth, yellows-russet; flesh melting, juicy and pleasant; hardly good; oct. =pope scarlet major. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . origin, long island, n. y. fruit nearly large, obovate, yellow, blushed on exposed side with bright red; flesh white, breaking, rather dry; very indifferent; oct. =portail. .= miller _gard. dict._ = .= . = .= christ _handb._ . . origin unknown beyond the fact that it was discovered in the old province of poitou, fr., and was held in high esteem there. fruit "longer than it is round," greenish; flesh yellowish, dry, gritty and hard unless in very favorable seasons and upon very good soil, but may at times be tender and have an unforgetable musky aroma; it bakes well; jan. to mar. =porter. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass. no. . fruited in diameter - / inches, melting, sweet and juicy; ripens soundly; good market pear; oct. =portingall. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the portingall peare is a great peare, but more goodly in shew then good indeed." =posey. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . found in a fence row on the farm of jacob grabel, where it originated about . it was reported by a. r. ryman, cedar grove, ind. fruit medium, pyriform, moderately smooth, lemon-yellow, with small brown spots; flesh whitish, buttery, mild subacid; good to very good; sept. to dec. =prager schaferbirne. .= oberdieck _obst. sort._ . . germany. fruit medium ( - / x - / in.), ovate and pyriform, smooth, greenish turning to lemon-yellow blushed on the sunny side, very finely dotted; flesh yellowish-white, tender, agreeably aromatic and sweet; first for kitchen and household purposes; oct. to end of jan. =prairie du pond. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . introduced by a. h. ernst, cincinnati, ohio. fruit small, nearly globular, greenish-yellow, with many brown and green dots; flesh whitish, moderately juicy, semi-melting, vinous, astringent; poor; sept. =pratt. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ : , fig. . the pratt pear was first brought into notice by owen mason, providence, r. i., who obtained cions from the original tree at scituate, r. i., and distributed them in the spring of . it appears to have originated at johnson, r. i. fruit above medium, obovate, greenish-yellow, sprinkled with numerous gray dots and russet spots; flesh white, tender, melting, fine-grained, abounding with saccharine, well-flavored juice; second; sept. =pratt junior. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . another native which originated on the same farm as the preceding variety and named by the rhode island society in order to designate its origin; in appearance similar to winter nelis. =pratt seedling. .= _chico nurs. cat._ . . originated in salem, oregon, with captain pratt. shape and color of sheldon; keeps until mar. =precilly. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . belgian. fruit medium to large, obovate-acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow, netted and patched with russet and sprinkled with brown dots; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, breaking, juicy; good for cooking; oct. =précoce de celles. .= _guide prat._ . . described by messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in as a new variety received from belgium. fruit medium, like bergamot in form; very good in quality for its season; early summer. =précoce de jodoigne. .= _mas pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by m. grégoire, jodoigne, brabant, bel., and first published in . fruit rather small or nearly medium, ovate-pyriform, regular in contour, vivid green covered with a sort of whitish bloom and sprinkled with green dots of a darker shade, changing to yellow and occasionally tinged with red on the side of the sun; flesh whitish, fine, buttery, melting, full of sweet juice, saccharine but not highly flavored; fairly good quality; july. =précoce de tivoli. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit medium, pyriform, pale yellow, flesh white, gritty, semi-breaking, saccharine; good; aug. =précoce de trévoux. .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . obtained by m. treyve, trévoux, ain, fr., and first published in . fruit full medium size, pyriform-truncate, fine and tender skin of a vivid yellow, very finely dotted with green and washed and streaked with carmine on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sugary and richly flavored, agreeable perfume; good to very good; beginning of aug. =précoce trottier. .= _rev. hort._ . . a french pear described by m. de la bastie in the _journal of the pomological society of france_ in . fruit medium or a little above medium, turbinate-ventriculous; at first the skin is a very bright green changing to pale yellow with some green markings, and blushed with somber red on the side next the sun, dotted with brown; flesh white, semi-fine, nearly melting, juicy, saccharine, agreeably perfumed; good to very good; mid-july. =premature. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . originated in scotland about . fruit below medium; flesh very juicy and delicious, superior to the crawford, of scotland, reputed a most superior early fruit; early aug. =prémices d'Écully. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . obtained by m. luizet, a nurseryman at Écully-lez-lyon, rhône, fr., from a bed of mixed seeds made in . fruit rather large, irregular ovate, round and bossed, yellow, with here and there a green tinge, thickly spotted and stained with small blotches of brown-russet; flesh tender, whitish, fine, melting, juicy, easily becoming soft, sweet, saccharine, with a flavor of musk; sept. =prémices de wagelwater. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . fruit below medium, globular-obovate-pyriform, sides unequal, yellow with a few traces of russet and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, very sweet; good to very good; oct. =premier. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised at the royal garden, frogmore, eng., and first exhibited in . fruit above medium, oblong, terminating abruptly and bluntly at the stalk, undulating in outline and contracted with a waist at the middle; skin covered with cinnamon-colored russet; flesh semi-melting, very juicy, sweet, and brisk, with a flavor resembling pineapple; good; nov. =premier président métivier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a variety raised in leroy's nurseries at angers, fr., in . fruit above medium or large, globular, flattened at the poles, more enlarged on one side than on the other; skin rough, grass-green, dotted and veined with olive-russet on the shaded side, and bronzed and dotted with bright fawn on the face exposed to the sun; flesh very white, melting, fine or semi-fine, free from granulations, very juicy, acidulous, highly saccharine, with delicious perfume and flavor; first; oct. =présent de van mons. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling of van mons raised at louvain, bel., but which first fruited with general delaage at angers, fr., in . fruit large, turbinate, shortened and ventriculous in its lower part, very much narrowed and slightly constricted at the top which is rarely very obtuse, lemon-yellow, strewn with large gray dots, fully colored with dull red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, fine, or semi-fine, melting, gritty below the core; juice abundant; saccharine, sourish and vinous, with an aromatic flavor; first; feb. to apr. =president. .= _mass. hort. soc._ rpt. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., and fruited in . fruit very large, globular-obovate, somewhat irregular; skin slightly rough, greenish-yellow, pale red in the sun, considerable russet next the base of the stalk and traces of russet and conspicuous dots all over; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse, melting, juicy, slightly vinous; good; early nov. =président barabé. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . first fruited in from a seed of bergamotte espéren with m. sannier, rouen, fr. fruit medium to below, short-turbinate, deep golden in color; flesh white, fine, melting, a little acid, juicy and of exquisite flavor; jan. to mar. =président de la bastie. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ , fig. . originated with m. boisselot, nantes, fr. fruit large, shape of bartlett; flesh white, fine, melting; good to very good; feb. and mar. =président boncenne. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . this firm had received it from poitiers. tree very vigorous and makes a shapely pyramid. fruit medium, pyramidal, greenish, slightly blushed with red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, very juicy, perfumed, saccharine and with a flavor of almond; beginning of sept. =président campy. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in and stated to have been received from belgium. =president clark. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . this was a hybrid produced from the crossing of seckel with belle lucrative. it was raised by francis dana, who, before he died, put several seedlings into the hands of colonel stone, dedham, mass., saying he thought there might be some very good varieties among them. this variety was among them, and was named after the first president of the massachusetts agricultural college. fruit full medium, turbinate, somewhat irregular and variable, clear lemon-yellow, with a carmine cheek next the sun; flesh white, fine-grained, very melting, juicy, slightly astringent, sweet and rich; very good to best; a little later in season than bartlett. =président couprie. .= _guide prat._ . . french. fruit medium, oval; flesh yellow, very tender, melting, juicy, highly saccharine and perfumed; sept. and oct. =président deboutteville. .= _guide prat._ . . published by m. boisbunel. on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . fruit rather large; first; dec. =president dr. ward. .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . awarded a premium by the new jersey horticultural society in . =president d'estaintot. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained at rouen, fr., from a seed of soldat-laboureur, and published by collette. the fruit is of first quality and is in season from aug. to oct. =president felton. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with w. d. brincklé, philadelphia, pa. fruit medium, globular-oblate, pale yellow, with a crimson cheek in sun, nettings and tracings of russet, and many brown and gray dots; flesh fine, juicy, yellowish, semi-melting, slightly vinous, sweet; good; oct. =président fortier. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr. fruit medium, ovate, slightly swelled; flesh white, very fine, melting, sugary, perfumed; jan. to apr. =président héron .=. _rev. hort._ . . a new pear placed on the market in by arséne sannier, a nurseryman at rouen, fr. fruit medium; form recalling that of urbaniste, obovate or oblong-obovate; flesh very fine, juicy, and perfumed. =président mas. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom._ france , fig. . first reported in as having been raised by m. boisbunel, horticulturist at rouen, fr., and adopted by the pomological congress of france. fruit large, sometimes very large, ovate-conic-obtuse and bossed round the stalk; skin rough, yellowish-green, much dotted with russet, marbled with fawn around the eye; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy with a sugary flavor, vinous and very pleasantly perfumed; very good; nov. to jan. =président muller. .= _guide prat._ . . published by m. grégoire, jodoigne, brabant, and on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . fruit large; first; nov. =président olivier. .= _guide prat._ . . gained by m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel., not long previous to . =président d'osmonville. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . this variety was a posthumous gain of m. léon leclerc, laval, fr., in , an amateur well known among french pomologists. fruit medium, ovate-pyriform; skin smooth, fine and tender, very pale green changing to pale yellow, more golden on the side of the sun, or occasionally washed on the more-exposed fruits with a suggestion of rosy red; flesh yellow, very fine, entirely melting, filled with saccharine juice, vinous, and penetrated with a lively musk flavor; first; oct. =président parigot. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a variety originated by count nouhes near pauzauges in the vendée, fr., where the seedling gave its first fruit in . fruit above medium, long-conic, narrowed in its upper part and bossed; skin rather rough, orange-yellow, dotted with greenish-gray and extensively washed with clear gray; flesh whitish, semi-fine, melting, watery, granular around the core; juice abundant, very saccharine, vinous and with a delicious flavor; first; oct. =président payen. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . this pear issued in from a seed bed made by m. briffaut, sévres, fr. it was awarded a silver medal in by the horticultural society of paris. fruit medium, long-pyriform, golden-russet sometimes washed with a red blush; flesh fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, perfumed, and of good flavor; of moderate merit; beginning of winter. =président pouyer-quertier. .= _guide prat_. . . a french pear dedicated to a president of the horticultural society of rouen. fruit medium, rather long, covered with gray-russet; flesh very fine, juicy, saccharine; first; dec. and jan. =président royer. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . m. xavier grégoire, the belgian tanner of jodoigne, obtained this pear in when it fruited for the first time. fruit medium; form recalling that of the quince, very bossed, rather obtuse, base flat, bright yellow, dotted, streaked and mottled with russet and extensively washed with tender rose on the side of the sun; flesh fine, firm although quite melting, rather granular at core; juice abundant, saccharine, highly perfumed, possessing a slight acidity which renders it agreeable and refreshing; first; oct. =président le sant. .= _guide prat._ . . tree vigorous and fertile. fruit medium, bergamot-shaped; skin oily, symmetrical, yellow dotted with fawn; flesh fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, with an agreeable aroma; first; oct. and nov. =président watier. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained about by the chevalier de biseau d'hauteville, at binche, bel. fruit long-gourd-shaped; flesh salmon-colored, melting, saccharine, well-flavored; nov. =présidente senente. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr. on trial in . tree healthy, of moderate vigor and pyramidal. fruit small to medium, globular-oblate; flesh melting, perfumed, very juicy with a pleasant acidity; dec. and jan. =prévost. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . obtained by alexandre bivort, director of the nurseries of the society van mons at geest-saint-rémy, jodoigne, bel, in . fruit above medium, rather irregular-ovate, bossed, often much swelled in the lower half, lemon-yellow or golden, dotted and a little speckled with bright maroon, carmined on the cheek turned to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, having a pleasant muscat flavor; second; jan. to mar. =pricke. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the peare pricke is very like unto the greenfield peare, being both faire, great, and good." =primating. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . mentioned by john parkinson in , as "a good moist peare, and early ripe." =prince albert. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this was a seedling of the eighth generation raised by van mons at louvain, bel., sown about . fruit medium, conic, obtuse and irregular, often contorted, sides unequal, greenish, striped and dotted with fawn, washed with russet around the stem; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-breaking, gritty; juice abundant, saccharine, aromatic, rather savory; second; nov. and dec. =prince harvest. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by william prince, flushing, l. i., n. y. fruit small, ovate-pyriform, pale yellow, rarely a brownish blush, red cheek in the sun, sprinkled with brown dots, and sometimes patched with russet; flesh white, firm, breaking, moderately juicy, sweet, slightly musky; good; end of july. =prince impérial. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. grégoire, jodoigne, brabant, bel., in . tree vigorous and fertile. fruit large, ovate, bright yellow all over; flesh salmon-colored, buttery, rather juicy, saccharine and having an agreeable perfume; first; oct. and nov. =prince impérial de france. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . m. grégoire, the well-known belgian seedsman, obtained this variety at jodoigne in from seed of pastorale sown in . fruit above medium, irregular-ovate and rather swelled, having one side usually more enlarged than the other, bright green, dotted, streaked, patched and spotted with fawn-russet; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, slightly gritty below the core; juice abundant, refreshing, saccharine, acidulous, perfumed; first; sept. =prince de joinville. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . belgian; first fruited in . fruit medium, globular, green changing to golden yellow, with a vivid blush on the cheek next the sun, brown spots and some russet; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, melting, acidulous, sweet, agreeably aromatic; first for dessert, household and market; nov. =prince napoléon. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by m. boisbunel, rouen, fr., from seed of the passe crassane in . fruit medium and sometimes above, globular, rarely regular and often mammillate at the top, olive-yellow, covered largely with mottlings of brown and sprinkled with indistinct gray dots; flesh white-greenish or yellowish, semi-fine, semi-melting; juice sufficient, saccharine, vinous, with a delicate perfume; first; feb. and mar. =prince d'orange. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . raised by van mons at louvain and numbered in his catalog of , second and third series, and regarded by j. de jonghe, brussels, as one of van mons' more remarkable fruits; form and flavor of passe colmar. =prince de printemps. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a flemish pear imported by a mr. braddick in . fruit small, turbinate, green; flesh buttery, sweet; good; very late. =prince saint-germain. .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . . raised by william prince, flushing, long island, n. y., and known also as _brown saint germain_. fruit medium, obovate inclining to oval-pyriform, green nearly covered with brownish-russet and blushed with dull red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, melting, juicy, with a vinous and very agreeable flavor; very good; nov. to mar. =prince seed virgalieu. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin unknown. fruit medium, turbinate-conic and ventriculous, usually regular in form, pale green, slightly tinted with yellow, sprinkled with brownish-gray dots, small but numerous; at maturity the basic green becomes brilliant lemon-yellow and the side exposed to the sun washed with pale red; flesh white, fine, buttery, very melting; juice sufficient, saccharine; good; oct. =princess. .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . raised by messrs. rivers, sawbridgeworth, eng., from seed of louise bonne de jersey. growth compact, upright, free bearer, valuable for market culture, and one to be depended upon in poor seasons; fine as a cordon. fruit medium, long-pyriform, tapering almost to stalk, not very symmetrical, smooth and shining, rarely russety, green and pale green with a brownish tinge, dark green dots under the skin; flesh white, juicy and melting, briskly acid; very good; oct. to christmas, rather variable in season. =princess maria. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling from van mons. fruit medium or below, pyramidal, yellow, considerably covered with rough, dull russet, and thickly sprinkled with dots; flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, aromatic; good; sept. =princesse charlotte. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a pear raised in by major espéren, mechlin, bel. fruit medium, variable in form, much bossed and rather contorted, turbinate-obtuse to globular-ovate, grass-green with brown or orange glow on the sunny side, dotted and marbled with russet; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-melting, watery and gritty, but juicy, saccharine, acidulous, with a fine aroma; a fine pear, evidently of the passe colmar race, but quite distinct from that variety; nov. and later. =princesse marianne. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _calebasse princesse marianne_. = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . although very similar in color and form, this pear is distinct from calebasse bosc with which it has been confused. it was obtained by van mons at the fidélité nursery near brussels before from a graft of a wilding. fruit large, pyriform and gourd-shaped, swelled in its lower part, more or less contracted near the summit and not very obtuse; skin rough, greenish-russet, dotted with clear gray and marbled or speckled with brown, flesh white or semi-fine, melting, some grit around the core, juicy, very saccharine, vinous and with a highly delicate aroma; first; oct. =princesse d'orange. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . according to van mons this was found by count de coloma in the garden of the riches-claires nunnery at mechlin, bel, about , but remained unnamed for forty years. fruit medium, globular or globular-ovate, bossed, seldom very regular in form, lemon-yellow, largely covered with reddish-brown russet, and more or less carmined on the side next the sun; flesh white and fine, melting or semi-melting, juicy, vinous, saccharine, slightly perfumed with anis; a first-class dessert pear; oct. =princière. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . of uncertain origin. leroy received it in from charles baltet, troyes, fr., who also described it in the _revue horticole_ that year. fruit above medium, globular, irregular, bossed, often much contorted and usually mammillate at the summit, golden yellow or bright yellow covered all over with large russet dots, streaked with fawn around the calyx; flesh white, fine, melting, full of juice, only slightly saccharine, vinous and slightly aromatic; second; oct. =priou. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , figs. . this pear which is one of the best ripening in spring-time was made known in by m. priou, a miller at rondard, near brissac, maine-et-loire, fr. the parent tree stood in an open pasturage, and was then about fifty years old. fruit above medium, rather inconstant in form, globular-ovate, irregular, bossed, mammillate at the summit, and pentagonal at its base or almost completely globular, bright yellow, dotted and streaked with gray-russet; flesh white, fine and juicy, melting, slightly gritty at the center, saccharine, agreeably acid, with a delicious perfume; first; may. =professeur barral. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . m. boisselot, nantes, fr., a well known seedsman, obtained this pear from seeds of bartlett, in . fruit very large, globular, rather irregular and bossed; skin thick, orange-yellow, dotted with gray and lightly washed with bright russet on the exposed side; flesh whitish, fine or semi-fine, melting, watery; juice abundant, sugary, vinous, acidulous and full of flavor; first; oct. and beginning of nov. =professeur bazin. .= _rev. hort._ . . a posthumous variety raised from a seed bed of m. tourasse and placed on the market in by m. baltet, troyes, fr. fruit large, often very large, pyramidal, ventriculous at the middle, water-green, passing to lemon-yellow, mottled with fawn-brown; flesh extremely fine and melting, juicy, saccharine, with a delicate perfume; very good; dec. and jan. =professeur dubreuil. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . obtained by m. dubreuil, professor of horticulture, from a bed of seeds of louise-bonne de jersey made at the botanical garden of rouen in . fruit medium, pyriform, more or less swelled; skin rather thick, oily, green changing to lemon-yellow, dotted with russet and carmined on the side of the sun; flesh white, fine, buttery, full of sugary juice, with an agreeable perfume; first; end of aug. and early sept. =professeur grosdemange. .= baltet _cult. fr._ , , fig. . . fruit large, obovate-pyriform; coloring bright yellow with vermilion blush; flesh of good quality; jan. to mar. =professeur hennnau. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . m. xavier grégoire, a tanner at jodoigne, bel., obtained this variety from seed. fruited in . fruit above medium, ovate, more or less irregular, swelled and bossed, often a little contorted in its lower part, olive-yellow dotted with ashen gray, veined or speckled with fawn and washed with golden russet on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, semi-melting, watery, very granular around the center; juice abundant, saccharine, tartish, delicate although slight perfume; second; nov. =professeur hortolès. .= _guide prat_. . . raised by m. f. morel, a horticulturist at lyons, fr. tree vigorous and fertile, suitable for all forms of growth. fruit rather large, pyriform-ventriculous, greenish-yellow, blushed with brownish-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, fine, melting, very juicy; first; sept. and oct. =professeur opoix. .= _rev. hort._ , fig. . . a seedling from the establishment of baltet brothers, troyes, fr. reported in . fruit rather large, globular, slightly oval, a little bossed, bright green passing to whitish-yellow, dotted with brown; flesh fine, yellow-butter tinted, very juicy, melting, saccharine, with a pleasant aromatic perfume; excellent; jan. to mar. =professeur willermoz. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. joanon at saint-cyr near lyons, fr. fruit large or rather large, pyriform ventriculous; flesh very fine, juicy, melting, saccharine and perfumed; aug. and sept. =prud'homme. .= _guide prat._ . . published in the _journal of the national society of horticulture_ of france in . tree vigorous and very fertile. flesh saccharine, very sprightly; sept. to dec. =pudsey. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a native of nova scotia which compares "favorably in flavor, richness, and other qualities with some of the most popular sorts at present cultivated." =puebla. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling of m. andré leroy, angers, fr., reported in . fruit large, ovate, rather ventriculous and much bossed, with one side nearly always less swelled than the other; skin thick and rough, yellow, covered with large patches of russet and grayish dots; flesh very white and very fine, melting, with some grit at the center, full of sugary juice, with an acid taste and agreeable perfume; first; oct. =pulsifer. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . dr. john pulsifer of hennepin, ill., in the spring of planted in his garden a pear seed which produced a tree bearing fruit of great merit. an early and prolific bearer, hardy, vigorous. fruit hardly medium, pyriform, dull golden-yellow, covered with an open network of slight russet; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, and delicious, much like louise bonne de jersey, but superior to it; aug. =pushkin. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _pyrus ovoidea_ x r. & k. , a russian pear. originated by n. e. hansen, brookings, s. d., and introduced by him in . =queen jargonelle. .= _gard. chron._ d ser. = =: . . of unknown origin but it appears to have been disseminated by the rev. w. kingsley, thirsk, yorkshire, eng. fruit soft, juicy and agreeable; aug. =queen victoria. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by mr. w. willison, a florist at whitby, yorkshire, eng. fruit medium, obovate, even in its contour, greenish-yellow at maturity, with a crust of cinnamon-russet on the side next the sun; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and with an almond flavor; end of aug. =quiletette. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this is a van mons seedling, and was exhibited at the fifteenth annual exhibition of the massachusetts horticultural society in september, , by r. manning of salem. fruit nearly medium, globular, a little flattened, greenish, nearly covered with dull iron-colored russet; flesh white, buttery, melting, rich, sweet and perfumed; an odd-looking fruit, scarcely good; nov. =quince. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., and fruited in . fruit diameter inches; skin lumpy and nodular; flesh fine-grained, juicy and sweet; great bearer; sept. =quinn. .= _horticulturist._ = =: , , fig. . . p. t. quinn, newark, n. j., submitted specimens of this pear to the committee of the farmers' club of the american institute which issued a report upon it on january d, . the pear had been imported by professor mapes and the name lost, and at a previous meeting the committee had named it quinn. fruit below medium, pyriform, tapering rapidly toward the stem end; skin inclined to golden-russet; flesh rich and juicy and in flavor and aroma occupies the first rank; good; jan. and keeps till mar. =rainbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hesse, ger., . fruit medium, ovate, somewhat swelled; skin polished, pale light green turning to lemon-yellow, without any red blush, sprinkled with numerous fine light brown dots, fine russet on the side next the sun; flesh granular, vinous and highly aromatic; first for culinary use; mid-oct. =rallay. .= elliott _fr. book_ . . an old variety of unknown origin. fruit small to medium, globular-acute-pyriform; skin rough, dull yellow, dull reddish cheek, dotted all over with russet; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, juicy, gritty; good; nov. and dec. =rameau. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _silberästige gewürzbirne._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a seedling of van mons distinct from _besi des veterans._ fruit above medium, oblong-oval; skin thick, rough, greenish, gray or bronzed on sunny side, stained and dotted with dark russet; flesh yellowish-white, very fine, melting, juicy, sweet, acidulous, aromatic; inferior. =ramilies. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . described in in the london horticultural society's catalog of fruits. fruit large, obovate, yellow obscured with russet, red next the sun, beautiful in appearance; flesh breaking; very good for cooking; nov. to feb. =rankin. .= _van lindley nurs. cat._ . . introduced by j. van lindley nursery company about and said to be a seedling of duchesse d'angoulême picked up from the side of the southern railway by w. h. rankin, guilford county, n. c. tree strong, hardy. fruit similar to duchesse d'angoulême but two weeks earlier. =rannaja. .= _iowa hort. soc. rpt._ . . imported by professor budd from the northern steppes of russia, where the summers are fully as dry and hot and the winters far more severe than those of iowa; said to unite well with the apple when root or top grafted. =rapelje. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . . a native variety introduced by professor stephens, astoria, long island. fruit medium, obovate, sometimes obtuse, and sometimes acute-pyriform, yellowish, covered with cinnamon-russet; flesh whitish, somewhat granular, juicy, melting, with a sweet, vinous, aromatic flavor; variable, sometimes poor; sept. =rastlerbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . found in northern tyrol and the austrian province of the voralberg. fruit large, globular-turbinate, almost acute, green turning yellow-green when ripe, faintly blushed; flesh granular, greenish-white; a very good perry pear and suitable for baking; oct. and nov. =rateau blanc. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . a variety of unknown origin, but cultivated from very early times in the gironde, fr., and much esteemed in the markets of the pyrenees. fruit above medium, irregular in form, usually pyramidal or long-ovate, sides unequal; skin rough to the touch, orange-yellow, shaded with green, whitish on the cheek opposed to the sun, stained with fawn around the stalk and covered, particularly on the lower part, with russet and large gray dots; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-breaking; juice rather deficient, slightly acidulous, somewhat saccharine; second for the table, first for the kitchen; mar. =ravenswood. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . ravenswood was a seedling found in the woods of astoria, l. i., and transplanted to the grounds of charles ehrard. fruit small, obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, with sometimes a tinge of red in the sun and thickly sprinkled with green dots; flesh whitish, slightly coarse, extremely full of vinous, carbonated juice, with a rich aromatic flavor; good to very good, superior to most pears of its period; mid-july to mid-aug. =ravut. .= _guide prat._ . . _ravu._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . described by m. baltet, troyes, fr., as a new fruit, in . tree moderately vigorous and very productive. fruit medium, turbinate, pale yellow, dotted with russet; flesh fine, melting, sugary, remaining sound when ripe; aug. and sept. =raymond. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . raised by joseph wight, raymond, me. fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, yellow, marked with russet near the stalk and tinged with a little red toward the sun, thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; sept. =raymond de montlaur. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in , and in placed in their list of pears of little value. fruit very large, beautiful in form and color; flesh very white, fine, melting and very juicy, saccharine, and agreeably aromatic; oct. =raymould. .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned in a report of the committee on new fruits of the ohio state horticultural society in . fruit fair but not of sufficient size or quality to be recommended for cultivation. =re umberto primo. .= _rev. hort._ . . published in france in as a new italian variety. fruit ovate, lemon-yellow, dotted with small rough points; flesh rather breaking, slightly acidulous, very saccharine and highly perfumed. =reading. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a native variety, new about . introduced by charles kessler. originated in oley township, reading, pa. fruit medium to large, obovate-pyriform, tapering to the crown, yellow, thickly dotted with brown points and sprinkled with russet; flesh greenish-white, abounding in juice of a mild and agreeable flavor, melting, vinous; good; jan. to mar. =recq de pambroye. .= _guide prat._ . . messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in classed this among "new varieties" and stated that they had received it from m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. tree rather vigorous, forward according to accounts, fertile. fruit medium or rather large, bronze in color, washed with red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh fine, juicy, sugary, vinous; jan. =red garden. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by josiah youngken, richlandtown, pa. fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and mottled with a few crimson dots on the side next the sun, netted and patched with russet and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; sept. =red pear. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a perry pear grown largely in herefordshire, eng. fruit small, globular, even and regular in outline, inclining to turbinate, almost entirely covered with rather bright red, yellow around the stalk where shaded, sprinkled all over with pale gray dots; flesh quite yellow, firm, dry and gritty. =redfield. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . raised from seed by j. w. crosby, st. george, utah, and first fruited in . fruit in size, shape and color resembles bartlett, but is a little more tapering at the stem, yellowish-green, with a brownish-red cheek; flesh sweet, sprightly, melting; ripens a little later than bartlett. =refreshing. .= _rural n. y._ , figs. , . . raised by benjamin macomber, grand isle, vt. fruit below medium, bright golden yellow; stem stout, medium long, in a small cavity; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet; very good; sept. =regina margherita. .= _rev. hort._ . . an italian pear published in as a new variety. fruit in form similar to that of passe crassane, greenish-yellow, washed with green; flesh very saccharine, somewhat acid, buttery, perfumed. =régine. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a van mons seedling. fruit medium, globular-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with slight nettings of russet and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; sept. =regnier. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a native variety which originated with madame regnier, philadelphia, pa. reported by the committee on fruits of the american pomological society in . fruit above medium, ovate, yellow, with usually a colored cheek; very good. =reichenäckerin. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . württemberg, ger., . fruit medium, globular, dark green, with brownish blush, gray dots; first for household; mid-dec. and jan. =reine des belges. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a seedling raised by van mons at louvain, bel., in , fruit above medium, ovate, tending to globular, always slightly mammillate at the top; skin fine and shining, pale yellow, sprinkled with very small russet dots, and slightly blushed with tender rose on the side exposed to the sun; flesh very white, a little coarse, melting or semi-breaking, watery, rather granular at center; juice saccharine, vinous, perfumed; second; sept. =reine d'hiver. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . fruit small, globular-oblate, yellow, with a brownish tinge on the cheek exposed to the sun and with nettings, patches and dots of russet; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant; good; nov. =reine des poires. .= manning _book of fruits_ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the count de coloma came into possession of the garden of the nunnery of the riches-claires, mechlin, bel., directly after the suppression of the order in and two years later made seed beds from which were raised, among other good varieties, the reine des poires. fruit below medium, turbinate-ovate but irregular in form; skin rather thick and yet tender, green dotted with small brown points, changing to yellow, much covered with a brownish-red russet; flesh whitish, semi-fine, melting; juice abundant, saccharine and acidulous, with an exquisite perfume; first; oct. =reine des précoces. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . probably of belgian origin. fruit small, globular-turbinate or nearly globular, regular in contour; skin thick, at first intense green sprinkled with numerous large, prominent, gray-green dots; the basic green changes to yellow on the shaded side and intense brownish-red on the side of the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, semi-buttery, a little gritty at the center, little juice or sugar, rather agreeable; second; end of july. =reine des tardives. .= _guide prat._ . . published by m. bruant in . fruit rather large, vivid yellow; flesh juicy, saccharine; easily keeps till june. =reine victoria. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said to be a seedling from van mons. fruit medium, obovate-acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with shades and patches of fawn; flesh white, tinted with rose, fine, melting, juicy, sweet; dec. =reliance. .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . introduced by p. j. berckmans to the georgia state horticultural society and accepted by that society in . it was raised from seed sown in , and named reliance "because it bears every year." fruit small; a dessert pear almost as good as seckel, rated as very good; summer season. =remy chatenay. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr. tree healthy and of fair vigor, very fertile, and suitable for all forms of cultivation. fruit of the form and appearance of beurré d'arenberg though not so large or delicate; matures in the spring. =rené dunan. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis at metz, lorraine, in and at agassiz, british columbia and other canadian experiment stations in . the tree pyramidal and very fertile. fruit very large, lemon-yellow, vermilioned on the side of the sun; flesh fine, melting, acidulous, recalling the flavor of the beurré gris; nov. and dec. =rettigbirne. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . of german origin. reported in . fruit small, globular-pyriform, medium ventriculous, light yellow, dotted with gray, and speckled with brown; flesh acid and aromatic; first for all purposes; beginning of sept. for three weeks. =reuterbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, prussia, . fruit almost small, ovate, ventriculous, uneven in outline, pale yellow-green turning to light lemon-yellow, often covered with thin russet on the side of the sun; flesh dense, juicy, wanting in flavor, sweet and acidulous; third for dessert, first for household; oct. =rewell. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the good rewell is a reasonable great peare, as good to bake as to eate rawe, and both wayes it is a good fruit." =reymenans. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a van mons seedling. belgium, . fruit small, turbinate-globular, even in contour, light green turning to lemon-yellow, without any red blush, sprinkled with fine dots, with delicate russet on the cheek next the sun; skin without scent; flesh semi-melting, sweet, aromatic; second for dessert, first for household and market; feb. and mar. =reynaert beernaert. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ : , fig. . . obtained by m. bivort, director of the society van mons, bel. fruit medium or nearly large, globular, flattened at both poles, regular in contour; skin rather thick, water-green, sprinkled with numerous large and regularly-spaced, gray dots, turning at maturity to dull yellowish-green and the side next the sun golden or orange colored; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, wanting in juice and sugar, vinous but without appreciable perfume; second; nov. =rheinische birne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . westphalia, a province of prussia, . fruit large, ovate, light green turning pale yellow, without any blush, strongly dotted; flesh breaking, juicy, aromatic; first for household use; oct. =rheinische herbstapothekerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, prussia, . fruit very large, conic, often very irregular in form, light yellow-green turning to pale light yellow, often stained blood-red, covered with very numerous and minute spots, speckled and marked with russet; flesh whitish, granular, semi-melting, sweet and aromatic; second for table, first for cooking. =rheinische paradiesbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, ger., . fruit large, conic, yellow, blushed and streaked with light red, dotted with yellow; flesh yellow, gritty around the center, sweet; third for the table, first for culinary use; end of oct. and nov. =rhenser schmalzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . the german rhineland, . fruit fairly large, pyriform, smooth, yellow, blushed with blood-red, covered with fine dots; flesh yellowish, breaking, sweet, aromatic; third for dessert, first for kitchen; jan. to mar. =richards. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated at wilmington, del. it was placed on the list of the american pomological society in at its biennial session at rochester. fruit medium, obovate-acute-pyriform, yellow sprinkled with numerous small russet dots and patches of russet; flesh buttery, melting, granular, with a sweet, pleasantly vinous flavor; good; oct. =richardson. .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . fruit rather large, obovate; flesh melting, sprightly, pleasant; oct. =riche dépouille. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . a french variety introduced early in the last century. its name may be translated rich-skinned. fruit large, oblong-obovate, rather irregular in its outline and resembling in form the saint germain, clear lemon-yellow, with a tinge of scarlet on the side exposed to the sun, a little mottled with russet, and the whole skin rough like the skin of an orange; flesh white, melting, without perfume but sweet and pleasant; late autumn or winter. =ridelle. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . shown at the seventeenth annual exhibition of the massachusetts horticultural society in september, , by the president of the society. fruit medium, oblate-turbinate, remotely pyriform, yellow covered nearly all over with bright red; flesh semi-fine, rather juicy, not melting or delicate in flavor; scarcely good; sept. =riocreux. .= _guide prat._ . . probably french. fruit rather large, like calebasse in form, symmetrical, yellowish-green; flesh fine, extremely melting, juicy, with an exquisite perfume; first; aug. and sept. =ritson. .= ont. dept. agr. _fr. ont._ , figs. . originated at oshawa, ontario, can. w. e. wellington stated that his grandmother, mrs. john ritson, planted the seeds from a pear sent to her from boston, and that the tree had stood on the homestead as long as he could remember. fruit medium, obovate-pyriform, usually one-sided, yellow, shaded with golden-russet and numerous minute dots of a darker hue; flesh medium, creamy-white, fine, tender, buttery, juicy, sweet, delicately perfumed; dessert, very good to best; oct. =ritter. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . dr. brincklé, chairman of the committee on native fruits of the american pomological society, reported in that specimens had been received from louis ritter, reading, pa. the tree from which they were obtained was purchased in the spring of for seckel, but the tree instead of having a rounded head is pyramidal in growth. fruit small, obovate, greenish-yellow, a good deal russeted, with occasionally a faint brown cheek; flesh fine texture, melting and buttery, saccharine, with the full seckel aroma; best; oct. =rival dumont. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit rather large, oval-turbinate, russet washed with yellow; flesh melting, buttery-juicy, aromatic; first; nov. and dec. =rivers. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a delicious pear raised in by leroy at angers, fr., and dedicated by him to thomas rivers, the distinguished english pomologist. fruit medium, turbinate, regular in outline, greenish, dotted with brown and almost entirely covered with bright brown-russet; flesh very melting, white, fine, juicy, saccharine, vinous, refreshing, with a delicate musky perfume; first; sept. =robert hogg=. . leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by leroy, angers, fr., and named after doctor robert hogg, the english horticulturist. it first fruited in . fruit above medium, ovate, more or less irregular and generally rather swelled in its lower part; skin slightly rough, rather deep green, much covered with fawn-colored mottles of russet and small gray dots; flesh whitish, watery, semi-fine, melting; juice very abundant, saccharine, richly flavored, aromatic, with an agreeable acidity; first; sept. and oct. =robert treel. .= _guide prat._ . . published by j. de jonghe, bel. tree very fertile. fruit medium; flesh melting; first; feb. =robine. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xxvii. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this is an ancient pear of unascertained origin, though the pomologists turpin and poiteau and others have regarded it as french. it is often known as the _royale d'Été_, and has had various other synonyms. fruit below medium, globular-turbinate, bright green changing to yellow, dotted with greenish-gray; flesh white, fine or semi-fine, almost breaking, rather dry, very saccharine, sweet and having an agreeable musky flavor; second; mid-aug. =robitaillié père. .= _rev. hort._ . . a french pear raised at the beginning of the present century by m. robitaillié. fruit very large; skin yellow, dotted with green and fawn, becoming golden at full maturity; flesh fine, saccharine, acidulous, very juicy; first; season late and prolonged until jan. =rockeneirbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . south germany, . fruit small, smooth and shining; flesh yellow-white, somewhat blushed; first, for household use and perry; sept. =roe bergamot. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _bergamotte de roe_. = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . raised by william roe, newburgh, n. y. fruit medium in size, form oblate or bergamot-shaped, rather irregular; skin smooth, yellow, with minute yellow dots on the shaded side, washed with red on the side of the sun; flesh rather coarse, sweet, rich, perfumed flavor suggestive of gansel bergamot but much more sugary; good to very good; sept. tree fairly vigorous and prolific. =rogers. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . reported as a new pear in . fruit said to be similar to the louise bonne de jersey in shape and size but like the washington in dots, markings and flavor; end of sept. =roggenhoferbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear which came first probably from lower austria. fruit small to medium, turbinate to pyriform, the apex being rather acute; skin firm, grass-green turning to greenish-yellow, blushed on the sunny side, dotted all over with numerous gray-brown dots; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, fairly juicy, subacid; good for cider and drying; end of aug. =roi-guillaume. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . gained by van mons. fruit medium, ovate, uneven on all its surface; skin at first pale water-green, sprinkled with brown dots, changing to lemon-yellow, more golden on the side next the sun and often washed with orange-red; flesh-white, coarse, granular, rather gritty at core; juice saccharine and perfumed but rather wanting in amount; third for the table, good for the kitchen; sept. =roi de rome. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr trees am._ . . the abbé duquesnes, to whom we are beholden for many good fruits, found this pear in hainaut, bel. fruit very large, pyriform, pyramidal, olive-green, with dark gray shading around the stalk and calyx, strongly blushed with orange-red and dotted with bright gray on the side next the sun, and yellow at maturity on the shaded cheek, with brown-black dots; flesh fine, semi-melting, yellowish-white; juice abundant, saccharine, with an agreeable perfume; second for table, first for household; sept. =roitelet. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a flemish pear. fruit small, globular, yellow,--netted, shaded and sprinkled with russet; flesh whitish, semi-melting, juicy, sweet; good; sept. =rokeby. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . gained by m. bivort, bel., and first published in . fruit medium or below, pyriform, swelled in lower half, lower end flat, bright green turning to bright yellow in the shade and blood-red on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, juicy, wanting in quality; second; aug. and sept. =rolmaston duchess. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . published in . fruit medium, pyriform, yellow-green; flesh fine, melting, juicy, vinous; very good; oct. =ronde du bosquet. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised from seed and bore the name of the place where the parent tree, which was first described in , grew in m. leroy's grounds, angers, fr. fruit below medium, irregularly globular and strongly bossed, bright yellow, dotted with brown, much mottled with russet; flesh whitish, watery, very fine, melting, rarely gritty; juice abundant, vinous, saccharine, possessing a delicious perfume; first; oct. =rondelet. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , fig. . . obtained in france by m. françois dehove. fruit medium, remarkably oblate, with a slightly uneven surface, much flattened at each end; skin fair, smooth, green turning yellow at maturity, faintly blushed on the side next the sun, and thickly dotted with russet intermixed with a few greenish specks; flesh yellow-white, buttery, melting, juicy, saccharine and musky; first; oct. =ropes. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with mr. ropes, salem, mass., about . fruit medium, obovate, cinnamon-russet; stem short; cavity inclined; calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin; flesh whitish, coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic; good; oct. and nov. =rorreger mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit large, globular-turbinate to pyriform; skin smooth, shining green turning yellow, numerous small green dots; flesh whitish, rather coarse-grained, subacid and very juicy; mid-oct. and nov. =rosabirne. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . a foreign pear introduced to this country as a new variety in the middle of the last century. fruit medium, obovate-acute-pyriform, surface uneven, dull greenish-yellow, almost entirely overspread with russet; flesh white, melting and juicy, with a delicious, brisk, subacid flavor, vinous, resembles brown beurré; promised to be very good, one of the best; oct. and nov. =rosalie wolters. .= _guide prat._ . . published in . fruit medium, oblong, whitish yellow; flesh yellowish, fine, very saccharine; first; oct. =rosanne. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin unknown; diel states he had received it from strasland, prussia. fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in contour, green marked with gray dots, changing at maturity to lemon-yellow, extensively washed on the side next the sun with wine red, over which are scattered numerous very distinct, brighter-red dots, giving the pear a great resemblance to vermont beauty; flesh whitish, rather fine, buttery; juice somewhat deficient but pleasantly acid; good; mid-aug. =rose doyenné. .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . fruit rather large, obovate, yellow and crimson; flesh coarse, granular, flavor poor, rots at core; oct. =rose water. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . an old english pear. fruit medium, globular, rough skin, brownish-red; flesh breaking, of a fine and delicate flavor; of fair quality but superseded; mid-sept. =rosenhofbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium, globular-oblate; skin tough, shining, light yellow when ripe, blushed slightly on the sunny side, with numerous fine dots; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, juicy, very astringent; oct. =rosenwasserbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . rheinfalz, bavaria. fruit medium, long-turbinate, even in outline; tender skin, green turning yellowish-white, without dots, often flecked with dark specks; flesh juicy, with a rose-like aroma, very white, semi-melting, very good; mid-aug. =rosinenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . on the rhine, ger., . fruit small, globular-flattened, light green turning to yellow-green, without any blush, covered with small dots and russet on the side next the sun, often flecked with dark russet; flesh breaking, fine, very sweet and aromatic; third for dessert and first for kitchen; nov. =roslyn. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a wilding found on the land of w. c. bryant, roslyn, l. i. fruit medium, almost spherical, yellow, netted, patched and dotted with russet; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, slightly vinous; good to very good; end of aug. =ross. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a seedling introduced by thomas andrew knight in . fruit large, obovate, yellowish-green interspersed with russet; flesh inclining to yellow, gritty near the center, rich, juicy, saccharine; second-class dessert pear; jan. =rossney. .= _pioneer nurs. co. cat._ fig. . = .= _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ , pl. lii. . raised in salt lake city, utah, from a mixed lot of winter nelis and bartlett seed planted for stocks by william woodberry about , and introduced by the pioneer nurseries company, salt lake city, in . fruit medium to large, oval-pyriform, somewhat angular and ribbed towards the apex, golden yellow, blushed with scarlet and thinly overspread with a bluish-white bloom; dots numerous, minute, russet; stem rather long, moderately stout; calyx closed; flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, subacid; good; ten days later than bartlett. =rostiezer. .= manning _book of fruits_ . . origin uncertain. it was, however, received from a. n. baumann, bollweiler, alsace, by r. manning, salem, mass., in or . often called _early seckel_ in the west. fruit medium or below, pyriform, regular in form, grass-green on the shaded side, reddish on the exposed face and sprinkled with small gray dots; flesh greenish-white, fine, melting, rather granular below the core; juice very abundant, vinous, acidulous, very saccharine, with a most delicate flavor; first; last of aug. =rote hanglbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small to medium, spherical; skin tough, lemon-yellow when ripe, no blush, dotted with russet; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, juicy, subacid; very good for transportation; nov. =rote holzbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium, globular-turbinate, greenish to citron-yellow, slightly blushed on the sunny side and densely dotted with cinnamon; flesh yellowish, rather coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid; oct. =rote kochbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small, globular-turbinate, greatest diameter at center, flat at base; skin tough, rough, grayish-green, dull blush on the exposed side; flesh yellowish-white, very firm, juicy, excessively astringent, subacid; nov. and dec. =rote pilchelbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear of second quality. fruit fairly large, pyriform-obtuse, also conic, golden yellow when ripe, red on the sunny side, plentifully sprinkled with small dots; flesh yellowish, coarse-grained, very juicy, with subacid flavor; sept. and oct. =rote scheibelbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small to fairly large, flattened-globular, symmetrical in outline, smooth, polished, dark green changing to greenish-yellow, blushed on the sunny side, densely and finely dotted; flesh whitish, coarse, with an aroma peculiar to itself, subacid and very juicy; oct. =rote winawitz. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small to medium, turbinate to pyriform, very variable; skin firm and rough, yellow when ripe, without any blush, dotted with numerous fine, russet spots; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid, aromatic; oct. and nov. =rotfleischige mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small, globular-turbinate, calyx end flat, leaf-green, dotted with russet and flecked with red; flesh under the skin firm but near the core softer, coarse-grained, juicy, subacid; oct. to mid-nov. =rothbackige sommerzuckerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . germany, . fruit small, pyriform, smooth, pale green turning to shining lemon-yellow, lightly blushed on the sunny side, dotted; flesh rose-tinted, saccharine, semi-melting, granular, deficient in flavor; second for dessert, first for cuisine and market; sept. =rothe confesselsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, published in . fruit medium, oblong, somewhat swelled, skin thick, gray-green with brown russet; flesh yellowish, semi-melting, juicy, aromatic, tender; second for table, good for culinary use; oct. =rothe jakobsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, ger., . fruit small, ovate, light green turning yellow-green, with brownish-red russet; flesh granular, agreeable, sweet; second for the table, good for household and market purposes; july. =rothe langstielige honigbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated near the rhine, ger., . fruit medium, pyriform, ventriculous and bent, obtuse, sides unequal, light green, changing to dark red with indistinct yellow and light red spots; flesh tender, juicy, aromatic; second for the table; good for cooking. =rothe oder grosse pfalzgrafinbirne. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . germany, . fruit medium, conic, entirely covered with dark blush, densely sprinkled with gray dots and dark speckles; flesh yellow-white, honey-sweet, semi-melting, aromatic; third for the table, first for kitchen and market; sept. =rothe rettigbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . altenburg, ger., . fruit small, spherical, yellow-green, covered all over with dirty red, densely dotted and speckled with russet; flesh whitish-yellow, granular, melting, juicy; first for table and cuisine; aug. =rothe winterkappesbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german, . fruit medium, long-turbinate, often spherical, flattened and sides unequal, green turning to lemon-yellow, firm and shining, blushed with red, dotted with gray; flesh rather white, coarse-grained, acidulous; good for the kitchen; dec. to feb. =rothe winterkochbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . germany, on the main, . fruit medium, obtuse-conic, symmetrical in contour, smooth and shining, light green turning to a beautiful lemon-yellow, finely dotted with gray, flecked with russet on the side opposed to the sun; flesh coarse, saccharine, juicy, wanting in aroma; third for dessert, very good for household use and market; nov. and dec. =rothe zucherlachsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, germany, . fruit medium, obtuse-long-conic, yellowish light green, dark red blush, changing to light lemon-yellow with carmine cheek, mottled and flecked with brown-russet; flesh semi-melting, granular, gritty near core, very sweet, vinous and acidulous; second for the table, very good for kitchen and market; aug. =rother winterhasenkopf. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, ger., . fruit large, irregular in form, sides unequal, crooked, yellowish pale green turning yellow, with dark blush, very prominent brown dots; flesh breaking, sweet, acidulous, vinous; third for table, good for household use; considered by messrs. simon-louis to be analogous to the catillac; jan. to mar. =rothgraue kirchmessbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hesse, ger., . fruit medium to rather large, conic, slightly bossed, sides unequal; skin rough and covered with brownish-gray russet, often faintly blushed; flesh yellowish-green, coarse-grained, sweet, acidulous and musky; second for dessert, first for kitchen; mid-sept. =rougeaude. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . fruit medium, pyramidal, fairly regular, skin yellowish on the shaded side, but about three-fourths of the fruit is of a darker or lighter shade of red; flesh firm, dry, with some sweetness but insipid and wanting in flavor; indifferent; jan. =rouget. .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . = .= baltet _cult. fr._ , . . the flesh of this small french pear becomes red when cooked and the confectioners of paris use large quantities of it obtained from the neighborhood of etampes. it is also considered a first class pear for perry. =roulef. .= _can. hort._ = =: , fig. . . raised from seed by mr. mitschurin, tambow, russia. fruit medium, yellow, firm, vinous; good. =rouse lench. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . raised by t. a. knight, and first fruited in . in it was placed on the "rejected fruits" list by the second congress of fruit growers at new york. fruit large, long-oval, uneven, pale yellow-green, with thin russet; no depression at base of very long woody stem; calyx open, basin shallow; flesh pale yellow, juicy; fair; jan. and feb. =rousselet aelens. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a belgian pear of unknown origin. fruit small to medium, turbinate, obtuse-pyriform, golden yellow at time of maturity, faintly colored on the sunny side, patches of russet, and dots of grayish red; flesh yellowish-white, rather fine, melting; juice abundant, sweet and possessing a decided perfume of the rousselets; quality would be first class if the flesh were less granular; nov. =rousselet d'anvers. .= _guide prat._ . . a variety raised by m. daras de naghin, antwerp, bel. tree vigorous and fertile, hardy, resisted the great european frost of - . fruit medium, globular-ovate, yellowish-green, slightly tinged with dark red; flesh semi-fine, melting, saccharine and well flavored; first; oct. =rousselet baud. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . gained by dr. van mons and mentioned in his catalog of . fruit small or rather small, ovate, more or less swelled, even in outline; skin a little thick, at first water-green with many very numerous and small dots, sometimes much covered with cinnamon-colored russet, changing to citron-yellow and the russet becoming golden on the side next the sun; flesh yellow-white, rather fine, dense, buttery, melting; juice sufficient, richly saccharine and perfumed; oct. and nov. =rousselet bivort. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised from a bed of the seeds of simon bouvier made in the grounds of the society van mons at geest-saint-rémy, bel., in . fruit small, turbinate; skin smooth, bright green turning to lemon-yellow, shaded and mottled with russet-fawn especially on the side exposed to the sun, dotted with brown-black and brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, fine, melting, semi-buttery; juice abundant, saccharine and agreeably perfumed recalling the scent of the rousselets; good, suitable for large collections; oct. to jan. =rousselet blanc. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . raised by van mons and cataloged by him in . fruit rather small, globular-turbinate, even in contour, bright green, whitish, a few very small, bright, gray dots, no russet, at maturity it becomes pale yellow and the side next the sun is blushed extensively with bright blood-red, a white bloom covering the whole surface of the fruit and numerous very small dots of golden-yellow appearing on the red; flesh whitish, rather fine, semi-buttery; juice sufficient, sugary, vinous, with the agreeable perfume of the rousselets; first; aug. =rousselet de la cour. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a wilding found on a farm which adjoined m. leroy's nurseries of la cour at angers, fr. fruit below medium, turbinate, regular, acute, one side usually larger than the other; skin rough and thick, bronzed all over and covered with gray or white dots; flesh white, fine, breaking, watery; juice abundant, saccharine, sourish, with an agreeable perfume; second; end of sept. and beginning of oct. =rousselet decoster. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by van mons. tree of medium vigor but very weak on quince stock. fruit small to medium, globular-ovate, pale yellow, mottled with golden-russet and tinted with brownish-red; flesh yellowish, buttery, very saccharine, with the characteristic perfume of the rousselets; first; oct. and nov. =rousselet doré d'hiver. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . origin unknown, though leroy, angers, fr., possessed it about . fruit below medium, variable in form, turbinate, slightly obtuse, or turbinate and spherical and nearly always larger on one side than on the other; skin thick and rough, shining, some bright and golden-russet, some small, brown and green spots; flesh whitish, fine, semi-melting, juicy, saccharine, vinous, fairly well perfumed; second; feb. and mar. =rousselet hâtif. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= downing fr. trees am. . . _early rousselet_. = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . the origin of this pear is uncertain though it was probably french, for in it was under cultivation at orléans, fr., according to le lectier. fruit small, pyriform, slightly obtuse, sides often unequal; skin fine, lemon-yellow on the shaded side, and vivid red sprinkled with gray spots on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish, fine, semi-breaking and crisp; juice well perfumed, saccharine, abundant and aromatic; second; mid-july. =rousselet de janvier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . gained by alexandre bivort, director of the nurseries of the society van mons at geest-saint-rémy, bel., in . fruit medium, generally regular-ovate; skin slightly rough, lemon-yellow in the shade, washed with red-brown on the other cheek; flesh yellowish; very fine, melting; juice sufficient and fairly saccharine, vinous and richly perfumed; second; dec. and jan. =rousselet jaune d'Été.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _gelbe sommerrusselet._ = .= christ _handb._ . . french, . fruit small; skin rough, almost entirely covered with brilliant red, densely covered with small gray dots, scentless; flesh granular, melting, saccharine, sweet; second for table, first for household; sept. =rousselet de jodoigne.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . described in as a "recent" gain of m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit small globular-turbinate, obtuse at apex; skin rather firm, bright and vivid green, sprinkled with numerous very small dots of gray-green, russeted around the calyx and lower part of the fruit; flesh white, tinted with green, semi-fine, semi-buttery; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, having the characteristic rousselet perfume. =rousselet de jonghe.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit small, obovate, curved, uneven and irregular in its outline; skin smooth, of a uniform lemon; flesh yellow, fine-grained, firm, melting and juicy, with a very rich, sugary flavor; its delicious flavor compensates for its small size; nov. and dec. =rousselet de meestre.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit large, obtuse-pyriform or pyramidal; skin smooth and shining, golden yellow, thickly dotted all over with large brown-russet freckles; flesh semi-buttery, firm, fairly juicy, and well flavored; of indifferent quality. =rousselet panaché.= = .= _guide prat._ . . a variegated variety of french origin and new about . fruit small, short-ovate, greenish-yellow, with light and dark streakings; first for dessert and household; end of sept. =rousselet de pomponne.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by mm. pradel, nurserymen at montauban, fr. fruit small, globular-ovate or nearly globular, even in outline, pale green at first, sprinkled with numerous large, regularly spaced dots of gray circled with darker green, changing at maturity to pale yellow and washed on the side opposed to the sun with bright rosy-red on which the dots are blood-red; flesh white, semi-breaking; juice sufficient, saccharine, with little flavor; second; mid-aug. =rousselet précoce.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . . mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . this is the variety known in germany as _frühe geishirtlebirne_ and must be distinguished from the _rousselet hâtif_ or _poire de chypre_ of duhamel. it was classed in by mr. cabot, president of the massachusetts horticultural society, among the new or recently introduced fruits. fruit rather small, pyriform, regular in contour, vivid green slightly touched with yellow, sprinkled with very numerous, very small, gray dots, changing at maturity to lemon-yellow, preserving sometimes a tone of green, the side next the sun being washed with blood-red spots having yellow centers; flesh whitish, fine, tender, semi-buttery, juicy, saccharine, and scented with the perfume of the rousselets; good; mid-july. =rousselet de rheims. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xi. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . this pear is of very ancient and uncertain origin. many authors have endeavored to trace it back to the days of the romans. but pliny and the other latin horticulturists did not give descriptions of their fruits sufficiently technical to enable us to make identification of their varieties with ours certain. it is, however, clear that the rousselet de rheims has existed, particularly around the city of reims, fr., for some centuries. fruit small, turbinate, regular in form, rarely very obtuse, bright green or yellow-green, sprinkled with large and small gray-russet dots and extensively shaded with reddish-brown on the side opposed to the sun; flesh white, fine or semi-fine, almost melting, not very juicy, rich in sugar, acidulous, refreshing, highly perfumed; one of the best early pears for dessert, very good for candying; sept. =rousselet de rheims panaché. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a variety similar in all respects to the preceding, of which it is a bud sport, except that the leaves and fruit are striped with yellow and green. its propagation antedates . =rousselet royal. .= _guide prat._ . . on trial with messrs. simon-louis, metz, lorraine, in . fruit medium; first; sept. =rousselet saint nicolas. .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . obtained by m. bivort. fruit small, turbinate-ventriculous, gray-green tinted with yellow, sprinkled with large brown or green dots, numerous and evenly distributed, changing at maturity to pale yellow, the side exposed to the sun being washed with brown-red on which are blackish-red dots; flesh yellowish, very fine, melting, rather gritty at the center, full of sweet juice, saccharine, agreeably perfumed; good; oct. =rousselet saint-quentin. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . _de quentin_. = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . gained by m. van dooren, a former director of the middle school at namur, bel. fruit small or medium on a pruned tree, globular-ovate or globular-conic, symmetrical in its contour, somber green sprinkled with large, widely spaced gray dots, changing to yellow, and well colored with brownish-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, slightly greenish, fine, buttery; juice sufficient, saccharine, having the characteristic perfume of the rousselets; first; sept. and oct. =rousselet saint vincent. .= _mag. hort._ = = . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the origin of this pear is uncertain. it seems probable to leroy that it was raised by van mons. in this country it was placed on the rejected list by the second congress of fruit growers at new york in . fruit above medium, globular-ovate, irregular in outline especially at the summit, bright yellow, dotted with russet; flesh white, fine, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, of a delicate flavor though not recalling in the least that of the rousselets; first; oct. =rousselet de stuttgardt. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _des chevriers de stuttgardt_. = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _stuttgarter geisshirtel_. . oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . it is said that this was a wilding found by a shepherd in the neighborhood of stuttgart, ger., before . fruit below medium, pyriform, fine, tender, at first dark water-green sprinkled with very numerous large dots of a darker shade, changing to yellow-green, tinged on the side next the sun with brownish-red on which the dots become yellow; the surface is covered with a characteristic sort of grayish-white bloom which passes to a rosy-violet on the bright parts; flesh greenish, not very fine but tender, buttery, sufficiently juicy, aromatic; first; aug. =rousselet thaon. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . the bulletin of the van mons society appears to indicate that rousselet thaon was a gain of m. bivort. fruit small, short-turbinate, symmetrical in outline; skin thick, firm, bright green dotted with darker green changing to pale yellow, the side next the sun being more golden and washed with brown-red on fruits well exposed; flesh white, coarse, semi-buttery; juice moderate in amount but saccharine and perfumed with musk; second; sept. and oct. =rousselet theuss. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . in his abridged descriptive catalog published at louvain in van mons stated that the rousselet theuss was raised by him. fruit small or nearly medium, ovate-turbinate; skin rather thick and firm, at first bright water-green, sprinkled with gray-green dots turning pale yellow and encrimsoned on the side next the sun, sometimes very vividly on well-exposed fruits; flesh white, slightly yellow under the skin, semi-fine, melting, full of saccharine juice, acidulous, well perfumed with the characteristic rousselet scent; owing to its excellence and beauty this pear deserves a place in the fruit garden as well as in the large orchard; aug. =rousselet vanderwecken. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . raised by m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel. tree pyramidal, of good vigor, very productive. fruit small, turbinate to ovoid, yellow; stem short, curved, rather thick; calyx large for the size of the fruit, open; flesh white, fine, melting, very juicy, very sweet, musky, strongly aromatic; first; nov. =rousseline. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xv. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . merlet, the french pomologist, writing in appears to have been the first to describe this pear and he said it was well named rousseline being so similar to rousselet in the buttery character of its flesh and its extraordinarily musky flavor. fruit below medium, pyriform inclining to obovate, swollen in the middle and narrowing obtusely toward the calyx and more acutely toward the stalk, dull green dotted with brown scales and partly covered with large russet stains intermingled with gray mottlings; flesh white, fine, semi-melting, some grit around the center; juice rarely abundant, highly saccharine, vinous and musky; second; nov. and dec. =rousselon. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this variety was gained by major espéren of mechlin, bel.; it fruited for the first time in . fruit medium and above, ovate, much swelled in its lower part and contracted near its summit; skin very shining, yellow-ochre, dotted with gray-russet, stained with the same at either extremity and carmined on the cheek touched by the sun; flesh yellow-white, semi-fine, semi-breaking, granular around the core; juice rather deficient, saccharine, sweet, more or less perfumed, rather delicate; second; feb. to apr. =roux carcas. .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this pear bears the name of a nurseryman at carcassone, aude, fr., who raised it in . fruit below medium or small, globular, flattened at both poles and often slightly bossed, yellow-green dotted with small gray points, slightly marbled with russet; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, musky, and saccharine, possessing a rather astringent after-taste; second; end of aug. =rové. .= _guide prat._ . . a perry pear which originated in the neighborhood of metz, lorraine, and is in much request there. fruit rather large, orange-yellow, well colored with red; flesh breaking, juicy, saccharine, of an agreeable flavor; of first quality for perry and for cooking and also rather good to eat; end of winter and spring. =rowling. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the rowling peare is a good peare, but hard, and not good before it bee a little rowled or bruised, to make it eate the more mellow." =royal. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised from seed by thomas r. peck, waterloo, n. y. fruit medium, globular-pyriform, yellow largely covered with thin crimson on the side next the sun, sprinkled with brown and russet dots; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic; good to very good; sept. =royal d'hiver. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xxxv. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . the origin of the royal d'hiver is uncertain. in le gentil, director of the orchard at the chartreux convent of paris, said that it was a new pear and had been brought from constantinople for the king (louis xiv). the turkish origin of the pear, however, was probably based on not much more than hearsay. fruit large, turbinate-obtuse, bossed; skin fine, dull lemon-yellow, washed with orange-red on the side next the sun, dotted and marbled with fawn; flesh yellow-white, fine, melting or semi-melting, juicy, saccharine, sweet and having a pleasant, musky flavor; good; nov. to jan. =royale vendée. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . count eugene of nouhes obtained this variety from seed at la cacaudière, in the commune of pouzauges, vendée, fr., in . fruit medium, globular-ovate, bossed; skin rough, dark yellowish-green, lightly marbled with gray and bright fawn; flesh citrine, fine, very melting and juicy, with a saccharine, sprightly flavor and delicate perfume; very good; jan. to mar. =ruhschiebler. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit small to medium, globular-turbinate, yellow-green, with large and small russet dots; flesh coarse, juicy, with a strong acid taste; good for transportation; end of sept. and oct. =rummelter birne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown extensively in austria and germany. fruit medium, turbinate-oblate, light green, heavily sprinkled with gray dots, turning orange-yellow, with russet on the exposed side; flesh white, very coarse, subacid; end of sept. to nov. =runde gelbe honigbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . saxony, . fruit medium, turbinate-oblate, light green turning white and straw color with a vivid light blush, fine light brown dots; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, gritty near center, astringent, honey-sweet; very good for household use and perry; end of sept. for three or four weeks. =runde sommerpomeranzenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . trieste, austria, . fruit small, globular-ovate, flattened, sides unequal, yellowish light green turning to light lemon-yellow tinged with green and often slightly blushed with dull red; flesh semi-melting, aromatic; first for dessert, household and market; beginning of sept. for fourteen days. =russbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, ger., . fruit medium, globular-turbinate, variable in form; skin rough, almost entirely covered with cinnamon-russet, often with light brown blush; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, saccharine, breaking, juicy; third for the table, first for household; nov. and dec. =russelet petit. .= langley _pomona_ , pl. lxiv. . fruit small, pyramidal, irregular; stem set on one side obliquely; late aug. =russet bartlett.= about robert mchinds, clarksville, n. y., planted bartlett pear trees. when these trees came into bearing, one was found to produce russet-colored fruits, whence the name russet bartlett. the tree is an exact counterpart of bartlett in manner of growth and the fruit differs from bartlett only in the russet skin. it is, therefore, not improbable that the variety is a bud sport of bartlett. =russet catherine. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the russet catherine is a very good middle sized peare." =rylsk. .= _can. hort._ = =: . . russian. fruit medium yellow; flesh breaking, sweet; very late. =s. t. wright. .= _garden_ = =: , fig. . this english pear raised by messrs. veitch, was introduced in at the royal horticultural society's fruit show in london. it is the product of beurré bachelier and bartlett. fruit medium, oblate-pyriform, rather swelled; skin rich golden; of good flavor; oct. =sabine. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the parent tree of this variety was acquired by van mons from a garden at schaerbeek, bel., and ripened its fruit first in . fruit medium, sometimes irregular-conic, sometimes ovate-pyriform and often rather deformed in contour; skin rather rough, bright green, dotted uniformly with dark gray changing to lemon-yellow, washed with thin yet vivid crimson; flesh white tinted with yellow, fine, melting, rather gritty around the core, full of sweet juice and delicately perfumed; first; dec. and jan. =sabine d'Été. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . raised in by m. stoffels of mechlin, bel. fruit pyramidal, broadest at the base and tapering to a round, blunt point at the stalk; skin smooth and even, yellow on the shaded side, and of a fine scarlet, minutely dotted when exposed to the sun; flesh white, melting, juicy, highly perfumed; aug. =sacandaga. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . the parent tree was found on the farm of william van vranken, edinburgh, n. y. fruit small, nearly globular, pale greenish-yellow, shaded with brownish-crimson, and netted and dotted with russet; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly perfumed; good to very good; sept. =sächsische glockenbirne. .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . saxony. first published in . fruit medium, spherical, light citron-yellow turning golden yellow, blushed; flesh firm, coarse-grained, sweet and musky; third for dessert, good for kitchen purposes; oct. =sächsische lange grüne winterbirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _longue verte d'hiver_. = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a pear of german origin and cultivated especially in thuringia and saxony. fruit medium or nearly medium, conic-pyriform, water-green, sown with dots of a darker green, passing to greenish-white or yellowish-white at maturity; flesh white, rather fine, semi-melting, full of sweet, saccharine juice but without any appreciable perfume; good; autumn and early winter. =safran. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . an old french pear known in the seventeenth century as the _saffran d'hyver_. fruit medium and sometimes less, variable in form, usually ovate, very globular and irregular or slightly long-conic; skin rather rough, saffron-yellow, shaded with gray, dotted, veined and marked with brown-russet; flesh yellowish, semi-melting, and semi-fine, granular; juice sufficient, saccharine, acidulous, with a perfume resembling that of fennel rather than of musk; third; oct. to jan. =saint andré. .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the origin of this pear is unascertainable but it was introduced to this country by r. manning, salem, mass., who imported cions of it from messrs. baumann, nurserymen, bollwiller, fr. (bollweiler, alsace), in or . fruit medium or below, ovate, rather symmetrical, bossed and sometimes a little ventriculated in its lower half; skin fine and smooth, yellow-green, dotted and streaked with gray, very rarely colored on the cheek next the sun; flesh greenish-white, fine and most melting, extremely juicy, sweet, saccharine, slightly vinous, delicate and highly perfumed; first; oct. =saint andrew. .= langley _pomona_ . . described in as one of the best pears in england. fruit large, oblong, very obtuse, greatest diameter two-thirds down toward the base, diminished only slightly toward the stem; sept. =saint aubin sur riga. .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . "a new jersey pear of much excellence either as a wall or standard." fruit large; flesh melting, tender, of rich flavor; excellent; jan. and feb. =saint-augustin. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. lviii, fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . an old french pear published in by ménage. fruit below medium, pyriform-ovate, rather regular in form, slightly obtuse, dirty yellow, dotted with gray, stained with fawn around both poles and sometimes slightly clouded with brown-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, breaking; juice rather wanting, sweet, saccharine, slightly musky and pleasant; second; feb. to apr. =saint denis. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . fruit small, turbinate and uneven in its outline, pale yellow, with a crimson cheek and thickly dotted with crimson dots; flesh semi-melting, very juicy and sweet, with a fine aroma; good; aug. and sept. =saint dorothée. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a variety received in this country from france and fruited here for the first time in . fruit large, fusiform or spindle-shaped, bright lemon-yellow; flesh fine, buttery, with a saccharine, sprightly and highly perfumed flavor; good; oct. and nov. =saint françois. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . until when merlet described it this variety was little known and he then called it _de grillon_ or _bonne-amet_ but in on re-printing and completing his work he spoke of it as the saint françois. fruit above medium and sometimes very large, long-conic, slightly obtuse and bossed, one side more swelled than the other, dull greenish-yellow, finely dotted with brown, widely stained with fawn around the stem and more or less flecked with the same and slightly carmined on the side of the sun; flesh white, extremely fine, semi-breaking, rarely gritty; juice scanty and wanting in sugar, musky, delicate in flavor; third for eating raw, first for cooking; mid-nov. to end of jan. =saint gallus weinbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . germany, on the rhine, württemberg and baden. first published in . fruit small, apple-shaped, often flat-turbinate, medium swelled, uneven; skin very firm, green, almost entirely covered with a dark, dirty red blush, scarcely dotted at all; good for household use and perry; jan. to mar. =saint george. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the saint george was described by diel, stuttgart, ger., in , as a french pear originated on the moselle. fruit above medium and often larger, very long and always variable, often of calebasse form, obtuse and contorted, sometimes ovate and regular in outline; skin thin, rough, greenish, much stained with gray around the calyx and covered with large brown dots and scaly patches of russet; flesh white, fine, melting, juice abundant, saccharine, acid and vinous, pleasantly perfumed; first; mid-sept. =saint germain. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. lii. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . merlet, the french pomologist, wrote in that this pear originated from a wilding on the banks of the fare, a little river in the parish of saint germain d'areé. fruit medium or large, long-pyriform, slightly swelled, often irregular in contour; skin rather thick and rough, greenish-yellow, dotted with russet, slightly golden on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, fine, very melting, very juicy, rich in sugar with an agreeable, perfumed flavor; very good, but is gritty and worthless if grown on cold, moist soil; nov. to mar. =saint germain gris. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . found by m. prévost, long president of the horticultural society of seine-inférieure, fr., in the ancient garden of the friars of saint-ouen, at rouen, about the year . fruit medium to large, long-ovate, irregular in its upper part and often bossed and elevated more on one side of the stalk than on the other, grayish-green dotted with brown; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, melting, saccharine, juicy, slightly acidulous, with a deliciously scented flavor; first; mid-dec. and jan. =saint germain panaché. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . this variegated variety of saint germain is of french origin; the date of its publication is about . fruit simply a variegated form of the saint germain, covered with rather large bands of bright yellow sometimes extending from stem to calyx. =saint germain de pepins. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . foreign. origin unknown. fruit medium, nearly globular or obovate, slightly pyriform, pale yellow, lightly shaded or mottled with crimson in the sun, netted and patched with russet and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh yellowish, coarse and gritty, with a hard core; good; feb. =saint germain puvis. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . m. pariset, curciat-dongalon, fr., obtained this variety in . fruit above medium, long-conic, obtuse, irregular, much bossed, grass-green, clouded with olive-yellow, sprinkled with small gray dots; flesh whitish, semi-fine, watery and melting, almost free from granulations; juice rather deficient, saccharine, acidulous, agreeable; second; end of sept. and oct. =saint germain du tilloy. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the origin of this pear is unknown though leroy thought that its name indicated origin in the department of the nord where it formerly existed in important nurseries and where are two towns bearing the name tilloy. fruit medium and above, long-conic or cylindrical-conic, very obtuse, rather variable, golden-yellow, clouded with olive-yellow, covered with gray dots and speckles, always rather squamose, more or less washed with cinnamon-russet on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, gritty at center; juice abundant, sugary, acidulous, aromatic; first; mid-oct. to end of nov. =saint germain van mons. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _van mons hermannsbirne_. = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . the parent tree of this variety was a seedling raised by van mons at brussels which fruited for the first time in . fruit rather above medium or medium, obovate-pyriform, one side habitually more swelled than the other, yellow-ochre, sprinkled with numerous gray and green dots; flesh yellowish, semi-fine and semi-melting, very granular at the core; juice rarely abundant, sugary, acidulous, rather savory; second; oct. =saint ghislain. .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this pear was raised at the village of jammapes, hainaut, bel., by m. dorlain and was propagated by van mons and others. fruit medium; form irregular, globular gourd-shaped and swelled in its lower part or elongated gourd-shaped and sometimes regular-turbinate, always, however, diminishing acutely to the stalk; skin rather thick and rough, grass-green, covered all over with large gray dots and shaded with dull red on the side exposed to the sun; flesh white, fine or semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, watery; juice very saccharine, vinous, with a delicious perfume and an after-taste of musk; first; end of aug. =saint herblain d'hiver. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . the saint herblain d'hiver was propagated by m. bruneau, a nurseryman, nantes, fr., where it was raised, cultivated and much appreciated. fruit medium, conic-ovate, usually symmetrical in outline; skin rather thick and firm, at first bright green sprinkled with brown dots very regularly spaced and prominent, changing to citron-yellow with the side next the sun a little golden; flesh white, semi-fine, dense, semi-breaking, full of sweet juice, saccharine, refreshing, more tender when eaten at its extreme maturity; a good winter, cooking pear; end of winter. =saint lézin. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . first among french pomologists to mention it was claude saint-Étienne, in . fruit large to very large, pyriform but variable, green clouded with pale yellow, dotted with small gray specks; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-breaking; juice plentiful, but deficient in sugar and without perfume; second for dessert, but good for stewing; sept. and oct. =saint louis. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . found in the ancient fruit garden of the horticultural society of angers, fr., and without any record of origin. fruit medium or below, globular-ovate, somewhat bossed, yellow-ochre all over, sprinkled with dots and very small specks of fawn, more or less carmined on the face turned to the sun; flesh white, rather coarse, semi-melting; juice abundant, rather saccharine, sweetish, without any appreciable perfume; third; latter part of aug. =saint luc. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin unknown. fruit rather small, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in contour, having its largest diameter somewhat below the center; skin rather thick though tender, at first pale water-green, with dots of green-gray, changing at maturity to pale golden-yellow, tinged with very light red on the cheek opposed to the sun; flesh whitish, fine, buttery; juice fairly abundant, very saccharine and slightly perfumed; good; aug. =saint luke. .= _garden_ = =: . . introduced by rivers, sawbridgeworth, eng., about . at the royal horticultural society's show of hardy fruits at westminister in it was regarded as a valuable introduction, able to compete with the best, owing to its rich mellow flavor and melting flesh, and perfect shape and finish. fruit rough, russety, deep cinnamon-brown with green patches; flesh melting, juicy, rich, sweet; oct. =saint menin. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . _omer-pacha_. . _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . received in america from leroy about under the name _omer-pacha_. it was known, however, as early as in this country under the name of _saint menin_. fruit rather large, obovate-obtuse, pale yellow, slightly brown in the sun, netted and patched with russet, and thickly dotted with conspicuous russet dots; flesh whitish, fine, melting; juice abundant, saccharine, vinous, with a delicate aroma; first; sept. =st. michel archange. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a french pear originated in the neighborhood of nantes in the middle of the last century. fruit medium or rather large, turbinate but irregular in form, sometimes obovate, sometimes long-pyriform; skin fine, smooth, greenish-yellow, much dotted with gray-russet, washed with orange-red on the side next the sun; flesh yellow-white, fine, melting, very juicy, tender, agreeably perfumed; very good; sept. and oct. =saint patrick. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . raised from seed by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., and fruited in . fruit, diameter - / inches, short-pyriform, green, with dots and some blush; keeps well, and ripens perfectly, with a pleasant flavor; feb. . =saint père. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _poire de saint père_. = .= _guide prat_. , . . the origin of saint père is ancient and indeterminate. without accepting the doubtful synonyms of _bugiada d'hiver des italiens_ and _brute-bonne de rome_ which have been applied to it, we may judge from its name, _holy father_, that it came from italy. fruit above medium and often larger, sometimes conic-pyriform and sometimes ovate-pyriform, but irregular in outline, yellow, much mottled with gray-russet, sprinkled with very many and rather large brown dots; flesh white, coarse, watery, semi-breaking, juicy, wanting in sugar, often acrid, without perfume; first for cooking purposes; feb. to apr. =st. swithin. .= _jour. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . raised by rivers, sawbridgeworth nurseries, eng., from seed of calebasse tougard. fruit below medium, obovate or pyriform; skin smooth, grass-green, thickly dotted and mottled with russet and sometimes with a faint blush on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, with a greenish tinge, tender, juicy and sweet, with a fine, brisk flavor; good, superior to doyenne d'Été; july and aug. =saint vincent de paul. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . m. flon-grolleau, a nurseryman, angers, fr., obtained this pear which was first tasted when ripe in mid-january, . fruit above medium, regular-obtuse-turbinate, meadow-green, sprinkled with yellow dots and russet, washed with fawn around the stem and on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, fine, breaking and gritty, juicy, having little sugar, rather astringent and without perfume; third for dessert, second for cooking; oct. =sainte anne. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. joanon at saint-cyr near lyons, fr. fruit medium, oval, rounded at either end, greenish-yellow, washed with rose on the side next the sun; flesh white, rather fine, buttery, very juicy, melting, saccharine; matures after beurré giffard, about the beginning of aug. =sainte thérèse. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by andré leroy, angers, fr. it first fruited in . fruit medium and often larger, ovate, irregular and rather long, always larger on one side than on the other, water-green, dotted and mottled with russet and stained with patches of fawn; flesh white, fine, melting; juice very abundant, very saccharine, perfumed and possessing an agreeably acid flavor; latter half of oct. =salisbury. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a native of western new york. fruit depressed-pyriform; skin rough, somewhat covered with russet and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh coarse; of only moderate quality; oct. =salviati. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. ix. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . merlet, french pomologist, described this pear in _l'abrégé des bon fruits_ in . fruit below medium to medium; form variable from obtuse-turbinate to slightly long ovate-turbinate; skin thin, wax-yellow, dotted with greenish spots, sometimes much stained with scaly russet and sometimes tinted with reddish-brown on the side touched by the sun; flesh whitish, coarse, semi-melting, gritty at the center; juice scanty, rather saccharine, sweet, but with a strong and disagreeable odor of musk; third; sept. =salzburger von adlitz. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a pear much esteemed in bavaria, württemberg, and upper austria. fruit nearly medium, short-conic, even in outline, greenish-yellow, handsomely blushed, densely dotted with fine points; skin without scent; flesh mild, tender, melting; first for dessert, especially good for household and market; beginning of sept. =sam brown. .= downing _fr. trees am._ nd app. , fig. . originated with samuel brown, junior, walnut hills, md. exhibited at philadelphia in . fruit full medium size or under, globular, obtuse-pyriform, a little uneven, pale yellow partly covered with thin russet, resembling brown beurré somewhat in appearance and very much in flavor, sometimes rather brownish in the sun; flesh white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, vinous and rich; very good, nearly best; sept. =samenlose. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a russian pear from the province of vilna, which seems to be a near relative of the bessemianka, but differs in expression of tree. fruit above medium, of bergamot type and good in quality. =sanguine d'italie. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . imported into france about the beginning of the last century. fruit medium, turbinate and regular, rather obtuse, grass-green, dotted with gray on the shaded side and with yellow-red on the sun-exposed side; flesh breaking, gritty, coarse, dull yellow, veined with red especially about the core where the yellow almost entirely disappears under the blood-red; juice never abundant, saccharine, sweet, without much perfume; third; aug. and sept. =sanguinole. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . _sanguine de france_. . leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this old pear is of consequence only on account of the color of its flesh. according to claude mollet, , it was imported to france from switzerland. it was known in germany in . fruit below medium or small, variable in form, turbinate-obtuse, or globular, bossed; skin rather thick and rough, green dotted with gray and red, sprinkled with streaks and patches of russet, and sometimes slightly carmined on the face exposed to the sun; flesh transparent, red, semi-fine, semi-breaking, juicy, saccharine, acidulous, more or less musky, agreeable; second, sometimes third, the flesh decomposing rapidly; aug. and sept. =sanguinole de belgique. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _belgische blutbirne_. = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . raised by m. berckmans, a belgian nurseryman who came to the united states but also maintained the original establishment, where this seedling was produced in . it is of interest only on account of its rose-tinted flesh. fruit medium, long-ovate, vivid yellow, blushed and dotted with red, with some brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, tinted with red, semi-melting, saccharine and highly aromatic; second for the table; oct. and early nov. =sans-pareille du nord. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _unvergleichliche_. = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . a french variety described first in . its origin is unknown. fruit large and sometimes very large, very long, cylindrical and contorted, often slightly constricted in the middle like calebasse; skin thin, lemon-yellow, sprinkled with large gray dots, some fine patches of fawn, more or less tinted with vivid rose on the face opposed to the sun; flesh very white, semi-breaking and semi-fine; juice never abundant, sweetish, rather saccharine, wanting in perfume, but yet having a slight characteristic flavor; third for dessert, first for compotes; nov. to jan. =sans peau. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xiii. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _skinless_. = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . of ancient and uncertain origin; the first certain french description was written by la quintinye in . fruit below medium or small, ovate, more or less long but always regular; skin exceedingly thin, and slightly rough to the touch, yellow-white, sprinkled with dots of darker green and often washed with pale rose on the sun-exposed side on which the dots are gray; flesh yellowish, coarse, melting, watery; juice sufficient, saccharine, acidulous, feebly perfumed; second; aug. =santa anna. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated in santa anna, california. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, yellow-russeted; flesh tough, highly perfumed; first; season late. =santa claus. .= _garden_ = =: , . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . colonel brymer, dorchester, eng., introduced this pear to the notice of the royal horticultural society in explaining that the parent tree had come originally from belgium some thirty years previously. fruit medium, conical, slightly pyriform, fairly even, slightly rough, dull brown-red, practically covered with russet; stem long, slender; calyx partially open, in an even basin; flesh pale yellowish, melting, deliciously flavored; dec. =santa rosa. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated in california. fruit large, pyriform; flesh buttery, vinous; mid-season. =sapieganka. .= _mont. hort. soc. rpt._ , fig. - . = .= cal. com. hort. _pear grow. cal._ = =:no. , . . _bergamotte sapieganka_. = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated in northern poland and introduced into this country in . there is a suspicion that it may be the bergamotte d'Été renamed after a polish nobleman. it has been found tender in manitoba and the northwest, but perfectly hardy at ottawa and in muskoka. fruit medium, oblate, often somewhat flattened, brownish-yellow, with brownish-red in the sun, with numerous small dots; flesh white, coarse, somewhat firm and juicy; poor quality both for dessert and cooking, third for market; aug. =sarah. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . raised by thaddeus clapp of dorchester, mass. it was exhibited at the massachusetts horticultural society's rooms in . fruit medium size, globular-obovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, aromatic; very good; oct. =sarrasin. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . duhamel du monceau was the first writer to mention this pear, the origin of which is unknown. fruit medium, turbinate, more or less obtuse and elongated, dull yellow, slightly greenish, dotted all over with bright russet, seldom mottled but amply washed with rose on the cheek exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-breaking; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, having a taste of anis; second as a fruit to eat raw, first for compotes; duhamel terms it the longest keeping of all pears; mar. to june. =sary-birne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . published in germany in . also known as _sary armud_ and the _turkish musk summer pear_. fruit small, ventriculous-conic, often somewhat bossed, greenish-yellow turning yellow, seldom blushed, dotted with fine russet points; flesh very sweet, semi-melting, granular, without any particular aroma; second for table, good for kitchen and market; aug. =säuerliche margarethenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _marguerite-acidule._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by diel in the neighborhood of nassau, ger. fruit small, usually globular-turbinate and sometimes ovate-pyriform, yellowish light green changing to pale light yellow, often blushed with brownish-red on the side of the sun, on which are numerous dots; flesh granular, white, semi-melting; juice sufficient, moderately sweet, refreshing; third; end of july. =schellesbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . württemberg, ger. first published in . fruit medium, turbinate, rather bossed and unequal-sided; skin testaceous, light green turning to yellow-green, light blood-red marblings, sprinkled with dark, grayish-green, round dots; third for the table; good for perry; beginning of oct. =schmalblättrige schneebirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . germany, . fruit grows in bunches, small, spherical; skin thick, yellow-green, dotted and speckled with brown; flesh coarse; third; dec. and jan. =schmotzbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear known under many names in different parts of austria. fruit below medium, globular-ovate, often turbinate, smooth, yellow when ripe, thickly dotted with russet; flesh yellow-white, coarse-grained, very juicy, subacid; oct. =schnackenburger winterbirne. .= oberdieck _obst-sort_. . . published in germany. fruit rather large, flattened, globular-yellow washed with brownish-red; flesh breaking; a cooking pear; winter. =schöberlbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium, bergamot-form to short-turbinate, light green turning to greenish-yellow, dotted with russet; flesh very white, rather coarse, very juicy, subacid; mid-oct. to dec. =schöne müllerin. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, ger., published in . fruit very small, turbinate, or blunt-conic, grass-green turning to yellow-green, often with dark red blush and having brown dots changing to green, light brown-russet markings; flesh fine-grained, with sweet, cinnamon flavor, breaking and juicy; third for dessert, very good for household; end of sept. to beginning of oct. for five to six weeks. =schönebeck tafelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . germany, on the rhine, . fruit small, conic; skin polished, greenish-yellow turning to lemon-yellow, blushed with red, heavily dotted with green; flesh marrowy, acid, vinous; second for the table, good for household and market; beginning of sept. for two weeks. =schönerts omsewitzer schmalzbirne. .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . _fondante de schönert_. = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . according to diel this pear was raised at the village of omsewitz, near dresden, by a farmer named schönert. fruit hardly medium, long-conic-pyriform, its greatest diameter being below its center; skin rather thick and firm, pale green changing to very pale yellow, without any blush, sprinkled with small gray-green dots; flesh white, fine, rather firm yet melting, full of saccharine juice, acidulous, refreshing, and delicately perfumed; first for household; sept. =schönlin stuttgarter späte winterbutterbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . raised from seed at württemberg, ger., and first published in . fruit large, oblong, slightly bossed, light green turning lemon-yellow, red dots, marked with russet, thick-skinned; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, aromatic and excellent in flavor; first for dessert, household and market; feb. to apr. =schuman. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a native of bucks county, pa. fruit medium, globular-obovate, pale yellow, tinted with red on the cheek next the sun; flesh coarse, pasty; poor; sept. =schwarze birne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . saxony. first published in . fruit medium, globular-turbinate, grass-green turning yellowish, almost entirely covered with dark russet, often blushed with dirty brown red on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, firm, breaking, aromatic, sweet and vinous; first for household purposes; jan. to apr. =schweizer wasserbirne. .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . _weingifterin_. = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . used in austria and switzerland for the making of perry. fruit rather large, very globular, somewhat flattened at both poles; skin fairly rough, green-yellow, tinged with dull washed-out red, numerous dots and flecks of russet over the whole fruit; late sept. to mid-oct. for four weeks. =sdegnata. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . major espéren, the belgian pomologist, raised this pear from seed, but at what date appears to be unknown. fruit long-ovate, irregular and bossed; skin rather rough, greenish-yellow, dotted with russet and changing to meadow-green on the side exposed to the sun, marbled with gray-russet; flesh white, fine or semi-fine, juicy, dense although very melting, rather granular at the core; juice extremely abundant, saccharine, acidulous, with a characteristic flavor, deliciously perfumed; first; aug. =seal. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in pennsylvania. fruit medium or below, globular, pale yellow, lightly shaded with crimson in the sun and thickly sprinkled with green and russet dots; flesh white, coarse, moderately juicy, melting, slightly astringent; good; end of aug. =sébastien. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . raised by m. pariset, ain, fr., in , and first published in . fruit medium, cylindrical-ovate, even in its outline; skin rather thin but firm, at first intensely green, sprinkled with brown dots, large and prominent, changing to a brighter green at maturity with russet coloring on the side next the sun; flesh white, slightly tinted with green, especially under the skin, very fine, entirely melting, full of sweet juice, saccharine, with an agreeable perfume; first; dec. =sebastopol. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . m. minot, jodoigne, bel., obtained sebastopol, which ripened for the first time in . fruit below medium, ovate-turbinate, symmetrical, green tinted with dull yellow, dotted with brown and mottled with russet; flesh white, rather coarse, semi-melting and watery, having some grit around the core, juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, rarely much perfumed; second; mid-aug. =seckel seedling no. . .= _iowa hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned in a report of the supervising committee of the iowa horticultural society as a valuable seedling raised by charles g. patten. "the fruit is larger than the old seckel, of excellent quality, and the tree is vigorous, hardy and free from blight." =secrétaire maréschal. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr.; published in . fruit medium, resembling beurré clairgeau; flesh very fine, juicy, perfumed; nov. and dec. =secrétaire rodin. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr. it was first published in . fruit medium to large recalling in appearance the duchesse d'angoulême; flesh yellow, vinous, of an agreeable perfume and distinctive flavor; nov. and dec. =seigneur daras. .= _guide prat._ . . tree very fertile, not very vigorous and best cultivated on wild stock. fruit medium, of the form of the doyenné; flesh fine, juicy, saccharine, perfumed; oct. =seigneur d'Été. .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . an old flemish pear sent to england by m. stoffels of mechlin and exhibited by the horticultural society of london in . fruit above medium, obtuse-oval; skin fine orange, with bright scarlet on the sunny side, sprinkled with small brown spots and partially marked with larger ones of the same color; flesh melting, with an extremely small core, and a rich, highly flavored juice; beginning and middle of sept. =selleck. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . the origin of selleck is unknown. some thirty years ago the oldest known bearing tree of the variety was standing on the grounds of columbus selleck, sudbury, vermont, and was then still healthy and very productive. fruit large, obovate-obtuse-pyriform, surface uneven; skin a fine yellow, with a crimson cheek and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; sept. and oct. =semis d'echasserie. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by m. pariset, ain, fr., from a seed bed made in . it was first published in . fruit below medium, globular-ovate, symmetrical in contour; skin rather thick and rough to the touch, yellow-green passing to bright yellow at maturity, tinged with earthy-red on fruits well exposed to the sun; flesh a little coarse, semi-breaking, rather full of saccharine juice, slightly gritty about the core, insufficiently perfumed; second; dec. and jan. =semis léon leclerc. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . sent out by m. bivort from belgium about the year . fruit small or nearly medium on a well-pruned tree, ovate, often ventriculous, symmetrical in its contour; skin thin, smooth, green sprinkled with dots of darker green, changing at maturity to whitish-yellow, rather deeper on the side next the sun, sometimes washed with light red on which the dots are grayish or yellow; flesh white, semi-fine, melting, full of saccharine juice and pleasantly perfumed; good for its season; beginning of aug. =sénateur préfet. .= _guide prat._ . . published in france by m. boisbunel. tree vigorous and very fertile. fruit medium or large, oval-pyriform; flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, saccharine, vinous; first; march to may. =sénateur vaisse. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . m. lagrange, a nurseryman of lyons, fr., grew this pear from seed in . tree pyramidal, rather vigorous, productive. fruit rather large, obovate, pale yellow, with a rosy tint on the sunny side; flesh crisp, juicy, very sweet, slightly gritty; good; sept. =seneca. .= _guide prat._ . . a wildling found by james payne and nurtured by a. c. clark, both of tyre, n. y., and reported as about twelve years old in . similar to bartlett but of higher quality, better color, and later season. fruit large, obovate-pyriform, light yellow, with blushed cheek, green mottling and black dots on shady side; flesh white, vinous, sprightly; very good; oct. and nov. =senfbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . hanover. first published in . fruit medium, ventriculous and conic, often somewhat turbinate, unattractive green turning yellowish, often darkly blushed, spotted; flesh rather coarse, fairly juicy, sweet; first for household use; oct. and nov. for six weeks. =seringe. .= _gard. chron._ . . m. nérard, a nurseryman at lyons, fr., obtained seringe, which was published first in . fruit medium, oval, inclining to obovate, a little depressed at the ends; skin citron or pale yellow, smooth, with some russet specks; flesh white, very melting and sugary; aug. =serrurier. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . van mons obtained this variety from seed at louvain, bel., about . fruit large; form rather inconstant, passing from irregular ovate, swelled and much bossed, to ovate more or less globular, and mammillate at the summit; skin thick, olive-yellow, closely dotted with gray, stained with fawn around the calyx and touched with some brown-russet and occasionally vermilioned on the side exposed to the sun; flesh whitish, melting or semi-melting, juicy, vinous and saccharine, possessing a tartish flavor and a particularly pleasant aroma; first; oct. and nov. =seutin. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _poire seutin_. = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . according to bivort the pear seutin was obtained by m. bouvier, jodoigne, bel. fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, more or less long, sometimes symmetrical, sometimes rather angular in its contour; skin thick, firm, at first bright green sprinkled with dots of green-gray, changing to lemon-yellow tinged with golden-russet on the side next the sun; flesh whitish, rather fine, gritty at the center, semi-buttery, fairly juicy, sweet, and delicately perfumed; winter. =sha lea. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . _chinese sand_. = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a chinese sand pear imported from china by wm. r. prince, flushing, n. y. about . fruit medium, globular-pyriform, dull yellow, covered with a rough, sandy-like russet; flesh firm, moderately juicy; cooks well and acquires a fine flavor; sept. =shawmut. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . originated with francis dana, roxbury, mass. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, regular; skin fair, nearly smooth, dull yellow at maturity, dotted with large, round, russet specks, most numerous on the sunny side; flesh yellowish, coarse, melting, very juicy, rich, vinous, sprightly, with a pleasant musky perfume; oct. =shenandoah. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass. it fruited first in . fruit "skin yellow; flesh fine-grained and sweet, keeps well, and is a good market pear; pyriform." =sheppard. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by james sheppard, dorchester, mass. fruit large, obovate-pyriform; skin rough, yellow, sometimes with a brownish-red cheek, slightly sprinkled with russet dots and with some patches of russet; flesh whitish, coarse and granular, buttery, melting, juicy, vinous, perfumed; good to very good; end of sept. and first of oct. =sheridan. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass. "fruited in . short diam. inches; long diam. - / inches; good grain, juicy, rather vinous in flavor; color dark green; ripens soundly. large bearer, and good market pear. turbinate." =shindel. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . this pear has been locally grown about emigsville, pa., since the early part of the last century, and up to was reported never to have been affected with blight. fruit medium, globular-obovate; skin rather smooth, lemon-yellow, with thin golden-russet patches and veining; flesh whitish, rather fine, granular, moderately juicy, mild, sugary, moderately rich; good; aug. and sept. =shobden court. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by t. a. knight, president of the horticultural society of london. fruit below medium, oblate, symmetrical in form, deep rich yellow, blushed with red on the side next the sun, sprinkled all over with rough, russety dots; flesh white, coarse-grained, juicy, briskly acid and sweet, not highly flavored; second; jan. and feb. =shurtleff. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass. "fruited in . short diam. - / inches; long diam. inches; flesh rather dry, and firm; skin yellow with red cheek; keeps soundly without extra care until may. a most prolific bearer. short pyriform." =sieboldii. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . japan. sieboldii is a variety distinct from _madame von siebold_ and was described by messrs. simon-louis of metz, lorraine, as follows: "medium to large pyriform with elongated tendency, angled and irregular; ... color slightly red on sunny side, grayish in shade; flesh white, breaking, sweet, perfumed; cannot be eaten raw with pleasure." =sievenicher mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear grown in austria and germany. fruit medium to fairly large, globular, short, diminishing somewhat acutely to the stalk; yellow-green, blushed with brown; flesh coarse, subacid and dry; end of sept. and beginning of oct. =sikaya. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . an oriental variety. fruit medium to small, oblate, symmetrical, buff, russeted; skin tough, almost covered with large russet dots; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, poor, insipid, subacid, melting, gritty; late. =simon bouvier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _souvenir de simon bouvier_. . _guide prat._ , . . raised by simon bouvier, jodoigne, bel. fruit medium, symmetrical, ovate, always swelled toward the base, green shaded with dull yellow, dotted and stained with russet; flesh whitish, fine, juicy and melting, almost free from granulations; juice extremely abundant and saccharine, very acidulous, highly perfumed, having an after taste of musky-anis which adds to its delicacy; first; sept. =sinai'sche buschelbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . mount sinai, persia, . fruit very small, globular, flattened, greenish, blushed, very finely dotted; flesh hard, coarse-grained, juiceless, sour, but sweet when ripe; third; winter. =sinclair. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by van mons. fruit large and handsome, long-turbinate, very wide at the base and tapering abruptly by deep concave curves to a narrow point near the stalk, even and symmetrical in shape, smooth, fine, clear lemon-yellow, with a faint blush of red next the sun; flesh fine-grained, buttery, melting, very juicy and sweet, with a rich, vinous flavor and a slight musky perfume; very good for dessert and also for household and market purposes; sept. and oct. =sirningers mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium to large, long-conic; skin firm, green turning yellowish-russet; flesh greenish-white, very firm, rather acid flavor; oct. =slavonische wasserbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated at siebenbürgen, ger. first published in . fruit below medium, ventriculous-conic, green turning greenish-yellow, with light brown wash on the sunny side; flesh coarse, saccharine, firm, very juicy and sweet; third for the table, first for household use; beginning of sept. =slutsk. .= ragan _nom. pear, b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . originated in minsk, russia, and received in this country about . fruit large, symmetrical, roundish-obtuse-pyriform, yellow, largely overspread with bright red and thickly sprinkled with brown dots; stem long, slender, in a deep cavity; calyx open; flesh moderately juicy, somewhat astringent, not sugary; good; oct. =smet fils unique. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large, doyenné in form; flesh fine, melting, juicy; first; end of autumn. =smith. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . an oriental variety or hybrid, very similar to le conte but blooms later. fruit medium to large, oval, truncate at basin end; skin yellowish-green, smooth, with patches of russet; flesh white, firm, insipid, dry, mealy; poor; oct. =smith beauty. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . an oriental hybrid, similar to le conte, with no blush, shorter than dewey. variety name has been listed as _smith's winter beauty_. =smith duchess. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . an american hybrid of the chinese sand pear. =snow. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated with suel foster, muscatine, ia. reported in as "better than vicar except for size and keeping. its flesh is very white; valuable for cooking." =soeur grégoire. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . xavier grégoire, the well-known belgian seedsman, jodoigne, brabant, obtained this variety. it bore its first fruit in . fruit large, in form variable from irregular long gourd-shaped to long-cylindrical, usually rather bossed; skin thick and rough, yellow-ochre, dotted and stained with gray-russet and shaded with dark red on the cheek next the sun; flesh yellowish, semi-fine, melting, granular at the core; juice rarely abundant but very aromatic, saccharine and with a delicate flavor; first when sufficiently juicy, otherwise second; nov. and dec. =soldat bouvier. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . raised by xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit nearly medium, globular-conic, regular in outline; skin rather firm, at first a dark green, sprinkled with dots of a darker shade, brightening to yellowish at maturity and extensively colored with blood-red on the cheek next the sun; flesh whitish, rather fine, buttery, melting; juice sufficient, saccharine and delicately perfumed; good to first; sept. =soldat laboureur. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . soldat laboureur was obtained from a seed bed made about by major espéren, mechlin, bel. fruit medium to large, ovate-pyriform or turbinate, bossed; skin smooth, rather thick, bright green passing to golden-yellow when perfectly ripe, dotted and shaded with fawn; flesh yellowish-white, semi-fine, melting; juice abundant, saccharine, perfumed, and, on land suiting it, very vinous; very good, highest quality; oct. and nov. =sommer-russelet. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, . fruit medium, pyriform, light yellow, blushed all over; flesh breaking, juicy, with a flavor of cinnamon; second for table, first for household and market; beginning of aug. =sommer-zuckerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, ger. published in . fruit medium, long-pyriform, obtuse, yellowish-green turning a lighter tint at maturity, with dark blush on the side of the sun and yellow dots which turn green; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, saccharine; second for dessert and good for household and market purposes; aug. =sommeralantbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _poire d'aunée d'Été_. = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . upper hesse, prussia; first published in . fruit medium, long-conic; skin fine, light green turning yellowish, with dark red blush and very fine dots; wanting in juice, buttery, mild and tender, aromatic; first for table, household and market; aug. and sept. =sommerkönigin. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, ger.; published in . fruit above medium, obtuse-conic, inclined to one side at the top, yellowish-green turning to light yellow, with a pale blush, greenish dots and flecked with russet; flesh white, juicy, buttery, melting and full of flavor; sept. =sommerwachsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, ger.; published in . fruit medium, pyriform, symmetrical; skin smooth, straw-white turning to a waxy light yellow, with often a faint blush, light green dots turning red, without scent; flesh semi-melting, very juicy and saccharine; third for table, good for household purposes; first of sept. =sophie de l'ukraine. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruits rather large, obovate, even and regular, in shape rather resembling white doyenné; pale yellow, covered with minute dots on the shaded side and with a tinge of warm orange on the side opposed to the sun; flesh neither melting nor juicy, only sweet; an inferior pear; soon becomes soft; nov. =sotschnaja. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a northern european variety reported by j. l. budd as imported by him and on trial at the iowa state college. shows marked traces of the chinese forms of the pear in shape, serration, thickness and size of leaf. the wood is gritty and thorn-like and unites very imperfectly with the apple. =soueraigne. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the soueraigne peare, that which i have seene and taste, and so termed unto me, was a small brownish yellow peare, but of a most dainty taste; but some doe take a kind of bon chretien, called the _elizabeth_ peare, to be the soueraigne; how truly let others judge." =soutmann. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . holland, . fruit medium, globular-oblong, light green turning to yellowish-green, without any blush, small brown dots; flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, and with a sweet aromatic flavor of cinnamon; very good dessert fruit; dec. =souvenir de l'abbé lefebvre. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr. tree of moderate vigor, fertile and adapts itself to all forms of growth. fruit medium in size; flesh very fine, perfumed and excellent; nov. and dec. =souvenir de du breuil père. .= pom. france = =:no. , pl. . . _poire du breuil père_. = .= _rev. hort._ . . obtained from a bed of seeds of louise bonne de jersey made by a. du breuil, rouen, fr., in . fruit medium or rather large, sub-spherical, more often inclined by the oblique truncation of its wide top; skin very fine, yellow at maturity, much mottled and dotted with bright russet all over, the russet becoming purple on the side next the sun; flesh white, melting, very juicy, saccharine, pleasantly perfumed and sprightly; excellent; nov. to jan. =souvenir deschamps. .= _rev. hort._ . . = .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . described in as a newly introduced seedling raised in the state school of horticulture, ghent, bel. fruit large, elongated, like calebasse in form, sometimes spindle-form and straight, slightly constricted about the middle, greenish-yellow, marked with brown spots; flesh yellowish, delicate, melting, juicy, good; sept. and oct. =souvenir désiré gilain. .= _guide prat._ . . stated in a bulletin of the society van mons to have been a gain of m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel. fruit medium, ovate-pyriform, symmetrical in outline, having its greatest diameter well below the centre; skin rather firm, pale green, sown with dots of darker green, turning pale yellow when ripe, rather golden on the side next the sun and touched with a tinge of red; flesh white, fine, breaking, juicy, saccharine, vinous, with a flavor difficult to describe; aug. =souvenir d'espéren de berckmans. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by m. berckmans at his establishment in this country and should not be confounded with the souvenir d'espéren raised by m. bivort. fruit medium or rather large, conic-pyriform, often a little irregular in contour; skin fine, thin, water-green, sprinkled with large brown dots, both numerous and prominent and patches of russet, changing to lemon-yellow at maturity, the russet becoming golden; flesh white, a little tinted with yellow, rather fine, buttery, melting; juice sufficient in amount and highly saccharine and perfumed; good; oct. =souvenir favre. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ nd app. . . originated by m. favre, chalons, fr., from seed of glou morceau planted in . fruit medium to below, conic-pyriform, pale yellow, dotted with many brown and green dots; stem short, rather stout, in a slight cavity; calyx open; basin small, uneven, slightly russeted; flesh whitish, slightly coarse, half-melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; oct. =souvenir de gaëte. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . m. ruillé de beauchamp obtained the souvenir de gaëte from seed of the beurré de l'assomption. it received the recommendation of the pomological committee of the horticultural society of paris. fruit above medium and sometimes large, irregular-turbinate or ovate, mammillate at the top and ventriculated at the middle, bright yellow, finely dotted and streaked with fawn and extensively washed with tender rose on the cheek opposed to the sun; flesh white, very fine, melting and free from granulations; juice very abundant, saccharine, refreshing and vinous with a characteristic perfume and flavor; first; oct. =souvenir de julia. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out by m. daras de naghin of antwerp, bel. tree vigorous and fertile. fruit medium, globular, whitish-yellow, blushed with rose; flesh fine, semi-melting, saccharine, juicy; first; oct. and nov. =souvenir de leroux-durand. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . published in germany in . tree vigorous and fertile. fruit large or very large, oblong, bright yellow, stained with golden-russet; flesh very melting, vinous, highly saccharine and very agreeably perfumed; first; oct. =souvenir de lydie. .= _guide prat._ . . a belgian variety disseminated by daras de naghin of antwerp. fruit rather large, doyenné in form, greenish-yellow; flesh semi-fine, melting, highly saccharine; first; oct. =souvenir de madame charles. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . raised by m. sannier, rouen, fr., from seed of serrurier. tree vigorous, fertile and suitable for all forms of cultivation. fruit medium to large, having the form of the passe colmar, gray; flesh very fine, melting, saccharine and perfumed; dec. and jan. =souvenir de la reine des belges. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel., obtained this pear in . fruit above medium, turbinate, rather obtuse, ventriculous and symmetrical in its lower part and much contorted and bossed in its upper, pale yellow, dotted with gray, mottled with russet, especially over the side exposed to the sun; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, gritty at the core; juice abundant, saccharine, slightly acidulous, with a delicate flavor and aroma; first and often second when the fruit is devoid of perfume; oct. =souvenir de renault père. .= _rev. hort._ , fig. . . m. renault, bulgnéville, vosges, fr., observed that the lower branches of an easter beurré produced foliage variegated with white while the remainder were of a beautiful green. grafts from the variegated branches in due course perpetuated the variegation and produced a fruit similar to that of easter beurré but with the skin striped longitudinally from pole to pole, the variegation being more or less distinct according to the season and the vigor of the tree. fruit large, obovate; skin hard to the touch, green turning to a golden yellow at maturity, variegated; flesh very white, fine, rather melting, fairly juicy, highly saccharine, rather gritty around the center; a good dessert pear; jan. to mar. =souvenir de sannier père. .= _guide prat._ . . obtained by m. sannier, rouen, fr. tree moderately vigorous. fruit medium, dark yellow, tinted with rose; first; oct. =souvenir de simon bouvier. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . obtained by xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel., and first reported in . fruit below medium, turbinate, even in outline, rather swelled in all the lower part and somewhat obtuse at the summit; color pale yellow, dotted with gray and green, stained with brown-fawn and vermilioned on the cheek opposed to the sun; flesh white, juicy, semi-fine and semi-melting; juice very abundant, vinous, saccharine and strongly musky; second; oct. =souvenir du vénérable de la salle. .= _rev. hort._ . . said to have been originated by m. sannier, rouen, fr. tree of good vigor, medium productive. fruit medium, resembling bon-chrétien d'hiver in form; flesh fine, melting, sweet; of first quality; oct. and nov. =souveraine de printemps. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . of foreign origin. fruit medium, oblate, obscurely pyriform, angular, yellow, sprinkled with russet; flesh white, melting, coarse, granular, juicy, somewhat astringent, with a brisk vinous flavor; mar. =spae. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . obtained by m. spae, ghent, bel., and was propagated in . fruit above medium, long-turbinate, obtuse, rather contorted at the base and always having one side larger than the other, dull yellow, shaded with bright green, dotted, with more or less brown-russet on the cheek next the sun; flesh semi-fine or semi-breaking, white, juicy, sweet, saccharine, rather deficient in perfume but delicate; second; oct. =späte rotbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit medium to large, pyriform, dull green changing to greenish-yellow with widely spread dark blush, thickly speckled with whitish dots; flesh white, fine, aromatic; nov. and dec. =späte sommerbirne ohne schale. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . holland, . fruit very small, conic but variable, even sides; skin tender, greenish-yellow turning lemon-yellow, densely sprinkled with dark green dots; flesh very juicy, coarse, melting; second for dessert, first for household; mid-aug. =späte todemannsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . nassau, ger., . fruit large, shallow-bossed, sides unequal, pyriform, light green turning to light lemon-yellow, often blushed, dotted, often speckled with russet and russeted on the side next the sun; flesh breaking, wanting in juice; third for dessert, very good for household; dec. and jan. =späte wasserbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . württemberg, ger., . fruit medium, turbinate, rather obtuse, light green turning dirty pale yellow, dull red blush, large gray dots; flesh firm, very juicy, tasteless; good for household purposes and perry; sept. =spätes graumänchen. .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . bohemia. fruit small, obtuse-pyriform, green changing at maturity to yellowish-green, very much russeted; flesh fine-grained, semi-melting, aromatic, cinnamon savor, sugary; good table fruit; oct. to jan. =speckbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . an austrian perry pear. fruit large, turbinate; skin smooth, light leaf-green turning to dull greenish-yellow at maturity, dotted with russet; flesh yellowish-white, very juicy, subacid, rather coarse-grained; oct. to dec. =speedwell. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised and fruited in by dr. s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass. fruit, "short diam. - / inches, long diam. inches; color green; flesh melting, juicy, with rich flavor; ripens soundly sept. ; quality fine; obovate." =spillingsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . germany, . fruit small, globular-turbinate, even in contour, pale green changing to light lemon-yellow, more golden on the side of the sun, with light green dots; flesh snow-white, breaking and coarse-grained, vinous, acidulous and saccharine; second for dessert, first for household; aug. =spindelförmige honigbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . grown in the middle rhine country, germany. fruit medium, long-conic, regular, greenish-yellow, entirely covered with cinnamon-russet; flesh breaking and coarse, often semi-melting, saccharine and musky; very good for household use; sept. =spindelförmige rehbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . westphalia, . fruit large, oblong, shallow-bossed; skin rough, light cinnamon-russet all over, dotted with whitish-gray; flesh granular, aromatic, with sweet wine flavor; first for table and household use; sept. and oct. =spinka. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin uncertain, though oberdieck thought it came originally from bohemia. fruit nearly medium, ovate, more or less shortened; skin thick and very firm, pale water-green, taking a white tint long before maturity, sprinkled with brown dots, changing to pale yellow and the side next the sun more or less warmly golden; flesh yellow-tinted, fine, semi-buttery; juice sufficient, saccharine and agreeably perfumed; fairly good; sept. =spreeuw. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . a rather worthless pear raised by van mons at brussels which gave its first fruit in . fruit small, globular-ovate, green turning yellow, dotted with yellowish-red and blushed; flesh greenish-white, rather gritty, saccharine; in germany is reckoned as second for dessert and first for household purposes; in france it appears to possess little merit; oct. and nov. =star of bethlehem. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . originated at bethlehem, pa., and described in as a new variety. tree resembles a persimmon tree with a low and spreading habit; branches never upright, very enduring and able to bear heavy weights; very productive and regular in bearing. fruit very large, similar in form to the beurré d'anjou, obovate-pyriform-obtuse, regular; skin smooth, deep yellow, slightly russeted, with a handsome red cheek on the side exposed to the sun; flesh yellowish-white, somewhat coarse, buttery, melting, fine, sweet, rich and excellent flavor; highly spoken of at the time; sept. =steinbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear found in austria and switzerland. fruit medium, globular-pyriform, greenish changing to yellowish-green when ripe, on the sun-exposed side washed with dull red, speckled with russet spots; flesh granular, firm; good for transportation; nov. and dec. =steinmitz catharine. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in pennsylvania. fruit small to medium, oblong-pyriform, greenish, with a tinge of brown in the sun; flesh white, moderately juicy, semi-melting, vinous; good; sept. =stevens genesee. .= cole _am. fr. bk._ . . originated on the farm of m. f. stevens, lima, n. y. fruit large, globular-obovate, yellow; flesh white, tender, rather buttery, of a rich, excellent, aromatic flavor; good to very good; sept. and oct. but in some districts as early as aug. =sterling. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , , fig. . . raised by a mr. sterling in the neighborhood of buffalo, n. y., from seed brought from connecticut about . fruit medium, almost spherical, slightly oval, yellow, with occasionally a few small patches of russet and on the sun-exposed cheek a mottled crimson blush; flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting, with a saccharine, brisk flavor; very good; sept. =stone. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . grew in the garden of a mr. stone, cincinnati, o., and named in his honor. fruit large, broad-pyriform, sides uneven, globular toward lower end and gradually diminishing toward the stem; bright yellow at maturity with a bright red cheek next the sun, beautifully intermixed with yellow streaks and specks; flesh white, somewhat buttery, rather melting, slightly astringent; aug. =stout. .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . originated at monrovia, ind., about . fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, green changing to yellow; flesh buttery, melting, juicy, subacid; very good; mid-season. =strassburger sommerbergamotte. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, . fruit medium, turbinate, medium ventriculous, greenish-yellow turning yellowish-white at maturity, with rather grayish spots; flesh semi-melting, very white, sweet, acid, aromatic; first for household use and market; aug. =stribling. .= _s. c. sta. rpt._ . . a seedling believed to be of french origin brought to notice in by j. c. stribling, pendleton, s. c. considered likely to prove one of the most valuable pears for the south because blight resistant. fruit large, cordate, sides unequal, base rounded, apex flattened, light yellow, almost entirely covered with light russet; skin smooth, thin, tough, sprinkled with numerous light russet dots, indistinct, large at base, smaller and more numerous at apex; flesh coarse-grained, very juicy, slightly subacid, peculiar pineapple flavor with after nutty effect, rich, distinctive aroma; fair quality; oct. and nov. =stümplerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . supposed to have originated on the shores of lake constance between germany and switzerland. it was first published in . fruit small, oval, green changing to light yellow, almost covered with cinnamon-russet; flesh yellowish, dry, becoming mealy, without much flavor; good for kitchen use; aug. =sturges.= originated with mrs. mary s. sturges, baker, ore., about . fruit medium to large, obtuse-obovate-pyriform; stem short, thick, set in a very shallow, narrow, russeted cavity; calyx small, partly open, set in a shallow but broad basin; color dull green, considerably mottled with patches and flecks of russet; dots small, conspicuous; flesh yellowish, slightly granular, tender, juicy, good; sept. =styer. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , , fig. . originated about with charles styer, white plain township, montgomery county, pa. fruit medium, globular, green changing to yellow, with many russet dots and markings; flesh yellowish-white, somewhat gritty at the core, buttery, melting; exceedingly rich and perfumed; good; sept. =styrian. .= _jour. hort._ = =: , fig. . _beurré keele hall._ = .= _guide prat._ . . received in england by the horticultural society from m. bosc of paris about . fruit large, long-obovate or pyriform, fairly even and regular in outline; skin even and shining, of a clear lemon-yellow, with a bright vermilion cheek next the sun, appearing as if varnished; flesh yellowish, very fine-grained, tender, buttery, melting and extremely juicy, sweet, brisk and having a fine flavor of vanilla; a first-rate and delicious dessert fruit; oct. =sucré-vert. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . pl. xxxiv. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . said to have come from barmont, a chateau situated on the border of burgundy. it was well known in paris in . fruit medium or below, globular-turbinate; skin shining, intense green, dotted with numerous gray and green dots, a little whitened on the shaded side, yellowish when ripe; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, melting, semi-fine, some grit about the center; juice plentiful, sugary, slightly perfumed; excellent but variable; oct. =sucrée de hoyerswerda. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _sucré-vert d'hoyerswerda_. = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . according to diel this variety was a new pear in the first years of the last century found in the village of hoyerswerda, saxony. fruit always below medium, turbinate-obtuse or globular-ovate, rather irregular; skin a little thick, bright yellow shaded with dull yellow, sprinkled all over with gray-russet dots on the shaded side and greenish-brown dots on the sun-exposed side on which it is also much encrimsoned; flesh greenish-white, semi-fine, breaking, watery, granular around the pips; juice sufficient, highly saccharine, acidulous, with an agreeable musky perfume; second; aug. =sucrée de montluçon. .= _guide prat._ , . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . found in a hedge at montluçon, fr., about , by m. rochet. fruit medium, oval-conic, uneven, lemon-yellow; stem medium long, rather short and woody; calyx large, closed, in a narrow, shallow basin; flesh palest yellow, transparent, extremely juicy, well flavored, very delicious; oct. =sucrée blanche. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by m. boisbunel, a nurseryman at rouen, fr. it was first published in . fruit rather large, long-pyriform or sometimes somewhat gourd-shaped; skin rather thick and firm, at first very bright green covered with a light white bloom on which are very small and faint dots, brightening still more at maturity but even in coloring all over the fruit; flesh white, semi-fine, melting; juice sufficient, saccharine, pleasant; good but not rich enough to be first class; aug. or a little earlier. =sucrée du comice. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by the old horticultural society of angers, fr., and first fruited in . fruit above medium, more or less obtuse, turbinate, irregular, much swelled in its lower half; color golden yellow, entirely sprinkled with reddish dots and generally rayed with fawn around the calyx; flesh white, semi-fine and semi-melting, watery, very granular around the core; second; sept. and oct. =sucrée van mons. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _brüssler zuckerbirne_. = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . a seedling raised by van mons. fruit medium to large, ovate, irregular, sometimes nearly spherical; skin thick, very bright green, mottled with pale yellow, sprinkled with numerous large, grayish spots, turning a fine lemon-yellow at maturity and rather golden on the side next the sun; flesh white, semi-fine, semi-buttery and melting, saccharine, vinous, slightly perfumed; quality variable, due perhaps to differences of soil and climate; second to third; oct. and nov. =sucrée de zurich. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _züricher zuckerbirne_. = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . of doubtful origin but we may fairly assume it was switzerland and probably zurich. fruit small, turbinate, slightly obtuse or ovate and even in contour, bright greenish-yellow, dotted uniformly with gray-russet; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, very saccharine, acidulous, with a slight and agreeable scent of cinnamon; second; sept. =suet lea. .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . an oriental hybrid. fruit medium to small, apple-shaped to oblong, regular in contour; light yellow, with large, rough, russet dots; flesh greenish-white, deficient in juice, hard and gritty, breaking; poor; late. =suffolk thorn. .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _wilding aus suffolk._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . raised by andrew arcedeckene, clavering hall, suffolk, eng., from seed of gansel bergamot. fruited first about . fruit medium, globular-turbinate, pale lemon-yellow, covered with numerous small dots and irregular patches of pale ashy-gray russet which are most numerous on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish-white, exceedingly melting, buttery and juicy, with a rich, sugary juice, exactly similar in flavor to gansel bergamot; first; oct. =sugar top. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . said to be a native fruit and is called also july or harvest pear. fruit globular, top-shaped, skin smooth, yellow; flesh juicy, breaking, sweet, with but little flavor; july. =sülibirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear found in austria and germany. fruit small, globular-pyriform, greenish-yellow, flecked and dotted with russet all over the fruit, frequently somewhat tinted with a brownish blush; flesh yellowish-white, coarse-grained, very acid; oct. =sullivan. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a seedling sent to this country by van mons and named by manning. fruit medium, pyriform, smooth green skin, with russet specks; flesh greenish-white, fine-grained, tender, very juicy, pleasant but not highly flavored; second; sept. =summer beurré d'arenberg. .= _jour. hort._ = =: . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . raised by rivers of sawbridgeworth, eng., about and produced its first fruit in . fruit rather small, turbinate, even and smooth in outline; skin clear and very thin; flesh very fine throughout, scarcely any core, no trace of grit, melting, yellowish, buttery, tender, very juicy, with a sweet, rich and distinctive flavor; excellent; sept. =summer hasting. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the summer hasting is a little greene peare, of an indifferent good rellish." =summer popperin. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "both of them are very good dry firme peares somewhat spotted, and brownish on the outside." =summer portugal. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit quite small, pyriform, bright grass-green, with a brownish blush on the side next the sun and dotted all over with dark green dots, at maturity becoming clear yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellowish, tender, breaking, very juicy, sweet and pleasantly flavored; aug. =summer saint germain. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _saint germain d'Été._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . of french origin. imported to france from belgium or holland by louis noisette previous to . it is better known in this country and in england as the _summer saint germain_. fruit below medium, obovate-pyriform, generally irregular, bright greenish-yellow, dotted with russet on the shaded side and extensively washed with vivid rose on the other cheek where it is sprinkled with gray points; flesh white, fine, soft, semi-melting, slightly gritty at the center; juice sufficient, saccharine, often rather astringent but always full of flavor; second and sometimes third; sept. and oct. =summer virgalieu. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _virgalieu d'été._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . origin unknown. tree moderately vigorous, productive. fruit roundish, pyriform, yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem rather long, set in a small cavity; calyx open; segments recurved; basin shallow, uneven; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly vinous; good; aug. =superfondanta. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . received by simon-louis bros., metz, lorraine, from italy. fruit medium, obovate, smooth, pale yellow, marked with a few dots and sometimes marked with russet; flesh white, buttery, melting, very good; oct. =suprême coloma. .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . _kopertscher._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . count coloma, mechlin, bel., made seed beds in . from these beds came the suprême coloma, a fruit of exquisite flavor. fruit above medium, ovate, shortened, obtuse; skin delicate, olive-yellow, always mottled with greenish-russet and thickly covered with brown dots; flesh whitish, fine, melting, nearly free from grit, very full of saccharine juice, acidulous, with a special perfume of much delicacy; first; oct. =surpasse crassane. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a seedling of van mons obtained about in his nursery at louvain, bel. fruit medium, globular or globular-turbinate, flattened at the base, mammillate at the summit; skin dark olive-yellow, much covered with russet and tinted with dark red on the cheek touched by the sun; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, granular around the center; juice abundant, very saccharine, highly perfumed, with an agreeable tartish taste; first; oct. to dec. =surpasse meuris. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . the surpasse meuris was gained by van mons at brussels before . fruit large, pyriform or turbinate-obtuse, always ventriculated toward the base and generally rather bossed; skin rough, olive-yellow dotted with gray, mottled with fawn and often colored with brown-red on the side next the sun; flesh white, tinged with yellow, semi-fine and semi-melting; juice extremely abundant, very saccharine, tartish and savory; first, sometimes second when the juice is slightly perfumed; sept. =surpasse st. germain. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a seedling of van mons imported in . fruit rather large and oblong, rounded at the base and tapering toward the stalk, irregular in outline, green and brown; winter. =surpasse virgalieu. .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the origin of this variety is unknown. andrew parmentier introduced it from his nursery at brooklyn under this name about . fruit rather large, obovate; skin smooth, pale lemon-yellow with a very few minute dots and rarely a little faint red on the sunny side; flesh white, exceedingly fine-grained and buttery, abounding with delicious highly flavored, aromatic juice, differing from that of the doyenné; first; oct. =surprise. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . surprise is a valuable blight-resistant variety belonging to pyrus communis and promises to make a blight-resistant stock on which to top-work commercial varieties. =süsse margarethenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . germany; first published in . fruit medium, pyriform, light yellow, often, blushed with light red and thickly dotted; flesh semi-melting, granular, sweet, agreeably cinnamon-flavored; second for dessert, good for household and market; aug. =süsse sommerlahnbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . german; published in . fruit fairly large, variable in form, ovate, often conic and ventriculous-pyriform, sides rather unequal, dull greenish-yellow turning to a fine citron-yellow, without any blush but russeted on the side next the sun, indistinct dots; flesh not juicy, saccharine, with flavor of black currant; second for dessert, very good for kitchen use and market; aug. =suwanee. .= griffing bros. _cat._ , fig. . originated in southern georgia and introduced by griffing brothers company in . fruit large, oblong, tapering towards both ends, blunt; skin tough, dark golden-russet over a yellow ground, with a slight tinge of red; flesh white, crisp, tender; good. =suzanne. .= mas. _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . received by oberdieck from van mons without a name. fruit rather small, ovate, short and ventriculous, symmetrical in contour with its greatest diameter about the center; skin delicate, bright green, sprinkled with extremely numerous small brown spots, changing to pale yellow, golden on the side next the sun or sometimes touched with red; flesh white, tinted with yellow, very fine, buttery, melting, sufficiently juicy, saccharine and delicately perfumed; good; sept. =suzette de bavay. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . major espéren of mechlin, bel., obtained this long-season pear. it fruited first in . fruit small or medium, globular, generally mammillate at the top; skin rough, pale yellow, dotted with greenish-brown and speckled with russet and reddish stains; flesh white, semi-fine, melting or semi-melting, juicy, almost free from grit; juice abundant, saccharine, acidulous, more or less perfumed with anis; jan. to apr. =swan egg. .= langley _pomona_ , pl. lxiv. . an english variety recommended by lindley as suitable in the highlands of scotland. fruit medium, globular-ovate; skin smooth, yellowish-green on the shaded side and clear brownish-red on the cheek exposed to the sun and covered with pale brown-russet; flesh yellowish-white, tender, very juicy, with a sweet and piquant flavor and musky aroma; good; oct. =sweater. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the sweater is somewhat like the windsor, for colour and bigeness but nothing neare of so good a taste." =sylvie de malzine. .= _guide prat._ . . sent out by daras de naghin, anvers, bel. tree vigorous and fertile. fruit medium, globular; flesh rather fine, melting, recalling the beurré d'angleterre by its flavor; nov. and dec. =taglioretti. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . tree bell-shaped, pyramidal; leaves bluish-green and dull, characteristically folded; stipules remarkably short. fruit medium in size, ovoid, short, broad, resembling the bergamotte d'Été and the vallée franche; skin rather firm, bright lemon-yellow to golden; dots conspicuous; calyx medium, open; basin narrow, rather deep; flesh white, medium fine, medium breaking, juicy; good; aug. =takasaki. .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . exhibited by p. j. berckmans at the georgia state horticultural society meeting in . said to be a japanese pear. =talmadge. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . _northford seckel_ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated in the garden of levi talmadge at northford, conn., as a chance seedling of seckel. tree hardy and vigorous, with spreading head, very symmetrical, attaining double the size of the seckel, very productive. fruit larger and more uniform than seckel, almost identical in form, with the same russet ground, slightly less ruddy coloring; flesh white, juicy, melting; inferior to seckel; ripens with seckel. =tardive d'ellezelles. .= _guide prat._ . . probably originated in belgium. fruit large, grayish-green, pleasantly aromatic; heat resistant; apr. and may. =tardive garin. .= _guide prat._ . . tree very vigorous and very productive. fruit large, roundish, grayish-yellow; flesh medium, melting, juicy, sweet; may and june. =tardive de mons. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . fruit medium in size, oblong-obovate, even and regularly formed; skin uniformly yellow, orange tinge next the sun; dots large and russet; calyx large, open; stem rather slender, obliquely inserted without depression; flesh white, tender, buttery, melting, very juicy, rich, sugary; rated as an "excellent pear;" nov. =tardive de montauban. .= _guide prat._ . . tree very productive. fruit medium to small, rather long, reddish on the sunny side; flesh fine, yellow, sweet, medium melting; first; very late. =tardive de solesne. .= _guide prat._ . . tree vigorous and very productive. fruit large to very large; flesh breaking, very sweet; first; jan. and feb. =tatnall harvest. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . the pennsylvania horticultural society rated specimens of this variety submitted to it by thomas hancock, burlington, n. j., as "scarcely good." =tavernier de boulogne. .= field _pear cult._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . found in by m. tavernier in a woods near trelaze, fr. tree scraggly, productive, a good orchard tree. fruit medium to above, longish-conic, greenish-yellow; flesh white, firm; of first quality for cooking; late spring and early summer. =taylor. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _u. s. d. a. pat. off. rpt._ . . mr. merriweather, charlottesville, va., is credited with having originated this pear, although it may have come from france about . tree vigorous, young wood olive; productive; fruit medium, roundish-oblate; skin light green, mottled with dark green; stalk rather long, fleshy at its termination in a very slight depression; calyx very small, set in a wide, superficial basin; flesh fine in texture, buttery; flavor vinous, with a delicate vanilla aroma; very good; nov. to feb. =taynton squash. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _squash._ = .= thacher _am. orch._ . . an old pear which originated in gloucestershire, eng., previous to the year and which is widely known as a remarkably fine perry pear much grown in herefordshire. it is early, tender of flesh, and "if it drops ripe from the tree it bursts from the fall, whence probably the name." fruit medium to below, turbinate, dull greenish-yellow on the shaded side and dull brownish-red next the sun, covered with rough, russet dots; calyx open; stem slender; flesh white, with a brisk, sweet flavor. =tea. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , fig. . . mrs. ezra merchant, milford, conn., found seed from which this pear was raised in a pound of tea which she purchased, hence the name. similar to white doyenné, if not identical with it. tree vigorous, with bright yellow wood and deep green foliage. fruit medium, obtuse-pyramidal, with often a suture on one side, yellowish-green becoming blushed in the sun; stem short, stout, fleshy at the base; calyx open; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous; very good to best; sept. =templiers. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the place of origin is uncertain but the time is at least prior to . fruit large, short-turbinate, dull yellow, spotted with ashy gray; of first quality for cooking, beginning of sept. =tepka. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear common to lower styria, carniola, and the maritime regions of austria. fruit bergamot-shape, pale green becoming yellowish-green; calyx large, open, star-shape; stem brown, medium short, often bent; flesh juicy, sprightly; rots at the core and keeps poorly in storage; sept. =test. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . reported by luther burbank, santa rosa, cal., as "a large pear, being four inches long by two and one-half across. in form much like bartlett and in quality more like le conte, but far better and far more prolific than either. ripens four weeks later than le conte. when canned is firm and white and fully equal to or better than bartlett." =tettenhall. .= _gard. chron._ . . "this pear, supposed only to flourish in the parish of tettenhall, near wolverhampton, though a very profuse bearer, has fruit almost worthless; but as a forest tree it is remarkable for its beauty, far surpassing in size, shape and masses of deep green foliage any other pear-tree i ever saw." =teutsche augustbirne. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported from the regions of thuringia, hesse, and württemberg about . fruit medium in size, oblong-oval, bright yellow, dotted, thick-skinned; calyx star-shape; stem fleshy; flesh breaking, sweet; fair, a good commercial variety; aug. =texas. .= ragan _fr. recom. by am. pom. soc., b. p. i. bul._ = =: . . this is a whitish-yellow, medium-large, pyriform pear of good quality, at one time considered promising along the gulf coast; said to have originated in texas. =the dean. .= j. van lindley _cat._ . . "a very large pear that has been bearing regularly near oak ridge, guilford county, n. c., for more than years. in appearance it resembles both bartlett and duchesse [d'angoulême], and is as large as duchesse and better in quality. ripens between bartlett and duchesse, making a very valuable pear and of good quality." =theilersbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear said to have appeared in switzerland about as a wilding. tree spreading, large, vigorous, strong, productive. fruit small, ovate, yellowish-green becoming yellow, dotted strongly with russet; calyx open; stem medium long; flesh dull white, juicy, piquant, without aroma. =theodor körner. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a seedling raised by van mons of belgium about . tree rather vigorous, an early and good bearer. fruit medium to above, conic, greenish-yellow; calyx star-shaped; segments long; flesh melting, juicy, vinous; first; sept. =theodore. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . according to dochnahl this pear may have originated in belgium about . fruit medium large, inches wide and - / inches long, smooth, bright yellow, sunny side washed with red; dots numerous; sweet, vinous; last of aug. =theodore van mons. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . originated by van mons in . tree vigorous, pyramidal, productive. fruit medium to above, obovate-pyriform to oblong-pyriform, greenish-yellow, russeted; dots gray-green, numerous; stem curved, about an inch long; cavity slight; calyx open; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse, juicy, melting, vinous; good to very good; sept. and oct. =theodore williams. .= stark bros. _year book_ = =: . . a seedling of kieffer raised by theodore williams, and introduced by stark brothers nurseries & orchard company about . tree hardy, is reported to have stood a temperature of degrees below zero without injury. fruit medium, yellowish-green, sweet, juicy. =théophile lacroix. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . tree productive and of good vigor. fruit large to very large, pyriform, similar to the type of beurré diel, deep yellow, plentifully spotted and marbled with cinnamon-red; flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, with an aroma suggestive of orange, a little gritty about the core; first; dec. and jan. =thérèse. .= _guide prat._ . . fruit rather large, bergamot-shape, yellowish-green; flesh very melting, delicately aromatic; first; oct. =thérèse appert. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ d app. , fig. . first fruited in from seed of beurré clairgeau by andré leroy, angers, fr. tree vigorous, productive. fruit medium, oblong, turbinate, yellowish-orange, washed with vermilion; stem short, a trifle inclined; cavity small; calyx open; basin shallow; flesh whitish-yellow, very juicy, very sweet, aromatic; very good; sept. =theveriner butterbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said to have originated in france about . fruit medium large, turbinate, bright green becoming greenish-yellow, somewhat clouded and striped with red, covered with russet; calyx star-shaped; stem thick, one inch long; seeds mostly abortive; flesh yellowish, sweet, vinous; oct. =thibaut butterbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . according to dochnahl this is a seedling from van mons which originated in belgium in . fruit medium large, turbinate, irregular and ill-shapen, bright green becoming yellowish-green, with gray dots, and spotted with russet; skin thin; calyx small, erect; stem slender, inches long, fleshy at the base; core and seeds small; sweet, aromatic; very good; oct. =thick stalked pear. .= mawe-abercrombie _univ. gard. bot._ . mentioned in the reference cited as a minor variety of winter pear having a very large, roundish fruit. =thimothée. .= _mas pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . this variety was raised from seed by m. pariset, a seedsman of ain, fr., about . tree rather vigorous, upright, symmetrical. fruit medium, roundish-pyriform, regular, greenish becoming pale yellow; calyx almost closed; stem very short, rather stout; flesh whitish, very fine, very melting, subacid, refreshing; good; nov. and dec. =thompson= (eng.). . _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _pom. france_ : , pl. . . said to be a seedling of van mons originated about . r. manning, salem, mass., received cions in . tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium, obovate, lemon-yellow, russeted around the stem; stem short; almost no cavity; calyx medium, open, slightly depressed in a small basin; segments often united; flesh whitish-yellow, buttery, juicy; flavor rich, sugary, aromatic; seeds large, long; oct. =thompson= (n. h.). . kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . originated on the farm of judge thompson, portsmouth, n. h. fruit medium to below, turbinate, quite russeted; "esteemed for its extraordinary productiveness and long keeping" by those in the vicinity of its origin but regarded by r. manning, salem, mass., as "unfit for cultivation." =thooris. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this belgian pear fruited for the first time in in the garden of the society van mons. fruit medium to below, round ovoid to oval, or bergamot-shape; skin yellow, shaded and striped with grayish-red. alexander bivort gives, "flesh yellowish-white, half fine, melting; juice abundant, sugary, and with an agreeable perfume ... of first quality," whereas downing says, "flesh white, coarse, dry, sweet, and poor ... unworthy of cultivation." sept. =thuerlinckx. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _beurré thuerlinckx_. = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this pear was found in upon an estate purchased by m. thuerlinckx, mechlin, bel. it is said to be a very large, coarse, showy pear of long-obovate shape, with a somewhat tender and juicy flesh but without any aroma, and very soon becoming mealy; oct. to dec. =thurston red. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . hogg says, "a new herefordshire perry pear of some repute." fruit small, turbinate, even in outline, greenish-yellow, with a thin red cheek and a large patch of thin, pale-brown russet, especially around the calyx; calyx small and open; stem an inch and a quarter long, slender; cavity none; flesh yellow. =tiffin. .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . originated with henry loose, tiffin, o. fruit described as large, broad-ovate, smooth, greenish-yellow; dots numerous, brown; stem medium long, slender, curved, inserted with no depression; basin wide, russeted; calyx small, open; skin thin; core large; seeds large, plump, brown; flesh white, buttery, subacid; good; oct. =tigrée de janvier. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . raised by l. j. berckmans from seed produced by major espéren and obtained by the former after the latter's death. tree vigorous, rather slender. fruit small to below medium, ovoid-pyriform, yellowish; stem long; flesh yellow, medium fine, melting, very juicy, vinous; not of the most beautiful appearance yet of the highest flavor; dec. and jan. =tillington. .= _trans. lond. hort. soc._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . exhibited by thomas andrew knight before the london horticultural society in as "a seedling pear raised from a seed of the autumn bergamot impregnated with the pollen of the jargonelle." tree hardy, productive. fruit medium, short-pyriform, greenish-yellow, with light brown russet dots; stalk short; calyx open; flesh yellowish, tender, buttery, melting, not juicy, vinous, aromatic; good; oct. =timpling. .= buckman _fruit var. in ex. orch._ . . included in the list of varieties in the experimental orchard of benjamin buckman, farmingdale, ill. mr. buckman reports that it was from ludwig hencke, collinsville, and that he received it in . mr. hencke brought the timpling with him from germany. according to mr. buckman the tree is rather free from blight, moderately productive, and still in good shape at the age of years. fruit medium; good quality and color. =tindall swan egg. .= _trans. lond. hort. soc._ = =: . . specimens of a new variety of swan egg pear were sent to the meeting of the london horticultural society in by george and william tindall, beverley, yorkshire, eng. "it is larger and browner than the common swan's egg, and equal to it in flavor. it keeps well till the end of january, and sometimes later." =tollbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a very productive perry pear of europe with fruit notable because of its beautiful color. tree vigorous, upright. fruit medium, round-obovate, very uniform; skin tough, smooth, glossy, green changing to yellow, side next the sun blushed with bright carmine and dotted heavily with brown-russet dots, russeted at top and bottom; calyx small, open; stem medium long, slender; flesh almost white, juicy, tart; mid-oct. to dec. =tolstoy. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated by n. e. hansen, brookings, s. d., from clapp favorite x pyrus ovoidea, and introduced by him in . =tom strange. .= buckman _fruit var. in ex. orch._ . . this variety is found in the experimental orchard at farmingdale, ill., of benjamin buckman, who writes: "the 'tom strange' pear is a small local variety received from a person of that name, not worthy of disseminating under a name and had better be dropped." =tonkovietka. .= _mont. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _limbertwig_. = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _thintwig_. = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . one of the russian pears imported by prof. j. l. budd from dr. regel, petrograd, russia, about and known by the iowa agricultural college under the numbers and m. chas. gibb, abbottsford, can., says this is the hardiest pear tree which bears edible fruit of which he knows. the name means slender stalk. tree hardy, fine, productive. fruit medium, conical, yellow, with red on the sunny side; flesh porous; ripens beginning of aug. and keeps until sept.; commendable for commercial orchards. =tonneau. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. lviii, fig. . . _ ._ hogg _fruit man._ . . _fassbirne_. = .= christ _handb._ . . this large cooking pear has been confused by leroy and others with _uvedale st. germain_, but hogg and mas agree that the two are quite distinct. the french word _tonneau_ and the german word _fass_ are both translated "cask," a term which describes the shape of this pear very well. tree vigorous; shoots upright; leaves pubescent, light green, young leaves yellowish-green. fruit very large, oblong-ovate or cask-shaped; skin clear yellow; calyx large, open; basin deep, wide; stalk an inch long, straight, woody; cavity deep, irregular; flesh very white, rather dry; flavor brisk; more an ornament than a dessert fruit; nov. to feb. =toronto belle. .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ . . "we tested the fruit late in december and found it in grand condition; in quality it is equal to beurré bosc, and almost identical in form and color. the tree is a slow grower but a heavy and regular bearer. it is without doubt the finest winter pear we know of, opening, as it does, a new era in the quality of winter pears." =totten seedling. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by col. totten, new haven, conn. tree vigorous. fruit small to medium, roundish-pyriform to obovate, pale yellow, slightly tinged with red in the sun; stalk long; calyx open; flesh white, sweet, perfumed; sept. and oct. =tournay d'hiver. .= _guide prat._ . . tree vigorous and productive, upright. fruit large to very large, broadly turbinate; flesh buttery, melting, fine, vinous; first; jan. and feb. =tout-il-faut. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . one of van mons' seedlings. the pear does not possess all the qualities that the name indicates. tree hardy, productive, of medium vigor, early bearing. fruit medium, regular, conic-pyriform, yellowish-green mostly covered by a brilliant crimson, very beautiful; flesh white, tender, sweet, rather juicy, agreeably aromatic; mid-aug. =träublesbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . . this perry pear, named träublesbirne because of the racemose or bunch-like manner in which the fruit develops, is said to have had its origin in württemberg about . tree rather vigorous, broad-pyramidal, scantily foliaged, thrifty, early bearing, productive. fruit long-pyriform to oval, somewhat blunt at the base, greenish, russeted at both base and apex; dots fine; calyx open; stem long; flesh white, juicy; good; oct. =tressorier lesacher. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . tree of moderate vigor, very fertile. fruit medium, resembling white doyenné; flesh very fine; of highest quality; oct. =trinkebirne. .= christ _handb._ , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated in saxony, ger., about . twigs thick and long, heavily dotted; buds small; leaves round. fruit medium, large, conical, yellowish, somewhat blushed, very juicy; good; last of sept. =triomphe de jodoigne. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . raised by simon bouvier, jodoigne, bel., in . fruit large, oval-pyriform, tapering markedly toward stem, uneven, green becoming lemon-yellow; calyx small, open, in a small, uneven basin; stem rather long, stout, woody, fleshy at insertion; flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half-melting, sweet; good to very good; oct. =triomphe de louvain. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . originated by van mons about . fruit medium, roundish-oblate, rather rough, greenish-yellow, mostly covered with dull russet, many brown russet dots; stem rather short, stout; calyx large, open; flesh whitish, coarse, not juicy, sweet; good; sept. =triomphe de touraine. .= _guide prat._ . . from the name, one infers that this variety originated near touraine, fr. tree vigorous, very productive. fruit large to very large, green, reddish on the side next the sun, clear yellow at maturity; flesh firm, fine, juicy, sweet, similar in taste to duchesse d'angoulême but of better quality; nov. =triomphe de tournai. .= _gard. chron._ = =: , fig. . . = .= _rev. hort._ , fig. . m. daras de naghin, tournai, bel., originated this fruit from seed produced in . the pomological committee of tournai after testing it in and unanimously awarded its raiser a bronze medal. tree vigorous and productive, pyramidal, upright. fruit medium, turbinate to long-pyriform, symmetrical, uniformly green becoming yellow, faintly pitted; stem short, stout; calyx medium, open; basin shallow; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; good to very good; jan. and feb. =triomphe de vienne. .= _can. hort._ = =: . . = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ , fig. . _triumph_. = .= _can. hort._ = =: , fig. . raised in by m. jean colland, vienne, fr., and first distributed in , this pear has been the recipient of several awards of merit. tree vigorous, heavy-cropper, pyramidal. fruit large, obovate-pyriform, rather irregular, greenish-yellow, with russet patches, often blushed with red; calyx open; core small; seeds usually imperfect; flesh white, melting, juicy; flavor rich, sweet, spicy; very good; sept. and early oct. =trompetenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_. = =: . . _poire trompette._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . diel obtained this variety at schaumburg, westphalia, but it appears to have originated at nassau, prussia. published in . fruit medium, pyriform-conic, often irregular in form and uneven on the surface; skin rather thick and firm, light green changing to light yellow, covered with numerous small, round, brown spots and on the side next the sun blushed with wine-red; flesh whitish, semi-melting, granular; juice sufficient in quantity, very vinous but a little too astringent; third for dessert, first for household; oct. =troppauer goldgelbe sommermuskatellerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _troppauer muskateller._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . said to have originated about in troppau, silesia, austria. fruit medium large, roundish, regular, bright yellow, frequently strongly russeted, flecked and dotted with brown; stem thin, medium long; flesh coarse, very sweet and somewhat musky; aug. =truchsess. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . dochnahl credits this pear with having originated from seed in dietz on the lahn river, ger., about . tree large and very fruitful; twigs long, glabrous; lenticels long; leaves ovate, entire. fruit produced in clusters, medium large, roundish-ovate, bright green becoming yellowish, frequently russeted, strongly dotted; nov. =truckhill bergamot. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . probably of english origin. fruit medium or above, roundish-oblate, yellow with crimson and fawn in the sun, sprinkled with gray and green dots; stalk rather short; cavity deep; calyx open; basin deep, abrupt, uneven; flesh half-melting, somewhat coarse and gritty, moderately juicy; good; sept. and oct. =tsar. .= _can. hort._ = =: . . this is a russian variety and may be synonymous with _czar_ and _tsarskaya_. it has been grown successfully in the russian province of tambow, ° north latitude. tree very firm and wonderfully productive, pyramidal. fruit moderate in size, conical, yellow, red on the sunny side; flesh soft, mellow, agreeable; flavor mild; aug. and sept. =tudor. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . said to be a seedling of fulton and to resemble it very closely. fruit peculiarly shaped, russeted; stem short; flesh melting, juicy; first; sept. and oct. =turban. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . a beautiful early pear the origin of which is unknown. tree vigorous, dependably productive, hardy, late in coming into bearing. fruit medium in size, spherical-turbinate, green becoming pale yellow, covered with brown around base and apex; dots very large, dark green; calyx small; stem characteristically very short and very thick; flesh white, streaked with yellow, very fine, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; aug. =türkische müskirte sommerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . the origin of this pear is ascribed to the orient about the year . tree vigorous and productive; twigs glabrous; buds long and pointed. fruit medium large, bulging, blunt, roundish, solid yellowish-green, sprinkled with russet; dots fine and bright-brown; calyx usually closed; stem woody, medium long; seeds numerous; flesh buttery; quality of the best; sept. =turnep. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the turnep pear is a hard winter peare, not so good to eat rawe, as it is to bake." =twice flowering pear-tree. .= mawe-abercrombie _univ. gard. bot._ . "it often produces blossom twice a year, the first in the spring, and the second in autumn, so is preserved in many gardens as a curiosity." classified as an autumn pear. =tyler. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . probably one of gov. edwards' seedlings which originated at new haven, conn., about . tree moderately vigorous; young wood reddish-yellow-brown. fruit below medium, roundish-pyriform, yellow, netted and patched and dotted with russet; stem long, slender, in a moderate cavity, surrounded by russet; calyx open; basin shallow and uneven; flesh white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous; fair to good; oct. =ulatis. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling of bartlett originated by r. e. burton, vacaville, cal., and introduced in . fruit medium, pyriform, yellow; flesh white, fine, sweet; good; sept. =unterlaibacher mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . . this perry pear is a native of carniola and probably gets its name from the city of laibach in that region. tree of moderate growth, upright, tall, with strong wood, a late and alternate bearer, long-lived. fruit round, large, greenish-yellow, russeted about the calyx end, finely dotted; calyx open, wide; basin shallow; stem short, thick, brownish-yellow, set at an angle; flesh yellowish-green, granular; oct. =upper crust. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling introduced by col. wm. sumner, pomaria, s. c., in . tree pyramidal, with "switchey" limbs and gray bark. fruit below medium, roundish, green, covered with distinct, irregular, russet patches; stalk rather short, stout; cavity broad, shallow; calyx large, open; flesh granular, not juicy, rots at core; poor; aug. =ursula. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said to have originated in belgium about . tree vigorous and very productive; twigs green, thickly dotted; buds small, long; leaves ovoid. fruit below medium to above, oblong-acute-pyriform, yellowish mostly covered with golden-russet; stem long, curved; calyx open; basin shallow; flesh white, juicy, melting; good to very good; late aug. =uwchlan. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . originated on the premises of widow dowlin, near the brandywine, in uwchlan township, pa. it fruited first in . tree of good growth, productive, pyramidal. fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to obovate, pale whitish-yellow, shaded, mottled and dotted with crimson, and thickly covered with conspicuous brown dots; stem curved, inclined; cavity shallow, sometimes lipped; calyx partially closed; basin abrupt, large, deep; flesh white, very juicy, very sweet, melting, aromatic; good to very good; sept. =valentine. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said to have originated on long island. fruit above medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, pale yellowish-green, tinge of red in the sun; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; aug. =vallée franche. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _poire de vallée._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . a pear of ancient and unknown origin. it was grown in france in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. tree very large, exceedingly vigorous, very hardy, a regular bearer. fruit medium or below, obovate or obtuse-pyriform, smooth, shining yellowish-green, sprinkled with small russet dots; flesh white, breaking, medium fine, very juicy, sweet, slightly musky; well reported from the old world but as "unworthy of cultivation" from the new; last of aug. =valley. .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. xcvii, fig. . . possibly of english origin. fruit oval or lemon-shape, yellow, strewn with fine dots; skin thick; flesh soft, buttery; flavor very pleasant; mid-aug. =van assche. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig., front. . _van assene._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , fig. . . m. bouvier, jodoigne, bel., originated this pear about . m. manning received cions of the variety from van mons in under the name _van assene_, and this has led to incorrect statements in america that van assche is a seedling of van mons and should be called _van assene_. tree productive, vigorous, erect, an early bearer. fruit rather large, roundish-obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, covered with rather large russet specks; stem long, slender, curved; cavity medium deep; calyx closed; basin abrupt, deep flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; sept. =van buren. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a cooking pear raised from seed by governor edwards of new haven, conn. fruit medium, roundish-oblate, yellow, with a rich orange-red blush next the sun, regularly dotted with conspicuous brownish specks; flesh white, crisp, sweet; oct. =van deventer. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in new jersey. tree very vigorous, very productive, an early bearer. fruit rather small, oblong-ovate-pyriform, greenish-yellow, shaded with brownish-red in the sun, with many gray and green dots; stem inclined, inserted by a lip and sometimes rings; calyx partially closed; basin shallow; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, half-melting, sweet, pleasant, good; mid-aug. =van marum. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _calebasse grosse_. = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . originated by van mons in . tree vigorous, productive. fruit very large, sometimes measuring six inches long, oblong-pyriform, yellow; stem rather long, slender; cavity flattened; calyx large; basin shallow, regular; flesh white, apt to rot at the core, half-melting, not especially juicy, sweet, aromatic; fair to good; oct. =van mons frühe pomeranzenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated by van mons about . fruit broadly turbinate, light green becoming yellow, thickly dotted, specked with russet; stem thick, one inch long; flesh half-melting; second-rate in quality; aug. =van mons sommer schmalzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . originated by van mons of belgium about , from seed. tree vigorous and productive. fruit medium large, inches wide, - / inches high, with protuberances, light green becoming greenish-yellow, without red, spotted with russet; calyx open, star-shaped; stem curved, medium long; flesh fine, moderately melting; last of aug. =van mons späte wirthschaftbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said to be a seedling of van mons originated about . twigs long, red; leaves small. fruit oval, - / inches wide, - / inches high, with the bulge in the middle, green becoming yellowish-green; dots black; calyx almost closed; segments erect; stem woody, inch long; flesh breaking, sweet; last of nov. =van mons süsse haushaltsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said to have been originated by van mons about . fruit conic-pyriform, - / inches wide, inches tall, bright green becoming lemon-yellow, sometimes striped with red, more or less flecked with russet; dots not conspicuous; basin shallow; stem thick, / inch long, inclined; flesh yellowish-white, fine, smooth, sweet; sept. and oct. =van tertolen herbst zuckerbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _sucré de tertolen_. = .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . . _tertolen herbst zuckerbirne_. = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . of dutch origin. tree light green; petioles long and very slender; leaves curved and sharply acuminate. fruit nearly medium, globular-turbinate; skin rather thick, green, with large brown spots; flesh white, granular, buttery, rather gritty around the core, acidulous, perfumed; first; nov. =van de weyer bates. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . said to have been originated by van mons about . tree vigorous, large, rather tall, an early and good bearer. fruit below medium; roundish-obovate, pale yellow, covered with small brown dots and a few brown veins; stem short, rather stout; calyx large, open; flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, rich, sugary, pleasantly aromatic; a fine late pear; mar. to may. =vanderveer. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . originated from seed of white doyenné with dr. adrian vanderveer of long island, and was named after the originator by william prince. tree vigorous, very productive. fruit medium, yellow, with a tinge of russet; flesh melting, buttery; sept. =varuna. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling fruited by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., in . tree productive. fruit turbinate, - / inches wide, inches long, greenish-yellow; core small; flesh white, juicy, slightly acid; sept. =vauquelin. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . . _saint-germain vauquelin_. . _pom. france_ :no. , pl. . . raised by m. vauquelin, rouen, fr., from seed sown about . tree vigorous, pyramidal. fruit medium to above, obovate-pyriform to oblong-obovate-pyriform, undulating in outline, yellow, brownish next the sun, with patches and traces of russet and russet dots; stem inserted without depression; calyx large, open; flesh white, very juicy, brisk; good; dec. and jan. =venusbrust. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said to have originated in thuringia about . tree upright, leafy, very productive; leaves large, truncate. fruit roundish-turbinate, rather large, beautiful bright yellow, usually red next the sun, dotted with fine brown dots, russeted at both ends; calyx segments short; flesh coarse-grained, granular, aromatic, sweet; dec. to apr. =vergoldete oder wahre graue dechantsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said to have originated in austria about . tree an early bearer. fruit small to above, roundish-turbinate, greenish-gray becoming golden, russeted and dotted with gray, very agreeable; nov. =verguldete herbstbergamotte. .= christ _handb._ . . a german variety. fruit large, bergamot-form; skin rough, yellow-brown and gray, golden-yellow when ripe; flesh tender, breaking and somewhat musky; end of sept. =verlaine d'Été. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . _verlain._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . first reported in as a seedling of van mons. the name _verlaine d'Été_ has been applied to two other varieties, flemish beauty and _bergamotte heems_. the pear here described is distinct from the former but resembles the latter somewhat closely. tree vigorous, productive, carrying its branches horizontal. fruit medium, oblong, obovate-pyriform, pale yellow-orange in the sun, with patches and dots of brownish-red; stalk slender, inserted in a small cavity; calyx with short, stiff segments; flesh white, half-fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous; sept. =vermillion d'en haut. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated by m. boisbunel, rouen, fr., and first reported in . tree moderately vigorous, productive, pyramidal. fruit medium, turbinate-pyriform, olive-yellow, shaded with red in the sun; stem short, stout, inserted without depression; calyx large, open; flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet; sept. =vermont. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . supposed to be a seedling which is said to have been taken from vermont to oswego, n. y., where it fruited. tree upright. fruit medium or below, obovate-pyriform, pale whitish-yellow, slight red in the sun, traced, netted and dotted with russet; stalk slender; cavity deep; calyx with erect segments; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good to very good; oct. =vernusson. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . in this variety was mentioned as having been named after the place vernusson in anjou, near angers, fr. fruit medium in size, turbinate, pale yellow, shaded with rose on the side next the sun, covered at the base and apex with brown; calyx medium, open; flesh white, very fine, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; of first quality; dec. to middle of feb. =verte-longue panachée. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xxxvii. . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . _long green panache_. = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a striped variety of long green of autumn, differing from the original in having the wood and fruit striped with green and yellow bands, and in having the leaves occasionally striped with yellow. =verte-longue de la sarthe. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _grosse verte-longue précoce de la sarthe_. . mas _pom. gen._ : , fig. . a variety well known and esteemed for many years in the country around mans in france. fruit nearly medium, globular-conic, obtuse, bright green, speckled with grayish dots, often rather russeted toward the poles; at maturity the green changes to greenish-yellow; flesh whitish, fine, very melting, full of sugary juice, vinous and relieved with a refreshing savor; good; end of july. =verulam. .= _gard. chron._ , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . a very old pear the origin of which is uncertain. tree hardy, forming a round, spreading head, productive. fruit rather large, almost oval, rough, entirely covered with yellowish-brown russet appearing almost black; stem woody; calyx open; flesh crisp, coarse-grained, assuming a fine red when cooked; seldom better than cooking quality; jan. to mar. =vezouzière. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _bergamotte von vezouzière._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . from information gathered by andré leroy from m. hutin, manager of the nurseries of m. léon leclerc of laval, it would seem that this variety was found by léon leclerc in a field near the château de la vezouzière, mayenne, fr. tree vigorous, productive. fruit medium to below, roundish-turbinate, yellowish, sprinkled with minute gray and green dots; stalk long, curved, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; calyx open, persistent, in a wide, uneven basin; flesh very juicy, melting, sweet; agreeable; good to very good; sept. =vicar junior. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . hon. m. p. wilder notes: "a seedling of my own from the vicar of winkfield. large, long, ovate-pyriform, color dull yellow, with a few traces of russet, and a brownish, red cheek; in shape and color resembling louise bonne de jersey more than its parent. flesh melting, very juicy and tender, flavor acidulous and rich. 'very good.' season the whole month of october." =vice-président coppiers. .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . a chance seedling raised by m. coppiers of france. fruit medium, regular-pyriform, brown, assuming an orange tint at maturity; stem moderately long; calyx slightly depressed; flesh delicate, with a slight almond flavor; sept. and oct. =vice-président decaye. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . tree of medium vigor, very productive. fruit medium in size; flesh very fine, highly flavored, sweet; sept. and oct. =vice-président delbée. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . originated by m. sannier, rouen, fr. tree productive, of good vigor. fruit medium to large, resembling passe crassane, borne in clusters; flesh fine, melting, of a peculiar flavor; through the winter. =vice-président delehoye. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . originated by m. grégoire, jodoigne, bel. tree of good vigor, an early bearer. fruit medium, oval to oblong-turbinate, clear bright yellow; flesh melting, juicy, delicately aromatic; first; oct. and nov. =victor. .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _miller victor._ = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . w. p. stark of missouri, one of the introducers of this variety, states that he received it from judge s. miller, who said that it originated in chester county, pa., about . tree said to be little affected by blight. fruit large, pyriform, smooth, greenish-yellow, slightly blushed; dots numerous, small; flavor subacid to sweet; sept. =victoria de williams. .= _guide prat._ . . of english origin. tree hardy. fruit large, turbinate, lemon-yellow, with patches of brownish-red; stem fleshy; flesh fine, very tender, melting, buttery, very juicy, richly flavored, finely perfumed; first; oct. =victorina. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a russian sort received from russia by the iowa station in and again in . it is described as a hardy tree free from blight or sun scald and is given two stars for productiveness and quality by dr. fischer of voronesh, a german pomologist. in this country it is said to be of no commercial importance. =vigne. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. lviii, fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _vine pear._ = .= mawe-abercrombie _univ. gard. bot._ . _lady._ = .= prince _pom. man._ : . . _demoiselle._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =:pt. , , fig. . - . said to have originated in france, possibly near anjou, prior to . tree large, vigorous, scraggly, very productive. fruit small, turbinate, rough, dull red, covered with gray specks; calyx large, open; stem long, slender; flesh yellowish, slightly granular, juicy, well perfumed; oct. =villain xiv. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said to have originated in belgium in . tree an early and heavy bearer. fruit medium in size, variable, oblong-turbinate, unequal, greenish-yellow, strewn with fine russet dots; calyx small, open; stem thick, medium in length; flesh melting, gritty near the core, sweetly perfumed; sept. =villéne de saint-florent. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . it is said that this variety, which was known prior to , may have been originated near and named after the village of saint-florent near saumur, fr. tree of medium productiveness. fruit large, variable in shape from ovoid to globular, unequal, green dotted with reddish-gray; flesh breaking; a cooking pear; oct. =vin de anglais. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . . an old pear of uncertain origin. tree vigorous, very productive. fruit small, turbinate, greenish-yellow, largely washed with bright red; flesh juicy, very sweet, high in quality; aug. =vineuse. .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . _vineuse esperen._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . raised by major espéren, mechlin, bel., and introduced about . tree vigorous, productive. fruit medium, pyriform, pale yellowish-green, patched and netted with russet, dotted with many small, brown and green dots; calyx large, open; stem short, fleshy; flesh yellowish-white, half-fine, melting, very juicy, vinous, delicately perfumed; good; oct. =vingt-cinquième anniversaire de léopold i^{er}. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . . _twenty-fifth anniversaire de leopold i._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _souvenir de leopold i^{er}._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . obtained by xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel., in . fruit medium, spherical; skin fine, thin, soft, very pale green sprinkled with small, faint grayish dots, few in number and unequally spaced, changing to jonquil-yellow; flesh very white, fine, semi-melting, only fairly juicy, but saccharine, with a flavor of sweet wine; first; oct. =virginale du mecklembourg. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . originated, probably in mecklenburg, previous to . tree pyramidal, vigorous, moderately productive. fruit medium, regularly conic to conic-pyriform, bright yellow, sown with gray dots; calyx large, open; stem rather long, continuous with the base of the fruit; flesh white, half-fine, breaking, rather abundant in a rich sugary juice, agreeably high-flavored; aug. =virginie baltet. .= _rev. hort._ . . = .= _ibid._ , fig. . raised, and introduced in , by charles baltet, troyes, fr. tree vigorous, pyramidal, very productive. fruit large to very large, club-shaped, oblique at the base, yellowish, blushed with red; stem short; flesh melting, juicy, sugary, delicately perfumed; very good; nov. and dec. =virgouleuse. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. li. . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =:pl. xlix, fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this variety originated at the village of virgouleé, near limoges, of which the marquis chambrette was the baron, and by whom it was first introduced about . from this circumstance it has often been called _chambrette_, after the marquis. the tree is strong and vigorous but is a late and indifferent bearer and is apt to drop its fruit before ripe. it is said that the fruit is very susceptible to absorbing odors and flavors and must be stored near materials which will improve rather than impair the flavor. in europe it is regarded as an excellent dessert pear, but in this country it has not met with great success. fruit medium to large, pyriform, rounded towards the eye and tapering thickly towards the stalk; skin smooth, delicate, lively green becoming a beautiful pale lemon-yellow, sprinkled with numerous gray and red dots; calyx small, open, set in a small shallow basin; stem an inch long, fleshy at the base, attached with no depression; flesh yellowish-white, delicate, buttery, melting, very juicy, with a sugary and perfumed flavor; nov. to jan. =vital. .= _rev. hort._ , , figs. , . . _beurré vital._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . found near pontoise, fr., prior to by m. vital. tree vigorous, productive, an annual bearer. fruit - / in. long, in. broad, resembling white doyenné, unequal, sloping towards both top and bottom but more towards the stem end; skin beautiful golden-yellow in color; stem short; flesh whitish, melting, slightly granular, sweet, agreeably perfumed; sometimes keeping as late as may. =vitrier. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xliv, fig. . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . valerius cordus, a botanist, who died in , mentions a _pyrum vitreum_ common in saxony, and it may be, then, that vitrier is of this origin. fruit large, oval, deep red speckled with brown points on the sunny side and light green dotted with deeper green on the shady side; stem moderately large, an inch long; flesh white but not very delicate, agreeable; nov. and dec. =volkmarserbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =ii=:no. . pl. . . _volkmarsen._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . it is thought that this pear may have originated near the town of volkmarsen, ger., prior to . tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive. fruit small, oval, yellow, almost entirely covered with brown, sprinkled with numerous dots of a brighter color; calyx open; flesh half-melting, juicy, piquant, sweetish; sept. =von zugler. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said by downing in to be a new belgian variety. tree slender, productive. fruit medium, roundish-acute-pyriform, yellow, nearly covered with cinnamon-russet; stem rather short, inclined in a slight depression by a fleshy lip; calyx small, open; segments short, erect; basin small; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic; very good; sept. =voscovoya. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . _waxy_. . _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a russian variety introduced by the iowa agricultural college from p. j. tretjakoff, orel, russia, about , and said to be "an extra fine pear." professor budd thought it identical with _vosovoya_ or _waxen_. =vosschanka. .= _can. hort._ = =: . . a variety grown by m. mitschurin, one of the most celebrated russian horticulturists, in the russian province of tambow, north latitude. fruit medium, yellow; "flavor excellent, ripens in the month of august, and keeps till october." =wade. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . grown by i. c. wade, cornelia, ga. fruit rather large, roundish, short-pyriform, irregular, yellow; dots raised, russet, very prominent; stem short, very stout, fleshy, inserted in a round, very small, shallow, abrupt, russeted cavity; calyx small, closed, in shallow, abrupt basin; flesh white with yellow fibers, moderately juicy, tender, rather coarse, nearly sweet; good; mid-season. =wadleigh. .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . originated in new hampshire. tree rather hardy, moderately vigorous. fruit medium, almost globular, yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet; stem short, stout, inserted in a slight cavity, sometimes by a fold or lip; basin slight; calyx with small short lobes; flesh white, fine, a little gritty, juicy, melting, pleasant; good; sept. =wahre canning. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said by dochnahl to have originated in england about . tree vigorous and very productive. fruit medium large, obovate, bright green becoming greenish-yellow, often blushed with bright brown, sparsely dotted; stem thin, - / inches long; flesh non-aromatic, not juicy, sweet, becoming mealy; aug. and sept. =wahre faustbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . according to dochnahl this pear originated in germany about . tree very large and productive. fruit very large, pyriform, regular, even yellow, flecked and dotted with russet; calyx large, deep set; stem an inch long; oct. =wahre schneebirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . probably a wild pear of austria, first mentioned in . fruit round, green becoming yellow, somewhat blushed on the sunny side; dots yellowish; stem thick, flesh very sour becoming sweeter; dec. =wallis kieffer. .= stark bros. _year book_ = =: . . the introducers of this pear, stark brothers nurseries and orchards company, received it from henry wallis of st. louis county, missouri. it is reported as a strong-growing tree, blight resistant, and a heavy bearer, fruit of better quality than kieffer and two weeks earlier. =warner. .= _ind. hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated in indiana in . tree said to be blight-resistant. fruit medium, symmetrical, light yellow; flesh buttery, melting, mild; fair to good; last of aug. and first of sept. =washington. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . _robertson_. = .= _n. e. farmer_ = =: . . discovered in a thorn hedge at naaman's creek, del., about , by general robertson or robinson, the owner of the land, and said to have been named by him in honor of his friend and commander, george washington. tree vigorous, not large, an abundant bearer. fruit medium, obovate, ending very obtusely at the stem, regular, smooth, clear yellow with a sprinkling of reddish dots on the sunny side; stem an inch and a half long, inserted in a slight depression; calyx small, partly closed, set in a shallow basin; flesh white, very juicy, melting, sweet, agreeable; very good; sept. =waterloo. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit medium, turbinate, broad at the apex, pale green becoming brownish-red, with a few streaks of brighter red next the sun, thickly covered with gray russety dots; stem rather short, inserted in a small round cavity; calyx open, in a deep, wide, even basin; flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, sugary, perfumed; second-rate; sept. =watson. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in plymouth, mass., on the farm of william watson prior to . tree productive. fruit below medium to above, roundish to obtusely obovate, yellowish, covered mostly with russet; flesh whitish, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet; of low quality; early sept. =webster. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said to have originated at hudson, n. y. tree a moderate grower, productive. fruit medium, globular-obtuse-pyriform, yellow with traces and nettings of russet and many brown dots; stem long, slender, inclined, set in a small russeted cavity; calyx open, segments long, reflexed; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic; good to very good; nov. =weeping willow. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling by asahel foot "called weeping willow, from the remarkably pendulous habit of the tree, but the fruit is of third quality." =weidenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said to have originated in germany about . fruit medium large, pyriform, uneven, bright green becoming golden yellow, often blushed with red and strongly dotted with gray, flecked with dark spots; calyx large, open; stem crooked, an inch and a half long; flesh firm, fine-grained, sweet, aromatic; sept. =weidenblättrige herbstbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . said to have originated in württemberg, ger., about . tree of medium size. fruit in clusters, medium large, pyriform, pale greenish-yellow, becoming somewhat striped with red or marked by reddish dots; sept. =weihmier sugar. .= _hopedale nurs. cat._ . . it is said by the hopedale nursery company, introducer of this variety, that it is not a new pear but an unknown old one renamed. tree thrifty, blights somewhat. fruit medium to large and regarded by some as of "highest possible flavor." =weiler'sche mostbirn. .= _guide prat._ . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a native of austria and valued highly for perry. tree vigorous, an early and heavy bearer. fruit small, globular, greenish-yellow, dotted, russet at the apex; stem medium in length, somewhat curved and set in a slight depression; calyx open; flesh yellowish-white, firm, with a sweet, aromatic flavor; oct. and nov. =weisse fuchsbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear probably of austrian origin. tree rather vigorous, pyramidal, becoming more spreading. fruit medium, usually turbinate, light yellowish-green, covered with numerous fine dots, flaked with russet around stem and calyx; calyx small, open; stem long, same color as the fruit and continuous with it; flesh white, rather fine-grained, juicy, sweet; oct. =weisse hangelbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear probably of austrian origin. tree vigorous, broadly pyramidal, large, a late but regular and heavy bearer. fruit small, round, greenish-yellow, covered with numerous fine, brown-russet dots and small russet splotches; calyx small, open; stem short, inserted without depression; flesh pure white, granular, very juicy, slightly acid; oct. =weisse kochbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear of unknown origin. tree pyramidal, not a dependable bearer. fruit medium to above, globular, light-yellow, covered with numerous russet dots; calyx open, set in a narrow, abrupt basin; stem medium, brown; flesh pure white, slightly granular, very juicy, pleasantly sweet; oct. =weisse pelzbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear of austria. tree moderately vigorous, compact, an early and regular bearer. fruit medium, variable, turbinate, greenish-yellow to yellowish-white, heavily dotted and splotched with russet, especially about stem and calyx, often marked with scab spots; calyx open; stem medium, strong, set with little or no depression; flesh yellowish-white, slightly granular, juicy, sweetish, sometimes slightly bitter; sept. and oct. =welbeck bergamot. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _bergamotte welbeck_. . mas _pom. gen._ : , fig. . . fruit above medium, roundish, uneven in outline, bossed about the stalk, smooth, shining, lemon-yellow, thickly sprinkled with large russet specks, blushed with light crimson on side next the sun; calyx small, open, set in a shallow depression; stem medium, inserted in an uneven cavity; flesh white, rather coarse-grained, half-melting, very juicy, sugary, without flavor; inferior; oct. and nov. =wellington. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this, with other seedlings, was imported from france about by a. wellington, braintree, mass. it was exhibited before the massachusetts horticultural society in . it may be that there is a second wellington pear, or even a third, for in there was exhibited before the massachusetts horticultural society "wellington, (two varieties)." a description of a wellington pear is given in the _magazine of horticulture_ of the following year, while in the american pomological society included a variety of similar name in its list of rejected fruits. at all events, the pear herein described is the one now known as wellington. fruit large, similar in shape to beurré d'anjou, but longer, yellow, clouded with green; calyx small, open, with short, stiff, slightly incurved lobes, basin shallow; stem very short, set in a slight cavity; flesh yellowish-white, somewhat coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, with a peculiar "confectionery" flavor or aroma; nov. =welsche bratbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ ; fig. . a perry pear of first rank which is said to have originated in württemberg about . tree a very late yet regular and productive bearer. fruit medium, roundish-oval to turbinate, whitish, splotched with yellowish-green, covered with numerous fine russet dots; calyx large, open, star-shaped; stem medium, rather stout, set in a small cavity as though stuck into the fruit; flesh greenish-white, granular, slightly firm, juicy, sweet; last of sept. and oct. =weltz. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling introduced by leo weltz, wilmington, ohio. fruit large, oblong-obovate-pyriform, good for cooking only. =wendell. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . the name given, in honor of h. wendell, albany, n. y., to one of van mons' seedlings which fruited in the pomological garden at salem previous to . tree moderately vigorous, upright, productive. fruit rather small to medium, roundish-pyriform, yellow, having a somewhat russety skin, tinged with red on the sunny side, sprinkled with dots; calyx small, partially open; stem short, stout; flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, pleasant; good; sept. =wesner. .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a pear from w. d. wesner, prairiesville, ark., which is said to be a very productive early variety and one that may be valuable for shipping. =westcott. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . _trescott._ . _horticulturist_ : , . . the westcott, or _wescott_, and the _trescott_ are the same. through a typographical error in the description of westcott, later corrected, the name _trescott_ first appeared. westcott originated on the farm of niles westcott in cranston, r. i., previous to . tree vigorous, an early bearer, productive. fruit medium, roundish-obovate, occasionally slightly flattened laterally, greenish-yellow becoming a light orange-yellow, covered with numerous minute russet dots and with many conspicuous specks of the same color; calyx medium, open, set in a shallow basin; stem very long, rather slender, curved, inserted by a fleshy nob in a shallow cavity; flesh whitish, rather coarse, melting, juicy, sweet, agreeable; good; last of sept. and early oct. =westphälische melonenbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . first reported from westphalia and thuringia, ger., about . tree very productive. fruit oblong-obovate, pale green becoming pale yellow; dots grayish; skin thick; calyx open; stem rather short; flesh yellowish, deliciously melon-flavored; jan. and feb. =westrumb. .= liebel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised by van mons about . tree very productive. fruit medium, turbinate, greenish-yellow, overcast with bronze and netted with gray; heavily dotted; stem very short, thick, continuous with the fruit; flesh very juicy, of a very savory perfume; of highest quality; sept. =wetmore. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by e. b. wetmore, westmoreland, n. y. tree upright, vigorous. fruit small, roundish-oval, pale yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, slender, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip; calyx open; lobes short, erect; basin shallow, slightly corrugated; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; oct. =wharton early. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _précoce de wharton._ = .= _guide prat._ . . origin unknown. fruit medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, pale yellow, with traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, curved, rather slender, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip; calyx open in a small basin; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly musky; good to very good; aug. =wheeler. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . about a maiden lady of greenwich, r. i., planted the core of a gardener pear, from which sprang a tree, fruit of which was brought to the attention of the massachusetts horticultural society by dr. wheeler of greenwich in . the society named the pear in honor of dr. wheeler. tree vigorous, upright. fruit medium, roundish-obovate, pale yellowish-green, mottled with greenish patches and dotted with numerous gray and green dots; stem medium, set in a small contracted cavity; calyx open, set in an uneven, abrupt basin; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant; good; aug. =whieldon. .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ , fig., pl. xi. . _mclellan._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated in the garden of wm. w. whieldon, concord, mass., and first brought to notice about . tree moderately vigorous, upright-spreading, a profuse bearer. fruit medium or above, obtuse-obovate, yellowish-green, tinged with red in the sun, dotted and netted with russet, stem long, slender, slightly inclined, set in a shallow cavity; calyx open, set in a medium sized, uneven basin; segments recurved; flesh whitish, a little gritty near the core, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic; good to very good; sept. =white genneting. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the white genneting is a reasonable good peare, yet not equall to the other." =white longland. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . said to be a good stewing pear, cooking to a splendid red color, but coarse and rough in flavor; also used for perry. fruit medium, turbinate, even, regular, yellowish-green, pale red next the sun, thickly sprinkled with large russet dots, with lines of russet and a patch round the stalk; calyx open, set in a shallow basin; stem rather short, straight, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; flesh yellowish, firm, coarse-grained, with a brisk, sweet juice. =white seedling. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _semis de white._ = .= _guide prat._ , . . a native of new haven, conn., exhibited in . tree vigorous, very productive. fruit medium, roundish-obovate to oblong-obovate, greenish-yellow, sometimes with a brownish-blush in the sun, considerably netted and patched with russet, sprinkled with many russet dots; stem long, inclined, set in a shallow cavity, often by a fleshy lip; calyx open, with short, erect lobes, set in a small, uneven basin; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting; sweet, aromatic; good to very good; oct. to feb. =white squash. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a herefordshire, eng., perry pear. fruit medium, roundish-turbinate, even and regular in outline, yellowish-green, strewn with small russety dots, with here and there a patch of russet, but always russety round the stalk and the calyx; calyx open, set in a saucer-like basin; stem medium, inserted without depression and with a fleshy swelling on one side; flesh coarse, crisp, very juicy, harshly astringent. =white star. .= _spring hill nurs. cat._ , fig. . tree reported as hardy, productive and fruit as of the size of bartlett, keeping until may and june, and good for dessert. =whitfield. .= _cultivator_ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . placed on the list of rejected fruits by the second congress of fruit growers in . tree a good bearer. fruit medium, oblong-obovate, yellowish-brown, buttery, very good; oct. and nov. =wiest. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . reported from pennsylvania in . tree vigorous, an early bearer, inclined to be alternate. fruit medium or below, roundish-obovate, green, shaded with dull red and sprinkled with green and gray dots; stem rather stout, medium in length; calyx small, closed; lobes connivent; flesh whitish-green, juicy, melting, subacid; good; sept. =wilbur. .= _mag. hort._ : . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _early wilbur._ = .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . the original tree, which was found growing wild in a piece of mowing land on the farm of d. wilbur, jr., in somerset, mass., was said in to be years old. shoots slender, light olive-brown. fruit below medium, roundish-obovate, dull green, becoming pale yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem small, set in a small cavity; calyx open; segments long; basin small; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly astringent; good; sept. =wilde filzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a wild pear reported from belgium about . fruit small, roundish, greenish, becoming yellowish, dotted with gray; stem long; flesh acid, becoming sweetish; poor; fall and winter. may be used for dwarfing. =wilde herrnbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported from germany about . tree very large. fruit medium, broad, bright green becoming yellowish-green, often somewhat blushed on the sunny side, often flecked and patched with russet; dots light gray; stem rather long, inserted by a fleshy protuberance; flesh white, slightly musky, sweet; fair and below; sept. =wilde holzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported as wild and widely disseminated as early as ; its seedlings are said sometimes to be used for stocks. tree very large and productive. fruit small, round, green, dotted with light russet; seeds numerous, dark brown; flesh very acid; oct. =wilder sugar. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . reported by orange county nursery company, anaheim, cal., as "medium large, greenish yellow shaded brown, excellent quality. vigorous and productive. august." =wilding von einsiedel. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . this perry pear, which has also been recommended as a street tree, was reported from württemberg about . tree very vigorous, pyramidal, not leafy, very productive. fruit bluntly conic pyriform, small, greenish-yellow, brownish on side next the sun; covered with characteristic brown to reddish-brown dots, russeted about stem and calyx; calyx half open; stem short, thick; flesh juicy, firm, acid; oct. =wilding von gronau. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported from hesse, ger., about . fruit small, blunt, broad-conic-pyriform, yellow, blushed on the sunny side, flecked and dotted with gray, russeted about base and apex; calyx closed; stem short; flesh sweet-scented, sweet; end of sept. =wilford. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "a good and fair pear." =wilkinson. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . this pear, one of the oldest american kinds, was introduced by the exhibition of specimens before the massachusetts horticultural society, in october, , and given the name "wilkinson," in compliment to the owner of the farm on which the tree originated and was then growing, mr. jeremiah wilkinson, cumberland, r. i., brother of the noted jemima wilkinson. tree thrifty, hardy, a regular bearer; shoots long, upright, stout, olive-yellow, with oblong white specks. fruit medium, ovoid, obtuse at both ends, smooth, glossy, yellow dotted with brown points; stem rather long, rather stout, inserted obliquely in a rather wide and deep cavity; calyx medium, open, set in a shallow basin; flesh very white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, with a slight perfume; good; oct. to dec. =wilkinson winter. .= _ill. hort soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . a variety raised near peoria, ill., from seed planted by a. wilkinson, and first reported before the illinois state horticultural society about . tree said to be hardy, vigorous, productive, blight-resistant. fruit said to be large, golden; very good; season until spring. =willermoz. .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . fruited with m. bivort, jodoigne, bel., in . tree an extremely good grower, forming a fine pyramidal growth, with young shoots dark, dull, olive-brown, very productive. fruit large, obtuse-pyriform, greenish-yellow, tinged with red, with nettings and some large patches of russet and with many small russet dots; stem medium, rather stout, inclined, set in a small cavity; calyx open or partially closed, set in an abrupt basin; flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, coarse at core, slightly vinous; good to very good; nov. to jan. =william. .= _cultivator_ , fig. . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . _william edwards._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this seedling pear is said to be a "species of virgoulouse," and was raised by governor h. w. edwards of new haven, conn., previous to . tree very productive. fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform, terminating rather abruptly at the stalk, yellow, becoming profusely dotted with red and russet points or dots on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, sweet, buttery, not juicy or melting enough for dessert purposes but good for baking; sept. =william prince. .= mag. hort. = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . other than that this variety was reported from the united states about , nothing of its origin is known. tree vigorous, upright, productive. fruit medium, roundish-pyriform, greenish-yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, covered with many brown dots; stem medium to below; calyx open, set in a shallow basin; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet; good to very good; sept. and oct. =williams double bearing. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . raised from a seed of the saint germain, in the garden of mrs. williams, salem, mass. tree said to bear two crops, the fruit of the first of the size herein mentioned and ripening in early october, that of the second much smaller and ripening from two to four weeks later. fruit large, resembles its parent but greater in diameter; flesh of fine quality, melting, but not highly flavored. =williams early. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , fig. . . originated with aaron davis williams on his farm in roxbury, mass., probably about . tree a moderate grower, young shoots brownish red. fruit medium to below, roundish-pyriform, ending obtusely at the stem, yellow, covered with bright crimson and thickly sprinkled with scarlet dots on the sunny side; stem rather long, stout, slightly fleshy at the base, inserted without any cavity; calyx open, slightly sunken in a furrowed basin; flesh yellowish-white, a little coarse-grained at first, becoming juicy, half buttery, with a slight musky flavor; good; middle of sept. =williams d'hiver. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , figs. . = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: , fig. . _williams winter_. = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . raised by m. leroy, angers, fr., and first fruited in . tree vigorous, productive. fruit blunt-pyriform, variable in shape, somewhat bossed, yellow, finely dotted and veined with yellow in basin, with lightish gray about stalk and on face next the sun; stem short, strong, thick, set rather obliquely and often to one side of the axis; calyx medium, half-closed, slightly sunken; flesh white, very fine, very melting, very juicy, sugary, acidulated, with a fine, fresh perfume, dec. to feb. =williams panachée. .= _guide prat._ , . . from the name, it is to be supposed that this is merely a striped-leaf variety of bartlett. =williamson. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this seedling sprang up in a piece of woodland belonging to nicholas williamson on the south side of long island. tree hardy, vigorous, a good bearer. fruit medium, roundish-obovate to roundish-oblate, obtuse at stem, greenish-yellow, sprinkled with russet dots and considerably russeted at both ends; stem short, stout, set in a medium sized cavity; calyx open, often wanting, set in a deep, rather narrow basin; flesh yellowish-white, rather coarse, half-melting, juicy, sugary, vinous; good to slightly above; oct. =wilmington. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . this is a seedling of passe colmar, raised in by dr. brincklé of philadelphia, and first fruited in . tree a moderate grower, late bearer; young wood dull yellowish-brown. fruit medium, obtuse-pyriform to roundish-ovate, greenish-yellow, netted and patched with russet, thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, curved, inserted obliquely in a small cavity, often by a lip; calyx medium, open, set in a wide, moderately deep basin; flesh whitish green, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic; good to very good; sept. =windsor. .= parkinson _par. ter._ , fig. . . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . _madame._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ : , fig. . _summer bell._ = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . according to leroy this variety originated in holland, and was published in under the name _hallemine bonne_ by knoop. in french gardens it received the name _madame_. in england, windsor is often called _cuisse madame_. a "windsor," which appears to be identical with the windsor of knoop, is described by english writers as early as . hogg quotes an english writer as saying, "it was raised from seed of the _cuisse madame_, by a person of the name of williamson ..." before . moreover, it is mentioned in as being cultivated about naples, and in england. what the origin is appears undeterminable. tree one of the strongest growers, upright, tall, a regular and abundant bearer; shoots remarkably stout, perfectly upright, dark brown. fruit large, pyriform or bell-shaped, very smooth, greenish becoming pale yellow; stem long, fairly stout, inserted without depression; calyx open, set on level with prominent ribs around; flesh white, tender, buttery, rather coarse-grained, slightly acid, somewhat astringent; rots at the core; aug. =winship. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , fig. . . originated in the nurseries of the messrs. winship, brighton, mass., about . tree vigorous, an early and productive bearer; young wood yellowish-reddish-brown. fruit medium, oblong-acute-pyriform, greenish-yellow with traces and patches of russet; stem long, rather slender, inserted with no cavity; calyx large, closed, set in a small, corrugated basin; flesh white, rather coarse, not juicy, not melting; poor to fair; aug. =winslow. .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling pear fruited by s. a. shurtleff, brookline, mass., in , and described by him as, "diam. - / inches; color, brown russet; flesh, sweet, juicy, buttery and high flavored; ripens well. oct. . roundish." =winter. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . _osimaya_. = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . received by the iowa agricultural college in from r. shroeder, moscow, russia. the tree is said to be hardy and free from blight and the fruit to be large than bessemianka, quite as good in quality, and in season in central russia the last days of september. =winter jonah. .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . tree a medium grower. fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow with a faint blush on the sunny side, a few small, dark greenish-yellow spots, and many small, gray dots; stem medium, short, set in a very slight depression; calyx large, open, set in a narrow and shallow basin; winter. =winter pear. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . sent to the fruit committee of the pennsylvania horticultural society in by charles kessler, reading, pa. fruit medium, roundish, yellow, scarcely "good" in quality. =winter popperin. .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . one of two "very good dry firme peares, somewhat spotted, and brownish on the outside." =winter rousselet. .= mawe-abercrombie _univ. gard. bot._ . _rousselet d'hiver_. = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . an ancient french pear of unknown origin, though it was described by claude saint-Étienne in and by duhamel in the eighteenth century. fruit small, turbinate, more or less obtuse, usually somewhat contracted toward the top, and often depressed on one side and mammillate on the other, yellow-green dotted with gray russet and blushed with reddish-brown on the face exposed to the sun; flesh white, semi-breaking, watery, rather granular, juice abundant, saccharine, rarely having much aroma and sometimes acid; second; feb. and mar. =winter seckel. .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said to have originated near fredericksburg, va., and to have been introduced by h. r. roby. fruit small, obovate, yellow, with a brownish cheek in sun, patched and netted with russet, and covered with many large and brown dots; stem slender; calyx large, open; flesh white, a little coarse at core, juicy, half-melting. =winter sweet sugar. .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. . . tree productive. fruit turbinate, greenish, juicy, sweet, not very richly flavored; will keep till march. =winter williams. .= _garden_ = =: . . a cross between bartlett and glou morceau shown before the royal horticultural society in by messrs. james veitch & sons, england. fruit said to resemble glou morceau in shape; skin yellow; flavor like bartlett; later than bartlett. =winterbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported from northern germany about . fruit medium, turbinate, smooth, bright green, dotted with gray; stem long; flesh yellowish, half breaking, sweetish; dec. to apr. =winterliebesbirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _poire d'amour d'hiver._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . this pear is of german origin and bears also the name of _kirschbirnen_ or _church pear_. fruit small or nearly medium, conic or globular-conic, sometimes short and sometimes long; skin thick, firm, rough, water-green with numerous and conspicuous brown dots; changing to pale yellow covered over a large area of the side next the sun with a vivid currant red on the central part and more brown on the borders; flesh white, coarse, breaking, a little gritty around the core, juice sufficient in quantity and sweet, vinous and musky; good for kitchen purposes and keeps a long time; oct. and nov. =winterrobine. .= christ _handb._ . . = .= dochnahl führ_. obstkunde_ = =: . . thuringia, ger., . fruit fairly large, ventriculous-conic, obtuse; apex inclined, sides unequal, green turning yellow-green, often somewhat blushed, dotted with dark green, speckled with russet; flesh gritty near the center, whitish-yellow, sweet, musky, buttery, melting, aromatic; first for all purposes; jan. to mar. =witte princesse. .= knoop _pomologie_ , , fig. . an old pear, probably of french origin. tree vigorous, productive. fruit medium to above, oblong-pyriform, drawn to a point at the stem; whitish-yellow or whitish-green, dotted with pale brown dots and occasionally patched here and there with brown; stem medium to above in length; flesh mellow, gritty, agreeably but not highly flavored; aug. and sept. =wolfsbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear common to württemberg from an early date. tree medium vigorous, large, roundish, a late but good bearer. fruit medium, roundish, yellow, covered with russet dots, devoid of red; calyx large, open; stem very long, set obliquely without depression; flesh yellowish-white, firm, acid; oct. =woodbridge seckel. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . in a mr. woodbridge, detroit, mich., exhibited a seedling known as no. before the fruit committee of the american pomological society. this seedling was subsequently named woodbridge seckel. tree moderately vigorous. fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and marbled with crimson in the sun, thickly sprinkled with brown and crimson dots; stem long, slender; calyx open; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous; very good, but rapidly decays at the core; sept. =woodstock. .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . said to have originated at woodstock, vt., and first reported about . tree a moderate grower, very productive; young wood olive-brown. fruit medium to below, roundish-obtuse to obovate-pyriform, pale yellow, netted and patched, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stem long, rather slender, inserted in a small cavity, often by a lip; calyx large, open, placed in a rather deep, abrupt basin; lobes long, slender, persistent; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly musky; good to very good; sept. =worden meadow. .= _cultivator_ n. s. = =: . . schuyler worden, who originated the worden grape, stated in that he had raised this pear in oswego, n. y., from grafts given him by an old countryman. tree vigorous, productive. fruit medium to large, shape variable and surface uneven; skin yellow at maturity; flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, with a musky flavor; ripens about the middle of sept. =wörlesbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a perry pear reported from württemberg about . tree not vigorous, large, long-lived, very productive. fruit small, oval or pyriform, solid bright green, turning lemon-yellow, numerously dotted with gray, somewhat flecked with russet; calyx in a slight depression; flesh juicy, acid, bitter. =wormsley grange. .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . this is a variety which is said to have been sent to the hon. john lowell by mr. knight with the remarks that it requires to be gathered before it is quite ripe and that it is a variety of first-rate excellence in herefordshire, eng. in it was listed as having been removed from the gardens of the london horticultural society because of inferior merit. =wurzer. .= liegel _syst. anleit_. . . _wurzer d'automne._ = .= _mag. hort_. = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . reported from belgium about . tree vigorous, leafy, thorny. fruit rather large, pyriform, solid green, becoming covered with russet, heavily dotted with reddish-brown; calyx small, set in a shallow basin; stem medium long, fleshy, set in a rather deep cavity; flesh pithy, sweet, vinous; nov. =yat. .= lindley _guide orch. gard_. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom_. = =: , fig. . _gute graue._ = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . _beurré gris d'Été de hollande._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , fig. . - . _beurré gris d'Été._ = .= _guide prat._ , . . this pear is said to have been brought to england from holland about by thomas harvey. it is not to be confused with the grise-bonne. tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive. fruit variable, small to above medium, obovate-pyriform to oblong-turbinate, green, thickly covered with russet, sprinkled with numerous gray specks, sometimes colored brownish-red when exposed to the sun; calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin; stem rather long, slender, obliquely inserted without depression and often by a fleshy protuberance; flesh white, tender, melting, juicy with a rich, sugary and highly perfumed flavor; rated as of little value by downing, of first quality by mas, as highly estimable by the germans, and as an excellent early pear by hogg; aug. and sept. =yellow huff-cap. .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a herefordshire perry pear. fruit quite small, obovate or turbinate, entirely covered with rough brown russet, and with only portions of the ground color showing through in specks; calyx small, open, with short horny segments, set even with the surface; stem rather long, inserted without depression; flesh yellowish, with a greenish tinge. =youngken winter seckel.= according to correspondence this pear was raised from seed of seckel by david youngken, richlandtown, pa., about . the tree is reported as being upright and prolific, and the fruit as keeping through the winter. =zache. .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . a chinese sand pear, of value only as a novelty, grown at the south haven substation of the michigan agricultural experiment station in . tree a fine, strong grower with large, thick, glossy leaves. fruit roundish oblate, resembling an apple in appearance, orange with many light yellowish dots and specks; flesh coarse, crisp; poor; winter. =zapfenbirn. .= christ _handb._ . . tree large, very productive. fruit long-acute-pyriform, yellow, finely dotted; flesh breaking, not juicy, musky; used for drying and for cooking; early winter. =zarskaja. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . reported by j. l. budd to be a russian variety which has gritty thorn-like wood and which therefore does not unite well when grafted upon apple stock. =zénon. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . of european origin, first reported in . tree moderately vigorous, producing excellent fruit upon quince stock. fruit medium, of the form of white doyenné; flesh very fine, juicy, sweet, agreeable, slightly aromatic, granular near the core; first; end of autumn. =zéphirin grégoire. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= bunyard _handb. hardy fr._ . . m. grégoire, pomologist, jodoigne, bel., raised this variety supposedly from seeds of passe colmar about . tree pyramidal, vigorous, very productive, succeeds best upon pear stock; young wood smooth, light olive-yellow-brown. fruit medium to above, roundish-obovate, pale greenish-yellow, becoming uniform pale waxen-yellow, covered with patches of russet and many green and gray dots, often reddish in the sun; stem medium in length, fleshy, very fleshy at insertion, set obliquely without depression; calyx small, open, set in a slight depression; lobes long; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous, highly aromatic; good to very good; nov. to feb. =zéphirin louis. .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this pear was raised by m. xavier grégoire, jodoigne, bel. it was first reported in . tree a moderately healthy grower, rather scraggly, moderately productive. fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly obovate, greenish-yellow, rusty-red becoming bright vermilion in the sun, thickly sprinkled with large dark brown-russet patches and dots; stem very short, inserted in a small round cavity; calyx small, open, set in a deep basin; flesh yellowish-white, tinged with green, coarse-grained, crisp, rather half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic; good; dec. and jan. =zieregger mostbirne. .= löschnig _mostbirnen_ , fig. . a perry pear which is said to have sprung from seed in styria. tree medium, roundish, a rather late and rather light bearer. fruit roundish-oblate, medium in size, similar to rummelter birne but smaller, greenish-yellow, finely dotted, russeted; stem short, thick, brown; calyx half open to open, with erect lobes; flesh granular, whitish-green, not especially juicy, rich in sugar; oct. =zimmtfarbige schmalzbirne. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . middle germany; first published in . fruit rather large, pyramidal, often obtuse, slightly ribbed; skin rough, entirely covered with light cinnamon russet, without dots; flesh granular and pulpy, sweet; third for dessert, very good for household use; oct. =zink pfalzgrafenbirne. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _weisse pfalzgrafenbirne._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . reported from germany about . tree a late but productive bearer. fruit medium, bulging pyriform, irregular, greenish-yellow, becoming lemon yellow, often blushed, dotted with yellow, later dotted with brown and green; stem thick, fleshy, rather long; calyx open; lobes long; flesh sweet, perfumed; fair; early sept. =zoar beauty. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ , fig. . _belle de zoar._ . _guide prat._ , . . originated at zoar, ohio. tree vigorous, an early and abundant bearer; shoots dark brown. fruit medium or below, acute-pyriform, light yellow, thickly dotted with minute green dots, beautiful crimson or carmine in the sun with deep red dots; stem long, curved, slender, fleshy at insertion, often by a ring or lip, in a small cavity; calyx large for size of fruit, open; lobes erect or recurved; flesh white, granular, half breaking, moderately juicy, sweet, aromatic; good; early aug. =zoé. .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . a foreign sort, probably french. tree very vigorous, thrifty. fruit very large, oblong, deep green; flesh tender, melting, sweet; dec. and jan. bibliography and references, with abbreviations used the list of books which follows contains all american pomological works in which the pear is discussed at any length. only such european books are listed, however, as were found useful in writing _the pears of new york_. only periodicals are listed to which references are made in the text of the book. the reports and bulletins of experiment stations and horticultural societies are not included since the abbreviations used for such publications will be recognized by all. the date of copyright has been preferred to that of publication, though sometimes it has been necessary to use the latter, as when there were several editions from the same copyright. aepfel u. birnen aepfel und birnen. die wichtigsten deutschen kernobstsorten. herausgegeben im engen anschlusse an die "statistik der deutschen kernobstsorten" von r. goethe, h. degenkolb und r. mertens und unter der leitung der obstund weinbau-abteilung der deutschen landwirtschafts-gesellschaft. (_illustrirt._) berlin: . am. gard american gardening. an illustrated journal of horticulture and gardener's chronicle. new york: - . copyright, . (before its union with popular gardening in , the publication was known as the american garden. both popular gardening and the american garden resulted from the union or absorption of several other horticultural periodicals.) am. gard. mag. the american gardener's magazine, and register of useful discoveries and improvements in horticulture and rural affairs. see mag. hort. am. hort. an. american horticultural annual. a year-book of horticultural progress for the professional and amateur gardener, fruit-grower, and florist. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . new edition. new york: . copyright, . am. jour. hort. the american journal of horticulture and florist's companion. (_illustrated._) volumes - . boston: - . copyrights, - . continued as tilton's journal of horticulture and floral magazine. (_illustrated._) volumes - . boston: - . copyrights, - . am. pom. soc. rpt. proceedings of the american pomological society. issued usually biennially from to date. first published as the proceedings of the national convention of fruit growers in . ann. hort. annal of horticulture and yearbook of information on practical gardening. volumes. london: - . ann. pom. belge annales de pomologie belge et Étrangère; publiées par la commission royale de pomologie instituée par s. m. le roi des belges. (_illustré._) huit tomes. bruxelles: - . bailey, ann. hort. annals of horticulture in north america for the years - . a witness of passing events and a record of progress. by l. h. bailey. new york: - . copyrights, , - . baltet, cult. fr. traité de la culture fruitière commerciale et bourgeoise. par charles baltet. (_illustré._) quatrième Édition. paris: . barry, fr. garden the fruit garden. by p. barry. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . revised edition, . copyright, . black, cult. peach & pear the cultivation of the peach and the pear, on the delaware and chesapeake peninsula; with a chapter on quince culture and the culture of some of the nut-bearing trees. by john s. black, m. d. (_illustrated._) wilmington: . copyright, . bradley, gard. new improvements of planting and gardening, both philosophical and practical. in three parts. by richard bradley. (_illustrated._) seventh edition with appendix. london: . bridgeman, gard. ass't. the young gardener's assistant, in three parts. by thomas bridgeman. new edition, with an appendix. new york: . copyright, . brookshaw, hort. reposit. the horticultural repository, containing delineations of the best varieties of the different species of english fruits. by george brookshaw. (_illustrated._) in two volumes. london: . brookshaw, pom. brit. pomona britannica, or a collection of the most esteemed fruits at present cultivated in great britain; selected principally from the royal gardens at hampton court, and the remainder from the most celebrated gardens round london; accurately drawn and colored from nature, with full descriptions of their various qualities, seasons, &c. by george brookshaw. volumes i and ii. london: . vol. ii. the pear. budd-hansen, am. hort. man. american horticultural manual. by j. l. budd, assisted by n. e. hansen. (_illustrated._) in two volumes. volume , new york and london: . copyright, . bunyard, handb. hardy fr. a handbook of hardy fruits more commonly grown in great britain. apples and pears. by edward a. bunyard. london: . bunyard-thomas, fr. gard. the fruit garden. by george bunyard and owen thomas. (_illustrated._) london and new york: . can. hort. the canadian horticulturist. (_illustrated._) toronto and peterboro: to date. cat. cong. pom. france société pomologique de france catalogue descriptif des fruits adoptés par le congrès pomologique. lyon: . ibid.: . cecil, hist. gard. eng. a history of gardening in england. by the hon. mrs. evelyn cecil. third and enlarged edition. (_illustrated._) new york: . christ, handb. handbuch über die obstbaumzucht und obstlehre. von j. l. christ. vierte, sehr verbesserte und vermehrte auflage. frankfurt: . cole, am. fr. book the american fruit book; containing directions for raising, propagating, and managing fruit trees, shrubs and plants; with a description of the best varieties of fruit, including new and valuable kinds. by s. w. cole. (_illustrated._) boston: . copyright, . country gent. the country gentleman. albany: - . the cultivator & country gentleman. albany: - . the country gentleman. albany and philadelphia: to date. coxe, cult. fr. trees a view of the cultivation of fruit trees, and the management of orchards and cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of native and foreign apples, pears, peaches, plums and cherries, cultivated in the middle states of america. by william coxe. (_illustrated._) philadelphia: . copyright, . cultivator the cultivator. albany: - . in united with the country gentleman. cult. & count. gent. the cultivator & country gentleman. see country gent. de candolle, or. cult. plants origin of cultivated plants. by alphonse de candolle. geneva [switzerland]: . new york: . decaisne & naudin, man. amat. jard manuel de l'amateur des jardins traité général d'horticulture. par jh. decaisne et ch. naudin. (_illustré._) quatre tomes. paris. vol. . pears. deut. obstsorten deutschland's obstsorten bearbeitet von müller-diemitz, grau-körbelitz, bissmann-gotha unter mitwirkung hervorragender fachmänner. sechs bände; hefte - . stuttgart: - . dochnahl, führ. obstkunde der sichere führer in der obstkunde auf botanisch-pomologischen wege oder systematische breschreibung aller obstsorten. von f. j. dochnahl. vier bände. nürnberg: - . vol. , . pears. downing, fr. trees am. the fruits and fruit trees of america: or the culture, propagation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of fruit trees generally; with descriptions of all the finest varieties of fruit, native and foreign, cultivated in this country. by a. j. downing. (_illustrated._) new york & london: . copyright, . second edition, same text, with colored plates, . first revision, by charles downing. new york: . copyright, . second revision by charles downing. new york: . first appendix, . second appendix, . third appendix, . downing, selected fr. selected fruits: from downing's fruits and fruit-trees of america. with some new varieties: including their culture, propagation, and management in the garden and orchard. by charles downing. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . duhamel, trait. arb. fr. traité des arbes fruitiers; contenant leur figure, leur description, leur culture, &c. par m. duhamel du monceau. (_illustré._) tomes i et ii. paris: . Édition publié en , en trois tomes. nouvelle Édition en six tomes, - . elliott, fr. book elliott's fruit book; or, the american fruit-grower's guide in orchard and garden. by f. r. elliott. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . revised edition, . field, pear cult. pear culture. a manual for the propagation, planting, cultivation, and management of the pear tree. by thos. w. field. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . flor. & pom. the florist and pomologist: a pictorial monthly magazine of flowers, fruits, and general horticulture. conducted at first by robert hogg and john spencer, later by thomas moore and william paul. (_illustrated._) london: - . forsyth, treat. fr. trees. a treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. by william forsyth. london: . same with an introduction and notes, by william corbett. albany: . seventh edition [english] london: . gard. chron. the gardener's chronicle. (_illustrated._) london: to date. gard. & for. garden and forest. a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. conducted by charles s. sargent. (_illustrated._) volumes i-x. new york: - . copyrights, - . gard. mon. the gardener's monthly and horticultural advertiser. edited by thomas meehan. (_illustrated._) philadelphia: - . garden the garden. (_illustrated._) london: to date. gaucher, pom. prak. obst. pomologie des praktischen obstbaumzüchters. von n. gaucher. (_illustrirt._) stuttgart: . gen. farmer the genesee farmer. edited by luther tucker, rochester: - . then consolidated with the cultivator. another periodical of the same name was published in rochester from to . also new genesee farmer and monthly genesee farmer. gerarde, herball the herball or generall historie of plantes. by john gerarde. enlarged and amended by thomas johnson. london: . reprinted without alteration, . guide prat. guide pratique de l'amateur de fruits. description et culture des variétés de fruits classées par séries de mérite composant les collections pomologiques de l'etablissement horticole des frères simon-louis. a plantières-les-metz (lorraine annexée) suivi d'une table générale alphabétique de tous les synonymes connus, français et Étrangers, appartenent à chaque variété. par o. thomas. nancy: . deuxième Édition. paris et nancy: . hoffy, n. am. pom. hoffy's north american pomologist, containing numerous finely colored drawings, accompanied by letter press descriptions, &c., of fruits of american origin. edited by william d. brincklé. book no. . philadelphia: . copyright, . hoffy, orch. com. the orchardist's companion. alfred hoffy, editor and publisher. a quarterly journal. vol. i, - ; vol. ii, - . philadelphia. hogg, fruit man. the fruit manual: a guide to the fruits and fruit trees of great britain. by robert hogg. first edition, london: . second edition, . third edition, . fourth edition, . fifth edition, . hort. reg. (am.) horticultural register and gardener's magazine. edited by t. g. fessenden and j. e. teschemacher. volume i. boston: . hort. reg. (eng.) the horticultural register and general magazine. by joseph paxton and joseph harrison. vol. i. london: . horticulturist the horticulturist and journal of rural art and rural taste. founded and first edited by a. j. downing. (_illustrated._) volumes to . albany, philadelphia and new york: - . hovey, fr. am. the fruits of america, containing richly colored figures, and full descriptions of all the choicest varieties cultivated in the united states. by c. m. hovey. volume i. boston and new york: . volume ii. boston: . copyright, . jour. hort. the journal of horticulture: began as the cottage gardener; or amateur's and cottager's guide to out-door gardening and spade cultivation. volumes. london: - . continued as the journal of horticulture, cottage gardener, and country gentleman. a journal of horticulture, rural and domestic economy, botany and natural history. new series. volumes. london: - . continued as the journal of horticulture, cottage gardener, and home farmer. a chronicle of country pursuits and country life, including poultry, pigeon, and bee-keeping. third series. volumes. london: - . jour. roy. hort. soc. the journal of the royal horticultural society. london: to date. vols. - , - , bear the title of the journal of the horticultural society of london. kenrick, am. orch. the new american orchardist. by william kenrick. boston: . copyright, . second edition. boston: . copyright, . seventh edition, enlarged and improved, with a supplement. boston: . copyright, . knoop, fructologie part i. pomologie, ou description des meilleures sortes de pommes et de poires. part ii. fructologie, ou description des arbres fruitiers. par jean herman knoop. (_illustré._) amsterdam: . koch, deut. obst. die deutschen obstgehölze. vorlesungen gehalten zu berlin im winterhalbjahr - . von karl koch. stuttgart: . kraft, pom. aust. pomona austriaca, abhandlung von den obstbäumen worinn ihre gestalt, erziehung und pflege angezeigt und beschrieben wird. von johann kraft. zwei theile. vienna: . langley, pomona pomona, or the fruit garden illustrated. by batty langley. london: . lauche, deut. pom. deutsche pomologie. chromolithographische abbildung, beschreibung und kulturanweisung der empfehlenswerthesten sorten aepfel, birnen, kirschen, pflaumen, aprikosen, pfirsche und weintrauben. nach den ermittelungen des deutschen pomologen-vereins herausgegeben von w. lauche. (_illustrirt._) bände i-vii. berlin: - . vol. ii. pears. le bon jard. le bon jardinier. ^e Édition almanach horticole, et ^e Édition, . paris. leroy, dict. pom. dictionnaire de pomologie. par andré leroy. (_illustré._) six tomes. paris: - . vols. & . pears. liegel, syst. anleit. systematische anleitung zur kenntniss der vorzüglichsten sorten des kern-, stein-, schalen- und beerenobster. von georg liegel. passau: . lindley, guide orch. gard. a guide to the orchard and kitchen garden; or, an account of the most valuable fruit and vegetables cultivated in great britain: with kalendars of the work required in the orchard and kitchen garden during every month in the year. by george lindley. edited by john lindley. london: . lindley, pom. brit. pomologia britannica; or, figures and descriptions of the most important varieties of fruit cultivated in great britain. by john lindley. three volumes. london: . vol. . pears. lond. hort. soc. cat. a catalogue of the fruits cultivated in the garden of the horticultural society of london. london: . second edition, . third edition, . a supplement was published in . loudon, enc. gard. an encyclopedia of gardening. by j. c. loudon. (_illustrated._) new edition. london: . lucas, handb. obst. vollständiges handbuch der obstkultur. von ed. lucas. (_illustrirt._) stuttgart: first edition, ; second edition, ; third edition, . third edition edited by fr. lucas, . mcintosh, bk. gard. the book of the garden. by charles mcintosh. (_illustrated._) two volumes. london: - . mcmahon, am. gard. cal. the american gardener's calendar. by bernard mcmahon. philadelphia: . mag. hort. the magazine of horticulture. boston: - . first published as the american gardener's magazine, - . edited by c. m. hovey with p. b. hovey, jr., associate editor during - . manning, book of fruits book of fruits. by robert manning. (_illustrated._) salem: . copyright, . mas, le verger le verger ou histoire, culture et description avec planches coloriées des variétés de fruits les plus généralement connues. par m. mas. huit tomes. paris: - . vols. - . pears. mas, pom. gen. pomologie générale. par m. mas. (_illustré._) douze tomes. paris: - . vols. & - . pears. mathieu, nom. pom. nomenclator pomologicus. von carl mathieu. berlin: . mawe-abercrombie, com. gard. the complete gardener. by thomas mawe and john abercrombie. london: . miller, gard. dict. the gardener's dictionary. by philip miller. sixth edition. london: . revised edition. by thomas martyn. london: . nat. nur. the national nurseryman. published by the national nurseryman publishing co. (_illustrated._) rochester: to date. noisette, man. comp. jard. manuel complet du jardinier; maraicher, pépiniériste, botaniste, fleuriste et paysagiste. par m. louis noisette. quatre tomes. paris: . vol. . pears. oberdieck, obst-sort. deutschlands beste obst-sorten. von f. g. c. oberdieck. leipzig: . parkinson, par. ter. paradisi in sole. paradisus terrestris. by john parkinson. (_illustrated._) london: . phillips, com. orch. the companion for the orchard. an historical and botanical account of fruits known in great britain. by henry phillips. new edition. london: . pom. france pomologie de la france ou histoire et description de tous les fruits cultivés en france et admis par le congrès pomologique. (_illustré._) tomes i-viii. lyon: - . vols. - . pears. pom. mag. the pomological magazine; or, figures and descriptions of the most important varieties of fruit cultivated in great britain. three volumes. london: - . this work has also been published under the title pomona brittanica. popular gard. popular gardening. an illustrated periodical devoted to horticulture in all its branches. volume i. buffalo: . continued as popular gardening and fruit growing. volumes ii-iv. buffalo: - . consolidated with the american garden and continued as american gardening. new york: - . prince, cat. fr. trees catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees & plants, bulbous flower roots, green-house plants, &c. &c. cultivated at the linnæan botanic garden, william prince, prop. twenty-second edition. new york: . prince, pom. man. the pomological manual: or, a treatise on fruits. by william robert prince, aided by william prince. second edition. part i. new york: . copyright, . part ii. new york: . copyright, . prince, treat. hort. a short treatise on horticulture. by william prince. new york: . copyright, . prince, treat. trees & plants a treatise on fruit and ornamental trees and plants, cultivated at the linnæan botanic garden, flushing, long island, near new-york. by william prince. new york: . ragan, nom. pear. b. p. i. bul. nomenclature of the pear; a catalogue-index of the known varieties referred to in american publications from to . complied by w. h. ragan. issued as u. s. dept. agr. bur. pl. ind. bul. : . rea, flora flora: seu, de florum cultura; or a complete florilege. by john rea. books. london: . book . pears. rev. hort. revue horticole. journal d'horticulture pratique (_illustré._) paris: to date. rural n. y. the rural new-yorker. a journal for the suburban and country home. (_illustrated._) rochester and new york: to date. soc. nat. hort. france pom. société nationale d'horticulture de france. section pomologique. les meilleurs fruits au début du xx^e siècle. (_illustré._) paris: . thacher, am. orch. the american orchardist. by james thacher. boston: . copyright, . thomas, am. fruit cult. the american fruit culturist. by john j. thomas. (_illustrated._) first edition. geneva and auburn, n. y.: . copyright, . revised edition. auburn, n. y.: . copyright, . revised edition. new york: . copyright, . revised edition. new york: . copyright, - . twentieth edition, revised and enlarged. new york: . copyright, ; twenty-first edition, revised and enlarged. new york: . copyright, . thompson, gard. ass't. the gardener's assistant; practical and scientific. by robert thompson. (_illustrated._) two volumes. london: . same, revised by william watson. six volumes. london: . tilton, jour. hort. tilton's journal of horticulture and floral magazine. see am. jour. hort. trans. lond. hort. soc. transactions of the horticultural society of london. volume i. london: . volume ii. london: . volume iii. london: . volume iv. london: . volume v. london: . volume vi. london: . u. s. d. a. rpt. reports of the united states department of agriculture: - . u. s. d. a. yearbook yearbook of the united states department of agriculture: to date. u. s. pat. off. rpt. reports of the agricultural section of the united states patent office: to . wickson, cal. fruits the california fruits and how to grow them. by edward j. wickson. (_illustrated._) second edition. san francisco: . copyright, . fourth edition. los angeles: . copyright, . seventh edition. san francisco: . copyright, . willich, dom. enc. domestic encyclopedia or a dictionary of facts. by a. f. m. willich. first american edition with additions by james mease. in five volumes. volume . philadelphia: . wilson, nat. w. china a naturalist in western china with vasculum, camera, and gun. being some account of eleven years' travel, exploration, and observation in the more remote parts of the flowery kingdom. by ernest henry wilson. two volumes. new york: . index _Á gobert_ (syn. of angobert), a. j. cook, aarer pfundbirne, abbé fétel, abbé pérez, abbott, abbott, mrs. t., orig. of abbott, abdon birne, abele de st. denis, abercromby, achalzig, achan, acidaline, acme, adams, adams, dr. h., orig. of adams, _adanson apothekerbirne_(syn. of aglaë adanson), adélaïde de rèves, _adèle_ (syn. of adèle de saint-denis), adèle lancelot, adèle de saint-denis, admirable, _admiral cécile_ (syn. of amiral cécile), admiral farragut, admiral foote, adolphe cachet, adolphe fouquet, adolphine richard, aehrenthal, _agathe de lescours_ (syn. of agathe de lescourt), agathe de lescourt, aglaë adanson, aglaë grégoire, agnès agricola, agua de valence, ah-mon-dieu, aigue, aiken, aime ogereau, aimée adam, akatsupo, alamo, albertine, alcinöus, pear in garden of, alexander, alexander lucas, alexandre bivort, alexandre chomer, alexandre de la herche, alexandre lambré, alexandre de russie, alexandrina, alexandrine douillard, _alexandrine hélie_ (syn. of belle julie), alexandrine mas, alexiens bros., orig. of pius x, alfred de madre, alice payne, allerton, alliance franco-russe, alouette, alpha, alphonse allegatière, alphonse karr, amadotte, amande double, amandine, ambrette, ambrette d'Été, _ambrette d'hiver_ (syn. of ambrette), ambrosia, amédée leclerc, amelanchier, relationship of, to pear, amélie leclerc, america, america, arrival of pear in, ; climate of, uncongenial to pears, ; importation of european pear varieties into, ; pear in, american pear culture, influence of oriental pears on, american pear districts, amie verdier, amiral, amiral cécile, amiré joannet, amlisberger mostbirne, _amoselle panachée_ (syn. of bergamote de hollande panachée), amour, amstettner mostbirne, ananas, ananas de courtrai, _ananas de courtray_ (syn. of ananas de courtrai), ananas d'Été, _andenken an den congress_ (syn. of souvenir du congrès), andouille, andré desportes, andrew murray, andrews, ange, angel, angeline, angélique de bordeaux, angélique cuvier, angélique leclerc, angélique de rome, angers, horticultural society of, orig. of cassante du comice, ; colmar d'automne nouveau, ; dhommée, ; gros lucas, ; sucrée du comice, _angleterre_ (syn. of beurré d'angleterre), angleterre d'hiver, angleterre nain, angobert, angoisse, angora, angoucha, _angouleme_ (syn. of duchesse d'angoulême), _anjou_ (syn. of beurre d'anjou), _anna audisson_ (syn. anna audusson), anna audusson, anna nelis, anne de bretagne, _anne of brittany_ (syn. of anne de bretagne), ansault, anthoine, dieudonné, orig. of dieudonné anthoine, anthony thacher, antoine, antoine delfosse, antoinette, anversoise, apfelblättrige azerolbirne, apothekerbirne, apple, apple pear, apples, relationship to pears, appoline, aqueuse d'esclavonie, aqueuse de meiningen, arabella, arbre courbé, arcedeckene, andrew, orig. of suffolk thorn, archduke of austria, archiduc charles, archiduc d'Été, archiduc jean d'autriche, archiduchesse d'autriche, arendt dechantsbirne, argent, argusbirne, arkansas, _arkansas mammoth_ (syn. of arkansas), arlequin musqué, arlingham squash, armand prévost, arménie, arnold, arnold & frazier, orig. of arnold, arthur bivort, arthur chevreau, arundell, aspasie aucourt, _aspidiotus perniciosus_ on pear, aston town, audibert, audusson, alexis, orig. of lucie audusson, audusson, anne-pierre, orig. of beurré audusson, augier, augustbirne, auguste de boulogne, auguste droche, auguste jurie, auguste von krause, auguste miguard, auguste royer, augustine, augustine lelieur, augustus dana, aurate, auray, autocrat, autumn bergamot, parent of gansel bergamot, autumn bergamot (english), autumn colmar, autumn joséphine, autumn nelis, avocat allard, avocat nélis, avocat tonnelier, ayer, ayer, o. h., orig. of ayer, ; douglas, aylton red, azerole, _b. s. fox_ (syn. of fox), bachelier, louis-françois, orig. of beurré bachelier, _bacillus amylovorous,_ cause of pear blight, backhouse, james, orig. of beurré backhouse, _bacterium tumefaciens_, cause of crown-gall on pears, baguet, bailly, orig. of beurré bailly, bakholda, baking, baldschmiedler, balduinsteiner kinderbirne, ballet, orig. of madame ballet, balosse, balsambirne, baltet, charles, introd. of roosevelt, ; orig. of virginie baltet, baltet, ernest, orig. of beurré d'avril, ; comte lelieur, ; madame lyé-baltet, baltet bros., orig. of beurré baltet père, ; charles ernest, ; docteur joubert, ; guyot, ; ministre viger, ; professeur opoix, _baltet senior_ (syn. of beurré baltet père), bankerbine, bankhead, capt., orig. of jewel, banks, baptiste valette, _bar seckel_ (syn. of barseck) barbancinet, barbe nélis, barker, barland, barnadiston, baron deman de lennick, _baron d'hiver_ (syn. of baronsbirne), baron leroy, baron trauttenberg, baron treyve, baronne de mello, baronsbirne, barry, barry, patrick, biography of, barry, william crawford, biography of, barseck, barthélemy du mortier, barthère, discov. of duchesse d'hiver, bartlett, bartlett, enoch, dissem. of bartlett, bartlett, parent of barseck, ; big productive, ; dempsey, ; eva baltet, ; favorite morel, ; félix sahut, ; le lecher, ; lucy duke, ; lyerle, ; professeur barral, ; s. t. wright, ; ulatis, ; winter williams, bartlett and kieffer leading commercial pears, bartram, bartram, ann, orig. of bartram, bartram, john, orig. of petre, bartranne, baseler sommer-muskatellerbirne, basiner, _bassin_ (syn. of jargonelle (french)), baudry, baumann brothers, orig. of beurré bollwiller, beacon, beadnell, beadnell, john, orig. of beadnell, beau de la cour, beau présent d'artois, beauchamp, orig. of beurré de l'assomption, ; beurré beauchamp, ; souvenir de gaëte, beaufort, beauvalot, beernaert, reynaert, discov. of fondante de cuerne, beier meissner eierbirne, _belgische blutbirne_ (syn. of sanguinole de belgique), _belgische pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of fondante des prés), _belgische zapfenbirne_ (syn. of long green), belgium, pear in, belle angevine, ; parent of bon-chrétien vermont, _belle angevine_ (syn. of pound), _belle après noël_ (syn. of fondante de noël), belle des arbrés, _belle audibert_ (syn. of audibert), belle de beaufort, belle bessa, belle de bolbec, belle et bonne de hée, belle et bonne de la pierre, belle de brissac, belle de bruxelles sans pepins, belle de craonnais, belle de la croix morel, belle de décembre, _belle epine dumas_ (syn. of Épine du mas), _belle de esquermes_ (syn. of fontenay), belle de féron, belle du figuier, _belle de flanders_ (syn. of flemish beauty), belle-fleurusienne, _belle de flushing_ (syn. of harvard), belle fondante, belle de forêts, belle de guasco, belle guérandaise, belle hugevine, belle isle d'angers, belle d'ixelles, _belle de jarnac_ (syn. of nouvelle fulvie), belle de juillet, belle julie, belle de kain, belle de lorient, belle lucrative, ; parent of p. barry, ; president clark, belle de malines, belle de martigny, belle-moulinoise, _belle de noël_ (syn. of fondante de noël), belle de noisette, _belle de l'orient_ (syn. of belle de lorient), belle picarde, belle rouennaise, _belle de septembre_ (syn. of grosse september birne), belle de stresa, belle sucrée, belle de thouars, belle williams, _belle de zoar_ (syn. of zoar beauty), bellissime d'automne, _bellissime d'Été_ (syn. of jargonelle (french)), bellissime d'hiver, belmont, beman, benadine, benoist, auguste, orig. of duchesse de brissac, ; marie benoist, ; prop, of beurré benoist, benoist, jean-henri, orig. of belle de brissac, benoist nouveau, benoit caroli, bensell, bensell, orig. of bensell, benvie, béquesne, berckmans, louis, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , bergamot de chantilly, bergamot louvain, bergamot seckel, bergamot winter, bergamote arsène sannier, bergamote d'automne panachée, bergamote balicq, bergamote boussière, _bergamote du bugey_ (syn. of bergamotte bugi), bergamote espéren, parent of directeur varenne, _bergamote gansel_ (syn. of gansel bergamot), bergamote hamdens, _bergamote d'hildesheim_ (syn. of hildesheimer bergamotte), bergamote de hollande panachée, _bergamote lucrative_ (syn. of belle lucrative), _bergamote de pâques_ (syn. of easter bergamot), _bergamote de la pentecôte_ (syn. of easter beurré), bergamote philippot, bergamote rose, bergamotte d'anvers, bergamotte d'automne, _bergamotte ballicq_ (syn. of bergamote balicq), bergamotte bouvant, bergamotte bufo, bergamotte bugi, bergamotte de coloma, bergamotte de la cour, _bergamotte crassane_ (syn. of crassane), _bergamotte crassane d'hiver_ (syn. of beurré bruneau), bergamotte de darmstadt, bergamotte de donauer, bergamotte double, bergamotte dussart, _bergamotte Éliza mathews_ (syn, of groom prince royal), bergamotte espéren, ; parent of beurré henri courcelle, ; bergamotte la gantoise, ; président barabé, bergamotte d'espéren, parent of frau louise goethe, _bergamotte d'espéren_ (syn. of bergamotte espéren), bergamotte espéren souvenir de plantières, bergamotte d'Été, _bergamotte d'été de kraft_ (syn. of kraft sommer bergamotte), bergamotte d'été de lubeck, bergamotte fertile, bergamotte fortunée, parent of le lecher, _bergamotte fortunée_ (syn. of fortunée), bergamotte la gantoise, bergamotte heimbourg, bergamotte hérault, bergamotte hertrich, bergamotte-d'hiver de furstenzell, bergamotte d'hollande, bergamotte jars, bergamotte de jodoigne, bergamotte klinkhardt, bergamotte laffay, bergamotte lesèble, bergamotte liabaud, bergamotte mico, bergamotte de millepieds, bergamotte nicolle, bergamotte oeuf de cygne, bergamotte d'oisan, bergamotte de parthenay, bergamotte picquot, bergamotte ploskui, bergamotte poiteau, bergamotte pomme, bergamotte du quercy, bergamotte reinette, _bergamotte de roe_ (syn. of roe bergamot), bergamotte de rouen, bergamotte rouge, bergamotte rouge de mayer, bergamotte sageret, bergamotte sanguine, bergamotte sannier, _bergamotte sapieganka_ (syn. of sapieganka), bergamotte silvange, bergamotte de souchait, bergamotte de soulers, bergamotte de stryker, _bergamotte suisse_ (syn. of bergamote d'automne panachée), bergamotte suisse rond, bergamotte tardive collette, _bergamotte tardive de gansel_ (syn. of gansel late bergamot), bergamotte thuerlinckx, bergamotte de tournai, bergamotte de tournay, _bergamotte von vezouzière_ (syn. of vezouzière), bergamotte volltragende, _bergamotte welbeck_ (syn. of welbeck bergamot), bergbirne, bergen, bergen, cornelius, orig. of island, berlaimont, bernard, berriays, bertrand guinoisseau, berzelius, besi de caen, besi de caffoy, besi-carême, _besi de chaumontel_ (syn. of chaumontel), besi dubost, _besi de l'echasserie_ (syn. of echasserie), besi espéren, _besi garnier_ (syn. of garnier), besi goubault, besi de grieser de böhmenkirsch, besi d'héry, _besi incomparable_ (syn. of besi sans pareil), besi liboutton, besi de mai, besi de moncondroiceu, besi de montigny, besi de la motte, besi de naghin, besi de la pierre, besi de quessoy, besi de saint-waast, besi sans pareil, _besi sanspareil_ (syn. of besi sans pareil), besi tardif, besi de van mons, besi des vétérans, besi de vindré, besi de wutzum, bessard-duparc, orig. of madame duparc, bessemianka, best favorite, bettina, betzelsbirne, betzy, beurré ad. papeleu, beurré adam, beurré d'adenaw, beurré alexandre lucas, _beurré alexandre lucas_ (syn. of alexander lucas), beurré allard, beurré amandé, beurré d'amanlis, beurré ananas, beurré d'angleterre, beurré d'anjou, ; parent of huggard, ; place in commercial pear culture, beurré antoine, beurré antoinette, _beurré d'apremont_ (syn. of beurré bosc), beurré aqualine, beurré d'arenberg, ; confusion of, with glou morceau, _beurré d'arenberg_ (syn. of glou morceau), beurré de l'assomption, ; parent of souvenir de gaëte, beurré audusson, beurré des augustins, beurré aunénière, beurré d'automne de donauer, beurré d'avoine, beurré d'avril, beurré bachelier, ; parent of s. t. wright, beurré backhouse, beurré bailly, beurré baltet père, beurré baud, beurré beauchamp, beurré beaulieu, _beurré beaumont_ (syn. of beurré de mortefontaine), beurré beek, beurré des béguines, beurré bennert, beurré benoist, beurré berckmans, beurré de biseau, beurré blanc doré, beurré blanc de nantes, beurré boisbunel, beurré bollwiller, beurré de bordeaux, beurré bosc, ; parent of harris, ; place of, in commercial pear culture, beurré bourbon, beurré de brême, beurré bretonneau, beurré de brigné, beurré bronzé, beurré de brou, beurré brougham, beurré bruneau, beurré de bruxelles, beurré burnicq, beurré du bus, beurré bymont, beurré de caen, beurré capiaumont, beurré caty, beurré caune, beurré du cercle pratique de rouen, beurré du champ corbin, beurré charron, beurré chatenay, beurré chaudy, beurré christ, beurré citron, beurré clairgeau, ; parent of cardinal georges d'ambroise, ; huggard, ; louis vilmorin, ; thérèse appert, ; place of, in commercial pear culture, beurré clotaire, beurré de coit, beurré colmar, beurré coloma, beurré du comte marcolini, beurré de conitz, beurré copretz, _beurré curtet_ (syn. of lamy), beurré dalbret, beurré daras, beurré daviss, beurré defays, beurré degalait, beurré delannoy, beurré delbecq, beurré délicat, beurré derouineau, beurré diel, ; parent of jeanne d'arc, ; pierre corneille, beurré dilly, beurré docteur pariset, _beurré doré de bilboa_ (syn. of golden beurré of bilboa), beurré doux, beurré van driessche, beurré driessen, beurré dubuisson, beurré duhaume, beurré dumont, beurré dumortier, beurré dupont, beurré duquesne, beurré durand, beurré duval, _beurre duvivier_ (syn. of général duvivier), beurré d'ellezelles, _beurré d'enghien_ (syn. of beurré colmar), beurré Épine, _beurré Épine_ (syn. of colmar Épine), beurré d'espéren, beurré d'esquelmes, beurré eugène furst, beurré fauve de printemps, beurré favre, beurré fenzl, beurré de février, beurré fidéline, beurré flon, beurré fouqueray, beurré gambier, beurré gaujard, beurré van geert, beurré gendron, beurré de germiny, beurré de ghélin, beurré giffard, ; parent of august jurie, ; fin juillet, beurré gilles, beurré goubault, ; parent of fertility, beurré graue herbst, beurré grétry, beurré gris, ; parent of cabot, beurré-gris d'enghien, _beurré gris d'Été_ (syn. of yat), _beurré gris d'Été de hollande_ (syn. of yat), _beurre gris d'hiver nouveau_ (syn. of beurré de luçon), beurré de grumkon, beurré grumkower, _beurré haffner_ (syn. of haffner butterbirne), beurré hamecher, beurré d'hardenpont, parent of directeur tisserand, _beurré d'hardenpont_ (syn. of glou morceau), beurré d'hardenpont d'automne, beurré hardy, beurré hennau, beurré henri courcelle, ; parent of cardinal georges d'ambroise, ; pierre curie, beurré hillereau, beurré d'hiver, beurré d'hiver de dittrich, beurré d'hiver de kestner, beurré de hochheim, beurré hudellet, beurré jalais, beurré jean van geert, beurré de jonghe, _beurré keele hall_ (syn. of styrian), beurré kennes, beurré kenrick, beurré knight, beurré knox, beurré de koninck, beurré kossuth, beurré de ladé, beurré lagasse, beurré lamoyeau, beurré langelier, beurré de lederbogen, beurré lefèvre, beurré de lenzen, beurré liebart, beurré de lindauer, beurré loisel, beurré de longrée, beurré de luçon, ; parent of casimir, beurré luizet, beurré de mans, beurré mauxion, beurré menand, _beurré de mérode_ (syn. of doyenné boussock), beurré millet, beurré moiré, beurré mondelle, beurré de mons, beurré de montgeron, beurré morisot, beurré de mortefontaine, beurré de mortillet, beurré motte, beurré des mouchouses, beurré de naghin, beurré de nantes, beurré de nesselrode, beurré obozinski, beurré oudinot, beurré de paimpol, beurré de palandt, beurré pauline, beurré pauline delzent, beurré payen, beurré perran, _beurré perrault_ (syn. of duchesse de bordeaux), beurré philippe delfosse, beurré pointillé de roux, beurré de popuelles, beurré preble, beurré précoce, beurré pringalle, beurré de quenast, beurré de ramegnies, beurré de rance, beurré reine, beurré richelieu, _beurré robert_ (syn. of doyenné du comice), beurré roland, beurré romain, beurré rome gaujard, beurré rose, beurré rouge d'automne, _beurré rouppé_ (syn. of easter beurré), beurré royal de turin, beurré de saint-amand, beurré de saint arnaud, beurré saint-aubert, beurré saint-françois, beurré saint-marc, _beurré de saint-nicolas_ (syn. of duchesse d'orléans), beurré samoyeau, beurré scheidweiller, beurré seutin, beurré de silly, beurré six, beurré soulange, beurré spence, beurré stappaerts, beurré steins, beurré sterckmans, beurré de stuttgardt, beurré sucré, beurré superfin, ; parent of comte de lambertye, beurré thoury, _beurré thuerlinckx_ (syn. of thuerlinckx), beurré triguer, beurré de ulm, beurré vanille, beurré varenne de fenille, beurré vauban, beurré vert d'Été, beurré vert tardif, _beurré vert de tournai_ (syn. of bergamotte de tournai), _beurré vital_ (syn. of vital), beurré wamberchies, beurré de wetteren, beurré winter, beurré witzhumb, beurré woronson, beurré zotman, beyer martinsbirne, beymont, bezi blanc, bezi de naples, _bezi vaet_ (syn. of besi de saint-waast), _bezy de caissoy_ (syn. of besi de quessoy), bidwell, general, orig. of kennedy, bied-charreton, bierbaumer mostbirne, big productive, bijou, bill campbell, binsce, _birn von fontenay_ (syn. of fontenay), birne von turschud, biseau d'hauteville, a. de, orig. of beurré de biseau, biseau d'hauteville, chevalier de, orig. of président watier, bishop thumb, bivort, alexandre, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; work as pear breeder, bivort zuckerbirne, black hawk, black huffcap, black mold of pear, _black pear of worcester_ (syn. of black worcester), black sorrel, black worcester, blackeney red, blanchet, claude, orig. of claude blanchet, ; la france, blanquet anastère, blanquet long, blanquet à longue queue, blanquet précoce, blanquet de saintonge, blanquette de toulouse, bleeker meadow, blessed, blickling, blight, pear, control of, ; notes on, blight resistance of _pyrus ovoidea_, ; _pyrus ussuriensis_, blight resistant pear varieties, block, block, a., orig. of acme, ; block, blodget, blodget, david, orig. of blodget, bloodgood, bloodgood, james, introd. of bloodgood, _bloodgood's sommerbirne_ (syn. of bloodgood), blooming season of pear varieties, blooming time of pears, notes on, blumenbirne, blutbirne, bocksbirne, bödiker dechantsbirne, bogenäkerin, böhmische frühe jakobsbirne, boïeldien, boisbunel, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , boisselot, orig. of fortunée boisselot, ; président de la bastie, ; professeur barral, bolarmud, bollweiler, orig. of bollweiler butterbirne, bollweiler butterbirne, bologna, bonamy, orig. of paul bonamy, _bon-chrétien d'auch_ (syn. of bon-chrétien d'hiver), bon-chrétien d'auch (calvel), bon-chrétien d'automne, bon-chrétien bonnamour, _bon-chrétien de bruxelles_ (syn. of bon-chrétien fondant), bon-chrétien d'espagne, bon-chrétien d'été, bon-chrétien fondant, _bon-chrétien fred baudry_ (syn. of baudry), bon-chrétien frédéric baudry, bon-chrétien d'hiver, bon-chrétien d'hiver panaché, bon-chrétien mathieu joseph lamarche, _bon-chrétien de nikita_ (syn. of nikitaer grüne herbst-apothekerbirne), bon-chrétien prevost, _bon-chrétien de rance_ (syn. of beurré de rance), bon-chrétien du rhin d'automne, bon-chrétien ricchiero, bon-chrétien vermont, bon-chrétien de vernois, _bon-chrétien de vernois_ (syn. of flemish bon-chrétien), _bon-chrétien williams'_ (syn. of bartlett), bon gustave, bon parent, bon-roi-rené, bon vicaire, bonne d'anjou, bonne-antonine, bonne de beugny, bonne carmélite, bonne de la chapelle, bonne charlotte, _bonne-ente_ (syn. of white doyenné), bonne d'ezée, bonne de jalais, bonne-jeanne, _bonne louise d'avranches_ (syn. of louise bonne de jersey), bonne de malines, parent of léger, _bonne de malines_ (syn. of winter nelis), bonne sophia, _bonne de soulers_ (syn. of bergamotte de soulers), bonne thérèse, bonne des zoes, bonnefond, orig. of madame bonnefond, bonnefoy, orig. of doyenné nérard, ; madame Élisa dumas, bonners, bonneserre de saint-denis, bonnet, orig. of beurré hardy, ; lesbre, bonnet zuckerbirne, _bordeaux_ (syn. of duchesse de bordeaux), bordine musk, borers on pear, bosc, introd. of styrian, _bosc_ (syn. of beurré bosc), _bosc's butterbirne_ (syn. of beurré bosc), _bosc's flaschenbirne_ (syn. of beurré bosc), _boston_ (syn. of pinneo), botany, structural, of pear, bouchamp, boucqueau, albert, orig. of fondante albert, boucquia, bouet, henri, orig. of henri bouet, bourdon de roi, _boussock_ (syn. of doyenné boussock), boutoc, _bouvert musqué_ (syn. of parfum d'hiver), bouvier, simon, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; work as pear breeder, bouvier d'automne, bouvier bourgmestre, bouviers herbstbirne, bouzin, norbert, orig. of doyenné de ramegnies, bowdoin, bowne winter russet, boyken june, braconot, brandes, brandywine, braunrote speckbirne, braunrothe frühlingsbirne, braunrothe sommerrusselet, brederode, breeding pears, van mons' theory of, bremer butterbirne, brewer, brewster, brialmont, brielsche pomeranzenbirne, briffaut, briffaut, orig. of président payen, brincklé, dr. w. d., orig. of catherine gardette, ; edward seedling st. germain, ; president felton, ; wilmington, brindamour, bringewood, british queen, _brockworth park_ (syn. of bonne d'ezée), broncirte winterbirne, bronx, bronzée boisselot, bronzée d'enghien, brookline, broom park, brough bergamot, brown, samuel, orig. of sam brown, _brown beurré_ (syn. of beurré gris), brown-blotch of pear, bruant, introd. of figueira, ; orig. of commandant belaieff, bruce, a. l., orig. of alamo, _bruderbirne_ (syn. of pound), brugmans, brumbirne, brune minême, brunet, brüsseler herbstbergamotte, _brüssler zuckerbirne_ (syn. of sucrée van mons), brute bonne, bryan, edwards, bryant, mention of fruits in california by, ; orig. of cedarmere, brymer, col., introd. of santa claus, buchanan, buchanan, isaac, orig. of buchanan, buckman, benjamin, orig. of timpling, bud-moth on pear, budd, j. l., introd. of russian pears, ; orig. of gibb, buffalo, _buffam_ (syn. of buffum), buffum, _bugiarda_ (syn. of bon-chrétien fondant), ; (Épine d'Été), buneau, jules, orig. of marie jallais, bunte mannabirne, buntebirne, burbank, luther, orig. of test, burchardt, judge, orig. of malvoisie de landsberg, burchardt butterbirne, buree winter, burgoyne, burkett, burlingame, burlingame, mrs., orig. of burlingame, burnett, burnett, joel, orig. of burnett, burton, r. e., orig. of ulatis, butt pear, butterartige bergamotte, _butterbirne von saint-nicolas_ (syn. of duchesse d'orléans), büttner sachsische ritterbirne, cabot, cabot, j. s., orig. of cabot, cadeau, cadet de vaux, caen de france, caesar, _caillot_ (syn. of naquette), caillot rosat (english), caillot rosat (french), calbasbirn, calebasse, _calebasse abbé fétel_ (syn. of abbé fétel), calebasse d'anvers, calebasse de bavay, calebasse boisbunel, calebasse bosc, calebasse delvigne, calebasse d'Été, calebasse fondante, _calebasse grosse_ (syn. of van marum), calebasse d'hiver, calebasse kickx, calebasse leroy, calebasse oberdieck, calebasse d'octobre, _calebasse princesse marianne_ (syn. of princesse marianne), calebasse rose, calebasse tougard, calebasse verte, calhoun, california, first commercial pear orchard in, caliorosa, _caliroa cerasi_ on pear, calixte mignot, _calliot_ (syn, of caillot rosat (french)), calvillebirne, calvin, camak, camak, j., orig. of camak, cambacérès, camerling, camille de rohan, _camperveen_ (syn. of kamper-venus), canandaigua, ; parent of ontario, _canners japan_ (syn. of japan golden russet), canning, canning pears, canourgues, cantelope, canton, capeinick, orig. of duchesse de brabant, capiaumont, orig. of beurré capiaumont, capsheaf, capucine van mons, carasi, carcas, orig. of roux carcas, cardinal georges d'ambroise, _cardinale_ (syn. of amiral), carleton, carmel, carminbirne, caroline hogg, _carpocapsa pomonella_ on pear, carrière, cartheurserbirne, case, william, orig. of mary (case), casimir, cassante du comice, cassante de mars, cassel, cassel nurs. co., introd. of cassel, casser, orig. of columbia, _casserule_ (syn. of poire de casserole), cassolette, cassolette (knoop), castelain, florimond, orig. of castelline, castelline, catch crops for pear orchards, caterpillars on pear, catherine gardette, catherine lambré, catherine royal, catillac, catinka, cato, mention of pear by, cauwenberghe, lievin van, orig. of henriette van cauwenberghe, cavaignac, cavelier de la salle, cecil, mrs. evelyn, mention of pears by, cedarmere, cels butterbirne, century, _cephalothecium roseum_, cause of pink-rot of pear, cerise brune, cerise double, cerruttis durstlösche, certeau, certeau d'automne, certeau d'Été, certeau d'hiver, cesile, chænomeles, relationship of, to pear, chaigneau, chair-a-dame, _chalk_ (syn. of crawford), _chambers_ (syn. of early harvest), chambrette, marquis, introd. of virgouleuse, chamness, chamness, orig. of chamness, champ riche d'italie, champagner bratbirne, chancelier de hollande, chancellor, chancellor, orig. of chancellor, chantry, chaploux, chapman, chaptal, charlemagne, promotion of pear culture by, charles bivort, charles cognée, charles ernest, charles frederickx, charles de guelin, charles smet, charles van hooghten, charles van mons, charli basiner, charlotte de brouwer, charlotte de roucourt, charnock, charon, orig. of beurré charon, chat brulé, chatenay, pierre, orig, of beurré chatenay, chattanooga, chaudfontaine, chaudy, orig. of madame chaudy, chaumontel, ; parent of chaumontel gras, chaumontel gras, chaumontel swan egg, chaumontelle d'été, chelmsford, cher à dames (knoop), cherroise, chesill, chesneau, discov. of fondante de la roche, chevreau, arthur, orig. of arthur chevreau, chilton, china, chinese pear. (see _pyrus serotina_) _chinese sand_ (syn. of sha lea), chio, choak-pear, choisnard, cholwell, christmas, christmas beurré, church, churchill, mrs., orig. of alexander, chypre, cincincis, cincincis seedling, cinquantième anniversaire, cire, cité gomand, citrina, citron, _citron des carmes_ (syn. of madeleine), citron d'hyver, citron de saint paul, citron de sierentz, citronnée, clairgeau, pierre, orig. of beurré clairgeau, _clairgeau_ (syn. of beurré clairgeau), _clairgeau's butterbirne_ (syn. of beurré clairgeau), clap, clap, william, orig. of clap, clapp, f. & l., orig. of newhall, ; nicholas, clapp, lemuel, orig. of dorset, ; frederick clapp, ; harris (massachusetts), clapp, thaddeus, orig. of clapp favorite, ; sarah, clapp favorite, ; parent of tolstoy, ; place of, in commercial pear culture, _clapp no. _ (syn. of frederick clapp), _clapp's favourite_ (syn. of clapp favorite), _clapp's liebling_ (syn. of clapp favorite), clara, clara durieux, claretenbirne, clark, clarksville, claude blanchet, claude mollet, clay, clean culture versus sod for pear orchards, clémence de lavours, clémence van rumbeck, clément bivort, clementine, climate adapted to pear culture, climate of america uncongenial to pears, clinton, _clion_ (syn. of vicar of winkfield), cloche de wittenberg, clot, orig. of beurré clotaire, cludius, orig. of hildesheimer späte sommerbirne, codling moth on pear, _coeur-de-boeuf_ (syn. of ochsenherz), coit, colonel, orig. of beurré de coit, ; coit beurré, coit beurré, cold resistant pears, cold storage of pears, cole, cole winter, colland, jean, orig. of triomphe de vienne, collins, colmar, colmar d'alost, colmar d'arenberg, colmar artoisenet, colmar d'automne nouveau, colmar bretagne, colmar charni, colmar daras, colmar delahaut, colmar demeester, colmar dewez, colmar Épine, colmar d'Été, colmar flotow, colmar-hirondelles, _colmar des invalides_ (syn. of colmar van mons), colmar de jonghe, colmar de mars, colmar du mortier, colmar navez, colmar neill, colmar sirand, colmar van mons, colmart, coloma, count de, orig. of beurré coloma, ; coloma carmeliterbirne, ; reine des poires, ; suprême coloma, coloma carmeliterbirne, _coloma's herbst butterbirne_ (syn. of urbaniste), colonel wilder, colorado seedless, colorée de juillet, columbia, _columbia_ (syn. of barseck), _comet_ (syn. of lawson), _cometbirne_ (syn. of lawson), _comice_ (syn. of doyenné du comice), comice horticole, originator of doyenné du comice, commandant belaieff, commercial varieties of pears, ; in new york, commissaire delmotte, commodore, compotbirne, compote d'Été, comprette, comstock, comte canal de malabaila, comte de chambord, comte d'egmont, comte de flandres, comte de lambertye, _comte de lamy_ (syn. of lamy), comte lelieur, comte de meladore, comte de morny, comte de paris, comtesse d'alost, comtesse de chambord, comtesse clara frijs, comtesse de grailly, comtesse de paris, condorcet, conference, congrès de gand, congrès pomologique, conkleton, conklin, connecticut, conseiller de hollande, conseiller ranwez, constant, thomas, orig. of sudduth, constant claes, constitutional characters of pear-trees, cooke, cooke, elijah, orig. of beurré preble, coolidge, d. w., introd. of winter bartlett, copia, coppiers, orig. of vice-président coppiers, cordus, discussion of pears by, cornélie daras, cornemuse, cornewell, cost of growing pears, coter, coule-soif de cerutti, courte-queue d'automne, courte-queue d'hiver, cousin blanc, couteau, coxe, experimental orchards of, ; first american pomology by, craig, craig favourite, crassane, ; parent of boïeldien, ; lydie thiérard, crassane libotton, crassane du mortier, crawford, crawford, n. w., orig. of carmel, crede kegelförmige zuckerbirne, crede sommerrusselet, crescenzi, discussion of pear by, crisco, crisco, robert, orig. of crisco, [vc]rnivka, crocker, croft castle, crosby, j. w., orig. of redfield, cross, cross, orig. of cross, crouch, crow, crown-gall on pear, cuissard and barret, orig. of madame cuissard, cuisse madame, parent of windsor, _cuisse madame_ (syn. of jargonelle (french)), cullem, culture, pear, notes on, cumberland, _curé_ (syn. of vicar of winkfield), curé d'oleghem, _curtet's butterbirne_ (syn. of lamy), cushing, cushing, col. washington, orig. of cushing, cydonia, relationship of, to pear, czernowes, d'amboise, _d'ane_ (syn. of langbirne), _d'aout allemande_ (syn. of deutsche augustbirne), d'arad, d'auch, d'oeuf, daimyo, dallas, dame, dame-verte, dana, francis, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , dana hovey, ; parent of luola, _dana's hovey_ (syn. of dana hovey), _dana's no. _ (syn. of dana hovey), _danas hovey_ (syn. of dana hovey), daras de naghin, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , darimont, darlington, dathis, dauvesse, orig. of esther comte, david, david d'angers, davis, davis, orig. of davis, ; gold nugget, _de bavay_ (syn. of autumn colmar), de cerciaux, de chasseur, de croixmare, de duvergnies, de la farge, a., orig. of belle et bonne de la pierre, ; besi de la pierre, ; citron de saint paul, de fer, de fosse, de jonghe, j., introd. of varieties, ; orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , ; work of, as pear breeder, _de jonghe's butterbirne_ (syn. of beurré de jonghe), de lamartine, de longueval, orig. of louise bonne de jersey, de louvain, de nelis, work of, as pear breeder, de prêtre, _de quentin_ (syn. of rousselet saint-quentin), de rachinquin, de serres, discussion of the pear by, _de tongres_ (syn. of durandeau), dearborn, dearborn, gen. h. a. s., biography of, ; orig. of dearborn, _dearborn's seedling_ (syn. of dearborn), _dechantsbirne von alençon_ (syn. of doyenné d'alençon), defays, françois, orig. of beurré defays, ; doyenné defays, degaud, isidore, orig. of délices de froyennes, dehove, françois, orig. of rondelet, delannoy, alexandre, orig. of beurré delannoy, delcange, _délices d'angers_ (syn. of fondante du panisel), délices de la cacaudière, délices de charles, délices de chaumont, délices everard, délices de froyennes, délices d'hardenpont, _délices d'hardenpont d'angers_ (syn. of fondante du panisel), délices d'hiver, délices de huy, délices de jodoigne, délices de ligaudières, délices de lovenjoul, délices de la meuse, délices de naghin, délices de saint-médard, délices de tirlemont, délicieuse de grammont, délicieuse de swijan, délisse, delpierre, delporte bourgmestre, democrat, _demoiselle_ (syn. of vigne), demorest, dempsey, denis dauvesse, derouineau, orig. of beurré derouineau, dervaes bros., orig. of bergamotte la gantoise, des chartreux, _des chasseurs_ (syn. of poire des chasseurs), _des chevriers de stuttgardt_ (syn. of rousselet de stuttgardt), des deux soeurs, deschamps, monseigneur, orig. of beurré d'arenberg, description blank for pear, opposite désiré cornélis, desportes, françois, orig. of doyenné downing, dessauer weissbirne, deutsche augustbirne, deutsche glasbirne, deutsche kümmelbirne, deutsche muskateller, _deux fois l'an_ (syn. of honey), deux têtes, devergnies, devergnies, orig. of devergnies, dewey, dhommée, _diamant-peer_ (syn. of gansel bergamot), dickerman, dickinson, orig. of eureka, diego, _diel_ (syn. of beurré diel), _diel's butterbirne_ (syn. of beurré diel), dienstbotenbirne, dieudonné anthoine, _dikeman_ (syn. of dickerman), diller, dilly, v., orig. of beurré dilly, diman, dion, orig. of belle guérandaise, directeur alphand, directeur hardy, directeur tisserand, directeur varenne, dirkjes peer, diseases of the pear, dix, dix, madame, orig. of dix, dixie, doat, doat, orig. of doat, docteur andry, docteur bénit, docteur bourgeois, docteur bouvier, docteur capron, docteur chaineau, docteur delatosse, docteur gromier, docteur joubert, _docteur jules guyot_ (syn. of guyot), docteur koch, docteur lentier, docteur lindley, docteur meniere, docteur nélis, docteur p. bruzon, docteur pariset, docteur pigeaux, _docteur rhéder_ (syn. of reeder), docteur trousseau, doctor bachmann, doctor engelbrecht, doctor hogg bergamot, doctor hoskins, doctor howe, dr. jules guyot, _doctor reeder_ (syn. of reeder), doctor turner, dodge, dodoens, mention of pear varieties by, doktorsbirne, donatienne bureau, dones, donville, _doppelte philippsbirne_ (syn. of doyenné boussock), doppelttragende gelbe muskatellerbirne, dörell herbst muskateller, dorlain, orig. of saint ghislain, dorothée nouvelle, dorothée royale nouvelle, dorr, dorschbirne, dorset, dosoris, double d'automne, _double blossom_ (syn. of double-fleur), double-fleur, double de guerre, double-plouvier, double rousselet, douglas, douillard, orig. of alexandrine douillard, dow, downer, samuel, introd. of andrews, dowler, downton, doyen dillen, _doyenné_ (syn. of white doyenné), doyenné d'alençon, ; parent of bergamotte tardive collette, ; pierre curie, doyenné bizet, _doyenné blanc_ (syn. of white doyenné), doyenné blanc long, doyenné boisnard, doyenné boisselot, doyenné de bordeaux, . _doyenné boussoch_ (syn. of doyenné boussock), doyenné boussock, ; parent of fondante des emmurées, _doyenné boussock nouvelle_ (syn. of doyenné boussock), doyenné bouyron, doyenné du cercle, doyenné à cinq pans, doyenné du comice, ; parent of directeur tisserand, ; doyenné georges boucher, ; jeanne d'arc, ; pierre corneille, doyenné defays, doyenné downing, _doyenné d'effay_ (syn. of doyenné defays), doyenné d'Été, parent of eliot early, _doyenné d'Été_ (syn. of summer doyenné), doyenné flon ainé, doyenné fradin, doyenné georges boucher, doyenné goubault, _doyenné gray_ (syn. of doyenné gris), doyenné de la grifferaye, doyenné gris, _doyenné gris_, parent of avocat allard, doyenné guillard, doyenné des haies, _doyenné d'hiver_ (syn. of easter beurré), doyenné hudellet, doyenné jamin, _doyenné de juillet_ (syn. of summer doyenné), doyenné de lorraine, doyenné louis, _doyenné de mérode_ (syn. of doyenné boussock), doyenné de montjean, doyenné nérard, doyenné nouveau, doyenné perrault, doyenné picard, doyenné rahard, doyenné de ramegnies, doyenné robin, doyenné rose, doyenné saint-roch, doyenné de saumur, doyenné sentelet, doyenné sieulle, _doyenné sterckmans_ (syn. of beurré sterckmans), drapiez, driessche, orig. of beurré van driessche, _driessen's pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of beurré driessen), drone, _drouard_ (syn. of président drouard), du breuil, alphonse, orig. of du breuil père, ; souvenir de du breuil père, du breuil père, du mirror, du mortier, orig. of bergamotte de tournai, du roeulx, dubreuil, orig. of professeur dubreuil, dubrulle, dubuisson, isidore, orig. of beurré dubuisson, duc alfred de croy, duc d'aumale, duc de brabant, duc de morny, duc de nemours, _duchess of angoulême_ (syn. of duchesse d'angoulême), _duchess bronze_ (syn. of duchesse d'angoulême bronzée), _duchess of orleans_ (syn. of duchesse d'orléans), duchesse d'angoulême, ; parent of bill campbell, ; cassel, ; dempsey, ; douglas, ; duchesse précoce, ; general wauchope, ; henri bouet, ; place of, in new york pear culture, duchesse d'angoulême bronzée, duchesse d'angoulême panachée, duchesse anne, duchesse d'arenberg, duchesse de berry d'Été, duchesse de bordeaux, ; parent of doyenné à cinq pans, duchesse de brabant, duchess de brabant (de capeinick), duchesse de brissac, duchesse grousset, duchesse hélène d'orléans, duchesse d'hiver, duchesse hybrid, duchesse de mars, duchesse de mouchy, duchesse d'orléans, duchesse précoce, duchovaya, dudley, dudley, mention of pears by, ; orig. of dudley, _duhamel_ (syn. of duhamel du monceau), duhamel du monceau, _duhamel's butterbirne_ (syn. of duhamel du monceau), duke, lucy, orig. of beaufort, ; lucy duke, _dumas_ (syn. of Épine du mas), dumon-dumortier, dumont, joseph, orig. of bergamotte de tournai, ; beurré dumont, ; beurré d'esquelmes, dundas, dunmore, dupuy charles, duquesne, abbé, orig. of colmar van mons, ; marie louise, durand-gasselin, orig. of poire brune de gasselin, durandeau, durandeau, charles louis, orig. of durandeau, durée, durst-lösche, dussart, orig. of bergamotte dussart, "dutch jacob", discoverer of seckel, duval, orig. of archiduc charles, ; beurré duval, dwarfing, best pear varieties for, ; of pears, earl, s., orig. of herkimer, early ely, early green sugar, early harvest, _early butter of indiana_ (syn. of craig), _early rousselet_ (syn. of rousselet hâtif), _early wilbur_ (syn. of wilbur), _early wilder_ (syn. of wilder early), easter bergamot, easter beurré, ; parent of directeur varenne, ; louis cappe, ; souvenir de renault père, eastern belle, echasserie, eckard, w. c., orig. of luola, economic considerations in pear culture, edle sommerbirne, edward seedling st. germain, edwards, bryan, orig. of bryan edwards, edwards, henry w., biography of, ; orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , effie holt, eliot, judge charles, orig. of eliot early, eliot early, Élisa d'heyst, elizabeth, elizabeth (edwards), _Élizabeth de manning_ (syn. of elizabeth), elizabeth maury, ellis, ellis, annie e., orig. of ellis, ellis (new york), ellison, m. p., orig. of ford, ellwanger, george, biography of, ellwanger & barry, introd. into america of alexander lucas, ely, silas, orig. of early ely, emerald, Émile d'heyst, endicott pear tree, enfant nantais, enfant prodigue, england, pear in, english and american pear-growing compared, _Épargne_ (syn. of jargonelle), Épine d'Été, Épine d'Été rouge, Épine d'hiver, Épine de jernages, Épine du mas, Épine royale, Épine-royale de courtray, _eriophyes pyri_ on pear, ermsinde, ernestine auzolle, ernst, a. h., introd. of prairie du pond, eseme, espéren, major, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; work of, as a pear breeder, _esperen waldbirne_ (syn. of belle de forêts), _esperen's herrenbirne_ (syn. of belle lucrative), esperine, esperione, essex, essington, w. e., orig. of autumn joséphine, esther comte, estienne, list of pears given by, estranguillon, esturion, eugène appert, eugène furst, eugène maisin, eugène des nouhes, eugène thirriot, euratsfelder mostbirne, eureka, europe, eastern and central, pear in, european pear varieties imported into america, eva baltet, everard, gabriel, orig. of délices everard, excellente de moine, excelsior, eyewood, _fabræa maculata_, cause of leaf-blight, fall, fall beurré d'arenburg, famenga, _farragut_ (syn. of admiral farragut), _fassbirne_ (syn. of tonneau), faurite, fauvanelle, _favorite de clapp_ (syn. of clapp favorite), favorite joanon, favorite morel, favre, orig. of madame favre, ; souvenir favre, feast, feast, samuel, orig. of feast, feaster, aaron, orig. of bleeker meadow, félix de liem, félix sahut, feraut, orig. of augier, ferdinand gaillard, ferdinand de lesseps, fertility, fertility of pear, fertilizers for pears, _feuille de chêne_ (syn. of naples), figue, figue d'alençon, figue de naples, figueira, fin juillet, fin-or d'orleans, fin-or de septembre, _fine gold of summer_ (syn. of fin-or d'orléans), fitzwater, flack, w., orig. of essex, fleming, mrs. maria, orig. of lincoln, flemish beauty, ; parent of bergamotte nicolle, ; doctor hoskins, ; eva baltet, ; max, flemish bon chrêtien, flon, orig. of bertrand guinoisseau, ; beurré flon, ; doyenné flon ainé, ; fortunée supérieure, ; maréchal pelissier, flon-grolleau, orig. of général bosquet, ; lieutenant poidevin, ; saint vincent de paul, _florelle_ (syn. of forelle), florent schouman, florida bartlett, florimond parent, flower-buds of pear, characteristics of, flowers of pear, characteristics of, fluke, fluke, n. k., introd. of fluke, fondante agréable, fondante albert, fondante d'angers, _fondante d'automne_ (syn. of belle lucrative), fondante de bihorel, _fondante des bois_ (syn. of flemish beauty), fondante de brest, fondante de charleville, fondante de charneau, fondante de cuerne, fondante des emmurées, fondante d'ingendal, fondante de ledeberg, fondante de la maitre-École, fondante de malines, fondante de mars, fondante de moulins-lille, fondante de nees, fondante de noël, fondante du panisel, fondante des prés, fondante de la roche, fondante de rome ou sucré romain, fondante de saint-amand, _fondante de schönert_ (syn. of schönerts omsewitzer schmalzbirne), fondante-de-septembre, fondante sickler, fondante de thines, fondante thirriot, fondante van mons, fondante de wollmet, fontaine de ghélin, orig. of général totleben, fontarabie, fontenay, foote, asahel, orig. of fall beurré d'arenburg, ; foote seckel, ; homestead, ; hoosic, ; weeping willow, foote seckel, ford, forelle, _forellenbirne_ (syn. of forelle), forme de bergamotte crassane, forme de curtet, forme de délices, fortune, fortunée, ; parent of bergamotte hertrich, ; fortunée boisselot, ; fortunée supérieure, ; olivier de serres, fortunée boisselot, _fortunée de printemps_ (syn. of fortunée), fortunée supérieure, foster, suel, orig. of snow, fouqueray, orig. of beurré fouqueray, fourcine, w., orig. of comtesse de paris, fourcroy, fouron, fowler, dr., orig. of muscadine, fox, fox, bernard s., biography of, ; orig. of colonel wilder, ; fox, ; p. barry, franc-réal, _franc réal d'hiver_ (syn. of franc-réal), france, pear in, ; rapid increase in pear varieties in, frances, franchimont, franchipanne, francis, francis dana, françois hutin, _frangipane_ (syn. of franchipanne), frangipane d'hiver, frankenbirne, frankfurter birne, _französische gute graue sommerbirne_ (syn. of grise-bonne), _französische zapfenbirne_ (syn. of brute bonne), frau louise goethe, frederic leclerc, frédéric de wurtemberg, frederica bremer, frederick clapp, fremion, french, connection of the, with history of pear in america, french pear stocks, notes on, frensdorff rothe flaschenbirne, frühe backhausbirne, frühe schweizer bergamotte, fruit characters of pomes, fruit setting of pears, discussion of, fuller, fullero, fulton, ; parent of tudor, fulton, orig. of fulton, _fumago vagans_, cause of black mold of pear, fusée d'automne, fusée d'hiver, gabourell seedling, gakovsky, gallo, mention of pears by, galopin, orig. of chaudfontaine, galston muirfowl egg, gambier, orig. of beurré gambier, ; fondante d'ingendal, ; marie louise d'uccle, gans, gans, joseph, discoverer of gans, gänsekopf, gansel, lieutenant-general, orig. of gansel bergamot, gansel bergamot, ; parent of gansel seckel, gansel late bergamot, ; parent of doctor hogg bergamot, gansel seckel, _gansel-seckle_ (syn. of gansel seckel), garber, ; place of, in commercial pear culture, garber, j. b., orig. of garber, _garber's hybrid_ (syn. of garber), garden, pomological, of robert manning, garden, t. j., introd. of cole winter, _garden pear_ (syn. of poirer de jardin), garnier, garnier, orig. of garnier, ; maria de nantes, garnons, gassenbirne, gaston du puys, gaudry, gaujard, orig. of mademoiselle marguerite gaujard, géant, gefleckte pomeranzenbirne, gefleckte sommerrusselet, gefundene, geigenschnabel, geishirtle, _gelbe frühbirne_ (syn. of jaune hâtive), gelbe frühe sommerapothekerbirne, gelbe fürsten-tafelbirne, gelbe heckenbirne, gelbe holzbirne, gelbe landlbirne, gelbe langstielige alantbirne, gelbe laurentiusbirne, gelbe leutsbirne, gelbe scheibelbirne, _gelbe sommerrusselet_ (syn. of rousselet jaune d'Été), gelbe wasserbirne, gelbmostler, _gellert's butterbirne_ (syn. of beurré hardy), gemeine kochbirne, gemeine pfundbirne, gendron, orig. of beurré gendron, général de bonchamp, général bosquet, général canrobert, général delage, général dutilleul, général duvivier, general kearney, general lamoricière, general sherman, general taylor, général thouvenin, général totleben, general wauchope, gensbirne, george augustus, georges delebecque, gerando, gerarde, mention of pears by, gérardine, gerdessen, gerdessen, pastor, orig. of gerdessen, _gergonell_(syn. of jargonelle), gerippte pomeranzenbirne, _german muscat_ (syn. of deutsche muskateller), germany, pomological literature of, gernröder pomeranzenbirne, gestreiffe winter-apothekerbirne, ghélin, fontaine de, orig. of beurré de ghélin, ghellinck de walle, ghellinck de walle, orig. of ghellinck de walle, gibb, gibb, introd. of russian pears by, gibey-lorne, orig. of monseigneur des hons, _giffard_ (syn. of beurré giffard), _giffard's butterbirne_ (syn. of beurré giffard), gilain, gilles ô gilles, giram, girandoux, orig. of girardon, girardon, _girogile_ (syn. of gilles ô gilles), glace d'hiver, glastonbury, gleck, gliva, gloire de cambron, glou morceau, ; confusion with beurre d'arenberg, ; parent of bergamotte de toumai, ; beurré ad. papeleu, ; souvenir favre, ; winter williams, _glout morceau_ (syn. of glou morceau), _gloux morceau_ (syn. of glou morceau), gloward, gnoico, goat-herd, _goemans gelbe sommerbirne_ (syn. of passe-goemans), gogal, gold dust, gold nugget, goldbirne, goldbordirte holzbirne, golden bell, golden beurré of bilboa, golden june, golden knap, golden queen, golden russet, _golden russet_ (syn. of japan golden russet), goldwörther lederbirne, gönnersche birne, goodale, goodale, e., orig. of goodale, goodrich, chauncey, orig. of paddock, gore, gov., orig. of heathcot, got, goubault, maurice, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , governor carver, grabel, jacob, orig. of posey, grabenbirne, grading of pears, graf moltke, grafting pears, graham, f. j., orig. of autumn nelis, _graham autumn nelis_ (syn. of autumn nelis), grand bretagne, grand isle, _grand monarque_ (syn. of catallac), grand-soliel, grant, graslin, grasshoff leckerbissen, gratiola, _graue flaschenbirne_ (syn. of calbasbirn), graue herbstrusselet, graue holzbirne, graue honigbirn, graue pelzbirne, graue speckbirne, graue zuckerbirne, grazbirne, great cassolette, great citron of bohemia, great mammoth, greece, ancient, pear in, greeks, monographs on husbandry by, green, charles a., introd. into america of président drouard, green chisel, green mountain boy, green pear of yair, _green yair_ (syn. of green pear of yair), gregoire, xavier, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; work as pear breeder, grégoire bordillon, grey good-wife, gris, m. le, orig. of doyenné de la grifferaye, grise-bonne, grolez-duriez, orig. of belle-moulinoise, ; fondante de moulins-lille, groom, introd. of groom prince royal, groom prince royal, gros blanquet long, gros blanquet rond, gros-hativeau, gros loijart, gros lucas, gros muscat rond, gros rousselet, gros rousselet d'aout, gros trouvé, _grosse angleterre de noisette_ (syn. of grosse poire d'amande), grosse eisbirne, grosse figue, grosse gelbe weinbirne, grosse-herbst-bergamotte, grosse landlbirne, grosse leutsbirne, grosse-louise, grosse mostputzer, grosse petersbirne, grosse poire d'amande, grosse poire de vitrier, grosse queue, grosse rommelter, grosse schöne jungfernbirne, grosse september birne, grosse sommer-zitronenbirne, grosse sommersirene, grosse späte weinbirne, _grosse verte-longue précoce de la sarthe_ (syn. of verte-longue de la sarthe), grosser roland, grousset, orig. of enfant nantais, groveland, grubbirne, grumkow, grunbirne, grüne confesselsbirne, grüne frühe gewurzbirne, grüne fürstliche tafelbirne, grüne gesegnete winterbirne, _grüne lange herbstbirne_ (syn. of long green), grüne langstielige winterhirtenbirne, _grüne magdalene_(syn. of madeleine), grüne pfundbirne, grüne pichelbirne, grüne sommer-bergamote, grüne sommer-citronenbirne, _grüne sommer-magdalene_ (syn. of madeleine), grüne wiedenbirne, grüne winawitz, grünmostler, _guenette_ (syn. of green chisel), gueniot, orig. of le brun, guéraud, orig. of adèle de saint-denis, guillot, orig. of bon-chrétien bonnamour, gulabi, guntershauser holzbirne, gustave bivort, gustave bourgogne, gustin summer, _gute graue_ (syn. of yat), gute grüne, _gute louise von avranches_(syn. of louise bonne de jersey), guyot, habichtsbirne, habit of growth of pear-trees, habitat of _pyrus auricularis_, ; _pyrus betulaefolia_, ; _pyrus calleryana_, ; _pyrus communis_, ; _pyrus nivalis_, ; _pyrus serotina_, ; _pyrus serotina culta_, ; _pyrus serrulata_, ; _pyrus ussuriensis_, hacon incomparable, ; parent of hoosic, haddington, haffner bros., orig. of haffner butterbirne, haffner butterbirne, hagar, _hagerman_ (syn. of hegeman), haight, hallische gelbe honigbirne, hamburg, hamburger birne, hamilton, hammelsbirne, hamon, hampden bergamot, hampton, w. c., orig. of hampton bergamot, ; hampton cluster, hampton bergamot, hampton cluster, hampton virgalieu, hancock, hancock, thomas, orig. of tatnall harvest, hangelbirne, hannover'sche jakobsbirne, hannover'sche margarethenbirne, hanover, hansen, n. e., orig. of pushkin, ; tolstoy, hardenpont, abbé, efforts in breeding pears by, ; orig. of varieties, , , , , hardenpont frühe colmar, _hardenpont's winter butterbirne_ (syn. of glou morceau), _hardy_ (syn. of beurré hardy), harigelsbirne, harnard, harnard, john, orig. of harnard, harris (georgia), harris (massachusetts), harrison large fall, hartberger mostbirne, harte neapolitanerin, hartwiss, m. de, orig. of beurré woronson, harvard, harvest, harvesting pears, harvey, eli, owner of original tree of brandywine, hassler, hassler, j. e., orig. of a. j. cook, ; hassler, hastings, j. c., introd. of frederica bremer, hausemerbirne, hautmonté, hawaii, hawes winter, hawkesbill, hays, heat resistant pears, heathcot, hebe, _hebron_ (syn. of pinneo), hedwig von der osten, _hedwige d'osten_ (syn. of hedwig von der osten), hegeman, hegeman, andrew, orig. of hegeman, heilige angelika-birne, hélène grégoire, hélin, dr., orig. of beurré caty, hellinckx, orig. of colmar d'alost, hellmann, orig. of melon de hellmann, hellmann, melonenbirn, hemminway, henkel, _henkel d'automne_ (syn. of henkel), henrard, denis, orig. of beurré fenzl, ; bon-chrétien de vernois, henri bivort, henri bouet, henri de bourbon, henri capron, henri decaisne, henri desportes, henri grégoire, henri ledocte, henri quatre, _henri van mons_ (syn. of fleur de neige), henrietta, henriette, henriette van cauwenberghe, henry, henry c., orig. of henry (illinois), henry (connecticut), henry (illinois), _henry the fourth_ (syn. of henri quatre), hérault, a., orig. of bergamotte hérault, ; fin juillet, ; joyau de septembre, herbelin, herbin, herborner schmalzbirne, herbst-citronenbirne, herbst-klöppelbirne, _herbstbirne ohne schale_ (syn. of lansac), herbsteierbirne, herbstlanger, _herbstsylvester_ (syn. of frédéric de wurtemberg), héricart, héricart de thury, herkimer, herr, a. g., orig. of herr late winter, herr late winter, hert, hertrich, orig. of bergamotte hertrich, hervy, michel-christophe, orig. of chaptal, _herzogin von angoulême_ (syn. of duchesse d'angoulême), hessenbirne, hessle, hewes, heyer zuckerbirne, hicks, isaac, orig. of durée, higginson, mention of pears by, hilda, hildegard, hildesheimer bergamotte, hildesheimer späte sommerbirne, hildesheimer winterbirn, hingham, hirschbirne, hirsenbirne, history of pear, long lapse in, hitzendorfer mostbirne, _hochfeine butterbirne_ (syn. of beurré superfin), hoe langer hoe liever, hofsta, holland green, holländische butterbirne, holländische gewürzbirne, holländische zuckerbirne, holmer, holt, l. w., orig. of effie holt, _holzfarbige butterbirne_ (syn. of flemish beauty), home ripening of pears, homer, mention of pear by, homestead, honey, honey (russia), honey dew, honigbergamotte, honnelbirne, hood, george, orig. of lycurgus, hoosic, hopedale nurs. co., introd. of weihmier sugar, hopfenbirne, hosenschenk, houdin, orig. of belle des arbrés, houghlin, joe, orig. of golden june, housatonic, houser, hovey, howard, howe, dr. john p., orig. of doctor howe, howe, john j., orig. of housatonic, howe winter, howell, ; place in commercial pear culture, howell, thomas, orig. of howell, _howell's seedling_ (syn. of howell), hubert grégoire, hudellet, jules, orig. of doyenné hudellet, huffcap, hüffel bratbirne, huggard, huguenot, huhle de printemps, hull, hungerford oswego, hunt connecticut, huntington, hurbain d'hiver, hussein armudi, hutcherson, huyshe, rev. john, orig. of "royal pears," _huyshe bergamot_ (syn. of huyshe prince of wales), huyshe prince consort, huyshe prince of wales, huyshe princess of wales, huyshe victoria, hyacinthe du puis, ickworth, ida, idaho, ilinka, impériale à feuilles de chêne, incommunicable, incomparable de beuraing, inconstant, indian queen, infortunée, ingénieur wolters, ingram, thomas, orig. of british queen, innominée, insects affecting pear, international, iris grégoire, _iron pear_ (syn. of black worcester), isabella, isabelle de malèves, island, italienische winterbergamotte, ives, ives, dr. eli, orig. of dow, ; ives, ; ives august, ; new haven, ives august, ives bergamotte, ives seedling, ives virgalieu, ives winter, ives yale, jablousky, jackson, jackson, s. s., orig. of jackson elizabeth, jackson elizabeth, jacqmain, jacques chamaret, jacques mollet, jakobsbirne, jalais, jacques, orig. of beurré du champ corbin, ; beurré jalais, ; bonne de jalais, ; chaigneau, ; duchesse anne, jalousie, _jalousie de fontenay_ (syn. of fontenay), _jalousie de fontenay vendée_ (syn. of fontenay), jalousie de la réole, jalousie tardive, jalvy, jamin & durand, origs. of doyenné jamin, jaminette, jansemine, japan, japan golden russet, japan wonder, japanese pear. (see _pyrus serotina_) japanese sand, jargonelle, ; ancient names of, jargonelle (french), ; parent of henri bouet, jargonelle d'automne, jaune hâtive, jaune de merveillon, jean baptist, jean-baptiste bivort, jean-baptiste dediest, jean cottineau, jean laurent, jean sano, jean de witte, jeanne, jeanne d'arc, jefferson, jersey gratioli, jerusalem, jeschil armudi, jewel, jewess, joanon, orig. of favorite joanon, ; professeur willermoz, ; sainte anne, john cotton, john griffith, john monteith, john williams, johonnot, johonnot, g. s., orig. of huguenot, ; johonnot, ; naumkeag, joie du semeur, jolie lille de gust, joly de bonneau, jonah, ; parent of howell, jones, joseph lebeau, joseph staquet, joséphine de binche, joséphine de malines, ; parent of autumn joséphine, ; georges delebecque, ; joie du semeur, joséphine de maubrai, _joséphine von mecheln_ (syn. of joséphine de malines), josephsbirne, josselyn, mention of pears by, joyau de septembre, ; parent of fin juillet, judge andrews, jules d'airoles (grégoire), jules d'airolles (leclerc), _jules bivort_ (syn. of délices de lovenjoul), jules blaise, jules delloy, _juli dechantsbirne_ (syn. of summer doyenné), julie duquet, julienne, juneberry, relationship of, to pear, juvardeil, kaestner, kalchbirne, kalmerbirne, kamper-venus, kathelenbirne, katy, _keiffer_ (syn. of kieffer), keiser, kelsey, kelsey, william, orig. of kelsey, kennedy, kenrick, william, introd. into america of beurré bosc, ; doyenné boussock, kentucky, kenyon, kermes, kessler, charles, introd. of reading, kieffer, ; parent of cassel, ; douglas, ; eureka, ; theodore williams, kieffer, peter, orig. of kieffer, kieffer and bartlett leading commercial pears, _kieffer's hybrid_ (syn. of kieffer), kilwinning, king, _king catherine_ (syn. of catherine royal), king edward, king seedling, king sobieski, kingsessing, kirtland, kirtland, prof., orig. of kirtland, klein landlbirne, kleine fuchselbirne, kleine gelbe bratbirne, kleine gelbe hessenbirne, kleine gelbe maukelbirne, kleine gelbe sommer-zuckerbirne, kleine gelbe sommermuskatellerbirne, kleine grüne backbirne, kleine lange sommer-muskatellerbirne, kleine leutsbirne, _kleine petersbirne_ (syn. of petersbirne), kleine pfalzgrafin, kleine pfundbirne, kleine runde haferbirne, kleine schlesische zimmbirne, _kleine schmalzbirne_ (syn. of petite fondante), kleine sommer-zuckerratenbirne, kleine zwiebelbirne, _kleiner katzenkopf_ (syn. of petit catallac, ) kloppelbirne, knabenbirne, knausbirne, knechtchensbirne, knight, knight, thomas andrew, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , knight, william, orig. of knight, _knight monarch_ (syn. of monarch), knollbirne, knoop, herman, orig. of calebasse, knoop, misses, orig. of des deux soeurs, knoops simmtbirne, kolmasbirne, kolstuck, könig karl von württemberg, königliche weissbirne, königsbirne, konstanzer langler, koolstock, koonce, _kopertscher_ (syn. of suprême coloma), _köstliche van mons_ (syn. of de duvergnies), kraft sommer bergamotte, krauelbirne, _kreiselförmige blankette_ (syn. of gros blanquet long), kreiselförmige flegelbirne, kriegebirne, krivonogof, krockhals, _kröten bergamotte_ (syn. of bergamotte bufo), krull, krull, orig. of krull, _krull winter_ (syn. of krull), krummgestielte feigenbirne, _krummholzige schmalzbirne_ (syn. of arbre courbé), kuhfuss, _kümmelbirne_ (syn. of besi d'héry), kurskaya, l'inconnue van mons, l'inconstante, la béarnaise, _la bonne malinoise_ (syn. of winter nelis), la cité gomand, la france, _la grosse oignonette_ (syn. of onion), la moulinoise, la quintinye, la savoureuse, la solsticiale, la vanstalle, lachambre, octave, orig. of octave lachambre, lacroix, _lady_ (syn. of vigne), lady clapp, lafayette, lagrange, orig. of sénateur vaisse, lahérard, _lamartine_ (syn. of de lamartine), lammas, lämmerbirne, lampe, orig. of belle de juillet, lamy, lancaster, lancaster, t. s., orig. of lancaster, landsberger malvasier, langbirne, lange gelbe bischofsbirne, lange gelbe muscatellerbirne, _lange grüne herbstbirne_ (syn. of long green of autumn), lange grüne winterbirne, lange mundnetzbirne, lange sommer-bergamotte, lange wasserbirne, langelier, réné, orig. of beurré langelier, langstieler, langstielige pfaffenbirne, langstielige zuckerbirne, lansac, _large blanquet_ (syn. of gros blanquet long), large duchess, larissa, laure gilbert, laure de glymes, lawrence, ; place of, in new york pear culture, lawson, lawson, owner of original tree of, laxton, orig. of laxton bergamot, laxton, bergamot, le breton, le brun, le congo, le conte, ; parent of big productive, ; conkleton, _le curé_ (syn. of vicar of winkfield), le lecher, le lectier, le lectier, improvement of pears by, leaf-blight of pear, notes on, leaf-buds of pear, characteristics of, leaf-spot of pear, notes on, leaves of pear, characteristics of, leclerc, léon, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , leclerc-thouin, lederbirne, lederbogen, orig. of beurré de lederbogen, lee, lee seckel, leech, isaac, owner of original tree of kingsessing, lefèvre, orig. of beurré de mortefontaine, lefèvre-boitelle, orig. of beurré pauline delzent, léger, lehoferbirne, _leipsic radish_ (syn. of leipziger rettigbirn), leipziger rettigbirn, lemon (massachusetts), lemon (russia), lenawee, leochine de printemps, léon dejardin, léon grégoire, léon leclerc (van mons), ; parent of rutter, léon leclerc Épineux, lèon leclerc de laval, lèon recq, léon rey, léonce de vaubernier, léonie, léonie bouvier, léonie pinchart, léontine van exem, leopold i., leopold riche, lepine, _leptothyrium pomi_, cause of brown-blotch of pear, leroy, andré, discussion of increase in pear varieties by, ; introd. of varieties, , , ; orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , lesbre, lesèble, narcisse, orig. of bergamotte lesèble, lesuer, a., orig. of le lecher, ; le lectier, levard, levester zuckerbirne, lewes, lewis, lewis, john, orig. of lewis, lexington, liabaud, orig. of alexandre chomer, ; bergamotte liabaud, liard, orig. of napoleon, liberale, libotton, orig. of crassane libotton, liegel honigbirne, lieutenant poidevin, _limbertwig_ (syn. of tonkovietka), limon, lincoln, lincoln coreless, linzer mostbirne, _little blanquet_ (syn. of petit-blanquet), _little muscat_ (syn. of petit-muscat), livingston, judge, orig. of nonpareil, livingston virgalieu, _livre_ (syn. of black worcester), locations and soils for pears, locke, locke, james, orig. of locke, lodge, loire, orig. of loire-de-mons, loire-de-mons, loisel, orig. of beurré loisel, london sugar, long green, long green of autumn, long green of esperin, _long green panache_ (syn. of verte-longue panachée), longland, longue du bosquet, longue-garde, longue-sucrée, _longue-verte_ (syn. of long green), _longue verte d'hiver_ (syn. of lange grüne winterbirne), ; (sächsische lange grüne winterbirne), longueville, longworth, loose, henry, orig. of tiffin, lorenzbirne, loriol de barny, lothrop, loubiat, louis cappe, louis grégoire, louis noisette, louis pasteur, louis-philippe, louis van houte, louis vilmorin, _louise_ (syn. of louise bonne de jersey), louise-bonne, louise bonne d'avanches panachée, louise bonne de jersey, ; parent of du breuil père, ; magnate, ; princess, ; professeur dubreuil, ; souvenir de du breuil père, _louise bonne of jersey_ (syn. of louise bonne de jersey), louise-bonne de printemps, ; parent of baron leroy, louise bonne sannier, ; parent of boieldien, louise de boulogne, louise dupont, louise d'orléans, louise de prusse, louison, lovaux, lovell, w. g. l., orig. of glastonbury, lowell, john, introd. into america of forelle, ; marie louise, ; winter nelis, lübecker prinzessin birne, lubin, lucie audusson, lucien chauré, lucien leclercq, lucné hative, _lucrative_ (syn. of belle lucrative), lucy duke, lucy grieve, luizet, orig. of prémices d'Écully, luola, lutovka, lutzbirne, luxemburger mostbirne, lycurgus, lydie thiérard, lyerle, lyerle, orig. of lyerle, lyon, mace, machländer mostbirne, mackleroy, mackleroy, davis, orig. of mackleroy, mclaughlin, ; parent of goodale, mclaughlin, henry, orig. of eastern belle, ; indian queen, _mclellan_ (syn. of whieldon), macomber, macomber, benjamin, orig. of grand isle, ; refreshing, ; prop. of vermont beauty, macomber, j. t., orig. of macomber, mcvean, _madame_ (syn. of windsor), _madame adélaïde de rêves_ (syn. of adélaïde de rèves), madame alfred conin, madame andré leroy, madame antoine lormier, madame appert, madame arsène sannier, madame ballet, madame baptiste desportes, madame blanchet, madame bonnefond, madame charles gilbert, madame chaudy, madame cuissard, madame delmotte, madame ducar, madame duparc, madame durieux, madame Élisa, madame Élisa dumas, madame ernest baltet, madame favre, madame flon, madame grégoire, _madame hemminway_ (syn. of hemminway), madame henri desportes, madame loriol de barny, madame lyé-baltet, madame de madre, madame millet, madame morel, madame planchon, madame du puis, madame de roucourt, madame stoff, madame torfs, madame treyve, madame vazille, madame verté, madame von siebold, madeleine, ; parent of eliot early, madeleine d'angers, mademoiselle blanche sannier, mademoiselle marguerite gaujard, mademoiselle solange, magherman, magnate, magnolia, maine-et-loire, horticultural society of, orig. of plantagenet, maisonneuve, françois, orig. of beurré favre, malassis, abbé, orig. of doyenné d'alençon, malconnaître d'haspin, _malines_ (syn. of joséphine de malines), malus, relationship to pear, malvoisie de landsberg, manchester, mandelblättrige schneebirne, manning, manning, robert, biography of, ; introd. into america of varieties, , ; orig. of varieties, ; pomological garden of, _manning's elizabeth_ (syn. of elizabeth), mannington, john, orig. of caroline hogg, ; maud hogg, ; meresia nevill, mannsbirne, mansfield, mansuette, mansuette double, mapes, prof., orig. of quinn, marasquine, march bergamot, maréchal de cour, maréchal dillen, maréchal pelissier, maréchal vaillant, margaret, margarethenbirne, _marguerite-acidule_ (syn. of säuerliche margarethenbirne), marguerite d'anjou, marguerite chevalier, marguerite marillat, maria, maria de nantes, maria stuart, marianne de nancy, marie benoist, marie guisse, marie henriette, marie jallais, marie louise, ; parent of british queen, ; marie louise d'uccle, ; pierre paternotte, _marie-louise delcourt_ (syn. of marie louise), marie louise nova, marie louise d'uccle, marie mottin, marie parent, marietta, mariette de millepieds, marillat, orig. of marguerite marillat, markbirne, marketing pears, markets, local, pears for, marksbirne, marmion, _marmorirte schmalzbirne_ (syn. of doyenné d'alençon), marquise, marquise de bedman, marsaneix, marshall, marshall, william, orig. of marshall, marshall wilder, martha ann, martin, martin-sec, martin-sire, marulis, mary (case), mary (van mons), _mary_ (syn. of margaret), mas, orig. of varieties, mascon colmar, masselbacher mostbirne, masuret, mather, mather, john, orig. of mather, mathilde, mathilde gomand, mathilde recq, mathilde de rochefort, matou, matthews, maud hogg, maude, maurice desportes, maurier, discov. of duchesse d'orléans, maury, reuben, orig. of elizabeth maury, mausebirne, max, mayflower, maynard, mayr frühzeitige butterbirne, mecham, medaille d'été, _medaille d'or_ (syn. of frédéric de wurtemberg), medicine, pears used for, medlar, relationship of, to pear, medofka, meissner grossvatersbirne, meissner hirschbirne, meissner langstielige feigenbirne, meissner liebchensbirne, meissner zwiebelbirne, mélanie michelin, mellish, melon, melon de hellmann, ménagère sucrée de van mons, mendenhall, merchant, mrs. ezra, orig. of tea, meresia nevill, merlet, merriam, merriweather, orig. of taylor, méruault, _merveille d'hiver_ (syn. of petit-oin), merveille de moringen, mespilus, relationship of, to the pear, messire jean, messire jean goubault, meuris, discov. of beurré diel, michaelmas nelis, michaux, mignonne d'été, mignonne d'hiver, mikado, milan d'hiver, milan de rouen, miller, miller, judge s., introd. of victor, _miller victor_ (syn. of victor), millet, orig. of jules blaise, millet, charles, orig. of madame millet, millot de nancy, milner, mima wilder, ministre bara, ministre pirmez, ministre viger, minot, orig. of sebastopol, minot jean marie, missile d'hiver, mission, mitchell russet, mite on pear, mitschurin, mitschurin, orig. of roulef, ; vosschanka, moccas, mollet, charles, orig. of mollet guernsey beurré, mollet guernsey beurré, monarch, monchallard, monchallard, discov. of monchallard, mongolian, monseigneur affre, monseigneur des hons, monseigneur sibour, moon, moorcroft, moore, jacob, orig. of barseck, moorfowl egg, morel, morel, françois, orig. of favorite morel, ; perrier, ; professeur hortolès, ; morgan, ; souvenir du congrès, morgan, orig. of morgan, morley, morosovskaja, mortier, m. du, orig. of beurré daras, mortillet, m. de, orig. of agricola, ; bijou, ; bon-chrétien ricchiero, moskovka, mostbirne, mount vernon, ; value of for local market in new york, moyamensing, mr. hill's pear, mrs. seden, muddy brook, muir, hal, orig. of muir everbearing, muir everbearing, _muirfowl egg_ (syn. of moorfowl egg), mulkey, mrs., orig. of idaho, müller, orig. of könig karl von württemberg, mungo park, munz apothekerbirne, muscadine, muscat allemand d'automne, _muscat allemand d'hiver_ (syn. of deutsche muskateller), muscat fleuri d'Été, muscat robert, muscat royal, muscat royal de mayer, muscat roye, muscatelle, musette d'anjou, musette de nancy, muskateller-bergamotte, _müskierte pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of orange musquée), muskingum, _müskirte schmeerbirne_ (syn. of petit-oin), muskirte wintereirbirne, musquée d'espéren, mussette, mützchensbirne, _mycosphærella sentina_, cause of pear leaf-spot, naegelgesbirn, nain vert, napa, naples, napoleon, ; parent of fondante de moulins-lille, _napoleon i._ (syn. of napoleon), napoleon iii., _napoleon butterbirne_ (syn. of napoleon), napoléon savinien, naquette, nassau ehre, naudin, naumkeag, navez peintre, neapolitan, nec plus meuris, ; parent of general wauchope, _nec plus meuris_ (syn. of beurré d'anjou), nectarine, negley, negley, j. s., orig. of negley, nelis, jean charles, orig. of joseph lebeau, ; winter nelis, _nélis d'hiver_ (syn. of winter nelis), nérard, orig. of bergamotte jars, ; beurré antoine, ; colmar de mars, ; hamon, ; seringe, nerbonne, m. de, orig. of nain vert, neuburg, orig. of bremer butterbirne, new bridge, new england, introduction of pear in, new haven, new meadow, newhall, newtown, nicholas, nickerson, nicolas eischen, nicolle, orig. of bergamotte nicolle, niell d'hiver, nikitaer grüne herbst-apothekerbirne, niles, niles, j. m., orig. of niles, _nina_ (syn. of elizabeth), niochi de parma, noir grain, noire d'alagier, noisette, louis, introd. of beurré d'hiver, ; summer saint germain, ; orig. of bon-chrétien d'hiver panaché, ; de rachinquin, nonpareil, nordhäuser winter-forellenbirne, norfolk county, normännische ciderbirne, _northford seckel_ (syn. of talmadge), notaire lepin, notaire minot, nouhes, orig. of délices de la cacaudière, ; président parigot, ; royale vendée, nouveau doyenne d'hiver, nouveau poiteau, nouvelle aglaé, nouvelle fulvie, nussbirne, nypse, _oak-leaved imperial_ (syn. of impériale à feuilles de chêne), oakley park bergamotte, occidental pears, description of species of, ochsenherz, ockletree, ockletree, orig. of ockletree, ockletree pear tree, octave lachambre, oesterreichische muskatellerbirne, oeuf de woltmann, ogereau, ognon, _ognonet_ (syn. of archiduc d'Été), ognonnet, oignon, oignonet de provence, oken, oldfield, olivenbirne, oliver, g. w., orig. of oliver russet, oliver russet, oliver, discov. of président drouard, olivier de serres, ; parent of cavelier de la salle, _omer-pacha_ (syn. of saint menin), one-third, oneida, onion, onondaga, ontario, orange, orange-bergamot, _orange de briel _(syn. of brielsche pomeranzenbirne), orange county nurs. co., introd. of wilder sugar, orange d'hiver, orange mandarine, orange musquée, orange pear tree, old, orange rouge, orange tulipée, orange de vienne, orchards, pear, care of, ; catch crops for, orchards of mixed varieties of pears, ordensbirne, orel , oriental pears, descriptions of species of, ; influence of, on american pear culture, orpheline colmar, _orpheline d'enghien_ (syn. of beurré d'arenberg), osband summer, osborne, osborne, john, orig. of osborne, _osimaya_ (syn. of winter), oswego beurré, oswego incomparable, ott, ott, samuel, orig. of ott, owen, owen, john, orig. of owen, owener birne, oyster-shell scale on pear, ozark, p. barry, pacific states, introduction of pear-growing in, paddock, padres, early growers of pears, pailleau, pain-et-vin, palmischbirne, papeleu, adrien, orig. of beurré payen, ; navez peintre, _paquency_ (syn. of payenche), paradiesbirne, pardee, pardee, s. d., orig. of dickerman, ; pardee, parfum d'aout, parfum d'hiver, parfum de rose, parfumé, parfumée, parigot, orig. of appoline, ; beurré bourbon, ; comptesse de chambord, ; doyenné fradin, ; eugène des nouhes, pariset, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , parkinson, discussion of pears by, parkinson's pears known at present, parmentier, andrew, introd. of surpasse virgalieu, ; orig. of bergamotte de stryker, parrot, parry, william, orig. of cincincis seedling, parsonage, passa-tutti, passans du portugal, passe colmar, ; parent of alexandrine mas, ; félix sahut, ; wilmington, ; zéphirin grégoire, passe-colmar des belges, passe colmar d'été, _passe colmar françois_ (syn. of jean de witte), passe colmar musqué, passe crassane, ; parent of prince napoléon, passe-goemans, passe madeleine, passe-tardive, pastor, pastorale, _pastorenbirne_ (syn. of vicar of winkfield), pater noster, patemotte, pierre, orig. of pierre patemotte, patten, charles g., orig. of seckel seedling no. , paul ambre, paul bonamy, paul coppieters, paul d'hoop, paul thielens, pauls birne, payen, payenche, payne, james, discov. of seneca, payton, payton, orig. of payton, peach, pear, adaptability of the, to soils and locations, ; black mold of the, ; brown-blotch of the, ; codling moth on the, ; crown-gall on the, ; descriptive blank of the, opposite ; fertility of the, ; history of the, ; leaf-blight of the, ; leaf-spots of the, notes on, ; oyster-shell scale on the, ; pink-rot of the, ; san jose scale on the, ; structural botany of the, pear-blight, control of, ; early occurrence of, in america, ; notes on, -borers, -breeding, van mons' theory of, -characteristics of the, unchanged since time of pliny, -culture, climate adapted to, ; economic considerations important to, ; importance of stocks in, ; notes on, ; statistics of, -diseases, -districts in america, minor, -growing, a comparison of english and american, -insects, -mites, -orchards, care of, ; catch crops for, ; sod versus clean culture for, ; tillage of, -psylla, -scab, ; treatment of, -slug, -stocks, notes on, -thrips, -trees, characters of, ; description of leaf-buds and leaves of, ; description of trunk and branches of, ; flower-buds and flowers of, ; age of, ; setting of, notes on, -varieties, adaptability of, for dwarfing, ; blight resistant, ; blooming season of, ; ripening season of, pears, canning of, ; cold storage of, ; commercial, leading varieties of, ; cost of growing, ; descriptions of species of, ; discussion of the setting of fruit of, ; fertilizers for, ; grading of, ; grafting of, ; hardy, notes on, ; harvesting and marketing of, ; home ripening of, ; local market for, ; methods of planting of, ; mixed varieties of, in orchards, ; occidental, description of species of, ; oriental, description of species of, ; pruning of, ; self-fertile varieties of, ; self-sterile varieties of, ; soils and locations for, ; wild, ; wild, species of, _pêche_ (syn. of peach), peck, thomas r., orig. of royal, pei-li, pemberton, penderson, penderson, samuel, orig. of penderson, pendleton early york, pengethley, penn, pennsylvania, pepin, perpetual, perrier, perry, william, introd. of lincoln coreless, pertusati, pests, damage to american pears by, petersbirne, petit-blanquet, petit catillac, petit-chaumontel, petit-hativeau, petit-muscat, petit-oin, _petite bergamotte jaune d'Été_ (syn. of kleine gelbe sommermuskatellerbirne), petite charlotte, _petite comtesse palatine_ (syn. of kleine pfalzgrafin), petite fondante, petite marguerite, _petite muscat long d'Été_ (syn. of kleine lange sommer-muskatellerbirne), _petite poire de pierre_ (syn. of petersbirne), petite tournaisienne, petite victorine, petre, ; first variety to originate in america, pfaffenbirne, pfingstbirne, philiberte, _philipp der gute_ (syn. of philippe-le-bon), philippe-le-bon, philippe couvreur, philippe goes, philippot, philippot, orig. of philippot, philopena, picciola, pickering, or warden pear tree, _pickering_ (syn. of pound), pie ix, _pied-de-vache_ (syn. of kuhfuss), pierre corneille, pierre curie, pierre macé, pierre paternotte, pierre pépin, pierre tourasse, pimpe, pink-rot of pear, pinneo, pitmaston, pitmaston, william, orig. of bergamot seckel, _pitmaston duchess_ (syn. of pitmaston), _pitmaston duchesse d'angoulême_ (syn. of pitmaston), piton, piton, discov. of piton, pitson, _pius ix_ (syn. of pie ix), pius x, plantagenet, planting methods for pears, plascart, platt, platte honigbirne, pliny, medicinal qualities ascribed to pears by, ; mention of pear varieties by, ; pear characteristics given by, plutarch, discussion of the pear in greece by, pocahontas, pöckelbirne, poëte béranger, poire d'abbeville, _poire d'amour d'hiver_ (syn. of winterliebesbirne), poire d'ange de meiningen, _poire d'aunée d'Été_ (syn. of sommeralantbirne), poire d'avril, _poire baronne leroy_ (syn. of baron leroy), _poire du breuil père_ (syn. of souvenir de du breuil père), poire brune de gasselin, _poire canelle_ (syn. of knoops simmtbirne), poire de casserole, poire des chartriers, poire des chasseurs, _poire de chevalier de buttner_ (syn. of buttner sachsische ritterbirne), poire de coq, _poire dingler_ (syn. of lamy), poire de graisse, poire de gros queue, _poire henri_ (syn. of henri bivort), poire de hert, poire de houblon, poire de klevenow, _poire de lard brune_ (syn. of braunrote speckbirne), _poire livre verte_ (syn. of grüne pfundbirne), _poire de miel de liegel_ (syn. of liegel honigbirne), poire noire à longue queue, _poire des nonnes_ (syn. of beurré de brigné), _poire de paul_ (syn. of pauls birne), poire du pauvre, poire des peintres, poire de pendant, _poire-pomme_ (syn. of apple pear), poire de preuilly, poire de rateau, poire rigoleau, poire du roeulx, _poire de saint père_ (syn. of saint père), _poire seutin_ (syn. of seutin), poire souvenir d'hortolès père, poire thouin, poire de torpes, poire des trois fréres, poire des trois jours, _poire trompette_ (syn. of trompetenbirne), _poire des urbanistes_ (syn. of urbaniste), _poire de vallée_ (syn. of vallée franche), _poire de vitrier_, poire du voyageur, poirer de jardin, _poirier sauger_. (see _pyrus nivalis_) poiteau, poiteau, orig. of bergamotte poiteau, _poiteau_ (_des français_) (syn. of bergamotte poiteau), polish lemon, polk, pollan, pollvaskaja, polnische grüne krautbirne, polnische seidenbirne, pome, definition of, ; fruit characters of, pomeranzenbirn von zabergäu, pomme d'Été, pomological garden of robert manning, pomology, first american by coxe, pope quaker, pope scarlet major, portail, porter, portingall, posey, pound, pradel bros., orig. of rousselet de pomponne, prager schaferbirne, prairie du pond, _präsident drouard_ (syn. of président drouard), pratt, pratt junior, pratt seedling, precilly, précoce de celles, précoce de jodoigne, précoce de tivoli, précoce de trévoux, précoce trottier, _précoce de wharton_ (syn. of wharton early), premature, prémices d'Écully, prémices de wagelwater, premier, premier président métivier, _present royal of naples_ (syn. of beau présent d'artois), présent de van mons, president, président barabé, président de la bastie, président boncenne, président campy, president clark, président couprie, président deboutteville, president dr. ward, président drouard, président d'estaintot, president felton, président fortier, président héron, président mas, président muller, président olivier, président d'osmonville, président parigot, président payen, president pouyer-quertier, président royer, président le sant, président watier, présidente senente, _preul's colmar_ (syn. of passe colmar), prévost, pricke, primating, prince, william, introd. of sha lea, ; orig. of prince harvest, ; saint-germain, prince albert, prince harvest, prince impérial, prince impérial de france, prince de joinville, prince napoléon, prince d'orange, prince de printemps, prince saint-germain, prince seed virgalieu, princess, princess maria, princesse charlotte, _princesse de lubeck_ (syn. of lübecker prinzessin birne), princesse marianne, princesse d'orange, _princesse-royale_ (syn. of groom prince royal,) princière, pringalle, célestin, orig, of beurré pringalle, priou, priou, discov. of priou, professeur barral, professeur bazin, professeur dubreuil, professeur grosdemange, professeur hennau, professeur hortolès, professeur opoix, professeur willermoz, prud'homme, pruning pears, psylla, pear, pudsey, puebla, pulsifer, pulsifer, dr. john, orig. of pulsifer, pushkin, pyrolle, orig. of jaminette, pyrus, characters of, _pyrus amygdaliformis_, note on, _pyrus auricularis_, habitat of, ; specific description of, _pyrus betulaefolia_, habitat of, ; specific description of, _pyrus calleryana_, habitat of, ; specific notes on, _pyrus communis_, behavior of, as a wild pear, ; habitat of, ; specific description of, _pyrus communis cordata_, specific notes on, _pyrus communis longipes_, specific notes on, _pyrus communis mariana_, specific notes on, _pyrus communis pyraster_, specific notes on, _pyrus communis sativa_, specific notes on, _pyrus elæagrifolia_, relationship of, to _pyrus nivalis_, _pyrus heterophylla_, note on, _pyrus kotschyana_, relationship of, to _pyrus nivalis_, _pyrus lindleyi_, relationship of, to _pyrus serotina_, _pyrus nivalis_, behavior of, as a wild pear, ; habitat of, , ; specific description of, _pyrus ovoidea_, blight resistance of, ; parent of tolstoy, ; specific description of, _pyrus pashia_, distinction of, from _pyrus variolosa_, _pyrus salicifolia_, note on, _pyrus salvifolia_, relationship of, to _pyrus nivalis_, _pyrus serotina_, behavior of, as a wild pear, ; habitat of , ; specific description of, ; value of, as a pear stock, _pyrus serotina culta_, habitat of, ; specific description of, _pyrus serotina stapfiana_, note on, _pyrus serrulata_, habitat of, ; specific notes on, _pyrus sinensis_, relationship of, to _pyrus serotina_, _pyrus syriaca_, note on, _pyrus ussuriensis_, blight resistance of, ; habitat of, ; specific description of, _pyrus variolosa_, notes on, queen jargonelle, queen victoria, quiletette, quince, quince, japanese, relationship of, to the pear, quince stocks for pear, quinn, quintinye, la. (see la quintinye) raabe, orig. of honey dew, _radis de leipsick_ (syn. of leipziger rettigbirn), ragan, reuben, discov. of philopena, rahm, rev. w. l., introd. into england of vicar of winkfield, rainbirne, rallay, rameau, ramilies, rankin, rankin, w. h., discov. of rankin, rannaja, rapelje, rastlerbirne, rateau blanc, ravenswood, _ravu_ (syn. of ravut), ravut, raymond, raymond de montlaur, raymould, rayner, mrs., orig. of hacon incomparable, re umberto primo, read, walter, orig. of oswego beurré, reading, recq de pambroye, _red doyenné_ (syn. of doyenné gris), red garden, _red muscadel_ (syn. of jargonelle (french)), _red orange_ (syn. of orange rouge), red pear, redfield, reeder, reeder, dr. henry, orig. of reeder, _reeder's seedling_ (syn. of reeder), refreshing, _regentin_ (syn. of passe colmar), regina margherita, régine, regnier, regnier, madame, orig. of regnier, reichenäckerin, reine des belges, reine d'hiver, reine des poires, reine des précoces, reine des tardives, reine victoria, reliance, remy chatenay, rené dunan, rettigbirne, reuterbirne, rewell, rey, orig. of léon rey, reymenans, reynaert beernaert, rheinische birne, rheinische herbstapothekerbirne, rheinische paradiesbirne, rhenser schmalzbirne, richards, richardson, riche dépouille, ridelle, riehl, edwin h., discov. of riehl best, riehl best, riocreux, ripening of pears in the home, ripening season of pear varieties, ritson, ritson, mrs. john, orig. of ritson, ritter, ritter, louis, discov. of ritter, rival dumont, rivers, rivers, thomas, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , robert, orig. of belle du figuier, ; général canrobert, robert & moreau, orig. of beurré fidéline, ; fondante de la maitre-École, robert hogg, robert treel, _robertson_ (syn. of washington), robin, orig. of doyenné robin, robine, robitaillié, orig. of robitaillié père, robitaillié père, roby, h. r., introd. of winter seckel, ; orig. of cooke, rockeneirbirne, roe, william, orig. of roe bergamot, roe bergamot, rogers, roggenhoferbirne, _roi charles de wurtemberg_ (syn. of könig karl von württemberg), _roi d'Été_ (syn. of gros rousselet), roi-guillaume, roi de rome, roitelet, rokeby, roland, orig. of beurré roland, rollet, orig. of notaire lepin, rolmaston duchess, rome, ancient, pear in, ronde du bosquet, rondelet, rongiéras, orig. of beurré des mouchouses, rooks, orig. of ozark, roosevelt, ropes, ropes, orig. of ropes, rorreger mostbirne, rosabirne, rosalie wolters, rosanne, rose doyenné, rose water, rosenhofbirne, rosenwasserbirne, rosinenbirne, roslyn, ross, ross, charles, orig. of general wauchope, ross, gideon, orig. of japan, rossney, rostiezer, _rote bergamotte_ (syn. of bergamotte d'automne), rote hanglbirne, rote holzbirne, rote kochbirne, rote pilchelbirne, rote scheibelbirne, rote winawitz, rotfleischige mostbirne, rothbackige sommerzuckerbirne, rothe confesselsbirne, rothe jakobsbirne, rothe langstielige honigbirne, rothe oder grosse pfalzgrafinbirne, rothe rettigbirne, rothe winterkappesbirne, rothe winterkochbirne, rothe zucherlachsbirne, _rother sommerdorn_ (syn. of Épine d'Été rouge), rother winterhasenkopf, rothgraue kirchmessbirne, rougeaude, rouget, roulef, rouse lench, rousselet aelens, rousselet d'anvers, _rousselet d'aout_ (syn. of gros rousselet d'aout), rousselet baud, rousselet bivort, rousselet blanc, rousselet de la cour, rousselet decoster, rousselet doré d'hiver, _rousselet enfant prodigue_ (syn. of enfant prodigue), _rousselet d'été brun rouge_ (syn. of braunrothe sommerrusselet), rousselet hâtif, _rousselet d'hiver_ (syn. of winter rousselet), rousselet de janvier, rousselet jaune d'Été, rousselet de jodoigne, rousselet de jonghe, rousselet de meestre, rousselet panaché, rousselet de pomponne, rousselet précoce, rousselet de reims, parent of bon chrétien vermont, rousselet de rheims, rousselet de rheims panaché, rousselet royal, rousselet saint nicolas, rousselet saint-quentin, rousselet saint vincent, rousselet de stuttgardt, rousselet thaon, rousselet theuss, rousselet vanderwecken, rousseline, rousselon, roux carcas, rové, rowling, royal, royal d'hiver, royale vendée, ruhschiebler, rummelter birne, runde gelbe honigbirne, runde sommerpomeranzenbirne, _rushmore_ (syn. of harrison large fall), russbirne, russelet petit, russet bartlett, russet catherine, russian pears, introduction into america, rutter, rutter, john, orig. of rutter, rylsk, s. t. wright, sabine, sabine d'Été, sacandaga, sächsische glockenbirne, sächsische lange grüne winterbirne, safran, sage-leaved pear. (see _pyrus nivalis_) sageret, orig. of angleterre nain, ; beauvalot, ; bergamotte sageret, ; doyenné rose, saint andré, saint andrew, saint aubin sur riga, saint-augustin, saint denis, saint dorothée, saint françois, saint gallus weinbirne, saint george, saint germain, ; parent of marie guisse, ; williams double bearing, saint germain gris, saint germain panaché, saint germain de pepins, saint germain puvis, saint germain du tilloy, saint germain van mons, _saint-germain vauquelin_ (syn. of vauquelin), saint ghislain, saint herblain d'hiver, _saint-laurent jaune_ (syn. of gelbe laurentiusbirne), saint lézin, saint louis, saint luc, saint luke, _st. martial_ (syn. of angélique de bordeaux), saint menin, _saint-michael_ (syn. of white doyenné), st. michel archange, _saint-nicolas_ (syn. of duchesse d'orléans), saint patrick, saint père, st. swithin, saint vincent de paul, sainte anne, _sainte germain d'Été_ (syn. of summer saint germain), _sainte madelaine_ (syn. of madeleine), sainte thérèse, salisbury, salviati, salzburger von adlitz, sam brown, samenlose, san jose scale on pear, sand pear. (see _pyrus serotina_) sand pear, chinese, parent of garber, ; kieffer, ; le conte, _sanguine de france_ (syn. of sanguinole), sanguine d'italie, sanguinole, sanguinole de belgique, sannier, arséne, orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , sans-pareille du nord, sans peau, santa anna, santa claus, santa rosa, sapieganka, sarah, sarrasin, sary-birne, säuerliche margarethenbirne, scab, pear, ; treatment of, scale insects on pear, _scented_ (syn. of duchovaya), schellesbirne, schenk, john, orig. of hosenschenk, schmalblättrige schneebirne, schmotzbirne, schnackenburger winterbirne, schöberlbirne, _schöne angevine_ (syn. of pound), schöne müllerin, _schöne zuckerbirne_ (syn. of belle sucrée), schönebeck tafelbirne, schönerts omsewitzer schmalzbirne, schönlin stuttgarter späte winterbutterbirne, _schönste sommerbirne_ (syn. of jargonelle (french)), schuman, schwarze birne, schweizer wasserbirne, sdegnata, seal, sébastien, sebastopol, secher, orig. of duchesse de bordeaux, seckel, ; parent of adams, ; barseck, ; eureka, ; feast, ; gansel seckel, ; luola, ; president clark, ; worden seckel, ; youngken winter seckel, ; place of, in commercial pear culture, seckel seedling no. , _seckle_ (syn. of seckel), secrétaire maréschal, secrétaire rodin, _seigneur_ (syn. of belle lucrative), seigneur daras, _seigneur d'espéren_ (syn. of belle lucrative), seigneur d'Été, self-fertile and self-sterile pears, selleck, semis d'echasserie, semis léon leclerc, _semis de white_ (syn. of white seedling), sénateur préfet, sénateur vaisse, seneca, senfbirne, seringe, serrurier, seutin, sha lea, shawmut, sheldon, ; place of, in commercial pear culture, sheldon, major, owner of original tree of sheldon, shenandoah, sheppard, sheppard, james, orig. of sheppard, sheridan, shindel, shobden court, shroeder, r., introd. of winter, shurtleff, shurtleff, dr. s. a., orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , sieboldii, sieulle, jean, orig. of doyenné sieulle, sievenicher mostbirne, _silberästige gewürzbirne_ (syn. of rameau), _silvange_ (syn. of bergamotte silvange), sikaya, simon bouvier, ; parent of rousselet bivort, sinai'sche buschelbirne, sinclair, sirningers mostbirne, six, orig. of beurré six, size and habit of pear-trees, _skinless_ (syn. of sans peau), slavonische wasserbirne, slug on pear, slutsk, _small blanquet_ (syn. of petit-blanquet), smet fils unique, smith, smith, j. b., orig. of haddington, ; moyamensing, ; pennsylvania, smith, s. f., orig. of seedling pears, smith, w. & t., orig. of ontario, smith beauty, smith duchess, snow, snow pear. (see _pyrus nivalis)_ society van mons, distrib. of varieties, , , ; orig. of varieties, , , , sod versus clean culture for pear orchards, soeur grégoire, soils and locations for pears, soldat bouvier, soldat laboureur, ; parent of président d'estaintot, _solitaire_ (syn. of mansuette), sommeralantbirne, _sommerdechantsbirne_(syn. of summer doyenné), sommerkönigin, sommer-russelet, sommerwachsbirne, sommer-zuckerbirne, sophie de l'ukraine, sotschnaja, soueraigne, soutmann, _souvenir_ (syn. of souvenir du congrès), souvenir de l'abbé lefebvre, souvenir de du breuil père, souvenir du congrès, souvenir deschamps, souvenir désiré gilain, souvenir d'espéren, _souvenir d'espéren_ (syn. of fondante de noël), souvenir d'espéren de berckmans, souvenir favre, souvenir de gaëte, souvenir de julia, _souvenir de leopold i^{er}_ (syn. of vingt-cinquième anniversaire de léopold i^{er}), souvenir de leroux-durand, souvenir de lydie, souvenir de madame charles, _souvenir de madame treyve_ (syn. of madame treyve), souvenir de la reine des belges, souvenir de renault père, souvenir de sannier père, souvenir de simon bouvier, _souvenir de simon bouvier_ (syn. of simon bouvier), souvenir du vénérable de la salle, souveraine de printemps, spae, spae, orig. of spae, _spanish warden_ (syn. of bon-chrétien d'espagne), _sparbirne_ (syn. of jargonelle), späte rotbirne, späte sommerbirne ohne schale, späte todemannsbirne, späte wasserbirne, spätes graumänchen, species of oriental pears, descriptions of, species of pears, ; characters of, ; descriptions of, speckbirne, speedwell, spillingsbirne, spindelförmige honigbirne, spindelförmige rehbirne, spinka, spreeuw, _squash_ (syn. of taynton squash), stair, discoverer of bartlett, star of bethlehem, stark, w. p., introd. of victor, stark bros., introd. of florida bartlett, statistics of pear culture, steinbirne, steinmitz catharine, stephens, prof., discov. of rapelje, sterckmans, orig. of beurré sterckmans, sterility of pear, sterling, sterling, orig. of sterling, stevens, m. f., orig. of stevens genesee, stevens genesee, stocks for pears, importance of, ; notes on, stoff, orig. of madame stoff, stoffels, orig. of sabine d'Été, stone, stone, orig. of stone, stone & wellington, orig. of pitson, stout, strassburger sommerbergamotte, stribling, stribling, j. c., introd. of stribling, _striped bon chrétien_ (syn. of bon-chrétien d'hiver panaché), structural botany of pear, stümplerbirne, sturges, sturges, mrs, mary s., orig. of sturges, _stuttgarter geisshirtel_ (syn. of rousselet de stuttgardt), stuyvesant, pear tree in garden of, styer, styer, charles, orig. of styer, styrian, _sucré de tertolen_ (syn. of van tertolen herbst zuckerbirne), sucré-vert, _sucré-vert d'hoyerswerda_ (syn. of sucrée de hoyerswerda), sucrée blanche, sucrée du comice, _sucrée d'heyer_ (syn. of heyer zuckerbirne), sucrée de hoyerswerda, sucrée de montluçon, sucrée van mons, sucrée de zurich, sudduth, sudduth, titus, dissem. of sudduth, suet lea, suffolk thorn, sugar top, sülibirne, sullivan, _summer bell_ (syn. of windsor), summer beurré d'arenberg, _summer franc réal_ (syn. of bergamotte d'Été), summer hasting, summer popperin, summer portugal, summer saint germain, summer virgalieu, summer, col. william, introd. of upper crust, ; orig. of hebe, _superfin_ (syn. of beurré superfin), superfondanta, superstitions based on pears, suprême coloma, surpasse crassane, surpasse meuris, surpasse st, germain, surpasse virgalieu, surprise, süsse margarethenbirne, süsse sommerlahnbirne, suwanee, suzanne, suzette de bavay, swain, james r., orig. of bronx, swan egg, _swan's orange_ (syn. of onondaga), sweater, sylvie de malzine, taglioretti, takasaki, talmadge, talmadge, levi, orig. of talmadge, tardive d'ellezelles, tardive garin, tardive de mons, tardive de montauban, tardive de solesne, _tardive de toulouse_ (syn. of duchesse d'hiver), tatnall harvest, tavernier de boulogne, taylor, taynton squash, tea, templiers, tepka, _tertolen herbst zuckerbirne_ (syn. of van tertolen herbst zuckerbirne), test, tettenhall, teutsche augustbirne, texas, thacher, anthony, pear tree, the dean, theilersbirne, theodor körner, theodore, theodore van mons, theodore williams, théophile lacroix, theophrastus, mention of pear by, thérèse, thérèse appert, theveriner butterbirne, thibaut butterbirne, thick stalked pear, thiérard, jules, orig. of lydie thiérard, thimothée, _thintwig_ (syn. of tonkovietka), thirriot, orig. of fondante thirriot, thirriot bros., orig. of eugène thirriot, thompson, judge, orig. of thompson, thompson (eng.), thompson (n. h.), thooris, _thorp_ (syn. of white doyenné), _thouin_ (syn. of winter nelis), thrips on pear, throop, calvin, orig. of calvin, thuerlinckx, thurston red, _thury schmalzbirne_ (syn. of héricart de thury), tiffin, tigrée de janvier, tillage of pear orchards, tillington, timpling, tindall, george & william, orig. of tindall swan egg, tindall swan egg, tollbirne, tolstoy, tom strange, tonkovietka, tonneau, toronto belle, totten, col., orig. of totten seedling, totten seedling, _tougard_ (syn. of calebasse tougard), tourasse, orig, of comte de lambertye, ; directeur hardy, ; la béarnaise, ; pierre tourasse, ; professeur bazin, tournay d'hiver, tout-il-faut, träublesbirne, tredwell, thomas, orig. of platt, trees, pear, characters of, _trescott_ (syn. of westcott), _trésor_ (syn. of amour), tressorier lesacher, treyve, orig. of madame treyve, ; précoce de trévoux, trinkebirne, triomphe de jodoigne, triomphe de louvain, triomphe de touraine, triomphe de tournai, triomphe de vienne, _triumph_ (syn. of triomphe de vienne), _trockener martin_ (syn. of martin-sec), trompetenbirne, troppauer goldgelbe sommermuskatellerbirne, _troppauer muskateller_ (syn. of troppauer goldgelbe sommermuskatellerbirne), trottier, orig. of doyenné de montjean, _trois jours_ (syn. of poire des trois jours), _trout pear_ (syn. of forelle), truchsess, truckhill bergamot, tsar, tudor, turban, türkische müskirte sommerbirne, turnep, turner, mention of pears by, tusser, mention of pears by, tussock moth caterpillars on pear, _twenty-fifth anniversaire de leopold i_ (syn. of vingt-cinquième anniversaire de léopold i^{er}), twice flowering pear-tree, tyler, tyson, ; value of, for local market in new york, tyson, jonathan, owner of original tree of tyson, ulatis, _unbekannte von mons_ (syn. of l'inconnue van mons), _union_ (syn. of pound), unterlaibacher mostbirne, _unvergleichliche_ (syn. of sans-pareille du nord), upper crust, urbaniste, ; parent of harris, ; poire du pauvre, _urbanister sämling_ (syn. of urbaniste), ursula, uvedale, dr., orig. of pound, _uvedale's st. germain_ (syn. of pound), uwchlan, valentine, vallée franche, valley, van assche, _van assene_ (syn. of van assche), van buren, van deventer, van dooren, orig. of rousselet saint-quentin, van geert, jean, orig. of beurré jean van geert ; beurré van geert, van lindley, j., introd. of alice payne, van marum, van mons, dr., discov. of var., ; orig. of varieties, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; prop. of var., ; theory of, in pear breeding, ; work of, in pear breeding, _van mons butterbirne_ (syn. of léon leclerc (van mons)), van mons frühe pomeranzenbirne, _van mons hermannsbirne_ (syn. of saint germain van mons), van mons sommer schmalzbirne, van mons späte wirthschaftbirne, van mons süsse haushaltsbirne, van tertolen herbst zuckerbirne, van vranken, william, discov. of sacandaga, van de weyer bates, vancouver, mention of fruits in california by, vanderveer, vanderveer, dr. adrian, orig. of vanderveer, varet, a., orig. of beurré vauban, varro, fifty monographs of husbandry by greeks named by, ; forerunner of modern pear management, varuna, vauquelin, vauquelin, orig. of vauquelin, veitch, messrs., orig. of s. t. wright, _venturia pyrina_, cause of pear scab, venusbrust, _vereins dechantsbirne_ (syn. of doyenné du comice), vergoldete oder wahre graue dechantsbirne, verguldete herbstbergamotte, _verlain_ (syn. of verlaine d'Été), verlaine d'Été, vermillion d'en haut, vermont, vermont beauty, ; place of, in new york pear culture, ; possibility of, being identical with forelle, vernusson, _verschwenderin_ (syn. of enfant prodigue), _verte-longue d'automne_ (syn. of long green of autumn), verte-longue panachée, verte-longue de la sarthe, verulam, _veterans_ (syn. of besi des vétérans), vezouzière, _vicar_ (syn. of vicar of winkfield), vicar junior, vicar of winkfield, vice-président coppiers, vice-président decaye, vice-président delbée, vice-président delehoye, vice-président delbée, parent of cavelier de la salle, victor, _victoria_ (syn. of huyshe victoria), _victoria d'huyse_ (syn. of huyshe victoria), victoria de williams, victorina, vigne, villain xiv, villéne de saint-florent, vin de anglais, _vine pear_ (syn. of vigne), vineuse, _vineuse esperen_ (syn. of vineuse), vingt-cinquième anniversaire de léopold i^{er}, _virgalieu_ (syn. of white doyenné), _virgalieu d'été_ (syn. of summer virgalieu), virginale du mecklembourg, virginie baltet, virgouleuse, vital, vital, discov. of vital, vitrier, _volkmarsen_ (syn. of volkmarserbirne), volkmarserbirne, von muckenheim, orig. of argusbirne, von zugler, voscovoya, vosschanka, _wachsbirne_ (syn. of cire), wade, wade, i. c., orig. of wade, wadleigh, wahre canning, wahre faustbirne, wahre schneebirne, walker, samuel, owner of original tree of mount vernon, _walker_ (syn. of amande double), wallis, henry, orig. of wallis kieffer, wallis kieffer, _walnut_ (syn. of echasserie), _wälsche birne_ (syn. of jargonelle), warden pear tree, warner, _warwicke_ (syn. of white doyenné), washington, waterloo, watson, watson, william, orig. of watson, _waxy_ (syn. of voscovoya), weber, orig. of duchesse d'angoulême bronzée, webster, weeping willow, weidenbirne, weidenblättrige herbstbirne, weihmier sugar, _weihnachtsbirne_ (syn. of fondante de noël), weiler'sche mostbirn, _weingifterin_ (syn. of schweizer wasserbirne), weisse fuchsbirne, weisse hangelbirne, _weisse herbst butterbirne_ (syn. of white doyenné), weisse kochbirne, weisse pelzbirne, _weisse pfalzgrafenbirne_ (syn. of zink pfalzgrafenbirne), welbeck bergamot, wellington, wellington, a., introd. of wellington, welsche bratbirne, weltz, weltz, leo, introd. of weltz, wendell, wesner, westcott, westphälische melonenbirne, westrumb, wetmore, wetmore, e. b., orig. of wetmore, wharton early, wheeler, wheeler, dr., discov. of wheeler, whieldon, whieldon, wm. w., orig. of whieldon, _white beurré_ (syn. of white doyenné), white doyenné, ; parent of beurré antoine, ; christmas beurré, ; collins, ; hewes, ; homestead, ; vanderveer, white genneting, white longland, white seedling, white squash, white star, whitfield, wiegel, christopher, orig. of margaret, _wiener pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of orange de vienne), wiest, wight, joseph, orig. of raymond, wilbur, wilbur, jr., d., orig. of wilbur, wilcomb and king, introd. of lawrence, wild pears. (see pears, wild) wilde filzbirne, wilde herrnbirne, wilde holzbirne, wilder, col. marshall p., biography of, ; introd. into america of varieties, , , _wilder_ (syn. of wilder early), wilder early, wilder sugar, wilding von einsiedel, wilding von gronau, _wilding aus suffolk_ (syn. of suffolk thorn), wilford, wilkinson, wilkinson, a., orig. of wilkinson winter, wilkinson, jeremiah, orig. of wilkinson, wilkinson winter, willamette valley, introduction of pear culture in, willermoz, william, _william edwards_ (syn. of william), william prince, williams, orig. of gansel late bergamot, ; gansel seckel, ; prop. of bartlett, williams, aaron davis, orig. of williams early, williams, john, orig. of chaumontel swan egg, ; pitmaston, williams, mrs., orig. of williams double bearing, williams, theodore, orig. of theodore williams, _williams_ (syn. of bartlett), _williams' apothekerbirne_ (syn. of bartlett), _williams' bon chrétien_ (syn. of bartlett), _williams christbirne_ (syn. of bartlett), williams double bearing, williams early, williams d'hiver, williams panachée, _williams winter_ (syn. of williams d'hiver), williamson, williamson, nicholas, orig. of williamson, willison, w., orig. of queen victoria, wilmington, windsor, winship, winship, messrs., orig. of winship, winslow, winter, winter bartlett, _winter bell_ (syn. of pound), _winter bon chrétien_ (syn. of angoisse), _winter dechantsbirne_ (syn. of easter beurré), winter doyenné, parent of doyenné à cinq pans, _winter eisbirne_ (syn. of glace d'hiver), winter jonah, _winter meuris_ (syn. of beurré d'anjou), winter nelis, ; parent of colmar sirand, ; comptesse de chambord, ; lycurgus, ; michaelmas nelis, ; reeder, ; place of, in commercial pear culture, _winter oken_ (syn. of oken), _winter orange_ (syn. of orange d'hiver), winter pear, _winter pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of orange d'hiver), winter popperin, winter rousselet, winter seckel, winter sweet sugar, _winter thorn_ (syn. of Épine d'hiver), winter williams, winterbirne, winterliebesbirne, winterrobine, _winterwunder_ (syn. of petit-oin), witte princesse, witzthumb, orig. of jean de witte, wolfsbirne, woodberry, william, orig. of rossney, woodbridge, orig. of woodbridge seckel, woodbridge seckel, woodstock, worden, schuyler, orig. of worden meadow, worden, sylvester, orig. of worden seckel, _worden_ (syn. of worden seckel), worden meadow, worden seckel, wörlesbirne, wormsley grange, wormy pear, cause of, _worster_ (syn. of black worcester), _wredow_ (syn. of délices de charles), wright, zaccheus, orig. of chelmsford, wurzer, _wurzer d'automne_ (syn. of wurzer), yat, yellow huff-cap, york, mrs. jeremiah, orig. of pendleton early york, _york-précoce de pendleton_ (syn. of pendleton early york), youngken, david, orig. of youngken winter seckel, youngken, josiah, orig. of red garden, youngken winter seckel, zache, zapfenbirn, zarskaja, zénon, zéphirin grégoire, zéphirin louis, zieregger mostbirne, zimmtfarbige schmalzbirne, zink pfalzgrafenbirne, zoar beauty, zoé, _züricher zuckerbirne_ (syn. of sucrée de zurich), _zwibotzenbirne_ (syn. of deux têtes), footnotes: [ ] _the odyssey_, book vii. translated by s. h. butcher and a. lang. [ ] pliny _nat. hist._ =xv=: . from a translation made for the writer by professor h. h. yeames; hobart college, geneva, n. y. [ ] goderonne: from godron, a sculptural ornament having the shape of an elongated egg. [ ] cordus, valerius _hist. pl._ = =: - . . the writer is indebted to professor h. h. yeames, hobart college, geneva, n. y., for the translation of this chapter from the original text. [ ] _a hist. of gard. in eng._ - . . [ ] _mass. hist. soc. collections_ st ser. = =: . [ ] _mass. records_ = =: . [ ] _mass. hist. collections_ d ser. = =: . [ ] _hist. mass. hort. soc._ p. . - . [ ] _report of me. pom. soc._ = =: . [ ] prince, william _cat._ . [ ] for a brief account of the life and work of john bartram, see _the grapes of new york_, page . [ ] for an account of the life and work of coxe, see _the peaches of new york_, page . [ ] for an account of the life and work of budd, see _the plums of new york_, page . [ ] rehder, alfred _proc. amer. acad. arts & sci_. = =: . . [ ] wilson, e. h. _jour. inter. gar. club ._ . [ ] galloway, b. t. _jour. her._ : . . [ ] rehder, alfred _proc. amer. acad. arts & sci._ = =: . . [ ] reimer, f. c. _bull. com. hort. calif._ = =: - . . [ ] galloway, b. t. _jour. her._ = =: . . [ ] reimer, f. c. _reprint from annual report of pacific coast association of nurserymen_, . . [ ] some very good preliminary work on harvesting and storing pears has been done by the oregon experiment station, and is reported in bulletin , june, , from that station. [ ] for costs and profits in growing apples see bulletin , new york agricultural experiment station. [ ] hesler and whetzel. _manual of fruit diseases_ - . . [ ] marshall p. wilder contributed to all fields of american horticulture as an ardent amateur grower and as a most generous patron. but it was as a pomologist and especially as a grower of grapes and pears that he established a permanent place for himself in the horticulture of the country. he was born in new hampshire in and died in boston in , having lived in dorchester, a suburb of boston, for upwards of a half century. by vocation a merchant, he was a captain of industry in his day, yet most of his life, especially after the prime had been passed, was devoted to the avocation of horticulture. he was one of the founders of the american pomological society and had the great honor of being its president, excepting a single two-year term, from the first meeting in until his death. during the last years of his presidency, wilder actively engaged in the reform of pomological nomenclature which the society was then carrying on. he was an active member of the massachusetts horticultural society for fifty-six years and its president from to . he was also one of the founders of the massachusetts board of agriculture, of the massachusetts agricultural society, of the united states agricultural society, and was a trustee of the massachusetts institute of technology. besides membership and activity in these agricultural organizations, he served as colonel and commander in a military company and as president of the new england historic and genealogical society from until his death. wilder was a zealous collector and introducer of flowers. he specialized in camellias, azaleas, orchids, and roses. a rose bearing his name is still a garden favorite. many floral novelties of his day owe their origin or introduction to marshall p. wilder. he was ever enthusiastic over american grapes and tested all of the many new varieties introduced about the middle of the last century. but the pear was even more to his fancy than the grape, and he endeavored to grow every native variety of any promise whatsoever. all told, he tested over varieties, and in exhibited more than varieties. he originated several new pears and to him is due the honor of having introduced the beurre d'anjou in . at his death he left the american pomological society $ for wilder medals for new fruits and $ for general purposes. to the massachusetts horticultural society, he left $ to encourage the introduction of new american pears and grapes. among many distinguished american pomologists who sought to improve the pear, marshall p. wilder deserves most of any recognition for his services and a place is therefore accorded him for his likeness in the frontispiece of _the pears of new york_ and the book is thereby dedicated to him. [ ] the name is spelled by many writers beurré d'aremberg. [ ] general henry alexander scammell dearborn, who followed the vocation of a soldier, statesman, and author, chose as his avocation horticulture and in several of its fields became eminent. a native of new england ( - ), son of general henry dearborn of revolutionary fame, he was early educated to the profession of law and pursued that vocation until the war with great britain in . services in this war brought him the rank and title of general. after the war he served as collector of the port of boston, in congress, and as mayor of roxbury, massachusetts, which office he held at the time of his death. but it is as a patron, friend, and lover of horticulture that the life and work of general dearborn interest pomologists. he was one of the charter members in the massachusetts horticultural society and a prime mover in its organization. he was elected its first president march , . in the history of the society published in , of all the famous members of this truly remarkable organization, general dearborn's portrait was chosen for the frontispiece. he was early interested in experimental gardens and rural cemeteries. the plans for experimental gardens advocated by him were never fully carried out, but no doubt his enthusiasm for such gardens, with his own garden as a model, did much to stimulate the planting in america in the early half of the nineteenth century of the many famous gardens which adorned and enriched every center of culture along the atlantic seaboard. he helped to establish the mount auburn and forest hills cemeteries, famous among boston cemeteries, and the first of rural cemeteries in this country. his life-long devotion to rural art as exemplified in gardens and cemeteries knew no bounds. on these subjects and on pomology he contributed many articles to the agricultural and horticultural papers of his time. few men, it can be said, could better concentrate their thoughts and feelings on paper than he seems to have done. besides the many papers from his own pen he published several translated treatises from the french, chief of which was a monograph on the camellia in and another on _morus multicaulis_ in , the "mulberry craze" being in full swing at this time. general dearborn was an ardent pear-grower and helped to test the hundreds of seedlings then being brought from belgium and france and grew as well considerable numbers from his own seed-beds. of all his seedlings, however, only dearborn survives. [ ] the fame of robert manning as an accurate and discriminating american pomologist will long endure. few americans, one conceives, as his life is reviewed, have rendered greater service in any field of the nation's agriculture. the quantity of his work was not remarkably large, but the quality was superfine. systematic pomology in particular owes him much for his painstaking descriptions of fruits, and his corrections in nomenclature. born in salem, mass., july , , he made the town of his birth famous as a pomological center in america, where, at the time of his death, october , , his garden probably contained a larger collection of fruits than had ever before been brought together in america. manning began collecting fruits in when he established his "pomological garden" at salem for the purpose of introducing and testing new varieties of fruits. he attempted to bring together all of the varieties of fruits that would thrive in eastern massachusetts, and when his garden was fullest had about fruits, of which kinds were pears, to which fruit he gave most attention. he had many english, french, and belgian correspondents from whom he received the most notable fruits grown in their countries. he is said to have had a most remarkable memory and could carry in mind the names, tree-habits, and qualities of any fruit he had ever seen and could identify it at sight. in whatever group of pomologists he chanced to be, his identifications and decisions on nomenclature were accepted as correct. small wonder, therefore, that the _book of fruits_, published by manning in , at once took the place of authority for descriptions of tree-fruits and for such small-fruits, trees, and shrubs as the author described. it was the first, and is almost the only, american pomology in which the descriptions were all made with fruit in hand. the author intended this book to be the first of a series, but the books to follow never appeared. he was one of the founders of the massachusetts horticultural society. pear-growers are indebted to manning for the work he did in testing the seedlings sent out by van mons, the famous belgian breeder, most of whose pears came to american orchards through the agency of the salem pomological garden. he also received and introduced valuable pears from the london horticultural society. his achievements mark manning among the most notable american pomologists, of whom no other labored as devotedly for the attainment of better pears. [ ] bernard s. fox was a pioneer nurseryman and fruit-grower in california who gave much time to improving the pear through seedlings. during his stay of thirty years in the state of his adoption he was noted for his energy and enterprise in every industry that had to do with fruit-growing. fox was an irishman who came to america in and began work in the garden and nurseries of hovey and company of boston. a few years later he emigrated with the gold-seekers to california where, shortly, he settled at san jose as a nurseryman and fruit-grower. eventually he became possessed of a considerable amount of land the increasing value of which made him a very wealthy man, and he took pleasure in being a patron of horticulture as well as a worker in its several fields. early in his career at san jose his interest was aroused in the production of new pears from seed. he was a most conscientious selecter and only the best survived in his orchards. he was at all times extremely anxious not to cumber the list of pears with worthless varieties. out of a great number of seedlings, only three finally received his approval, p. barry, fox, and colonel wilder. all have high places in the pear lists of california and the united states, and do honor to an enthusiastic and painstaking breeder of pears. for many years before his death in july, , he was the vice president of the american pomological society for california. bernard s. fox was one of the first fruit-growers to bring fame to california, and californians are justly proud of him. [ ] peter kieffer, a nurseryman of good reputation in his state, deserves pomological honors because of his keenness of vision in selecting for distribution the pear which bears his name. few men would have recognized merit in the seedling from which the kieffer pear came. peter kieffer was born in alsace in , whence he emigrated to america in . in europe he had worked for twelve years in the garden of the king of france and upon his arrival in america sought employment as a gardener which he found on the estate of james gowen at mt. airy, near philadelphia. in he started a small nursery at roxborough, a short distance from philadelphia. much of his stock was imported from europe, most of which came from van houtte, the famous belgian nurseryman. from van houtte, kieffer obtained seeds of the chinese sand pear from which came the kieffer pear as described in the history of the variety. as a token of his faith in his new variety, kieffer planted an orchard of this pear, some of the trees of which still live and bear. peter kieffer died in , having made an important contribution to horticulture even though the variety sent out by him is far from perfect and has been much over-praised and over-planted. [ ] patrick barry, one of the founders of the firm of ellwanger and barry, whose mount hope nurseries at rochester, new york, were long of national and international reputation, was born in belfast, ireland, in and died in rochester, n. y., in . besides contributing to the fame of the nursery company he helped to found, barry was for many years one of the leading pomological editors and authors of the country. new york, especially western new york, is greatly indebted to george ellwanger and patrick barry for the horticultural services of their firm. it is not an exaggeration to say that they introduced fruit-growing in western new york, a region now famous for its fruits. so, also, the parks and home grounds of the many beautiful cities, towns, and villages in western new york are adorned and enriched by ornamental trees, shrubs and vines from the nurseries of ellwanger and barry. patrick barry came to america in and with george ellwanger founded the mount hope nurseries in . here for a half century he devoted himself to the introduction and distribution of fruit and out-of-door ornamental plants. in the early life of the nursery company many importations were made from europe and at a time when there were no railroads, telegraph wires, nor ocean steamboats. it was during this early period that the mount hope nurseries began the importation of pears and soon built up one of the largest collections in the country and one which was maintained long after the famous collections farther east had disappeared. at one time or another over varieties of pears were tested on the grounds of this nursery. for a half century, fruit-growers have studied with pleasure and profit the exhibits of pears made by ellwanger and barry at the state and national exhibitions of note. from to , patrick barry edited _the genesee farmer_, one of the best agricultural papers of its day and succeeded a. j. downing in the editorship of _the horticulturist_ which he brought to rochester in where it was published until . barry's _treatise on the fruit-garden_ appeared in and at once became one of the most popular books on pomology. in the "treatise" was rewritten and published as _barry's fruit garden_. another notable work of which he was author was _the catalogue of fruits of the american pomological society_ which was compiled by him. patrick barry was one of the founders of the western new york horticultural society, for many years the leading horticultural organization of the continent, and of which he was president for more than thirty years. patrick barry ranks with coxe, kenrick, the downings, warder, eliot, and thomas as a great leader in pomology of the time in which he lived. william crawford barry, son of patrick barry of the preceding sketch, was born in rochester, new york, in . as a boy he attended parochial schools at rochester and at seton hall, south orange, new jersey. as a young man he studied in berlin, heidelberg, and the university of louvain in belgium. upon returning to america he took a position in a seed house in new york that he might have practical knowledge of the seed business to bring to the firm of ellwanger and barry of which he was soon to become a member. after serving an apprenticeship in the seed business he returned to rochester to enter the firm which his father and george ellwanger had founded. from the time of entrance in this company he took a prominent part in its affairs, and for many years before his death, december , , he was president of the corporation. of his horticultural activities, he may be said to have been an organizer and promotor--one of the captains in the industry. for twenty-six years he was president of the western new york horticultural society, having succeeded his father to this office. he was the first president of the american rose society, and in was president of the eastern nurserymen's association. for three years he was president of the board of control of the new york agricultural experiment station. he helped to establish and took a leader's part in developing the parks of rochester which have made that city famous among lovers of landscapes. highland park was almost a creation of the firm of ellwanger and barry. in the firm gave the city twenty acres of land adjoining the highland reservoir as the first step in establishing a park system for rochester. mr. barry was chairman of the committee of the park board having in charge highland park from the creation of the board until the year before his death when it passed out of existence. besides these horticultural activities, mr. barry was either president or an officer in six banks and trust companies in rochester. his was a commanding figure in the horticulture of new york. no one attending the meetings of the western new york horticultural society during the twenty-six years he was president can forget mr. barry. his knowledge in every division of horticulture, his devotion to grape and pear culture, his genial manner and pleasant greeting to all members, and his force and tact as a presiding officer fitted him so preëminently well for the place that he was unopposed for the presidency during twenty-six terms following the death of his father and until his death. george ellwanger, one of the founders and thereafter until his death one of the partners in the mount hope nurseries, rochester, new york, was born in germany in and died in rochester, new york, in . he came to the united states in , having been educated as a horticulturist in stuttgart, although possibly the training he received throughout his youth from his father, a grower of grapes and fruits, taught him most, for ellwanger often said that it was from his father that he acquired his love of horticulture and was by him persuaded to devote his life to the vocation of nurseryman. ellwanger settled in rochester in , and the next year joined with patrick barry in forming the nursery and seed firm of ellwanger and barry, calling their place of business "mount hope nurseries." ellwanger was one of the founders of the american pomological society, and of the western new york horticultural society and throughout his life took an active interest in both organizations. mr. ellwanger had large business interests in rochester and western new york and helped most materially to develop the city and the country about. his chief contributions to horticulture were made through the mount hope nurseries, the influence of which is briefly set forth in the sketch of the life of patrick barry. [ ] henry waggoman edwards, at one time governor of connecticut, was a pioneer american pear breeder credited with making the first systematic attempt to grow new pears in this country. he was a grandson of the eminent theologian, jonathan edwards, was born at new haven, conn., in , graduated at princeton college in , studied law at the litchfield school and almost immediately entered into public life shortly to become prominent and famous in state and nation. he served connecticut with honors as its governor, and in the nation he distinguished himself as representative in the house from connecticut, speaker of the house and as senator. but it is as a pomologist that his career is of concern to the reader. always interested in pomology, and no doubt especially interested in pears through the spectacular work of van mons, he planted pear seeds in the fall of with the aim of obtaining new and superior varieties of this fruit. great success did not attend his attempts at pear breeding, but governor edwards made a start in work which manning, wilder and a score of others were to carry forward with more striking results. out of many seedlings, at least five were named and were grown for a longer or shorter time by the pear-growers of a century ago. these are elizabeth, calhoun, dallas, henrietta and citron, all described among the minor varieties of this text. while hardly to be considered among the foremost pomologists of the country, governor edwards is in the front rank of the lesser men whose combined work has done so much to give weight and impulse to american pomology. transcriber's notes: words surrounded by _ are italicized. words surrounded by = are bold. in this e-text, [vc] represents a capital letter c with a diacritical mark caron (v-shaped symbol) above it. illustrations were relocated to correspond to their references in the text. obvious printer errors corrected and inconsistent spellings have been kept, including inconsistent use of hyphen (e.g. "after-flavor" and "after flavor"), accents (e.g. "müskirte" and "muskirte"), capitalisation (e.g. "nec plus meuris" and "nec plus meuris"), and proper names (e.g. "luxemburg" and "luxembourg"). index entries that do not match their referenced text corrected (except where the text is an obvious printer error) and if necessary moved to the correct position according to alphabetical order, e.g. "langstielege zuckerbirne" corrected to be "langstielige zuckerbirne". index entries that refer to non-existent text have been deleted. page , word "it" removed from sentence "...though it it seems...." page , word "it" removed from sentence "...where it it is...." fruit large, round; suture shallow; skin yellow, partly covered with a pink blush; flesh pale yellow, juicy, sweet; stone medium in size, free; ripens at the end of july. =cornelia.= = .= harrison _cat._ . . listed by j. g. harrison, berlin, maryland, as a vigorous, productive, white-fleshed peach ripening at the end of july. =corner.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . originated by william corner, ganges, michigan, where it is grown locally. tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, oval to ovate; suture distinct; skin brightly blushed on a yellow ground; flesh red at the pit, moderately juicy, tender, mild but not rich; pit free, oval, pointed; matures early in september. =corosa.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . according to the reference, corosa ripens soon after mamie ross which it excels. =corriell.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a very hardy variety grown in southeastern iowa. =cothelstone seedling.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =coulombier.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in this reference. =countess.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . countess is a southern variety of unknown origin. it appeared on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from to , reappearing in . the fruit is white-fleshed, juicy, nearly free; ripens early in july. =counts.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . counts originated with h. h. counts, lylesford, south carolina. it was on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . fruit large, white, blushed; flesh white, rich, juicy; clingstone; matures in mid-season. =coupers.= = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . coupers is a heavy bearer; skin white, with a blush; ripens late in august. =cowan late.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . glands reniform; fruit very small, round; ripens in september. =cox cling.= = .= _wash. bd. hort. rpt._ . - . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . cox cling appeared on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . it is listed as a medium-sized, white-fleshed clingstone of fair quality; originated in texas. =cox october.= = .= _u. s. pat. off. rpt._ . . a choice variety grown at one time in mississippi. =cream.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . . e. t. daniels, kiowa, kansas, grew cream from a stone of marcella. it resembles late crawford in size and color; ripens october th. =crimson beauty i.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree tall, erect; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, globular; skin greenish-yellow, overspread with carmine; flesh white except at the stone; clingstone; ripens at the middle of august. =crimson beauty ii.= = .= bailey _ann. hort._ . . tree with heavy, dark foliage; fruit large, highly colored; flesh firm, fine; freestone; ripens in november. =crimson galande.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _crimson mignonne._ = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . crimson galande is one of the many seedlings raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. tree an abundant bearer; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, uneven in outline, faintly sutured; skin almost entirely covered with very dark crimson; flesh white, purple about the pit, melting, juicy, sprightly; stone free, small, ovoid; ripens at the end of august. =crockett.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . _crockett late white._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _crockett late._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . crockett originated in new jersey and was once popular as a late, market sort. in , it was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society; in , the name was changed to crockett late; the variety was finally dropped in . glands reniform; fruit medium to large, oblong, greenish-white, with an occasional blush; flesh pale, sweet, not very juicy; freestone; ripens the last of september. =crofts golden.= = .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed by the louisiana experiment station. =cromwell seedling.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . an early variety introduced by a mr. cromwell, baltimore, maryland. =crothers.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _rural n. y._ = =: fig. . a mr. crothers of neosho falls, kansas, found this variety on his farm. on the station grounds it is very similar to oldmixon free. tree fairly vigorous and productive; glands small, globose; flowers small, appearing early; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oval, sometimes oblique, angular; apex often with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin thin, tough, with fine, short pubescence, creamy-white, mottled with dark red; flesh white, stained about the pit, juicy, stringy, sprightly; quality not as high as oldmixon free; stone nearly free, large, plump, broadly oval, with a long point at the apex; ripens the last of september. =crown.= = .= _rea flora_ . . listed as a fair fruit ripening with newington. =cumberland.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . an american variety but little known. tree moderately vigorous, productive; glandless; flowers large; fruit medium in size, somewhat oblate; skin creamy-white, marbled with deep red; flesh white to the stone, melting, juicy, sweet; quality very good; stone small, oval, acutely pointed, nearly free; matures early in july. =curtis.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . a southern variety named after professor g. w. curtis, college station, texas. the american pomological society held it on its fruit-list from until . tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit of medium size, round to slightly oblong; skin clear yellowish-white; clingstone; matures early in july. =cutter.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . cutter is very similar to lincoln but is a few days earlier. =dabezac.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . fruit medium in size, cordate; of first quality; ripens the last of august. =dad.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling from f. g. barker, salina, kansas. =dagmar.= = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a seedling of albert raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. glands round; flowers small; fruit round; suture shallow; skin very tender, thickly pubescent, with a pale straw-colored ground, almost entirely overlaid with crimson; flesh white, tender, vinous; freestone; ripens in august. =darby.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling of the heath type originated by i. w. and r. s. chick, newberry, south carolina. fruit large, round, with a well-marked suture; skin creamy-white, faintly washed with red; flesh white to the stone, fine, juicy, aromatic; quality very good; clingstone; matures at the end of october. =daun.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . glands globose; flowers large; fruit large, heavy, roundish, regular in outline; skin pale greenish-yellow, marbled with reddish-brown; flesh fine, melting, very juicy, aromatic; ripens before the middle of september. =david hill.= = .= _cultivator_ rd ser. = =: . . according to this reference, david hill was at one time valuable in western new york. =davidson no. .= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety was raised by m. b. bateham, painesville, ohio. it is said to ripen a few days earlier than alexander. the fruit is of medium size, attractive and equal in quality to most early peaches. =davidson no. .= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . another seedling raised by m. b. bateham, painesville, ohio. fruit medium in size, attractive, as good in quality as other early peaches. ripens a few days later than the preceding sort. =dawson.= = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . dawson is not recommended in the reference given. tree slow growing; fruit of medium size, round; skin rich yellow; flesh yellow; flavor excellent; ripens june th; a poor shipper. =dawson early.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a white-fleshed variety, little known in michigan; glands globose; flowers large; fruit roundish; ripens late in august; said to be free from rot. =day yellow free.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . a california seedling ripening with and closely resembling foster; a good market variety. =de citry.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =de corsa heath.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . grown at one time near seaford, delaware. =de ferrières.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed but not described. =de gloria.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =de grillet.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =de halle.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . a weak grower; planted in canada. =d'ispahan à fleurs simples.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed but not described. =de napier.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . a medium-vigorous variety grown in canada. =de thoissey.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =de tondensis.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a large, moderately productive, first quality, red and white peach, ripening in september. =de trianon.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =de tullias.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . "a variety of the egyptian peach with larger fruit, surpassing the original type." =de zelhern.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . fruit of medium size, roundish; suture deep; skin downy, yellow, with more or less bright red; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; freestone; matures in august. =deaconess.= = .= _can. hort._ = =: , . . a yellow variety said to be immune from yellows. =dean orange.= = .= kan. hort. soc. _peach, the_ . . named after its originator, martin dean, bavaria, kansas, about . another seedling that reproduces itself from seed. =dean red free.= = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . dean brothers of southern indiana originated this variety; flesh white, freestone; ripens with oldmixon free. =december.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . a white clingstone occasionally grown because of its extreme lateness. =decker.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . _buck prolific._ = .= _ibid._ . . decker is grown extensively for eastern shipment in sutter and butte counties, and in vaca valley, california. =dekenhoven pfirsich.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . _madeleine d'ekenholen._ = .= carrière _var pêchers_ . . _madeleine dekenhoven._ = .= decaisne _jard. fruit._ = =:pl. - . tree moderately vigorous; branches slender; leaves devoid of glands; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, slightly depressed at the base, apex terminating in a small, mamelon tip; distinctly sutured; skin tender, almost entirely overlaid with reddish-black; flesh white except at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet; stone small, free; ripens the last of august. =delavan white.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . of american origin, but not generally known or valued. glands round; flowers small; fruits large, roundish-oval; skin white, with a red cheek; freestone; ripens early in october. =delaware.= = .= lovett _cat._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . delaware, or delaware rareripe as it is sometimes called, originated in delaware as a seedling of mountain rose. the variety is unproductive on the station grounds. tree large, vigorous; leaves large, with small, globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season, small, edged with deep pink; fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, halves unequal; skin thin, thickly pubescent, pale yellowish-white, blushed about the cavity; flesh white, stained at the pit, coarse, stringy, sweet; quality good but not high; stone free, small, oval, plump; ripens the second half of august. =deming.= = .= _cultivator_ rd ser. = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _deming orange._ = .= _ibid._ . . _deming september._ = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . deming is a southern variety which was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in as deming orange, remaining until , and reappearing as deming in . tree open; glands reniform; fruit large, oblate; flesh yellow; clingstone; ripens in mid-season. =demouilles.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . an ornamental peach originating with a m. demouilles, toulouse, haute-garonne, france. glands usually reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, generally depressed at the base; suture shallow; skin thick, orange-yellow, streaked and washed with deep red where exposed; flesh intense yellow, tinged with red at the pit, melting, juicy, vinous; stone free, small, ovoid, plump; ripens at the end of september. =dennis.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . tree strong, spreading, with drooping branches; glands globose; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish; suture distinct, two-thirds around; skin yellow; flesh yellow, juicy, tender, highly vinous; pit large, roundish-oval, plump, free; ripens early in september. =denton.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . j. w. kerr, denton, maryland, grew this peach in from a seed of early beauty crossed with elberta. denton resembles elberta very closely and on the station grounds ripens a week later. tree large, vigorous, moderately productive; glands large, reniform; flowers large; fruit large, oval; cavity deep; skin tough, covered with thick, coarse pubescence, lemon-yellow, with a few dark splashes; flesh yellow, with red radiating from the stone, juicy, firm, sprightly but varying in flavor; quality good; stone large, obovate, flattened, decidedly bulged, nearly free; ripens the third week in september. =désiré vitry.= = .= _rev. hort._ . . listed in this reference. =despot.= = .= rea _flora_ . . listed as a yellow peach spotted with red. =desprez.= = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . named after a m. desprez, a judge at alençon, orne, france. leaves carry from two to four reniform glands; flowers large; fruit variable, often large, roundish, with a small, mamelon tip at the apex; skin smooth, thick, yellow; flesh white, melting, vinous; stone plump, oval, pointed at the ends, free; ripens the last of august. =desse tardive.= = .= _jour. hort._ n.s. = =: . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . desse tardive was named after its originator, a m. desse of chantecoq, seine, france, about . glands round; flowers small; fruit large, round, flattened at the top, deeply sutured; skin thin, greenish-white, marbled with vermilion-red; flesh white, slightly colored with red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet; stone plump, nearly free; ripens at the end of september. =dewey cling.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= peyton-barnes _cat._ . . dewey cling originated with h. w. jenkins, boonville, missouri, in . tree vigorous, healthy, upright yet spreading, hardy; fruit of good size; skin smooth, creamy-white; flesh white, very juicy, rich; of good quality; ripens in missouri the middle of september. =dey.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: , fig. . named after a mr. dey, newark, new jersey, in whose yard it was found. fruit large, greenish-white; sweet, rich, juicy; freestone. =di carema giallo.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a delicious, yellow peach from italy. =diamond.= = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . = .= _ibid._ . . = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . diamond originated in athens county, ohio. on the grounds of this station it closely resembles orange cling. tree low, spreading; leaves with globose glands; fruit large, globular; flesh pale yellow except at the pit; clingstone; ripens the first of october. =diana.= = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . according to coxe, diana is a large, oblong clingstone, with white flesh, ripening the first of september. =dix.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a large, productive, first-rate peach. =dixie.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . fruit above medium in size, roundish; cavity deep, abrupt; skin thin, yellowish-white, with a blush; flesh white, slightly tinged at the stone, firm, mildly, subacid, slightly bitter; stone oval, clinging. =docteur burkard.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed but not described. =docteur lucas.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . found at the saint-florian abbey, germany. tree vigorous; fruit large, roundish-oblate, blushed with deep red on a green ground; of first quality; matures the middle of september. =docteur krans.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . introduced by a dr. krans, liege, belgium. tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, flattened at the ends; suture pronounced; skin thin, tender, pale yellow, blushed with intense purple where exposed; flesh white, tinged about the pit, melting, juicy, sweet; of first quality; stone small, elliptical, nearly free; ripens at the end of august. =dr. burton.= = .= munson _cat._ . - . according to t. v. munson, denison, texas, this variety is a seedling grown by dr. e. l. burton, grayson county, texas. in the station orchard it is a fairly good peach but not of superior merit. tree productive; glands globose, small; flowers appearing in mid-season, large; fruit large, oval; cavity deep; apex often ends in a mamelon tip; skin tough, creamy-yellow, with few splashes of dark, dull red usually near the cavity; flesh white, with a trace of pink along the suture, juicy, tender, stringy, sprightly; stone oval, with a long point at the apex, plump; ripens just before champion. =dr. cummings.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . a seedling of early crawford raised at cayuga, new york, and disseminated by h. s. wiley of the same place; a yellow freestone ripening about october st. =dr. graham white freestone.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . fruit large, perfectly white; juice rich and sweet; stone small; ripens the middle of september. =dr. hogg.= = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . this peach was grown by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, from a french peach. tree a strong grower, vigorous, productive; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit large, round, with a distinct suture; skin thin, tough, lemon-colored, faintly crimson where exposed; flesh yellowish-white, deeply stained at the pit, firm but tender, sugary, brisk; stone free; ripens in august. =dr. pilkington.= = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ . - . an oregon freestone seedling of promise. =dr. tomlinson.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =domergue.= = .= _rev. hort._ , pl. . = .= _guide prat._ . . originated near marseilles, bouches du rhône, france, by a m. domergue. tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; flowers of medium size; fruit large, well colored; ripens early in august. =donahoo.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . from a mr. donahoo, clark county, georgia. glands reniform; fruit very large, roundish; suture visible around the entire fruit, deep on one side; skin creamy-white, tinged with red in the sun; flesh white to the stone, very juicy, excelling heath cling in tenderness and flavor; clingstone; ripens the second week in september in georgia. =donegal.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . fruit large, roundish; cavity large and deep; skin thin, tenacious, velvety, yellow, sprinkled with dark red; flesh yellow, tinged at the pit, tender, melting, juicy, subacid; quality good to above; stone small, oval, free; season follows smock. =dorsetshire mignonne.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a large-sized fruit of second quality ripening at the end of september; glands reniform; flowers small; skin dark red on a pale yellow ground; flesh melting. =dorothy.= = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . a seedling of angel grown by g. h. norton, eustis, florida. in , it was listed by the american pomological society. fruit large, nearly round; flesh yellow, rich, subacid; freestone; ripens early in july in florida. =double blanche de fortune.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =double cramoisie de fortune.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =double jaune.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . originated in the vicinity of montauban, tarn-et-garonne, france. leaves with reniform glands; flowers medium in size; fruit large, roundish-oval, ending in a mamelon tip; deeply sutured; skin thin, tender, canary-yellow, nearly covered with an intense reddish-brown; flesh yellow to the stone, melting, juicy, with an apricot flavor; of first quality; stone small for the size of fruit, oval, freestone; ripens at the end of august. =double mountain.= = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ = =:pl. . . = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _sion._ = .= miller _gard. dict._ . _doppelter bergpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . an excellent french variety very similar to noblesse but ripening a week earlier. leaves doubly serrate, glandless, not as susceptible to mildew as most french varieties; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened at the apex; skin greenish-white, marbled with deep red on a soft red blush; flesh white to the stone, melting, juicy, highly flavored; stone mucronate, rugged, free; ripens from the middle to the last of august. =down easter.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _hall down-easter._ = .= cole _am. fr. book_ , . . this variety originated many years ago with m. hall, portland, maine. it has long since passed from cultivation. tree hardy and productive; fruit large, roundish, with a deep suture; skin yellow, with a broad, red cheek; quality fair; season the last of september. =downer.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a seedling of the old red rareripe, grown at newburyport, massachusetts; never disseminated. =dowling.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . _dowling june._ = .= _ibid._ = =: . . tree vigorous, productive; glandless; fruit of medium size, roundish, with a slight projection at the apex; color creamy, with a red cheek; flavor subacid; clingstone; matures in texas about july th. =downing.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . downing originated about with h. m. engle, lancaster county, pennsylvania, from a pit of hale early. tree productive; fruit of medium size, roundish, with a distinct suture; skin greenish-white, mottled with red; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet; quality good; ripens from the first to the middle of july. =drain seedling.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . one of the early seedlings planted in iowa. =drap d'or.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , pl. . _drap d'or esperen._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . a variety of belgian origin. tree moderately vigorous, productive; glands small, round; fruit large, roundish, depressed; skin thin, clear yellow, with spots of carmine; noticeably sutured; flesh whitish-yellow, colored at the pit, fine, juicy, vinous; quality good; stone very large, roundish-oval, partly free; ripens september th. =druid hill.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . . = .= fulton _peach cult._ . . druid hill originated about with lloyd n. rogers, druid hill, baltimore, maryland. from until it was listed in the catalog of the american pomological society. tree vigorous, productive; glands reniform; fruit large, round, with a slight suture; skin pale greenish-white, clouded with a red blush; flesh greenish-white, almost purple at the pit, very juicy, melting, with a rich, vinous flavor; stone free; season the last of september. =duboisviolette.= = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . this variety was brought to france from china by a m. duboisviolette. the flowers are very large, semi-double, reddish-purple; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, terminating in a mamelon tip; skin white except where exposed; flesh white, vinous. =duboscq.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . similar to oldmixon free; a very large, good, greenish-white peach. =duchess of cornwall.= = .= _gard. chron._ = =: . . _duchess of york._ = .= _ibid._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . originated and introduced by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. fruit of medium size; skin creamy-yellow, with a striped red blush; flesh melting, with a distinct nectarine flavor; freestone; ripens with alexander. =duchesse de galliera.= = .= _guide prat._ . . vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit very large, compressed; apex mucronate; skin thin, reddish-purple in the sun; flesh white, violet at the pit, melting, very juicy; freestone; ripens the second half of september. =duff.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _duveteuse jaune._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _duff yellow._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . duff is an early, market peach which appeared on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . glands globose; flowers small; fruit very large, round, with a sharp point; skin yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, red about the stone, juicy, slightly acid; clingstone; ripens the middle of july in the south. =duggar.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . _duggar golden._ = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: , . . glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish; color yellow, with a blush; flesh yellow, subacid, firm; clingstone; ripens the last of july. =duggar white.= = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . flowers large, white; fruit medium in size; flesh white, very firm; quality good; ripens the middle of july; not very prolific. =duke of marlborough.= = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ = =:pl. fig. . . a variety resistant to mildew, found in the garden of the duke of marlborough, near brentford, middlesex, england. flowers large; fruit large, slightly flattened about the base, heavily pubescent; ripens august th. =duke of york.= = .= _can. hort._ = =: . . = .= bunyard _cat. fr. trees_ . - . this variety is a cross between early rivers nectarine and alexander peach, made by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. fruit large; skin brilliant crimson; flesh tender, melting, refreshing; ripens with alexander. =du lin.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a variety from aire, france, with reniform glands. =du moulin.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a variety with reniform glands; recommended for central france. =du quesnoy.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . a variety of belgian origin. leaves with small, globose glands; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, depressed at the ends, faintly sutured; skin heavily pubescent, greenish, covered more or less with an intense purplish-brown; flesh white, purplish about the pit, melting, sweet; stone small for the size of fruit, nearly free; ripens the middle of august. =du thiers.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . glands reniform; flowers of medium size, pale rose-colored. =dulany.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling of heath cling; superior to its parent in maryland. =dulce.= = .= munson _cat._ . - . on the station grounds the trees of dulce are weak and unproductive. the variety, according to t. v. munson, denison, texas, originated with b. c. murray, denison, texas. leaves with large, reniform glands; flowers appear late; fruit small, roundish-cordate, angular, halves unequal; cavity narrow, flaring; suture shallow; apex roundish, usually with a small, mamelon tip; skin covered with heavy, coarse pubescence, tough, greenish-yellow, faintly blushed, with a bronze appearance; flesh yellow, stained at the pit, moderately juicy, fine-grained, mild, often astringent; stone below medium in size, ovate, plump, decidedly bulged, semi-clinging to free; ripens early in october. =dumont.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . raised by peter dumont, allegan, michigan, from seed planted about . tree strong, very hardy, susceptible to leaf-curl; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval, much compressed; cavity narrow; suture distinct, extending beyond the apex which terminates in a short, projecting tip; skin covered with dense pubescence, dark golden, usually blushed, thick, tough; flesh deep yellow, tinged at the pit, melting, moderately juicy, brisk subacid; stone oval, free; ripens the middle of september. =dun.= = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ fig. . dun originated in austria. leaves with small, globose glands; flowers large; fruit very large, roundish, with a mamelon tip at the apex; skin yellowish-white, marbled with dull red; flesh white, stained at the stone, melting, very juicy, aromatic; very good; stone ending in a long point, free; ripens the middle of august. =dunlap.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . tree a strong grower, spreading; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish to occasionally ovate; cavity wide; suture distinct; color yellow, nearly covered with dark red; flesh yellow, stained at the pit, quite juicy, rich, vinous; pit large, plump, free; ripens the last of august. =dunnington beauty.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . very much like noblesse. leaves serrate, glandless; flowers large; fruit large; skin pale greenish-red; flesh melting; quality good; ripens at the end of august. =duperron.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling raised by a m. duperron. glands globose; flowers small; fruit large to very large, roundish, depressed at the end; suture shallow; skin downy, golden yellow, more or less washed with pale red; flesh yellow; clingstone; ripens in october. =durasme.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the durasme or spanish peach is of a darke yellowish-red colour on the outside and white within." =durchsichtiger lieblingspfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . tree of medium size, productive; fruit large, roundish-oblate, yellowish-white, with a bright red blush; flesh firm yet melting, with a sweet, vinous flavor; quality good; season early in september. =durham favorite.= = .= _ind. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =dutchess.= = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . a very large peach, with white skin, a red cheek and a clear stone; ripens in august and september. =dwarf aubinel.= = .= _flor. & pom._ . . this variety is remarkable for the constancy with which it is reproduced from seed and for its dwarf, bushy habit of growth. flowers large; fruit large, globular; skin pale orange, marbled with red near the apex; flesh yellow, red near the stone; quality good; freestone; ripens at the end of september. =dwarf champion.= = .= _n. mex. sta. bul._ = =: , . . listed as growing in new mexico. =dwarf cuba.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . a variety with small flowers and reniform glands. =dwarf orleans.= = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . _nain._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _zwergpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _italian dwarf._ = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: , . . dwarf orleans originated in orleans, loiret, france, early in the eighteenth century. the tree attains a height of two or three feet and is used mostly as an ornamental; leaves long, pendent, glandless and much indented; flowers large, showy; fruit about two inches long, roundish, deeply sutured; skin white; flesh white, melting, with bitter juice; freestone; ripens early in october. =dyer june.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a chance seedling found near ava, missouri. fruit large; early; clingstone. =dymond.= = .= _jour. hort._ rd ser. = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . said to have been introduced by a mr. veitch, exeter, england. leaves glandless; fruit large, roundish, with a deep suture; skin greenish-yellow, with a dull red cheek, mottled with brighter red; flesh white, slightly red at the pit, juicy, melting, with a high flavor; stone free; season the middle of september. =eagle red.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . listed as a large, beautiful fruit, with a red blush, ripening in september. =earliest mignonne.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a variety with globose glands and small flowers. =early.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a variety with globose glands and large flowers. =early alfred.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, grew early alfred from a seed of hunt tawny nectarine. glands round; flowers large; fruit large; suture deeply marked, higher on one side than the other; skin tender, pale straw-colored, somewhat mottled with bright crimson; flesh white, melting, brisk, vinous; ripens early in august. =early ascot.= = .= _gard. chron._ , . . = .= _flor. & pom._ , pl. . early ascot was raised from a seed of elruge nectarine by a mr. standish of ascot, england. tree hardy, productive; glands small, roundish; flowers small; fruit medium in size, roundish, somewhat depressed, with a distinct suture; skin nearly smooth, almost entirely covered with red, becoming nearly black where exposed; flesh yellow, tinged at the stone, very juicy; partially freestone; ripens the second week in august. =early avant.= = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ . . an agreeable-flavored peach ripening in august. =early beauty.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a texas variety. fruit large, yellow; freestone; ripens very early. early bourdine.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed as having serrate, glandless leaves and small flowers. =early charlotte.= = .= r. g. chase _cat._ . . = .= _chico nur. cat._ . . a seedling of early crawford which originated about with o. dickenson, salem, oregon. the variety has considerable merit as it grows on the station grounds. leaves with reniform glands; flowers appear in mid-season, small, faded, pale pink; fruit large, roundish-oval, often cordate, halves unequal; cavity deep; apex with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin covered with long, thick pubescence, thin but tough, pale yellow, splashed with lively red on a slight blush; flesh yellow, deeply stained at the pit, slightly stringy, tender, sprightly, rich, pleasing; quality good to above; pit broadly oval, plump, bulged, free; matures early in september. =early chelmsford.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . tree vigorous, productive, hardy; leaves glandless; fruit large, roundish; suture encircling the fruit; skin white, with a bright red cheek; flesh white, melting, juicy, vinous; freestone; ripens the third week in august. =early chevalier.= = .= _gard. chron._ n. s. = =: . . a french peach in which early and late fruits are produced on different branches of the same tree. =early china.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . early china is a honey-flavored peach which originated in southern texas where it has proved vigorous and productive, gaining a place in on the fruit-list of the american pomological society. the glands are round, often lacking; fruit of medium size, oval; apex with a sharply recurved point; color creamy, with a bright red cheek; flesh white, pinkish at the pit, very sweet; quality fair; freestone; ripens the middle of june in texas. =early crawford seedlings nos. and .= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . seedlings obtained by c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan. =early cream.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . _kite._ = .= _ibid._ = =: . . _kite honey._ = .= _ibid._ = =: . . early cream is a seedling of honey. it appeared on the american pomological society's fruit-list from until . tree strong, productive; fruit larger than honey and resembles it in shape but is not as sharply pointed at the apex; skin very smooth, yellow, washed with red; flesh fine, sweet, juicy; flavor excellent; ripens the middle of june. =early cronesteyn.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . listed as a slow grower in canada. =early curtis.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling with reniform glands; very similar to alexander but less inclined to adhere to the pit. =early downton.= = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . raised by thomas knight, downton castle, england, about . leaves crenate, with globose glands; flowers large, pale rose-colored; fruit narrowed at the apex, usually terminating in an acute nipple; skin pale yellowish-white, bright red in the sun; flesh yellowish-white to the stone from which it separates, juicy; ripens at the end of august. =early free.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . growing on the grounds of this station in . =early imperial.= = .= _cal. bd. hort. rpt._ . . w. w. smith, vacaville, california, grew early imperial from a pit of st. john open to cross-fertilization. it is highly recommended in california because of extreme earliness and its good drying qualities; flesh yellow; freestone. =early leopold.= = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, from a seed of early york. glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, pale yellow, rich; succeeds rivers. =early louise.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . _louise._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, raised this peach from a seed of early albert and named it in honor of queen victoria's daughter, princess louise. from until the variety maintained a place in the fruit-list of the american pomological society. fruit of medium size, round, marked on one side with a deep suture; skin highly colored, with a bright red cheek; flesh yellowish-white, tender, richly flavored, partly adherent to the pit; season early. =early lydia.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . early lydia is said to be resistant to rot; a rose-colored freestone ripening with hale early. =early michigan.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: , . . confusion has arisen over two seedlings put out by j. d. husted, lowell, michigan, as husted no. and . eventually, no. was introduced as early michigan but because of its similarity to no. , the latter is often substituted for it. the true early michigan is a cross between hale early and chili. as it fruits at this station, the peaches lack size and quality. in the american pomological society added it to its fruit-list. tree vigorous, spreading; glands reniform; flowers appear early, large, showy; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; cavity deep, narrow; apex with a large, mucronate tip; skin thin, tender, with long, thick pubescence, creamy, blushed with dull red, with a few deep red splashes; flesh greenish-white, tinged at the pit, juicy, stringy, melting, sweet, mild; stone free, broadly oval, plump; ripens the last of august. =early miners.= = .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . not spoken of favorably in new jersey. =early newington free.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this freestone should not be confused with the other newingtons which are all clings and usually later in season. one characteristic of this variety is that fruits on the same tree are free or adhere partially or wholly to the stone. tree a moderate bearer; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, round, distinctly sutured; skin pale yellowish-white, with a rich red cheek; flesh white, tinged at the stone, juicy, melting, vinous; ripens late in august. =early purple.= = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _véritable pourprée hâtive à grande fleur._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. viii. . _frühe purpurfirsche._ = .= christ handb. , . . _pourprée hâtive._ = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., , . . _weiniger lieblingspfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _desse hâtive._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this variety originated far back in the eighteenth century. according to mas, it was raised by a m. desse, chantecoq, seine, france, and passed for a long time under the name desse hâtive. early purple long found favor in european orchards but is not much grown now, being surpassed by better sorts. it was brought to america by william prince, flushing, new york, early in the nineteenth century and soon became confused with early york. the true variety, however, quickly passed from cultivation and the name has ever since been confused with that of early york. fruit medium to large, roundish, flattened at the base; suture deep; color yellowish, blushed with dark red and dotted with red on the shaded side; pubescence thick, fine; flesh white, stained red under the skin on the side exposed to the sun, tinged with red next the pit, juicy, vinous, highly flavored, melting; very good in quality; stone semi-free to free, brownish-red; ripens early. =early rareripe i.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . dr. h. a. muhlenberg, lancaster county, pennsylvania, originated this freestone. =early rareripe ii.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . . early rareripe is an improvement on a seedling erroneously called felt rareripe, which was brought to kansas from illinois by f. g. barker of salina. fruit large, deep yellow. =early red i.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . leaves with globose glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size; skin pale yellow, with a red blush; flesh melting; fair in quality; ripens at the end of august. =early red ii.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . this early red originated with c. c. engle of paw paw, michigan. =early red cling.= = .= prince _cat. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _earliest red cling._ = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . this variety is thought to have been brought to flushing, new york, by the french. the shoots are subject to mildew; flowers small. =early rose i.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . of foreign origin. fruit of medium size; red where exposed; ripens in august. =early rose ii.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . this early rose is one of the so-called spanish peaches and was found on the farm of preston rose, mission valley, texas. it is described as a medium-sized, round, rosy-red fruit, with firm flesh, ripening june th; freestone. =early rose iii.= = .= w. p. stark _cat._ , fig. . early rose iii, according to w. p. stark, stark city, missouri, was grown by john keller, fort valley, georgia, from the pit of a honey-flavored peach crossed with one of the indian peaches. tree a moderate grower, rather small; flowers large; fruit of medium size, a rich, deep red; flesh white, rich, sweet; clingstone; ripens with eureka. the fruit is handsomely colored and is said to sell for a fancy price wherever known. unfortunately, it seems not yet to have been tried in the north. =early royal george.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . _early george._ = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . this variety may be an american seedling of royal george. fruit large, roundish; skin yellowish-white, splashed with red in the sun; flesh juicy, tender, vinous, free; fair to good in quality; ripens in august. =early sam.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =early silver.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _argentée précoce._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _silver._ = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this variety was grown by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, in , from a seed of white nectarine. fruit large, roundish-ovate, with a shallow suture; color creamy-white, slightly sprinkled with red; flesh entirely white, melting, juicy, with a vinous, pleasant, subacid flavor; stone free; quality good to very good; ripens from the middle to the last of august. =early strawberry.= = .= _ariz. sta. bul._ = =: , . . grown at one time in arizona. =early tallman.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . this is a small, white-fleshed peach of fair quality, ripening with triumph. it is a semi-clingstone and of no value. =early de tours.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed but not described. =early victoria.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _victoria._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . early victoria should not be confused with the victoria of the south. this variety first fruited in with thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, from a stone of early york. in the american pomological society added it to its fruit-list as victoria. leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin pale yellow, with a maroon blush; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; stone free, small; season very early, a week before its parent. =early wheeler.= = .= _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ , , pl. . . this is one of a large number of heath cling seedlings grown by e. w. kirkpatrick, mckinney, texas, about . tree moderately productive; glands reniform; blossoms very large; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblong; cavity large, broad; apex protruding; skin thick, tough, heavily pubescent, creamy-white, marbled and splashed with crimson; flesh white, stained with red near the skin, firm, meaty, juicy, subacid; quality good to very good; stone adherent, oval; ripens with alexander. =early white.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a large, fine-flavored freestone originating with dr. h. a. muhlenberg, lancaster county, pennsylvania. =early white cling.= = .= prince _cat. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . fruit medium to small; skin pale yellow, marbled with red; flesh yellowish-green, juicy, pleasant; ripens early in september. =eastburn choice.= = .= hoffy _orch. comp._ = =:pl. . the name is in honor of the originator, rev. joseph eastburn, philadelphia, pennsylvania, who planted a pit about . the variety comes true from seed. tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit large, nearly round; skin pale yellow, blushed on the sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, tinged about the pit, sprightly, slightly acid, juicy; pit small; ripens late in september. =eaton.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _eaton golden._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . eaton originated in north carolina and its planting is confined chiefly to the south. in it was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society as eaton golden but in was changed to eaton. glands reniform; flowers large; fruit above medium in size, round; suture shallow; skin golden-yellow, with occasional pink spots near the base; flesh golden, sweet, juicy, with a marked apricot flavor; clingstone; ripens the middle of september. =edgar late melting.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =edith.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= griffing bros. _cat._ . . edith is a large, round, white-fleshed clingstone; ripens in florida july th. =edouard andre.= = .= _rev. hort._ , , , pl. . a french variety originating in the department of ain, france. tree vigorous, productive; fruit roundish, compressed; cavity deep and narrow; distinctly sutured; skin deep reddish-purple on a yellow ground; flesh cream-colored, red at the pit, melting, juicy; stone plump, oval; ripens the middle of august. =eduard lucas.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =edward late white.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by a dr. baldwin, montgomery, alabama. fruit large, roundish, depressed at the apex; suture distinct; skin white, blushed with red; flesh white, stained at the pit, sweet, juicy; stone slightly adherent; ripens the first of october and continues all the month. =eladie.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling of chinese cling; fruit of large size and excellent quality. =elate.= = .= _ont. sta. rpt._ = =: . mentioned but not described. =elberta (hottes).= = .= _winfield nur. cat._ fig. . this is a supposed strain of elberta found in an orchard of elbertas in grand valley, colorado, according to the catalog of the winfield nursery company, winfield, kansas. the fruit is said to be larger and better in quality than elberta but its other characters are similar. =elberta cling.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . this variety was brought to notice in louisiana, missouri, stark brothers having selected it from elberta. some pomologists rank it as identical with elberta in growth and appearance except that it is a clingstone. as grown at this station, however, it does not closely resemble elberta in shape nor is it equal to that variety in quality. tree vigorous, upright; glands usually reniform; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate, halves unequal, bulged near the apex; suture deepens toward the apex which is roundish; skin rich yellow, with an attractive blush of deep red; flesh yellow, deep red about the stone, juicy, meaty, often having a slight sprightliness, clinging; ripens the second week in september. =eldred.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: , . . eldred was named after its originator, a mr. eldred of washington county, texas. it is one of the earliest clings to ripen; glands globose; flowers medium in size; fruit large, roundish-ovate; skin creamy-white, with a red blush; flesh white, firm, mild; pit roundish-oval; ripens just before hale early. =elisabeth bonamy.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . a french variety introduced in and named after madame elisabeth bonamy. glands reniform; flowers small; fruit very large, roundish, irregular, with a mamelon tip at the apex; pale yellow, with a deep carmine blush; flesh yellow; matures the middle of september. =eliza i.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= hoffy _n. am. pom._ = =:pl. . gerard schmitz, philadelphia, pennsylvania, exhibited this seedling in . leaves large, with reniform glands; fruit large, round; skin yellow, with a mottled red cheek; flesh yellow except at the stone; freestone; matures the last of september. =eliza ii.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a seedling of late crawford, originating with c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan. foliage rather glaucous; fruit large, roundish, tapering at the apex; color yellow, blushed with red; flesh bright yellow, red at the pit, tender, juicy, rich, vinous; ripens after late crawford. =ellison.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . ellison is another variety that reproduces itself from seed. it originated in ohio. as it grows at this station its only value is for canning. tree not very productive; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit above medium in size, resembling chili in shape; apex with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin covered with long pubescence, greenish-yellow, with narrow splashes of dull red; flesh yellow, faint red at the pit, rather dry, mild to sprightly; quality fair; stone free, small, oval, shortly pointed, plump; ripens the middle of october. =elma.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= griffing bros. _cat._ . . a medium-sized clingstone of the spanish type; ripens the last of july. =elmira.= = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with dr. m. w. phillips, edwards, mississippi. glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, oval, depressed; suture shallow; skin heavily pubescent, creamy-white; flesh white, tinged with red at the stone to which it adheres, sweet, good; ripens early in august. =elmo.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed as growing at the florida station. =elodie.= = .= _pa. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ . . a seedling of chinese cling not as susceptible to rot as its parent. =elriv.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . j. w. kerr, denton, maryland, produced elriv by crossing rivers with elberta, in . tree strong and productive; flowers large; fruit large, roundish to slightly oblong; suture very distinct; skin thin, tender, nearly entirely overlaid with bright red; flesh white, red at the pit, juicy, sprightly; quality good; pit large, oval, semi-clinging; ripens with st. john. =elrose.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . elrose is the result of a cross between elberta and mountain rose made by j. w. kerr, denton, maryland, in . flowers small; fruit oblong, irregular, large; suture distinct; skin almost entirely marbled with pale red; flesh firm, white; quality fine; stone plump, large; ripens with mountain rose. =ely.= = .= _village nur. cat._ . . ely is a large, yellow-fleshed peach of good quality, ripening just before carman, according to the catalog of the village nurseries, hightstown, new jersey. =emil liebig.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =emma.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . emma, on the station grounds, is unproductive and of poor quality. it has had a place on the american pomological society's fruit-list since . tree upright, rather tall; branchlets inclined to throw out short, spur-like shoots; glands reniform; fruit small, roundish-cordate; apex usually with a mucronate tip; skin thin, tough, deep yellow, with a mottled blush of dull carmine; flesh yellow, stained at the pit, firm, stringy, sprightly; pit small, ovate, plump, free; ripens at the end of august. =emporia.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . emporia is a very early variety originated by mrs. l. burns, near emporia, kansas. =endicott.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a freestone seedling of oldmixon cling which it resembles in shape; ripens with hale early. =english.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . the tree of english is vigorous but not productive. glands globose; fruit medium in size, oval, with a pointed apex; flesh white, firm; quality fair; clingstone; ripens the middle of august. =english swash.= = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . leaves globose; flowers small; ripens the middle of september; moderately productive. =enon.= = .= _ohio sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit of medium size, globular, often oblate; suture shallow but distinct; color greenish-white, shaded and splashed with carmine; flesh white, moderately firm, melting; quality good; pit oval, short, free; ripens august th. =equinox.= = .= _austin nur. cat._ . . a very large, yellow freestone, ripening about the third week in september, according to the austin nursery company, austin, texas. =ermine.= = .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ = =: . . fruit of medium size, partially free; pit large; ripens early in august. =ernoult.= = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , pl. . ernoult originated about near liege, belgium. tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit large, roundish; apex with a peculiarly wrinkled depression; skin downy, clear yellow, shaded with deep reddish-purple in the sun; flesh white, stained at the pit, melting, juicy, rich; freestone; ripens the middle of september. =ernst.= = .= ramsey _cat._ . according to f. t. ramsey and son, austin, texas, ernst originated with a mr. surties, bexar county, texas, about . fruit of medium size, white; freestone; ripens the middle of july. =erzherzog carl.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a seedling of gemeiner lieblingspfirsich with which it is similar but larger, more deeply sutured, less pubescent and not as dark red; ripens early in september. =erzherzog johann.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _archiduc jean._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . a productive seedling of gemeiner lieblingspfirsich which it resembles. it is larger, more pointed, more deeply sutured, less pubescent, and not as dark a red as its parent; ripens early in september. =espagne jaune.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . this variety was found about in the vicinity of bayonne, basses-pyrenees, france. some believe it to be a native of spain. tree vigorous; glands large, reniform; flowers of medium size; fruit medium in size, ovoid, somewhat cylindrical, halves unequal; suture distinct; apex with a mamelon tip; skin thick, yellow, spotted and washed with red; flesh yellow, tinged at the pit, fibrous, melting, very juicy, acidulated; stone adheres very slightly, small, ovoid, plump; matures the latter part of october. =essex mammoth.= = .= _ont. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed as having been grown in canada. =estella.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . estella originated in western florida. in it was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society. fruit almost round, very large; skin greenish-yellow, with a full, red cheek; flesh yellow; ripens in florida early in september. =esther.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a chinese cling seedling of large size and excellent quality. =esther doom.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _austin nur. cat._ . . esther doom originated with judge doom, austin, texas. a fine, productive, yellow clingstone, ripening july th. =evangelist.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a hardy variety grown in iowa. =evans.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _evans no. ._ = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ . - . evans is said to have the good characters of elberta; ripens just after that variety is gone. =evans cling.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . - . a hardy clingstone grown in iowa. =everbearing.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ , , , pl. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . everbearing originated in the garden of a mrs. page, cuthbert, georgia, in , and was named and disseminated by p. j. berckmans about . a marked characteristic of this variety is that some trees have a long blossoming and fruiting period. it is too tender for the north but is recommended for southern peach-districts, having been placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . tree vigorous, compact, productive; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit roundish-conical, large, the later-ripening fruits being smaller; cavity large, deep and abrupt; suture shallow, with a prominent apex; skin thick, tough, thickly covered with long pubescence, greenish-white, striped and mottled with purplish-red; flesh white, considerably stained and veined with red, meaty, juicy, subacid; stone oval, free; season july st to september or later in southern georgia. =excellente.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed but not described. =excelsior.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . _prince's excelsior._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . excelsior was grown more than half a century ago by william r. prince, flushing, new york. it has been confused with crosby, this sort having been once known as excelsior. fruit large, roundish to roundish-oblate; suture a line, ending in a flattened depression at the base; color attractive, bright orange-yellow; flesh golden-yellow, very rich, juicy, aromatic, sweet, separating freely from the stone; quality very good; season the middle of october. =exquisite.= = .= _u. s. pat. off. rpt._ . . = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . _pavie georgia._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . exquisite originated in georgia many years ago. it seems to have been sent to england and france by p. j. berckmans, augusta, georgia. leaves with globose glands; fruit large, roundish-oval, with a distinct suture; skin yellow, mottled with crimson in the sun; flesh yellow, red at the stone, free, tender, melting, juicy, vinous; ripens in september. =extra early.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a seedling of fay early anne which precedes its parent by three weeks; the fruit is small and fleshy, with a small pit. =fabre.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . tree moderately vigorous, very productive; glands reniform; flowers very small; fruit large, roundish at the base; apex with a small, mamelon tip; skin blushed with deep red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting, very juicy; pit large, oval, free; ripens early in september. =fahnestock.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a large-fruited seedling from a. fahnestock, lancaster, ohio. =fahnestock mammoth.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a large, yellow clingstone which originated with a. fahnestock, lancaster, ohio. =falcon.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= rivers _cat._ . - . _faucon._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . falcon originated with thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, from a pit of white nectarine. fruit medium in size, roundish; cavity deep, wide; suture shallow; apex with a small, erect, mamelon tip; skin thin, creamy-white, blushed with dull red, with a few stripes, not very attractive; flesh white, tinged at the pit, meaty, sprightly; stone oval, moderately plump; ripens at this station the middle of september. =fame.= = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . fame is an upright-growing tree, bearing yellow, freestone fruits of medium size; ripens july th; very susceptible to rot. =fanning.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . fanning was exhibited in philadelphia in by j. h. ricketts of newburgh, new york. fruit medium in size, globular; skin striped and splashed with brownish-red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh greenish-white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly; very good; stone moderately plump, free. =farrnbacher lackpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . tree very productive; branches long and slender; glands reniform; flowers of medium size; fruit large, long, halves unequal; deeply sutured; skin whitish-yellow, washed and striped with red; flesh whitish-yellow, red near the stone, very tender, fibrous, vinous; freestone; ripens the middle of september. =faut.= = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . a southern seedling. tree strong, vigorous; fruit large; clingstone. =favier.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . favier was introduced by william robert prince from the region of the mediterranean. blossoms small; fruit of medium size, roundish; suture usually but a line; skin overlaid with red, with a deeper hue in the sun; flesh pale yellowish-white, strongly colored at the pit, melting, juicy; freestone; ripens september th. =favourite.= = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _favourite large red clingstone?_ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _favourite red._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _early favourite?_ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . glands small, globose, often lacking; flowers small; fruit large, oblong; skin white, rather downy, covered with dark red where exposed; flesh red at the stone, somewhat firm, juicy, vinous but not rich; ripens early in august. =fay early anne.= = .= _cultivator_ rd ser. = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . _anne précoce de fay._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . a seedling of anne, grown by lincoln fay, chautauqua county, new york. it held a place in the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . tree hardy and productive; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin creamy-white, sometimes faintly tinged with red where exposed; flesh white, juicy, rich; ripens two weeks before early crawford. fei tau.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . cions of the fei tau peach were brought to america by frank n. meyer, united states department of agriculture, from the province of fei tcheng, china. =felicie.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . charles buisson, tronche, isère, france, grew this variety in . glands usually lacking; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, halves unequal, with a mamelon tip at the apex; faintly sutured; skin thick, heavily pubescent, whitish-yellow, washed and striped with carmine; flesh yellowish-white to the stone, firm, fibrous, juicy, vinous, with an after taste; stone small, ovoid, free; ripens the last of september. =felt rareripe.= = .= gregg _fruit cult._ . . the chief characteristic of this variety is that it reproduces itself from seed. it originated with cyrus felt, monte bello, illinois; fruit large, yellow-fleshed, freestone; ripens the last of august. =ferdinand.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . ferdinand is a seedling of honey raised by g. l. taber, glen saint mary, florida, in . it was entered on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in but was dropped in . fruit roundish, slightly flattened, bulged on one side, large; apex short, blunt, recurved; suture but a line; skin velvety, thick, tough, dull yellow, well covered with dull red; flesh firm, meaty, white, streaked with red; flavor insipid, poor; stone clinging, oval, plump, short; season early in july. =fetters.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . john fetters, lancaster, ohio, raised this white-fleshed freestone from a pit of lemon cling. =fine jaboulay.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ fig. . thought to have originated with armand jaboulay, oullins, rhône, france. leaves with reniform glands; flowers of medium size; fruit large, roundish, with a very small, mamelon tip at the apex; skin marbled and washed with red on a yellow ground; flesh white, melting, vinous, aromatic; quality very good; ripens the middle of september. =finley october.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . grown near seaford, delaware. =finley superb.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . recommended for planting in georgia. =fisher.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. bul._ = =: . . a variety grown in texas and wright counties, missouri. fruit large, round, yellow, blushed with red; clingstone; ripens in missouri about the middle of september. =fleenor.= = .= _ind. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . fleenor originated in indiana. tree hardy, productive, slender; fruit large, oblong, white; quality good; clingstone; used for market and canning; ripens in october. =flewellen.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . flewellen is of american origin and held a place in the american pomological society's fruit-list from until . fruit large, globular, depressed at the apex; skin downy, yellowish-white, dark, dull purplish-red where exposed; flesh red at the pit, very juicy, sweet; desirable for an early cling; ripens early in august. =florence.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . this variety is a moderate bearer but rots badly. tree tall, with dense foliage, vigorous; fruit of medium size, globular, greenish-white; flesh white, adherent; quality fair to good; ripens the middle of august. =florida.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _florida crawford._ = .= _ibid._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . introduced by g. l. taber, glen saint mary, florida, in . the variety appeared on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in as florida crawford where it remained until . in it reappeared as florida. fruit belongs to the spanish type, very large, roundish-oblong, somewhat bellied, with a shallow suture; skin pale to deeper yellow, frequently blushed at the base; flesh stained at the pit, firm, juicy, vinous; freestone; ripens the last of july. =florida gem.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . one of the best seedlings of honey both for home and commercial purposes. listed by the american pomological society in its fruit-catalog of . fruit medium to large, oval, angular; suture indistinct, often wanting; apex conical, long, recurved; skin fuzzy, thin, tough, greenish-yellow, washed with deep red where exposed; flesh firm, juicy, white, pink at the stone, sweet, agreeable; stone free, elliptical, reddish; ripens the last of june. =florida own.= = .= _fla. sta. bul_. = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . florida own is a seedling of peento, now out of cultivation. fruit large, nearly round; skin white, overspread with carmine; flesh sweet, juicy, melting, semi-clinging; quality excellent; ripens with peento. =florin.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . florin is a california variety ripening with late crawford but superior in size and flavor; tree hardy, a rapid grower and free from curl. =floss.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . received at this station for testing in , from e. a. riehl, alton, illinois. fruit above medium, roundish-oblong; color greenish-white, with a few red dots; flesh white, moderately juicy, firm, adherent; quality good; season the middle of october. =floyd.= = .= _ortiz fruit farm cat._ . . according to the catalog of the ortiz fruit farm, mexico, missouri, floyd was found in mexico, missouri, by wallace bassford of that place. tree very hardy; fruit hangs well, large; skin tough, creamy-white, blushed where exposed; flesh tender, white, juicy; freestone; ripens september th. =flushing heath.= = .= van lindley _cat._ . . this is a large, white-fleshed clingstone which ripens the last of august, according to the van lindley company, pomona, north carolina. =ford.= = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _new ford._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ _ _: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . probably originated in delaware. tree moderately vigorous, upright, with drooping branches; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, yellow, blushed with red; flesh yellow, tinged at the pit, moderately juicy, firm, mild, sweet; quality good; pit free, oval, plump, pointed; ripens early in september. =ford choice.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . ford choice was received at this station for testing in from j. s. ford, pittsford, new york. fruit large, irregularly oval, with a shallow suture; skin yellow, with markings of dark red; flesh yellow, slightly stained with red at the pit which is nearly free, juicy, somewhat stringy, firm; quality good; ripens early in september. =ford late.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . ford late, as it fruits on the station grounds, is of doubtful value. trees vigorous, productive; leaves with small, globose glands; flowers appear early, large, pink; fruit large, oval, tapering, halves unequal, sides drawn in about the cavity; apex with a mucronate tip; skin covered with long, coarse pubescence, thin, tough, lemon-yellow to creamy, with a faint blush of pink; flesh white, neither very juicy nor stringy, sprightly; stone brown, free, large, obovate, with a wedge-shaped base; ripens early in october. =ford no. .= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree strong, spreading, productive if not too far south; glands few, reniform; fruit medium to large, roundish-elongated, faintly sutured; skin creamy-white, with a delicate wash of bright red; flesh creamy-white, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, tender, sprightly, vinous; quality good; pit plump, semi-clinging; ripens from the middle to the last of august. =ford no. .= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . trees round-headed, fairly productive; glands globose; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly ovate; suture indistinctly marked; cavity broad, deep; color yellow, with a red cheek; flesh red at the stone, tender, vinous, juicy; stone oval, pointed, plump, free; quality good; ripens on the station grounds the last of september. =ford no. .= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . described as follows as it grows on the station grounds: trees strong; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish; apex indistinct; skin greenish-yellow, with a thin bloom; flesh white, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, tender, vinous; stone free, plump, pointed; quality poor; ripens the last of october. =ford red.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . ford red is thought to have originated in delaware. trees roundish, with an upright head, fairly productive; fruit medium-sized, slightly enlarged at the suture, generally oval; cavity deep, narrow; color creamy-white, with a slight blush; flesh white, reddish and rather bitter at the pit, juicy, tender, rich, mild; quality good; pit free, oval, pointed, quite plump; season early in september. =ford seedling.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large; fruit of medium size, slightly narrowed at the apex; skin yellowish-green, marbled with bright red; flesh yellow to the stone, juicy, with a rich, astringent flavor; freestone; ripens the middle of september. =fords.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a large, very early, white-fleshed freestone. =fords improved.= = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ . - . a white-fleshed freestone of the chinese type. it ripens early but is soft and is a poor keeper. =forrester.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . a large, round, good peach, from georgia. fruit yellowish-red; ripens in mid-season. =four in one.= = .= _continental pl. cat._ . . according to the continental plant company, kittrell, north carolina, this variety is the largest peach that grows and the firmest of the mid-summer varieties. skin deep creamy and crimson, tough; flesh soft, juicy, melting. =fourteen ounce.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . a clingstone, listed but not described in these references. =fox.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _fox's seedling._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . fox originated in new jersey. the american pomological society listed the variety in its fruit-catalog in but dropped it in , replacing it in . tree vigorous; glands globose; fruit medium in size, roundish, slightly compressed, with a small suture which extends nearly around the fruit; skin creamy-white, with a red blush; flesh white, red at the pit, free, melting, juicy, sweet, with a rich, vinous flavor; season the last of september. =frances.= = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: , fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . _francis._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . there is doubt as to the place of origin of this peach. most writers mention ohio but a communication from leon sanders, plain dealing, louisiana, states that the variety was found in that state by his father about and was introduced to the trade by l. t. sanders and son. frances was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . fruit large, roundish-oval, with a pronounced suture; apex prominent; skin yellow, washed and striped with bright red; flesh yellow, stained with red at the pit, melting, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor; quality good; stone oval, free; season follows elberta. =frank.= = .= munson _cat._ , pl. - . according to the munson nurseries, denison, texas, frank was raised in by j. w. stubenrauch, mexia, texas, from a pit of elberta and named after frank holland of the _farm and ranch_. fruit large, globular; skin yellow, covered with considerable rich red; clingstone; ripens two weeks after its parent. =frankfort.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =franklin.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as grown in michigan at one time. =franquières.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . resembles orchard queen but is earlier, rounder, and higher in quality. trees very vigorous and productive; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, nearly covered with reddish-carmine; flesh very red at the stone, juicy; matures the first of september. =franz koelitz.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . an early, german variety without glands. =fredenburgh.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a large, very early sort, like alexander in appearance and quality, raised by w. h. fredenburgh, kingston, new york. =freehold.= = .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . freehold originated in freehold, new jersey; fruit large, with a red cheek; flesh white; freestone; of good quality; ripens the second week in november. =free mason.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ st app. . . a seedling of early rareripe, grown by rev. r. w. todd, denton, maryland. tree very vigorous, spreading in its habit; leaves serrate, glandless; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining to oblong; skin white, shaded with red; flesh deep red at the stone, juicy; ripens immediately after smock. =freeman.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: , . . _freeman late._ = .= _ibid._ = =: . . named after its originator, h. c. freeman, alto pass, illinois. the fruits resemble smock of which it may be a seedling; however, it is later and higher in quality. =freeman white.= = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . . a variety of some repute in new jersey. resembles heath free but is larger; used for market. =french blood cling.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _wilder blutpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . leaves with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, dark red; used for preserves; matures at the end of october. =french chancellor.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . a variety of french origin. fruit large, with a distinct suture; apex with a small, mamelon tip; skin fine red next the sun; flesh melting, sweet, with a pleasant flavor; ripens the first of september. =french mignonne.= = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ = =:pl. fig. . . although bearing a close resemblance to grosse mignonne, this peach seems to be distinct. the chief points of difference are thicker skin, more brilliant color and more oblong form in the fruit of this variety. =french willow leaved.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _a feuilles de saule._ = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ , . . this tree has leaves resembling those of the willow. leaves devoid of glands; flowers very small; fruit of medium size or larger, roundish, halves unequal; flesh white, red at the stone; pit large, free; ripens in october and only succeeds in a warm exposure. =friers.= = .= rea _flora_ . . "friers peach is an excellent fruit." =fritzes sämling.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =frogmore golden.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= _flor. & pom._ , pl. . a mr. ingram, frogmore, england, grew this variety from a pit of the bellegarde peach crossed with pitmaston orange nectarine. trees rather free from mildew; glands globose; fruit of medium size; of a deep apricot color, both in and out; flesh rich, vinous, tinged at the stone from which it separates; ripens early. =frühe aus der ortenau.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =frühe may von brigg.= = .= lucas _handb. obst._ . . tree strong and very productive; fruit very large, whitish-yellow, with a red blush; ripens the middle of july. =frühe mignonne.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _large early mignonne._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _early mignonne._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _frühe lieblingspfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _early grosse mignonne._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . frühe mignonne was first mentioned early in the nineteenth century as coming from the vicinity of paris, france. it is a strain of grosse mignonne, but with smaller and earlier fruit. the american pomological society listed it in its fruit-catalog from until . glands small, globose; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, more or less ovoid, regular in outline, strongly sutured; usually with a mamelon tip; skin pale yellow, marbled with carmine; flesh whitish-green, red at the pit, melting, juicy, sweet, sprightly; stone roundish-oval, plump, nearly free; ripens early in august. =früher bergpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . fruit large, oblate, halves unequal; deeply sutured; skin with a straw-yellow color, with dark red streaks, heavily pubescent; flesh white throughout, pleasing; stone small; ripens from the first to the middle of august. =fruitland.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . fruitland originated at augusta, georgia. fruit large, obovate, tapering to a point; greenish-white, with a pale, mottled red cheek; flesh greenish-white, faintly red at the stone, very juicy, vinous; freestone; matures early in september. =fulkerson.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . of american origin, having been raised by r. p. fulkerson, ashland, ohio, about . leaves without glands; fruit of medium size, obtuse, sides irregular and unequal; skin white, with a red cheek; flesh whitish-yellow, tinged at the stone, juicy, rich, high in quality; stone small, angular, flattened, free; ripens august th. =fullers galande.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed as having globose glands and small flowers. =furness.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned as a good, late clingstone. =g. & a.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . fruit irregular in outline; yellow-fleshed; freestone; quality good; pit small; ripens the first of september. =g. orange cling.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . an inferior variety listed by the illinois horticultural society; fruit of medium size; flesh yellow; quality fair. =gaillard-girerd i.= = .= _rev. hort._ n. s. = =: . . soon after the early american varieties of the amsden and hale early type were introduced into france they were used in breeding new varieties. this peach is a white-fleshed freestone, resulting from a seed of poirieux crossed with hale early. =gaillard-girerd ii.= = .= _rev. hort._ n. s. = =: . . said to resemble closely its parent, gaillard-girerd i. =gain de montreuil.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _galande von montreuil._ = .= lauche _deut. pom._ = =:no. , pl. . alexis lepère, montreuil, france, grew this variety about . tree strong, unusually productive; leaves with both reniform and globose glands; flowers very small; fruit of medium size, roundish, depressed at the ends; suture distinct; apex with a small, mamelon tip; skin thin, with short pubescence, yellowish-white, with a red blush; flesh stained at the stone, firm, sweet; very good; stone adherent, elongated-oval, deeply furrowed; ripens the last of august. =galande.= = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . _bellegarde._ = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _grosse noire de montreuil._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , pl. . _violette galande._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . the origin of this old variety is unknown. it apparently was known in france in the middle of the seventeenth century and was long and widely cultivated in that country under various names. the number of synonyms shows its popularity in france and england. leaves crenate, with globose glands; flowers small; fruit large, round, regular, with a shallow suture; color pale yellowish-green, with a rich red cheek, often streaked with darker purple; flesh pale yellow, rayed with red at the stone, melting, juicy, highly flavored, free; season the last of august. =galande pointue.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _spitze galand pfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= gaucher _pom. prak. obst._ no. , tab. . . about a m. dormeau of montreuil, seine, france, seems to have been growing this variety. fruit large, roundish-oval, irregular; skin yellowish-white, partly covered and dotted with carmine; flesh whitish, somewhat red at the center, firm but tender, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; stone free; season early in august. =galbraith.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a variety from illinois, recommended for market. glands globose; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish; color white, with a red cheek; very good; ripens at the end of july. =galland may.= = .= _greensboro nur. cat._ . . a very early variety with good shipping qualities, according to the greensboro nurseries, greensboro, north carolina. =galveston.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . galveston was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in ; it comes from southern texas. tree very vigorous and productive, inclined to overbear; glands few, reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin creamy, with a light red cheek; flavor subacid; ripens the last of july. =gant noir.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =garden cling.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . garden cling on the station grounds is not promising in fruit or tree characters. fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed; skin thick, tough, greenish-white, more or less overspread with bright red; flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, rubbery; stone oval, smooth, plump; ripens early in october. =gates cling.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . originated and named by j. w. gates, vacaville, california. trees tender; fruit large; skin too tender for shipping, silver-white, with a red blush; flesh white, firm; pit large, irregular. =gather late october.= = .= van lindley _cat._ . . a very late clingstone listed by van lindley, pomona, north carolina. =gaylord.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . a peach grown in mississippi by dr. m. w. phillips. tree fairly vigorous, but not productive; glands large, round; flowers small; fruit resembles crothers, large, round, with a pointed apex; skin creamy-white, heavily pubescent; flesh white, juicy, rich; freestone; ripens the middle of august. =geary.= = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _gearys hold-on._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= hood _cat._ . . _hold-on._ = .= fulton _peach cult._ . . geary is said to be a seedling of smock; on the station grounds it ripens with it. tree large, vigorous but not very productive, slightly drooping; leaves finely serrate, with large, reniform glands; flowers small, faded pink, darker at the edges; fruit above medium in size, oval, halves unequal; cavity deep, sides drawn up forming a prune-like neck; tip mucronate; skin tough, covered with short pubescence, golden-yellow, slightly splashed with darker red on a dull blush; flesh pale yellow, stained at the pit, rather dry, coarse, sweet; fair in quality; stone large, oval, flattened, more or less pointed, free. =gebhardt.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . a locally known seedling of hale early grown by benton gebhardt, oceana county, michigan, about . it is valued for high quality in fruit. tree hardy and an early and regular bearer, not very susceptible to fungus; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblong, flattened slightly at the ends; cavity broad; suture continuous, deeper at the ends; skin velvety, creamy-white, with a solid, dark crimson cheek; flesh creamy-white, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; quality very good; stone free; ripens just before early michigan. =gem.= = .= munson _cat._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . similar to oldmixon cling, but with more color in the cheek; glands reniform; season very late; unproductive. =gemina.= = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned as a very late and very hardy variety; recommended for missouri. =general bidwell.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . a seedling named by the california horticultural society in and recommended for cultivation. fruit larger than orange cling, yellow; flesh solid, juicy, rich; pit small, free; ripens between late crawford and salwey. =general custer.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by e. f. hynes, kansas, about . =general grant.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . originated with w. w. smith, vacaville, california. trees fairly strong; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish, tapering towards the apex; cavity narrow, deep; suture extends two-thirds around the fruit; skin pale creamy-white, with a mottled cheek; flesh red at the pit, moderately juicy, firm, vinous; pit roundish-oval, pointed, plump, adherent; ripens late. =general greene.= = .= _n. c. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _greensboro nur. cat._ . . a large, white-fleshed freestone, ripening the last of august. the variety originated in guilford county, north carolina. =general harrison.= = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ . . according to the glen saint mary nurseries, glen saint mary, florida, this variety was originated at cocoa, florida, by c. w. harrison. fruit above medium in size, shaped like the honey seedlings without the long points; color light yellow, overlaid with red; flesh white; clingstone; ripens in july. =general laudon. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . general laudon is a seedling of karl schwarzenberg, raised about . tree productive; flowers large, pale red; fruit large, oval, deeply sutured; skin greenish-yellow, blushed; flesh white, vinous; freestone; ripens at the end of august. =general taylor. .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . general taylor is an early clingstone of fair quality. tree vigorous, productive; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish-ovate; skin creamy-white, with a red cheek; ripens in texas the last of june. =genesee. .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . fruit medium to large; flesh creamy-white, juicy; freestone; ripens in october. =genueser. .= christ _handb._ . . _pêche de genes._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _genueser aprikosenpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . flowers small; fruit large, round, halves unequal; suture shallow; skin yellow, more or less mottled with clear red; flesh deep yellow, pleasing, melting; freestone; ripens early in october. =george late. .= _cal. bd. hort. rpt._ . . = .= _cal. nur. cat._ . . george late originated in sacramento, california, where the fruit is much esteemed as a clingstone because of its rich color, large size and superior shipping qualities. the trees on the station grounds have not yet fruited. =georgia press. .= _greensboro nur. cat._ . . fruit large; flesh nearly white, juicy, acid; ripens in august, according to the greensboro nurseries, greensboro, north carolina. =gest superb. .= elliott _fr. book_ . . an american variety bearing globose glands; fruit large, roundish; skin yellowish-white; flesh firm, subacid; ripens in september. =gestreifter blutpfirsich. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . resembles sanguinole but longer. fruit striped; flesh clear red, not adhering to the pit; ripens early in october. =gettysburg. .= _rural n. y._ = =: , fig. . . found and named by earl peters, mount holly springs, pennsylvania, who claims it to be the latest and best yellow-fleshed freestone in that vicinity. =gibbon. .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . fruit large, oval, terminating in an acute, swollen tip; skin clear yellow, blushed; flesh yellow, melting, juicy; ripens the middle of august. =gibbon october. .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= griffing _cat._ . . a seedling of the spanish type from northern florida. in , it appeared on the fruit-list of the american pomological society but was soon dropped. it is one of the last white-fleshed, freestone peaches to mature, ripening at the last of september. =gibson. .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . a seedling raised by eugene gibson, new richmond, michigan. the variety was said to be earlier than either amsden or alexander. it was thought by some to be identical with the champion of michigan. leaves deeply serrate; susceptible to mildew. =gibson late.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . gibson late has small value as grown on the station grounds. tree neither vigorous nor productive; fruit medium to above in size, oblong-oval, sometimes roundish-oval, with a bulge along the suture; skin with considerable pubescence, greenish-yellow, with a faint blush; flesh light yellow, stained at the pit, juicy, coarse, stringy; quality fair; freestone; ripens the latter half of october. =gibson seedling.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as grown in texas. =gillingham.= = .= _oregon nur. cat._ . . the oregon nursery company, orenco, oregon, states that gillingham resembles early crawford but ripens a few days later; the tree bears young and abundantly. =gilman early.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a variety ripening in august; productive. =gilmore.= = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety was found growing in gilmore, arkansas, by s. w. gilbert, thayer, missouri; said to be "very early and good to look at but not fit to eat." =gladstone.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this is another variety grown by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit very large, round, often oblate; suture shallow; skin pale yellowish-green, with a faint red cheek; flesh white, tender, melting, vinous; freestone. =glasgow.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . glasgow is listed as a freestone grown in missouri. =glen.= = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ . . glen is a cross between peento and honey from glen saint mary, florida. fruit two and one-half inches long, ending in a blunt point; deeply sutured; skin tough, yellow, often entirely covered with red; flesh light yellow, stained at the pit, firm; freestone; season early in june. =glendale.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . glendale, better known as glendale beauty, did not prove productive in texas. glands large, globose; fruit large, ovate, with an acute apex; skin yellow; flesh firm, sweet; freestone; ripens early in july. =globe.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . globe is a chance seedling from berks center, pennsylvania. the tree is a rapid and vigorous grower and usually productive. it was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in where it still remains. glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, round, slightly ovate; cavity broad; skin yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, vinous, sprightly; quality good; pit large, oval, plump, free; ripens at the last of september. =gold ball.= = .= bailey _ann. hort._ . . a large, yellow-fleshed clingstone introduced in by ramsey & son, mahomet, texas. =gold dust.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _boonville nur. cat._ . . gold dust originated with j. c. evans, howell county, missouri. the peaches on the station grounds are very attractive. trees moderately productive; glands reniform, large; flowers appear in mid-season, small; fruit large, roundish-cordate, halves unequal; apex ends in a small, recurved, mamelon tip; skin thin but tough, heavily pubescent, golden-yellow, overspread with lively red and with few splashes of darker red; flesh tinged at the pit, juicy, meaty, sprightly; quality fair; stone adherent, large, oval to ovate, acutely pointed at the apex; ripens late in september. =gold mine.= = .= greening bros. _cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: , pl. . g. e. prater, paw paw, michigan, grew and introduced gold mine. it is a cross between barnard and late crawford, resembling the latter parent. on the station grounds the variety lacks productiveness; trees vigorous, hardy; glands small, globose; flowers appear in mid-season, small; fruit large, oval to cordate, halves decidedly unequal; apex with a large, mucronate tip; skin thick, tough, coarsely pubescent, greenish-yellow, blushed with dull red; flesh yellow except at the pit, juicy, coarse, sprightly, pleasing; quality good; pit free, large, ovate, plump, tinged with purple; ripens late in september. =golden.= = .= _horticulturist n. s._ = =: . . golden is a mediocre variety from georgia. =golden ampère.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =golden ball.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . golden ball is of american origin. glands globose; fruit large, roundish, orange-yellow; flesh stained at the stone, juicy; freestone; ripens early in september. =golden belt.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . - . listed as grown at one time in kansas. =golden cling.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . golden cling is one of the standard peaches of california. it has held a place on the fruit-list of the american pomological society since . the variety originated with a. t. hatch, suisum valley, california. fruit large, oval, compressed, yellow-fleshed; quality good; season late; good for kitchen or market. =golden cuba.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as growing in michigan. =golden eagle.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _aigle doré_. = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . golden eagle was raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, as a second generation from late crawford. leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit very large, round, deeply sutured; skin deep orange, with a red cheek on the sunny side; flesh stained at the pit, tender, melting, rich; freestone; ripens at the end of september. =golden gate.= = .= _new haven nur. cat._ . - . dr. smith, hermann, missouri, originated golden gate. fruit yellow; season follows elberta according to the new haven nurseries, new haven, missouri. =golden purple.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _gold and purple._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ , . . = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ , . . _pourpre dorée._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . golden purple originated in georgia and was sent out by p. j. berckmans, augusta, georgia. fruit of medium size, round, with a distinct suture; color golden-yellow, with a deep crimson blush; flesh greenish-yellow, slightly red at the pit, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; stone free; season the last of july. =golden rareripe.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _jour. hort. n. s._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . an american variety from monmouth county, new jersey, little known in america but listed by several english nurserymen. glands reniform; flowers small; fruit resembles the crawfords. =golden sweet cling.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . originated near fort smith, arkansas. fruit large, juicy and sweet, according to the catalog of stark brothers, louisiana, missouri. =goode.= = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _goode october_. = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this variety originated in south carolina. fruit large, round or slightly oblong; skin white, veined with red, heavily pubescent; flesh white, stained at the stone, juicy, vinous; clingstone; matures early in october. =gooding.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: , . . a mr. gooding, formerly of smith county, texas, originated this variety. it was introduced in by john f. sneed, tyler, texas. the fruit resembles mamie ross but is a few days later. =gordon.= = .= harrison _cat._ . . gordon is a very late variety from j. g. harrison and sons, berlin, maryland. the trees are not productive on the station grounds. glands small, globose; flowers appear late; fruit large, oval-cordate, halves unequal; apex tipped with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin tough, covered with short pubescence, creamy-white, blushed with lively red, with a few dull splashes; flesh white, tinged at the stone, juicy, tender, rich; quality very good; stone large, oval to obovate, flattened, wedge-shape at the base, free; ripens at the last of september. =gorgas.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= hoffy _n. am. pom._ no. , pl. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . gorgas originated with benjamin gullis, philadelphia, pennsylvania, from a stone of morris white planted in the fall of . the variety first fruited in . tree vigorous, bearing glandless leaves; fruit moderately large, roundish, with a swollen point at the apex; suture indistinct; color yellowish-white, clouded and blotched with red on the cheek; flesh white, stained at the stone which is free, firm, juicy, sweet and agreeably flavored; quality very good; ripens late in september. =goshawk.= = .= _jour. hort._ rd ser. = =: . . = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . _autour._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, raised goshawk from a seed of coolidge impregnated with pollen from the stanwick nectarine. on the station grounds the trees are not vigorous; leaves devoid of glands; flowers large; fruit large; skin greenish-white, mottled with spots of dull red; flesh juicy, melting, brisk; ripens in mid-season. =gough late red clingstone.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . listed by prince in . =governor.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . governor is a seedling of president which it surpasses in quality of fruit. it originated with l. e. berckmans of rome, georgia, many years ago. fruit very large, roundish, regular; skin white, nearly covered with red and with a dark red cheek; flesh white, melting, vinous, aromatic, free; quality good; ripens the middle of august. =governor briggs.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . _briggs._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . the origin of this sort is unknown but it has been propagated in michigan for some years under the name briggs. tree unproductive; glands globose, small; fruit medium to large, roundish-ovate, with a distinct suture; color yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, tender, with a rich, vinous, sprightly flavor; quality good; pit free; season in michigan the last of august. =governor campbell.= = .= ramsey _cat._ . . this is an old, white clingstone which ripens in texas about july th, as described by f. t. ramsey and son, austin, texas. =governor garland.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . the original governor garland tree grew six miles from bentonville, arkansas. the fruits are described as larger, earlier and inferior in flavor to amsden. =governor hubbard.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed by the texas experiment station. =governor lanham.= = .= ramsey _cat._ . . governor lanham originated at austin, texas, and was introduced by f. t. ramsey and son, of that place. it resembles elberta in size, shape and season but is a clingstone. =governor phelps.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . e. f. hynes of kansas introduced governor phelps; fruit large, yellow, clingstone. =grand admirable.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . an attractive clingstone from louisville, kentucky, first grown about . on the station grounds the trees are only fairly productive; glands small, globose; flowers appear early, small; fruit medium in size, roundish, inclined to oblate, angular, halves unequal; skin tough, covered with short pubescence, creamy-white, with a carmine blush and a few lively red mottlings; flesh tinged at the stone, juicy, moderately coarse, meaty, with a trace of sprightliness; fair in quality; stone oval, somewhat plump; ripens the last week in september. =grand carnation.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "grand carnation is like carnation but greater and later, ripening the beginning of september." =grand monarque.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . this variety bears reniform glands and small flowers. =grand reporter.= = .= _weber nur. cat._ . . grand reporter was found by a mr. pfister, creve coeur lake, missouri. tree hardy and productive, with fruit similar to late crawford but a week later, according to h. j. weber, nursery, missouri. =grandeville.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . leaves deeply serrate and glandless; flowers large. =granger.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling grown by s. l. staley about and later given to f. granger, monterey, michigan. it is distinguishable from late crawford only by a slight difference in habit of tree; leaves large, with globose glands. =grant cling.= = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . a clingstone peach from j. t. grant, georgia. fruit above medium in size, oblong, tapering; distinctly sutured; skin heavily pubescent, with a pale cream color, blushed considerably; flesh pale red at the stone, juicy, tender. =grant large yellow.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . originated with a mr. grant, philadelphia, pennsylvania; ripens late. =grauer-pfirsich.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =graven red cheek cling.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a seedling from holmes county, ohio. =graves.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . _graves semi-cling._ = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _graves early._ = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . a supposed hybrid between the apricot and peach by william graves, hazlehurst, mississippi; larger and earlier than alexander. =gray.= = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium to large, rather long and flattened, with a prominent point at the apex; skin smooth, pale yellow, sprinkled with red; flesh yellow, thick, firm, rich; freestone; ripens the last of june; not recommended. =great eastern.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . great eastern originated in the fruitland nurseries, augusta, georgia. glands globose; flowers small; fruit very large, round, often a trifle flattened; skin greenish-white, with a red cheek; flesh white, juicy, well-flavored; ripens the middle of july. =great northern.= = .= _ont. sta. rpt._ = =: . . mentioned as growing in ontario. =great western.= = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . trees strong, round-headed, moderately productive; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish or slightly ovate; cavity narrow, deep; apex prominent; skin creamy-white; flesh juicy, white to the pit, firm, mild, slightly bitter; quality poor; pit adherent, roundish-oval, pointed, plump; season the early part of october. =great white.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the great white peach is white on the outside as the meate is also, and is a good well rellished fruit." =green catharine.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , , . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . w. r. prince says, in the second reference, that green catharine was brought to notice by his grandfather. glands small, globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, distinctly sutured; skin pale green in shade, becoming whitish-yellow, streaked with carmine; flesh greenish-white except at the stone, melting, fibrous, juicy, somewhat acid; stone free, plump; ripens at the end of august. =green rareripe.= = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . a productive and fine-flavored freestone adapted to new england. glands globose; flowers small; fruit of medium size; ripens in september. =green winter.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . green winter is of no value as a table fruit but makes beautiful preserves, the fruits retaining their green color; the flesh is firm and adheres closely to the stone; matures in october. =gregory.= = .= _horticulturist n. s._ = =: . . _gregory late_. = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . introduced by william gregory, a nurseryman at cirencester, england, about . it is an excellent, late, melting peach, but does not color nor ripen well in ordinary seasons. glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, ovate, pointed; skin greenish, with a red blush; flesh vinous, sugary, high in quality; ripens early in october. =gresham.= = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ . - . listed in this reference. =griffing no. . .= griffing bros. _cat._ . . the catalog of griffing brothers, jacksonville, florida, describes the fruit as large, roundish; skin golden yellow, nearly covered with red; flesh streaked with red near the pit, fine-grained, juicy, subacid; clingstone; ripens the last of june. =grimes.= = .= munson _cat._ . - . grimes is thought to be a second generation seedling from mamie ross, which it closely resembles. it originated with t. h. graves, anderson, texas; ripens in texas about june th, as described by the munson nurseries, denison, texas. =griswold.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . fruit large, round, greenish-white, slightly tinged with red; flesh very juicy and highly flavored; ripens the middle of september. =grosse bourdine. .= thomas _guide prat._ . listed in this reference. =grosse gallande.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . fruit large, attractive, roundish; color white, with a red blush; flavor excellent; ripens early in september. =grosse madeleine lepére.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =grosse mignonne.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. x. . = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _proc. nat. con. fr. gr._ , . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _grimwood's royal george._ = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ = =:pl. , fig. . . _early vineyard._ = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _neil's early purple._ = .= _ibid._ , . . _royal kensington._ = .= _ibid._ . . _superb royal._ = .= _ibid._ , . . _gemeiner lieblingspfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _veloutée de piémont._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _grosse mignon pfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . the numerous synonyms for this variety are an evidence of the esteem in which it was long held. it undoubtedly originated in france; according to leroy it was mentioned by merlet in . during the reign of george the third, grimwood, of the kensington nursery, sent it out as grimwood's royal george. a mr. lee of hammersmith, england, called it early vineyard; shailer, of chelsea, superb royal; forsyth, a royal gardener at kensington in , called it royal kensington. lindley described the same variety under several different names, apparently believing them to be distinct. at the first meeting of the american pomological society, in , grosse mignonne was placed on the list of recommended fruits, a place it held until when it was dropped. tree large, moderately vigorous, subject to mildew, productive; glands small, globose; fruit large, roundish, depressed and marked with a hollow suture at the top, which seems to divide it into two lobes; color pale greenish-yellow, mottled with red which deepens to brownish-red on the sunny side; flesh free, pale yellow, rayed with red at the stone, melting, juicy, with a rich, delicate, vinous flavor; quality good; ripens at the last of august. =grosse mignonne lepére.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =grosse mignonne saint-cyr.= = .= thomas guide prat. . . a variety of doubtful value, bearing globose glands and medium-sized flowers. =grosse montagne précoce.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . another seedling from thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, which sprang from a seed of a very early, clingstone peach; the fruit is large and early, but a clingstone. =grosse de stresa.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . listed as received from italy. =grosse de vitry.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =grosser blutpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _sanguine à gros fruit._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: , . . this variety differs from sanguinole in being larger. =grosster aprikosenpfirsich. .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . flowers small, flesh-colored; fruit very large, roundish, lightly sutured; skin yellow, often without any red; flesh yellow to the stone, fine, sweet; clingstone; ripens at the end of august. =grover cleveland.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . grover cleveland originated as a chance seedling with j. w. gates, vacaville, california. tree hardy, prolific; fruit small, yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh stained at the pit, firm; stone small, clinging; good for shipping and canning. =grover red.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . grover red is an early, white-fleshed freestone grown about warsaw, illinois. =grubbs cling.= = .= _n. mex. sta. bul._ = =: . . tested at the new mexico experiment station. =guadalupe.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . g. onderdonk, nursery, texas, grew guadalupe from a peach of the spanish type. glands reniform; fruit roundish-oblate, conical, small; suture deep; apex prominent; skin covered with a short, persistent down, thick, tough, dull creamy-white; flesh tinged at the stone, vinous, aromatic; quality very good; clingstone; ripens in august in southern texas. =gudgeon.= = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree upright, roundish, not very productive; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish; apex prominent; color creamy-white, with a bright red blush; flesh red at the stone, juicy, sprightly; quality fair; stone free, oval, pointed; season the first of october. =guespin.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a variety of doubtful merit, bearing reniform glands. =guinn.= = .= ramsey _cat._ . . according to f. t. ramsey and son, austin, texas, this variety was raised by a mr. guinn, cherokee county, texas. as grown on the station grounds the fruits are very susceptible to brown-rot. tree vigorous, moderately hardy; glands small, globose; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit of medium size, cordate, halves decidedly unequal; cavity deep and wide, with a mamelon tip at the apex; skin moderately thin and tough, covered with short, thick pubescence, deep yellow, blushed with dull red, with a few carmine mottlings; flesh tinged with red at the stone, juicy, coarse, firm, sprightly, moderately high in flavor, fairly good; stone free, ovate, noticeably bulged; ripens the last of august. =gulley.= = .= bailey _ann. hort._ . . mentioned as introduced by a. g. gulley of michigan in . =gurney.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: , fig. . one of the many late seedlings of the chili type. originated with c. a. gurney, hart, michigan. on the station grounds it grows as follows: tree vigorous, spreading, an early bearer; fruit of medium size, conic, cleft into halves by a deep suture which extends beyond the apex; skin thick, tough, covered with short, thick pubescence, light yellow, with a faint red cheek; flesh light yellow, red at the pit, fine, juicy, mild subacid; quality very good; stone free. =gustave thuret.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . the seed of this variety came from china and was planted about at antipolis, alpes-maritimes, france, by gustave thuret. tree moderately vigorous; leaves with small, reniform glands; flowers large; fruit very small, halves unequal; noticeably sutured, with a small, mamelon tip at the apex; skin whitish-yellow, with a red blush; flesh whitish-yellow, tinged at the pit, firm though tender, juicy, sweet; stone ovoid, often clinging; ripens the latter part of august. =haas.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . _john haas._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a variety from delaware resembling hale early and ripening with it. trees strong, spreading, moderately productive; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit medium to large, roundish, faintly sutured; cavity broad and deep; skin creamy-white, partially washed and striped with red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, tender, vinous; quality fair to good; pit small, oval, plump, free; season from the first to the middle of august. =hacker seedling.= = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: . . formerly grown about makanda, illinois. =hague.= = .= harrison _cat._ . . hague is a large, yellow-fleshed freestone which ripens the last of august, according to j. g. harrison, berlin, maryland. =haines.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _haines' early red._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _gen. farmer_ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . haines is an early peach from new jersey. the variety has been confused with several other sorts. tree hardy, vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit of medium size, round, depressed at the base, with a distinct suture extending nearly around the fruit; skin pale yellowish-white, with deep red in the sun; flesh greenish-white, melting, very juicy, sweet, with a pleasant flavor; quality good; season the middle of august. =hale.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _hale's melocoton._ = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . hale originated with a col. e. hale of stowe, massachusetts. fruit moderately large, oblong, flattened at the base, with a slight suture on one side; color bright yellow; flesh yellow, rich, sweet; of excellent quality; freestone; ripens early in september. =hale oblong.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . a seedling from c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan. very similar to hale round and hale but more productive; fruit larger and pit less adherent than hale early. =hale rareripe.= = .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed by the louisiana experiment station. =hale round.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . a seedling from c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan, very similar to hale oblong. tree more productive; fruit larger and pit less adherent than hale early. =hall.= = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . _hall yellow._ = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ , . . hall is a seedling of angel. it was originated by r. c. hall, volusia county, florida, about . many years ago a mr. hall of maine originated a peach which he called hall down-easter. several writers since, have, in describing the hall, of florida, erroneously given its origin as maine. fruit large, roundish-oblate, sometimes inclined to oblong, bulged on one side; suture very shallow; apex rounded; skin yellow, washed with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, with red lines radiating into the flesh, meaty, moderately juicy, with an agreeable acid flavor; quality good; stone free; season early. =halliday.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . halliday is a medium-sized, white-fleshed clingstone, which ripens about the first of august. =halsteads early.= = .= _w. va. sta. bul._ = =: . . halsteads early is a white-fleshed peach of medium size, ripening in west virginia the last of august. =hamner.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a chance seedling clingstone which sprung up in galveston, texas. =hance.= = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _hance golden rareripe._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _hance golden._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . hance originated in new jersey. trees fairly strong, moderately productive; glands globose; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish; suture indistinct; cavity broad; color yellow, with a dark red cheek in the sun; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, tender, vinous; quality good; pit free; season early september. =hance smock.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . hance smock came from delaware. tree upright, quite vigorous; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish to oval; deeply sutured near the apex, often extending beyond; color pale yellow, with a marbled cheek; flesh yellow except at the pit, moderately juicy, tender, vinous; quality good; pit large, oval, pointed, free; season early in october. =hannah.= = .= _ind. hort. soc. rpt._ . . hannah sprung from a seed of arkansas, grown by william hannah, greene county, indiana. flesh clear yellow, freestone; used for canning locally. =hape early.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . raised by dr. samuel hape, atlanta, georgia; equal to any early, white variety known in . =hardy white tuscany.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . this variety is very susceptible to leaf-curl; fruit large, clear white, with a pale pink wash; flesh very firm, white to the pit. =harker.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _harker seedling._ = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . a popular variety from new jersey which appeared on the american pomological society's fruit-list in as harker seedling. in the name was changed to harker and in the variety was dropped. glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish; flesh yellow, sweet, juicy; freestone; ripens early in september. =harper early.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . harper early is said to have originated in wilson county, kansas. it is neither as large nor as early as amsden. =harris early.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . similar to mountain rose; a shy bearer. =harris winter.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . harris winter is a late variety of value in the south but too late for cultivation in the north; originated in north carolina. =harter blutpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a dark red clingstone somewhat similar to sanguinole; flowers and stone are small; ripens at the end of october. =hartshorn.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . j. hartshorn, reading, massachusetts, introduced this seedling which is said to reproduce itself from seed. fruit large, roundish-oval, rich yellow, deeply blushed; flesh rather coarse; clingstone; ripens the middle of september; good for preserves. =hastings.= = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . hastings is a honey-like peach which originated with griffing brothers, macclenny, florida, about . fruit medium to large, oval, very irregular, with a recurved tip at the apex; cavity deep, abrupt; skin very fuzzy, thin, tough, dull greenish-yellow, washed and streaked with deep red; flesh red at the stone, firm, meaty, juicy, sweet; stone free, oval, plump, with a broad, recurved point; season the last of june. =hastings rareripe.= = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . probably of new england origin. leaves with globose glands; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, often a little flattened; skin yellowish-white, with a purplish-red cheek; ripens the middle of september. =hatch.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . this variety originated in franklin, connecticut, with s. o. hatch, and reproduces itself from seed. fruit very large, roundish, pointed; suture shallow; skin deep yellow, blushed where exposed; flesh melting, sweet; excellent; freestone; ripens september st. =hâtive d'aikelin.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _aikelin frühpfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this peach originated in württemberg, germany; fruit of medium size, globular; skin deep purple on a whitish ground; of first quality; ripens late in august. =hâtive de chine.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in the reference given. =hâtive de ferrières.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . a variety of french origin probably distinct from grosse mignonne. fruit of medium size, roundish, with a shallow suture; skin white, nearly covered with rich red; flesh white, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, melting, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor, free; season the last of august. =hâtive de gaillard.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =hâtive de holland.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _frühe hollandische._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . tree moderately vigorous; leaves with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened at the ends; skin thin, yellowish-white, striped with red; flesh white often to the pit, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone clinging, large for the size of the fruit, oval, acute at the base; ripens early in august. =hâtive lepère.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed without description. =hatt.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . mentioned as received from france. =haun golden.= = .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =haupt.= . _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . tree vigorous, unproductive; glands globose; fruit of medium size, oval, with a pointed apex; skin creamy-white, blushed with red; flesh rather acid; quality fair; stone clinging; ripens in texas the last of july. =haupt seedlings.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . haupt august, haupt october free, and haupt no. , are seedlings, listed but not described, originating with w. w. haupt, kyle, texas. =hawkins winter.= = .= _n. c. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =heath ringold. .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a small, red and white, freestone variety of no value. =heckel.= = .= leonard coates _cat._ . - . a yellow freestone raised by george heckel, morganhill, california, according to leonard coates of that place. =heim lackpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a seedling originating about . tree productive; glands reniform, large; flowers of medium size; fruit of medium size, roundish, somewhat flattened, halves unequal; deeply sutured; skin yellowish-white, with mottlings of purplish-red, heavily pubescent; flesh stained at the pit, tender, juicy, aromatic; stone free, oval, acutely pointed; ripens late in september. =hemphill.= = .= hoopes bros. & thomas _cat._ . . hemphill originated with judge hemphill, west chester, pennsylvania, according to the catalog of hoopes brother and thomas company of that place. at geneva this variety proves to be weak and unproductive. fruit large, white, clingstone; season early in october. =hemskirk.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . a beautiful, early fruit from the royal gardens at kensington, england. leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large, with a pale rose-color; fruit below medium in size, oblate, somewhat narrowed at the apex; skin greenish-yellow, with a bright red blush, marbled with deeper red; flesh faintly tinged at the pit, melting, juicy, vinous; stone free, small, nearly round, smooth; ripens at the end of august. =henry clay.= = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . a southern peach grown by rev. a. b. lawrence, woodville, mississippi. leaves very large; fruit very large; skin creamy-white, with a deep crimson blush; flesh white, with the peculiar flavor of both strawberry and pineapple; pit small, free; ripens the last of july. =henshaw.= = .= _w. va. sta. bul._ = =: . . a large, white peach with a red blush ripening the latter part of august. =herbert.= = .= bailey _ann. hort._ . . a cross between chinese cling and salwey, introduced by j. h. jones, georgia. fruit large, yellow; clingstone; ripens about august th. =hermione.= = .= _pa. fr. gr. soc. rpt._ . . a white-fleshed variety listed by the pennsylvania fruit-growers' society. =hero.= = .= bailey _ann. hort._ . . hero was introduced by j. h. jones of georgia. it is a seedling of chinese cling but larger, higher colored and freer from rot; ripens in georgia july th. =hewellay.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =hewellen.= = .= _cultivator_ rd ser. = =: . . a very early clingstone of southern origin. =hicks seedling.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . listed as a variety of american origin. =hilard.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . in texas, hilard proved a small, worthless variety ripening in october. =hilborn.= = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . one of the best peaches for british columbia; fruit of medium size, globular; color creamy-yellow, with a red cheek; flesh juicy, tender; ripens the middle of august. =hill home chief.= = .= _ohio sta. bul._ = =: , . a white-fleshed sort of no particular merit which ripens on the station grounds about the middle of september. tree open, hardy, unproductive; leaves with small, reniform glands; flowers appear in mid-season, small; fruit above medium in size, oval-cordate, halves slightly unequal; sides about the cavity drawn in, forming a prune-like neck; suture extends about three-quarters around the fruit; skin thin, tough, creamy, overlaid with a lively blush often becoming duller or even lacking; flesh stained at the pit, rather dry, firm, sprightly; stone free, obovate. =hine seedling.= = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ . . raised by daniel hine of talmadge, ohio, from heath cling. earlier and better colored than its parent. leaves with globose glands; flowers large; fruit large, round; flesh juicy, sweet; clingstone; ripens in september. =hinkley seedling.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a hardy seedling from iowa. =hlubek lieblingspfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . glands reniform; flowers large, white; fruit of medium size, roundish, deeply sutured; skin yellowish-white, with a dark red blush; flesh red at the stone, sweet, vinous; stone oval, free; ripens early in september. =hobbs early.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . o. t. hobbs, randolph, pennsylvania, says this variety is a seedling of fay early anne, originating at the american garden of experiments. the fruit is very early and the pit small. =hobson.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . hobson is a seedling of mamie ross grown by e. w. kirkpatrick, mckinney, texas. fruit of medium size, oval, compressed; apex uneven, blunt; skin firm, thick, creamy-white, faintly blushed; flesh firm, moderately juicy, astringent; stone clinging, short, blunt; good for canning. =hobson choice.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . originated on the grounds of the georgia experiment station. it is very similar to admiral dewey. tree low in habit, spreading; leaves with globose glands; fruit of medium size, globular, deep yellow; freestone; ripens the last of june. =hoffmanns white.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, whitish, with a red blush; flesh melting; quality good; ripens from the beginning to the middle of september. =hoffmans favorite.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit medium in size, melting, white; of second quality; ripens early in september. =hoffner.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated near cincinnati, ohio. glands globose; fruit medium to large, roundish; skin greenish-white, blushed; flesh yellowish-white, juicy; freestone; ripens in august. =holderbaum.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . _holder._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . holderbaum originated in the mountains of pennsylvania. the trees on the station grounds are weak and only moderately productive. leaves with small, globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit medium to above in size, roundish-oblate; cavity deep, narrow; suture deepens at the apex, often extending entirely around the fruit, with a mucronate tip at the apex; skin thin, tough, covered with short, thick pubescence, creamy-white, with a slight blush of red, often mottled with darker red; flesh white, tinged at the stone, juicy, melting, sprightly, rich; very good; stone free, rather small, oval; ripens at the end of august. =hollister.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned as a small, dry, white peach ripening in october. =holsinger salwey.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . according to stark brothers, louisiana, missouri, this variety is supposed to be an improved salwey from the orchard of major frank holsinger, wyandotte county, kansas. rated by mr. holsinger as the best of forty-nine salwey seedlings raised by him. =holt early.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . an early, white freestone from warsaw, illinois. =honest abe.= = .= _cal. bd. hort. rpt._ . . = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . honest abe is a california variety from healdsburg; said to be curl-proof. fruit large, yellow, blushed; ripens between the crawfords. =honest john.= = .= _u. s. pat. off. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . honest john is an old variety whose origin is given both as in western new york and as in michigan. the honest john grown in michigan and disseminated by c. c. engle of paw paw, is probably the true variety. half a century ago it was grown extensively in peach-sections but inferior quality and small size of fruit condemn it. several writers have confused honest john with large york, george iv and haines but all of these are distinct. tree large, vigorous; fruit large, roundish-oval, compressed; apex roundish or slightly pointed; color greenish-yellow changing to deep yellow, mottled and blushed with dull carmine; fresh yellow, tinged with red near the pit, moderately juicy, meaty yet tender, subacid, inferior in flavor; fair in quality; stone free; ripens in mid-season. =honey.= = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: - . . _montigny._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . honey is a chinese peach probably first raised in europe from seed sent to the jardin des plantes at paris, by de montigny, consul of france, at shanghai. the name honey may have been applied to it in england. it reproduces itself closely from seed and a number of slight variations from the original type have been found in america. the strain chiefly grown in this country was raised by charles downing from seed brought from china. downing's seedlings failed but prior to their failure he had sent grafts from them to henry lyons, columbia, south carolina, who grew some trees. the variety was probably disseminated in america from this source. in the american pomological society added honey to its list of fruits. tree vigorous, hardy and productive in the south; glands usually reniform but sometimes globose; fruit small to medium, oblong-oval, tapering at the apex into a long, sharp nipple or beak, and marked with a distinct suture; color whitish-yellow, washed and dotted with red, which deepens to almost a crimson blush; flesh creamy-white, streaked with red around the pit, juicy, very tender, melting, sweet, with a distinct, rich, honey-like flavor; quality very good; pit free; season in the south from the middle of june to the first of july. =honey cling.= = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ , , . - . fruit white, very highly colored and very sweet. =honey seedling.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: , . . a seedling of honey propagated by the florida station. =honeywell.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . john honeywell, randolph, ohio, raised this peach. said to be earlier than alexander. =hoover heath.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . _hoover late heath._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _hoover late._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety is a seedling of heath. it appeared on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in as hoover late heath. in the name was changed to its present form; in the variety was dropped. tree low in habit, straggling, spreading; glands reniform. =hopes early red.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed but not described. =hopkinsville.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . raised from seed by james quisenburg, near hopkinsville, kentucky. tree reproduces itself from seed; leaves without glands; flowers small; fruit large, oblong, with a mamelon tip at the apex; skin dull white, quite downy, mottled with red; flesh tinged with red at the stone, juicy, melting; freestone; ripens early in september. =horton delicious.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . probably from georgia. fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval; suture shallow; skin moderately downy, creamy-white, with a faint blush; flesh white to the stone, with a heath cling flavor; quality best; ripens from the first to the middle of october. =horton rivers.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . horton rivers is a seedling of early rivers and is very similar to it. the trees did not prove hardy nor productive on the station grounds. tree dense and spreading; leaves long and broad, with reniform glands; blossoms appear early; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, oblique; suture indistinct except at the ends; apex with a prolonged, recurved tip; skin thin, tough, covered with short, thick pubescence, creamy-white, with a slight blush usually near the cavity; flesh white, juicy, tender, sweet, sprightly, high in flavor; quality good; stone free, large, oval, faintly obovate, not very plump; ripens the third week in august. =houpt october.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =howard.= . _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by e. f. hynes of kansas. =howell cling.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree fairly vigorous and productive; glands small, reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish, creamy-white; clingstone; ripens the last of august. =howers frühpfirsich.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =hoyte lemon cling.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . a seedling of pineapple which originated with a mr. hoyte of new york city. fruit very large, resembles pineapple; ripens late. =hubbard early.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . hubbard early is a medium-sized, white-fleshed peach of fair quality; season from july to august. =hudson.= = .= _am. gard._ = =: fig. . hudson is a yellow peach put out by h. s. wiley, cayuga, new york. the trees on the station grounds were not productive; stone free; season very late. =hudson november.= = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . flowers large; fruit of medium size, white; flesh firm; clingstone; ripens late in october; easily injured by drouth. =hughes i. x. l.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . glands reniform; flowers large; fruit of medium size, greenish-yellow, mottled and striped with deep crimson; flesh lemon-yellow, mild subacid; clingstone; season late in october in the south where it may be profitable. =hull athenian.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . named after henry hull, jr., of athens, georgia. fruit very large, oblong; suture but a line; skin very downy, yellowish-white, marbled with dull red where exposed; flesh white, pale red at the stone, firm, vinous; ripens in october. =hull late.= = .= leonard coates _cat._ . . according to leonard coates, morganhill, california, this variety is a very late, market clingstone, valuable for shipping. =hunter.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _hunter favorite._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . dr. hunter of lincoln, north carolina, raised this freestone peach; color yellow; stone small; season the last of september. =husted early.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . husted early, or husted no. as it was first called, is often confused with early michigan. although they are very similar in fruit, the tree-characters are different. glands globose; flowers large; fruit roundish, medium in size; skin woolly, greenish-white, with a crimson blush, thick, tenacious; flesh fine-grained, juicy, subacid; stone oval, free; ripens in georgia early in july. =husted's seedlings.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . in this reference are described several seedlings which were sent out by j. d. husted, lowell, michigan, from a large number originated by him. =husted no. .= this variety is thought to have originated as a cross between chili and hale early. fruit large, creamy-white, marbled with dark red; flesh creamy-white, firm, melting, juicy, mild, sweet, rich; ripens early. =husted no. .= fruit nearly large; color clear yellow, striped and shaded with dark red; flesh bright yellow, almost melting, very juicy, mild, vinous, rich. =husted no. .= fruit medium to large, bright yellow, with a dull red blush; flesh pale yellow, delicate, melting, juicy, very mild, vinous. =husted no. .= fruit large, clear yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh bright yellow, fine-grained, melting, juicy, rich, with a mild, vinous, almost almond flavor. =husted no. .= fruit large, yellow, faintly marbled with dull red; flesh orange-yellow, dark red at the pit, firm, slightly fibrous, juicy, with a mild acid flavor. =huston seedling.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed as growing in delaware. =hutchinson.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . this fruit is similar in appearance to the old red rareripe. the variety is said to have borne regularly for forty years in the vicinity of reading, massachusetts. =hyatt.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . hyatt is very much like hale early but more highly colored and better flavored; when fully ripe it is nearly free from the pit. =hybride quétier.= = .= _rev. hort._ . . this variety grew from a pit of grosse mignonne fertilized by an apricot. fruit of medium size, pale yellow, very juicy; ripens in october. =hydelberg.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . - . hydelberg is a good, yellow peach ripening in kansas about august th. =hynds yellow.= = .= munson _cat._ . - . hynds yellow is briefly described by the munson nurseries, denison, texas. it ripens earlier than elberta. on the station grounds it is a very mediocre sort. tree vigorous, upright; leaves with small, globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, bulged near the apex, halves unequal; apex tipped with a small, recurved, mamelon point; skin covered with long, thick pubescence, thin, tough, light orange-yellow, with few stripes and splashes of dull red; flesh stained with red at the stone, juicy, firm, mild, not very pleasing; stone free, small, oval to ovate, usually bulged near the apex. =hynes nectar.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this peach originated with e. f. hynes, west plains, missouri. it is said by the originator to be a delicious freestone ripening a few days before hynes. =hyslop cling.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this variety is named after david hyslop, brookline, massachusetts, who disseminated cions of it as early as . it was very desirable for northern climates and for that reason was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in where it remained until . fruit large, roundish; skin white, with a crimson blush; flesh very juicy, vinous; ripens in october. =hyslop favorite.= = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as growing in oklahoma. =ice mountain.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , . . a very late freestone from delaware. flowers large; glands reniform; fruit small though good; moderately productive. =idaho mammoth.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . according to stark brothers, louisiana, missouri, this peach is a large, yellow-fleshed freestone which originated with major manning of idaho. =imperatrice eugenie.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . glands globose; flowers of medium size; fruit large, of first quality; ripens at the end of september. =imperial (middleton).= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . an american variety of unknown origin. fruit large, roundish, yellow mingled with red; flesh yellow, sweet, free; ripens the middle of september. =imperial (pettit).= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . elliott mentions this variety as of american origin. fruit large, roundish-oval, yellow, with red in the sun; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, subacid, free; season the middle of september. =improved pyramidal.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . the habit of this variety is similar to that of a lombardy poplar; it often attains a height of thirty feet. the original tree was found in kentucky by w. p. robinson. fruit medium to large; skin white, covered with carmine; flesh juicy, melting, vinous; quality best; matures august first. =incomparable.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _pavie admirable._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . incomparable ripens with and is very similar to catharine. the variety appeared on the list of fruits of the american pomological society from to . leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers small, pale; fruit large, roundish, with a slight swelling on one side; skin light yellow, pale red in the sun, becoming deep crimson; flesh tinged with red at the pit, juicy, sugary; stone roundish, nearly smooth, adherent. =incomparable en beauté.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . a showy fruit but only fair in quality. glands round; flowers small; fruit large, round, depressed at the ends; skin pale yellowish-green, streaked with crimson where exposed; flesh white, stained at the stone, melting, juicy, vinous; ripens the middle of september. =incomparable guilloux.= = .= _rev. hort._ . . m. guilloux, horticulturist at saint-genis laval, rhône, france, obtained this variety by crossing bonouvrier and amsden. tree vigorous; leaves glandless; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, highly colored; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone slightly adherent; ripens with hale early. =indian.= = .= _wash. bd. hort. rpt._ , . . a singular and peculiar fruit raised by a mr. coxe from a seed brought from georgia. tree a slow grower and moderately productive. fruit large, roundish, broad and depressed; flesh bright yellow, of the texture of a very ripe pineapple, rich, juicy, and of a very excellent flavor; stone free. =indian chief.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . a seedling of hughes i. x. l., evidently of the spanish type; of little value. trees on the station grounds spreading, vigorous; leaves coarsely crenate; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, pointed; cavity large, deep; surface rather harsh; skin thick, tough, dark yellow, striped and splashed; flesh yellow, streaked with red near stone and skin, firm, mild, subacid; stone oval, clinging; ripens in louisiana the second week in august. =indian rose.= = .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned as growing in new jersey. =infant wonder.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . infant wonder was raised by captain daniel webster, denison, texas. tree strong, spreading; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish; cavity narrow, deep; skin creamy-white, with a thin blush where exposed; flesh red at the pit, juicy, tender, vinous, with a slight bitterness; pit large, oval, pointed, free; ripens the last of august. =ingold.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _ingold lady._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . ingold originated with alfred ingold, guilford county, north carolina. on the station grounds the variety proved a very shy bearer, with fruit of fair size, high in quality. tree upright-spreading, tall; leaves long, broad, with small, globose glands; flowers appear late; fruit roundish to cordate; cavity deep; apex somewhat pointed, with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin tough, covered with short, thick pubescence, pale yellow deepening to orange, with splashes of dull, dark red; flesh yellow, tinged at the stone, juicy, firm but tender, sweet, rich; very good; stone free, ovate-cordate, plump; ripens the last of august. =ingraham.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . ingraham, named after its originator, was introduced by joseph j. robinson, lamont, michigan. fruit of medium size, dull greenish-white, with a few spots and blotches of red; freestone; quality good; ripens the middle of september. =ireland choice.= = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed by the oklahoma station. =ironclad.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a very hardy variety in iowa; similar to bailey in tree and fruit. =isabella.= = .= rea _flora_ . . "isabella peach is a fair reddish-yellow colour, and good taste." =island.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the island peach is a faire peach and of a very good rellish." =ispahan.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _ispahaner strauchpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this variety was discovered in by brugniere and oliver at ispahan, persia. the tree attains a height of twelve feet and forms a thick, round bush filled with numerous slender branches. leaves from one to two inches long, finely serrated, devoid of glands; fruit spherical, whitish-green; flesh melting, juicy; freestone; matures the middle of september. =italian.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. , fig. . . _italienischer lackpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _pêche d'italie._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . the fruit of this variety is very similar to that of chevreuse hâtive but larger; its flowers are smaller; ripens the middle of september. =italian red.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed by charles wright, seaford county, delaware. =italienischer lieblingspfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . flowers large; fruit large, roundish, noticeably sutured, creamy-white, with a faint blush; flesh aromatic; clingstone; ripens early in august. =ives blood free.= = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . = .= billings _cat._ . . medium to large in size, blood-red throughout. tree hardy, productive; glands reniform; flowers large. =j. van.= = .= van lindley _cat._ . . originated about with w. e. johnson, silver city, north carolina. it is probably a seedling of elberta, which variety precedes it in ripening, according to. j. van lindley, pomona, north carolina. =jack ross.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . the texas experiment station lists this variety. =jackson cling.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . this peach is a seedling raised many years ago by mrs. l. a. franklin, athens, georgia. fruit large, oblong, with a large, swollen apex; color dark yellow, covered with a dark red blush; flesh orange-yellow, dark red at the pit, firm, juicy, sprightly, rich; good; season the last of august. =jacques.= = .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , pl. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _jacques' yellow rareripe._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _jacques' rareripe._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _jaques._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this variety originated or was introduced by colonel jacques, somerville, massachusetts, at least a hundred years ago. it held a place in the fruit-list of the american pomological society from to when it was dropped but in was replaced. leaves crenate, with reniform glands; fruit large, roundish, often compressed, with a shallow suture; skin yellow, much streaked and mottled with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, free, melting, juicy, with a sweet yet sprightly flavor; season the middle of september. =jacques late.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree vigorous, roundish, with large leaves bearing globose glands; fruit medium to large, roundish-ovate; suture shallow; color creamy-white, with a light red blush; flesh creamy-white, red at the pit, free, tender, juicy, rather acid, slightly bitter; quality good; season the last of september. =jakobi-aprikosenpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . flowers medium in size; fruit of medium size, roundish, faintly sutured; skin clear yellow, blushed with red; flesh firm, aromatic; matures at the end of july. =jane.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with isaac b. baxter, philadelphia, pennsylvania. fruit large, roundish-oblate; color yellowish-white, with a red cheek; quality very good; freestone; ripens at the last of september. =japan nos. , and .= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . three varieties listed by the delaware station. =japan nos. and .= = .= _col. o. hort. soc. rpt._ . . varieties sent out by lovett's nursery company, little silver, new jersey; both are small, late clingstones unworthy of cultivation. =japan no. .= = .= _col. o. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a medium-sized, white, freestone of good quality; very susceptible to rot. =japan dwarf.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _japan blood._ = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _miss. sta. bul._ = =: . . _japan dwarf blood._ = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _japan dream._ = .= _winfield nur. cat._ , . . this variety was introduced about a quarter of a century ago from japan. it is dwarf in habit of growth and comes into bearing early, frequently two years from planting. japan dream, said to be a superior strain of this variety, seems to be in every way identical. tree low, dwarfish, spreading, with a compact head, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish, somewhat flattened and pointed at the apex; color attractive greenish-yellow, mostly overspread with crimson; flesh blood-red, juicy, acid until fully ripe when it becomes very good; stone free; season very early. =japanese early.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . leaves large, with globose glands; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin light greenish-yellow, with considerable dull purplish-red; flesh white to the pit, moderately juicy, insipid; stone free, of medium size; ripens the middle of august. =japanese wonder.= = .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . an inferior variety, ripening in louisiana the last of june. =jarle late.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . _jarle late white._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . tree a moderate grower. =jarrell late yellow.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =jarretts late white.= = .= _pa. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed as growing in pennsylvania. =jaune d'agen.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . listed as an excellent variety; glands reniform. =jaune de barsac.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =jaune de bertholon.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . an old variety from toulouse, haute-garonne, france. leaves with large, reniform glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, irregularly roundish-ovoid; skin thin, tender, yellow, purple where exposed; flesh deep yellow, stained at the pit, tender, melting, sweet; stone large for the size of fruit, free; ripens at the end of august. =jaune des capucins.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . a variety raised from seed in the gardens of the capuchin monks, toulouse, haute-garonne, france. tree vigorous; leaves with large, reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, deeply sutured; cavity large, deep; skin thin, fine, clear yellow, deep red where exposed; flesh deep yellow, stained at the stone, melting, aromatic; quality excellent; stone of medium size, oval, nearly free; ripens the first half of september. =jaune d'espagne.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =jaune hâtive de doué.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh melting, juicy, agreeable; ripens the last of august. =jaune de mezen.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =jellico.= = .= _texas nur. cat._ . . according to the texas nursery company, sherman, texas, jellico is a white, oblong clingstone, very fine for canning; matures in august. =jennings.= = .= _franklin davis nur. cat._ . . the franklin davis nursery company, baltimore, maryland, states that jennings originated in richmond, virginia. on the station grounds the fruit is very similar to elberta but ripens later. tree vigorous, productive; leaves large, with reniform glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit large, oval-cordate, halves unequal, with a faint drawing in of the sides about the cavity; apex often with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin thick, tough, covered with thick, coarse pubescence, lemon-yellow to darker, with a lively red blush becoming duller, attractive; flesh light yellow, stained at the pit, juicy, stringy, resembles elberta; stone free, large, oval to ovate, more or less purple. =jersey mixon.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . exhibited at the world's fair in . =jersey pride.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . jersey pride originated with the newark nursery, newark, new jersey. =jersey yellow.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . trees spreading; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, enlarged on one side of the suture; cavity narrow, deep; distinctly sutured; color clear yellow, slightly blushed; flesh red at the pit, moderately juicy, mild, often slightly bitter; stone plump, free; quality fair; matures early in october. =jewel.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . jewel, one of the leading commercial peaches of florida, is a seedling of waldo. it originated with t. k. godbey, waldo, florida. fruit oblong, medium to large; cavity abrupt; suture frequently lacking; apex bluntly pointed, short, recurved; skin velvety, creamy, washed with red where exposed; flesh white, faintly stained at the stone, juicy, sweet; stone free, reddish, oval, one inch long; ripens two weeks earlier than waldo. =johnson late purple.= = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ = =:pl. , fig. . . this variety is peculiarly marked with large, strong, dark blotches and heavy pubescence. it received its name from its originator, a gardener at kew green, england. the tree is an excellent bearer and ripens its fruit late in august. =jones.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . tree strong, roundish-upright; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, inclined to ovate; cavity deep; suture distinct, two-thirds around fruit; color yellow, with a mottled cheek of dark red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, vinous; pit long, oval, nearly free; quality fair to good; ripens the middle of september. =jones cling.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as a round-topped, dense tree, with medium-sized leaves and reniform glands. =jones early.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . raised by s. t. jones, staten island, new york. leaves crenate, with small, globose glands; fruit of medium size, roundish, oblique at the apex; suture shallow, extending around the fruit; skin yellowish-white, tinged with pale red in the sun; flesh yellowish-white, stained at the stone, tender, juicy, rich; stone small, free; ripens early in august. =jones large early.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . another of s. t. jones' seedlings; leaves with reniform glands; fruit large, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture deep; skin clear white, blushed with crimson where exposed; flesh white, pink at the stone, juicy, rich, sprightly; stone of medium size; ripens early in august. =jones no. .= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . fruit medium to small, roundish; cavity broad; skin bright yellow, downy; flesh stained at the stone, mild, firm, rather dry, poor in quality; freestone; ripens at this station early in september. =jose sweet.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . a peach of delicious flavor but not very attractive outwardly; greenish-white, with a dull cheek. flowers small; glands globose; ripens the last of september. =josephine.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . josephine is a seedling of late crawford grown by c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan, about . on the station grounds the fruit ripens early in october. tree hardy, vigorous, productive; leaves with crenate margins and globose glands; fruit large, roundish; cavity broad; suture shallow; skin orange-yellow, with a heavy, dark red blush, considerably mottled, heavily pubescent; flesh stained at the stone, juicy, rich, vinous; quality good; stone large, elliptical, free. =joys early.= = .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . joys early was introduced by r. g. joyce of new york. the variety was grown for a time in new jersey. =judd.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . this is a cross between chili and barnard made by g. e. prater, jr., paw paw, michigan. it is said to be an improvement over its parents. =jühlke liebling.= = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =vi=:no. , pl. . raised from seed by august fritze of werder, near potsdam, prussia, germany, in . tree vigorous, bears early; leaves of medium size, with small glands; flowers large, rose-colored; fruit large, globular, strongly sutured; skin heavily pubescent, thin, pale yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellowish-white, melting, aromatic, sweet; freestone; ripens at the end of august. =julia.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a southern variety. =june beauty.= = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ . - . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . june beauty originated with peter c. minnich, waldo, florida, from a seed of peento. fruit medium to large, roundish-oblong; stone semi-clinging; ripens the middle of june in florida. =june elberta.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . june elberta was introduced by stark brothers, louisiana, missouri. in the hands of some growers it is thought to be arp, which it closely resembles. =june rose.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . june rose is a seedling of rivers crossed with mountain rose grown by t. v. munson, denison, texas. tree fairly vigorous and productive; glands globose; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish; suture distinct; skin greenish-white, with a red cheek; flesh white, stained at the stone, juicy, tender, vinous; freestone; ripens in texas about the middle of june. =juneripe.= = .= childs _cat._ . . a variety listed by j. l. childs, floral park, new york. a large, handsomely colored, yellow peach ripening at the end of june. =juno i.= = .= berckmans _cat._ . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: , . . dr. l. e. berckmans, augusta, georgia, raised juno i from a seed of general lee in . fruit large, deep yellow, mottled; flesh fine, juicy, subacid; ripens the middle of august in georgia. =juno ii.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is another of c. c. engle's seedlings of late crawford grown at paw paw, michigan. tree hardy, vigorous, productive; leaves long, broad, with globose glands; fruit very large, round, compressed; skin yellow, dark red in the sun; flesh slightly stained at the pit, vinous, juicy, rich; clingstone; ripens october first. =kallola.= = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . = .= lovett _cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: , . . _kaloola free._ = .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . a seedling of chinese cling; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit large, roundish-oval; skin white, tinged in the sun; flesh greenish-white, faintly stained about the pit, tender, juicy, vinous; quality fair; freestone; ripens the middle of september. =kalo cling.= = .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . grown about calhoun, louisiana. =karl schwarzenberg.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde._ = =: . . _charles schwarzenberg._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a seedling of early purple, introduced about . trees vigorous; glands globose; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, strongly sutured; skin whitish-yellow, with a red blush; flesh white throughout, fine, juicy, aromatic; freestone; ripens early in september. =katherine.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . the origin and parentage of katherine are unknown. said to be the earliest, good, clingstone peach; tree prolific and productive. =katie.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . katie held a place on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . fruit small, greenish-white; late in ripening. =kay.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . recommended in hancock county, illinois. =keene favorite.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a variety that does well about centralia, illinois. =keevit cling.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . listed as a medium grower in canada. =keith.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . keith is a seedling of peento ripening a little later than its parent. it originated with robert keith, waldo, florida. fruit roundish-oval, of medium size; suture deep near the base; cavity deep; skin thick, tender, greenish-yellow, mottled and shaded with red; flesh white, tinged at the stone, tender, melting, subacid, slightly bitter; quality good; stone plump, oval, clinging. =kelley early.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . raised by h. m. kelley, irving, illinois; said to ripen three weeks before amsden. =kelly surprise.= = .= _texas nur. cat._ . . a semi-clingstone, yellow-fleshed variety ripening in june, according to the texas nursery company, sherman, texas. =kelsey cling.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . named after its originator, stephen kelsey, three rivers, michigan. tree vigorous; leaves crenate, with reniform glands; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin with a light coat of pubescence, creamy-white, with a marbled cheek; flesh stained at the pit, tender, firm, juicy, rich; ripens with heath cling. =kenrick clingstone.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a variety of new england origin first fruiting in . fruit large, roundish-oblong, pointed at the apex; color golden-yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous, excellent; season the last of september. =kent i.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ , . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . j. d. husted called this peach, his seedling no. , kent, in honor of the county in michigan where it originated. glands globose; fruit roundish, above medium in size; skin rather harsh, with short down, greenish-white, washed, mottled and striped with crimson; flesh stained at the stone, tender yet firm, juicy, subacid; ripens in georgia early in july. =kent ii.= = .= berckmans _cat._ . - . the catalog of p. j. berckmans, augusta, georgia, describes this peach as a new clingstone originating with l. w. kent, augusta, georgia; skin very tough but peels readily; flesh yellow, buttery; ripens in georgia august st to th. =kernloser aprikosenpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . tree productive; flowers small; fruit large; flesh red; clingstone; ripens early in september. =kerr.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _jessie kerr._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . kerr is a southern variety said to be larger and earlier than alexander. it originated in maryland. it was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . the fruit is of medium size and a freestone. =kerr dwarf.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . _kerr cling no. ?_ = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . the tree is semi-dwarf in habit, with dense foliage; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish; suture shallow; skin yellow, washed, mottled and splashed with red, thick, tough; flesh stained slightly about the pit, firm, juicy, mild subacid, sprightly; stone large, oval, adherent; matures early in september. =kestrel.= = .= bunyard _cat. fr. trees_ . - . kestrel is a variety raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. fruit large, rich crimson; flesh tender, juicy; ripens early in august. =kew seedling.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . glands globose; flowers small; fruit of second size, pale yellow and dark red; flesh melting; of second quality; matures early in september. =keyport.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _keyport white._ = .= _mich. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . keyport originated in the garden of joseph beer, keyport, new jersey, about . in it was given a place on the fruit-list of the american pomological society as keyport white; later the name was changed to keyport. tree a good grower and a heavy bearer; leaves with reniform glands; fruit large, freestone; ripens very late. =kibby golden.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . fruit above medium in size, distinctly sutured; light yellow, approaching white, almost entirely overspread with light pink; flesh decidedly tinged with red, changing to whitish toward the pit, soft, coarse, juicy, sweet; fair in quality; ripens the middle of september. =kilbourn.= = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . because of hardiness, this peach is sometimes called canada iron clad. fruit large; flesh adheres to the stone; ripens with hale early. =king solomon.= = .= smith bros. _cat._ . . said by smith brothers, concord, georgia, to be one of the best late, yellow peaches; larger than elberta. it was propagated for many years in georgia from seed; ripens there the last of september. =kinnaman early.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety originated with samuel kinnaman of delaware; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin pale brownish-red on a pale greenish ground; flesh greenish-white to the stone, juicy, sweet; very good; adheres partially to the pit; ripens a few days earlier than alexander. =kite.= = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . kite is a peento seedling which originated with robert kite, waldo, florida, about . fruit of medium size, roundish; cavity large, abrupt; suture wide, extending beyond the apex; skin velvety, thick, creamy, washed with red; flesh creamy, pink at the pit, firm, tender, juicy; quality medium, lacks character; clingstone; season the first of june. =kitrells favorite.= = .= _pa. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =kleine charlestowner ananaspfirsche.= = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= christ _handb._ . . very similar to pineapple but smaller and more aromatic. =kleiner blutpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _sanguine à petit fruit._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . smaller and more heavily pubescent than sanguinole. =klondike.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . klondike is a chance seedling found in york county, pennsylvania about . the tree on the station grounds is only a moderate producer and its fruit is not as good as champion. it was put on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . tree upright-spreading, open; leaves broad, with small, globose glands; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, halves unequal, compressed; sides inclined to draw in about the cavity; apex with a small, mamelon tip; skin thin, tender, with short pubescence, creamy-white, splashed and blushed with dark red; flesh stained at the pit, juicy, melting, sweet though sprightly, high in flavor; quality good; stone nearly free, oval; ripens the third week in september. =kohler cling.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . - . large, yellow; ripens with heath cling. =knapp castle seedling.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . fruit very much like noblesse, large; leaves glandless; flowers large; skin pale green and red; flesh melting; quality good; ripens at the end of august. =knight early.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . fruit of medium size; leaves with globose glands; flowers large; skin pale green, blushed with dark red; flesh melting; quality good; ripens the middle of august. =knight mammoth.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =knight markley admirable.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . raised by g. darby, markley, sussex, england; fruit oval, with a prominent, mamelon tip at the apex; freestone. =knowles hybrid.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . as this variety grows on the station grounds it is not very promising. fruit above medium in size, irregular; suture indistinct; skin rich yellow, blushed with carmine; flesh coarse, leathery, sweet; quality fair; clingstone; ripens at the end of september. =kraus & .= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . two varieties listed in this reference. =krengelbacher lieblingspfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, similar in shape to a walnut, ribbed; skin greenish-yellow; flesh white, pleasantly subacid; ripens in september. =krummel.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _krummel late._ = .= weber & son _cat._ . . _krummel october._ = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . krummel was found by a mr. krummel of st. louis, missouri. it is said to be one of the best of the very late, yellow freestones. =kruse kent.= = .= bunyard _cat. fr. trees_ . - . raised from sea eagle by a mr. kruse, late of truro, cornwall county, england. flowers very dark; fruit large, white-fleshed, very late; a great improvement over its parent. =la belle.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling raised by e. f. hynes, kansas. =la chalonnaise.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =la fleur.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: , fig. . this is a seedling of chili which originated with g. h. la fleur, mill grove, michigan. it is popular in some places in michigan because of hardiness. tree vigorous, productive; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit medium to large, oval to oblong, usually irregular or lopsided; suture continuous; skin heavily pubescent, thick, tenacious, light yellow, with a bright crimson cheek; flesh golden yellow, stringy, moderately juicy, mild subacid; quality very good; stone free; season between late crawford and smock. =la france.= = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ . - . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ fig. . m. boussey, a nurseryman at montreuil-sous-bois, france, first propagated this variety. glands globose; fruit very large, roundish, deeply sutured; skin thinly pubescent, clear red; flesh white, juicy, aromatic; quality very good; freestone; ripens early in august. =la grange.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _tardive d'oullins._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _ ._ leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . la grange originated about with john hulse, burlington, new jersey. a few years later a french sort, tardive d'oullins, said to have been found at oullins, rhône, france, made its appearance. the two were found to be the same. in , la grange was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society where it remained until and was reentered in . its lateness, size and productiveness have won it a good name among growers in new jersey. leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large, oblong; skin greenish-white; flesh pale, juicy, melting, rich, sweet; freestone; ripens at the end of september. =la magnifique.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as growing in texas. =la reine.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . la reine was introduced by g. l. taber, glen saint mary, florida, in . tree vigorous, but not recommended in texas; fruit rather small, oblong; skin greenish, with a red cheek; flesh red at the stone, adherent; ripens early in august. =la rieva.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =lady anne stewart.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . fruit of medium size, white, with a slight blush, very juicy, rich; stone free, flat, hollow at one end; ripens the middle of september. =lady farham.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as growing in texas. =lady lindsey.= = .= munson _cat._ . - . a seedling grown by mrs. george lindsey, greenville, texas. it is a large, yellow-fleshed clingstone, ripening between munson cling and levy, according to the catalog of t. v. munson, denison, texas. =lady palmerston.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, from a pit of pineapple nectarine. leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large, greenish-yellow, marked with crimson; flesh pale yellow, rich, melting; freestone; matures late in september. =lafayette i.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a large, yellow-fleshed clingstone; ripens late in august; sometimes called meiggs lafayette. =lafayette ii.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . this is another of c. c. engle's seedlings from paw paw, michigan. =lafayette free.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . introduced about from monmouth county, new jersey. fruit large, round, dark crimson where exposed; flesh very juicy, stained with crimson throughout; freestone; ripens the last of august. =lakeside cling.= = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . a variety from ottawa county, ohio. =lancaster.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . _lancaster yellow rareripe._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . raised by dr. h. a. muhlenberg, lancaster county, pennsylvania. fruit large, free, very juicy. =lane.= = .= _austin nur. cat._ . according to the austin nursery company, austin, texas, lane is a large, golden clingstone raised by a mr. lane, jacksonville, texas; ripens with elberta. =langier.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =langlicher blutpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . very similar to sanguinole but the fruit is longer and ripens earlier. =lantheaume.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . glands reniform; fruit large to very large, of a beautiful yellow, deepening on maturity; flesh firm, sweet, juicy, aromatic; clingstone; ripens the last of october. =laporte.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . obtained from a seed of belle de vitry by a. m. laporte near lyons, rhône, france. leaves with very large, reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large, slightly oval, tapering to the apex; suture extends beyond the apex; skin thin, tender, creamy, washed and strongly splashed with deep red; flesh white, stained darker nearer the pit, juicy, sugary, melting; stone large for the size of the fruit; freestone; ripens at the end of august. =larents.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =large early.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ . . this name has been incorrectly used as a synonym of large early york. tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; suture distinct; skin whitish, with a red cheek, purple in the sun; flesh white, red at the stone, delicate, sweet, rich; quality good; stone very small; season the last of august. =large early mignonne.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, in from a pit of belle beausse. glands round; flowers large; fruit very large; skin pale straw-yellow, blushed where exposed; flesh melting, very juicy, rich. =large-fruited mignonne.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a large-flowered variety with glandless, serrate leaves. =large white cling.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _new york white cling._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . _williams new york?_ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . this variety was raised about by david williamson of new york. it soon became very popular among the clingstones in new england and held a place in the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . tree hardy and a regular bearer; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, round; suture slight; skin white, with a light red cheek; flesh tender, melting, juicy, sweet; ripens the first half of september. =larkin early.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . raised by d. f. larkin, hunts station, tennessee. said to be as fine as large early york and earlier than alexander. =larkin trophy.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . listed as growing in northern texas. =last of season.= = .= _utah sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =late barnard.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree strong, roundish-upright, with drooping branches, fairly productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval, compressed near the suture; cavity narrow, deep; skin yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh red at the pit, firm, juicy, rich, sweet; quality good; stone large, plump, free; season the middle of september. =late catherine.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . ripens in october. =late delaware.= = .= _pa. dept. ag. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =late devonian.= = .= _garden_ = =: . . = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . = .= bunyard _cat. fr. trees_ . - . raised by messrs. veitch, exeter, england, from a pit of belle de vitry crossed with royale; introduced in . the tree is very hardy and the fruit is winning a place among the good, late varieties of england. glands globose; flowers large, rich pink; fruit large; skin rather woolly, greenish-yellow, with bright red marblings; flesh juicy, pale red at the stone, melting, brisk; freestone; ripens the middle of september. =late elberta.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . - . = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . this variety on the station grounds seems to be identical with elberta in tree and fruit-characters. =late free white.= = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: . . this is a large, palatable peach, ripening about october th. =late mignonne.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _mignonne tardive._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . the origin of late mignonne is doubtful; it is thought to be an american strain of grosse mignonne. glands small, globose; flowers large; fruit large, roundish-truncate, noticeably sutured; skin tender, heavily pubescent, greenish-white, more or less covered with deep purple; flesh white, stained with purple around the pit, melting, sweet; stone small, ovoid, free; matures the first of september. =late morris white.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ . - . this peach differs from morris white only in time of maturity, this sort being later. the fruit is large and of good quality, ripening in september. =late october.= = .= _wash. bd. hort. rpt._ . - . one of the latest varieties of the season. =late purple.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. ix. . = .= liegel _anweisung_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _späte purpurfarbige pfirsiche._ = .= sickler _teutsche obst._ = =: - , tab. . . _grosse pourprée._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _später purpurrothe lackpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _pourprée tardive à petites fleurs?_ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . an old variety mentioned as early as by french writers. tree productive; glands usually reniform; flowers small, with an intense rose-color; fruit of medium size, roundish, halves unequal; skin very pubescent, whitish, deep purple where exposed; flesh stained at the pit, fine, melting, juicy, vinous; of first quality; stone free, plump, roundish; ripens the middle of september. =late red magdalen.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . this variety has been confused with royal george but is distinct. it ripens much later. flowers small; fruit of medium size, highly colored and well-flavored; ripens the last of october. =late robinson crusoe.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . this peach was raised by dr. coxe, philadelphia, pennsylvania, from a stone brought from crusoe's island of juan fernandez. tree very productive; fruit large, round, white, with a pale red wash; ripens the first of october. =late rose.= = .= _wright nur. cat._ . . this is a new jersey variety of small value in the station orchard. fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, often compressed, bulged along the suture; skin greenish-white, with an unattractive blush; flesh stained at the pit, juicy, coarse and stringy; quality good; freestone; ripens the first week in october. =late serrate.= = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: . . a late, freestone peach grown by w. c. flagg, alton, illinois; ripens about october th. =late white.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . a seedling from c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan. tree fairly vigorous, drooping; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval, slightly compressed near the suture; apex prominent; suture distinct; color creamy-white, bright red in the sun; flesh red at the pit, juicy, sprightly, vinous; quality good; pit free, large, plump, oval; ripens late in september. =late yellow alberge.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _algiers yellow winter clingstone._ = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . _october yellow clingstone._ = .= _ibid._ . . _algiers yellow._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . late yellow alberge is a very late, clingstone peach highly esteemed in southern france. at one time it was much grown in america but was superseded by heath cling. leaves with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, distinctly sutured; skin downy; flesh yellow to the stone, very firm, juicy, sweet; matures in october. =laura.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . a seedling of peento. fruit very large, nearly round; flesh white, sweet, juicy; quality excellent; clingstone; ripens about with peento. =laura cling.= = .= weber & sons _cat._ . . laura cling is identical with krummel except that it is a clingstone while krummel is a freestone. it originated in missouri, according to h. j. weber & sons, nursery, missouri. =laurenel.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a seedling from monroe, ohio; said to be larger and earlier than hale early. =laurent de bavay.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ , . . probably of belgian origin. tree vigorous, a strong grower; glands globose; flowers large; fruit very large, roundish, halves unequal; skin heavily pubescent, pale yellow, washed with deep red; flesh white, red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet; stone large, oval, free; ripens late in september. =lawrence.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . introduced by w. k. tipton, jerusalem, ohio, who says it is superior to hale early in flavor and a week earlier. =lawton.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . raised by c. w. lawton, seattle, washington, from a seed imported from england; fruit very large and ripens early. =leader.= = .= burbank _cat._ - . according to luther burbank, santa rosa, california, leader is of the muir-crawford type ripening in california in july; freestone. =leatherbury late.= = .= _pa. hort. assoc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =leatherland late.= = .= _n. mex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed by the new mexico station. =lemon cling.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _large yellow pine apple._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . _kennedy carolina._ = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . _kennedy lemon cling._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _pine apple clingstone._ = .= hoffy _orch. comp._ = =:pl. - . _englischer lackpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _pavie citron._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . lemon cling dates back to before the revolutionary war. from all accounts it originated in south carolina, probably in charleston. a number of seminal varieties, all very similar to lemon cling, are cultivated; all of these some writers combine under the name lemon cling. robert kennedy introduced the fruit into new york about where it became known as kennedy's carolina or kennedy's lemon clingstone. the variety is very popular in many sections, especially california, as a canning peach. it was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . tree vigorous, highly productive, bears regularly; leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers small, deep red; fruit large, oval, resembling a lemon; apex terminating in a large nipple; skin deep yellow, brownish-red where exposed; flesh firm, with a deep, lemon color, red at the stone, juicy, sprightly, vinous, with an agreeable acidity; very good when perfectly ripe; stone clings; ripens in september. =lemon clingstone (hoyte).= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . leaves with globose glands; flowers small; fruit large; skin yellow and dark red; of second quality; ripens at the end of september. =leny winter.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a large, yellow peach; will keep through november if gathered before a hard frost. =leona.= = .= _austin nur. cat._ . . similar to a bright-colored elberta but earlier and more productive, according to the catalog of the austin nursery company, austin, texas. =léonie.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . charles buisson raised léonie from seed about at tronche, isère, france. leaves glandless; flowers of medium size; fruit medium in size, roundish-oval; suture deep; skin thin, whitish-yellow, carmine where exposed; flesh red at the stone, melting, juicy, aromatic; of second quality; stone small, plump, roundish-oval, free; ripens the last half of september. =lenoir.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . lenoir is of medium size, round, halves unequal; skin white, washed and splashed with red; flesh juicy, aromatic; freestone; ripens the middle of august. =leopard.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . a worthless, southern variety similar to blood cling. =leopold i.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _leopold clingstone._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . leopold i originated at smithfield, virginia. it was put on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . fruit very large, round, yellow, juicy; ripens in august. =leopold ii.= = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . _ ._ _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _leopold magdalene._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _leopold free._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this peach was introduced by a m. van orlé, villerne, belgium. the variety was brought to america and appeared on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, slightly attenuated at the base; suture distinct; skin yellowish-white, richly colored with carmine; flesh white, stained at the pit, melting, sweet, aromatic; quality very good; pit slightly adherent, oval; ripens the middle of september. =lepère.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ , . . tree vigorous, very productive; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small, rose-colored; fruit large, globular; cavity deep; skin thinly pubescent, blood-red where exposed; flesh whitish-yellow, blood-red at the pit, firm, juicy, aromatic; quality good; pit roundish-oval, clinging; ripens at the end of august. =leroy winter.= = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a late, yellow variety from missouri. =lewenau lieblingspfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a seedling of admirable, raised about . glands reniform; flowers large, white; fruit roundish, flattened, strongly sutured; skin greenish-yellow, heavily pubescent; flesh white, red at the stone, sprightly; stone free, sharply pointed; matures the middle of september. =lewis.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . _early lewis._ = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . - . lewis is the only white-fleshed seedling which appeared from about one hundred chili pits, planted by n. w. lewis, allegan county, michigan. the variety was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in where it still remains. tree vigorous, bears early, productive, but subject to leaf-curl; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened at the ends, a trifle irregular; suture shallow; skin smooth, thin, tough, creamy-white, splashed and mottled with crimson; flesh white, juicy, vinous; quality good; stone free, large; season immediately following hale early. =libra.= = .= _garden_ = =: . . = .= bunyard _cat. fr. trees_ . - . a seedling raised by r. d. blackmore and introduced by will taylor, hampton, england. the fruits are large, very juicy; ripen in july. =liefmanns.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =liermann pfirsich.= = .= lauche _ergänzungsband_ fig., . . tree vigorous, productive; fruit very large, globular, surface irregular; suture deep, dividing the fruit unevenly; skin tender, yellowish-white, without a blush; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone roundish, flattened at the base; ripens on a west wall toward the end of august. =lilard october.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as growing on the station grounds. =lillian.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . exhibited at the world's fair in from illinois. =limon.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =lina hauser.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . _lina lackpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . glands reniform; flowers small, white; fruit large, roundish, halves unequal, greenish-yellow and dark red; flesh stained at the pit, aromatic; freestone; ripens the middle of september. =lincoln.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . lincoln originated in lincoln, massachusetts, about . tree hardy, productive; glands globose; fruit very large, roundish; suture prominent; skin rich yellow, with considerable dark purplish-red; flesh tinged at the stone, juicy, rich, sweet; freestone; ripens the middle of september. =lincoln cling.= = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . a spicy-flavored clingstone from a dr. hunter, lincoln, north carolina; fruit yellow, with a prominent, mamelon tip at the apex. =lindley i.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . glands reniform; flowers pale red; fruit very large; matures in september. =lindley ii.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . lindley ii was found in a block of elbertas by j. van lindley, pomona, north carolina. flesh yellow, firm, free; ripens with hiley. =linzey white.= = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . grown by s. w. gilbert of iowa. =lipscomb.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . lipscomb is vigorous but not productive; glands reniform; fruit small, round; color yellow, with a red cheek; flavor subacid; stone semi-clinging; ripens the last of june in texas. =lisle.= = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . fruit roundish, of medium size; skin violet where exposed; flesh melting, vinous, pale yellow except about the pit; clingstone; ripens early in september. =little anne.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . little anne, ripening ten days earlier than hale early, was discarded on account of the small size of the fruit and tenderness of the tree. =lizzie.= = .= _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ , , , pl. x. . lizzie originated with j. w. stubenrauch, mexia, texas, from an elberta seed probably fertilized with bell october. tree thrifty, productive; fruit globular to obovate, sides often unequal, medium to large; suture shallow except at the cavity; skin tough, rich yellow, striped with light red; flesh stained at the pit, firm, meaty, juicy, vinous; good to very good; stone broad, obovate, large, free; ripens two weeks after elberta. =lock cling.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _lock late._ = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . glands reniform; flowers small; fruit yellow, late, clingstone. =lockwood.= = .= ilgenfritz _cat._ , fig. . lockwood is one of the earliest, yellow freestones, ripening three weeks before early crawford. =lodge.= = .= harrison _cat._ . . according to the catalog of j. g. harrison, berlin, maryland, lodge originated in kent county, delaware. on the station grounds the tree is vigorous but only moderately productive; leaves fairly broad; margin finely serrate, with small, globose glands; flowers appear early, of medium size, pale pink, darker at the edge; fruit medium in size, cordate, halves unequal, compressed; cavity abrupt, often with red markings; suture shallow; apex with a mucronate tip; skin thin, tough, covered with thick pubescence, creamy-white, with an attractive, lively red blush; flesh white, stained about the stone, juicy, stringy, melting, sprightly, pleasing; quality good; stone nearly free, large for the size of the fruit, oval, flattened at the base; ripens the last of august. =lone ark.= = .= _n. mex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =lone tree.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . lone tree is one of many seedlings that thrive about lone tree, iowa. in it was put on the fruit-list of the american pomological society. fruit of medium size, yellow, without any blush; quality good; pit very small, free; ripens about september th. =long leaved.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =longhurst.= = .= green _cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _can. hort._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . longhurst originated on the niagara peninsula, canada. it was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . trees very hardy, productive; glands globose; flowers large; fruit medium in size, oval, halves unequal, very pubescent, unattractive; suture indistinct; apex prominent; color yellow, with a red blush; flesh red at the pit, fibrous, vinous, sprightly; pit free, oval, pointed; ripens the last of september. =longworthy.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . _longworthy late rareripe._ = .= _u. s. pat. off. rpt._ . . tree vigorous but a shy bearer; glands reniform; fruit small, round, pale white, with a red cheek; flavor pleasant subacid; clingstone; ripens the last of july in texas. =lonoke.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= munson _cat._ . . flowers large; fruit large, yellow; clingstone; ripens late; sure bearer. =lord fauconberg mignonne.= = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . an old english variety known as early as . leaves doubly serrate, without glands; flowers small; fruit above medium in size, ovate, deeply sutured, pale yellow, with wide splashes of deep, dull red; flesh yellowish-white, red at the stone, juicy; stone free, rather flat; ripens the middle of september. =lord palmerston.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= lauche _ergänzungsband_ fig., . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _palmerston._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . this variety was raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, from a pit of princess of wales. fruit large, roundish, inclined to oval, with a distinct suture; color yellowish-white, with a red blush; flesh creamy-white, red at the pit which is somewhat adherent, juicy, firm, mild; quality good; season the last of september. =lorentz.= = .= reid _cat._ fig. . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _ont. fr. exp. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . lorentz is supposed to have come from a seedling tree found about in the orchard of fred lorentz, marshall county, west virginia. it was introduced about by e. w. reid, bridgeport, ohio. fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed, with a shallow suture; color yellow, blushed with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, tender, mild, free; quality good; season early october. =lottie.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . grown by the florida experiment station. =loudon.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ , . . tree moderately vigorous, very productive; glands reniform; flowers very large; fruit large, oblate; skin downy, marbled with deep red; flesh whitish-yellow, stained near the pit, melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet; stone free, oval; ripens at the end of august. =louisiana.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . listed by the american pomological society; fruit large, round, white; freestone. =love all.= = .= lovett _cat._ . . according to j. t. lovett, little silver, new jersey, this variety is a large, yellow peach from california; excellent for canning. =lovejoy cling.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . recommended for planting in mississippi. =lovell.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . lovell is a chance seedling raised and named by g. w. thissell of california in . the fruit cans, ships and dries well. tree fairly vigorous, drooping; glands globose; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed; suture distinct, extending beyond the apex; skin bright yellow, with a faint, marbled blush; flesh yellow to the pit, juicy, tender, vinous; pit small, roundish-oval, free; ripens the last of september in michigan. =lovell white madison.= = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =lovett.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _lovett white._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . the american pomological society listed this variety in its catalog of . tree strong, roundish-upright, productive; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish; suture distinct; skin creamy-white, with considerable bloom; flesh creamy-white to the pit, juicy, tender, sprightly; pit free; ripens the last of september; valuable for canning purposes. =lowes favorite.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a peach of the crawford type originating in oceana county, michigan. =lowets white.= = .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large, white, sweet; very late. =lows large melting.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . allied to royal george but not as good; leaves glandless; flowers small; fruit large; color pale yellowish-green, with a red cheek; flesh melting; quality fair; ripens early in september. =lucia.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . a large, globular fruit, yellow, shaded with rich purplish-red; flesh red at the stone, mild subacid; best of quality; clingstone; season the end of september. =luizet dwarf.= = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: . . in , gabriel luizet, ecully, rhône, france, grew this dwarf from a seed of grosse mignonne. tree dwarf, vigorous, productive; leaves large, deeply serrate, glandless; fruit small, oval, surface uneven, halves unequal; skin nearly smooth, bright red where exposed; flesh yellowish-white, red at the stone, juicy, sprightly; stone free, deeply furrowed. =lulu i.= = .= _cult. & count. gent._ = =: . . a very early seedling from batavia, new york; fruit globular; clingstone; ripens before amsden. =lulu ii.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . lulu ii belongs to the so-called spanish group; tree hardy, productive; glands numerous, globose; fruit small, greenish-yellow; flavor rather acid; quality poor. =luton.= = .= _tex. nur. cat._ . . the texas nursery company, sherman, texas, states that this variety was grown from seed at ector, texas, by j. t. luton; fruit large, oblong; clingstone; ripening a week before elberta. =luttichau.= = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ . . it is reported in the glen saint mary nursery catalog, glen saint mary, florida, that baron h. von luttichau, earleton, florida, originated this variety. fruit large, oval; skin waxy, greenish-white, washed or blushed with red, thin, tough; flesh tinged at the pit, firm, juicy, sweet; pit free; season the last of may. =lydon cling.= = .= harrison _cat._ . . lydon cling is a large, firm, yellow peach ripening about the middle of august, according to j. g. harrison, berlin, maryland. =lynn lemon cling.= = .= j. r. johnson _cat._ . . fruit large, with a red cheek; of excellent quality; ripens the last of september, as described in the catalog of j. r. johnson, coshocton, ohio. =lyon.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a seedling originating with george husman, hermann, missouri. fruit large, round, somewhat irregular; suture a red streak; skin smooth, yellowish-white, marbled with deep red; flesh veined with red, deep at the stone, juicy, sweet, vinous; freestone; ripens early in august. =lyon cling.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . _lyon mammoth cling._ = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . from w. m. williams, fresno, california; flesh white to the stone; late. =mcallister.= = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: , . = .= _pa. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as succeeding on either high or low land. =m'clish.= = .= _pacific nur. cat._ . . according to the pacific nursery company, tangent, oregon, m'clish is of the orange cling type ripening just after early crawford but is larger, sweeter and richer; used by the california canneries. =mccollister.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . mccollister on the station grounds is neither hardy nor productive but is relatively free from leaf-curl. trees large, with a slight drooping tendency; leaves long, large, with small, globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit large, irregular in outline, roundish-cordate, oblique, halves decidedly unequal; cavity deep and wide; suture often extends two-thirds around the fruit; apex with a small, mamelon tip; skin thick, tough, blushed with dull red on a deep lemon-yellow ground, attractive; flesh stained with red at the stone, firm, coarse, noticeably stringy, moderately sweet but not rich; stone free, ovate, bulged near the apex; ripens the first of september. =mcconnell seedling.= = .= _can. hort._ = =: . . a very hardy seedling grown in essex county, canada. =mccormick.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this peach was found by w. h. mccormick, clyde, michigan. tree similar to late crawford; glands reniform; fruit nearly round; flesh deep yellow to the stone which is small and free; ripens just ahead of late crawford. =mccowan cling.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . dr. mccowan, ukiah, california, raised this variety. it is free from leaf-curl; must be carefully thinned for size; flesh yellow, stained at the pit; good for canning. =mccoy free.= = .= _winfield nur. cat._ . . the winfield nursery company, winfield, kansas, states that this variety is a large, yellow freestone, ripening two weeks after elberta. =mccoy seedling.= = .= j. r. johnson _cat._ . . originated with henry mccoy, coshocton county, ohio; very similar to wonderful, according to j. r. johnson, coshocton, ohio. =mcdevitt.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . mcdevitt is a yellow cling which originated with neal mcdevitt, placer county, california. in it was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society. =mcintosh.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . mcintosh is a peach from georgia which was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . at this station, it is a light bearer and susceptible to leaf-curl. tree with a drooping tendency; glands usually globose; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit medium in size, roundish-oval, tapers toward the apex, halves equal; cavity deep, wide, abrupt; suture shallow; apex with a mucronate tip; skin thin, tough, pale creamy-yellow, blushed with light red becoming deeper, attractive; flesh white, stained near the pit, juicy, stringy, melting, vinous, aromatic; stone with a clinging tendency, large, oval; ripens the last of august. =mcintyre late free.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . approved by the growers in several counties in california; fruit large, yellow; of california origin. =mckay late.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . this is a very late, yellow freestone, originating about with the late w. l. mckay, geneva, new york. tree upright-spreading to slightly drooping, hardy; glands reniform; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit large, oval, angular; halves decidedly unequal; sides drawn in about the cavity, which is shallow and narrow; apex with a mucronate tip; skin heavily pubescent, thick, tough, pale yellow, usually with blush near the cavity but often without; flesh stained at the pit, juicy, coarse, stringy, sprightly; stone large, oval, plump, acutely pointed at the apex; ripens in october. =mckevitt. .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this white clingstone is widely distributed in california and in was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society. it originated on the farm of a. mckevitt, vaca valley, california. tree upright, roundish; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-oval; apex prominent; color creamy-white, marbled with bright red; flesh moderately juicy, faintly tinged with red at the pit, firm, sweet, highly flavored; stone oval, pointed; ripens in mid-season. =mckinley. .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a white peach from a mr. calkins, iowa city, iowa. =mckinnel. .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . an upright, rank-growing tree with heavy foliage, productive but susceptible to rot; fruit roundish, medium to large; apex sharply pointed; flesh yellowish-white, fine, juicy; quality very good; ripens the last of may. =mckinney. .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . a promising new variety; tree a strong grower, fairly productive; fruit medium to large; flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet; clingstone; ripens the last of june. =mclide seedling. .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ app. . . exhibited at the pan american exposition. =mcnair late. .= _mo. state fr. sta. bul._ = =: . . a good variety for commercial or home use in missouri. =mcneil. .= _utah sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =mcneil early. .= king bros. _cat._ . . this sort was found by frank mcneil, dansville, new york, and was introduced by king brothers of that place in . fruit white-fleshed; a perfect freestone; one of the first to ripen. =macon. .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a variety with fruit of fair quality, valued in lenawee county, michigan. =mcshaw. .= bailey _ann. hort._ . . a large, clingstone peach ripening in october. =madame d'andrimont. .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . probably originated about liége, belgium. leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit large, spherical, depressed at the ends; suture shallow; skin downy, pale yellow, bright red in the sun; flesh white, stained about the pit, melting, juicy, aromatic; stone free, large; ripens the middle of august. =madame bernède. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =madame daurel. .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =madame gaujard. .= koch _deut. obst._ . . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =vi=:no. , pl. . originated in with n. gaujard, ghent, belgium. flowers small; fruit large, roundish; suture more or less distinct; skin very pubescent, thin, clear yellow, with a purplish-red blush; flesh white, stained at the pit, juicy, sweet; stone free, broadly oval; ripens in september. =madame malfilâtre.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =madame pynaert.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . _madame edouard pynaert._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . a large, dark red peach of superior quality, raised in belgium about . =madeira.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _hill madeira._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . _madeira freestone._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . madeira was raised by henry hill, philadelphia, pennsylvania, from a pit brought from madeira. fruit large, whitish, with a pale red cheek; flesh highly flavored, melting, juicy; freestone; ripens in september. =madeleine blanche d'anoot.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a variety bearing globose glands. =madeleine blanche de doué.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom_ . . listed in this reference. =madeleine blanche de loisel.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . often included incorrectly with the white madeleine. =madeleine hariot.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . tree vigorous, productive; leaves glandless; fruit large, ovoid, somewhat pointed at the base; greenish-yellow, striped and marbled with deep carmine; flesh white to the pit, juicy, vinous; matures at the end of august. =madeleine hâtive a moyennes fleurs.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this sort is thought by leroy to be royal charlotte. probably the only difference is in its ripening, this variety ripening early in august. =madeleine à mamelon.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =madeleine paysanne.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this is an old french sort often confused with bollweiler magdalene of some authors. tree vigorous, productive; leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit large, spherical, depressed at the ends, distinctly sutured; cavity large; skin finely pubescent, pale yellow, with a deep purple blush; flesh whitish-yellow, stained about the pit, melting, aromatic, sweet; pit small for the size of fruit, free. =madeleine striée.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . tree very productive; leaves glandless; fruit large, roundish; skin thin, whitish-yellow, striped with red in the sun; flesh fine, melting, sweet, aromatic; ripens the last of august. =madeleine superbe de choisy.= = .= _le bon jard._ . . this variety originated with a m. gravier of choisy-le-roi, france. fruit very large, roundish, blushed with deep red where exposed; flesh white, purple at the stone, melting, sweet, aromatic; stone small, free; matures the last of september. =madison county mammoth.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ . . this is a variety from missouri which ripens too late in new york. the tree in the station orchard is upright, moderately vigorous, very productive; glands reniform; fruit of the chili type but more irregular and broader; cavity small; suture extends beyond the apex; skin heavily pubescent, whitish, with considerable mottling; flesh stained at the pit, moderately juicy, tough, leathery; flavor and quality fair; stone slightly elliptical, decidedly clinging; ripens the last of october. =magdala.= = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, raised magdala in from a seed of orange nectarine. leaves with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, inclining to oval; skin nearly smooth, creamy-white, marbled with crimson; flesh tender, melting, rich; freestone; ripens the last of august. =magdalen clingstone.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _pavie madeleine._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . this sort is a variation of white magdalen. some writers list it as identical with smith newington. leaves devoid of glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, broadly globular; suture shallow, deepening toward the base; skin pale yellowish-white, marbled and streaked where exposed; flesh firm, pale yellowish-white to the stone, juicy, sugary; stone clings, shortly ovate, thick; ripens early in september. =maggie i.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . _maggie burt._ = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . maggie i. or maggie burt as it was first called, was put on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . it is a large, oval, white-fleshed clingstone from texas. =maggie ii.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . peter c. minnich, waldo, florida, originated this variety which resembles and ripens with bidwell early. fruit medium to large, roundish-oblong; cavity open, abrupt, suture but one-quarter around the fruit; apex rounded; skin velvety, thick, light yellow; washed with red; flesh firm, white, juicy; quality very good; stone partly clinging, large, oval. =magistrate.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . a fruit of american origin; glands reniform; fruit large; skin greenish-white, with a red cheek; flesh juicy but not high in quality; freestone; ripens in september. =magnifique de daval.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed but not described. =magnum bonum.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . listed as a good peach for missouri. =maid of malines.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . _pucelle de malines._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _jungfern-magdalene._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _jungfrau von mecheln._ = .= gaucher _pom. prak. obst._ no. , tab. . . this variety from belgium held a place on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . tree vigorous, productive; glands lacking; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, depressed; suture well marked; skin very downy, clear yellow, highly colored where exposed; flesh yellowish-white, stained at the stone, melting, juicy, sugary; freestone; ripens at the end of august. =malden.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _early malden._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . leaves glandless; flowers small; fruit medium in size, roundish, compressed, one side enlarged; suture distinct; skin white, with a red cheek; juicy, sprightly; freestone; matures the last of august. =malta.= = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= _pom. mag._ = =:no. , pl. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . malta is supposed to have originated in malta or in italy but the italians did not mention it until it had been known in france for some time, merlet having described it in . it was early introduced into america and held a place on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . leaves doubly serrate, without glands; flowers large, pale; fruit of medium size, depressed at the apex; suture broad and shallow; skin dull green, broadly marbled with dull purplish-red; flesh greenish-yellow, stained with red near the pit, juicy, rich, vinous; stone free, oval, pointed; ripens at the end of august. =malte de gouin.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . the fruit is larger and the quality better than that of malta. tree productive; leaves glandless; fruit spherical, striped and marbled with reddish-purple; flesh white to the stone, melting, juicy, aromatic; stone small for the size of the fruit, free; ripens the first of september. =malte de lisieux.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . the fruits of this variety differ from malta in their higher color, larger size and heavier pubescence. =malte saint julien.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a glandless variety listed by thomas. =mammoth.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: , . . this old peach was found in new york city a century ago by m. brevoort. the stone, which is large for the size of the fruit, is remarkable for always having two kernels. the variety comes true from seed. fruit large, greenish-yellow; stone free; ripens at the end of september. =mammoth cling.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . fruit large, of a pale color, red where exposed; very juicy and fine. =mammoth freestone.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . a large, very late variety listed in the fruit-catalog of the american pomological society from until . =mammoth golden.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed as once grown in illinois. =mammoth heath.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . according to the catalog of stark brothers, louisiana, missouri, mammoth heath is supposed to be a strain of heath cling from missouri. on the station grounds the trees are unproductive and susceptible to leaf-curl; glands reniform; fruit above medium in size, halves unequal; cavity deep and wide; apex with a small, mamelon tip; suture often extends beyond the apex; skin thin, tender, unusually woolly, creamy-white, occasionally with a slight blush; flesh meaty, juicy, pleasing; stone oval, flattened at the base; ripens the second week in october. =mammoth melocoton.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a large fruit of first quality, ripening in september. =man.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the man peach is of two sorts, the one longer than the other, both of them are good peaches but the shorter is the better relished." =mandelartige magdalene.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . the leaves of this variety are glandless; flowers usually large; fruit of medium size, elongated, almond-like; skin yellowish-green; flesh white, stained at the pit, pleasantly subacid; stone free; ripens the middle of september. =mandls magdalene.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _lorenz mandl._ = .= mathieu _non. pom._ . . a seedling from liegel, raised about . leaves glandless; flowers usually large, white; fruit large, roundish-oblate, halves unequal, deeply sutured; skin greenish-white, with a reddish-brown blush; freestone; ripens the middle of august. =manning.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . j. f. allen grew and named this variety after robert manning of salem, massachusetts. =marcella.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . marcella originated with e. t. daniels, kiowa, kansas. on the station grounds the trees are unproductive and susceptible to leaf-curl. tree vigorous, upright-spreading or slightly drooping; glands reniform; flowers appear late; fruit large, roundish to oval, halves decidedly unequal; cavity shallow, sides slightly drawn in; apex roundish, with a mucronate tip; skin covered with long, thick pubescence, thin, tough, golden-yellow, with a few splashes, if any, of dark red; flesh faintly red at the pit, stringy, slightly subacid; fair in quality; stone large, oval or obovate; matures the first of october. =marguerite.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _saint marguerite._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . originated at liége, belgium. tree vigorous; leaves devoid of glands; flowers large; fruit medium to above, roundish-ovoid, small, with a mamelon tip at the apex; skin thin, greenish-yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone large, ovoid, free; matures toward the end of july. =marie de la rochejaquelein.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= mas. _pom. gen._ = =: , . . resembles orchard queen; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small. =marie talabot.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =marionville cling.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . a productive, white clingstone from marionville, missouri, according to stark brothers, louisiana, missouri. =mark chili.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: fig. . mark chili is a chili seedling raised by w. d. markham, hart, michigan. the fruit is similar to that of its parent but is larger and later. tree vigorous, free from diseases; flowers large; fruit large, oblong, decidedly ribbed; suture continuous, deepening toward the apex; skin heavily pubescent, thick, tough, light yellow, with a rich, dark cheek of solid red; flesh deep yellow, red at the pit, melting, juicy, brisk subacid; stone oval, free; very good in quality. =markham.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: , fig. . w. d. markham, hart, michigan, raised this chili seedling about . it is very similar to early crawford which it follows in ripening. in the station orchard the trees are vigorous, spreading, not very productive; leaves broad, with very small, globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit of medium size, roundish, halves decidedly unequal on some specimens; cavity deep, with radiating streaks of red; suture but a line until near the apex; skin heavily pubescent, tenacious, golden yellow, with a blush varying in size and shade; flesh tinged with red at the pit, tender, stringy, sweet, rich in flavor; quality good; stone large, broadly oval, flattened near the base, apex ending in a long point. =marks cling.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as growing at the texas experiment station. =marlborough.= = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. . . marlborough was found in the garden of the late duke of marlborough near brentford, england. leaves long, narrow, not affected by mildew; blossoms large; fruit roundish; skin thin, white, with a brilliant red blush; flesh stained at the pit, with a pineapple flavor; ripens about august th. =marquis of downshire.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _royal ascot._ = .= _garden_ = =: . . this peach was raised at east hempsted park, berkshire, england, and was distributed by the royal ascot nurseries. glands globose; flowers large; fruit medium in size, slightly oblate, uneven in outline; suture distinct; skin greenish-yellow, with a light red cheek, mottled with darker red where exposed; flesh stained at the pit, tender, juicy, melting, sweet; freestone; ripens late. =marquise de brissac.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . this variety was found in the vicinity of angers, france, and named after the marquise de brissac. glands small, reniform; flowers of medium size; fruit large, oval-roundish, with a noticeable, mamelon tip at the apex; distinctly sutured; skin thick, heavily pubescent, pale yellow, with a few splashes of carmine; flesh greenish-white, stained at the stone, juicy, melting, very sweet, vinous; very good; stone free, large; matures early in october. =marshall.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . _marshall late._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . marshall comes from and is known only in ohio. tree fairly vigorous, roundish-upright; glands reniform; flowers small or medium; fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly oblong; suture distinct, two-thirds around the fruit; skin pale yellow, mottled with red; flesh deep red at the pit, moderately juicy, firm, with a slight acid taste; quality good; stone free; matures the last of september. =martha fern cling.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . a white-fleshed clingstone from pike county, missouri, according to stark brothers, louisiana, missouri. =martindale.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . . raised by a mr. martindale of kansas. tree very hardy; fruit white, very sweet, rich and juicy; freestone; ripens early in august. =mary.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . _mary choice._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . mary is a good dessert and market sort grown in new jersey and maryland. it was placed on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . fruit large, oblong; flesh yellow, firm, very good; freestone; season late. =mary choice (kerr).= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =marydel.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =maryland early.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a seedling from frederick city, maryland. one of the earliest to ripen in that locality. =masicot.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _mascotte._ = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . griffing brothers raised masicot from a seed of waldo. it first fruited in and was put on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . fruit two and one-half inches high, nearly round; color creamy-yellow, washed or flecked with carmine, becoming deeper; flesh creamy-white, stained at the stone, juicy, subacid; freestone; ripens a few days later than waldo. =mathews.= = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _mathews beauty._ = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . _matthews beauty._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _matthews._ = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . mathews is supposed to be a cross between elberta and smock which originated with j. c. mathews, cuthbert, georgia. fruit large, roundish; color golden yellow, with streaks of red and a crimson cheek; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, mild, free; quality good; season early in august. =maule early.= = .= black _cat._ . . = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= black _cat._ . . according to the statement of joseph h. black, son and company, hightstown, new jersey, this variety is a seedling of mamie ross. it was introduced in the fall of by this company. tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish-oval, with a shallow suture; color creamy-white, mottled and striped with considerable bright red; flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet, semi-adherent; quality good; season early. =maurice desportes.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . this peach was raised about by baptiste desportes from a seed of grosse mignonne and named after his son, maurice. tree vigorous, productive; glands small, globular; flowers of medium size; fruit medium in size, globular, compressed at both ends; suture, wide, shallow; skin tender, covered with short hairs, washed with red on a pale yellow ground; flesh white, faintly red at the pit, melting, very juicy, acidulated, aromatic; very good; stone small, plump, free; ripens the middle of august. =may choice.= = .= _batavia nur. cat._ . . a very desirable peach ripening immediately after early crawford which it resembles but excels in quality, according to the batavia nurseries, batavia, new york. =may peach.= = .= _cultivator_ rd ser. = =: . . a very early, white-fleshed peach which may be kleiner weisser frühpfirsich. =mayflower.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _rev. hort._ , . . tree productive; fruit of medium size, oval, with a pointed apex; color greenish-white, with a dark red blush; flesh greenish-white, juicy, tender, subacid, adherent; quality fair; season very early. =melocotone.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . _malacotune._ = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . fruit yellowish-green, with a deep red blush; flesh firm, clinging, with a pleasant flavor; ripens early in september. =melting.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . an unproductive variety of american origin; glands globose; fruit large; flesh white, stained with red at the stone; freestone; ripens in september. =mena.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ . - . mena is a semi-free peach, with yellow flesh, ripening the middle of august. =mendenhall.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a white-fleshed seedling, bearing regularly near des moines, iowa. =merlin.= = .= rivers _cat._ . - . _emérillon._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . merlin is a large, luscious, pale peach from a pit of frühe mignonne; flavor rich; ripens early in august. =merriam.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . e. merriam, roxbury, massachusetts, first grew this variety; glands globose; fruit large, short-oval, light yellow, with a bright red cheek; flesh tinged at the stone, melting, very sweet, juicy; ripens october st. =merriman.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: , . . found on the merriman farm near bangor, michigan. a yellow freestone ripening just after smock. =merveille de new-york.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =merveille d'octobre.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a good, late peach of unknown origin; glands globose; flowers small. =metelka.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a variety from hungary; glands reniform; flowers medium in size. =meyer.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: fig. . a variety grown from seed by h. f. w. meyer, mears, michigan. tree vigorous, hardy, reasonably free from diseases; fruit ripens with gold drop but larger; flesh yellow, free. =meyers rareripe.= = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . this variety originated in alameda, california. =michigan i.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan, introduced this variety about as a seedling of late crawford. fruit yellow, juicy, vinous, ripening just before late crawford. =michigan ii.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . raised many years ago by b. hathaway, little prairie ronde, michigan; fruit large, yellow-fleshed; freestone. =michigan chili.= = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as grown near newark, new york. =michigan nos. , and .= = .= _ont. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =michelin.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =mid september.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ . - . this is a lemon-yellow freestone which ripens early in september. =middleton imperial.= = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety is said to have come from new jersey; resembles susquehanna. =mid-season favorite.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . tree upright-spreading, vigorous; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, irregular in shape; suture distinct; skin pale, light yellow, with a moderate amount of bright red; flesh white, with red markings near the pit, juicy, tender, not firm, sweet; quality good; stone small, broad, thick, free; ripens the last of august. =mifflin pennsylvania.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . this name is given to a variety from colonel carr of bartram's botanic garden; highly spoken of by the philadelphia horticultural society. =mignonne= (=american=). = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large; skin pale yellowish-red; flesh melting; of second quality; ripens at the end of september. =mignonne bosselée.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . a variety with globose glands, listed in this reference. =mignonne dubarle.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this is a very early form of grosse mignonne which ripens about eight days earlier than early grosse mignonne. glands round; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining to oval, distinctly sutured; apex mamelon; skin nearly entirely covered with bright red; flesh tender, melting, very juicy. =mignonne frizee.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _pêcher à fleurs frisée._ = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . _krauser lieblingspfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . the principal traits distinguishing this variety are found in its flowers, which are curled and frizzled; the leaves have globose glands; fruit ripens at the end of august. =mignonne purple.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =mignonne de saint loup.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in this reference. =mikado.= = .= capps bros. _cat._ . . mikado, a gold-medal peach at the st. louis exposition, was introduced by capps brothers, mt. pulaski, illinois. on the station grounds it is a light producer and is susceptible to mildew and leaf-curl. tree above medium in size, dense-topped; leaves large, with reniform glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit above medium in size, roundish, slightly cordate, angular, halves decidedly unequal; cavity deep, wide; apex with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin thick, tough, covered with short pubescence, with splashes of dull red mingled with a lighter blush on a light yellow ground; flesh stained at the stone, juicy, stringy, moderately coarse, sprightly; quality good; stone large, ovate, broad, plump, with a clinging tendency; ripens the middle of october. =miller.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _miller cling._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . the american pomological society lists this variety in its fruit-catalog for . fruit large, yellow, firm. =miller cling.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . an early, white-fleshed cling of much promise, listed in this reference. =millhiser.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= hood _cat._ . . this variety originated with m. millhiser, richmond, virginia. as it grows in the station orchards it is of doubtful value, being only a fair yielder and somewhat susceptible to leaf-curl. tree large, vigorous, the lower branches slightly drooping; leaves fairly broad, with globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, halves unequal; cavity deep, abrupt; suture deepens at the apex; skin tough, covered with short, coarse pubescence, creamy-white, with a slight blush; flesh white to the stone, juicy, moderately coarse, tender, stringy, sweet and aromatic; of fair quality; stone large, broadly oval, plump, nearly free; ripens the last of september. =millionaire.= = .= e. d. smith _cat._ . . e. d. smith, winona, ontario, canada, reports that this variety is a canadian seedling found near st. catharines. fruit large, yellow; freestone; ripens a week later than early crawford. =miner.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree fairly vigorous; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, oval, with a large apex, yellow; flesh subacid, pleasant; ripens early in july. =minerva.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed among the fruits grown in michigan. =minion.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . "minion abounds with fine juice and firm pulp which adheres to the stone; ripens on a south wall july ." =minnie.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . minnie is a stray variety planted on the grounds of the michigan agricultural college in . it is a freestone, ripening in michigan the last of september. =minot.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . fruit of medium size, oblique, oval; cavity broad, oval, deep; suture deep; skin thick, velvety, rich yellow, with a crimson cheek; flesh yellow to the stone, sprightly subacid; stone large, oval, free; ripens the last of september. =mint free.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ . - . mint free is described as a greenish-white clingstone, ripening throughout july. =miss may.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . miss may originated with a mr. carroll, dresden, texas; fruit large, of first quality and very late. =miss percival.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . a large, white freestone; very productive. =missouri apricot.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =missouri beauty.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as grown in missouri. =missouri mammoth.= = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety, as grown in missouri, resembles columbia of which it is believed to be a seedling. =mitchell.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . mitchell originated in iowa with m. j. graham of adel; it is one of the few hardy sorts grown in iowa. fruit of medium size, slightly oval; suture distinct but not deep; apex conical; skin white, with a red cheek; flesh streaked with red and red at the pit, melting, juicy; stone free, of medium size; quality fair; ripens the last of september. =mitchell mammoth.= = .= _u. s. pat. off. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this peach, of southern origin, won a place in the fruit-list of the american pomological society in which it held until ; fruit large, late in ripening; flesh white; clingstone. =mobray heath cling.= = .= _peachland nur. cat._ . . according to the peachland nurseries, seaford, delaware, this variety is a beautiful, white cling from dorchester county, maryland. =modena.= = .= rea _flora_ . . "modena is an excellent peach of a yellowish color and comes clean from the stone." =modeste.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a large and good peach with small flowers and globose glands. =mogneneins.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . listed in this reference. =molden white.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this sort originated on molden mountain on the chesapeake, where it is valued for its lateness. from until it held a place in the fruit-catalog of the american pomological society. fruit large, oblong; suture distinct; skin creamy-white, rarely with a tinge of red; flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, melting; freestone; ripens at the end of september. =monfrein.= = .= christ _wörterb._ . . this is a peach with firm, yellow flesh, not very juicy but sweet. =monsieur jean.= = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . this variety ripens in july and august; fruit oval, greenish-white, with a red cheek. =monstrous free.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . . kenrick _am. orch._ . . tree moderately productive; fruit very large, round, highly colored where exposed; flesh rich, juicy, sweet; ripens early in september. =monstrous lemon.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _largest lemon._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . tree vigorous; flowers small; fruit very large; ripens in october. =monstrueuse de saverdun.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . probably of french origin; glands reniform. =montagne tardive.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . an english variety. =montauban.= = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _montabon._ = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . tree productive; leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large, pale; fruit medium in size, with a small suture; skin greenish-yellow, covered with deep red in the sun; flesh white to the stone, melting, juicy, rich, freestone; ripens the middle of august. =montgomery late.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this variety, of american origin, was listed by the american pomological society from until . glands reniform; flowers large; fruit large, round, depressed at the apex; suture shallow but distinct; skin downy, yellowish-white, with a dull red cheek; flesh red at the stone, very juicy, melting; freestone; ripens the first of september, lasting nearly a month. =monticola.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . a good market peach but unproductive; glands reniform; fruit large, round; color beautiful yellow, with a deep red cheek; pleasant acid flavor. =montreal.= = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , , pl. fig. . . this peach originated in montreal, france. the fruit is nearly black and the variety is often called "the black peach of montreal." the peach has a rich flavor, thin skin, and a remarkably small stone, close to which the flesh is red. it ripens the latter part of september when most other peaches are gone. =moore favorite.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= fulton _peach cult._ . . _moore._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . according to cole, this peach originated with h. k. moore, chelsea, massachusetts. fulton claims that it is a native of delaware, and that it originated with j. v. moore, odessa. tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish, slightly oval, with a shallow suture; skin creamy-white, with a clear red blush; flesh white, red at the pit, juicy, tender, with a rich, vinous flavor; pit free; season early september. =moore june.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . moore june originated at athens, georgia. glands reniform; flowers small; fruit below medium in size, globular; suture shallow; cavity deep; skin yellowish, nearly covered with dots and marblings of deep red; flesh white, red at the pit and often near the skin, juicy, vinous, pleasantly flavored; freestone; ripens the last of june. =moore rareripe.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a large, round, productive peach of excellent quality, ripening in september. =moore seedling.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this is a small, yellow-fleshed freestone of little value. =morello.= = .= rea _flora_ . . "morello peach is a fair, red-sided fruit, and parts from the stone." =morris county.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . this peach is similar to morris white but ripens later. tree strong, spreading; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish; suture a line; apex prominent; skin creamy-white, with a red cheek; flesh creamy-white, red at the pit, moderately juicy, tender, with a mild but somewhat astringent flavor; quality fair; stone oval, free; ripens the middle of september. =morris red.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _red rareripe._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ , . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _morris red rareripe._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= cole _am. fr. book_ , . . = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ , . . _morris red freestone._ = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . morris red has been confused with george iv and red rareripe but is distinct. prince believed that the variety came from europe while downing considered it of american origin. it seems to have been disseminated by robert morris, philadelphia, pennsylvania. tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, depressed at the apex, with a distinct suture; skin pale greenish-white, with a bright red cheek; flesh pale greenish-white, quite red at the pit, juicy, melting, with a rich, sweet flavor; freestone; ripens the last of august. =morrisania.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _morrisania pound._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . _hoffman pound._ = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . martin hoffman claims this variety originated with him at york island, and that buds were taken by gouverneur morris of morrisania, near new york city. glands globose; flowers small; fruit very large, heavy, nearly round; flesh light yellow, firm, compact, juicy, rich, aromatic; stone free, large; ripens the middle of september. =mother porter.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . w. w. smith found this seedling in the yard of a mrs. porter, napa, california. the fruit is yellow-fleshed to the pit to which it clings. =mountain cling.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned as grown in iowa for home use. =mountain rareripe.= = .= _n. j. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . mountain rareripe resembles oldmixon cling in general appearance and ripens about with it. it is recommended as a profitable variety for market. =mountain white.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed by the michigan experiment station. =mountaineer.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . mountaineer is a coarse peach raised from a pit of red nutmeg crossed with early violet nectarine. glands globose; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, somewhat pointed at the apex; skin smooth, pale yellow and dark red; flesh red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich; freestone; matures early in september. =mr. gladstone.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . listed as a weak grower. =mrs. hunley.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this variety, of southern origin, comes from the fruitland nursery, augusta, georgia. leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit of medium size, one-sided, pale yellow; flesh yellow, rich, melting; ripens late in september. =mrs. poinsett.= = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . this variety is the result of crossing blood cling with some yellow freestone. it was named after mrs. j. r. poinsett of south carolina. the limbs are inclined to be pendant; leaves with globose glands; fruit globular; suture distinct; skin yellow, veined with red; flesh yellow, juicy, melting; stone partially clinging; ripens early in september. =munson cling.= = .= munson _cat._ . - . this is a seedling of elberta with which it ripens; the fruit is more spherical. it was grown by t. v. munson, denison, texas. =munson free.= = .= munson _cat._ . - . this is another elberta seedling grown by t. v. munson, denison, texas. on the station grounds the fruit ripens with elberta and just after it. tree upright, unproductive, quite spreading; leaves large, leathery, with reniform glands; flowers appear in mid-season, of medium size, reddish-pink; fruit large, oval-conic, halves unequal, sides drawn in about the cavity; cavity shallow; suture shallow; apex with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin thin, tough, with long, coarse pubescence, lemon-yellow, with narrow splashes and stripes of darker red; flesh red at the pit, juicy, stringy, firm, sprightly in some cases; quality good; stone free, large, oval-pointed, winged. =murat.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . this is another seedling of late crawford grown by c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan. as tested in the station orchard, it is of doubtful value. tree spreading; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, bulged; suture shallow except at the apex; surface velvety, yellow, washed and mottled with red; flesh stained at the pit, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality very good; stone above medium in size, oval, free; season late. =murray malacatune.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . listed as a large, fine fruit. =murrays early anne.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . according to prince, this is a seedling of anne. =muscade de montauban.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a productive variety devoid of glands, with medium-sized flowers and large fruit; ripens late. =muscogee.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . muscogee was raised by j. c. cook, columbus, georgia. fruit large, roundish or a little one-sided; skin dingy, pale yellow, striped like columbia; flesh white, faintly red at the stone, melting, juicy, buttery, rich; quality very good; pit small, round, free; matures the middle of august. =musi.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . growing at de funiak springs, florida. =musk.= = .= rea _flora_ . . "musk peach is a large, good tasted beautiful fruit." =müskirter aprikosenpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . tree very productive; flowers small; fruit of medium size, round, yellow, with a light red blush; flesh firm, vinous; ripens at the end of july. =musser.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= stoll _pomologie_ pl. fig. . . a variety from pennsylvania; fruit globular, more flattened near the stem; suture broad; cavity deep; skin somewhat woolly, white except where washed with red; flesh very juicy, vinous, sugary, somewhat fibrous; stone clinging, small; ripens very early. =muyzerwinkel.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . listed in this reference. =my choice.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed as exhibited by the illinois station. =myer seedling.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . a freestone, making fair sauce but not rich. =myers.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . myers is one of the hardy seedlings from iowa. =myers rareripe.= = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . a variety from alameda, california. =mystery.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _yellow mystery._ = .= lovett _cat._ . . a variety from maryland ripening a week before troth. tree moderately vigorous, fairly productive; fruit large, roundish, compressed; cavity narrow, deep; suture indistinct; skin dark yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh red at the pit, juicy, coarse but tender, vinous; freestone. =nain aubinel.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this dwarf originated with a m. aubinel, a nurseryman at grenade, haute-garonne, france, about , but was not introduced until some years later. tree dwarf in habit; branches short; leaves with large, reniform glands; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, irregular, halves unequal; apex with a mamelon tip; skin thick, yellow, purple in the sun, heavily pubescent; flesh red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous; of second quality; stone free, of medium size, oval, plump; ripens the first of september. =nall.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . nall originated with a mr. nall, louisville, kentucky. it is described as a strong grower and sure bearer. the fruit is a yellow cling. =namaper.= = .= _ont. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . a promising market sort, very productive and vigorous, little subject to leaf-curl; fruit large, oval, resembling elberta but ripens a week later. =nancy.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . nancy was named by peter collier, adrian, michigan, about . the fruit is large and ripens late; has no special merit. =nanticoke.= = .= _pa. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a profitable, yellow freestone; upright grower. =napoleon.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . supposed to have originated near macon, georgia; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, round; skin very downy, dark red; flesh pink, juicy, rich; freestone; ripens the last of july. =nash.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =national.= = .= burbank _cat._ - . a giant muir-crawford peach. tree strong, productive; fruits ripen before the crawfords, according to luther burbank, santa rosa, california. =native seedling.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =natural seedling no. .= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =navar.= = .= rea _flora_ . . "navar peach is of a whitish color and comes clean from the stone." =near.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: fig. . near originated with john near, shelby, michigan. it is a seedling of chili, probably fertilized by early crawford. it ripens a week ahead of chili and is considered promising but has not yet been disseminated. =nectar.= = .= barnes bros. _cat._ . . according to barnes brothers, yalesville, connecticut, nectar was received in a shipment from texas. tree thrifty, hardy; flowers large; fruit of medium size; skin and flesh yellow, nearly free; ripens before greensboro. =nectarine.= = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, grew this peach from a pit of the grand noir nectarine. leaves with reniform glands, small; flowers large; fruit very large, ovate, terminating in a pointed nipple; skin nearly smooth like a nectarine, yellow, with a mottled, red cheek; flesh semi-transparent, red at the stone, melting, brisk, rich; freestone; ripens the middle of september. =need.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . tree moderately strong, round, upright; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly ovate; suture extends two-thirds around the fruit; flesh yellow, stained at the stone, juicy, tender, mild, vinous; quality fair; season the last of august. =neil (marshall).= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . tree moderately vigorous, unproductive; fruit of medium size, roundish, irregular, with a suture distinct only at the apex; color yellow, with a light marbling of red; flesh yellow, tender, moderately juicy, mild and pleasant, free; of fair quality; season early october. =nelson.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . a small, late cling of little value in texas. =nelson seedlings.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ = =: , . . = .= _ibid._ . - . these seedlings are mentioned by numbers , , and , numbers and being yellow-fleshed freestones. =nettie corbet.= = .= van lindley _cat._ . . according to j. van lindley, pomona, north carolina, robert corbet, gates county, north carolina, originated and named this peach after his daughter, nettie. fruit large, of a dingy yellow color; freestone; ripens in august. =new bellegarde.= = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . new bellegarde is very similar to galande but is probably distinct. fruit medium in size, slightly oblong, with a very shallow suture; color pale yellow, marbled and shaded with deep red; flesh pale yellow, red at the pit, melting, juicy, highly flavored, free; ripens the first of september. =new england cling.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . a very profitable clingstone and uniformly productive. =new golden purple.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a variety from virginia where it is highly esteemed; fruit large, yellow-fleshed, stained with red at the stone; freestone; ripens two weeks before heath cling. =new globe.= = .= _green river nur. cat._ . . tree vigorous; fruit golden-yellow, large, freestone, according to the green river nurseries, bowling green, kentucky. =new noblesse.= = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . new noblesse was grown at one time about brentford, england. leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large; fruit of medium size, oval, with an obscure suture; skin pale greenish-yellow, marbled where exposed; flesh greenish-yellow to the stone from which it separates, juicy, rich; ripens early in september. =new white rareripe.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed but not described. =new york early lemon clingstone.= = .= _lond. hort soc. rpt._ = =: , . . a seedling of the lemon clingstone; fruit larger and ripens a fortnight earlier than that of its parent. =newhall.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . sylvester newhall, san jose, california, was the originator of this variety; tree hardy, vigorous, not affected by leaf-curl; fruit large; flesh deep yellow, juicy, vinous, rich; ripens a week before late crawford. =newman.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . a seedling from charles newman, reading, massachusetts; fruit large, round; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet; ripens the last of september. =newington (of america).= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is an unproductive clingstone ripening at the end of september. the glands are globose and the fruit is of first size but the sort is unworthy cultivation. =nicarde.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . a variety grown in france. =nichols.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _nichols orange cling._ = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . this is a productive clingstone which originated with joseph nichols, niles, california. in it gained a place on the fruit-list of the american pomological society. =nicholson smock.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . grown on the delaware station grounds. =nicols beauty.= = .= _peachland nur. cat._ . . a large, yellow variety from delmar, delaware, according to the peachland nurseries, seaford, delaware. =nina cling.= = .= harrison _cat._ . . according to j. g. harrison and sons, berlin, maryland, nina cling is a yellow peach of high quality ripening about the middle of august. =nivette.= = .= langley _pomona_ , , pl. xxx fig. iv. . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . _nivette veloutée._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _white rareripe._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , . - . the origin of nivette is unknown. it is a very old variety and seems to have been popular in the old world for many years. in america, where it was first known early in the nineteenth century, it became confused with morris white. the distinguishing characters between the two are: morris white has reniform glands and white flesh while nivette has globose glands and flesh which is red at the pit. tree vigorous, upright, productive; fruit large, roundish, more or less elongated, flattened a little at the base, having a distinct suture, which so divides the fruit that one side is more projecting than the other; apex a mamelon point; color yellowish-white, occasionally tinged with some red veins and with a blush on the sunny side; flesh white, with red veins around the stone, very juicy, melting, with a rich, sweet, vinous flavor; quality good to very good; stone free, oval; season the last of september. =nix.= = .= _austin nur. cat._ . . _nix late cling._ = .= _cultivator_ rd ser. = =: . . _nix late white._ = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _nix october._ = .= _n. c. sta. rpt._ = =: . . _nix late._ = .= j. s. kerr _cat._ . . an old, southern peach highly esteemed at one time. =noblesse.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _noblest._ = .= miller _gard. dict._ . _edlepfirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _mellish favorite._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _edle magdalene._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . noblesse is a very old, english variety. it was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society in where it remained until . leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large, pale; fruit large, roundish, terminating in an acute nipple at the apex; skin pale yellowish-green, marbled with dull red, with streaks and blotches of darker red; flesh pale white to the stone, melting, juicy, highly flavored; stone large, obovate, free; ripens at the end of august. =noblesse early.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =noblesse of oatlands.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =nonpareil.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _scotts nonpareil._ = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . nonpareil originated in burlington, new jersey. the fruit resembles that of late crawford but is sweeter. nonpareil was on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . glands globose; ripens the middle of september. =normand.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . _normand choice._ = .= lovett _cat._ . . tree strong, upright; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish to oval; flesh creamy-white to the stone, firm, mild; stone slightly adherent; quality fair; season early october. =north china no. .= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . received at this station from the iowa agricultural experiment station, ames, iowa. fruit small, round, greenish-white, mottled with dull red; flesh juicy, sweet, good, free; ripens the first of september. =norton late.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a fine, large peach resembling elberta, ripening the last of september; obtained from j. i. norton, salina, kansas. =norvell mammoth.= = .= _ind. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling clingstone raised by dr. h. v. norvell, bloomfield, indiana. fruit larger than heath cling; ripens the middle of september. =novalis.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . novalis is a seedling of peento which originated with s. m. gass, san diego, california. fruit slightly oblong; flesh white; ripens with the alexander to which it is superior in flavor. =nugent june.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this variety originated with e. j. nugent, ottawa, kansas. it was on the fruit-list of the american pomological society from until . fruit very early, yellow; clingstone. =number .= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this sort is a seedling of marcella grown by e. t. daniels, kiowa, kansas. it resembles late crawford but ripens the last of october. =number h.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as having reniform glands; flowers large; flesh yellow; ripening the middle of september. =number .= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =nutmeg.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the nutmeg peach is of two sorts, one that will be hard when it is ripe and eateth not so pleasantly as the other, which will be soft and mellow; they are both small peaches having very little or no resemblance at all to a nutmeg except in being a little longer than round and are early ripe." =oblong.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-oval, yellowish-red; ripens at the end of september. =oceana.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . oceana was grown from a pit of chili by b. f. garver, oceana county, michigan. fruit large, yellow; ripens just after barnard. =october beauty.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree upright, dense; leaves very large, with globose glands; clingstone; of little value. =october free.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ . - . a yellow freestone, ripening in missouri about september th. =october white.= = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . this is a late, white-fleshed peach which originated as a sport from myers rareripe. =october white clingstone.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . listed in this reference. =october yellow.= = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: . . a rather small, yellow, freestone peach of good quality, ripening in illinois early in october. it may be the october free from missouri. =octoberta.= = .= _austin nur. cat._ . . t. heep, austin, texas, raised this variety about , probably from a pit of elberta. the fruit ripens in september and october, according to the austin nursery company, austin, texas. =o'gwynne.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . listed as growing in the south. =oignies.= = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , , pl. . there is a difference of opinion as to the origin of this variety but it is generally believed to have come from seed in the province of hainaut, belgium. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish; suture large but shallow; skin heavily pubescent, greenish-yellow, more or less colored with red; flesh yellowish-white, colored at the stone, melting, juicy; stone oval, medium in size, free; ripens early in september. =old english.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed by the texas experiment station. =old newington.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . . prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . _newington._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . _large newington._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . _newington magdalene?_ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . old newington was at one time a favorite cling in england, having been cultivated there for over two hundred years. flowers large; leaves doubly serrate, glandless; fruit large, globular, with a slight suture; skin pale yellowish-white, with a red cheek; flesh pale yellowish-white, stained with deep red at the stone, firm, juicy, rich; ripens the middle of september. =old royal charlotte.= = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . old royal charlotte has been known in england since about . leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large, pale; fruit of medium size, roundish, narrowed at the apex; skin pale greenish-yellow, marbled with deep red; flesh white to the stone, soft, vinous; stone obtuse, free; ripens from the middle to the last of august. =old settler.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a hardy variety grown in iowa. =olden.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . this white-fleshed freestone ripens the first of september in southern missouri. =olga.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling of lady parham raised by l. e. berckmans, rome, georgia, about . =onderdonk.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . _onderdonk's favorite._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . onderdonk bears the name of its originator, g. onderdonk, nursery, texas. tree vigorous and productive in the south; leaves with reniform glands; fruit of medium size, oblong, flattened, with a pointed apex; color lemon-yellow; flesh yellow, slightly acid, moderately tender; quality fair; pit free; ripens in the south the first of august. =opoix.= = .= _rev. hort._ . . opoix is a russian variety named in honor of a french gardener, a m. opoix. tree vigorous; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, distinctly sutured; flesh white, vinous, juicy, sweet; freestone; ripens early in october. =orange cling.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _gard. & for._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _orange._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . in california this variety is said frequently to produce a second crop of small, inferior fruit. leaves serrate, often without glands; fruit large, round, with a distinct suture; skin deep orange, with a dark red cheek; flesh dark yellow, firm, juicy, with a vinous flavor; season september. =orange free.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . a medium-sized, round, freestone, with yellow flesh. =orange smock.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . regarded by j. w. kerr, denton, maryland, as superior to any other peach of the smock type. the tree is stocky and productive and the fruit ripens in maryland about september th. =orchard queen.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= koch _deut. obst._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., , . . _monstrueuse de doué._ = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . _monstrous of douay._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety originated with jamin lorèze, near doué, maine-et-loire, france, about . tree very hardy, productive; glands reniform; flowers small. fruit valuable for the market, with its large size and firm flesh; oval, distinctly sutured; skin yellowish-white, blushed with purplish-red where exposed; flesh white, stained near the pit, firm, juicy, sprightly; stone free, large, ovoid, plump; matures late in august. =ord.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . ord is allied to chancellor. glands reniform; flowers small; skin greenish-yellow; flesh melting; of second quality; ripens at the beginning of september. =oriole.= = .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . oriole originated with dr. l. e. berckmans, augusta, georgia, about from a pit of general lee. on the station grounds the variety is a fair producer but the fruit is only good for pickling. tree inclined to spread, vigorous; leaves broad, nearly flat, serrate; glands reniform; flowers appear in mid-season, large, pink; fruit large, oval to roundish-oval; cavity deep, narrow; suture shallow, deepening at the apex which ends in a mucronate tip; skin thick, tough, covered with coarse, thick pubescence; color golden-yellow, with a varying blush and often with splashes of duller red; flesh light yellow, stained at the pit, moderately juicy, meaty, coarse, sprightly; stone clinging, oval, pointed, winged; ripens the third week in september. =orlando.= = .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . fruit of medium size; color white, with a red cheek; flesh stained near the pit; clingstone; ripens in louisiana early in june. =orleance.= = .= rea _flora_ . . "orleance red peach is a fine fruit, and leaves the stone." =orleans.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . orleans is best known in orleans county, new york, where it originated with julius harris of ridgeway. on the station grounds the trees are not very productive. trees upright, slightly spreading, open; leaves numerous, rugose at the midrib, slightly curled up; glands small and globose; flowers appear late, small; fruit large, roundish-oval to roundish-conic, halves unequal, bulged at the apex; cavity deep; suture shallow; apex often tipped with a mucronate point; skin tough, covered with thick pubescence, greenish-yellow, becoming almost orange, slightly splashed with dull red forming a mottled blush; flesh tinged with red about the pit, juicy, coarse, stringy, sweet, mild, high-flavored; very good in quality; stone free, large, ovate, conspicuously winged; ripens the middle of september. =orman.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . listed by the american pomological society as having originated in texas. =oro.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . oro was brought to notice by c. s. bell, oroville, california. glands reniform; fruit large, oblate-conic; skin thin, tender, yellow, with a bright red blush; flesh reddish-yellow, melting, juicy, vinous, subacid; freestone; ripens in california the last of september. =ortiz cling.= = .= _boonville nur. cat._ . . this clingstone ripens in september and attains the size of elberta. it is excellent for preserving. =oscar.= = .= greening bros. _cat._ . . _oscar black prince._ = .= _ont. sta. rpt._ = =. . this variety is from greening brothers, monroe, michigan. the fruit is much like that of alexander but darker in color and perhaps is a little better in quality; it ripens about two weeks later than alexander. =osceola.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a peach of the indian type which originated in macon county, georgia. glands reniform; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed at the ends; apex tipped with a mamelon point; skin thick, golden-yellow, with a red cheek; flesh stained with dull red at the pit, fibrous, sweet, pleasant; stone free, roundish-oval, plump; matures late in september. =osprey.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _orfraie._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . osprey originated with thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, about from a seed of pitmaston orange nectarine. leaves with globose glands; flowers small; fruit very large, oblate, distinctly sutured; skin creamy, with a crimson stain where exposed; flesh tender, melting, deeply stained at the pit to which it clings, sprightly. =ostrander early.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this variety originated in rochester, new york. the fruit resembles that of early crawford but is ten days earlier. =ostrander late.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= brown bros. _cat._ . . listed as a yellow-fleshed freestone, bearing globose glands; ripens in november. =overheiser.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . this is a variety from western michigan resembling honest john but the peach lacks the flavor and aroma of the fruit of honest john. =oviedo.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . s. j. kennard, waldo, florida, grew oviedo from a pit of honey about . in the variety appeared in the list of the american pomological society. tree a rapid grower, productive; fruit roundish-oblong, bulged on one side; skin thin, tough, becoming smoother on ripening, greenish-yellow, marbled with dull red where exposed; flesh firm, meaty, white, stained at the pit, medium juicy, sweet, agreeable; quality very good; stone free, elliptical, curved, with a recurved point; season late in june in florida. =owen.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . j. owen found this variety in his garden at cambridge, massachusetts. glands globose; fruit very large, roundish; flesh yellow, tinged at the pit, tender, juicy; freestone; ripens the last of september. =oxford.= = .= _concord nur. cat._ . . according to the concord nurseries, concord, georgia, this variety is a very desirable peach for home or market to follow elberta; flesh firm, crisp, adherent. =ozark queen.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =padley.= = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ = =:pl. fig. . . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. fig. . . padley was raised by william padley, once a gardener for the king of england, at hampton court, england. it is described as being a peach with delicious flavor, ripening the first of august. =palestine.= = .= _tex. nur. cat._ . . briefly described by the texas nursery company, sherman, texas, as a very large, round, yellow clingstone, ripening from august to september. =pansy.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit large, roundish-oblong, compressed, with a shallow suture; color yellow, washed and blushed with deep red; flesh yellow, tinged with red at the stone which is free, tender, melting, juicy, mild subacid; quality fair to good; season the middle of august. =paragon.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _prince's paragon._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . paragon was probably first introduced by william r. prince, flushing, new york. tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yellowish-green, shaded with red; flesh white, red at the pit, juicy, sweet, rich, free; season the middle of september. =parfumée de montauban.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =parham.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _lady parham._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . parham appeared in the fruit-list of the american pomological society in as lady parham; in the name was changed to parham. the variety originated with thomas affleck of mississippi. glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, halves unequal, distinctly sutured; skin yellowish-white; flesh pale red at the stone, firm, rich, vinous; freestone; ripens the middle of october. =parker.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated about as a seedling of early crawford in the orchard of j. c. parker, near san diego, california. fruit large, oblong, swollen on one side of the suture which is quite prominent; skin yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit which is free, juicy, with an agreeable, acid flavor; ripens the first of october. =parks.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . _parks' cling._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: , , . . parks originated by chance on the grounds of a. l. parks, alton, illinois. fruit large, roundish-oblate, with a deep suture extending entirely around the fruit; skin light creamy-yellow, nearly covered with red; flesh adherent, creamy-white, stained with red along the veins and at the stone, very juicy; of fair quality; season very late. =parnell.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . said to have been originated by j. h. parnell, west point, georgia. fruit large, dark red, very juicy and of an excellent flavor, with a small, free pit; season early. =parson early.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= munson _cat._ . - . this peach is supposed to be of california origin. it is a large, freestone fruit, with a red cheek and white flesh, ripening early, and the tree is an abundant bearer. =pass-violet.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. xxx fig. iii. . fruit of an orange color, faintly dotted with brownish-red; flesh very red around the stone which is free; ripens early in august. =patterson.= = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . said to have originated in greenfield, indiana, some time prior to . fruit uniformly large, greenish-yellow, overspread with considerable red; flesh yellow, juicy, of fair quality; season the last of september. =pau.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _lackpfirsich von pau._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . pau is an old sort spoken of early in the seventeenth century. leaves with small, globose glands; flowers of medium size; fruit very large, roundish; cavity large; suture distinct; skin heavily pubescent, yellowish-white, marbled and striped with reddish-brown; flesh white, stained near the pit, melting, fibrous, juicy, sprightly; quality fair; stone free, large, ovoid, plump; ripens at the end of september. =paul boynton.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . received at this station in from the greenmont nurseries, dansville, new york. a large, roundish-oval, yellowish-red peach of fair quality, ripening the last of october. =pavie abricotée.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . _aprikosenartiger härtling._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . tree moderately vigorous, productive; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit medium to above in size, oblate; suture deep; skin deep orange, intense red where exposed; flesh yellow, red about the stone, melting, fibrous, juicy, sugary, aromatic; stone clinging, oval; ripens early in september. =pavie alberge.= = .= duhamel _trait arb. fr._ = =: . . _yellow alberge clingstone._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _herz-pfirsiche._ = .= _deut. obstcabinet_ = =:pl. . . _härtling aprikosenpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde._ = =: . . _pavie alberge jaune._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . tree medium in size, productive; leaves large, with reniform glands; flowers variable, rose-colored; fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened, with a moderately deep suture; skin lightly pubescent, yellow, marbled with dark purplish-red; flesh golden-yellow, red at the pit which is closely adherent, juicy, sweet, aromatic; of fair quality; ripens the last of september. =pavie demming.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . sent out in by p. j. berckmans, augusta, georgia. fruit large, with a yellowish-orange color, dotted and washed with dark red; season late. =pavie duff jaune.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , . . according to leroy this peach was sent out in by p. j. berckmans, augusta, georgia. fruit large, greenish-white, with a deep red blush, ripening the last of august. =pavie duperron.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . according to mas, this peach was raised from seed of malta by a m. duperron, near pont-de-veyle, ain, france. fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yellowish-white, with considerable red in the form of a blush; flesh clinging, yellow, deep red near the pit, sweet, somewhat aromatic; quality good; ripens in october. =pavie genisaut.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . listed as a yellow, clingstone peach coming from bordeaux, france, many years ago. =pavie d'italie très hâtif.= = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . listed in this reference as a desirable fruit. =pavie de jalagnier.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =pavie jaune.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= christ _wörterb_. . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . _grosser pavien-aprikosenpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _pavie alberge._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . pavie jaune should not be confused with pavie alberge which ripens later. tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers small, faintly colored; fruit very large, round, a little flattened; suture shallow, wide; skin heavily pubescent, dark yellow, blushed, marbled with darker red; flesh yellow, red about the pit, firm, not fibrous, vinous, juicy; quality good; stone adherent, oval, obtuse at the ends; ripens the middle of september. =pavie mazères.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this peach is a chance seedling found by a m. mazères, toulouse, france. fruit large, roundish, irregular; skin yellowish-white, with a deep blush; flesh clinging, white, stained deep red at the pit, juicy, sweet and pleasantly flavored; season from the middle to the last of october. =pavie mirlicoton.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . a variety once grown in france but long since lost to cultivation. =pavie muy-swantzel.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . originated in america and introduced into france about by d. dauvesse, orleans, loiret, france. fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed at the base, with a distinct suture; color greenish-white, washed, striped and dotted with red; flesh white, tinged with red near the pit which is adherent, juicy, firm, sweet, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; ripens the last of july. =pavie de pamiers.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., , . . pavie de pamiers is of french origin and was introduced into america in by william robert prince, flushing, new york. fruit large, roundish, flattened at the ends, with a large, distinct suture; skin white, with an attractive, red blush; flesh white, red at the stone, firm but tender, juicy, sweet; quality good; ripens in the south of france early in august. =pavie de pompone.= = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _pavy royal._ = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . _pavie rouge de pomponne._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. . . _monströse härtling._ = .= christ _handb._ , . . _monstrous pavie._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . _riesenpfirsche._ = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . _monstreuse._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . _monstrous pomponne._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _monströser lieblingspfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . this old french variety was spoken of by many early writers. among these was arnauld d'andilly who raised the first fruits in at his home, the pompone estate, seine-et-marne, france. it was early introduced into america and in was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society where it remained for twenty years. duhamel mentions a red pavie that differs from this variety only in that it ripens earlier and is smaller. tree vigorous; leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit very large, somewhat oval, with a well-defined suture; apex with a mamelon tip; skin an intense red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh firm, red at the pit; stone adherent, small for the size of fruit; ripens in dry seasons from the middle to the end of october. =pavie tardif.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ , . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . fruit large, compressed at the sides, with a distinct suture; skin yellow, washed with a red blush; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, with a pleasant flavor; ripens the last of october. =pavie très-tardif madame vergé.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =pavien lieblingspfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . tree hardy and productive; fruit moderately large, of a yellowish-straw color, with a dark reddish-purple blush; flesh firm, very juicy, with a pleasant, vinous flavor; ripens in september. =pavier pleureur.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _pêcher pleureur._ = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ , . . _trauerpfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this curious old peach of unknown origin has been known for nearly a century. it is said to reproduce itself from seed. fruit of medium size, roundish, regular; skin clear yellow, washed with red; flesh greenish-white, red at the pit, juicy, with a sharp, bitter flavor; clingstone; ripens the last of september. =payne.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: fig. . = .= _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ , , pl. . . payne originated in as a sprout from a peach-stock in the orchard of e. b. payne and sons, near cloverdale, michigan. fruit large, round, with a shallow suture; color yellow, blushed and splashed with crimson; flesh yellow, slightly stained with red at the pit, melting, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, subacid flavor; quality good; stone free; ripens the last of august. =peach de pavie.= = .= rea _flora_ . . said to be a good, yellow peach. =peach du troas.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the peach _du troas_ is a long and great whitish yellow peach, red on the outside, early ripe, and is another kinde of nutmeg peach." =pearce.= = .= greening bros. _cat._ . . = .= _ont. fr. exp. sta. rpt._ = =: . . according to greening brothers, monroe, michigan, this variety was raised by p. s. pearce, catawba island, ohio. fruit large, roundish; skin yellow, blushed with red; flesh yellow, free, with excellent flavor and good quality; season the middle of september. =pearl i.= = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . originated many years ago with mrs. l. a. franklin, athens, georgia. fruit large, round, creamy-white, with a rich red cheek; flesh adherent, white but red at the pit, firm, juicy, vinous, excellent; season the last of august. =pearl ii.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . this peach is said to be a cross between late crawford and hale early, originating with c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan. fruit large, roundish, slightly elongated, with a shallow suture; color creamy-white, slightly shaded with crimson stripes; flesh free, creamy-white, juicy, melting, fibrous, with a rich, vinous flavor; season the middle of september. =pearson no. i.= = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . raised by a mr. pearson, chilwell, england. fruit large, yellow; flesh deep orange-yellow, very melting, juicy, pleasantly flavored; quality good. =pêche baboud.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , . . leaves of medium size, with reniform glands; flowers very small; fruit large, irregularly ovoid, surface uneven; apex with a mamelon tip; skin fine, with heavy pubescence, pale yellow, blushed with intense purple in the sun; flesh white, stained about the pit, slightly acidulated, aromatic; stone large, nearly free; ripens the middle of august. =pêche de bisconte.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =pêche blonde. .= poiteau pom. franc. = =:no. , pl. . leaves small, with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, elongated, with rugose surface; skin yellow, blushed and striped with clear red; flesh white, stained faintly at the pit, vinous; stone large, long; ripens at the end of august. =pêche de brahy.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =pêche everardt.= = .= _rev. hort._ . . fruit large, regular, spherical; flesh orange-yellow, stained at the pit, juicy; ripens at the end of august. =pêche grosse violette.= = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , pl. . tree productive; fruit large, round, distinctly sutured; skin with a deep red blush on a greenish-yellow ground; flesh white, red at the pit, sweet, vinous, aromatic; matures the middle of september. =pêche d'ile.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =pêche d'ispahan.= = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . this peach was raised from seed brought to paris, france, from asia, about , by a french naturalist, olivier. fruit small, nearly round, marked with a deep suture; skin greenish-white; flesh greenish-white, juicy, fibrous, with a delicious flavor when fully mature; season the middle of september. =pêche jaune hâtive de doné.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed but not described. =pêche de lion.= = .= christ _wörterb._ . . a beautiful, somewhat elongated fruit, with firm, yellow flesh; freestone; ripens at the end of october. =pêche du quesnoy.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . said to resemble grosse mignonne. =pêche quétier.= = .= _flor. & pom._ . . said to be a seedling of an english variety, raised by a m. quétier, meaux, seine-et-marne, france. fruit large, round, with a distinct suture; skin yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh free, yellow, sweet, vinous, excellent; season late. =pêche reine des tardives.= = .= _rev. hort._ , , pl. . raised from a pit of baltet which it resembles. fruit large, oval, sides often unequal; skin yellow, washed with considerable red; flesh free, yellow, with red veins extending through it, juicy, with a sweet, aromatic flavor; season very late. =pêche rouge de mai.= = .= _rev. hort._ , pl. . fruit roundish-oblate, somewhat irregular; skin almost entirely covered with bright red; flesh white, semi-free, very juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, vinous flavor; ripens the beginning of august. =pêche de sainte-anne.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= _guide prat._ , . . originated in the province of lombardy, italy. fruit large, beautifully colored with dark red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, fibrous, sweet; ripens the first of august. =pêche souvenir de pierre tochon.= = .= _rev. hort._ , . . this peach was raised in but its parentage is unknown. fruit very large, regular; color yellow, blushed with red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, sweet; purplish-red next the pit which is free; quality very good; ripens the middle of september. =pêche de syrie.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _d'egypt._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . _syrische pfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this variety probably originated from a peach-pit brought to france from egypt about by a m. barral, a surgeon in the french army. fruit medium in size, roundish-oval, with a moderately deep suture; skin pale yellow, washed with dark red; flesh yellowish-white, tinged with red at the center, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, vinous, aromatic flavor; quality good; stone free; ripens from the first to the middle of september. =pêche théophile sueur.= = .= _rev. hort._ , , pl. . arthur chevreau, a horticulturist at montreuil-sous-bois, france, obtained this variety from a peach-pit which he planted in . tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish, with a highly colored surface; flesh white, with red veins at the center, juicy, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone free; season early in september. =pêche tondu.= = .= _rev. hort._ , . . originated at montreuil, france, in . tree vigorous, productive; glands reniform; fruit large, oval; skin blushed with deep red; flesh white, stained at the pit, sweet, aromatic; ripens at the end of september. =pêche de trianon.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . listed in this reference. =pêche de vérone.= = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . this peach originated about in verona, venetia, italy. fruit large, roundish-oval, with a distinct suture; skin yellowish-white, dotted and washed with red in the sun; flesh free, white, tinged with purplish-red at the pit, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, vinous flavor; ripens the first of september. =pêche de verviers.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a glandless variety with rose-colored flowers. =pêche de vigne blanche.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . listed as a pubescent, freestone variety. =pêche de vigne jaune.= = .= baltet _cult fr._ . . this is also a freestone peach with pubescent skin. =pêche de vigne rouge.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . still another pubescent, freestone peach. =pêche vineuse jaune.= = .= carriére _var. pêchers_ . . said to have been obtained in france by a m. morel. fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened; skin yellowish-orange, with a carmine blush; flesh free, pale yellow, purplish-red at the pit, juicy, sweet, aromatic; season the middle of august. =pêcher à bois jaune.= = .= decaisne _jard. fruit._ = =:pl. - . = .= _rev. hort._ . . this variety originated in the vicinity of toulouse, haute garonne, france, and is valued both for its fruit and as an ornamental. fruit of medium size, nearly round, often depressed at the base, with a distinct suture; skin orange-yellow, dotted and washed with red; flesh free, yellow, somewhat red about the pit, juicy, sweet and aromatic; ripens the last of september. =pêcher douteux.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . the tree of this variety has many characteristics of the almond while the fruit resembles the peach. fruit of medium size, marked with a deep suture; skin yellowish-white, blushed with red; flesh free, white, slightly tinged with red at the pit, rather sweet and aromatic, with an agreeable flavor; season very late. =pêcher à fleur semi-double.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. xxx. . _pêcher à fleurs doubles._ = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . this curious old peach has double flowers and bears its fruits in clusters of from one to four. fruit small, roundish, with a well-marked suture; skin pale yellow, washed with clear red; flesh greenish-white, often red at the pit, fibrous, juicy, sweet, with an agreeable flavor; ripens the last of september. =pêcher hâtif de chine.= = .= decaisne _jard. fruit._ = =:pl. - . said to resemble honey in certain characters. fruit medium in size, roundish; color greenish-yellow, with a red blush; flesh free, white or sometimes tinged with red, juicy, often with an astringent flavor; ripens the last of july. =pêcher hybride quétier.= = .= _rev. hort._ . . = .= _ibid._ , . . this peach originated with a m. quétier, meaux, seine-et-marne, france, as a cross between grosse mignonne and an apricot. tree vigorous; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, somewhat flattened, with a deep suture; skin greenish-yellow, marbled with red; flesh strongly adherent to the stone, white, juicy, firm, with a sweet, aromatic flavor; ripens early in october in france. =pêcher nain à fleur double.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . said to be a dwarf, double-flowering peach seldom bearing fruit and useful only as an ornamental. =pêcher nain d'orléans.= = .= _rev. hort._ fig. , , . . according to the reference this peach was mentioned by louis ligier in . fruit of medium size, round, with a deep suture; skin pale greenish-yellow, with a red blush; flesh white, tinged red at the pit which is adherent, moderately sweet, not of high flavor. =pêcher petite madeleine.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ , . . = .= decaisne _jard. fruit._ = =:pl. - . leaves glandless; flowers small; fruit small, round, slightly depressed; skin greenish-white, marbled with red; flesh free, white, dark red at the stone, very juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; ripens the middle of august. =pêcher thuret.= = .= decaisne _jard. fruit_ = =:pl. - . this peach was raised in by gustave thuret, antibes, alpes maritimes, france, from a seed sent from china. fruit large, with a distinct suture on one side; skin yellow, washed with dark red; flesh yellowish-white, red at the pit which is usually free, juicy, sweet, pleasantly flavored; season the last of august. =peck orange cling.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . in the reference luther burbank says that this variety is an improved seedling of orange cling, originated at healdsburg, california. fruit large, with yellow flesh; valuable for market or drying. =pendleton.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= berckmans _cat._ . . a very large, yellow, clingstone peach of good quality, ripening the first of september. =penelope.= = .= hoffy _n. am. pom._ = =:pl. . this peach originated with isaac baxter, philadelphia, pennsylvania. fruit large, roundish; skin greenish-white, slightly stained with red; flesh greenish-white, red at the pit which is free, juicy, rich; quality very good; season the middle of september. =peninsula.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _peninsula yellow._ = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . fruit large, roundish, often inclined to oval, with a shallow suture; color yellow, washed with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit which is free, juicy, firm, with a vinous, sprightly flavor; ripens the middle of september. =pennington.= = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =peregrine.= = .= _garden_ = =: , , . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . this variety is supposed to be a seedling of the spencer nectarine, raised by thomas rivers and son, sawbridgeworth, england, and introduced about . fruit large, with a bright crimson color; flesh melting and juicy, with a pleasant flavor; season early august. =perfection.= = .= _chico nur. cat._ . . according to the chico nursery company, chico, california, perfection originated near weston, umatilla county, oregon. fruit large, yellow, with a beautiful blush; flesh yellow, red at the pit, thick, fine-grained; season early in september. =period early nutmeg.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =persian cling.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _fancher creek nur. cat._ . . this variety is supposed to have originated from a seed of heath cling at visalia, california. fruit large, with clear white skin; flesh white to the pit, very firm, sweet; valuable for canning; ripens with its parent. =persique.= = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. xxix. . = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ , , fig. . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , . . _grosse perseque._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _persique clingstone._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _persischer lackpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _persée._ = .= _le bon jard._ . . persique is a very old variety of unknown origin, the name having often been confused with other sorts. fruit large, oblong, somewhat angular, often with small protuberances over the surface and with a distinct swelling at the apex; skin velvety, with considerable red; flesh white, light red next the stone, juicy, melting, with a rich, agreeable flavor; stone large, free; ripens from the last of september to early october. =peruvianischer blutpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, dark red, almost black; flesh dark red; ripens at the end of september. =pesca mandorla.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . exhibited at the imperial and royal horticultural society, tuscany, italy. =pesca melo.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . also exhibited at the imperial and royal horticultural society, tuscany, italy. =peter cling.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference as coming from washington county, texas. =petite bourdine.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . fruit of medium size, elongated-oval; skin pale yellowish-white, washed with deep red; flesh white, striped with dark red at the pit which is free, juicy, firm, sweet, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; season the middle of september. =petite imperial.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _petit imperial mammoth white._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _petit's imperial._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a large, white, moderately juicy, vinous peach with reniform glands, ripening rather late. =petite mignonne.= = .= _traité des pêchers_ = .= . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _double de troyes._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. iv. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _kleine lieblingspfirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ , . . _grosse rothe frühpfirsche._ = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ , . . _kleiner lieblicher lackpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . besides being larger than red nutmeg, with which it is sometimes confused, this variety has small flowers of a very pale rose-color. it was first spoken of by the french in . leaves with small, reniform glands; fruit small, globose; skin thin, white, with some red; flesh stained at the pit, firm, sweet, aromatic; stone free, small, ovoid, plump; matures early in august. =petite pavie d'ounous.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . tree small; fruit nearly round, marked with a distinct suture; skin yellowish-white, dotted with a rose-color; flesh white, streaked with red at the stone which is adherent, firm, juicy, subacid and somewhat insipid; season very late. =petite violette hâtive.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. xvi, fig. . . fruit large, nearly round; skin yellowish-white, with a reddish-violet blush; flesh whitish-yellow, red at the pit, juicy, sweet, with a vinous, aromatic flavor; season the first of september. =pettingill early.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . said to have originated in missouri from seed brought from new hampshire and planted in . a bright, attractive fruit. =pfirsich-nectarine.= = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =vi=:no. , pl. . . this variety was raised from a nectarine seed about by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. fruit large, roundish, slightly compressed; skin practically smooth on the sides but with fine pubescence at the base and apex, yellowish-white, with a dark red blush; flesh white, red at the pit, firm, juicy; quality good; season the middle of september. =pfirsiche mit nicht ablöslichem stein.= = .= _deut. obstcabinet_ = =:pl. . . fruit oval, with a deep suture; skin pale yellow, washed with purplish-red; flesh whitish-yellow, red at the pit, melting, with a pleasant, subacid flavor; season the middle of october. =pfirsiche von pau.= = .= _deut. obstcabinet_ = =:pl. . . fruit large, round, with a shallow suture; color pale green, with some red; flesh white, red at the pit, melting, juicy, subacid and pleasant; ripens the middle of october. =phfleiger.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . an unproductive variety which bears large, yellow, freestone fruit with good flavor and which ripens in september. =phillips cling.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . =phillips.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . this peach originated with joseph phillips, sutter county, california, and was introduced by j. t. bogue of marysville. fruit large, round, slightly compressed; color lemon-yellow, lightly shaded with red; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, with a sweet flavor; quality good; season the first of september. =piasa.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . said to produce a large, attractive yellow, freestone peach of good quality, but not sweet, ripening august first. =pickett.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . said to have originated in missouri. fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly inclined to ovate; skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh clinging, yellow, red at the pit, firm, juicy, with a mild, sprightly flavor; quality fair; ripens the last of september. =picquet late.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , . . originated with antoine picquet, belair, georgia. glands reniform; fruit large, round, often somewhat flattened and one-sided; skin yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, melting, sweet, rich and aromatic; stone free; ripens early in september. =piel pfirsich.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed as a worthy, german variety. =pierce seedling.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed without a description. =pignutt late.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety is said to have been disseminated in southern illinois, where it proved to be a superior sort. =pinckney.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . a very large, excellent, late peach. =pineapple.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . _charlestowner ananaspfirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _grosse charlestowner ananaspfirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ , . . _pineapple clingstone._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . _ananas-aprikosenpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . pineapple, according to christ, is a seedling of alberge introduced from south carolina some time previous to . when perfectly ripe, the juice is rich and lively and has the flavor of a pineapple. =pingree.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =pitmaston seedling noblesse.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed but not described. =plant.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= berckmans _cat._ . . _plant cling._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . plant is an attractive peach of unknown origin. tree low, compact, only moderately healthy, unproductive; fruit very large, round, lemon-yellow, with a red blush; flesh pale yellow, juicy, coarse, sweet but of poor quality; clingstone; ripens from july th to august th. =plowden.= = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= _gard. mon._ = =: , , , . . plowden originated about sixty miles below washington, d. c. the fruit resembles that of hale early but ripens about ten days earlier. fruit large, roundish; flesh white, very juicy; quality good; stone free. =pocahontas.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =poinsett.= = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . originated in south carolina. leaves glandless; fruit large, roundish-oval, with a pointed apex; color ruddy yellow; flesh firm, juicy; clingstone; season september. =pond late.= = .= _tex. nur. cat._ . . according to the texas nursery company, sherman, texas, this peach originated and was introduced by e. w. kirkpatrick, mckinney, texas. fruit large, roundish-oblong; skin yellow; flesh yellow, free; of good quality; season september. =pond seedling.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a large, desirable, hardy, late peach, ripening about september th. =poole island.= = .= _utah sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =poole large yellow.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ont. fr. exp. sta. rpt._ = =: . . _pool favorite._ = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this peach originated near philadelphia, pennsylvania, about . fruit large, roundish, with a distinct suture; skin deep yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh free, yellow, red at the pit, rich, juicy, of excellent flavor; ripens from the last of september to early october. =porpree.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. xxxii fig. iii. . _pourprée._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . porpree, according to some authors, resembles rossanna. tree very branchy, productive; leaves sharply serrate; flowers small, purple; fruit large, round, often irregular; skin slightly pubescent, purplish; flesh purple, juicy, vinous; quality good; pit adherent, purplish; ripens the last of august. =port royal.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =porter.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =portugal.= = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _portugiesische pfirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . leaves usually glandless; fruit large, round; skin pale yellow, dark red in the sun; flesh white, faint red at the stone which is closely adherent, firm, with a rich, vinous flavor; ripens the middle of september. =potomac heath.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . this large, late peach of good quality is said to have been brought to notice by john dowling, fairfax, virginia. =pound hardy.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . mentioned in the reference as being a tree of medium growth. =pourpre de frogmore.= = .= _guide prat._ . . of english origin. glands globose; fruit medium in size, roundish, very largely covered with deep purple; flesh white, melting, sweet, refreshing; matures the second half of september. =pourprée du grand-jardin.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . glands globose; flowers of medium size; fruit large, red; of first quality; ripens late in august. =pourprée hâtive.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , ; pl. xi. . this variety is distinct from grosse mignonne with which it has been confused. fruit large, round, with a deep suture; color a deep, mottled red in the sun; flesh white, red at the pit, juicy, vinous, pleasantly flavored. =pourprée joseph norin.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed by mas. =pourprée tardive de lyon.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =powell.= = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . _powell's mammoth._ = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . mentioned in these references. =powers september.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =prächtige von choisy.= = .= gaucher _pom. prak. obst._ no. , tab. . . fruit large or very large, roundish-oval, with a distinct suture; skin greenish-yellow, with a deep, mottled blush; flesh whitish throughout, juicy, melting, pleasant-flavored; season the last of september. =prachtvolle blutpfirsich.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _sanguine grosse admirable._ = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . glands reniform; flowers large; fruit of medium size; skin covered with a grayish pubescence, marbled and streaked with deep red; flesh deep red, juicy, moderately sweet; stone red, oval; ripens at the end of september. =prado.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, ripening the last of september. =präsident griepenkerl.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in this reference. =pratt.= = .= _cult. & count. gent._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . said to have been brought to notice by j. h. hale, south glastonbury, connecticut. fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed, with a distinct suture; color yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, tender, mild; quality good; pit free; ripens the last of august. =précoce de bagnolet.= = .= _rev. hort._ . . this peach was raised from seed of grosse mignonne hâtive a number of years ago by a m. savart, bagnolet, seine, france. fruit large, flattened, with a small suture; skin white, slightly rose-colored in the sun; flesh white, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; stone free; ripens a few days earlier than hale early. =précoce de beauregard.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . said to grow in the vicinity of hyeres, var, france. =précoce de bonpas.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . said to grow in the pyrenees mountains. =précoce de chartreuse.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . fruit of medium size, highly colored; skin fine; flesh delicate, melting, vinous; ripens early in september. =précoce de croncels.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ , fig. . . fruit large, yellowish-amber, tinted with purplish-red; flesh juicy, firm, with an agreeable flavor; ripens the first of august. =précoce gaudin.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =précoce de mezen.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . said to have bell-shaped flowers and reniform glands. =précoce du périgord.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . fruit large and of good quality. =précoce de saint-assicle.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _st. ascycles._ = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ . - . said to be of french origin. =precocious.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . according to the reference, this is a seedling which grew with j. lewis, alvin, illinois, about . said to have bloomed when three months old. =premier.= = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this peach is a cross between grosse mignonne and bellegarde, raised in the royal gardens, frogmore, england. fruit large, round; suture shallow, terminated at the apex with a sharp nipple; skin nearly covered with purplish-red, becoming very dark in the sun; flesh juicy, tender, melting, with a rich, pleasant flavor; stone free. =president.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _präsidenten-lackpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . president originated at bedford, new york, nearly a century ago and has long since passed from cultivation. tree healthy, productive, bearing leaves with globose glands; fruit large, roundish-oval, with a shallow suture; skin pale yellowish-green, with a red cheek; flesh white, red at the pit which is free, juicy, sweet, highly flavored; ripens the middle of september. =president church.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _church._ = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety was raised by rev. a. church, president of franklin college, athens, georgia. glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval; suture often a mere line; skin pale yellow, mottled and washed with dark red; flesh white, pale red at the pit, juicy, melting, with a delicious flavor; stone free; season the middle of september. =president lyon.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety was raised from a seed of early crawford planted in by c. c. engle, paw paw, michigan. tree hardy, vigorous, productive; glands reniform; fruit similar to early crawford but larger. =preston.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: , . . preston originated with a mr. preston, near greensboro, north carolina, and was introduced by j. van lindley of pomona. its parentage is unknown. fruit large, creamy-yellow, with a red cheek; flesh light yellow, juicy, adherent; quality good; ripens two weeks later than chinese cling. =price.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: , . . fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly pointed; color greenish-white, with a light red cheek; freestone; season the first of august. =pride of autumn.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . this peach has rose-colored flowers, reniform glands and ripens in october. =pride of franklin.= = .= _rural_ n. y. = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . said to be grown extensively in new jersey. fruit large, round, with yellow skin and flesh; freestone; quality good; resembles late crawford and ripens about five days later. =pride of idaho.= = .= chase _cat._ . . = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . according to the r. g. chase company, geneva, new york, this peach originated in the mountains of western idaho. fruit of medium size, having a yellow skin, with a slight blush; ripens after late crawford. =pride of northboro.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . said to have done well in the vicinity of shenandoah, iowa. =prince blood clingstone.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . a superior variety of its class raised by william prince; used mostly for preserves, compotes, and pickles. flowers small; fruit large, oval; skin very downy, dark purplish; flesh crimson; flavor indifferent. =prince climax.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said to have originated on the farm of george mitchell, flushing, new york. tree very productive; fruit large, oval; skin yellow, mottled with a crimson cheek; flesh yellow, very rich, aromatic, with a pineapple flavor; stone adherent; ripens from the middle to the end of september. =prince eugène.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _eugen von savoyen._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _prinz eugen._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . similar to early purple, of which it is a seedling, but smaller and more deeply sutured. tree vigorous and very productive; ripens the middle of august. =prince john.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this variety is of american origin and was sent to france in by p. j. berckmans, augusta, georgia. fruit large, roundish or roundish-oval; skin orange-yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh deep yellow, firm, very juicy, with a delicious flavor; stone free; ripens the middle of september in france. =prince late yellow freestone.= = .= bridgeman _gard. ass't._ =pt. =: , . . a beautiful, greenish-yellow fruit, tinged with red, having a firm, rich flesh. =prince of wales.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= _am. hort. ann._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _prinz von wales._ = .= gaucher _pom. prak. obst._ no. , tab. . . thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, raised this peach from a seed of pitmaston orange nectarine. it fruited first in america with james h. ricketts, newburgh, new york, in . the variety held a place in the american pomological society's fruit-list from to . tree vigorous, bearing leaves with reniform glands; fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly flattened, with one side enlarged; suture distinct, extending beyond the apex; skin creamy-white, shaded and mottled with red in the sun; flesh white, stained red at the stone from which it freely separates, juicy, tender, melting, sweet, with a rich, vinous flavor; ripens early in september. =princess paragon.= = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . fruit large, oval, with one side larger than the other; skin yellowish-white, dotted and nearly overspread with red; flesh white, melting, juicy; quality good; freestone; ripens the middle of august. =princess of wales.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= _am. hort. ann._ . . = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _princesse de galles._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _prinzessin von wales._ = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =vi=:no. , pl. . _princess._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . this peach is another seedling raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, about , from a seed of pavie de pompone. it first fruited in america some six years later with james h. ricketts, newburgh, new york. the american pomological society listed the variety in its fruit-catalog from until . tree vigorous, with leaves having globose glands; fruit large, round, narrowing towards the apex which is terminated by a nipple; suture indistinct; skin creamy-white, shaded with a red cheek; flesh free, white, red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, good; ripens the last of september. =princesse marie.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= _le bon jard._ , . . _prinzessin marie von württemberg._ = .= koch _deut. obst._ . . tree vigorous, with glandless leaves; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin yellowish-white, dotted with pale red and shaded with dark red; flesh yellowish-white, rayed with red at the pit, melting, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor; stone free; season the middle of september. =prize.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . fruit large, roundish, with a slight suture; skin yellow, more or less blushed with thin red; flesh free, yellow, red at the pit, juicy, very tender, with a vinous, sprightly flavor; ripens from the middle to the last of september. =probst friedrich pfirsich.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =professeur vilaire.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . listed in this reference. =proudfoot.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . probably originated with a dr. proudfoot, cleveland, ohio. fruit large, roundish-conic; skin greenish-yellow, washed with dark red; flesh yellow, rather dark red at the pit which is free, juicy, sweet, tender, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; ripens from the first to the middle of october. =pry favorite.= = .= _w. va. sta. bul._ = =: . . said to ripen earlier than lorentz. =pullen.= = .= fulton _peach cult._ . . _pullen's seedling._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: , fig. . raised by isaac pullen, hightstown, new jersey. fruit very large, compressed; color yellow, blushed with dark red; flesh yellow, with an excellent flavor; ripens the last of september. =purdy.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . valued for the size and attractiveness of the fruit; ripens just before late crawford. =purple peach.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . this is a seedling, valued chiefly as an ornamental. =pyramidal.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . this peach which was found near poissy, seine-et-oise, france, in , is valued chiefly as an ornamental. fruit small, roundish-oval, irregular; skin yellowish-white, marbled with deep carmine; flesh yellowish-white, slightly red at the pit, juicy, very sweet; quality good; stone free; season the first of september. =quaker.= = .= _augustine nur. cat._ no. = =: . . according to augustine and company, normal, illinois, this peach was found in northwestern iowa about , by colonel milton l. haney, and was later introduced by the firm named. tree hardy; fruit of medium size; of fair quality. =quality.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . originated with j. w. kerr, denton, maryland. fruit medium to large, roundish; color white, with a red cheek; flesh free, creamy-white, tinged with red at the stone, juicy, melting, vinous, sprightly; quality very good; season the last of august. =queen.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ = =: . . mentioned as growing on the missouri station grounds. =queen caroline.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =queen of delaware.= = .= fulton _peach cult._ . . originated in delaware. tree vigorous; fruit large, attractive white, with a red blush; flavor excellent. =queen olga.= = .= _can. exp. farms bul._ nd ser. = =: . . _königin olga._ = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= lucas _handb. obst._ . . queen olga is a seedling of willermoz grown at reutlingen, württemberg, germany. larger and earlier than its parent; flesh yellow, stained about the pit from which it separates readily. =queen of the south.= = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . this peach is supposed to be a seedling of peento and has been replaced by better sorts. fruit large, roundish-oblong, with a shallow suture; skin dark yellow, washed with dull red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, slightly acid, pleasant; stone free; season july. =queenes.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the queenes peach is a faire great yellowish browne peach, shadowed as it were over with deepe red, and is ripe at bartholmew tide, of a very pleasant good taste." =quetier.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . glands reniform; fruit large; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, vinous, with a pleasant flavor; stone free; ripens from the first to the middle of october. =quince.= = .= rea _flora_ . . "quince peach is something of that fashion, yellow and good." =r. s. stevens.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this peach is a seedling which originated on the grounds of late congressman, r. s. stevens, attica, new york. on the station grounds the tree is rather strong, hardy, fairly productive; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed; suture distinct; apex a mere point; skin yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh deep yellow, red at the pit, tender, very mild, vinous, juicy; quality good; pit very small, nearly round, plump; season early september. =radclyffe.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . obtained from a seed of desse tardive grown by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. fruit very large, with a pale color and excellent flavor; ripens the last of september. =ragan smock.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . this variety is a seedling of smock raised by z. s. ragan, independence, missouri. the fruit has golden flesh, ripens late and is a delicious, semi-clingstone peach. =ragan yellow.= = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =rainbow.= = .= _can. hort._ = =: fig., . . rainbow was raised from a peach-pit brought from mackinac island, michigan, in by david sare, london, ontario, canada. fruit large, with an attractive straw-color, mottled with purplish-red; flesh yellow, with pink markings, juicy, pleasant-flavored; stone nearly free. =raisin.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= munson _cat._ . - . according to t. v. munson and son, denison, texas, this peach is supposed to be the result of a cross between columbia and heath cling. fruit small, oval, with an acute apex; skin dull yellowish-white, mottled with reddish-brown; flesh adherent, white, tinted with red, with a subacid flavor; quality good; ripens the middle of august in texas. =rambouillet.= = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . this variety was raised about near paris, france, and evidently was named in honor of marquis de rambouillet of paris. it was introduced into england in where it was grown for many years. fruit of medium size, elongated-oval, with a deep suture; skin pale yellow, with a fine, red blush; flesh yellow, deep red at the pit which is free, juicy, with a pleasant, vinous flavor; ripens the middle of september. =ramsey early cling.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated by a. m. ramsey, mahomet, texas; the fruit is said to excel alexander. =ramsey late.= = .= _austin nur. cat._ . . according to f. t. ramsey and son, austin, texas, this peach originated with mr. ramsey near bowie, texas. the tree is productive and the fruit is a white clingstone resembling heath cling; the fruit ripens in september. =ranck.= = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ fig. - . this is a seedling of early crawford which originated with martin a. ranck about . fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; color pale creamy-yellow, splashed and shaded with red; flesh free, nearly white, slightly red at the pit, juicy, moderately firm, with a rich, high flavor; ripens from the middle to the last of august. =raymaekers.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _raymaekers' magdalene._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this peach was probably raised in belgium about . fruit large, roundish, somewhat depressed, with a distinct suture; skin greenish-yellow, with a deep crimson blush; flesh greenish-white, stained with red at the pit from which it separates, juicy, melting, vinous; quality good; ripens early in september. =raymond cling.= = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _ray._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this variety, grown by dr. h. ray, yalobusha county, mississippi, is a seedling of an old indian peach. in , it was listed in the american pomological society's fruit-catalog but was dropped in . the variety should not be confused with ray, a sort of more recent origin. glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish, with a shallow suture; apex pointed; skin creamy-white, shaded and spotted with red; flesh white, juicy, vinous, well-flavored; ripens the last of august. =read seedling.= = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ fig. - . this variety was first brought to public notice in by professor m. c. read, hudson, ohio. fruit of medium size, with white, juicy flesh which is red near the stone; quality good; stone free; season early september. =reagen.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: , . . fruit large; color greenish-white, with a red cheek; flavor pleasantly acid; stone free; season the last of july in texas. =red bird.= = .= bradley bros. _cat._ . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . according to bradley brothers, makanda, illinois, the tree of this variety is hardy and bears early and abundantly; fruit large, with bright, glowing red color and fine quality; ripens early. =red ceylon.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ . . fruit large, with a dull green color; flesh blood-red to the stone from which it separates freely, a little too acid for most palates but excellent for cooking; of the peento type and productive in southern florida. =red magdalen.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. = .= . = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ = =:pl. fig. . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . _madeleine rouge._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. vii. . = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . _madeleine de courson._ = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , , fig. . . _coursoner magdalene._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _rothe magdalene._ = .= _ibid._ = =: , . . _rote magdalenenpfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this variety, probably known for over two centuries, has been confused with several other old sorts and, as the numerous synonyms show, has been grown under various names. leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed, with a long, deep suture; skin pale yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh white, stained with red at the stone which is free, juicy, melting, vinous, rich; quality good; ripens the first of september. =red nectarine.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . mentioned as a hardy, free-bearing, syrian variety. =red nutmeg.= = .= langley _pomona_ . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _avant-pêche rouge._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. iii. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _scarlet nutmeg._ = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . _rothe frühpfirsche von troyes._ = .= liegel _anweisung_ . . _kleiner rother frühpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _rote frühpfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . red nutmeg, probably known more than two centuries ago, has little to recommend it aside from its earliness. tree moderate in growth, rather dwarf, having large, rose-colored flowers and leaves with reniform glands; fruit small, roundish, with a distinct suture; skin pale yellow, with a bright, rich red cheek; flesh yellowish-white, usually red at the stone which is free, juicy, sweet but with a musky flavor; ripens from the middle to the last of july. =red peach.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the red peach is a faire peach, and of a very good relish." =red rareripe.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= fulton _peach cult._ . . _early red rareripe of rhoades._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _early red rareripe._ = .= _ibid._ . . this peach has often been confused with early york and morris red rareripe. the fruit is larger and broader and ripens a week later than the first and its serrate, glandless leaves serve to distinguish it from the latter. because of its similarity to royal george, it is supposed to be an american seedling of that variety. leaves serrate, glandless; flowers small; fruit large, roundish but broad and depressed; suture broad, extending nearly around the fruit; skin white, mottled with red dots, with a rich, dark red cheek; flesh white, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, highly flavored; ripens from the middle to the last of august. =red river.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ont. fr. exp. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . introduced by t. v. munson and son, denison, texas. fruit large, roundish; skin creamy-white, with a fine red cheek; flesh creamy-white, juicy, fine-grained, with a pleasant flavor; quality good; pit nearly free; ripens the first of august. =red seedling.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . supposed to have originated at south haven, michigan. fruit of medium size, roundish, with a distinct suture; color creamy-white, with a bright red blush; flesh creamy-white, slightly red at the pit from which it separates, juicy, tender, with a mild, vinous flavor; season from the middle to the last of august. =redding.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: , . . originated at the georgia experiment station, experiment, georgia. glands globose; fruit of medium size, roundish; color deep yellow, with a red blush; flesh free, yellow, firm, juicy, melting; quality good; ripens the first of july in georgia. =reed.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . _reed early golden._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . fruit large, roundish, with a shallow suture; skin yellow, blushed and striped with red; flesh yellow, tinged with red at the stone which is free, tender, mild subacid, rich; quality very good; ripens the last of august. =reeks.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . reeks ripens with amsden and alexander; is larger and fully as attractive as these sorts. =reeves mammoth.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ . . this sort is said to have originated in orange county, florida. it is advertised as a fine, large, productive, freestone peach, ripening early in august. =regan pride.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference as a good variety. =ren.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree vigorous but not productive; glands large, reniform; fruit of medium size, round, with an acute point; color yellow, splashed with red; flavor pleasant acid; stone clinging; ripens the last of june in texas. =rendatler.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . = .= decaisne _jard. fruit._ = =:pl. - . _belle mousseuse._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . fruit large, nearly round, with a distinct suture; skin pale yellow, with an attractive, red blush; flesh yellowish-white, tinged with red at the pit which is free, juicy, tender, sweet, with a pleasant flavor; ripens in paris the last of august. =reuinsiela.= = .= _ariz. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =rey.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in this reference. =reynolds.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. bul._ = =: , , pl. . . fruit large, more oblate than elberta; skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellow, of the texture of elberta but juicier and better flavored; season ten days earlier than elberta. =richardson mammoth.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed as growing in the delaware station experiment orchard on the farm of charles wright, near seaford, delaware. =richmond.= = .= tilton _jour. hort._ = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ st app. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . richmond is one of a large number of seedlings raised by dr. e. w. sylvester, lyons, new york. it was placed upon the fruit-list of the american pomological society in where it still remains. glands reniform; fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly compressed, with a distinct suture; skin yellow, shaded and mottled with dark, rich red; flesh yellow, red at the stone which is free, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous; quality very good; ripens the last of september. =rickets.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. xxxii fig. iv. . first propagated by a mr. rickets. fruit light yellow, with a vermilion blush; flesh white, red at the pit, juicy, melting, sweet; ripens the last of august. =riepper.= = .= _n. mex. sta. bul._ = =: . . said to ripen in september in new mexico. =rigaudière.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . raised in by auguste boisselot, nantes, loire-inférieure, france. fruit above medium in size, round, with a distinct suture; color clear yellow, mottled and washed with dark red; flesh free, white, red at the pit, juicy, with a sweet, aromatic flavor; ripens the first of august. =ringold.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: , . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _ringold mammoth cling_. = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . said to be taking the place of heath cling in ohio and michigan. fruit large, roundish, somewhat ovate; skin creamy-white; flesh entirely white, tender, rich, sprightly; quality good; clingstone; season early october. =rival.= = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit roundish-oblong, flattened at the base and apex; color pale yellow, washed with dull red; flesh free, yellow, red at the pit, juicy, firm, with an agreeable, sweet, slightly acid flavor; season july. =river bank.= = .= _utah sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . tree vigorous and hardy; fruit large, roundish-oval, slightly compressed; color greenish-yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, tender, mild; quality good; pit semi-free; ripens the last of july. =rivers early york.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _jour. hort. n. s._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this variety is a seedling of early york, raised many years ago by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. it differs from its parent chiefly in having globose glands on its leaves. tree not as susceptible to mildew as is early york; fruit of medium size roundish; skin marbled with red; flesh melting, juicy, with a nectarine flavor; stone free; quality good; season in england, early august. =robena.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ , pl. iv. . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . raised about by dr. thomas taylor, washington, d. c. tree productive; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, with a long, shallow suture; skin yellow, shaded with red and crimson; flesh free, yellow, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, melting, mild subacid, vinous; quality good; season early october. =robert.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= ibid. = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . glands large, globose; fruit large, roundish, with a lemon-yellow color; flesh semi-clinging, white but red at the pit, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor; ripens early in august. =robert lavallée.= = .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large, oval; color deep red in the sun; flesh yellowish-white, red around the pit which is nearly free, juicy, sweet, with a vinous flavor; ripens the middle of september. =roberta.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . fruit of medium size, roundish; color reddish-yellow, washed with dark red; flesh free, reddish-yellow, with a rich, vinous flavor; ripens from the first to the middle of august. =robertson.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =robinson crusoe.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= bridgeman _gard. ass't._ pt. = =: . . _early robinson crusoe._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . this peach was raised long ago by a dr. coxe, philadelphia, pennsylvania, from a pit brought from juan fernandez island in the pacific ocean. fruit large, round; skin pale yellow, with a light red blush; flesh very juicy, sweet and delicious; ripens early in september. =rockey.= = .= _rural n. y._ = =: , fig. . . introduced by j. w. rockey, miamisburg, ohio. fruit large, roundish; color yellow, with a blush; flesh yellow, sweet, free; ripens in southern ohio about the middle of october. =rodgers.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ , . . said to have come from w. c. rodgers, nashville, arkansas. fruit below medium in size, oblong, pointed, irregular; skin dull yellowish-white, striped and blushed with red; flesh adherent, dull yellowish-white, with some red at the stone, firm, mild, sweet; quality good; season the middle of november in arkansas. =rodman red.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _rodman's cling._ = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ . . fruit large, roundish-oblong; skin almost white, nearly covered with red; flesh white, red near the pit, juicy, firm, with a vinous, aromatic flavor; season the last of september. =rogers i.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . this peach, which originated in newbury, massachusetts, is supposed to be a seedling of early crawford. it resembles its parent but is earlier and sweeter; ripens the middle of september. =rogers ii.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this variety is a seedling of chinese cling, having originated with a mr. rogers, near mckinney, texas. fruit of medium size, round; color creamy-white, with a full red cheek; flesh free, white, tender, melting, mild subacid; good; ripens just before mamie ross. =roman.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . = .= rea _flora_ . . said to be a very good, yellow peach. =romorantin.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _jaune de romorantin._ = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . as its name indicates, this variety originated in romorantin, loir-et-cher, france. fruit medium to large, roundish, with unequal sides and a distinct suture; skin greenish-yellow, shaded with dark red; flesh white, red at the pit, very juicy, vinous, sweet; quality good; stone free; season the middle of september. =romorantin à chair rouge.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference without description. =ronde de vallabrêques.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =rose aromatic.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with j. f. nesmith, indian town, south carolina. fruit of medium size, oblong, one side enlarged; suture distinct; skin yellow, washed with red; flesh white, red near the pit which is free, rather dry, with an aromatic flavor; season the last of july. =rosebank.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated with james dougall, windsor, canada. fruit large, round, with a deep suture; skin greenish-white, with a mottled, dark red cheek; flesh free, white, juicy, melting, rich, excellent; season varies from the last of august to early september. =rosedale.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . originated in southern texas. a small, yellow, subacid, clingstone peach, ripening the last of august. =rosen-magdalene.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit of medium size, roundish, with a shallow suture; skin greenish-yellow, rarely tinged with red; flesh firm, moderately juicy; ripens the last of september. =rosenburg cling.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . this large, yellow, clingstone peach originated on kings river, fresno county, california. it is said to be productive and superior to lemon cling. =roser.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining to ovate; skin creamy-white; flesh free, white, juicy, tender, sprightly; quality fair; season early october. =roseville.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _roseville cling._ = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . originated in placer county, california. fruit large, roundish-oval; color creamy-white; flesh adherent, creamy-white, red at the pit, juicy, firm, vinous, rich; quality good; season the last of september. =rossanna.= = .= miller _gard. dict._ . = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. vi. . = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _rozanna._ = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. xxvii fig. . . _roussaine._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . _alberge-aprikosenpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . rossanna, though called alberge by several writers, is a distinct variety. tree a medium grower, very productive; flowers small, pale, dull red; leaves crenate; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly larger and more flattened than alberge; suture prominent; apex terminating in a short nipple; skin yellow, almost entirely overlaid with deep purple; flesh deep yellow, red at the pit, firm, often mealy, sweet, vinous; stone small, free; ripens the middle of september. =round transparent.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . this peach is distinct from grosse mignonne although very similar in most characters. the chief differences between the two are that this sort has reniform glands and smaller fruit. the variety was introduced to america from france about by william robert prince, flushing, new york. =roussane berthelane.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . fruit large, roundish-oval, with a pronounced suture; skin clear greenish-yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh white, very juicy, tender, sweet, with a pleasant flavor; stone free; season the middle of september. =roussanne nouvelle.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . fruit very large, round; skin very pubescent, deep red; flesh white, free; ripens the last of august. =royal charlotte.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _new royal charlotte._ = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _mittelgrossblühende magdalene._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _madeleine à moyennes fleurs._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _madeleine hâtive._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . this english peach originated in kew gardens and at first was known as kew. leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers of medium size, dark red; fruit above medium in size, ovate; skin pale greenish-white, with a deep red, marbled cheek; flesh white, stained at the pit, melting, juicy; stone ovoid, free; ripens early in september. =royal george.= = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , . fig. . - . _millet's mignonne._ = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . _königliche magdalene._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _könig georgs pfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . it is very doubtful if the variety here described as royal george is the original variety. according to hogg the first mention of royal george is by switzer who said, in , that it was raised by a mr. oram, brompton lane, england. at this time george the first was on the throne and, no doubt, the peach was named for him. the variety became popular but was difficult to propagate since it united with peach stocks very poorly. hence, nurserymen substituted millet's mignonne, a new sort at that time which had been introduced by a mr. millet, north end, fulham, england. the original royal george was probably a seedling of grosse mignonne and but little different from that variety in many characters. the long list of synonyms given royal george by writers attests the length of time this name has been extant and the confusion surrounding its identity. flowers small; leaves serrate, without glands; fruit large, round, somewhat depressed, with a moderately deep suture; skin very pale yellowish-white, sprinkled with many red dots and marbled with deep red; flesh pale yellowish-white, very red at the stone from which it separates, very juicy, melting, rich and highly flavored; usually ripens the first of september. =royal george clingstone.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . differs from royal george by being more oblong in shape and having flesh adherent to the stone. =royal george mignonne.= = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . according to lindley, this variety is reported to have been raised from seed by a friend of a mr. ronalds, brentford, england. although it closely resembles royal george, lindley says they are distinct. =royal vineyard.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . an english variety, ripening a week before barrington; glands reniform. =royale.= = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict pom._ = =: fig., . . _late admirable._ = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. , fig. . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _könglecher lackpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . royale is an old french sort which originated about near port-royal-des-champs, france. it resembles admirable of which it is a seedling and has been confused more or less with belle de vitry, bourdine and teton de venus, all of which are listed separately in this text. in there appeared a late admirable in the fruit-list of the american pomological society which is identical with royale. leaves crenate, with globose glands; flowers small, pale red; fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval; suture deep; apex with a small, pointed nipple; skin pale greenish-yellow, marbled and streaked with dark red; flesh whitish, stained at the pit, melting, juicy; freestone; ripens at the end of september. =royale de barsac.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . listed in this reference. =rüdiger starhemberg.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a seedling of karl schwarzenberg which it closely resembles; ripens at the end of september. =ruding late.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-conic; skin white, with a red blush; freestone; quality good; season the middle of september. =rumbullion.= = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ = =:pl. fig. . . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. . . _rumbolion._ = .= langley _pomona_ . . fruit large, light yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellow, light red at the pit, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor; ripens early in september. =runde feine durchsichtige.= = .= liegel _anweisung_ . . fruit yellowish-white, blushed with attractive red; flesh white, red at the pit, sweet but with a slight subacid flavor. =runyon orange cling.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . said to have originated with a mr. runyon on the sacramento river, california, and to surpass orange cling. glands globose; fruit very large, yellow, with a dark crimson cheek; flesh rich, sweet, with a vinous flavor. =rupley.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . said to have been originated by t. v. munson, denison, texas. tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit small, oval, with a light orange color; flavor fair; clingstone; ripens the middle of july in texas. =russell.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: fig. . = .= _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ , pl. liii. . _russet no. ._ = .= _gard. & for._ = =: . . j. m. russell, wymore, nebraska, grew russell from a stone of chili which may have been fertilized by alexander. the variety first fruited in . in , it was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society. fruit large, roundish-oblong; color creamy-white, shaded and washed with crimson; flesh greenish-white, with yellow veins, red at the pit, juicy, very melting, mild subacid, rich; quality very good; stone free; season in nebraska a month later than alexander. =russell no. .= = .= _neb. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed as a promising seedling in nebraska. =russet.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the russet peach is one of the most ordinary peaches in the kingdome, being of a russet colour on the outside, and but of a reasonable rellish, farre meaner then many other." =russian.= = .= _col. o. hort. soc. rpt._ =iv=:no. , . . flowers small; fruit small, round, with a white skin; flesh white, of good quality; ripens the middle of august. =rutter.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as a small, late, worthless variety. =s. g. french.= = .= _n. mex. sta. bul._ = =: . . said to ripen about the middle of july in new mexico. =saint-barthélemy.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . this peach is a chance seedling found by the barthère brothers in a garden at toulouse, haute garonne, france. fruit large, roundish-oval; skin greenish-yellow, marbled, with dark brownish-red; flesh yellow, streaked with dark red around the pit, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality good; season the last of august. =saint catherine.= = .= _pa. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =st. clair.= = .= _ohio sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit medium to large, round, irregular; color greenish-white, shaded with red; flesh greenish-white, red at the pit which is free, firm, moderately juicy; quality good; ripens the middle of september. =saint fagus.= = .= _lond. hort soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =st. helena.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a seedling of chinese cling and is said to be of good size and excellent quality. =saint james.= = .= parkinson _par. tex._ . . thought by parkinson to be the same as the queenes peach. =st. joseph yellow rareripe.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . grown by a mr. pike of royalton, michigan, and once considered valuable in that section. =st. louis.= = .= _u. s. pat. off. rpt._ . . = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ . . a large, yellow, native peach. =saint marie.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =st. mary.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a seedling of chinese cling and is said to be of excellent quality. =st. michael.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . glands reniform; fruit very large, round; skin bright yellow, striped and marbled with dull red; flesh yellow, streaked with red near the apex but not at the stone, sweet, juicy; quality very good; clingstone; season early september. =sallie worrell.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. , . . _worrell._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . this peach was raised from seed by mrs. sallie worrell, wilson, north carolina; introduced by c. w. westbrook of the same place. tree vigorous, productive, bearing glandless, serrate leaves; fruit large, roundish, with one side enlarged; suture shallow but distinct; skin creamy-white, shaded and mottled with light red; flesh free, white, red at the pit, juicy, melting, slightly vinous; of excellent quality; ripens the last of september. =sallville.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =sanders.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . _saunders._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . fruit small, ovate, with an acute apex; color creamy-white; flesh yellowish-green, adherent, with a peculiar, vinous flavor; season the first of august in texas. =sangmel.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ . . sangmel is a seedling of honey introduced by g. l. taber, glen saint mary, florida, about . fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblong, pointed; skin white, overspread with red; flesh streaked with red; clingstone; ripens the last of june in the south. =sanguine.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _cardinale._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _cardinal de furstemberg._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . sanguine made its appearance in france early in the seventeenth century, being first described by claude sainte-etienne. the chartreux monks, about , gave this variety the name cardinal de furstemberg. unfortunately this name was also given to cardinale causing much confusion. sanguine differs from the sanguinole in ripening earlier and in having smaller flowers. glands reniform; flowers of medium size, intensely rose-colored; fruit large, roundish-oblate, faintly sutured; skin orange-yellow, nearly entirely overlaid with deep carmine; flesh firm, fibrous, flesh-colored, with deeper streaks of red, juicy, rather acid; stone plump, ovoid, free; ripens early in september or the last of august. =sanguine de jouy.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _pêche de vigne._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . this is an old seedling found in a vineyard at jouy-aux-orches near metz, france. leaves devoid of glands; flowers small; fruit medium in size, ovoid, faintly mamelon at the apex; flesh marbled with red, melting, sugary; quality good; stone free, small; ripens from the middle to the end of september. =sanguine de manosque.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ , . . sanguine de manosque drew its name from the locality of the same name in basses-alpes, france, where carrière believed it to have originated. he described it as having large flowers; glands globose; fruit large, roundish-oblong; skin streaked with violet; flesh red, melting, juicy; stone large, russet, obovate, free; ripens in august. =sanguinole.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _bloody monsieur._ = .= rea _flora_ . . _bloody._ = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . _scarlet._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . _french blood._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . _gemeiner blutpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _sanguinolente._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _gewöhnliche blutpfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this beet-red peach is very similar to sanguine. it is needless to say that the two have been much confused. it was first described as pêche beterave by friar triquel in . glands small, reniform; flowers large; fruit roundish, more or less elongated; skin thick, adhering to the pulp; flesh dark red, rather dry, bitter, not very agreeable; stone free, small, ovoid; ripens early in october. =sanguinole melting.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . glands reniform; flowers large; fruit large; flesh melting, of second quality; matures the last of september. =sanguinole pitmaston.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . leaves with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit small, dark red; flesh melting; ripens at the end of september. =sargent.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ , . . _sargent's rareripe._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . sargent originated with daniel sargent, boston, massachusetts. fruit medium in size, round; color pale yellow, tinged with a red blush; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, excellent; ripens the first of september. =savoy.= = .= rea _flora_ . . _early savoy._ = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this is a large, early peach, having a deep red blush and fine, melting flesh. =sawyer.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a variety grown by w. n. blackington, denmark, iowa. fruit large, roundish; color golden yellow, blushed and splashed with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit which is free, mild subacid; quality very good; season the middle of september. =scarlet admirable.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =scarlet anne.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . said to have small leaves and large flowers. =scheuster choice.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =schieski.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned by mathieu. =schley.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . this is a productive, yellow, freestone peach of very good quality, ripening ten days earlier than elberta. =schlomer early.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . tree medium in growth. =schlössers frühpfirsich.= = .= lucas _handb. obst._ rd ed. . . fruit large, roundish, with a red blush; flesh tender and of good quality; ripens from july to august. =schmidberger pfirsich.= = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =vi=:no. , pl. . _schmidberger's magdalene._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, roundish, compressed at the base and apex; skin yellowish-white, dotted and mottled with dull red; flesh white, stained red at the pit, tender, juicy, with a delicate, aromatic flavor; season the last of august. =schofields seedling.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . planted for trial at this station in . =schofields white.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . placed in the orchard of this station for testing in . =schöne pavie.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =schöne von vilvorde.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned without a description. =schöne wächterin.= = .= liegel _anweisung_ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, purplish-red, with much reddish-black in the sun; flesh whitish-yellow, pink at the stone and often under the skin, with a pleasant, musky flavor; ripens the last of august. =schöne von westland.= = .= koch _deut. obst._ . . _schöne aus westland._ = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =vi=:no. , pl. . fruit large, roundish; skin dull yellowish-white, with a red blush; flesh whitish-yellow, with red at the pit, very tender, sweet; quality good; season september. =schöner peruanischer lackpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh yellow, tender, good; season the first of september. =scott.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . alexander hamilton, allegan county, michigan, introduced this variety. leaves bear globose glands; flowers small; fruit large, yellow-fleshed, separating from the pit; ripens late. =scott october.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _scott cling?_ = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . _scott._ = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . this sort originated with jacob c. lyons, columbia, south carolina. it is a pale yellow clingstone, ripening very late. =scotts early red.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . downing reports the peach of this variety excellent and the tree a prolific bearer; from new jersey. leaves with obscure, globose glands; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish; suture distinct; skin pale greenish-white, mottled with red; flesh very juicy, rich; ripens the middle of august. =scotts magnate.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a variety of red rareripe; glands reniform; fruit very large, round, depressed; skin pale yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh white, luscious and well-flavored; ripens early in september. =scotts nectar.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . another seedling from red rareripe; glands globose; fruit large, pale yellow, with a bright red cheek; flesh white; matures early in september. =scruggs.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . scruggs originated with j. w. stubenrauch, mexia, texas, and later was introduced by t. v. munson, denison, texas. fruit medium in size, ovate; skin yellow, with a small, red blush; flesh light yellow, moderately tender and juicy, flavor insipid; stone semi-clinging; season late. =sea eagle.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _flor. & pom._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _aigle de mer._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . sea eagle was raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, from a seed of early silver. fruit large, round and regular in shape, with a slight suture; skin pale lemon-yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh free, pale yellowish-white, stained with deep red next the stone, juicy, melting, with a rich, vinous flavor; ripens the last of september. =seiders.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this is a seedling of thurber which originated with f. t. ramsey, austin, texas. it is a medium-sized, round, yellow clingstone, ripening the middle of july. =selby cling.= = .= bridgeman _gard. ass't_ _pt. _: . . fruit large; skin white, with a red blush; flesh melting, juicy, with a peculiar, rich flavor; ripens the last of september. =sellers cling.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . _sellers' golden cling._ = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . this variety originated on the farm of s. a. sellers, contra costa county, california. it is a very large, rich, clingstone, with golden color, ripening with late crawford. =sellers free.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . said to be desirable along the california coast. =semis de madeleine.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =semis de pêche d'egypte.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned by mas without a description. =semis de plowden.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned by mathieu. =sener.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . this is an unproductive, michigan variety. fruit large, nearly round or obscurely ovate; color yellow, blushed and marbled with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, very juicy, tender, with a mild, vinous flavor; stone free; season the middle of september. =sernach.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _pêche de sernach._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . probably originated at tarascon, bouches du rhône, france. fruit medium in size, oval; skin yellowish-white, with a bright red blush; flesh free, pale yellowish-white, with some red at the pit, juicy, rich, pleasant; ripens early in september. =serrate ispahan.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =shannon cling.= = .= johnson _cat._ . according to j. r. johnson, coshocton, ohio, this peach originated in coshocton county. it is a large, attractive, yellow clingstone of good quality, ripening the last of september. =sharpe nos. , and .= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . these three seedlings were raised by a mr. sharpe, wooster, ohio, and all are said to excel alexander. =shaw mammoth.= = .= _va. sta. bul._ = =: . . growing in the virginia station orchard in . =sheester.= = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =shelby.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =shepherd early.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned in this reference as an excellent freestone. =sherfey early.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety was raised by raphael sherfey, gettysburg, pennsylvania, who recommends it. =sherman october.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . said to have originated in maryland. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large; skin white, without a blush; quality good; valuable for shipping; season the middle of october. =shinn rareripe.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . originated with james shinn, niles, california. fruit large, with a very dark red surface; flesh sweet, rich, white, red at the stone which is free; quality good for market; ripens soon after early crawford. =shipler.= = .= j. s. kerr _cat._ = .= . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this variety is a seedling of chinese cling originated by a. l. shipler, denison, texas. it is described as a yellow clingstone, resembling elberta and ripening in texas about the middle of july. =shipley.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _shipley's late red._ = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= fulton _peach cult._ . . fruit medium to large, roundish-ovate, compressed; color pale yellow, with a red cheek; flesh free, pale yellow, juicy, tender, with a sprightly, vinous flavor; quality fair; season the middle of september. =shipley rareripe.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . fruit medium to large; flesh white, free; ripens early in august. =shockley early.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this variety appeared in the fruit-list of the american pomological society from to . =shop.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ , . . this peach grew near a building used as a shop by e. a. riehl, alton, illinois. fruit large, roundish; color creamy-white, with a slight blush; flesh white, with yellow veins, stained red at the stone, juicy, very tender, melting, sweet; quality good; stone free; season the middle of september. =siebolt.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . siebolt is a moderately large, freestone, greenish-yellow peach with a red blush, which has yellowish-white flesh and ripens in september. =sieulle.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= decaisne _jard. fruit._ = =:pl. - . fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval; skin coarsely pubescent, greenish-yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh tender, juicy, rich; yellowish-white, deeply stained with red at the pit which is free; quality good; season the last of september. =sill.= = .= _augustine nur. cat._ no. , . . according to augustine and company, nurserymen at normal, illinois, sill originated about with w. h. sill, at normal, as a seedling of elberta. the fruit resembles elberta but is larger, a little higher colored and ripens from a week to ten days later. =silvan seedling.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . said to be an attractive peach of good quality. =silver medal.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= fulton _peach cult._ , = .= . tree vigorous; fruit roundish-oblate; skin white, with an occasional blush; flesh white, free and of good quality; season the last of september. =simms.= = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit medium in size, round; color yellow, splashed with red stripes; flesh yellow, moderately juicy, subacid; quality good; freestone; ripens the last of july in alabama. =simon.= = .= _neb. hort. soc. rpt._ . . imported from china. fruit round, flattened at the ends, of medium size; skin dark red; flesh yellow, hard, with a bitter-almond flavor; quality poor. =sims.= = .= smith bros. _cat._ . . according to smith brothers, concord, georgia, this peach resembles columbia. the fruit is large with dark veins through its yellow flesh, of fine quality and ripens early in august. said to come true from seed. =sites old zack.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _old zack._ = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . . originated at columbus, ohio. fruit nearly large; skin yellow, with a dull red cheek; flesh yellow, juicy, separating freely from the stone; season early september. =skinner superb.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . this is a very good freestone peach which originated in the south, where it ripens in early august: =slane.= = .= rea _flora_ . . listed as a large, good, yellow peach. =slappey.= = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: , . . fruit medium in size, roundish, inclining to conic; color golden yellow, shaded with red and crimson; flesh yellow, somewhat mealy, sweet; quality good; pit free; ripens the last of june in alabama. =sleeper dwarf.= = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this dwarf peach originated with w. m. sleeper, oxford, indiana. tree dwarf and compact in habit of growth; fruit medium to large; skin greenish-white, tinged with crimson; flesh juicy, sweet, rich; season october. =slindon park.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . a. stewart, slindon park, england, raised this variety from a pit of late admirable. it is a large, late, freestone peach, having very good flavor. =sloan carolina.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =slocum early.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . glands globose; fruit large; color yellow, shaded with red; flesh yellow; ripens in august. =small white magdalen.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _small white._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . fruit small; skin white, dotted with red; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; season the middle of august. =smeigh.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . raised by daniel smeigh, lancaster, pennsylvania. fruit nearly large, roundish-conic; skin white, washed and mottled with red; flesh adherent, white, red at the pit, firm, compact, sweet, rich; season very late. =smith.= = .= ramsey _cat._ . . according to f. t. ramsey and son, austin, texas, this variety originated in lampasas county, texas, more than forty years ago. it is said to be a regular and abundant bearer of deliciously sweet fruit. =smith favorite.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . raised by calvin smith, lincoln, massachusetts. glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, with a deep suture; skin yellow, nearly covered with deep, rich red; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, delicious; freestone; season from the middle to the last of september. =smith indian.= = .= ramsey _cat._ = .= . according to f. t. ramsey and son, austin, texas, this is a seedling which originated in austin. it is a large, red-fleshed, juicy clingstone ripening the last of july. =smith newington.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _early newington._ = .= miller _gard. dict._ . _new york early newington._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . _weisser härtling._ = .= liegel _anweisung_ . . _härtlings magdalene._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _pavie blanc_ (_gros_). = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . smith newington was never much grown in america but was at one time widely grown in england as an early clingstone. flowers large; leaves serrate, without glands; fruit medium in size, oval; skin pale straw-color, with a lively red blush; flesh firm, juicy, pale yellow, stained red at the pit to which it adheres; of very good quality; ripens the last of august. =smithson.= = .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ st app. . . listed in this reference. =smooth-leaved royal george.= = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . this peach seems to have originated with a mr. lee, hammersmith, england. glands globose. fruit large, nearly round, yellowish-white, blushed with a beautiful, deep red on carmine; flesh yellowish-white, deep red next the pit, melting, juicy, sweet, with a high, vinous flavor; ripens early in september. =smoothstone.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =smyrna.= = .= rea _flora_ . . mentioned as a good, yellow peach. =sneed.= = .= _gard. & for._ = =: . . = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: , . . = .= _rev. hort._ , , , pl. . sneed originated about in the yard of judge john l. t. sneed, nashville, tennessee, and is said to be a seedling of family favorite. according to the references the variety has been grown in the southwest under the names peebles and bowers. sneed was added to the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, with a shallow suture; color greenish-white, washed and mottled with bright red; flesh greenish-white, often stained with red under the skin, juicy, tender, melting, mild subacid, often slightly bitter; quality fair; stone small, clinging; season the middle to the last of july. =snow.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . _neige._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this unique peach is of american origin. the blossoms and the fruit are white, without a trace of color, and the flesh is white to the stone. tree hardy, productive; glands reniform; flowers small, white; fruit large, round, with a slight suture; skin thin, clear white; flesh white to the pit, juicy, melting, rich, sprightly, free; ripens the first of september. =snow cling.= = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . _snow._ = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit small, round, creamy-yellow, sweet, juicy, clingstone; glands small, globose; ripens early. =snow favorite.= = .= _can. hort._ = =: . . this peach originated in syracuse, new york; it ripens with early crawford. fruit of large size and high color; flavor excellent and quality good. =snow orange.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ , , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: , . . _snow._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . snow orange was introduced by l. p. hall, paw paw, michigan, more than fifty years ago and is supposed to be a seedling which originated upon the farm of a mr. snow of that place. tree moderately vigorous and productive; glands obscurely reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, compressed; suture distinct; apex slightly pointed; color yellow, with a dull red cheek and slight mottlings of red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, tender, sweet, sometimes with a slight bitter taste; quality good; pit free, large, plump; ripens the last of august. =sobiesky lieblingspfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit roundish-oval; skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh white, sweet, with a vinous flavor; ripens the last of august. =solomon.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . - . listed in this reference. =soulard cling.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned as a very good, native peach. =southern early.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . originated in south carolina. fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed at the suture which is distinct; skin yellow, nearly covered with dark red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, moderately firm, with a pleasant, rich, sprightly flavor; quality good; stone free; season the last of august. =southwick.= = .= fulton _peach cult._ . . _southwick's late._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ st app. . . southwick is an accidental seedling found on the grounds of t. t. southwick, dansville, new york. fruit large, roundish, with a distinct suture; skin yellowish-white, dotted and streaked with red; flesh white, separating freely from the stone, very juicy, melting, with a fine, delicate flavor; season the last of september. =souvenir de gérard galopin.= = .= _guide prat._ . . tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit very large, with a purplish-black color; flesh juicy, good, yellow, red at the pit which is free; ripens the first of september. =souvenir de java.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _andenken an java_. = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this variety was raised in the vicinity of liége, belgium, about by madam brahy. it was so called by a m. papeleu because of courtesies shown him while in java by madam brahy's father. branches slender; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small, rose-colored; fruit above medium in size, globular, slightly depressed at the ends; cavity deep; skin thin, separating from the flesh, whitish-yellow, purple where exposed; flesh yellow, crimson at the pit, melting, vinous; stone small, oval, slightly obovate, free; ripens the last of august. =souvenir de jean-denis couturier.= = .= _rev. hort._ , . . this peach was grown about by jean-denis couturier at montreuil, seine, france. fruit large, roundish; skin yellowish-white, with a fine red blush; flesh white, red at the pit from which it separates, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; ripens the last of august. =souvenir de jean rey.= = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . _andenken an jean rey_. = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this is a variety raised by jean rey, a nurseryman, toulouse, france. leroy combines this variety with schöne toulouserin. tree vigorous; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small, rose-colored; fruit medium, globular; suture shallow; skin strongly pubescent, pale yellow, deep red where exposed; flesh yellow, melting, juicy, aromatic; stone russet, obtuse, free; ripens early in september. =spanish.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _spanish clingstone_. = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . fruit large, round; skin white, with a red blush; flesh adherent, very juicy, sweet, vinous, excellent; ripens early in october. =späte mignot pfirsich.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . _tardive des mignots_. = .= carrière _var. pêchers_ . . fruit large, roundish, depressed at the base; skin white, washed with bright red; flesh free, white, red at the stone, juicy, sweet, pleasant-flavored; season early in september. =später lackpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, roundish, compressed at the ends; skin yellowish-white, with some red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, moderately firm; good; season late in october. =spath seedling.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . said to be a tree of medium growth. =spence.= = .= ramsey _cat._ . . according to f. t. ramsey and son, austin, texas, this variety originated in austin. the fruit resembles that of mamie ross but is larger and has a better flavor. the flesh is inclined to be mealy; ripens the last of june in texas. =spottswood.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this peach originated with the late judge campbell, pensacola, florida, from a pit brought from japan in by w. a. spottswood, a fleet surgeon in the united states navy. p. j. berckmans, augusta, georgia, introduced the variety about . fruit medium in size, roundish, inclining to oval; color creamy-white; flesh white, red at the pit which is free, juicy, tender, mild, vinous; quality good; season early in september. =spring grove.= = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _schnellwachsender lieblingspfirsich_. = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this peach was raised by t. a. knight, downton castle, wiltshire, england, from a stone of grosse mignonne which had been fertilized by red nutmeg. leaves crenate, with globose glands; fruit medium in size, round, with a shallow suture; color greenish-yellow, with a bright crimson blush; flesh greenish-yellow to the stone from which it separates, juicy, rich and pleasantly flavored; ripens the last of august. =squaw.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . this is a small, inferior, yellow, freestone peach with small, reniform glands, ripening in texas the last of july. =staley.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . staley originated as a sucker from a peach-root in selma, fresno county, california, and was introduced by f. m. nevins of selma. fruit very large, elongated, somewhat flattened laterally; color creamy-white with touches of light red; flesh white, juicy, tender; quality very good; pit free; season late in california. =stanley.= = .= griffing bros. _cat._ fig. . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . stanley is a seedling of honey which originated in the nursery of griffing brothers, macclenny, florida. the variety is subject to brown-rot and is a poor shipper. fruit roundish-oblong, medium to large; cavity deep, open; apex short, conical, nearly straight or a mere point; skin thick, greenish-white, washed with deep red on the sunny side; flesh white, rather soft, easily breaking down, sweet, insipid, with a tinge of bitter around the stone; quality no more than fair; stone clinging, oblong, plump; ripens the middle of june in florida. =stanwick early york.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . this is a productive variety but the fruit is small and not very attractive and drops badly in dry weather. =stark early elberta.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ , . . _goldfinch._ = .= barnes bros. _cat. ._ . stark early elberta was introduced by stark brothers, louisiana, missouri. the variety first fruited with dr. sumner gleason of kaysville, utah. it is a seedling of elberta and much like that variety but is said to ripen about a week earlier and to be handsomer and of better quality. on the grounds of this station it seems to be identical with elberta. =stark heath.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= stark bros. _yearbook_ . . = .= _ibid._ . . stark heath is said to be an improvement over heath cling. fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly oval; apex prominent; suture distinct; color clear creamy-white, somewhat blushed; flesh creamy-white, juicy, tender, melting, with a vinous flavor; quality good; stone clinging; ripens a month after elberta. =steadley. .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . this variety is said to be a seedling of la grange which it resembles. leaves with reniform glands; fruit large, roundish, inclining to ovate, with a slight suture; skin creamy-white, washed with pink; flesh free, white, very juicy, tender, with a mild sprightliness; quality good; season from the middle to the last of september. =stearns. .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . this variety, which was introduced in , originated with j. n. stearns, south haven, michigan. the fruit is about the size of elberta which it surpasses in quality and brilliancy of color. it is a perfect freestone, with yellow flesh and ripens just after elberta. =steele. .= _can. hort._ = =: . . originated with dr. m. steele, tavistock, perth county, ontario. tree productive; fruit large, with an attractive, creamy skin and red cheek; flesh white, tender, juicy; good; season the last of august. =stenson october. .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . undesirable in louisiana. =stephenson cling. .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . this peach is supposed to be a seedling of blood cling grown by thomas stephenson, clark county, georgia. fruit large, roundish, with a distinct suture; skin creamy-white, with a dark, dull, purplish-red blush; flesh white, with tinges of red and deep red at the stone, very tender, melting, juicy, with a pleasant, vinous flavor; ripens september first. =stetson. .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , pl. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this is an accidental seedling which sprang up in in the garden of n. stetson, bridgewater, massachusetts. fruit large, roundish, with a shallow suture; skin greenish-white, marbled and shaded with crimson; flesh white, pink at the stone, very melting, juicy, brisk, rich; stone free; ripens from the middle to the last of september. =stevens late. .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . _late rareripe stevens_. = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . _stevenson's oct._ = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . stevens late originated in delaware or new jersey. tree strong; fruit of medium size, roundish, with an indistinct suture; skin creamy-white, with a bright, mottled blush; flesh pale creamy-white, with a little red at the pit, moderately juicy, tender, with a sprightly, vinous flavor; quality good; season early october. =stewart nos. and . .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in the reference; received at this station from s. richardson, richardson, utah. =stickler cling. .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =stiles.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . stiles originated with dr. e. p. stiles, austin, texas, from a seed brought from virginia and planted in . fruit of medium size, resembling elberta in shape and color; flesh reddish-yellow, red at the pit, melting, juicy, free; quality good; ripens the last of june in texas. =stilson.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . originated in california. fruit very large, having a red cheek, with crimson stripes; flesh yellow, free; quality excellent; ripens after late crawford. =stinson.= = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _stinson late._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . _stinson october._ = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit large, broadly oval; color creamy-white, shaded with dark purplish-red; flesh adherent, white, veined with red and red at the pit, mild subacid; quality good; season late. =stirling castle.= = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . raised at stirling castle, england. fruit large, roundish, with a well-colored, brownish-red surface; flesh red near the pit, vinous, aromatic; quality good; ripens early in september. =stone.= = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . said to be a yellow-fleshed peach common in the south of europe. =stonewall jackson.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . _stonewall._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . _general jackson._ = .= _s. c. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this peach may have originated in texas as a seedling of chinese cling. some authorities, however, say that it originated with judge campbell, pensacola, florida, from a peach-pit brought from japan in by william a. spottswood, a fleet surgeon in the united states navy. it is supposed to have been introduced by p. j. berckmans, augusta, georgia, about . fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate, inclined to conic; suture distinct; color creamy-yellow, with a faint crimson blush and many red dots; flesh white, red at the pit, firm, juicy, rich, with a pleasant, subacid flavor; stone large, clinging; season early. =storm no. .= = .= _flor. & pom._ . . this is a seedling raised by james a. storm of missouri, and said to be a large, attractive, freestone peach, ripening just before amsden. =stranahan.= = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . _stranahan's late orange._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . stranahan is a seedling raised in michigan. fruit very large, nearly round; color deep yellow, with a red cheek; flesh golden yellow, firm, free; quality good; season very late. =strawberry.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _rose._ = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . strawberry was introduced by thomas hancock, burlington, new jersey. fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; skin nearly all marbled with dark red; flesh white, juicy, melting, rich, with a sprightly, vinous flavor; ripens early in august. =strong.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit medium to large, roundish; color creamy-white, with a bright red cheek; flesh white, red at the pit from which it is free, tender, melting, moderately juicy, mild subacid, vinous; quality good; ripens from the middle to the last of august. =strout early.= = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . originated in indian territory and resembles alexander. fruit medium in size, roundish, slightly compressed; flesh streaked with red, firm; of good quality; stone free; ripens early. =strunk.= trees of this peach were received at this station for testing in from w. p. strunk, roodhouse, illinois, who originated it from seed in . according to a statement of the originator, the trees are productive and bear large, yellow, freestone fruit of good quality which ripens the last of august. =stuart.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . fruit medium in size; color greenish-yellow, with a red blush; flesh clinging; quality good; season the last of july. =studt.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a seedling with persian blood which originated in solon, johnson county, iowa. =sturtevant.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . sturtevant was originated in by e. t. sturtevant, cleveland, ohio. the american pomological society listed the variety in its fruit-catalog from until . fruit medium in size, roundish, compressed; skin very pubescent, rich yellow, nearly covered with dark red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, with veins of red running into the flesh; quality very good; pit free; ripens the last of august. =suber.= = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . suber was originated by a colored man of that name at lake helen, volusia county, florida. fruit large, roundish-oblong, with a shallow suture; color creamy-yellow, with a pinkish-red blush; flesh white, firm, meaty, sweet, vinous; quality good; clingstone; ripens early in florida. =success.= = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . success probably originated in texas. fruit large, roundish, with a yellow surface; flesh firm, juicy, rich; good; pit free. =sulhamstead.= = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this variety originated about a century ago in the garden of a mrs. thoytes, of sulhamstead house, near reading, berkshire, england. leaves deeply serrate, glandless; fruit large, roundish; skin clear, pale yellow, marbled with dark red; flesh pale yellow, melting, juicy, sweet, with a rich, vinous flavor; pit free; ripens from the first to the middle of september. =sylphide.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . _sylphide cling._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . sylphide is a seedling of general lee and originated in with dr. l. e. berckmans, augusta, georgia. tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblong, compressed, with a distinct suture; color creamy-white, dotted with red; flesh adherent, white, red at the pit, juicy, mild subacid; ripens the last of august. =sumner early.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . fruit medium to large, with an attractive blush; flesh white, firm, free; ripens early. =sumner white free.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in south carolina. fruit large, nearly round, slightly depressed, with unequal sides; suture distinct; skin whitish-green, shaded with red; flesh white, juicy, sweet; ripens the first of september. =sunrise.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . sunrise originated with miller brothers, paw paw, west virginia, as a seedling of heath cling. fruit large, roundish-oblong; color creamy-white, with a red blush; flesh firm, very juicy, sweet; quality good; clingstone; ripens very late. =sunset.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =superbe de choisy.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . fruit very large; flesh juicy, sweet, agreeably aromatic, white, red at the pit which is free; ripens the last of september. =superbe de trévoux.= = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ fig. . fruit large, with a distinct suture which divides the fruit into two unequal faces; skin nearly covered with dark red; flesh juicy, sweet, pleasantly flavored; quality good; ripens the last of august. =superior late.= = .= _country gent._ = =: . . _scattergood no. ._ = .= _trans. am. inst._ . . this is a seedling raised about sixty years ago by h. v. scattergood, albany, new york. it is a large clingstone of good quality, ripening early in october. =surpasse bon ouvrier.= = .= _gard. chron._ rd ser. = =: . . fruit large, round, furrowed on one side; color deep scarlet in the sun; flesh melting, sweet, yellowish-white, red at the pit which is free; ripens the last of september. =surprise.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . tree productive; fruit very large, with a dingy-red or purplish surface; flesh deep yellow, with crimson veins running towards the center; quality very good; freestone. =surprise de jodoigne.= = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , , pl. . fruit medium in size, roundish, flattened at the base; skin yellow, mottled and dotted with red; flesh juicy, sweet, yellow, red at the pit which is free; quality fair. =surprise de pellaine.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . introduced about by henri delloyer, a belgian. leaves glandless; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval, with a well-marked suture; skin pale greenish-yellow, washed with dark red; flesh greenish-white, red at the pit, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality good; stone free; ripens the last of september. =sure crop.= = .= lovett _cat._ fig. . introduced by j. t. lovett, little silver, new jersey. tree hardy, productive; fruit large, nearly round; skin white, with a bright carmine cheek; flesh very juicy, sweet, rich, sprightly; ripens early. =surties.= = .= ramsey _cat._ . according to f. t. ramsey and son, austin, texas, this variety was originated by a mr. surties, bexar county, texas. the fruit resembles honey but is less pointed; ripens the last of june in texas. =susquehanna.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _griffith._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . susquehanna was raised many years ago by a mr. griffith on the banks of the susquehanna river, pennsylvania, but the exact place of origin has never been known. tree vigorous, productive; leaves have large, reniform glands; fruit very large, nearly round; skin rich yellow, with a beautiful red cheek; flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor; quality good; stone free; ripens the first of september. =swainson black.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . this is a dark red, medium-sized peach, ripening the first of september. =swalsh.= = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _swalze._ = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . _double swalsh._ = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . this variety is said to have been brought into england by lord peterborough before . leaves with reniform glands; flowers small, dark red; fruit medium in size, ovate, with a deep suture; skin pale yellow, with a bright, deep red blush; flesh white, pale red at the pit from which it separates, melting, juicy, pleasantly flavored; ripens the first of september. =swann free.= = .= _n. c. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =sweet.= = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ fig. - . originated by m. e. sweet, kirtland, ohio. fruit large, roundish-oval; color orange-yellow, mottled and striped with bright red; flesh light yellow, juicy, sweet; quality very good; season september. =sweet water.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _early sweetwater._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._, . . according to prince, sweet water originated in flushing, new york, early in the nineteenth century. the peaches ripen a few days after anne which sweet water resembles in shape of fruit and growth of tree. leaves large, doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large; fruit of medium size, nearly round; skin thin, white, with a small amount of color on the exposed side; flesh melting, white, juicy, sweet; stone small, round, nearly flat, free. =swick wonder.= = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =switzerland.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: , . . this peach is supposed to have originated in georgia. tree productive, bearing leaves with globose glands; fruit medium to large, roundish, tapering slightly towards the apex, with a very shallow suture; color creamy-white, with a broad, dark red cheek; flesh white, red at the pit, tender, mild and vinous; quality good; pit free; ripens the last of august. =taber.= = .= _fla. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . taber originated in with g. l. taber, glen saint mary, florida, as a seedling of honey. the american pomological society added the variety to its fruit-list in . fruit large, roundish-oblong, with a long, recurved apex; skin white, well covered with red; flesh white, streaked with red, firm, juicy, rich, subacid; quality very good; clingstone; ripens the last of june in florida. =tacker.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . j. w. tacker of freestone county, texas, grew this variety from an unknown peach-pit about . it is said to reproduce itself closely from seed and is considered a valuable clingstone in texas. =tallman nos. , and .= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =tante mélanie.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . tree very prolific; glands reniform; flowers very small; fruit well-colored. =tarbell.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . this variety was grown many years ago by c. h. tarbell, lincoln, massachusetts. fruit very large, roundish, flattened at the base, with a suture nearly around the fruit; skin rich yellow, almost entirely covered with deep red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, very juicy, rich, sweet; quality good; season the middle of september. =tardive d'avignon.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =tardive d'auvergne.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . _belle tardive d'auvergne._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . probably of belgian origin. glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish; of first quality; matures early in october. =tardive béraud.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =tardive chevallier.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in this reference. =tardive de gros.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =tardive des lazaristes.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =tardive du mont d'or.= = .= _garden_ = =: . . = .= _rev. hort._ , , pl. . this peach seems to have been sent out about by francisque morel, a nurseryman at lyons, rhône, france. fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yellow, shaded with deep red; flesh creamy-white, streaked with pink at the center, very juicy, sweet, aromatic; season the first of november in france. =tardive de montauban.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a large, yellow-fleshed peach ripening at the end of september. =tardive de passebel.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =tasmanian wonder.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =tausch.= = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _tausch's lieblingspfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; skin yellowish-white, with a red blush; flesh yellowish-white, sweet, vinous; season the middle of september. =taylor.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . originated in the district of columbia. fruit large, round, with a yellow surface; clingstone; very good. =tecumsa.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . said to be valuable in the south. =teindoux.= = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . _teindou._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , . . _teint-doux._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _sanftfarbige._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _zartgefärbter lackpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . glands globose; fruit large, round, divided into two unequal sections by a distinct suture; skin pale yellow, mottled with red; flesh juicy, sweet, melting, with a delicate flavor, white, faintly streaked with red around the pit which is free; ripens the last of september. =teissier.= = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ fig. . _pêche du teissier._ = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . this variety was found on the grounds of a m. teissier at oullins, near lyons, france, and was introduced to the trade about . fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, with a well-marked suture; skin pale yellow, washed and mottled with deep red; flesh juicy, sweet, white, red at the pit which is free, vinous; quality very good; ripens the last of september. =temple late.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _temple white._ = .= _mo. state fr. sta. bul._ = =: . . this is a medium-sized, oval, yellowish-red peach of good quality, ripening in september. =tennessee.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . this peach was raised about by rev. j. g. teter, athens, tennessee. fruit large, round; skin heavily pubescent, creamy-white, with a trace of red; flesh creamy-white throughout, juicy, firm, meaty, sweet, rich; quality very good; clingstone; ripens the last of october in tennessee. =tennessee everbearing.= = .= hood _cat._ . . according to w. t. hood and company, richmond, virginia, this variety first fruited about . it is a large, creamy-white clingstone with a deep blush and ripens its fruit continuously from august first to october first. =terrel.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed in this reference. =teton de venus.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. xxiii. . = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ , fig. . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _tuteon de venice._ = .= langley _pomona_ . . _teton venus._ = .= miller _gard. dict._ . _royal._ = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . _venusbrust._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . from all accounts this variety was known long before merlet mentioned it in but its exact origin cannot be learned. according to leroy it seems at one time to have been called pêche du chevalier but this name was permanently replaced by the present one about --applied because of the unique shape of the fruit. in the american pomological society added the variety to its fruit-list but dropped it in . tree of moderate vigor and productiveness; leaves crenate, with globose glands; flowers small, pale red; fruit large, roundish, inclining to oblong, with a deep suture on one side; apex terminated by a broad, prominent, obtuse nipple; skin pale greenish-yellow, marbled with deep red in the sun; flesh greenish-white, faintly tinged with red at the pit, juicy, melting, sweet, having an excellent flavor; stone large, oval, free; season the last of september. =texan.= = .= _tex. nur. cat._ . . texan originated in the yard of the first national bank at whitesboro, texas, and was introduced by the texas nursery company, sherman, texas. it is a large, white clingstone, with a blush, ripening with elberta. =texas.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . _texas king._ = .= _ohio sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed at the ends; color greenish-white, overspread with considerable crimson; flesh white, tinged with red at the pit and under the skin, firm, juicy, good; semi-clingstone; ripens about the middle of august. =thames bank.= = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= _gard. chron._ . . this variety was raised by a mr. rust, who was a gardener for l. sullivan, broom house, fulham, england. fruit large, roundish-oblong; skin deep orange-yellow, streaked on one side with crimson; flesh yellow, tender, melting, juicy, highly flavored; season late. =thissell free. .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . _thissell white._ = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ . - . originated with g. w. thissell in california and is quite widely disseminated in that state. fruit large, white, with a light red cheek; flesh white throughout, juicy, rich. =thomas burns. .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . introduced by thomas f. burns, mt. pulaski, illinois. fruit large, roundish, with a large suture; skin white, shaded and mottled with light red; flesh entirely white, juicy, melting, sweet, adherent; quality, very good; season very early. =thomas november. .= _cultivator_ rd ser. = =: . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . glands reniform; flesh white, juicy, very firm, highly flavored; ripens the first of november. =thomas rivers. .= _garden_ = =: . . = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . originated with thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england. leaves glandless; fruit large, round, with a brilliant red blush; quality good; freestone; ripens the last of september. =thompson. .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . a yellow freestone said to have originated in florida. =thompson orange. .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _flor. & pom._ . . said to have been raised at wilson, north carolina. it is a large, early, attractive, freestone peach with a good, subacid flavor. =tice. .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _tice's late red and yellow._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . originated by james tice, middletown, new jersey. fruit large; color yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh free, yellow, juicy, sweet, delicious; ripens the last of september. =tiebout. .= munson _cat._ . - . according to t. v. munson and son, denison, texas, this variety originated with v. j. tiebout, ellis county, texas. fruit large; color rich orange-yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh firm but tender, free; quality good; ripens in texas the last of august. =tillotson. .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _early tillotson._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _cultivator_ n. s. = =: , , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . _tillotson précoce._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . according to thomas, this peach originated many years ago in cayuga county, new york. it seems to have been introduced by j. j. thomas, macedon, wayne county, new york. the american pomological society added the variety to its fruit-list in as early tillotson but shortened the name to tillotson in . tree hardy, moderately productive; leaves deeply serrate, glandless; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, sides unequal, with a shallow suture; skin pale yellowish-white, shaded with deep red: flesh white, red at the stone which is partially clinging, melting, juicy, with a rich, excellent flavor; season the middle of august. =tinley october.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said to have originated at macon, georgia. fruit medium in size, somewhat oblong; color white, with a light wash of red; flesh white, juicy, vinous, good; season the middle of october. =tippecanoe.= = .= hoffy _orch. comp._ = =:pl. - . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _pavie tippécanoé._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . tippecanoe was raised from seed by george thomas, philadelphia, pennsylvania, and was brought to notice in . the variety received a place in the fruit-list of the american pomological society in . leaves with reniform glands; fruit very large, nearly round, a little compressed on the sides; skin yellow, with a fine red blush; flesh yellow, adherent to the pit, firm, juicy, with a good, vinous flavor; ripens the last of september. =tirlemonter magdalene.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _belle tillemont._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . fruit large, roundish; skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellowish-white, sweet, vinous; season the last of september. =titus.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: fig. . originated with mrs. sarah titus, philadelphia, pennsylvania. fruit large, round; skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellow, red at the pit which is free, juicy, sweet; quality good; ripens from the middle to the last of september. =toledo.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . _early toledo._ = .= storrs-harrison _cat._ . . _toledo prolific._ = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . according to the catalog of the storrs and harrison company, painesville, ohio, toledo came from northeastern ohio about . fruit large, roundish; color creamy-white, washed, mottled and distinctly striped with red; flesh creamy-white, slightly colored at the pit which is free, juicy, tender, with a sweet, pleasant flavor; ripens from the middle to the last of august. =tonbridge.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a hardy, yellow, dark red peach, ripening early in september. =tong pa.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _col. o. hort. soc. rpt._ . . said to be a medium-sized peach of fair quality. =topaz.= = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . = .= _ariz. sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit of medium size; skin greenish-white, tinged with red; flesh not juicy but free and of good quality; ripens the last of november in arizona. =toquin.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . said to have originated with h. e. harrison, toquin, michigan. fruit medium in size, roundish; skin yellow, with a dull red cheek; flesh free, yellow, melting, juicy, mild subacid; quality good; season the middle of september. =tornado.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this seedling of elberta originated with w. s. white, denison, texas. the fruit resembles that of elberta but is larger and of better quality; season early july. =toughina.= = .= _rural_ n. y. = =: . . toughina was originated by j. w. stubenrauch, mexia, texas, as a cross between elberta and bell october. the fruit is said to surpass that of its parents in quality and adaptability for distant shipping. fruit very large, with a bright yellow skin, nearly covered with attractive red; flesh yellow, firm; quality very good; ripens immediately after elberta. =towns early.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a large, early peach originated by a mrs. towns, garnett, kansas. =townsend.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: . . said to be a seedling from honey. fruit large, roundish, often flattened at the base, compressed; color yellow, blushed with red; flesh juicy, tender, mild, vinous, yellow, red at the pit which is free; quality good; season the last of september. =transparente ronde.= = .= christ _wörterb._ . . said to be red on one side; with a firm, pleasing flesh. =triomphe de saint-laurent.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _triomphe saint-laurent._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . this peach was probably raised about by a m. galopin in liége, belgium. fruit large, roundish, with sides unequal; skin pale yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh white, red at the pit, juicy, sweet; quality good; stone free; ripens the middle of august. =troy.= = .= rea _flora_ . . troy is a large, early, red peach of good quality. =trueblood late free.= = .= _ind. hort. soc. rpt._ . . said to be a hardy variety of good quality. =tuckahoe.= = .= _n. mex. sta. bul._ = =: . . said to ripen late in new mexico. =tufts early.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . raised by e. tufts, cambridgeport, massachusetts. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish; skin yellowish-white, with a red cheek; flesh free, white, red at the pit, very juicy, melting, with a sweet, delicious flavor; ripens the last of august. =tufts rareripe.= = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . this peach was originated by bernard tufts, billerica, massachusetts, and is said to come true from seed. tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish; skin yellow, with a bright red blush; flesh yellow, melting, very sweet, free; ripens from the middle to the last of september. =turenne.= = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _turenne améliorée._ = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . = .= decaisne _jard. fruit._ = =:pl. - . turenne grew from seed many years ago near lyons, rhône, france. fruit large, roundish, somewhat irregular; skin pale yellow, deeply mottled with crimson; flesh yellowish-white, deep red at the pit which is adherent, coarse, acid, bitter; ripens in september. =tuskena.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _tuskena cling._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _tuscan cling._ = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . _yellow tuscany._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . tuskena originated in mississippi. it received a place on the fruit-list of the american pomological society in but was dropped in , only to be replaced in . fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh adherent, yellow, red at the pit, firm, vinous, rich; quality good; season the last of september. =twenty-ounce cling.= = .= _oregon nur. cat._ . . according to the oregon nursery company, orenco, oregon, this is a large, early peach desirable for canning. =twyford.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . twyford is probably a seedling of noblesse. fruit large, pale green, with a red blush; flesh tender and of good quality; season the first of september. =tyehurst.= = .= _can. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ont. fr. exp. sta. rpt._ = =: . . tyehurst is a chance seedling which originated about thirty years ago with e. tyehurst, leamington, ontario, canada. fruit medium in size, round; skin light yellow, with only a faint carmine blush; flesh yellow, slightly stained at the pit, sweet, firm, free; quality fair; ripens the middle of september. =ulatis.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . g. ulatis originated near vacaville, california, and is supposed to be a seedling of alexander. fruit large, roundish-oval; color creamy-white, with a red blush; flesh white, with a good flavor; freestone; ripens with alexander. =unique.= = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _new cut-leaved._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _new serrated._ = .= _ibid._ . . _emperor of russia._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . _de smyrne._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . _schöne jersey pfirsich._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _emperor._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . unique was raised more than a century ago by michael floy, new york city, from a pit of a curious peach-tree with serrate leaves which he had discovered about in new jersey. in england the variety was introduced about as emperor of russia. tree of moderate vigor, bearing narrow, glandless leaves which are very deeply and doubly serrated; fruit large, roundish, broad, one side much longer than the other; skin dull yellowish-white, with a dark red cheek; flesh yellowish-white, firm, juicy, rich and aromatic; stone free; season the last of august. =unnamed chinese.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . professor c. s. sargent grew this variety at the arnold arboretum, jamaica plain, massachusetts, from seed received in from dr. bretschneider, who found it as a cultivated variety in the mountains north of pekin, china. its chief importance is as a parent type in the production of new, hardy varieties. fruit medium in size, roundish to oblong-conic, sides somewhat unequal, compressed; color greenish-white, with a faint, dotted blush; flesh greenish-white, slightly tinged with red at the free pit, firm, juicy, fibrous, subacid to sweet; quality good; season early september in massachusetts. =unvergleichlicher lieblingspfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _unvergleichlich schöne._ = .= liegel _anweisung_ . . fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened; skin yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh white, tender, sweet, vinous; season the first of september. =utah cling.= = .= munson _cat._ . - . introduced in by t. v. munson and son, denison, texas. it is a large, prolific, yellow peach with a red cheek. =utah free.= = .= munson _cat._ . - . also introduced by t. v. munson and son. a large, prolific, valuable, rich yellow peach. =vagaloggia cotogna.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . this is an attractive, italian peach of excellent quality. =vainqueur.= = .= baltet _cult. fr._ . . = .= _u. s. d. a. plant immigrants_ = =: . . this is an early variety of the type of alexander, valuable chiefly for breeding. =valdy.= = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . valdy was originated more than fifty years ago by a m. valdy, croix-blanche, lot-et-garonne, france. fruit large, roundish; skin yellow, washed with a dark carmine blush; flesh yellow, red at the center, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; pit free; ripens the middle of august. =van buren golden dwarf.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _cult. & count. gent._ = =: . . = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: , fig. . this sort is supposed by the originator, j. van buren of georgia, to be an accidental cross between italian dwarf and van zandt, originating about . the tree resembles a currant bush; has numerous buds; its fruits attain average size but vary in shape. fruit large, oblong, sometimes round, pointed at the apex; skin golden yellow, with a crimson cheek; flesh firm, juicy, sprightly; clingstone; ripens from the middle of september until october. =van deman.= = .= _green nur. cat._ fig. . according to green's nursery company, rochester, new york, this peach originated near the summer home of the late professor h. e. van deman, beulah, michigan. fruit large, with a distinct suture; color clear yellow, with considerable red; flesh yellow, sweet, good; stone free; ripens early. =van deman early.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . said to have originated with h. e. van deman, geneva, kansas. the tree fruited first in . fruit large; color white, covered with bright purple and crimson; flesh slightly adherent, white, good. =van zandt. .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _van zandt's superb._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . van zandt originated about with r. b. van zandt, flushing, new york. leaves with globose glands; fruit of medium size, roundish, with a small suture; skin yellowish-white, mottled with dark red; flesh white, tinted with red at the pit, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic; quality good; stone free; ripens the first of september. =vandermark. .= _u. s. pat. off. rpt._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . said to be a seedling of lemon cling. fruit large, roundish; color yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellow, acid, adherent to the pit; season september. =vanderveer optimum. .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . this peach is a seedling of old newington and was named after a dr. vanderveer, of long island, new york. fruit large, pale yellowish-white, blushed with red; flesh sweet, juicy, with a delicate flavor; clingstone; season the last of september. =vanguard. .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . probably vanguard is but a variation of noblesse, being included with it by some writers. the only distinction between the two is in habit of growth, vanguard being more robust and hardy. =vanmeter. .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a late variety resembling krummel. =variegated free i. .= _horticulturist_ = =: , figs. . this variety originated many years ago with isaac pullen, hightstown, new jersey. fruit large, roundish, with a well-marked apex; skin yellow, striped and marbled with deep red; flesh yellow, moderately juicy, sweet; quality very good; ripens early in september. =variegated free ii. .= black _cult. peach & pear_ . . this peach is said to be a seedling of variegated free i and was introduced by h. r. walker, middletown, delaware. it is a desirable white peach, with streaks and stripes of red. =veritable chancelliere. .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . _kanzlerpfirsiche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _schöne kanzlerin._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde._ = =: . . this variety differs from chancellor in having large flowers and globose glands. =verona. .= rea _flora_ . . listed as a good, red peach. =verte de beaulieu. .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . this variety was introduced and possibly originated by a m. dumas near lectoure, gers, france. fruit large, roundish-oval; skin greenish-white, shaded with red; flesh white, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality good; season the middle of september. =very large seedling peach. .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety is said to have been raised in new york city and to have ripened too late to be of value in the north. =vessier.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . vessier is a late, french peach, with rich, melting flesh. =victor.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _early victor._ = .= _mo. state fr. sta. rpt._ , . - . victor is a variety of unknown parentage which originated with john b. bass, bass, texas. fruit medium in size, roundish; color creamy-white with a red blush; flesh creamy-white, melting, juicy, subacid, with an almond flavor; quality good; stone semi-clinging; season early. =victoria.= = .= _ariz. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _glen st. mary nur. cat._ . . victoria is of american origin and belongs to the spanish type. fruit large, nearly round; skin yellow; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, free; ripens in florida early in august. =vilmorin.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ fig. . vilmorin was obtained by alexis lepère, montreuil, france. fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; skin pale yellow, washed with bright red; flesh free, white, tinged with dark red at the pit, juicy, with a pleasant, sweet, aromatic flavor; ripens from the middle to the last of september. =vineuse de fromentin.= = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _weinhafte fromentinerpfirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _fromentiner lieblingspfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . the fruit of this variety is similar to that of grosse mignonne with which it is often confused. glands round; flowers large; fruit roundish, somewhat compressed at the ends; skin nearly covered with dark red; flesh white except at the stone, tender, vinous, juicy; stone small, free. =vineuse hâtive.= = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . although poiteau and leroy differ somewhat as to the origin of this peach, there is probably no doubt but that it was found near paris, france, more than two centuries ago. fruit medium in size, roundish, compressed at the ends; skin greenish-yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh white, red under the skin and at the stone, juicy, vinous, sweet; stone free; ripens the last of august. =vinous purple.= = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . this variety resembles grosse mignonne but is distinct. fruit large, divided on one side into two sections by a deep groove; skin fawn-colored, covered with very dark red; flesh white, red under the skin and around the pit, juicy, vinous, with a slightly acid flavor; stone free. =violet hâtive.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _grosse violette hâtive._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. xvi fig. . . _violette hâtive._ = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . this is undoubtedly a french variety and may be a seedling of galande. fruit large, roundish; skin yellow, mottled with red over most of the surface; flesh white, juicy, sweet, vinous; season early september. =violet muscat.= = .= rea _flora_ . . this variety is listed as a fine, violet-colored peach of good quality. =violet musk.= = .= rea _flora_ . . this is a red peach with yellow flesh. =violette de montpellier.= = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . the tree of this variety is described as being moderately vigorous and bearing dense foliage which has reniform glands. =violetter aprikosenpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit of medium size, roundish-oblong; color yellow, with a violet-red blush; flesh juicy, tender, with a slightly acid flavor; ripens in august. =voorheis no. .= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . tree vigorous, unproductive; fruit of medium size, ovate, with a pointed apex; color yellow, with a red cheek; quality good; season the last of june in texas. =voorheis silver.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =wake forest.= = .= _n. c. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =walburton.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _walburton admirable._ = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . walburton is a late peach raised more than seventy-five years ago by andrew morton, walburton, sussex, england. the variety is supposed to be a seedling of noblesse which it resembles in many respects. tree hardy, productive; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, round, with a distinct suture; skin greenish-white, mottled, with a dark red blush; flesh white, stained at the pit, juicy, melting, with a rich, sweet flavor; ripens the last of september. =waldo.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _ala. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . waldo was raised from a seed of peento about by t. k. godbey, waldo, florida; it first fruited in . tree moderately large and productive in the south; glands reniform; fruit medium to large, roundish, with a shallow suture; apex blunt, often with a recurved tip; skin yellow, washed with a delicate red blush; flesh yellowish-white, slightly pink near the pit, juicy, with a sweet, delicious flavor; freestone; ripens the first of june in the south. =walker.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _walker's variegated free._ = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= fulton _peach cult._ . . said to have originated in delaware. glands globose; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval, with a slight suture; color creamy-white, with a bright red cheek; flesh creamy-white, with red at the pit, tender, juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality good; pit free; season the last of september. =walker early.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a productive, market sort ripening in august. glands globose; fruit small, roundish; color white, with a red blush; quality good. =wallace.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree moderately vigorous; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish; color greenish-yellow, with a red blush; flesh white, tough, rich, vinous, adherent; quality good; ripens the middle of august in georgia. =waller.= = .= berckmans _cat._ . - . according to the p. j. berckmans company, augusta, georgia, this peach was originated by waller brothers near sparta, georgia. tree productive, bears annually; fruit of the crawford type, large; skin yellow but nearly covered with red; flesh stringy; of good quality. =wallis best.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . according to stark brothers, louisiana, missouri, this peach originated as a seedling of elberta on the grounds of henry wallis, st. louis county, missouri. it is said to resemble its parent in habit of growth, vigor and productiveness but is hardier and of higher quality. =wallis heath free.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . this variety originated with henry wallis, st. louis county, missouri, according to stark brothers of louisiana, missouri. tree hardy, vigorous, very productive; fruit very large; flesh creamy yellow and of fine quality. =walter early.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . walter early originated in new jersey. tree productive; leaves with globose glands; fruit large, roundish; skin white, with a red cheek; flesh white, tinged red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant; ripens the last of august. =ward late.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . = .= fulton _peach cult._ , . . _ward's late free._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _ward's freestone._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _tardive de ward._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . according to leroy, doctor a. ward, athens, georgia, originated this variety. there is no statement as to the date of origin. the american pomological society listed this peach in its fruit-catalog in where it has since remained. tree vigorous, productive; glands globose or reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a moderately deep suture; skin pale yellowish-white, with an attractive, crimson blush; flesh nearly white, occasionally tinged with red at the pit, free, rich, juicy, melting, with a vinous flavor; ripens the last of september. =ware.= = .= _u. s. pat. off. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . ware was placed in the fruit-list of the american pomological society in without a description but was dropped in . =wark.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . wark originated as a sprout from the roots of an old peach-tree in the orchard of james wark near douglas, michigan. it resembles triumph but is larger and freer from leaf-curl and brown-rot. it ripens later than triumph. =washington.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _washington red freestone._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _washington rareripe._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . washington originated in america and was named and introduced by michael floy of new york city. tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit large, roundish, broad, with a deep suture extending nearly around the fruit; skin yellowish-white, with a deep crimson cheek; flesh pale yellowish-white, juicy, very tender, melting, sweet, rich; stone usually free; season the middle of september. =washington clingstone.= = .= prince _cat. fr. trees_ . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . said to be of american origin. glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin yellowish-green, with a slight red blush; flesh very juicy, tender, melting, with a sweet, luscious flavor; ripens the last of september. =watkin cling.= = .= _cultivator_ rd ser. = =: . . this variety originated in the south as a seedling of heath cling which it resembles except in later ripening. =watkin early.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =weaver.= = .= ramsey _cat._ . . according to p. t. ramsey and son, austin, texas, this peach originated from seed grown by d. w. weaver of austin. fruit large; color yellow, overspread with red; flesh very yellow and very firm, adherent; quality good; ripens the first of september in texas. =weber golden free.= = .= weber _cat._ . . according to h. j. weber and sons nursery company, st. louis, missouri, the fruit of this variety is medium in size, golden yellow, with a bright red cheek, sweet and good in quality. =weber prize.= = .= _the dalles nur. cat._ , fig. . according to r. h. weber, proprietor of the dalles nurseries, the dalles, oregon, this variety originated in the dalles. fruit very large; color rich golden-yellow, considerably overspread with deep carmine and crimson; flesh yellow, firm, rich, delicious; pit very free; ripens the last of september. =weed.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . weed originated on the farm of george weed, douglas, michigan. fruit of medium size, roundish; color yellow, with a purplish-red cheek; flesh free, yellow, deep red at the pit, soft, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; ripens the first of september. =weeping.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _reid's weeping._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , . . _reid._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . this variety originated many years ago on the grounds of william reid, elizabethtown, new jersey. tree vigorous, spreading, with graceful, drooping branches; fruit large, roundish-ovate; skin yellow, with a bright red cheek; flesh yellow, stained with red at the pit, very juicy, tender, vinous; quality good; pit free; ripens the last of august. =weihnachts-aprikosenpfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit medium in size, yellow, washed with red; flesh yellow, tender, sweet; season very late. =weisse charlotte.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, round; skin yellowish-white, partly washed with red; flesh yellowish-white, often with tinges of red, sweet but with a slight astringent flavor; season the middle of october. =welch.= = .= _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ , , pl. . . welch was introduced by charles b. welch, douglas, michigan, having been raised as a seedling of chili about . the variety resembles its parent but is considered hardier, less subject to leaf-curl and brown-rot, better in quality and ripens its fruit later. =weld freestone.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . said to have been raised by eben weld, roxbury, massachusetts. fruit large, roundish-oval; skin greenish-white, with a red blush; flesh rich, sweet, vinous, with a delicious flavor; ripens the last of september. =wellington.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= _can. hort._ = =: . . this old sort has long been growing in toronto, canada, but only recently came before the public. the fruit is a large freestone, with yellow flesh and the tree shows distinct hardiness and vigor. =west.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . this is a low, spreading variety with reniform glands. =western newington.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . listed in this reference as a clingstone. =whaley favorite.= = .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ = =: . . this is a seedling peach raised by mark whaley, olinda, ontario, canada. the fruit is a yellow freestone of fair size and ripens two weeks ahead of early crawford. =wheatstone.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed as growing upon the station grounds in . =wheatley.= = .= _miss. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =wheeler early.= = .= _country gent._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . wheeler early was listed by the american pomological society from until . glands globose; fruit small, roundish; skin white, blushed with red; flesh melting, not very high in quality; freestone; ripens early. =wheeler late.= = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . this is a strong-growing variety which does not ripen its fruit in canada. =wheeler late yellow.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed as growing in delaware. =white ball.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . said to have originated in massachusetts. glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly depressed; skin greenish-white, shaded and marbled with red; flesh free, white, juicy, melting, sweet; ripens early in september. =white blossom.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . _white blossomed incomparable._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _pêcher à fleurs et à fruits blancs._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this singular variety has white blossoms and pale, straw-colored bark. it was found in a hedge in kings county, new york. the fruit resembles the snow peach but is inferior in size, flavor and appearance. leaves light green, with reniform glands; fruit large, oval; flesh white to the stone, melting, juicy; ripens late in august. =white cling.= = .= _ga. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this peach is a white-fleshed clingstone ripening in july. =white double crop.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =white globe.= = .= _cultivator_ = =: . . this is a very juicy, clingstone peach, having a delicious, aromatic flavor and ripening early in september. =white imperial.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this old sort originated with david thomas, cayuga county, new york, and is believed to be a seedling of noblesse. it was introduced by j. j. thomas, a son of the originator, macedon, new york. growers and pomologists have confused white imperial with the imperial of southern origin. tree hardy, vigorous; fruit large, roundish, broad, depressed at the apex; suture moderately deep; skin yellowish-white, tinged with light purplish-red in the sun; flesh nearly white, melting, juicy, of delicate texture, sweet; quality very good; freestone; ripens the last of august. =white july.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _ala. bd. agr. rpt._ = =: . . this is a superior clingstone peach which ripens early in alabama. =white june.= = .= _green river nur. cat._ . . according to the green river nurseries, bowling green, kentucky, this variety originated with w. w. ware, hopkinsville, kentucky. it is a white peach of good quality, ripening with alexander. =white magdalen.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _magdalen._ = .= rea _flora_ . . _madeleine blanche._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , , pl. vi. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., , . . _madeleine blanche précoce._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . white magdalen is an old french sort, having been mentioned as early as by lectier. leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large, pale red; fruit below medium in size, somewhat globular, halves unequal; deeply sutured; skin yellowish-white, marbled with deep red; flesh melting, stained near the pit, juicy but not high in flavor; stone free, small, obtuse; ripens the middle of august. =white monsieur.= = .= rea _flora_ . . said to be a fine, early peach. =white nectarine.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . this is an old english variety belonging to the chinese cling group of peaches. fruit nearly large, roundish; color greenish-white, washed and striped with crimson; flesh white, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, melting, with a mild subacid, vinous flavor; pit free; season late. =white nutmeg.= = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . = .= miller _gard. dict._ . _avant-pêche blanche._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. ii. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., , . . _weisse frühpfirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _kleiner weisser frühpfirsche._ = .= liegel _anweisung_ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_. = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _frühe montagne?_ = .= liegel _anweisung_ . . _earliest white nutmeg._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . this is an old french sort spoken of in . leaves small, doubly serrate, without glands; flowers large, pale; fruit very small, oval, distinctly sutured; apex with an acute nipple; skin white, with a pale tinge; flesh white to the stone, juicy, musky; freestone; quality fair; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of july. =white pace.= = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this is a southern variety, having persian blood but with a comparatively white skin. flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet, free; season august. =white winter.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . this is an oval-shaped peach with white skin and flesh which ripens in october and is chiefly valued for preserves. =whitehead red heath.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . this variety, which was sent out about by richard reynolds, smithfield, virginia, is said to be superior to heath cling with which it ripens. fruit very large, with a deep red color. =whitlow choice.= = .= _green river nur. cat._ . . this variety was found by the green river nurseries, bowling green, kentucky, on the farm of w. h. whitlow near casky, kentucky. it is a freestone of good quality, resembling yellow rareripe and ripening the last of july. =wiard.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . wiard originated about twenty years ago on the grounds of harry wiard, syracuse, new york. fruit large, with golden-yellow skin, nearly covered with bright crimson; flesh yellow, very juicy; of good quality; freestone; season the middle of september. =wiggins.= = .= _ga. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: , . . said to have originated in texas. fruit medium in size, roundish-oblong, slightly compressed; skin creamy-yellow, with a red blush; flesh greenish-white, juicy, tender, sweet; quality excellent; stone free; ripens early in july in texas. =wilbur.= = .= leonard coates _cat._ . - . according to the leonard coates nursery company, morganhill, california, this is a very large, attractive, yellow, freestone peach ripening in september. =wilder.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . wilder probably originated with h. m. engle, marietta, pennsylvania. it is said to be a promising variety. =wilkins.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . _wilkins cling._ = .= kan. hort. soc. _peach, the_ . . wilkins is said to have originated with colonel wilkins of maryland as a seedling of heath cling and is thought to be identical with that variety except in being larger and having clearer and more creamy color. =willard.= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety originated with s. d. willard, geneva, new york, and is a peach of good quality, ripening after early crawford. =willett.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . = .= _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ , , pl. lxi. . cornelius o'bryan of new york city is said to have originated this peach more than fifty years ago from a stone brought from south america. in mr. o'bryan's property came into the possession of wallace p. willett, who was so impressed with the new seedling that the following year he induced c. l. van dusen, geneva, new york, to propagate it. fruit large, roundish-ovate, compressed; skin deep yellow, blushed and often striped with crimson; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, fairly tender, with a vinous flavor; stone free; quality good; ripens the last of september. =williams.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . williams was discovered about by lewis williams, hillsboro, maryland. the fruit is said to be earlier and better than that of alexander. =williams catherine.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . very much like catharine. leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large, pale green, blushed; of first quality; stone clings; matures late in september. =williams cling.= = .= l. r. johnson _cat._ . . l. r. johnson, coshocton, ohio, says that this peach was grown from a seed of bealmear cling by j. f. williams. it closely resembles its parent. =williams early purple.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . this is said to be a good, pale green peach, blushed with dull red and ripening early in august. =williamson.= = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt. ._ . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _williamson choice._ = .= _col., o., hort. soc. rpt._ . . fruit large, roundish; skin yellow, washed and striped with crimson; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, tender, with a mild, vinous flavor; freestone; ripens the last of september. =williamson cling.= = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . fruit large, oblong, with a pointed apex; skin white, with a red blush; flesh white, very juicy, with a good flavor; season the middle of october. =willow-leaf.= _ ._ _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =willson.= = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . this variety originated about with pierpont willson, vineland, new jersey. fruit large, roundish, inclined to oblong; color yellowish-white, with a slight blush; flesh yellowish-white, dark red at the pit, very juicy, of excellent flavor; freestone; season the first of september. =wilson.= = .= _peachland nur. cat._ , . . wilson was introduced more than twenty-five years ago by charles wright, proprietor of the peachland nurseries, seaford, delaware. the variety resembles reeves but is larger, more productive and ripens a week earlier. =windoes.= = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a freestone peach ripening in the middle of september and of only local interest in michigan, where it originated. =wine.= = .= _continental pl. cat._ , . - . wine is an old variety recently introduced by the continental plant company, kittrell, north carolina. said to reproduce itself from seed. fruit medium in size, with an attractive, red cheek; flesh very juicy and tender, with a wine-like flavor; freestone; season the last of july. =winesburgh large yellow.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . this is said to be a large, very excellent seedling which originated long ago in holmes county, ohio. =winifred.= = .= leonard coates _cat._ . - . according to the leonard coates nursery company, morganhill, california, this is a very late, yellow clingstone equal to levy. =winnepesaukee.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . this is a peach of new hampshire origin. =wirt lady.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . . said to ripen with crothers. =witham seedling.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =woburn early mignonne.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in this reference. =woerner.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . fruit of medium size, oblong, with a cream-white skin, faintly blushed with red; flesh white, firm, sweet, rich; quality very good; clingstone; season the last of october. =wonderful.= = .= _n. c. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _can. hort._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . wonderful is a seedling peach which originated in new jersey nearly thirty years ago. it has been confused with smock which it closely resembles. tree hardy but lacking in productiveness; fruit large, roundish-oval, with a distinct suture; color yellow, with a red blush when exposed; flesh yellow, red at the pit, moderately juicy, tender, free; quality fair; season the last of september. =woodlawn golden.= = .= _woodlawn nur. cat._ . . this variety was recently introduced by allen l. wood, proprietor of the woodlawn nurseries, rochester, new york. fruit large; color golden yellow, with a red cheek; flesh free, yellow, firm, with a fine, rich flavor; season the first of september. =woodman choice.= = .= _n. y. sta. rpt._ = =: . . at one time grown on the station grounds. fruit large, roundish; skin greenish-yellow, with a mottled blush; flesh deep yellow, stained with red at the pit, juicy, firm; freestone; quality good; season the last of september. =woolsey.= = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _woolsey nebraska._ = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . said to have originated in gage county, nebraska. tree hardy in nebraska; fruit large, roundish; color yellow, with a red and crimson cheek; flesh yellow, rich, melting, vinous, good; pit free. =worcester.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . dr. j. warren worcester, middletown, new york, raised this variety from a pit of a california peach. fruit large, round, with a distinct suture; flesh yellow, red at the stone, juicy, sweet, rich; freestone; ripens rather late. =world fair.= = .= bailey _am. hort._ . . this variety, which was introduced by the home nursery company, normal, illinois, is said to have originated about in sappington, missouri. tree hardy, vigorous; fruit very large, roundish; color yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh juicy, with an excellent flavor; season about the middle of june in missouri. =worth.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . worth was introduced by stark brothers, louisiana, missouri, many years ago. the peach is a yellow freestone, with a brilliant red blush, resembling early crawford. =wright.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt. ._ . tree very productive; fruit large, roundish; color rich orange-yellow, shaded with red; flesh yellow, tinged with red at the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, rich; quality very good; clingstone; season early in november in california. =wright seedling.= = .= _gard. & for._ = =: . . = .= _neb. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this peach was obtained by w. f. wright, johnson county, nebraska. said to reproduce itself from seed. =wyandotte chief.= = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . this variety is said to have originated on the farm of matthew mudeator, near wyandotte, kansas. it is described as a handsome, dark red, rich, juicy, finely flavored, freestone peach, ripening very early. =wylie cling.= = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . this is an old seedling grown by john wylie, green valley, california. it is superior to orange cling in not splitting at the pit or dropping from the tree; a fine peach for canning and drying. =xx yellow.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =yates early.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . said to be inferior to early york which it resembles. =yates red cling.= = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . according to stark brothers, louisiana, missouri, this is a large, attractive, red-cheeked, white-fleshed, clingstone peach, ripening ten days earlier than heath cling. =yazoo.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat. ._ . = .= waugh _am. peach orch._ . . this is a clingstone which originated in mississippi. =yellow admirable.= = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. xxii. . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _abricotée._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat. ._ . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _apricot._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _gelbe wunderschöne._ = .= _deut. obstcabinet_ =pt. =: . . _gelber aprikosenpfirsich._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _prachtvolle apricosenpfirsich._ = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =vi=:no. , pl. . yellow admirable is an old french sort which has never been cultivated in america. tree vigorous, productive; leaves small, with reniform glands; flowers usually large, with an intense rose-color; fruit large, round, flattened; suture shallow; skin thick, finely pubescent, yellow, blushed with red where exposed; flesh yellow, faintly red near the stone, firm, rather dry, sweet, with the flavor of the apricot; good in quality; pit small for the size of the fruit, partially clinging, oval, blunt at the apex; ripens the middle of october. =yellow apricot.= = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . fruit very large; color yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellow, firm, with an apricot flavor; ripens the first of october. =yellow august.= = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . said to be a very late and worthless variety in texas. =yellow chance.= = .= _cal. sta. rpt._ . - . said to be a seedling ripening the last of september. =yellow chevreuse.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat. ._ . leaves with globose glands; flowers small; flesh melting. =yellow extra.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =yellow globe.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt. ._ - . mentioned in this reference. =yellow mignonne.= = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat. ._ . mentioned in this reference as a pale, greenish-yellow peach having a red blush, dull yellow flesh and ripening in early september. =yellow nutmeg.= = .= prince _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= _cultivator_ = =: fig. . _early yellow nutmeg._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . this is a free grower having large flowers and reniform glands. its flesh is deep yellow and of good quality and its season is early. =yellow peach.= = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . = .= _gard. chron._ . . this is a very old peach once considerably used in making peach-brandy. tree small, bushy; fruit large, with a bright golden, pubescent skin; flesh very firm, clinging tenaciously to the pit. =yellow preserving.= = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . fruit small, with a greenish-yellow skin; flesh greenish-yellow, dry, with but little flavor; freestone; ripens in september. =yellow rose.= = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . . yellow rose is a seedling from f. g. barker, salina, kansas. trees hardy, reproducing true from seed; fruit fair in size; skin pale yellow, free from down; flesh firm, yellow; ripens early in october. =yellow seedling.= = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . listed as a large, promising freestone. =yellow swan.= = .= sneed & wood _cir._ . according to john f. sneed, tyler, texas, this peach was brought to notice by c. w. wood, swan, texas. it is thought to be a seedling of chinese cling. fruit large, roundish-oval, slightly compressed, with a shallow suture; skin yellow, mottled with red on one side; flesh yellow, sometimes faintly red at the pit, semi-clinging, tender, sweet yet sprightly; quality good; ripens early in august. =yenshi.= = .= _green river nur. cat. ._ . _yenshi hardy._ = .= lovett _cat._ fig. . according to the lovett company, little silver, new jersey, this variety was introduced from northwestern china by professor j. l. budd, ames, iowa. tree vigorous, very hardy; fruit large, roundish; color creamy-white, nearly covered with crimson; flesh tender, very juicy, high-flavored; freestone; ripens with alexander. =yocum.= = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt. ._ . this is an attractive, large, late, yellow peach. =york pearl.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =yulu.= = .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ app. = =: . . listed in this reference. =yum yum.= = .= _del. sta. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _fla. sta. bul._ = =: , . . originated by a dr. cushing, waldo, florida. fruit large, roundish-oblong, with a shallow suture; skin light creamy-white, dotted and washed with delicate red; flesh white, firm, meaty, juicy, sweet, with almost an almond flavor; quality very good; clingstone; season early june in florida. =zane.= = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt. ._ . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . zane originated on wheeling island in the ohio river and was brought to notice by joseph morrison, cadiz, ohio. fruit medium in size, roundish-oblate; color yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh yellow, red at the pit, tender, juicy, mild subacid; quality good; freestone; season early september. =zea.= = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . zea is large and attractive but is not so good nor as productive as waddell with which it ripens. =zelhemer lieblingspfirsich.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit medium in size, round; skin yellow, washed with red; flesh very yellow, with a sweet, vinous flavor; ripens the last of august. =zelia.= = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _pa. fr. gr. soc. rpt._ . . zelia originated in with l. e. berckmans, rome, georgia. fruit large; skin white, with a red cheek; flesh white, juicy, vinous; quality very good; freestone; ripens the last of september. =zell.= = .= _am. pom. soc. cat. ._ . listed in this reference. =zella.= = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . zella was brought to notice in by s. w. gilbert, thayer, missouri. it is a large, white, freestone peach with a bright red blush and fine flavor. =zipf seedling.= = .= _hopedale nur. cat. ._ . according to the hopedale nurseries, hopedale, illinois, this variety originated as a chance seedling. fruit large, roundish-oblong; flesh firm, of good flavor; ripens the middle of september. =zoar beauty.= = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _beauty of zoar._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . glands globose; fruit medium in size, round; skin mostly red; flesh free, tinged with red; ripens in september. bibliography and references, with abbreviations used the list of books which follows contains all american pomological works in which the peach is discussed at any length. only such european books are listed, however, as were found useful in writing _the peaches of new york_. only periodicals are listed to which references are made in the text of the book. the reports and bulletins of experiment stations and horticultural societies are not included since the abbreviations used for such publications will be recognized by all. the date of copyright has been preferred to that of publication though sometimes it has been necessary to use the latter, as when there were several editions from the same copyright. am. gard. american gardening. an illustrated journal of horticulture and gardener's chronicle. new york: - . copyright, . (before its union with popular gardening in , the publication was known as the american garden. both popular gardening and the american garden resulted from the union or absorption of several other horticultural periodicals.) am. gard. mag. the american gardener's magazine, and register of useful discoveries and improvements in horticulture and rural affairs. see mag. hort. am. hort. an. american horticultural annual. a year-book of horticultural progress for the professional and amateur gardener, fruit-grower, and florist. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . new edition. new york: . copyright, . am. jour. hort. the american journal of horticulture and florist's companion. (_illustrated._) volumes - . boston: - . copyrights, - . continued as tilton's journal of horticulture and floral magazine. (_illustrated._) volumes - . boston: - . copyrights, - . am. pom. soc. rpt. proceedings of the american pomological society. issued usually biennially from to date. first published as the proceedings of the national convention of fruit growers in . ann. hort. annals of horticulture and yearbook of information on practical gardening. volumes. london: - . ann. pom. belge annales de pomologie belge et Étrangère; publiées par la commission royale de pomologie institutée par s. m. le roi des belges. (_illustré._) tomes. bruxelles: - . bailey, ann. hort. annals of horticulture in north america for the years - . a witness of passing events and a record of progress. by l. h. bailey. new york: - . copyrights, , - . bailey, cyc. hort. cyclopedia of american horticulture comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the united states and canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. by l. h. bailey, assisted by wilhelm miller. (_illustrated._) in four volumes. new york: - . copyrights, - . bailey, ev. nat. fruits sketch of the evolution of our native fruits. by l. h. bailey. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . bailey, stand. cyc. hort. the standard cyclopedia of horticulture. a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the united states and canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists. by l. h. bailey. (_illustrated._) in six volumes. new york and london: - . copyrights, , , , , , . bailey, sur. unlike the survival of the unlike. a collection of evolution essays suggested by the study of domestic plants. by l. h. bailey. (_illustrated._) fifth edition. new york: . copyright, . baltet, cult. fr. traité de la culture fruitière commerciale et bourgeoise. par charles baltet. (_illustré._) quatrième Édition. paris: . barry, fr. garden the fruit garden. by p. barry. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . revised edition, . copyright, . beverly, hist. va. history of virginia. by robert beverly. . reprinted in richmond, . black, cult. peach & pear the cultivation of the peach and the pear, on the delaware and chesapeake peninsula; with a chapter on quince culture and the culture of some of the nut-bearing trees. by john s. black, m. d. (_illustrated._) wilmington: . copyright, . bradley, gard. new improvements of planting and gardening, both philosophical and practical. in three parts. by richard bradley. (_illustrated._) seventh edition with appendix, london: . bridgeman, gard. ass't. the young gardener's assistant, in three parts. by thomas bridgeman. new edition, with an appendix. new york: . copyright, . brookshaw, hort. reposit. the horticultural repository, containing delineations of the best varieties of the different species of english fruits. by george brookshaw. (_illustrated._) in two volumes. london: . brookshaw, pom. brit. pomona britannica, or a collection of the most esteemed fruits at present cultivated in great britain; selected principally from the royal gardens at hampton court, and the remainder from the most celebrated gardens round london; accurately drawn and colored from nature, with full descriptions of their various qualities, seasons, &c. by george brookshaw. volumes i and ii. london: . vol. i. the peach. budd-hansen, am. hort. man. american horticultural manual. by j. l. budd, assisted by n. e. hansen. (_illustrated._) in two volumes. volume . new york and london: . copyright, . bunyard-thomas, fr. gard. the fruit garden. by george bunyard and owen thomas. (_illustrated._) london and new york: . can. hort. the canadian horticulturist. (_illustrated._) toronto and peterboro: to date. carrière, var. pêchers. description et classification des variétés de pêchers et de brugonniers. par e. a. carrière. paris: . cat. cong. pom. france société pomologique de france catalogue descriptif des fruits adoptés par le congrès pomologique. lyon: . ibid.: . cecil, hist. gard. eng. a history of gardening in england. by the hon. mrs. evelyn cecil. third and enlarged edition. (_illustrated._) new york: . christ, handb. handbuch über die obstbaumzucht und obstlehre. von j. l. christ. vierte, sehr verbesserte und vermehrte auflage. frankfurt: . christ, wörterb. pomologisches theoretisch-praktisches handwörterbuch, oder alphabetisches verzeichniss. von j. l. christ. leipzig: . cole, am. fr. book the american fruit book; containing directions for raising, propagating, and managing fruit trees, shrubs, and plants; with a description of the best varieties of fruit, including new and valuable kinds. by s. w. cole. (_illustrated._) boston: . copyright, . country gent. the country gentleman. albany: - . the cultivator & country gentleman. albany: - . the country gentleman. albany and philadelphia: to date. coxe, cult. fr. trees a view of the cultivation of fruit trees, and the management of orchards and cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of native and foreign apples, pears, peaches, plums and cherries, cultivated in the middle states of america. by william coxe. (_illustrated._) philadelphia: . copyright, . cultivator the cultivator. albany: - . in united with the country gentleman. cult. & count. gent. the cultivator & country gentleman. see country gent. darwin, ans. and pls. domest. the variation of animals and plants under domestication. by charles darwin. (_illustrated._) first edition. london: . second edition, revised. in two volumes. london: . de candolle, or. cult. plants origin of cultivated plants. by alphonse de candolle. geneva [switzerland]: . new york: . decaisne, jard. fruit. le jardin fruitier du muséum ou iconographie de toutes les espèces et variétés d'arbres fruitiers cultivés dans cet Établissement avec leur description, leur histoire, leur synonymie, etc. par j. decaisne. tome septième. paris: - . decaisne & naudin, man. amat. jard. manuel de l'amateur des jardins traité général d'horticulture. par jh. decaisne et ch. naudin. (_illustré._) tome quatrième. paris. deut. obstcabinet deutsches obstcabinet in naturgetreuen fein colorirten abbildungen und fruchtdurchschnitten zu dittrich's systematischem handbuche der obstkunde und zu jedem pomologischen werke nebst einter kurzen beschreibung und diagnose der obstarten. neue auflage. section vii. jena: . dochnahl, führ. obstkunde der sichere führer in der obstkunde auf botanisch-pomologischen wege oder systematische breschreibung aller obstsorten. von f. j. dochnahl. vier bände. nürnberg: - . volume , . peaches. downing, fr. trees am. the fruits and fruit trees of america: or the culture, propagation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of fruit trees generally; with descriptions of all the finest varieties of fruit, native and foreign, cultivated in this country. by a. j. downing. (_illustrated._) new york & london: . copyright, . second edition, same text, with colored plates, . first revision, by charles downing. new york: . copyright, . second revision, by charles downing. new york: . first appendix, . second appendix, . third appendix, . duhamel, trait. arb. fr. traité des arbres fruitiers; contenant leur figure, leur description, leur culture, &c. par m. duhamel du monceau. (_illustré._) tomes et . paris: . Édition publié en , en trois tomes. nouvelle Édition en six tomes, - . elliott, fr. book elliott's fruit book; or, the american fruit-grower's guide in orchard and garden. by f. r. elliott. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . revised edition. . fish, hardy-fr. bk. the hardy-fruit book. by d. t. fish. (_illustrated._) two volumes. london: probably . flor. & pom. the florist and pomologist: a pictorial monthly magazine of flowers, fruits, and general horticulture. conducted at first by robert hogg and john spencer, later by thomas moore and william paul. (_illustrated._) london: - . floy-lindley, guide orch. gard. a guide to the orchard and fruit garden or an account of the most valuable fruits cultivated in great britain. by george lindley; edited by john lindley. american edition by michael floy. new york: . new edition; with an appendix. new york: . copyright, . forsyth, treat. fr. trees a treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. by william forsyth. london: . same with an introduction and notes, by william corbett. albany: . seventh edition [english] london: . fulton, peach cult. peach culture. by james alexander fulton. (_illustrated._) copyright, . new, revised, and greatly enlarged edition. new york: . gard. chron. the gardener's chronicle. (_illustrated._) london: to date. gard. & for. garden and forest. a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. conducted by charles s. sargent. (_illustrated._) volumes i-x. new york: - , copyrights, - . gard. mon. the gardener's monthly and horticultural advertiser. edited by thomas meehan. (_illustrated._) philadelphia: - . garden. the garden. (_illustrated._) london: to date. gaucher, pom. prak. obst. pomologie des praktischen obstbaumzüchters. von n. gaucher. (_illustrirt._) stuttgart: . gen. farmer. the genesee farmer. edited by luther tucker, rochester: - . then consolidated with the cultivator. another periodical of the same name was published in rochester from to . also new genesee farmer and monthly genesee farmer. gerarde, herball. the herball or generall historie of plantes. by john gerarde. enlarged and amended by thomas johnson. london: . reprinted without alteration, . guide prat. guide pratique de l'amateur de fruits. description et culture, des variétés de fruits classées par séries de mérite composant les collections pomologiques de l'etablissement horticole simon-louis frères. a plantières-les-metz (lorraine annexée) suivi d'une table générale alphabétique de tous les synonymes connus, francais et Étrangers appartenent à chaque variété. deuxième Édition. paris et nancy: . hoffy, n. am. pom. hoffy's north american pomologist, containing numerous finely colored drawings, accompanied by letter press descriptions, &c., of fruits of american origin. edited by william d. brincklé. book no. . philadelphia: . copyright, . hoffy, orch. com. the orchardist's companion. alfred hoffy, editor and publisher. a quarterly journal. vol. i, - ; vol. ii, - . philadelphia. hogg, fruit man. the fruit manual: a guide to the fruits and fruit trees of great britain. by robert hogg. first edition, london: . second edition, . third edition, . fourth edition, . fifth edition, . hooper, w. fr. book. hooper's western fruit book: a compendious collection of facts from the notes and experience of successful fruit culturists, arranged for practical use in the orchard and garden. by e. j. hooper. cincinnati: . copyright, . hort. reg. (am.). horticultural register and gardener's magazine. edited by t. g. fessenden and j. e. teschemacher. volume i. boston: . hort. reg. (eng.). the horticultural register and general magazine. by joseph paxton and joseph harrison. vol. i. london: . horticulturist. the horticulturist and journal of rural art and rural taste. founded and first edited by a. j. downing. (_illustrated._) volumes to . albany, philadelphia and new york: - . hovey, fr. am. the fruits of america, containing richly colored figures, and full descriptions of all the choicest varieties cultivated in the united states. by c. m. hovey. volume i. boston and new york: . volume ii. boston: . copyright, . jour. hort. the journal of horticulture began as: the cottage gardener; or amateur's and cottager's guide to out-door gardening and spade cultivation. volumes. london: - . continued as the journal of horticulture, cottage gardener, and country gentleman. a journal of horticulture, rural and domestic economy, botany and natural history. new series. volumes. london: - . continued as the journal of horticulture, cottage gardener, and home farmer. a chronicle of country pursuits and country life, including poultry, pigeon, and bee-keeping. third series. volumes. london: - . jour. roy. hort. soc. the journal of the royal horticultural society. london: to date. vols. - , - , bear the title of the journal of the horticultural society of london. kalm, travels n. am. travels into north america. by peter kalm. volumes - . - . kenrick, am. orch. the new american orchardist. by william kenrick. boston: . copyright, . second edition. boston: . copyright, . seventh edition, enlarged and improved, with a supplement. boston: . copyright, . knoop, fructologie. part i. pomologie, ou description des meilleures sortes de pommes et de poires. part ii. fructologie, ou description des arbres fruitiers. par jean herman knoop. (_illustré._) amsterdam: . koch, deut. obst. die deutschen obstgehölze. vorlesungen gehalten zu berlin im winterhalbjahr - . von karl koch. stuttgart: . kraft, pom. aust. pomona austriaca, abhandlung von den obstbäumen. von johann kraft. theile. vienna: . langley, pomona. pomona, or the fruit garden illustrated. by batty langley. london: . lauche, deut. pom. deutsche pomologie. von w. lauche. (_illustrirt._) berlin: . lauche, ergänzungsband. erster ergänzungsband zu lucas' und oberdieck's illustrirtes handbuch der obstkunde. von w. lauche. berlin: . lawson, hist. carolina. history of carolina. by john lawson. . reprinted at raleigh, . le bon jard. le bon jardinier. e Édition almanach horticole, et e Édition, . paris. leroy, dict. pom. dictionnaire de pomologie. par andré leroy. (_illustré._) tomes. paris: - . tome , . peaches. liegel, anweisung. anweisung, mit welchen sorten verschiedene obstbaum-anlagen besetzt werden sollen. von g. liegel. salzburg: . liegel, syst. anleit. systematische anleitung zur kenntniss der vorzüglichsten sorten des kern-, stein-, schalen- und beerenobster. von georg liegel. passau: . lindley, guide orch. gard. a guide to the orchard and kitchen garden; or, an account of the most valuable fruit and vegetables cultivated in great britain: with kalendars of the work required in the orchard and kitchen garden during every month in the year. by george lindley. edited by john lindley. london: . lond. hort. soc. cat. a catalogue of the fruits cultivated in the garden of the horticultural society of london. london: . second edition, . third edition, . a supplement was published in . loudon, arb. frut. brit. arboretum et fruticetum britannicum. par j. c. loudon. deuxième Édition. tome . london: . loudon, enc. gard. an encyclopedia of gardening. by j. c. loudon. (_illustrated._) new edition. london: . lucas, handb. obst. vollständiges handbuch der obstkultur. von ed. lucas. (_illustrirt._) stuttgart: first edition, ; second edition, ; third edition, . third edition edited by fr. lucas, . mcintosh, bk. gard. the book of the garden. by charles mcintosh. (_illustrated._) two volumes. london: . mcmahon, am. gard. cal. the american gardener's calendar. by bernard mcmahon. philadelphia: . mag. hort. the magazine of horticulture. boston: - . first published as the american gardener's magazine, - . edited by c. m. hovey with p. b. hovey, jr., associate editor during - . manning, book of fruits. book of fruits. by robert manning. (_illustrated._) salem: . copyright, . mas, le verger. le verger ou histoire, culture et description avec planches coloriées des variétés de fruits les plus généralement connues. par m. mas. tomes. paris: - tome . peaches. mas, pom. gen. pomologie générale. par m. mas. (_illustré._) tomes. paris: - . tome , . peaches. mathieu, nom. pom. nomenclator pomologicus. von carl mathieu. berlin: . mawe-abercrombie, com. gard. the complete gardener. by thomas mawe and john abercrombie. london: . miller, gard. dict. the gardener's dictionary. by philip miller. sixth edition. london: . revised edition. by thomas martyn. london: . miller, gard. kal. the gardener's kalendar. by philip miller. london: . nat. nur. the national nurseryman. published by the national nurseryman publishing co. (_illustrated._) rochester: to date. nicholson, dict. gard. the illustrated dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists. by george nicholson, assisted by j. w. h. trail and j. garrett. volumes. london. supplement to same. by george nicholson et al. london: . noisette, man. comp. jard. manuel complet du jardinier. par m. louis noisette. tome deuxième, paris: . oberdieck, obst-sort. deutschlands beste obst-sorten. von f. g. c. oberdieck. leipzig: . parkinson, par. ter. paradisi in sole. paradisus terrestris. by john parkinson. (_illustrated._) london: . parkinson, tour am. a tour in america, in , and . exhibiting sketches of society and manners and a particular account of the american system of agriculture, with its recent improvements. by richard parkinson. volumes i and ii. london: . phillips, com. orch. the companion for the orchard. an historical and botanical account of fruits known in great britain. by henry phillips. new edition, london: . poiteau, pom. franc. pomologie francaise. recueil des plus beaux fruits cultivés en france. par antoine poiteau. tomes - . paris: . pom. france. pomologie de la france ou histoire et description de tous les fruits cultivés en france et admis par le congrès pomologique. (_illustré._) tomes i-viii. lyon: - . tome vi, . peaches. pom. mag. the pomological magazine; or, figures and descriptions of the most important varieties of fruit cultivated in great britain. three volumes. london: - . this work has also been published under the title pomona brittanica. popular gard. popular gardening. an illustrated periodical devoted to horticulture in all its branches. volume i. buffalo: . continued as popular gardening and fruit growing. volumes ii-vi. buffalo: - . consolidated with the american garden and continued as american gardening. new york: - . prince, cat. fr. trees. catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees & plants, bulbous flower roots, green-house plants, &c. &c. cultivated at the linnæan botanic garden, william prince, prop. twenty-second edition. new york: . prince, pom. man. the pomological manual; or, a treatise on fruits. by william robert prince, aided by william prince. second edition. part i. new york: . copyright, . part ii. new york: . copyright, . prince, treat. hort. a short treatise on horticulture. by william prince. new york: . copyright, . prince, treat. trees & plants. a treatise on fruit and ornamental trees and plants, cultivated at the linnaean botanic garden, flushing, long-island, near new-york. by william prince. new york: . rea, flora. flora: seu, de florum cultura; or a complete florilege. by john rea. books. london: . book . peaches. rev. hort. revue horticole. journal d'horticulture pratique. (_illustré._) paris: to date. rural n. y. the rural new-yorker. a journal for the suburban and country home. (_illustrated._) rochester and new york: to date. rutter, cult. & diseases peach. the culture and diseases of the peach. by john rutter. harrisburg: . copyright, . sickler, teutsche obst. der teutsche obstgartner oder gemeinnutziges magazin des obstbaues in teutschlands sammtlichen kreisen; verfasser von einigen prachtischen freunden der obstcultur und herausgegeben von j. b. sickler. volumes - . weimar: - . soc. nat. hort. france pom. nationale d'horticulture de france. section pomologique. les meilleurs fruits au début du xxe siècle. (_illustré._) paris: . sou. cult. the southern cultivator. a monthly journal, devoted to the improvement of southern agriculture. (_illustrated._) augusta, ga.: - . thacher, am. orch. the american orchardist. by james thacher. boston: . copyright, . thomas, am. fruit cult. the american fruit culturist. by john j. thomas. (_illustrated._) first edition. geneva and auburn, n. y.: . copyright, . revised edition. auburn, n. y.: . copyright, . revised edition. new york: . copyright, . revised edition. new york: . copyright, - . twentieth edition, revised and enlarged. new york: . copyright, . twenty-first edition, revised and enlarged. new york: . copyright, . thomas, guide prat. guide pratique de l'amateur de fruits. par o. thomas. . deuxiéme Édition. . see guide pratique. thompson, gard. ass't. the gardener's assistant; practical and scientific. by robert thompson. (_illustrated._) two volumes. london: . same, revised by william watson. six volumes. london: . tilton, jour. hort. tilton's journal of horticulture and floral magazine. see am. jour. hort. trans. lond. hort. soc. transactions of the horticultural society of london. volume i. london: . volume ii. london: . volume iii. london: . volume iv. london: . volume v. london: . volume vi. london: . u. s. d. a. rpt. reports of the united states department of agriculture: - . u. s. d. a. yearbook. reports of the united states department of agriculture: to date. u. s. pat. off. rpt. reports of the agricultural section of the united states patent office: to . waugh, am. peach orch. the american peach orchard. a sketch of the practice of peach growing in north america at the beginning of the twentieth century. by f. a. waugh. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . waugh, syst. pom. systematic pomology. treating of the description, nomenclature, and classification of fruits. by f. a. waugh. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . wickson, cal. fruits the california fruits and how to grow them. by edward j. wickson. (_illustrated._) second edition. san francisco: . copyright, . fourth edition. los angeles: . copyright, . seventh edition. san francisco: . copyright, . willich, dom. enc. domestic encyclopedia or a dictionary of facts. by a. f. m. willich. first american edition with additions by james mease. in five volumes. volume , philadelphia: . index (names of varieties in this index, if accepted names, appear in roman type; synonyms in italics.) À bec, _À feuilles de saule_ (syn. of french willow leaved), abbé de beaumont, abbé jodoc, _abricotée_ (syn. of yellow admirable), _abt jodocus_ (syn. of abbé jodoc), abundance, acampo, acme, acton scot, adèle thirriot, admirable, admirable jaune, admirable jaune tardive, admirable saint-german, _admiral_ (syn. of admiral dewey), admiral dewey, adrian, advance, aehrenthal, _aehrenthal lackpfirsich_ (syn. of aehrenthal), affleck, thomas, var. orig. with, agriculture, history of, _aigle doré_ (syn. of golden eagle), _aigle de mer_ (syn. of sea eagle), _aikelin frühpfirsich_ (syn. of hâtive d'aikelin), aiken, ailsworth, albatross, albemarle, alberge, _alberge-aprikosenpfirsich_ (syn. of rossanna), albert, albert late rareripe, albert sidney, albertine millet, alberza, albright, _albright_ (syn. of albright cling i), albright, var. orig. by, albright, miss, var. orig. with, albright cling i, albright cling ii, _albright october_ (syn. of albright cling i), _albright winter_ (syn. of albright cling i), alexander, alexander, o. a., var. orig. by, _alexander's early_ (syn. of alexander), alexandra, _alexandra noblesse_ (syn. of alexandra), alexandre dumas, alexiana cherpin, alexis lepère, alger winter, algerine, _algiers yellow_ (syn. of late yellow alberge), _algiers yellow winter clingstone_ (syn. of late yellow alberge), alice, alice free, _alice haupt_ (syn. of alice), alida, allen, a. t., var. orig. by, allen, j. f., var. orig. by, allen i, allen ii, allen october, allman cling, almond, almond, relationship of the, to the peach, - , - , alpha i, alpha ii, alpha iii, alto pass, alton, amande douce, _amandier-pêcher_ (syn. of almond), ambrosia, amelia i, amelia ii, ameliaberta, american apricot, american pound, ammirabile belga, amsden, amsden, l. c., var. orig. by, _amsden june_ (syn. of amsden), amsden pine, _amygdalus laevis_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _amygdalus nectarina_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _amygdalus nuci-persica_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _amygdalus persica_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _amygdalus persica_ var. _nucipersica_. (syn. of _p. persica_), _ananas-aprikosenpfirsich_ (syn. of pineapple), ananiel, _andenken an java_ (syn, of souvenir de java), _andenken an jean rey_ (syn. of souvenir de jean rey), andré leroy, andrews, _andrews mammoth_ (syn. of andrews), angel, angelle lafond, angers large purple, anna ruffin, anne, _anne précoce de fay_ (syn. of fay early anne), annie laurie, annie trice, annie wylie, antleys, antleys, var. orig. with, apex, _apricot_ (syn. of yellow admirable), _aprikosenartiger härtling_ (syn. of pavie abricotée), _archiduc jean_ (syn. of erzherzog johann), arctic, aremie, _argentée précoce_ (syn. of early silver), arietta, arkansas, _arkansas traveler_ (syn. of arkansas), arlington, arp, _arp beauty_ (syn. of arp), arthur chevreau, artz, asa meek seedling, ashby, g. w., var. orig. by, ashby early, asia, the peach in, - astor, astor, var. orig. with, athenian cling, athens, atlanta, atwater, atwood, atwood, roscius, var. orig. with, aubinel, var. orig. with, augbert, augusta, auguste fau jaune, aurora, austin, _austin cling_ (syn. of austin), _austins late red_ (syn. of austin), australian saucer, autour (syn. of goshawk), _avant-pêche blanche_ (syn. of white nutmeg), avant-pêche jaune, _avant-pêche rouge_ (syn. of red nutmeg), avant-précoce, avant-précoce pavie, avocat collignon, azoo cling, babcock, bagby large, bailey, baker cling, baker early, _baker early may_ (syn. of baker early), baldwin, baldwin, dr. william, var. orig. by, , _baldwin late_ (syn. of baldwin), _baldwin october free_ (syn. of baldwin), _balsey_ (syn. of greensboro), balsey, w. g., var. orig. by, baltet, baltet, var. orig. by, baltimore beauty, baltimore rose, bandel, bandel, var. orig. by, banner, barber, barcelona yellow clingstone, barker, f. g., var. orig. with, , , barker no. , barnard, barnes, baron ackenthal, baron dufour, baron pears, baronne de brivazac, barr, colonel john, var. orig. with, barr early, barr late, barral, var. orig. by, barrington, barrington, var. orig. by, _barringtoner lieblingspfirsich_ (syn. of barrington), _barthélemy_ (syn. of bertholome), bartram, william, quoted, - bass, john b., var. orig. with, bassford, wallace, var. orig. by, batchelder, batchelder, william, var. orig. with, bateham, m. b., var. orig. by, baugh, baumann, eugene, var. orig. by, baxter, isaac b., var. orig. with, , baxter, william, var. orig. with, baxter cling, bayne, dr., var. introduced by, bayne favorite, bayne new heath, bealmear, dr., var. orig, by, bealmear cling, bear early, bear late, beatrice, beauchamp, beausse, joseph, var. orig. by, beauté de la saulsaie, _beauty blush_ (syn. of blush), beauty of salisbury, _beauty of vitry_ (syn. of belle de vitry), _beauty of zoar_ (syn. of zoar beauty), beaver no. , beckwith, var. orig. by, beckwith early, becquett late, _becquette cling_ (syn. of bequette cling), _becquette free_ (syn. of bequette free), _beer_ (syn. of beers smock), beer, samuel, var. orig. with, beer late white cling, beers, joseph, var. orig. by, , beers late, _beers late melocoton_ (syn. of beers late), beers late red rareripe, _beers melcatoon_ (syn. of beers late), _beers red rareripe_ (syn. of beers late red rareripe), beers smock, _béguine de termonde?_ (syn. of congress), bell favorite, bell october, belle, belle de bade, _belle-bauce_ (syn. of belle beausse), _belle bausse_ (syn. of belle beausse), belle de beaucaire, _belle beauce_ (syn. of belle beausse), belle beausse, belle beauté, _belle de bordeaux_ (syn. of bordeaux), belle cartière, belle de charleville, _belle chevreuse_ (syn. of chevreuse), belle conquête, belle de la croix, belle de doué, belle dupont, belle et bonne, _belle of georgia_ (syn. of belle), belle henri pinaud, belle impériale, belle de liège, belle de logelbach, belle de mes yeux, _belle mousseuse_ (syn. of rendatler), belle de neuville, belle d'orbassano, belle de saint-geslin, belle de saint-geslin blanche, _belle tardive d'auvergne_ (syn. of tardive d'auvergne), _belle tillemont_ (syn. of tirlemonter magdalene), _belle toulousaine_ (syn. of belle de toulouse), belle de toulouse, belle de vitry, bellegarde, _bellegarde_ (syn. of galande), _bellis_ (syn. of belle de vitry), bellows, beltzar, beltzar early rareripe, ben hur, benade, benango, bennett rareripe, _bequett free_ (syn. of bequette free), bequette, benjamin, var. orig. by, , bequette cling, bequette free, berckmans, berckmans, l. e., var. orig. by, , , , , , , , , , , berckmans, p. j., var. introduced by, , , , , ; var. orig. by, berenice, bergame, bergen, _bergen yellow_ (syn. of bergen), bermuda cling, bernard verlot, bernardin de saint-pierre, berry, bertero, quoted, bertholome, bessie kerr, best june, besy robin, _beure_ (syn. of butterpfirsich), beverly, robert, quoted, - , beville, bexar, bianci di nizza, bickell, biddle, bidwell, a. i., var. orig. by, , bidwell early, bidwell late, bilice, billmeyer, billmeyer, j. h., var. orig. by, bilyeu, bilyeu, var. orig. with, _bilyeu comet_ (syn. of bilyeu), _bilyeu's october_ (syn. of bilyeu), binney late red, bird beauty, bishop, _bishop early_ (syn. of bishop), bivort, a., var. orig. by, , black, black, j. h., var. orig. by, black, john j., quoted, - black early, _black extra early_ (syn. of black early), black seedling, blacke, blackmore, r. d., var. orig. by, blake, blanc de city, blanchard, blanchard, c. c. f., var. orig. by, blanche d'ekenholm, blanche Énorme de mézel, _blanche de morris_ (syn. of morris white), blanche tardive de sabarot, blanton cling, bledsoe early cling, bledsoe seedling, blodgett, lorin, var. orig. by, blodgett's seedlings, blondeau, blondeau, joseph, var. introduced by, blood cling, _blood clingstone_ (syn. of blood cling), blood free, _blood freestone_ (syn. of blood free), blood leaf, _blood-leaved peach_ (syn. of blood leaf), _blood peach_ (syn. of blood cling), _bloody_ (syn. of sanguinole), _bloody monsieur_ (syn. of sanguinole), bloor, bloor, john, var. orig. by, blush, bogg, var. orig. by, bogg leviathan, _bogg mammoth_ (syn. of bogg leviathan), bogue, j. t., var. introduced by, boisselot, boisselot, auguste, var. orig. by, , bokhara, boley, bollweiler favorite, bollweiler magdalene, _bollwiller de madeleine_ (syn. of bollweiler magdalene), bonanza, bonito, bonlez, _bonlezer lackpfirsich_ (syn. of bonlez), bonne dame de laeken, bonne gros de noisette, bonne grosse, bonne-julie, bonneuil, _bonneuil lackpfirsich_ (syn. of bonneuil), bonouvrier, bonouvrier, var. orig. with, boon, joel, var. orig. with, boquier, bordeaux, _bordeaux cling_ (syn. of bordeaux), boswell, quoted, böttchers frühpfirsich, bourdeaux, _boudin_ (syn. of bourdine), _bourdin lackpfirsich_ (syn. of bourdine), bourdine, bourdine royale, bowers early, _bowslaugh_ (syn. of bowslaugh late), bowslaugh late, boyd early, boyles, boyles, james, var. orig. with, brackett, braddick american, braddick new york, braddick red, braddick south american, braddick summer, _braddick's north american_ (syn. of braddick american), bradley, brahy, madam, var. orig. by, brainard large yellow, brandy, brandywine, brant, braunauer lackpfirsich, braunauer magdalene, _braunauer rote frühe pfirsich_ (syn. of braunauer lackpfirsich), bray, d., var. orig. with, bray rareripe, _bray white_ (syn. of bray rareripe), brett, brevoort, brevoort, henry, var. orig. by, _brevoort seedling melter_ (syn. of brevoort), brevoort seedling pound, brice, dr. s. m., var. orig. by, brice early, brigdon, _brigg's early may_ (syn. of briggs), briggs, _briggs_ (syn. of briggs red may), _briggs_ (syn. of governor briggs), briggs, john g., var. orig. with, _briggs' may_ (syn. of briggs), briggs red may, bright, bright, charles e., var. orig. by, brodie, bronough cling, bronzée, brooks, brooks, var. orig. by, brown, brown, orrin, var. orig. with, brown, w. l., var. orig. by, _brown best_ (syn. of brown choice), brown choice, brown early, brown nutmeg, browns frühpfirsich, bruce, quoted, brunson, buck, buck, l. w., var. orig. by, _buck prolific_ (syn. of decker), buckeye, _buckingham mignonne_ (syn. of barrington), buckinghamshire minion, budd, j. l., var. introduced by, , buisson, charles, var. orig. by, , , , bullard, bullard, var. orig. with, bullard cling, bullmann aprikosenpfirsich, buonaparte, buonaparte, joseph, var. introduced by, burbank, luther, var. orig. by, burchell early, burdock, burford october cling, burgess beauty, burke, burkhardt, john, var. orig. by, burlington large early, burnap, burns, burns, mrs. l., var. orig. by, burns, t. f., var. introduced by, ; var. orig. by, burrough, burton, dr. e. l., var. orig. by, buski, bustian october, butler, j. t., var. orig. with, butler late, butterpfirsich, buttram, c. cling, cabin, cable, cable, e., var. orig. by, cable early, _cable late_ (syn. of cable), _cable late malacatune_ (syn. of cable), cable medium melocoton, cabler indian, _calaway_ (syn. of calloway cling), california, callie scaff, calloway cling, camak serrate, _camak red twigged_ (syn. of camak serrate), _cambray_ (syn. of cambria), cambria, cambridge belle, camden superb, camelia, campbell, campbell, judge, var. orig. by, , , , canada, _canadische frühpfirsich_ (syn. of canada), canary, canner choice, cannon, cannon, h. p., var. orig. with, caper, capital, capps, capps brothers, var. introduced by, , captain ede, _cardinal de furstemberg_ (syn. of sanguine), cardinale, _cardinale_ (syn. of sanguine), carey mammoth cling, carl late, carl wredow, carlisle, carman, carmine, carnation, caroline beauty, caroline incomparable, carolinen härtling, carpenter, carpenter, charles, var. orig. with, , carpenter, william s., var. introduced by, _carpenter cling_ (syn. of carpenter), _carpenter late_ (syn. of carpenter white), carpenter red rareripe, carpenter white, carrelet, var. orig. by, carroll, var. orig. with, carroll late, carson, carter large, cartière, madame, var. orig. with, caruth late, _cass_ (syn. of chili), catharine, _catharinen-lackpfirsich_ (syn. of catharine), . catline, cécile, cécile mignonne, _cedar county hardy_ (syn. of bailey), célestin port, centennial, _chair choice_ (syn. of chairs), _chair's choice_ (syn. of chairs), chairs, chairs, franklin, var. orig. by, chairs' choice (syn. of chairs), chalmer yellow free, champion, champion (of michigan), chancellor, chapman, charles ingouf, charles rongé, _charles schwarzenberg_ (syn. of karl schwarzenberg), chas. wood, _charlestowner ananaspfirsche_ (syn. of pineapple), charlotte, chartreux, chase early, chaucer, quoted, chazotte, chelcie cling, cherokee, cherry peach, chevalier, var. orig. with, chevreau, arthur, var. orig. by, , chevreuse, chevreuse clingstone, chevreuse à feuilles cloquées, chevreuse hâtive, _chevreuse hâtive_ (syn. of chevreuse), chevreuse tardive, chick, i. w. & r. s., var. orig. by, , chick early cling, chili, chili no. , chili no. , chilian, chilow, chilson, chinese blood, chinese cling, chinese crooked, _chinese flat_ (syn. of peento), chinese free, chinese peach, _chinese peach_ (syn. of chinese cling), chisolm, chisolm, w. h., var. orig. with, choate, r., quoted, christiana, christmas seedling, _church_ (syn. of president church), church, rev. a., var. orig. by, cibot, quoted, , citry à fruit blanc, clara, clara mayer, clarissa, clark, lewis, var. orig. with, clark early, clarke, clarke, a., var. orig. with, claudine willermoz, cleffey allen, clémence isaure, cleveland i, cleveland ii, clifton park, climax, clingman may, clinton, cobb mignonne, cobbler, coe golden cling, coggin early, coigneau, cole, _cole early_ (syn. of cole), _cole early red_ (syn. of cole), cole large yellow, cole white, cole white melocoton, coleman, coleman, thomas, var. orig. by, colerane, collinson, peter, quoted, colmar, colon, colonel ansley, colonel mcfarland, colonel tom ruffin, columbia, columbus june, columella, quoted, comet, comice d'angers, comice de bourbourg, compton pure gold, comte d'ansembourg, comte de neperg, comtesse de hainaut, comtesse de montijo, con cling, condor, congress, conkling, conkling, e. m., var. introduced by, connecticut, connett, connett, rev. alfred, var. orig. with, _connett early_ (syn. of connett), _conner cling_ (syn. of connor white), connor white, conover, cook, j. c., var. orig. by, cook, j. s., var. orig. by, cook late, _cook late white_ (syn. of cook late), cook seedling, cooley mammoth, _cooledge's favorite_ (syn. of coolidge), coolidge, coolidge, joshua, var. orig. by, coolidge mammoth, _coolidge's favorite_ (syn. of coolidge), cooner, cooper early, cooper late, cooper mammoth, cooper manet, cora, cora wright, corbeil, corbet, robert, var. orig. by, corlett, corlett, var. orig. by, cornelia, corner, corner, william, var. orig. by, corosa, corriell, cothelstone seedling, coulombier, coulter, thomas, quoted, - countess, counts, counts, h. h., var. orig. with, coupers, _coursoner magdalene_ (syn. of red magdalen), couturier, jean-denis, var. orig. by, cowan late, cox cling, cox october, coxe, dr., var. orig. by, , coxe, william, life of, - ; quoted, , - , var. orig. by, _crane_ (syn. of st. john), crawford, william, var. orig. by, , _crawford's early_ (syn. of early crawford), _crawford's early melocoton_ (syn. of early crawford), _crawford's late_ (syn. of late crawford), _crawford's late melocoton_ (syn. of late crawford), _crawford's superb malacatune_ (syn. of late crawford), cream, crimson beauty i, crimson beauty ii, crimson galande, _crimson mignonne_ (syn. of crimson galande), crockett, _crockett late_ (syn. of crockett), _crockett late white_ ( syn. of crockett), crofts golden, cromwell, var. introduced by, cromwell seedling, crosby, crosby, var. introduced by, crothers, crothers, var. orig. with, crown, cumberland, curtis, cushing, dr., var. orig. by, cutter, _cutter's yellow_ (syn. of yellow rareripe), dabezac, dad, dagmar, daniels, e. t., var. orig. by, , , darby, darby, g., var. orig. by, darwin, charles, quoted, , daun, david hill, davidson, davidson, g. w., var. orig. with, davidson no. , davidson no. , davis, r. a., quoted, - dawson, dawson early, day yellow free, de candolle, quoted, , _de chang-hai_ (syn. of chinese cling), de citry, de corsa heath, _d'egypt_ (syn. of pêche de syrie), de ferrières, de gloria, de grillet, de halle, d'ispahan à fleurs simples, de napier, _de smyrne_ (syn. of unique), de thoissey, de tondensis, de trianon, de tullias, de zelhern, deaconess, dean, martin, var. orig. by, dean brothers, var. orig. by, dean orange, dean red free, december, decker, dekenhoven pfirsich, delavan white, delaware, delloyer, henri, var. introduced by, deming, _deming orange_ (syn. of deming), _deming september_ (syn. of deming), demouilles, demouilles, var. orig. with, dennis, denton, désiré vitry, desportes, baptiste, var. orig. by, despot, desprez, desse, var. orig. by, , _desse hâtive_ (syn. of early purple), desse tardive, _dewey_ (syn. of admiral dewey), dewey cling, dey, di carema giallo, diamond, diana, dickenson, o., var. orig. with, dimia-chatenay, var. orig. by, dix, dixie, docteur burkard, docteur krans, docteur lucas, _dr. berckmans_ (syn. of berckmans), _dr. black_ (syn. of black), dr. burton, dr. cummings, dr. graham white freestone, dr. hogg, dr. pilkington, dr. tomlinson, domergue, domergue, var. orig. by, donahoo, donegal, doom, judge, var. orig. with, _doppelter bergpfirsich_ (syn. of double mountain), dorothy, dorsetshire mignonne, double blanche de fortune, double cramoisie de fortune, double jaune, double mountain, _double swalsh_ (syn. of swalsh), _double de troyes_ (syn. of petite mignonne), dougall, james, var. orig. with, dowling, dowling, john, var. orig. by, _dowling june_ (syn. of dowling), down easter, downer, downing, downing, a. j., quoted, drain seedling, drap d'or, _drap d'or esperen_ (syn. of drap d'or), druid hill, du lin, du moulin, du quesnoy, du thiers, duboisviolette, duboscq, duchess of cornwall, _duchess of york_ (syn. of duchess of cornwall), duchesse de galliera, dudley, quoted, - duff, _duff yellow_ (syn. of duff), dufour, baron, var. orig. with, duggar, _duggar golden_ (syn. of duggar), duggar white, duke of marlborough, duke of york, dulany, dulce, dumas, var. orig. by, dumont, dumont, peter, var. orig. by, dun, dunlap, dunnington beauty, duperron, duperron, var. orig. by, , durasme, durchsichtiger lieblingspfirsich, durham favorite, dutchess, _duveteuse jaune_ (syn. of duff), dwarf aubinel, dwarf champion, dwarf cuba, dwarf orleans, dyer june, dymond, eagle red, earliest mignonne, _earliest red cling_ (syn. of early red cling), _earliest white nutmeg_ (syn. of white nutmeg), early, _early admirable_ (syn. of admirable), _early albert_ (syn. of albert), early alfred, _early anne_ (syn. of anne), _early arlington_ (syn. of arlington), early ascot, early avant, _early barnard_ (syn. of barnard), _early beatrice_ (syn. of beatrice), early beauty, _early belle_ (syn. of hiley), early bourdine, _early canada_ (syn. of canada), early charlotte, early chelmsford, early chevalier, early china, early crawford, early crawford seedling no. , early crawford seedling no. , early cream, early cronesteyn, early curtis, early downton, _early favourite?_ (syn. of favourite), early free, _early george_ (syn. of early royal george), _early grosse mignonne_ (syn. of frühe mignonne), early imperial, early leopold, _early lewis_ (syn. of lewis), early louise, early lydia, _early malden_ (syn. of malden), early michigan, _early mignonne_ (syn. of frühe mignonne), early miners, _early newington_ (syn. of smith newington), early newington free, _early orange peach_ (syn. of yellow rareripe), early purple, early rareripe i, early rareripe ii, early red i, early red ii, early red cling, _early red rareripe_ (syn. of red rareripe), _early red rareripe of rhoades_ (syn. of red rareripe), _early rivers_ (syn. of rivers), _early robinson crusoe_ (syn. of robinson crusoe), early rose i, early rose ii, early rose iii, early royal george, early sam, _early savoy_ (syn. of savoy), early silver, early strawberry, _early sweetwater_ (syn. of sweet water), early tallman, _early tillotson_ (syn. of tillotson), _early toledo_ (syn. of toledo), early de tours, _early victor_ (syn. of victor), early victoria, _early vineyard_ (syn. of grosse mignonne), early wheeler, early white, early white cling, _early yellow alberge_ (syn. of avant-pêche jaune), _early yellow malacatune_ (syn. of red cheek melocoton), _early yellow nutmeg_ (syn. of yellow nutmeg), early york, eastburn, rev. joseph, var. orig. by, eastburn choice, eaton, _eaton golden_ (syn. of eaton), ede, captain henry, var. orig. by, edgar late melting, edgemont, _edgemont beauty_ (syn. of edgemont), edith, _edle magdalene_ (syn. of noblesse), _edlepfirsche_ (syn. of noblesse), edouard andre, eduard lucas, edward late white, eladie, elate, elberta, elberta (hottes), elberta cling, eldred, eldred, var. orig. by, elisabeth bonamy, eliza i, eliza ii, ellison, ellwanger & barry, var. orig. with, elma, elmira, elmo, elodie, elriv, elrose, ely, _emérillon_ (syn. of merlin), emil liebig, emma, _emperor_ (syn. of unique), _emperor of russia_ (syn. of unique), emporia, endicott, engle, engle, c. c., var. orig. by, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , engle, h. m., var. orig. with, , _engle-chili_ (syn. of chili no. ), _englischer lackpfirsich_ (syn. of lemon cling), english, _english chancellor_ (syn. of chancellor), english swash, _engol's mammoth_ (syn. of engle), enon, equinox, ermine, ernoult, ernst, erzherzog carl, erzherzog johann, espagne jaune, essex mammoth, estella, esther, esther doom, _eugen von savoyen_ (syn. of prince eugène), eureka, evangelist, evans, evans, j. c., var. orig. with, evans cling, _evans no. _ (syn. of evans), evelyn, robert, quoted, everbearing, excellente, excelsior, _excelsior_ (syn. of crosby), exquisite, extra early, fabre, fahnestock, fahnestock, a., var. orig. with, fahnestock mammoth, falcon, fame, family favorite, fanning, farrnbacher lackpfirsich, _faucon_ (syn. of falcon), faut, favier, favourite, _favourite large red clingstone?_ (syn. of favourite), favourite red (syn. of favourite), fay, lincoln, var. orig. by, fay early anne, fei tau, felicie, felt, cyrus, var. orig. with, felt rareripe, fenwick, george, quoted, ferdinand, fetters, fetters, john, var. orig. by, fine jaboulay, finley october, finley superb, fisher, fitzgerald, flagg, w. c., var. orig. by, _flat peach of china_ (syn. of peento), _flater's st. john_ (syn. of st. john), fleenor, _fleitas st. john_ (syn. of st. john), flewellen, florence, florida, _florida crawford_ (syn. of florida), florida gem, florida own, florin, floss, floy, michael, var. introduced by, ; var. orig. by, floyd, flushing heath, ford, ford choice, ford late, ford no. , ford no. , ford no. , ford red, ford seedling, fords, fords improved, forrester, fortune, robert, var. introduced by, foster, foster, j. t., var. orig. with, _foster's seedling_ (syn. of foster), four in one, fourteen ounce, fox, _fox's seedling_ (syn. of fox), frances, _francis_ (syn. of frances), frank, frankfort, franklin, franklin, mrs. l. a., var. orig. by, , franquières, franz koelitz, fredenburgh, fredenburgh, w. h., var. orig. by, free mason, freehold, freeman, freeman, h. c., var. orig. by, _freeman late_ (syn. of freeman), freeman white, _freestone_ (syn. of chevreuse à feuilles cloquées), _french blood_ (syn. of sanguinole), french blood cling, french chancellor, french mignonne, french willow leaved, friday, jacob, var. orig. by, _friday seedling_ (syn. of bailey), friers, fritze, august, var. orig. by, fritzes sämling, frogmore golden, _fromentiner lieblingspfirsich_ (syn. of vineuse de fromentin), frühe aus der ortenau, _frühe hollandische_ (syn. of hâtive de holland), _frühe lieblingspfirsich_ (syn. of frühe mignonne), frühe may von brigg, frühe mignonne, _frühe montagne?_ (syn. of white nutmeg), _frühe peruvianerin_ (syn. of chevreuse hâtive), _frühe purpurfirsche_ (syn. of early purple), _früher aprikosenpfirsich_ (syn. of avant-pêche jaune), früher bergpfirsich, _früher peruanischer lackpfirsich_ (syn. of chevreuse hâtive), fruitland, fulkerson, fulkerson, r. p., var. orig. by, fullers galande, furness, g. & a., g. orange cling, gaillard-girerd i, gaillard-girerd ii, gain de montreuil, galande, _galande von montreuil_ (syn. of gain de montreuil), galande pointue, galbraith, galland may, galopin, var. introduced by, ; var. orig. by, galveston, gant noir, garden cling, _garfield_ (syn. of brigdon), garver, b. f., var. orig. by, gass, s. m., var. orig. with, gates, j. w., var. orig. by, , gates cling, gather late october, gaujard, n., var. orig. with, gauthier, var. orig. by, gaylord, geary, _gearys hold-on_ (syn. of geary), gebhardt, gebhardt, benton, var. orig. by, _gelbe frühpfirsche_ (syn. of avant-pêche jaune), _gelbe pfirsche_ (syn. of alberge), _gelbe wunderschöne_ (syn. of yellow admirable), _gelber aprikosenpfirsich_ (syn. of yellow admirable), gem, _gemeiner blutpfirsich_ (syn. of sanguinole), _gemeiner lieblingspfirsich_ (syn. of grosse mignonne), gemina, general bidwell, general custer, general grant, general greene, general harrison, _general jackson_ (syn. of stonewall jackson), general landon, general lee, general taylor, genesee, genueser, _genueser aprikosenpfirsich_ (syn. of genueser), george iv, george late, _george the fourth_ (syn. of george iv), _georgia_ (syn. of belle), georgia press, gerarde, john, quoted, - ; varieties of peaches mentioned by, gest superb, gestreifter blutpfirsich, gettysburg, _gewöhnliche blutpfirsich_ (syn. of sanguinole), gibbon, gibbon october, gibson, gibson, eugene, var. orig. by, , gibson late, gibson seedling, gill, var. orig. with, gillingham, gilman early, gilmore, gladstone, glasgow, glen, glen saint mary nurseries, var. orig. with, glendale, globe, godbey, t. k., var. orig. by, , , goff, e. s., quoted, _gold and purple_ (syn. of golden purple), gold ball, gold drop, gold dust, gold mine, golden, golden ampère, golden ball, golden belt, golden cling, golden cuba, _golden drop_ (syn. of gold drop), golden eagle, golden gate, golden purple, golden rareripe, golden sweet cling, _goldfinch_ (syn. of stark early elberta), goode, _goode october_ (syn. of goode), gooding, gooding, var. orig. by, gordon, gorgas, goshawk, gough late red clingstone, governor, _governor_ (syn. of governor hogg), governor briggs, governor campbell, governor garland, governor hogg, governor hubbard, governor lanham, governor phelps, graham, m. j., var. orig. with, grand admirable, grand carnation, grand monarque, grand reporter, grandeville, granger, grant, var. orig. with, grant cling, grant large yellow, grauer pfirsich, graven red cheek cling, graves, graves, t. h., var. orig. with, graves, william, var. orig. by, _graves early_ (syn. of graves), _graves semi-cling_ (syn. of graves), gravier, var. orig. with, gray, great eastern, great northern, great western, great white, green catharine, _green nutmeg_ (syn. of anne), green rareripe; green winter, greening brothers, var. introduced by, greensboro, gregory, gregory, c. t., quoted, - gregory, william, var. introduced by, _gregory late_ (syn. of gregory), gresham, griffin, george w., var. introduced by, griffing brothers, var. orig. with, , , griffing no. , _griffith_ (syn. of susquehanna), griffith, var. orig. by, grimes, _grimwood's royal george_ (syn. of grosse mignonne), griswold, _grosse blutpfirsche_ (syn. of cardinale), grosse bourdine, grosse charlestowner ananaspfirsche (syn. of pineapple), grosse gallande, grosse madeleine lepére, _grosse-madeline_ (syn. of bollweiler magdalene), _grosse mignon pfirsich_ (syn. of grosse mignonne), grosse mignonne, grosse mignonne lepére, grosse mignonne saint-cyr, grosse montagne précoce, _grosse noire de montreuil_ (syn. of galande), _grosse perseque_ (syn. of persique), _grosse pourprée_ (syn. of late purple), _grosse rothe frühpfirsche_ (syn. of petite mignonne), grosse de stresa, _grosse violette hâtive_ (syn. of violet hâtive), grosse de vitry, grosser blutpfirsich, _grosser pavien-aprikosenpfirsich_ (syn. of pavie jaune), grosster aprikosenpfirsich, grover cleveland, grover red, grubbs cling, guadalupe, gudgeon, guespin, guilloux, var. orig, by, guinn, guinn, var. orig. by, gulley, gulley, a. g., var. introduced by, gullis, benjamin, var. orig. with, gurney, gurney, c. a., var. orig. with, gustave thuret, _guter grosser lackpfirsich_ (syn. of bonne gros de noisette), haas, hacker seedling, hague, haines, _haines' early red_ (syn. of haines), hale, hale, col. e., var, orig. with, hale, j. h., var. introduced by, ; var. orig. with, _hale_ (syn. of hale early), hale early, hale oblong, hale rareripe, hale round, _hale's melocoton_ (syn. of hale), hall, hall, l. p., var. introduced by, hall, m., var. orig. with, hall, r. c., var. orig. by, _hall down-easter_ (syn. of down easter), _hall yellow_ (syn. of hall), halliday, halsteads early, hamilton, alexander, var. introduced by, hamner, hance, _hance golden_ (syn. of hance), _hance golden rareripe_ (syn. of hance), hance smock, hancock, thomas, var. introduced by, hannah, hannah, william, var. orig. by, hape, dr. samuel, var. orig. by, hape, early, hardy white tuscany, harker, _harker seedling_ (syn. of harker), harper early, harris, julius, var. orig. with, harris early, harris winter, harrison, c. w., var. orig. by, harrison, h. e., var. orig. with, harter blutpfirsich, _härtling aprikosenpfirsich_ (syn. of pavie alberge), _härtlings magdalene_ (syn. of smith newington), hartshorn, hartshorn, j., var. introduced by, hastings, hastings rareripe, hatch, hatch, a. t., var. orig. with, hatch, s. o., var. orig. with, hathaway, b., var. orig. by, hâtive d'aikelin, hâtive de chine, hâtive de ferrières, hâtive de gaillard, _hâtive de gascogne_ (syn. of comice d'angers), hâtive de holland, hâtive lepère, hatt, haun golden, haupt, haupt, william w., var. orig. by, , haupt seedlings, hawkins winter, heath, general, var. orig. with, _heath_ (syn. of heath cling), _heath_ (syn. of heath free), heath cling, heath free, heath ringold, heberle brothers, var. introduced by, heckel, heckel, george, var. orig. by, heep, t., var. orig. by, heim lackpfirsich, hemphill, hemphill, judge, var. orig. with, hemskirk, hennepin, quoted, _henrietta_ (syn. of levy), henry clay, henshaw, herbert, hermione, hero, _herz-pfirsiche_ (syn. of pavie alberge), hewellay, hewellen, hicks seedling, high, a. h., var. orig. with, hilard, hilborn, hiley, hiley, eugene, var. orig. with, hill, henry, var. orig. by, hill home chief, _hill madeira_ (syn. of madeira), _hill's chili_ (syn. of chili), hilton, william, quoted, hine, daniel, var. orig. by, hine seedling, hinkley seedling, _hinman_ (syn. of barber), hlubek lieblingspfirsich, hobbs early, hobson, hobson choice, hoffman, martin, var. orig. with, _hoffman pound_ (syn. of morrisania), hoffmanns white, hoffmans favorite, hoffner, _hogg's malacatune_ (syn. of red cheek melocoton), _hold-on_ (syn. of geary), holder, holderbaum, hollister, holsinger, major frank, var. orig. by, holsinger salwey, holt early, honest abe, honest john, honey, honey cling, honey seedling, honeywell, honeywell, john, var. orig. by, hoover heath, _hoover late_ (syn. of hoover heath), _hoover late heath_ (syn. of hoover heath), hopes early red, hopkinsville, horton delicious, horton rivers, houpt october, _hovey cambridge belle_ (syn. of cambridge belle), howard, howell cling, howers frühpfirsich, hoyte lemon cling, hoyte, var. orig. with, hubbard, i. g., var. orig. by, hubbard early, hudson, hudson november, hughes i. x. l., hull athenian, hull late, hulse, john, var. orig. with, hunter, hunter, dr., var. orig. by, _hunter favorite_ (syn. of hunter), husman, george, var. orig. with, , husted, j. d., var. orig. by, , , , , husted early, husted no. , husted no. , husted no. , husted no. , husted no. , husted's seedlings, huston seedling, hutchinson, hyatt, hybride quétier, hydelberg, hynds yellow, hynes, hynes, e. f., var. introduced by, ; var. orig. by, , , , , hynes nectar, _hynes surprise_ (syn. of hynes), hyslop, david, var. introduced by, hyslop cling, hyslop favorite, ice mountain, idaho mammoth, ikeda, quoted, - illinois, imperatrice eugenie, imperial, imperial (middleton), imperial (pettit), improved pyramidal, incomparable, incomparable en beauté, incomparable guilloux, indian, _indian blood_ (syn. of blood cling), _indian blood cling_ (syn. of blood cling), _indian blood freestone_ (syn. of blood free), indian chief, indian rose, infant wonder, ingold, ingold, alfred, var. orig. with, _ingold lady_ (syn. of ingold), ingouf, charles, var. orig. with, ingraham, ingram, var. orig. by, ireland choice, iron mountain, ironclad, isabella, island, ispahan, _ispahaner strauchpfirsich_ (syn. of ispahan), italian, _italian dwarf_ (syn. of dwarf orleans), italian red, _italienischer lackpfirsich_ (syn. of italian), italienischer lieblingspfirsich, ives, john m. var. orig. by, ives blood free, j. van, j. h. hale, jaboulay, armand, var. introduced by, ; var. orig. with, jack ross, jackson cling, jacques, jacques, colonel, var. introduced by, jacques late, _jacques' rareripe_ (syn. of jacques), _jacques' yellow rareripe_ (syn. of jacques), jacquet, c., var. orig. by, jakobi-aprikosenpfirsich, jane, _japan blood_ (syn. of japan dwarf), _japan dream_ (syn. of japan dwarf), japan dwarf, _japan dwarf blood_ (syn. of japan dwarf), japan no. , japan no. , japan no. , japan no. , japan no. , japan no. , japanese early, japanese wonder, _jacques_ (syn. of jacques), jarle late, _jarle late white_ (syn. of jarle late), jarrell late yellow, jarretts late white, jaune d'agen, _jaune d'amerique?_ (syn. of american apricot), jaune de barsac, jaune de bertholon, jaune des capucins, _jaune du comice_ (syn. of comice d'angers), jaune d'espagne, jaune hâtive de doué, jaune de mezen, _jaune de romorantin_ (syn. of romorantin), jellico, jenkins, h. w., var. orig. with, _jennie_ (syn. of jennie worthen), jennie worthen, jennings, _jenny lind_ (syn. of chili), jersey mixon, jersey pride, jersey yellow, _jessie kerr_ (syn. of kerr), jewel, _john haas_ (syn. of haas), _johnson_ (syn. of albert sidney), johnson, w. e., var. orig. with, johnson late purple, jones, jones, j. h., var. introduced by, , ; var. orig. by, , jones, s. t., var. orig. by, jones, thomas, quoted, jones cling, jones early, jones large early, jones no. , jose sweet, josephine, joyce, r. g., var. introduced by, joys early, judd, jühlke liebling, julia, june beauty, june elberta, june rose, juneripe, _jungfern-magdalene_ (syn. of maid of malines), _jungfrau von mecheln_ (syn, of maid of malines), juno i, juno ii, kalamazoo, kallola, kalm, peter, brief mention of life of, ; quoted, , - kalo cling, _kaloola free_ (syn. of kallola), _kanzlerpfirsiche_ (syn. of veritable chancelliere), karl schwarzenberg, katherine, katie, kay, keene favorite, keevit cling, keith, keith, robert, var. orig. with, keller, john, var. orig. by, kelley, h. m., var. orig. by, kelley early, kelly surprise, kelsey, stephen, var. orig. by, kelsey cling, kennard, s. j., var. orig. by, _kennedy carolina_ (syn. of lemon cling), _kennedy lemon cling_ (syn. of lemon cling), kenrick, john, life of, - kenrick, william, life of, ; var. introduced by, kenrick clingstone, _kenrick heath_ (syn. of heath free), kent, l. w., var. orig. with, kent i, kent ii, kernloser aprikosenpfirsich, kerr, kerr, j. s., var. introduced by, kerr, j. w., var. orig. by, , , _kerr cling no. ?_ (syn. of kerr dwarf), kerr dwarf, kestrel, kew seedling, keyport, _keyport white_ (syn. of keyport), kibby golden, kilbourn, kin, yamei, quoted, - king solomon, kinnaman, samuel, var. orig. with, kinnaman early, kirkpatrick, e. w., var. orig. by, , , , _kirschpfirsche_ (syn. of cherry peach), kite, kite, robert, var. orig. with, _kite_ (syn. of early cream), _kite honey_ (syn. of early cream), kitrells favorite, _kleinblühender kanzlerpfirsich_ (syn. of chancellor), kleine charlestowner ananaspfirsche, _kleine lieblingspfirsche_ (syn. of petite mignonne), kleiner blutpfirsich, _kleiner lieblicher lackpfirsich_ (syn. of petite mignonne), _kleiner rother frühpfirsich_ (syn. of red nutmeg), _kleiner weisser frühpfirsche_ (syn. of white nutmeg), klondike, kohler cling, _könglecher lackpfirsich_ (syn. of royale), _könig georgs pfirsich_ (syn. of royal george), _königin olga_ (syn. of queen olga), _königliche magdalene_ (syn. of royal george), knapp castle seedling, knight, thomas a., var. orig. by, , , , knight early, knight mammoth, knight markley admirable, knowles hybrid, krans, dr., var. introduced by, kraus & , _krauser lieblingspfirsich_ (syn. of mignonne frizee), krengelbacher lieblingspfirsich, krummel, _krummel late_ (syn. of krummel), _krummel october_ (syn. of krummel) kruse, var. orig. by, kruse kent, la belle, la chalonnaise, la fleur, la fleur, g. h., var. orig. with, la france, la grange, la magnifique, la reine, la rieva, lacène, var. orig. with, _lackpfirsich von pau_ (syn. of pau), lady anne stewart, lady farham, lady lindsey, lady palmerston, _lady parham_ (syn. of parham), lafayette i, lafayette ii, lafayette free, lakeside cling, lamont, lamont, charles, var. orig. with, lancaster, _lancaster yellow rareripe_ (syn. of lancaster), lansdell, henry, quoted, - lane, lane, var. orig. by, langier, langlicher blutpfirsich, lantheaume, laporte, laporte, a. m., var. orig. by, larents, large early, large early mignonne, _large early mignonne_ (syn. of frühe mignonne), _large early rareripe_ (syn. of large york), _large early york_ (syn. of large york), large-fruited mignonne, _large newington_ (syn. of old newington), large white cling, _large yellow pine apple_ (syn. of lemon cling), large york, _largest lemon_ (syn. of monstrous lemon), larkin, d. f., var. orig. by, larkin early, larkin trophy, last of season, _late admirable_ (syn. of royale) late barnard, late catherine, late crawford, late delaware, late devonian, late elberta, late free white, late mignonne, late morris white, late october, late purple, late rareripe, _late rareripe stevens_ (syn. of stevens late), late red magdalen, _late red rareripe_ (syn. of late rareripe), late robinson crusoe, late rose, late serrate, _late stump_ (syn. of stump), late white, late yellow alberge, laura, laura cling, laurenel, laurent de bavay, lawrence, lawrence, rev. a. b., var. orig. by, lawson, john, quoted, - lawton, lawton, c. w., var. orig. by, la page, quoted, - leader, leatherbury late, leatherland late, lee, var. orig. with, _lee_ (syn. of general lee), _lemon_ (syn. of lemon free), lemon cling, lemon clingstone (hoyte), lemon free, leny winter, leona, léonie, lenoir, leopard, leopold i, leopold ii, _leopold clingstone_ (syn. of leopold i), _leopold free_ (syn. of leopold ii), _leopold magdalene_ (syn. of leopold ii), lepère, lepère, alexis, var. orig. by, , , leroy winter, levy, _levy late_ (syn. of levy), lewenau lieblingspfirsich, lewis, lewis, j., var. orig. with, lewis, n. w., var. orig. by, libra, liefmanns, liermann pfirsich, lilard october, lillian, limon, lina hauser, _lina lackpfirsich_ (syn. of lina hauser), lincoln, lincoln cling, lindley, quoted, lindley i, lindley ii, lindley, j. h., var. introduced by, lindsey, mrs. george, var. orig. by, linzey white, lipscomb, lisk, henry, var. orig. by, lisle, little anne, lizzie, lock cling, _lock late_ (syn. of lock cling), locke, william h., var. orig. by, lockwood, lodge, lola, _lolo_ (syn. of lola), lone ark, lone tree, long leaved, longhurst, longworthy, _longworthy late rareripe_ (syn. of longworthy), lonoke, lord fauconberg mignonne, lord palmerston, lorentz, lorentz, fred, var. orig. with, _lorenz mandl_ (syn. of mandls magdalene), lorèze, jamin, var. orig. with, lottie, loudon, _louise_ (syn. of early louise), louisiana, lounsbury, quoted, love all, lovejoy cling, lovell, lovell white madison, lovett, lovett, j. t., var. introduced by, _lovett white_ (syn. of lovett), lowes favorite, lowets white, lows large melting, lucia, luizet, gabriel, var. orig. by, luizet dwarf, lulu i, lulu ii, luton, luton, j. t., var. orig. by, luttichau, luttichau, baron h. von, lydon cling, lyendecker, j. f., var. orig. by, lynn lemon cling, lyon, lyon, t. t., life of, lyon cling, _lyon mammoth cling_ (syn. of lyon cling), lyons, jacob c., var. orig. with, mcallister, m'clish, mcclung, var. orig. with, mccollister, mcconnell seedling, mccormick, mccowan, dr., var. orig. by, mccowan cling, mccoy, henry, var. orig. with, mccoy free, mccoy seedling, mcdevitt, mcdevitt, neal, var. orig. with, mcintosh, mcintyre late free, mckay, w. l., var. introduced by, ; var. orig. with, mckay late, mckevitt, mckevitt, a., var. orig. with, mckinley, mckinnel, mckinney, mclide seedling, mcnair late, mcneil, mcneil early, macon, mcshaw, madame d'andrimont, madame bernède, madame daurel, _madame edouard pynaert_ (syn. of madame pynaert), madame gaujard, madame malfilâtre, madame pynaert, madeira, _madeira freestone_ (syn. of madeira), _madeleine blanche_ (syn. of white magdalen), madeleine blanche d'anoot, madeleine blanche de doué, madeleine blanche de loisel, _madeleine blanche précoce_ (syn. of white magdalen), _madeleine du comice_ (syn. of comice d'angers), _madeleine de courson_ (syn. of red magdalen), _madeleine dekenhoven_ (syn. of dekenhoven pfirsich), _madeleine d'ekenholen_ (syn. of dekenhoven pfirsich), madeleine hariot, _madeleine hâtive_ (syn. of royal charlotte), madeleine hâtive à moyennes fleurs, madeleine à mamelon, _madeleine à moyennes fleurs_ (syn. of royal charlotte), madeleine paysanne, _madeleine rouge_ (syn. of red magdalen), madeleine striée, madeleine superbe de choisy, madison county mammoth, magdala, _magdalen_ (syn. of white magdalen), magdalen clingstone, maggie i, maggie ii, _maggie burt_ (syn. of maggie i), magistrate, magnifique de daval, magnum bonum, maid of malines, _malacatune_ (syn. of red cheek melocoton), _malacotune_ (syn. of melocotone), malden, malta, malte de gouin, malte de lisieux, malte saint julien, mamie ross, mammoth, mammoth cling, mammoth freestone, mammoth golden, mammoth heath, mammoth melocoton, man, _mandel-pfirsiche_ (syn. of almond), mandelartige magdalene, mandls magdalene, manning, manning, major, var. orig. with, marcella, marguerite, _marie antoinette_ (syn. of yellow rareripe), marie de la rochejaquelein, marie talabot, marionville cling, mark chili, markham, markham, w. d., var. orig. by, marks cling, marlborough, marquis of downshire, marquise de brissac, marshall, _marshall late_ (syn. of marshall), martha fern cling, martindale, martindale, var. orig. by, marwin, dr., var. orig. with, mary, mary choice (kerr), _mary choice_ (syn. of mary), marydel, maryland early, _mascotte_ (syn. of masicot), masicot, mathews, mathews, j. c., var. orig. with, _mathews beauty_ (syn. of mathews), _matthews_ (syn. of mathews), _matthews beauty_ (syn. of mathews), maule early, maurice desportes, _may beauty_ (syn. of st. john), may choice, may lee, may peach, mayflower, mazères, var. orig. by, _mellish favorite_ (syn. of noblesse), melocotone, melting, mena, mendenhall, merlin, merriam, merriam, e., var. orig. by, merriman, merveille de new-york, merveille d'octobre, metelka, meyer, meyer, frank n., quoted, - , , meyer, h. f. w., var. orig. by, meyers rareripe, michelin, michigan i, michigan ii, michigan chili, michigan no. , michigan no. , michigan no. , mid september, mid-season favorite, middleton imperial, mifflin pennsylvania, mignonne (american), _mignonne à bec_ (syn. of À bec), mignonne bosselée, mignonne dubarle, mignonne frizee, mignonne purple, mignonne de saint loup, _mignonne tardive_ (syn. of late mignonne), mikado, miller, miller brothers, var. orig. with, miller cling, _miller cling_ (syn. of miller), miller orchard company, var. introduced by, _millet's mignonne_ (syn. of royal george), millhiser, millhiser, m., var. orig. with, millionaire, miner, minerva, minion, minnich, peter, c., var. orig. by, , , minnie, _minnie_ (syn. of alton), miniot, mint free, _miss lola_ (syn. of lola), _miss lolo_ (syn. of lola), miss mary, miss percival, missouri apricot, missouri beauty, missouri mammoth, mitchell, mitchell, george, var. orig. with, mitchell mammoth, _mittelgrossblühende magdalene_ (syn. of royal charlotte), moas, var. orig. by, mobray heath cling, modena, modeste, mogneneins, molden white, monfrein, monsieur jean, _monstreuse_ (syn. of pavie de pompone), _monströse härtling_ (syn. of pavie de pompone) _monströser lieblingspfirsich_ (syn. of pavie de pompone), _monstrous of douay_ (syn. of orchard queen), monstrous free, monstrous lemon, _monstrous pavie_ (syn. of pavie de pompone), _monstrous pomponne_ (syn. of pavie de pompone), _monstrueuse de doué_ (syn. of orchard queen), monstrueuse de saverdum, montagne tardive, _montabon_ (syn. of montauban), montauban, montgomery late, monticola, _montigny_ (syn. of honey), montreal, moore, h. k., var. orig. with, _moore_ (syn. of moore favorite), moore favorite, moore june, moore rareripe, moore seedling, morel, var. orig. by, morello, morris, robert, var. introduced by, _morris blanche_ (syn. of morris white), morris county, morris red, _morris red freestone_ (syn. of morris red), _morris red rareripe_ (syn. of morris red), morris white, _morris white freestone_ (syn. of morris white), _morris white rareripe_ (syn. of morris white), morrisania, _morrisania pound_ (syn. of morrisania), morton, andrew, var. orig. by, mother porter, mountain cling, mountain rareripe, mountain rose, mountain white, mountaineer, mr. gladstone, _mrs. brett_ (syn. of brett), mrs. huntley, mrs. poinsett, mudeator, matthew, var. orig. with, muhlenberg, dr. h. a., var. orig. by, , , muir, muir, john, var. orig. with, munson, t. v., var. introduced by, , , ; var. orig. by, , , , , munson cling, munson free, murat, murray, b. c., var. orig. with, murray malacatune, murrays early anne, muscade de montauban, muscogee, musi, musk, müskirter aprikosenpfirsich, musser, muyzerwinkel, my choice, myer seedling, myers, myers rareripe, mystery, _nain_ (syn. of dwarf orleans), nain aubinel, nall, nall, var. orig. with, namaper, nancy, nanticoke, napoleon, nash, national, native seedling, natural seedling no. , navar, near, near, john, var. orig. with, nectar, nectarine, nectarine, characters and history of the, - ; explanation of the origin of the, - nectarines, commercial adaptability and value of, in america, - need, _neige_ (syn. of snow), neil (marshall), _neils early purple_ (syn. of grosse mignonne), nelson, nelson seedlings, nesmith, j. f., var. orig. with, nettie corbet, nevins, f. m., var. introduced by, new bellegarde, _new cut-leaved_ (syn. of unique), new england cling, _new ford_ (syn. of ford), new globe, new golden purple, new noblesse, _new prolific_ (syn. of prolific), _new royal charlotte_ (syn. of royal charlotte), _new serrated_ (syn. of unique), new white rareripe, _new york early_ (syn. of smith newington), new york early lemon clingstone, _new york rareripe_ (syn. of large york), _new york white cling_ (syn. of large white cling), _newark seedling_ (syn. of niagara), newhall, newhall, sylvester, var. orig. by, newington (of america), _newington_ (syn. of old newington), _newington magdalene?_ (syn. of old newington), newman, newman, charles, var. orig. by, niagara, nicarde, nichols, nichols, joseph, var. orig. with, _nichols orange cling_ (syn. of nichols), nicholson smock, nicols beauty, nina cling, nivette, _nivette veloutée_ (syn. of nivette), nix, _nix late_ (syn. of nix), _nix late cling_ (syn. of nix), _nix late white_ (syn. of nix), _nix october_ (syn. of nix), noblesse, noblesse early, noblesse of oatlands, _noblesse seedling_ (syn. of alexandra), _noblest_ (syn. of noblesse), noisette, var. orig. with, nonpareil, normand, _normand choice_ (syn. of normand), north china no. , _northern apricot_ (syn. of american apricot), norton, g. h., var. orig. by, norton late, norvell mammoth, norvell, dr. h. v., var. orig. by, norwood, quoted, , novalis, nugent, e. j., var. orig. with, nugent june, number , number h, number , nutmeg, nuttall, thomas, quoted, oakenfull, quoted, oblong, o'bryan, cornelius, var. orig. by, oceana, october beauty, october free, october white, october white clingstone, october yellow, _october yellow clingstone_ (syn. of late yellow alberge), octoberta, oglethorpe, quoted, o'gwynne, oignies, old english, old newington, old royal charlotte, old settler, _old zack_ (syn. of sites old zack), olden, olga, oldmixon, sir john, quoted, , ; var. introduced by, _oldmixon_ (syn. of oldmixon cling), _oldmixon clearstone_ (syn. of oldmixon free), oldmixon cling, oldmixon free, onderdonk, onderdonk, g., var. orig. by, , _onderdonk's favorite_ (syn. of onderdonk), opoix, opulent, _orange_ (syn. of orange cling), orange cling, orange free, orange smock, orchard queen, ord, _orfraie_ (syn. of osprey), oriole, orlando, orleance, orleans, orman, oro, orr, c. p., var. orig. by, ortiz cling, oscar, _oscar black prince_ (syn. of oscar), osceola, osprey, ostrander early, ostrander late, overheiser, oviedo, owen, owen, j., var. orig. with, oxford, ozark queen, padley, padley, william, var. orig. by, page, mrs., var. orig. with, palestine, pallas, _pallas honeydew_ (syn. of pallas), _palmerston_ (syn. of lord palmerston), pansy, paragon, parfumée de montauban, parham, parker, parker, barnes, var. orig. with, parker, j. c., var. orig. with, parkinson, john, quoted, - , - , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; varieties of peaches mentioned by, - parkinson, richard, quoted, - parks, parks, a. l., var. orig. with, _parks' cling_ (syn. of parks), parnell, parnell, j. h., var. orig. by, parson early, pass-violet, patterson, pau, paul boynton, pavie abricotée, _pavie admirable_ (syn. of incomparable), pavie alberge, _pavie alberge_ (syn. of pavie jaune), pavie alberge jaune, _pavie amelia_ (syn. of amelia), _pavie blanc (gros)_ (syn. of smith newington), _pavie citron_ (syn. of lemon cling), pavie demming, pavie duff jaune, pavie duperron, pavie genisaut, _pavie georgia_ (syn. of exquisite), pavie d'italie très hâtif, pavie de jalagnier, pavie jaune, _pavie madeleine_ (syn. of magdalen clingstone), pavie mazères, pavie mirlicoton, pavie muy-swantzel, pavie de pamiers, pavie de pompone, _pavie rouge de pomponne_ (syn. of pavie de pompone), pavie tardif, _pavie tippécanoé_ (syn. of tippecanoe), pavie très-tardif madame vergé, pavien lieblingspfirsich, pavier pleureur, _pavy royal_ (syn. of pavie de pompone), payne, payne, e. b. and sons, var. orig. with, peach, adaptability and variability in the, - ; age of the, in china, - ; behavior of the, in south africa, - ; behavior of the, in south america, ; care of the, in colonial times, - ; chief uses of the, ; diseases of the, - ; early history of the, - ; fruit-characters of the, - ; history of the, in america, - ; history of the, in asia, - ; history of the, in belgium, - ; history of the, in england, - ; history of the, in europe, - ; history of the, in france, - ; history of the, in germany, - ; history of the, in greece, ; history of the, in holland, - ; history of the, in italy, - ; history of the, in japan, - ; history of the, in mexico, - ; history of the, in persia, - ; history of the, in spain, - ; history of the, in turkestan and persia, - ; horticultural classifications of the, - ; insects detrimental to the, - ; mention of the, by chinese writers, ; mention of the, by french writers, - ; mention of the, by greek and roman writers, - , - ; origin of the, - ; origin of the name of the, ; original habitat of the, - ; place of the, in the genus prunus, - ; relationship of the, to the almond, - , - , ; tree- and fruit-characters of the, - ; uses of the wood of the, peach-acreage in new york, - ; -areas in new york, - ; -brandy, commercial value of, ; -breeding, discussion of, ; -culture, where started in america, ; -flowers, value of, in classification, - ; -fruits, value of, in classification, ; -growing, commercial beginning of, in america, - ; commercial development of, in the south, ; commercial development of, in connecticut, ; development of, in new york, - ; development of, in ohio, - ; -industry, climatic conditions affecting the, - ; development of the, in michigan, ; extent of the, in delaware, - ; magnitude of the, in the united states, - ; profit derived from the, - peach-leather, how made, ; use of, -orchard, care of the, - ; planting the, ; -orchards, fertilizers best suited for, - ; intercropping of, - ; locations and sites for, - ; use of cover-crops in, - ; -production, tabulated report of, in the united states, - ; -products, - ; -stones, uses and value of, - ; -tree, ornamental forms of the, ; -trees, number of, in new york, ; -varieties, blooming dates of, - ; season of ripening of, - ; -yellows, discussion of, - ; first notice of, - ; magnitude of, ; ravages of, in delaware, - ; ravages of, in new england, ; ravages of, in new jersey, - ; ravages of, in new york, - ; ravages of, in the central states, - ; regions first affected by, - ; symptoms and means of combatting, - peaches, american, characters of, - ; canning of, as an industry, - ; chinese, illustrations of the fruit-characters of, - ; classification of, by aid of glands, - ; classification of, by onderdonk, - ; costs in the production of, - ; discussion of six varieties of, by pliny, - ; distribution of, from new york, - ; early plantings of, in florida, ; evaporation of, as an industry, - ; first colonial plantation of, ; grading and marketing of, - ; harvesting of, - ; history of, in new england, - ; history of, in new york, - ; history of, in pennsylvania, - ; history of, in virginia, - ; history of, in the colonies, - ; history of, in the south, - ; indian, characters and history of, - ; key to varieties of, - ; new types of, - ; north china group of, - ; ornamental value of, - ; peento group of, - ; practice of budding, when started, - ; pruning of, - ; soils for, - ; south china group of, - ; standard varieties of, ; stocks and the propagation of, - ; types of, - ; varieties of, mentioned by gerarde, ; varieties of, mentioned by parkinson, - peach de pavie, peach du troas, pearce, pearce, p. s., var. orig. by, pearl i, pearl ii, pears, baron, var. orig. by, pearson, pearson, var. orig. by, pearson, j. m., var. orig. with, pearson no. , pêche baboud, pêche de bisconte, pêche blonde, pêche de brahy, _pêche cerise_ (syn. of cherry peach), pêche everardt, _pêche de genes_ (syn. of genueser), pêche grosse violette, pêche d'ile, pêche d'ispahan, _pêche d'italie_ (syn. of italian), pêche jaune hâtive de doné, pêche de lion, _pêche du new-jersey_ (syn. of stump), pêche du quesnoy, pêche quetier, pêche reine des tardives, pêche rouge de mai, pêche de sainte-anne, _pêche de sernach_ (syn. of sernach), pêche souvenir de pierre tochon, pêche de syrie, _pêche du teissier_ (syn. of teissier), pêche théophile sueur, pêche tondu, pêche de trianon, pêche de vérone, pêche de verviers, _pêche de vigne_ (syn. of sanguine de jouy), pêche de vigne blanche, pêche de vigne jaune, pêche de vigne rouge, pêche vineuse jaune, pêcher à bois jaune, pêcher douteux, pêcher à fleur semi-double, _pêcher à fleurs doubles_ (syn. of pêcher à fleur semi-double), _pêcher à fleurs et à fruits blancs_ (syn. of white blossom), _pêcher à fleurs frisée_ (syn. of mignonne frizee), pêcher hâtif de chine, pêcher hybride quétier, pêcher nain à fleur double, pêcher nain d'orléans, pêcher petite madeleine, _pêcher pleureur_ (syn. of pavier pleureur), pêcher thuret, peck orange cling, peento, pendleton, penelope, penhallow, p. d., quoted, - peninsula, _peninsula yellow_ (syn. of peninsula), penn, william, quoted, pennington, peregrine, perfection, period early nutmeg, _persée_ (syn. of persique), persia, fruit species from, persian cling, _persica davidiana_ (syn. of _p. davidiana_), _persica flore pleno_, _persica laevis_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _persica lutea_, _persica nucipersica_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _persica platycarpa_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _persica praecocia_, _persica vulgaris_ (syn. of _p. persica_), persique, _persique clingstone_ (syn. of persique), _persischer lackpfirsich_ (syn. of persique), peruvianischer blutpfirsich, pesca mandorla, pesca melo, peter cling, peters, richard, quoted, - , _petit imperial mammoth white_ (syn. of petite imperial), _petit's imperial_ (syn. of petite imperial), petite bourdine, petite imperial, petite mignonne, petite pavie d'ounous, petite violette hâtive, pettingill early, pfirsich-nectarine, pfirsiche mit nicht ablöslichem stein, pfirsiche von pau, phfleiger, phillips, joseph, var. orig. with, phillips, dr. m. w., var. orig. by, , _phillips_ (syn. of phillips cling), phillips cling, piasa, pickett, picquet, antoine, var. orig. with, picquet late, piel pfirsich, pierce seedling, pignutt late, pinckney, _pine apple clingstone_ (syn. of lemon cling), pineapple, _pineapple clingstone_ (syn. of pineapple), pingree, pitmaston seedling noblesse, plant, _plant cling_ (syn. of plant), _platt pfirsich_ (syn. of peento), pliny, quoted, , - plowden, pocahontas, poinsett, pond late, pond seedling, _pool favorite_ (syn. of poole large yellow), poole island, poole large yellow, porpree, port royal, porter, portugal, _portugiesische pfirsche_ (syn. of portugal), potomac heath, pound hardy, _pourpre dorée_ (syn. of golden purple), pourpre de frogmore, _pourprée_ (syn. of porpree), _pourprée à bec_ (syn. of À bec), pourprée du grand-jardin, pourprée hâtive, _pourprée hâtive_ (syn. of early purple), pourprée joseph norin, pourprée tardive de lyon, _pourprée tardive à petites fleurs?_ (syn. of late purple), powell, _powell's mammoth_ (syn. of powell), powers september, prächtige von choisy, _prachtvolle apricosenpfirsich_ (syn. of yellow admirable), prachtvolle blutpfirsich, prado, präsident griepenkerl, _präsidenten-lackpfirsich_ (syn. of president), prater, g. e., var. orig. by, , pratt, précoce de bagnolet, précoce de beauregard, précoce de bonpas, précoce de chartreuse, précoce de croncels, précoce gaudin, _précoce de hale_ (syn. of hale early), précoce de mezen, précoce du périgord, _précoce rivers_ (syn. of rivers), précoce de saint-assicle, precocious, premier, president, president church, president lyon, preston, preston, var. orig. with, price, price, quoted, pride of autumn, pride of franklin, pride of idaho, pride of northboro, prince, william, life of, - ; quoted, ; var. orig. by, , prince, william robert, quoted, , ; var. introduced by, , , , ; var. orig. by, _prince_ (syn. of late rareripe), prince blood clingstone, prince climax, prince eugène, prince john, prince late yellow freestone, _prince red rareripe_ (syn. of late rareripe), prince of wales, _prince's excelsior_ (syn. of excelsior), _prince's paragon_ (syn. of paragon), _princess_ (syn. of princess of wales), princess paragon, princess of wales, _princesse de galles_ (syn. of princess of wales), princesse marie, _prinz eugen_ (syn. of prince eugène), _prinz von wales_ (syn. of prince of wales), _prinzessin marie von württemberg_ (syn. of princesse marie), _prinzessin von wales_ (syn. of princess of wales), prize, probst friedrich pfirsich, professeur vilaire, prolific, proudfoot, proudfoot, dr., var. orig. with, prunus, pubescent-fruited species of, from the united states, - _prunus andersonii_, habitat of, _prunus davidiana_, characters of, ; origin and dissemination of, - ; specific description of, - ; value of, as a stock, , ; value of, in hybridization, - _prunus eriogyna_, habitat of, _prunus fasciculata_, habitat of, _prunus havardii_, habitat of, _prunus maritima_, use of, as a stock, _prunus microphylla_, habitat of, _prunus minutiflora,_ habitat of, _prunus mira_, characters of, - ; cultivation of, in america, ; origin of, - ; specific description of, - _prunus nana_, _prunus persica_, , ; characters of, - ; botanical and pomological division of, - ; importance of, _prunus persica_ var. _davidiana_ (syn. of _p. davidiana_), _prunus persica_ var. _laevis_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _prunus persica_ var. _necturina_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _prunus persica_ var. _nucipersica_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _prunus persica_ var. _platycarpa_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _prunus persica_ var. _vulgaris_ (syn. of _p. persica_), _prunus persica potanini_ (sub-species of _p. persica_), _prunus subcordata_, use of, as a stock, _prunus texana_, pry favorite, _pucelle de malines_ (syn. of maid of malines), pullen, pullen, isaac, var. orig. by, , _pullen's seedling_ (syn. of pullen), purdy, _purple alberge_ (syn. of alberge), purple peach, pyramidal, quaker, quality, queen, queen caroline, queen of delaware, queen olga, queen of the south, queenes, quetier, quétier, var. orig. by, , quince, quisenburg, james, var. orig. by, _r. e. lee_ (syn. of general lee), r. s. stevens, radclyffe, ragan, z. s., var. orig. by, ragan smock, ragan yellow, rainbow, raisin, rambouillet, ramsey, a. m., var. orig. by, ramsey, f. t., var. introduced by, ; var. orig. with, , ramsey early cling, ramsey late, ranck, ranck, martin a., var. orig. with, _rareripe jaune_ (syn. of yellow rareripe), _rareripe rouge tardive_ (syn. of late rareripe), ray, ray, d., var. orig. with, ray, dr. h., var. orig. by, _ray_ (syn. of raymond cling), raymaekers, _raymaekers' magdalene_ (syn. of raymaekers), raymond cling, rea, john, quoted, , , , , , , , , , read seedling, reagan, red bird, red ceylon, _red cheek_ (syn. of red cheek melocoton), _red cheek malacatune_ (syn. of red cheek melocoton), _red cheek malacotan_ (syn. of red cheek melocoton), red cheek melocoton, red magdalen, red nectarine, red nutmeg, red peach, red rareripe, _red rareripe_ (syn. of morris red), red river, red seedling, redding, reed, _reed early golden_ (syn. of reed), reeks, reeves, reeves, samuel, var. orig. with, _reeves' favorite_ (syn. of reeves), _reeves' late_ (syn. of reeves), reeves mammoth, regan pride, regel, albert, quoted, - _reid_ (syn. of weeping), reid, e. w., var. introduced by, reid, william, var. orig. with, _reid's weeping_ (syn. of weeping), ren, rendatler, reuinsiela, rey, rey, jean, var. orig. by, , reynolds, reynolds, w. m., quoted, richardson mammoth, richmond, rickets, ricketts, joseph h., var. introduced by, riehl, e. a., var. orig. with, riehl, e. h., var. orig. with, riepper, _riesenpfirsche_ (syn. of pavie de pompone), rigaudière, ringold, _ringold mammoth cling_ (syn. of ringold), rival, river bank, rivers, rivers, thomas, quoted, ; var. orig. by, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , rivers early york, _rivers' frühe_ (syn. of rivers), robena, robert, robert lavallée, roberta, robertson, robin, besy, var. orig. by, robinson, joseph j., var. introduced by, robinson, w. p., var. orig. by, , robinson crusoe, rochester, rockey, rockey, j. w., var. introduced by, rodgers, rodman red, _rodman's cling_ (syn. of rodman red), rogers, var. orig. with, rogers, daniel e., var. orig. with, rogers, lloyd n., var. orig. with, rogers i, rogers ii, roman, romorantin, romorantin à chair rouge, ronde de vallabrêques, rose, preston, var. orig. with, _rose_ (syn. of strawberry), rose aromatic, rosebank, rosedale, rosen-magdalene, rosenburg cling, roser, roseville, _roseville cling_ (syn. of roseville), ross, captain a. j., var. orig. with, rossanna, _rossanne_ (syn. of alberge), _rote frühpfirsich_ (syn. of red nutmeg), _rote magdalenenpfirsich_ (syn. of red magdalen), _rothe frühpfirsche von troyes_ (syn. of red nutmeg), _rothe magdalene_ (syn. of red magdalen), _rother aprikosenpfirsch_ (syn. of alberge), _rouge de mai_ (syn. of briggs), round transparent, _roussaine_ (syn. of rossanna), roussane berthelane, roussanne nouvelle, _royal_ (syn. of teton de venus), _royal ascot_ (syn. of marquis of downshire), royal charlotte, royal george, royal george clingstone, royal george mignonne, _royal kensington_ (syn. of grosse mignonne), royal vineyard, royale, royale de barsac, _rozanna_ (syn. of rossanna), rüdiger starhemberg, ruding late, _rumbolion_ (syn. of rumbullion), rumbullion, rumph, l. a., var. orig. by, rumph, samuel h., var. orig. by, runde feine durchsichtige, runyon, var. orig. with, runyon orange cling, rupley, _russel no. _ (syn. of russell), russell, russell, j. m., var. orig. by, russell no. , russet, russian, rust, var. orig. by, rutter, rutter, quoted, - , s. g. french, safranpfirsch (syn. of alberge), _st. ascycles_ (syn. of précoce de saint-assicle), saint barthélemy, saint catherine, st. clair, saint fagus, _saint george_ (syn. of smock), st. helena, saint james, st. john, st. joseph yellow rareripe, st. louis, _saint marguerite_ (syn. of marguerite), saint marie, st. mary, st. michael, sallie worrell, sallville, _salway_ (syn. of salwey), salwey, sanders, sanders, l. t., var. introduced by, , _sanftfarbige_ (syn. of teindoux), sangmel, sanguine, _sanguine cardinale_ (syn. of cardinale), _sanguine à gros fruit_ (syn. of grosser blutpfirsich), _sanguine grosse admirable_ (syn. of prachtvolle blutpfirsich), sanguine de jouy, sanguine de manosque, _sanguine à petit fruit_ (syn. of kleiner blutpfirsich), sanguinole, sanguinole melting, sanguinole pitmaston, _sanguinolente_ (syn. of sanguinole), sargent, sargent, daniel, var. orig. with, _sargent's rareripe_ (syn, of sargent), _saunders_ (syn. of sanders), savart, var. orig. by, savoy, sawyer, scaff, j. d., var. orig. by, _scarlet_ (syn. of sanguinole), scarlet admirable, scarlet anne, _scarlet nutmeg_ (syn. of red nutmeg), scattergood, h. v., var. orig. by, _scattergood no. _ (syn. of superior late), scheuster choice, schieski, schley, schlomer early, schlössers frühpfirsich, schmidberger pfirsich, _schmidberger's magdalene_ (syn. of schmidberger pfirsich), _schnabel pfirsich_ (syn. of À bec), _schnellwachsender lieblingspfirsich_ (syn. of spring grove), schofields seedling, schofields white, _schöne von beauce_ (syn. of belle beausse), _schöne von doué_ (syn. of belle de doué), _schöne jersey pfirsich_ (syn. of unique), _schöne kanzlerin_ (syn. of veritable chancelliere), _schöne magdalene_ (syn. of belle et bonne), schöne pavie, _schöne peruvianische_ (syn. of chevreuse), _schöne toulouserin_ (syn. of belle de toulouse), schöne von vilvorde, schöne wächterin, _schöne aus westland_ (syn. of schöne von westland), schöne von westland, schöner peruanischer lackpfirsich, _schöner peruanischer lackpfirsich_ (syn. of chevreuse), _schöner von vitry_ (syn. of belle de vitry), schumaker, schumaker, michael, var. orig. with, schuyler, eugene, quoted, scott, _scott_ (syn. of scott october), _scott cling?_ (syn. of scott october), scott october, scotts early red, scotts magnate, scotts nectar, _scotts nonpareil_ (syn. of nonpareil), scruggs, sea eagle, seiders, selby cling, sellers, s. a., var. orig. with, sellers cling, sellers free, _sellers' golden cling_ (syn. of sellers cling), semis de madeleine, semis de pêche d'egypte, semis de plowden, sener, sernach, _serrate early york_ (syn. of early york), serrate ispahan, shalcross, j. w., var. orig. by, _shanghae_ (syn. of chinese cling), _shanghai_ (syn. of chinese cling), shannon cling, sharpe, var. orig. by, sharpe no. , sharpe no. , sharpe no. , shaw mammoth, sheester, shelby, shepherd early, sherfey, raphael, var. orig. by, sherfey early, sherman october, shinn, james, var. orig. with, shinn rareripe, shipler, shipler, a. l., var. orig. by, shipley, shipley rareripe, _shipley's late red_ (syn. of shipley), shockley early, _shoemaker's seedling_ (syn. of schumaker), shop, siebolt, sieulle, sill, sill, w. h., var. orig. with, silvan seedling, _silver_ (syn. of early silver), silver medal, simms, simon, sims, _sion_ (syn. of double mountain), sites old zack, skinner superb, slane, slappey, sleeper, w. w., var. orig. with, sleeper dwarf, slindon park, sloan carolina, slocum early, _small white_ (syn. of small white magdalen), small white magdalen, smeigh, smeigh, daniel, var. orig. by, smith, smith, calvin, var. orig. by, smith, captain john, quoted, - smith, dr., var. orig. by, smith, w. w., var. orig. by, , smith favorite, smith indian, smith newington, smithson, smock, smock, var. orig. with, _smock freestone_ (syn. of smock), smooth-leaved royal george, smoothstone, smyrna, sneed, sneed, john f., var. introduced by, sneed, judge john l. t., var. orig. with, snow, _snow_ (syn. of snow cling), _snow_ (syn. of snow orange), snow cling, snow favorite, snow orange, sobiesky lieblingspfirsich, solomon, soulard cling, southern early, southwick, southwick, t. t., var. orig. with, _southwick's late_ (syn. of southwick), souvenir de gérard galopin, souvenir de java, souvenir de jean-denis couturier, souvenir de jean rey, spanish, _spanish clingstone_ (syn. of spanish), späte mignot pfirsich, _späte purpurfarbige pfirsiche_ (syn. of late purple), später lackpfirsich, _später peruanischer lackpfirsich_ (syn. of chevreuse tardive), _später purpurrothe lackpfirsich_ (syn. of late purple), spath seedling, spence, _spitze galand pfirsich_ (syn. of galande pointue), spottswood, spring grove, squaw, stacy, mahlon, quoted, staley, staley, s. l., var. orig. by, standish, var. orig. by, stanley, _stanley late_ (syn. of chili), stanwick early york, stark brothers, var. introduced by, , , ; var. orig. by, stark early elberta, stark heath, stayman, dr. j., var. orig. with, steadley, stearns, stearns, j. n., var. orig. with, , steele, steele, dr. m., var. orig. with, stenson october, stephenson, thomas, var. orig. by, stephenson cling, stetson, stetson, n., var. orig. with, stevens, stevens, b., var. orig. with, stevens, r. s., var. orig. with, stevens late, _stevens rareripe_ (syn. of stevens), _stevenson's oct._ (syn. of stevens late), _stewards late galande_ (syn. of chancellor), stewart, a., var. orig. by, stewart no. , stewart no. , stickler cling, stiles, stiles, dr. e. p., var. orig. with, stilson, stinson, _stinson late_ (syn. of stinson), _stinson october_ (syn. of stinson), stirling castle, stone, stoner, g. w., var. introduced by, _stonewall_ (syn. of stonewall jackson), stonewall jackson, storm, james a., var. orig. by, storm no. , stranahan, _stranahan's late orange_ (syn. of stranahan), strawberry, stroman, var. orig. with, strong, strout early, strunk, strunk, w. p., var. orig. by, stuart, stubenrauch, j. w., var. orig. by, , , , , , studt, stump, _stump-of-the-world_ (syn. of stump), _stump the world_ (syn. of stump), sturtevant, sturtevant, e. t., var. orig. by, suber, suber, var. orig. by, success, sugar (syn. of chili), sulhamstead, summer snow, sumner early, sumner white free, sunrise, sunset, _superb royal_ (syn. of grosse mignonne), superbe de choisy, superbe de trévoux, superior late, sure crop, surpasse, surpasse bon ouvrier, _surpasse melocoton_ (syn. of surpasse), surprise, surprise de jodoigne, surprise de pellaine, surties, surties, var. orig. by, , susquehanna, swainson black, swalsh, _swalze_ (syn. of swalsh), swann free, sweet, sweet, m. e., var. orig. by, sweet water, swick wonder, switzerland, sylphide, _sylphide cling_ (syn. of sylphide), sylvester, dr. e. w., var. orig. by, , _syrische pfirsich_ (syn. of pêche de syria), taber, taber, g. l., var. introduced by, , , , , ; var. orig. by, , , , tacker, tacker, j. w., var. orig. by, tallman no. , tallman no. , tallman no. , tante mélanie, tarbell, tarbell, c. h., var. orig. by, tardive d'avignon, tardive d'auvergne, tardive béraud, tardive chevallier, tardive de gros, tardive des lazaristes, _tardive d'oullins_ (syn. of la grange), _tardive des mignots_ (syn. of späte mignot pfirsich), tardive du mont d'or, tardive de montauban, tardive de passebel, _tardive de ward_ (syn. of ward late), tausch, _tausch's lieblingspfirsich_ (syn. of tausch), taylor, taylor, dr. thomas, var. orig. by, tecumsa, _teindou_ (syn. of teindoux), teindoux, _teint-doux_ (syn. of teindoux), teissier, teissier, var. orig. with, temple late, _temple white_ (syn. of temple late), tennessee, tennessee everbearing, terrel, teter, rev. j. g., var. orig. by, _teton venus_ (syn. of teton de venus), teton de venus, texan, texas, _texas king_ (syn. of texas), thames bank, thissell, g. w., var. introduced by, ; var. orig. by, , thissell free, _thissell white_ (syn. of thissell free), thomas, david, life of, - ; var. orig. with, thomas, george, var. orig. by, thomas, john j., quoted, , ; var. introduced by, , thomas burns, thomas november, thomas rivers, thompson, thompson, james w., quoted, thompson orange, thoytes, mrs., var. orig. with, thurber, thuret, gustave, var. orig. by, , tice, tice, james, var. orig. by, _tice's late red and yellow_ (syn. of tice), tiebout, tiebout, v. j., var. orig. with, tillotson, _tillotson précose_ (syn. of tillotson), tinley october, tippecanoe, tipton, w. k., var. introduced by, tirlemonter magdalene, titus, titus, mrs. sarah, var. orig. with, todd, rev. r. w., var. orig. by, toledo, _toledo prolific_ (syn. of toledo), tonbridge, tong pa, topaz, toquin, tornado, toughina, towns, mrs., var. orig. by, towns early, townsend, transparente ronde, _trauerpfirsich_ (syn. of pavier pleureur), triana, _triomphe_ (syn. of triumph), _triomphe saint-laurent_ (syn. of triomphe de saint-laurent), triomphe de saint-laurent, triumph, troth, _troth's early_ (syn. of troth), _troth's early rareripe_ (syn. of troth), _troth's early red_ (syn. of troth), troy, trueblood late free, tuckahoe, tufts, bernard, var. orig. by, tufts, e., var. orig. by, tufts early, tufts rareripe, turenne, _turenne améliorée_ (syn. of turenne), turner, quoted, _tuscan cling_ (syn. of tuskena), tuskena, _tuskena cling_ (syn. of tuskena), _tuteon de venice_ (syn. of teton de venus), twenty-ounce cling, twyford, tyehurst, tyehurst, e., var. orig. with, ulatis, unique, unnamed chinese, _unvergleichlich schöne_ (syn. of unvergleichlicher lieblingspfirsich), unvergleichlicher lieblingspfirsich, utah cling, utah free, vagaloggia cotogna, vainqueur, valdy, valdy, var. orig. by, van buren, j., var. orig. by, van buren golden dwarf, van deman, van deman, h. e., var. orig. with, van deman early, van lindley, j., var. introduced by, ; var. orig. with, van orlé, var. introduced by, van zandt, van zandt, r. b., var. orig. with, _van zandt's superb_ (syn. of van zandt), vandermark, vanderveer optimum, vanguard, vanmeter, variegated free i, variegated free ii, veitch, var. introduced by, veitch, messrs., var. orig. by, _veloutée de piémont_ (syn. of grosse mignonne), _venusbrust_ (syn. of teton de venus), vergil, quoted, veritable chancelliere, _véritable pourprée hâtive à grande fleur_ (syn. of early purple), verona, verte de beaulieu, very large seedling peach, vessier, victor, victoria, _victoria_ (syn. of early victoria), vilmorin, vineuse de fromentin, vineuse hâtive, vinous purple, violet hâtive, violet muscat, violet musk, _violette galande_ (syn. of galande), _violette hâtive_ (syn. of violet hâtive), violette de montpellier, violetter aprikosenpfirsich, voorheis no. , voorheis silver, _virginia_ (syn. of columbia), waddell, waddell, william, var. orig. with, wager, wager, benjamin, var. orig. with, wake forest, walburton, _walburton admirable_ (syn. of walburton), waldo, walker, walker, h. r., var. introduced by, walker early, _walker's variegated free_ (syn. of walker), wallace, wallen, var. orig. with, waller, waller brothers, var. orig. by, wallis, henry, var. orig. with, wallis best, wallis heath free, walter early, ward, dr. a., var. orig. by, ward late, _ward's freestone_ (syn. of ward late), _ward's late free_ (syn. of ward late), ware, ware, w. w., var. orig. with, wark, wark, james, var. orig. by, warren, william g., quoted, washington, washington, quoted, washington clingstone, _washington rareripe_ (syn. of washington), _washington red freestone_ (syn. of washington), waterloo, watkin cling, watkin early, waugh, f. a., quoted, weaver, weaver, d. w., var. orig. by, weber, r. h., var. orig. by, weber golden free, weber prize, webster, captain daniel, var. orig. by, weed, weed, george, var. orig. with, weeping, weihnachts-aprikosenpfirsich, _weinhafte fromentinerpfirsche_ (syn. of vineuse de fromentin), _weiniger lieblingspfirsich_ (syn. of early purple), weisse charlotte, _weisse frühpfirsche_ (syn. of white nutmeg,) _weisser härtling_ (syn. of smith newington), welch, welch, charles b., var. introduced by, weld, eben, var. orig. by, weld freestone, wellington, west, westbrook, c. w., var. introduced by, western newington, whaley, mark, var. orig. by, whaley favorite, wheatland, wheatley, wheatstone, wheeler early, wheeler late, wheeler late yellow, white, w. s., var. orig. with, white ball, white blossom, _white blossomed incomparable_ (syn. of white blossom), white cling, white double crop, _white english_ (syn. of heath cling), white globe, white imperial, white july, white june, white magdalen, white monsieur, white nectarine, white nutmeg, white pace, _white rareripe_ (syn. of morris white), ; (syn. of nivette), white winter, whitehead red heath, whitlow, w. h., var. orig. with, whitlow choice, wiard, wiard, harry, var. orig. with, wickson, quoted, - wiggins, wilbur, wilcox, deacon pitman, var. orig. with, wilder, _wilder blutpfirsich_ (syn. of french blood cling), wiley, h. s., var. introduced by, wilkins, wilkins, colonel, var. orig. with, wilkins, edward, quoted, _wilkins cling_ (syn. of wilkins), willard, willard, s. d., var. orig. with, _willermoz_ (early crawford), willett, williams, williams, j. f., var. orig. by, williams catherine, williams cling, williams early purple, _williams new york?_ (syn. of large white cling), williamson, williamson, david, var. orig. by, _williamson choice_ (syn. of williamson), williamson cling, willow-leaf, willson, willson, pierpont, var. orig. with, wilson, wilson, e. h., quoted, - windoes, wine, winesburgh large yellow, winifred, winnepesaukee, wirt lady, witham seedling, woburn early mignonne, woerner, wonderful, wood, allen l., var. introduced by, , wood, c. w., var. orig. by, wood, ira l., var. orig. by, woodlawn golden, woodman choice, woolsey, _woolsey nebraska_ (syn. of woolsey), worcester, worcester, dr. j. warren, var. orig. by, world fair, worrell, mrs. sallie, var. orig. by, _worrell_ (syn. of sallie worrell), worth, worthen, var. orig. with, _worthen_ (syn. of jennie worthen), wright, wright, var. orig. with, wright, charles, var. introduced by, wright, w. f., var. orig. by, wright seedling, _wunderschöner lackpfirsche_ (syn. of admirable), wyandotte cling, wylie, john, var. orig. by, wylie cling, xx yellow, yates early, yates red cling, yazoo, yellow admirable, _yellow alberge_ (syn. of alberge), _yellow alberge clingstone_ (syn. of pavie alberge), yellow apricot, yellow august, _yellow blanton cling_ (syn. of blanton cling), yellow chance, yellow chevreuse, _yellow cobbler_ (syn. of cobbler), yellow extra, yellow globe, _yellow malacatune_ (syn. of red cheek melocoton), yellow mignonne, _yellow mystery_ (syn. of mystery), yellow nutmeg, yellow peach, yellow preserving, yellow rareripe, yellow rose, _yellow st. john_ (syn. of st. john), yellow seedling, yellow swan, _yellow tuscany_ (syn. of tuskena), yenshi, _yenshi hardy_ (syn. of yenshi), yocum, york pearl, _york précoce_ (syn. of early york), yulu, yum yum, zane, _zartgefärbter lackpfirsich_ (syn. of teindoux), zea, zelhemer lieblingspfirsich, zelia, zell, zella, zipf seedling, zoar beauty, _zwergpfirsich_ (syn. of dwarf orleans), footnotes: [ ] wickson _cal. fruits_ - . . "_trays for drying._--the fruit is placed upon trays for exposure to the sun. there is great variation in the size of the trays. the common small tray is made of one-half inch sugar-pine lumber two feet wide and three feet long, the boards forming it being held together by nailing to a cleat on each end, one by one and a quarter inches, and a lath or narrow piece of half-inch stuff is nailed over the ends of the boards, thus stiffening the tray and aiding to prevent warping. a large tray which is used by some growers is four feet square, and is made of slats three-eighths of an inch thick, and one and a half inches wide, the slats being nailed to three cross slats three-eighths of an inch thick and three inches wide, and the ends nailed to a narrow strip one-half inch thick by three-quarters of an inch wide on the other side. since large drying yards have been supplied with tramways and trucks for moving the fruit instead of hand carriage, larger trays, three feet by six or three feet by eight, have been largely employed. these tramways lead from the cutting sheds to the sulphur boxes and thence to various parts of the large drying grounds, making it possible to handle large amounts of fruit at a minimum cost. _protecting fruit from dew._--in the interior there are seldom any deposit of dew in the drying season but occasionally there are early rains before the drying season is over. the fruit is then protected by piling the trays one upon another, in which operation the thick cleats serve a good purpose. in dewy regions the trays are piled at night, or cloth or paper is sometimes stretched over the fruit, thus reducing the discoloration resulting from deposits of moisture upon it. _drying floors._--for the most part the trays are laid directly on the ground, but sometimes a staging of posts and rails is built to support them, about twenty inches from the ground. the drying trays are sometimes distributed through the orchard or vineyard, thus drying the fruit with as little carrying as possible. others clear off a large space outside the plantation and spread the trays where full sunshine can be obtained. drying spaces should be selected at a distance from traveled roads, to prevent the deposit of dust on the fruit * * *. _grading._--it is of great advantage in drying to have all the fruit on a tray of approximately the same size, and grading before cutting is advisable. machines are now made which accomplish this very cheaply and quickly. _cutting-sheds._--shelter of some kind is always provided for the fruit-cutters. sometimes it is only a temporary bower made of poles and beams upon which tree branches are spread as a thatch; sometimes open-side sheds with boarded roof, and sometimes a finished fruit-house is built, two stories high, the lower story opening with large doors on the north side, and with a large loft above, where the dried fruit can be sweated, packed, and stored for sale. the climate is such that almost any shelter which suits the taste of the purse of the producer will answer the purpose. _sulphuring._--the regulations promulgated under the pure food law enacted by congress in established an arbitrary limit to the percentage of sulphur compounds in evaporated fruits, which was shown by producers to be destructive to their industry, and otherwise unwarranted and unreasonable. as a result of their protest the enforcement of such regulations was indefinitely postponed, pending the results of scientific investigation which began in . from the point of view of the california producer it must be held that before the employment of the sulphur process, california cured fruits were suitable only to the lowest culinary uses. they were of undesirable color, devoid of natural flavor, offensive by content of insect life. they had no value which would induce production and discernible future. placing the trays of freshly cut fruit in boxes or small 'houses,' with the fumes of burning sulphur, made it possible to preserve its natural color and flavor during the evaporation of its surplus moisture in the clear sunshine and dry air of the california summer. it also prevented souring, which with some fruits is otherwise not preventable in such open air drying, and it protected the fruit from insect attack during the drying process. by the use of sulphur and by no other agency has it been possible to lift the production of cured fruits of certain kinds from a low-value haphazard by-product to a primary product for which californians have planted orchards, constructed packing houses and made a name in the world's markets. the action of sulphuring is not alone to protect the fruit, it facilitates evaporation so that about one-half less time is required therefor. not the least important bearing of this fact is the feasibility of curing fruits in larger pieces. the grand half-peaches, half-apricots, half-pears of the california cured fruits are the direct result of the sulphur process. without it the fruit must be cut into small sections or ribbons, which in cooking break down into an uninviting mass, while, with the sulphuring, it is ordinary practice to produce the splendid halves with their natural color so preserved that they lie in cut glass dishes in suggestive semblance to the finest product of the canners, and are secured at a fraction of the cost. there are various contrivances for the application of sulphur fumes to the freshly-cut fruit. some are small for hand carriage of trays; some are large and the trays are wheeled into them upon trucks. the most common is a bottomless cabinet about five or six feet high, of a width equal to the length of the tray and a depth a little more than the width of the tray. the cabinet has a door the whole width of one side, and on the sides within cleats are nailed so that the trays of fruit slip in like drawers into a bureau. some push in the trays so that the bottom one leaves a little space at the back, the next a little space at the front, and so on, that the fumes may be forced by the draft to pass between the trays back and forward. the essentials seem to be open holes or dampers in the bottom and top of the cabinet so that the fumes from the sulphur burning at the bottom may be thoroughly distributed through the interior, and then all openings are tightly closed. to secure a tight chamber the door has its edge felted and the cabinet is made of matched lumber. the sulphur is usually put on a shovel or iron pot, and it is ignited by a hot coal, or a hot iron, or it is thrown on paper of which the edges are set on fire, or a little alcohol is put on the sulphur and lighted, etc. the sulphur is usually burned in a pit in the ground under the cabinet. the application of sulphur must be watchfully and carefully made, and the exposure of the fruit should only be long enough to accomplish the end desired. the exposure required differs for different fruits, and with the same fruits in different conditions, and must be learned by experience. _grading and cleaning._--after the fruit is sufficiently dried (and it is impossible to describe how this point may be recognized except by the experienced touch), it is gathered from the trays in to large boxes and taken to the fruit house. some growers put it into a revolving drum of punctured sheet iron, which rubs the pieces together and separates it from dust, etc., which falls out through the apertures as the drum revolves. others empty the fruit upon a large wire-cloth table and pick it over, grading it according to size and color, and at the same time the dust and small particles of foreign matter fall through the wire cloth. the fanning mill for cleaning grain may also be used for rapid separation of dirt, leaves, etc., with proper arrangement of metal screens. _sweating._--all fruit, if stored in mass after drying, becomes moist. this action should take place before packing. to facilitate it, the fruit is put in piles on the floor of the fruit house and turned occasionally with a scoop shovel; or, if allowed to sweat in boxes, the fruit is occasionally poured from one box to another. the sweating equalizes the moisture throughout the mass. some large producers have sweat-rooms with tight walls, which preserve an even temperature. no fruit should be packed before 'going through the sweat.' if this is not done, discoloration and injury will result. _dipping before packing._--all fruits except prunes can be packed in good condition without dipping, provided the fruit is not over-dried. efforts should be made to take up the fruit when it is just sufficiently cured to prevent subsequent fermentation. if taken from the trays in the heat of the day and covered so that the fruit moth can not reach it there is little danger of worms. the highest grades of fruit are made in this way. if, however, the fruit has been over-dried or neglected, it can be dipped in boiling water to kill eggs of vermin and to make the fruit a little more pliable for the press. the dipping should be done quickly, and the fruit allowed to drain and then lie in a dark room, carefully covered, for twenty-four hours before packing. _packing._--to open well, packages of dried fruit should be 'faced.' the many fine arts of paper lining, etc., must be learned by observation. flatten some fair specimens of the fruit to be packed (and reference is especially made to such fruits as apricots, peaches and nectarines) by running them through a clothes wringer or similar pair of rollers set to flatten but not crush the fruit. do not face with better fruit than the package is to contain. it is a fraud which will not in the end be profitable. lay the flattened fruit (cup side down) neatly in the bottom of the box. fill the box until it reaches the amount the box is to contain, and then apply the press until the bottom can be nailed on. invert the box and put on the label or brand; the bottom then becomes the top. many different kinds of boxes are used. a very good size is made of seasoned pine, six inches deep by nine inches wide by fifteen inches long, inside measurements, and it will hold twenty-five pounds of fruit. * * * _peaches._--take the fruit when it is fully ripe, but not mushy; cut cleanly all around to extract the pit and put on trays cup side up; get into the sulphur box as soon as possible after cutting. peaches are dried both peeled and unpeeled, but drying without peeling is chiefly done. peeling is done with the small paring machines or with a knife. peeling with lye has been generally abandoned because of discoloration of the fruit after packing, although it can be successfully done by frequently changing the lye and using ample quantities of fresh water for rinsing after dipping. clingstone peaches are successfully handled with curved knives and spoon-shaped pitters in conjunction with ordinary fruit knives. different styles are carried at the general stores in the fruit districts, and individuals differ widely in their preferences. the weight of dried peaches which can be obtained from a certain weight of fresh fruit, depends upon the variety; some varieties yield at least a third more than others, and clings yield more than freestones as a rule. dry-fleshed peaches, like the muir, yield one pound dry from four or five pounds fresh, while other more juicy fruits may require six or seven pounds. _nectarines._--nectarines are handled like peaches; the production of translucent amber fruit in the sun depends upon the skillful use of sulphur." [ ] _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ . . [ ] information supplied by letter. [ ] smith, erwin f. _u. s. d. a. div. of bot. bul._ no. = =: , . . this reference as well as most of those that follow, was found in bulletin , division of botany, united states department of agriculture, the most complete account we have of peach-yellows, whether of historical facts or of natural history. [ ] smith, erwin f. _u. s. d. a. div. of bot. bul._ no. = =: , . . [ ] smith, erwin f. _u. s. d. a. div. of bot. bul._ no. = =: . . [ ] _ibid._ . . [ ] coxe, wm. _cult. fr. trees_ - . . [ ] prince, wm. _treat. hort._ , . . [ ] _report of u. s. com. patents_ . . [ ] _am. pom. soc. rept._ . . [ ] rutter _cult. & diseases of the peach_ . . [ ] _horticulturist_ = =: . . [ ] _am. farmer_ - . . [ ] _peach yellows, houghton farm experiment department ser. ._ no. = =: - . . [ ] _horticulturist_ . . [ ] _n. y. farmer and hort. repository_ . . [ ] _cultivator_ . . [ ] _can. hort._ - . . [ ] _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . [ ] _u. s. d. a. condition of growing crops_ august. . [ ] _ibid._ [ ] _n. y. farmer and hort. repository_ . . [ ] yoemans, john l. _rpt. of u. s. com. of patents_ . . [ ] _conn. bd. agr. rpt._ . . [ ] _ibid._ . [ ] _trans. mass. hort. soc._ pt. = =: . . [ ] _houghton farm exp. dept._ ser. . no. = =: . . [ ] _proc. am. pom. soc._ . . [ ] _rpt. u. s. com. patents_ . . [ ] _ibid._ . [ ] smith, erwin f. _u. s. d. a. div. of bot. bul._ = =: . . [ ] _ibid._ . [ ] _cult. & count. gent._ . . [ ] _ibid._ . [ ] _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . [ ] gulley, a. g. _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . [ ] ramsdell, j. g. _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . [ ] lannin, joseph _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . [ ] black, john j. _cult. peach & pear_, . . [ ] _cultivator_ . . [ ] _horticulturist_ . . [ ] dunlap, dr. f. s. _u. s. d. a. div. of bot. bul._ no. = =: . . [ ] smith, erwin f. _u. s. d. a. div. of bot. bul._ no. = =: . . [ ] smith, erwin f. _u. s. d. a. div. of bot. bul._ no. = =: - . . [ ] welsh, f. s. _letter_ june , . [ ] for a full report of this investigation see the report of the new york state fruit-growers association - . . [ ] hedrick, u. p. _n. y. sta. bul._ = =: . [ ] goff, e. s. _gard. & for._ = =: . . [ ] welsh, f. s. and anderson, e. h. _the marketing of new york state peaches_ . . [ ] welsh, f. s. and anderson, e. h. _the marketing of new york state peaches_ . . [ ] _ibid._ - . . [ ] for a brief history of william prince, the first, and his contributions to american pomology, the reader is referred to _the plums of new york_, page . [ ] for a brief history of the life and horticultural activities of andrew jackson downing, whose likeness is shown in the frontispiece of _the peaches of new york_, the reader is referred to _the cherries of new york_, page . [ ] _the plums of new york_ is dedicated to william robert prince through the likeness shown of him in the frontispiece. a brief history of his life is given on page of _the grapes of new york_ and reprinted on page of _the plums of new york_. [ ] _fruit trees_, published in by william coxe, is the first american pomology. though written by an amateur, during most of his life a merchant, his work was done with so much care and exhibits such nice discrimination in selecting, describing and discussing varieties of fruits that until the later and more complete work of andrew jackson downing and charles downing, coxe's _fruit trees_, competing with several other manuals, was the standard pomological work of america. william coxe was born in philadelphia, may , , and died near burlington, new jersey, february , . he seems to have inherited wealth and with it scholarly habits and such refinement and charm of personality that in philadelphia and later in burlington, to which place he removed in early manhood, he was one of the leaders in literary, scientific and social circles. his tastes early led him to the cultivation of fruit and he began to grow the varieties then to be had in america and to import sorts from england and france so that by he was able to say that he had been "for many years actively engaged in the rearing, planting and cultivating fruit trees on a scale more extensive than has been attempted by any other individual in this country." previous to this for some years, how long cannot be said, he was the moneyed partner with one daniel smith in what, for the times, was an extensive fruit-tree and ornamental nursery. demands for information became so frequent that he determined to put his knowledge in print and his _fruit trees_ was the result. the objects he sought to obtain in writing are well set forth in the title page as follows: "a view of the cultivation of fruit trees, and the management of orchards and cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of native and foreign apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cherries, cultivated in the middle states of america; illustrated by cuts of two hundred kinds of fruits of the natural size; intended to explain some of the errors which exist relative to the origin, popular names, and character of many of our fruits; to identify them by accurate descriptions of their properties, and correct delineations of the full size and natural formation of each variety; and to exhibit a system of practice adapted to our climate, in the successive stages of a nursery, orchard, and cider establishment." he was at one time a member of the state legislature and later a congressman intimately associated with daniel webster. he was, also, an honorary member of the horticultural society of london to which during many years he was a faithful correspondent. it was coxe's privilege to see the very beginnings of commercial peach-growing in america and through his nursery, his orchard and his book he contributed much to american peach-culture. [ ] theodatus timothy lyon, fruit-grower, experimenter and writer, was for many years the leading pomological authority of his adopted state, michigan. t. t. lyon, as he always signed his name, was born in lima, new york, january , , and died in south haven, michigan, february , . at the age of fifteen he moved with his parents to michigan where until his thirty-first year, in , he worked at most of the arts and crafts practiced by pioneers in a new country. in the year named, he began the career of horticulturist, by planting a nursery at plymouth, michigan. in the nearby regions french missionaries had early planted orchards and old settlers had long been importing varieties of fruit. the nomenclature of these fruits was in uttermost confusion. t. t. lyon set himself the task of ascertaining the correct names of these varieties in the old settlements of the state. the result was he became the pomological authority of the state. in mr. lyon moved to the famous "_peach-belt_" of western michigan, where he lived until his death. here, at first, he was president of a prominent nursery company. in he was elected president of the state horticultural society and continued as its active president until and from then on until his death was honorary president. in t. t. lyon wrote a _history of michigan horticulture_ which was published in the seventeenth report of the state horticultural society. from the beginning of his interests in horticulture in southwestern michigan mr. lyon was particularly interested in peaches--growing seedlings, testing new varieties, planting orchards and in every way helping to forward the great peach-industry of the region. he was probably, in his time, the best informed, the most accurate and the most critical judge of peaches in this country. in he was given charge of the south haven sub-station of the michigan experiment station which gave him added facilities for studying and describing fruits and a means of publishing, through his connection with the experiment station, bulletins on fruits. these, for accuracy of description of varieties, are still unsurpassed among american pomological publications. besides these bulletins, the fruit-lists in the reports of the michigan horticultural society and in the american pomological society, during the last half of the nineteenth century, show the results of his accurate judgment of fruits. a modest man, shrinking from publicity, his printed works but poorly represent his vast knowledge of fruits and his great influence in the betterment of american pomology. [transcriber's note: page , "but appear he peach-growers" was changed to read "but appear to peach-growers". page , "hazelhurst, mississippi" changed to read "hazlehurst, mississippi". page , "pavie genisant" was changed to read "pavie genisaut". inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.] produced by core historical literature in agriculture (chla), cornell university) [transcriber's note: bold text denoted by equal signs. italics denoted with underscores.] [illustration: charles downing] state of new york--department of agriculture twenty-second annual report--vol. --part ii the cherries of new york by u. p. hedrick assisted by g. h. howe o. m. taylor c. b. tubergen r. wellington report of the new york agricultural experiment station for the year ii albany j. b. lyon company, state printers new york agricultural experiment station, geneva, n. y., _january , _ _to the honorable board of control of the new york agricultural experiment station_: gentlemen:--i have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript copy for part ii of the d annual report of this station. this contribution is the fourth monograph on the fruits of new york state, prepared under your direction by the horticulturist of this institution and his associates. the cherry, which this manuscript discusses, is undoubtedly most widely grown of the tree-fruits of the state; for within easy reach of every rural housewife--in orchard or garden, along roadside or lane--the "pie cherry" will be found; and many a lawn, even in village or city, is graced by the stately trees which bear the delicious yellow spanish or black tartarian. in many parts of the state, also, cherry growing is an industry of much commercial importance, with orchards exceeded in value by those of the apple and peach alone. because of its widespread popularity and commercial importance the cherry well merits treatment in this place in the series of monographs. it is hoped and believed that the growers and lovers of the fruit will appreciate and utilize to good advantage the result here presented of years of painstaking work by the authors. the discussions are based not alone on station experience with hundreds of the thousand or more varieties described, but as well upon the collected observations of many cherry growers and the expressed judgments of the leading pomologists who have been interested in this fruit. w. h. jordan, _director_ preface this is the fourth of the monographs on the fruits of temperate north america published by the new york agricultural experiment station. the nature and purposes of these treatises have been set forth in the prefaces of preceding volumes, but a summary of the purposes, with needed emphasis on several, is given for the convenience of all readers and the enlightenment of those who may not have the first three books. _the cherries of new york_ contains an historical account of cultivated cherries, the botany of this fruit, a statement of its present economic status in america, descriptions of all known varieties of cherries, the synonymy and bibliography of the species and varieties, and biographical sketches of the persons who have contributed materially to cherry culture in america. the most important varieties are illustrated in colors. everything that was thought would be helpful in breeding cherries has been included, and special search has been made for such material. so, too, whatever was thought to be of interest to students of ecology and of plant distribution has been added. in the monographs on grapes and plums it was necessary to devote much space to the botanical relationship of these fruits since each contains more than a score of species under cultivation, some of which are scarcely known and most of which are extremely variable. the botany of cultivated cherries is comparatively simple and has been made plain by botanical writers. yet the contemplation of the several species from a horticultural standpoint adds something, we believe, to the botany of cherries, especially as concerns the forms of the sweet cherry and the sour cherry which have been variously treated by botanists. as compared with their congeners, especially the plums, the economic species of cherries are remarkably well delimited, showing far less responsiveness to environment and having seemingly less inherent variation, so that there need be little confusion in botanical classification. on the other hand varieties are so similar that it is only with the greatest difficulty that closely related sorts are distinguished and there is great confusion in the synonymy, the chief task of the present work being to distinguish the true names from the synonyms of the varieties described. in _the cherries of new york_, as in the preceding fruit books from this station, effort has been made to give as accurately as possible the region in which the species and varieties grow best and to set forth fully the local prejudices of the fruits. such knowledge cannot but be of value in determining the factors which govern the distribution of plants. the establishment of community relationships and description of plant communities now constitute an important part of botany on the one side and of geography on the other. no phenomena give better expression of the climate and the soil of a region than plant communities. when monographs of several of the fruits of temperate north america shall have been completed, with statements of likes and dislikes of the fruits and their varieties as to climate and soil, material should be available to establish plant communities from which can be drawn valuable generalizations. all, howsoever interested in pomology, are dependent upon descriptions of fruits. a well-made description of a fruit, to one mentally equipped to interpret it, is second only, in the study of pomology, to having the fruit itself. with but few exceptions the descriptions of the major varieties are made first hand from cherries growing on the station grounds, though in many cases fruits from different localities have been compared with those home-grown. since there are fewer varieties of cherries than of plums, it has been possible to describe and illustrate a greater proportion of the sorts under cultivation than in the book on plums, yet a selection has had to be made of the worthiest of the many kinds. the choice of sorts for full descriptions and color-plates has been determined: ( ) by the present value of the variety; ( ) the probable value if the variety be a novelty; ( ) by the value of the data to the cherry breeder; ( ) because of historical value--to show what the trend of cherry evolution has been; ( ) to show the relationships of species and varieties. the varieties not illustrated nor fully described are divided into two further groups in accordance with the same considerations. in botanical nomenclature the code adopted by the international botanical congress, held at vienna in , has been used. in the use of horticultural names we have followed somewhat closely the rules of the american pomological society, though in many cases strict observance of these rules, poor at best, would have added to rather than lessened the confusion in horticultural nomenclature and, therefore, they have been honored in the breach rather than in the observance. the references given are those that have been of use in ascertaining the history, the economic status, or the description of the variety that follows--no more, no fewer. these constitute a very small proportion of the references that have been read--a tremendous task involving two or three years' work for several persons. so, too, it has been a herculean task to search out the synonyms of cherries. french, german, english and american books on pomology overflow with such synonyms and all in a state of "confusion worse confounded." an enormous amount of work has been done in trying to bring order out of this confusion. many of the synonyms of varieties have been given in times past because of adaptations to local environment. such naming of ecologic forms is not an unmixed evil, since it draws attention to variable varieties and characters which otherwise might be overlooked. under the ferment of mendelian and de vriesian ideas we seem to be at the beginning of an era of great improvement of plants. there have never been well-directed efforts to improve fruits, yet something has been done with all. now, when there is an onrush of new discoveries in plant-breeding, seems to be a particularly opportune time to tell all that can be learned about how cherries have been brought from their wild state to their present perfection. this we try to do in giving the origin and history of varieties, especially as to parentage and manner of origin, though such information is scant and very fragmentary. as in the previous fruit books some prominence is given in foot-notes to biography. a knowledge of the career of those who have been giants in their day in the development of any industry is most helpful to the best understanding, indeed, is almost indispensable to the fullest comprehension, of the industry. the short foot-notes, it is hoped, will serve to give some conception of what the master builders in pomology were like in training, character, and methods of work. from the reception which these sketches in former fruit books have received, the writers feel that the considerable expenditure of time and thought that these biographical notices have required is amply justified and that the effort to give credit due and some small honor to the promoters of pomology has been well worth while. for aid in the preparation of _the cherries of new york_ i am especially indebted to those whose names appear on the title page, to my associate, mr. r. d. anthony, for reading proof; to the station editor, mr. f. h. hall, who has had charge of the proof reading; to zeese-wilkinson company, new york city, who have had an especially difficult task in making the color-plates and who have done the work well; and to the j. b. lyon company, albany, new york, for their painstaking work in printing the book. u. p. hedrick, _horticulturist, new york agricultural experiment station._ table of contents page preface v index to illustrations xi chapter i.--cultivated cherries chapter ii.--the history of cultivated cherries chapter iii.--cherry culture chapter iv.--leading varieties of cherries chapter v.--minor varieties of cherries bibliography, references and abbreviations index index to illustrations portrait of charles downing _frontispiece_ facing page abbesse d'oignies arch duke bing black tartarian bourgueil brusseler braune carnation coe double natte downer dyehouse eagle early purple early richmond elton empress eugenie english morello florence george glass ida kirtland knight lambert large montmorency late duke louis philippe may duke mezel montmorency napoleon nouvelle royale olivet ostheim _prunus avium_ (double flowering), blossoms of _prunus avium_ (mazzard) _prunus avium_ (mazzard), blossoms of _prunus avium_ (yellow spanish), blossoms of _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ (reine hortense), blossoms of _prunus cerasus_ (amarelle group), blossoms of _prunus cerasus_ (morello group), blossoms of _prunus mahaleb_ _prunus mahaleb_, blossoms of _prunus tomentosa_ reine hortense republican rockport royal duke schmidt short-stem montmorency sklanka suda timme vladimir windsor wood yellow spanish the cherries of new york chapter i cultivated cherries cherries and their kindred the genus prunus plays a very important part in horticulture. it furnishes, in temperate climates, the stone-fruits, plants of ancient and modern agriculture of which there are a score or more commonly cultivated and at least as many more sparingly grown for their edible fruits. of these stone-fruits the species of cherries rank with those of the plum and the peach in commercial importance while the several botanical groups of the apricot and almond are less important, but hardly less well-known, members of this notable genus. prunus is of interest, too, because the history of its edible species follows step by step the history of agriculture. the domestication of its fruits from wild progenitors, most of which are still subjects of common observation, illustrates well the influences and conditions under which plants have generally been brought into domestication. the genus is also of more than ordinary note because the number of its economic species is being increased almost yearly by new-found treasures from north america and asia, not varieties but species, which promise under future domestication still further to enrich horticulture. the plum and the peach surpass the cherry in diversity of flavor, aroma, texture, color, form and size, characters which make fruits pleasant to the palate and beautiful to the eye; but the cherry, perhaps, plays a more important part than the plum or the peach in domestic economy. it has fewer prejudices as to soil and climate, hence is much more widely distributed and is more easily grown, being better represented in the orchards and gardens in the regions where the three fruits grow. the cherry, too, fruits more quickly after planting, ripens earlier in the season and its varieties are more regular in bearing and usually more fruitful--characters that greatly commend it to fruit-growing people. probably it is the most popular of all fruits for the garden, dooryard, roadside and small orchard. all in all, while adorning a somewhat humbler place in pomology, it is more generally useful than the showier and more delicate plum and peach. though placed by most botanists in the same genus, each of the stone-fruits constitutes a natural group so distinct that neither botanist nor fruit-grower could possibly take one for another as the trees and fruits of the different groups are called to mind. but there are outstanding forms which seem to establish connections between the many species and the several groups of fruits and through these outliers the characters are so confounded in attempting to separate species that it becomes quickly apparent that there are few distinct lines of cleavage within the genus. for several centuries systematists have disputed as to whether the stone-fruits fall most naturally into one, two, or three genera--indeed have not been able to agree as to whether some species are plums or cherries, or others apricots or plums. hybridization between the cultivated divisions of the genus--unquestionably it has taken place in nature as well--has added to the perplexities of classification. accepting, then, for the present at least, the very artificial classification which, rather paradoxically, places in one genus a number of fruits commonly thought of as quite distinct, let us briefly note the characters which best distinguish cherries from their congeners. the cherry is nearest of kin to the plum. these two are roughly separated from the other cultivated members of the genus to which they belong by bearing their fruits on stems in fascicles while the others are practically stemless and are solitary or borne in pairs. the fruits of plums and cherries are globular or oblong, succulent and smooth or nearly so. peaches, apricots, nectarines and almonds are more sulcate than plums and cherries and the almond has a drier flesh, splitting at maturity to liberate the stone; and, with the exception of nectarines and a few varieties of apricots, all are very pubescent. the stones of cherries and plums are smooth, or nearly so, while those of the other fruits are sculptured and pitted, though those of the apricot are often somewhat plum-like. cherries are separated from plums by their smaller size and distinctive color of skin, juice and flesh; by the texture and distinct flavor of the flesh; by growth in corymbose rather than umbelliferous fascicles; by the more globular stone; and by the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. leaves of the plum are usually convolute, or rolled up, in the bud, while those of the cherry are conduplicate, or folded lengthwise along the midrib. we have been discussing the cherries of common cultivation--the sweet cherry and sour cherry of the orchards, the fascicled cherries to which the botanists give the group name, cerasus. but there is another group, the padus cherries, well worthy of brief mention. the most noteworthy representatives of padus are the bird cherry (_prunus padus_) of the old world and the choke cherry (_prunus virginiana_) of the new world. these padus cherries are distinguished botanically in having their flowers borne in racemes, that is, in long clusters of which those nearest the base of the shoot open first--rather than in the short-clustered fascicles of the cerasus group. the cherries are small and almost or quite black. the padus cherries are but sparingly cultivated but undoubtedly they are capable of some improvement under more thorough cultivation. distribution of cultivated cherries the cherry is one of the most commonly cultivated of all fruits and the many varieties of its several forms encircle the globe in the north temperate zone and are being rapidly disseminated throughout the temperate parts of the southern hemisphere. for centuries it has been, as we shall see in the history of the species, one of the most valuable fruit-producing trees of europe and asia--an inhabitant of nearly every orchard and garden as well as a common roadside tree in temperate climates in both continents. from europe, as a center of distribution, the cherry has played an important part in the orcharding in temperate regions of other continents. in north america varieties of the cherry are grown from newfoundland to vancouver island on the north, to the gulf of california, texas and florida on the south, yielding fruit in a greater diversity of soils and climates in canada and the states of the union than any other tree-fruit. the sour cherry is very cosmopolitan, thriving in many soils; is able to withstand heat, cold and great atmospheric dryness, if the soil contain moisture; and, though it responds to good care, it grows under neglect better than any other tree-fruit. the sour cherry, too, is rather less inviting to insects and fungi than most other stone-fruits, being practically immune to the dreaded san josé scale. on the other hand the sweet cherry is very fastidious as to soils, is lacking in hardiness to both heat and cold and is prey to many insects and subject to all the ills to which stone-fruits are heir; it is grown at its best in but few and comparatively limited areas, though these are very widely distributed. uses of the cherry the cherry is a delectable early-summer fruit, especially grateful as a refreshing dessert and much valued in cookery, when fresh, canned, preserved or dried, for the making of pies, tarts, sauces and confections. during the last few years, in america at least, the consumption of cherries has been enormously increased by the fashion of adding preserved cherries, as much for ornament as to give flavor, to many drinks and ices. the great bulk of the cherry crop now grown in america for commercial purposes is canned, the industry being more or less specialized in a few fruit regions. the demand for cherries for canning seems to be increasing greatly but unfortunately it calls for but few varieties, the montmorency being the sort sought for among the sour cherries, while the hard-fleshed varieties of the bigarreau type are in greatest demand among the sweet cherries. the cherry, while a very common fruit in nearly all agricultural regions of america, does not hold the place in american markets as a fresh fruit that it does in the towns and cities of europe. the great abundance of strawberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, dewberries, blackberries, as well as early varieties of tree fruits, makes keener here than abroad the competition in the fruit markets during cherry time. the fact, too, that market fruits in america are shipped long distances, for which the cherry is not well adapted, helps to explain the relatively small regard in which this fruit has been held for commercial purposes in the fresh state. in recent years, however, both sweet cherries and sour cherries, the former in particular, have been sent to the markets in far greater abundance, the impetus to their market value being due to a better product--better varieties, hence greater demand--and to greatly improved facilities for shipping and holding for sale. in europe several liqueurs are very commonly made from cherries both for home and commercial uses. such is not the case in america, where, except in very limited quantities in which unfermented cherry juices are used in the home, this fruit is not used in liqueur-making. in some of the countries of europe, wine is made from the juice; a spirit, kirschwasser,[ ] is distilled from the fermented pulp as an article for both home and commerce; and ratafias and cordials are very generally flavored with cherries. in the austrian province of dalmatia a liqueur or cordial called maraschino[ ] is made by a secret process of fermentation and distillation. this liqueur is imported in america in considerable quantities to flavor preservatives in which the home-grown cherries are prepared for use in various drinks and confections. no attempts have been made to grow the marasca cherry on a commercial scale in america but undoubtedly it could be grown and, with the process of making maraschino discovered, an important use would be developed for cherries--all the more to be desired since the foreign maraschino is now grossly adulterated and imitated in this country. both the fruits and seeds of cherries, especially of the mahaleb, are steeped in spirits for food, drink and medicinal purposes. an oil used in making perfumes for scenting soaps and confectionery is also extracted from the seeds of the mahaleb because of which use this species is often called the "perfumed cherry." in the old herbals and pomologies much is made of the value of cherries for medicinal purposes. the fruit was supposed to be a sovereign remedy for various ailments of the digestive tract as well as for nervous disorders and epilepsy. the astringent leaves and bark, or extracts from them, were much used by the ancients in medicine and are still more or less employed both as home remedies and in the practice of medicine as mild tonics and sedatives. one of the active chemicals of the leaf, seed and bark is hydrocyanic acid to which is largely due the peculiar odor of these structures. a gum is secreted from the trunks of cherry trees, known in commerce as cerasin, which has some use in medicine and in various trades as well, especially as a substitute and as an adulterant of gum arabic. at least three cultivated cherry trees produce wood of considerable value. the wood of the cherry is hard, close-grained, solid, durable, a handsome pale red, or brown tinged with red. _prunus avium_, the sweet cherry, furnishes a wood which, if sufficient care be taken to season it, is of much value in cabinet-making and for the manufacture of musical instruments. _prunus mahaleb_ is a much smaller tree than the former but its wood, as much as there is of it, is even more valuable, being very hard and fragrant and dark enough in color to take on a beautiful mahogany-like polish. in france the wood of the mahaleb cherry is held in high esteem, under the name _bois de st. lucie_, in cabinet-making and for toys, canes, handles and especially for the making of tobacco pipes. in japan the wood of _prunus pseudocerasus_ is said to be in great demand for engraving and in making the blocks used in printing cloth and wall-paper. in america the wood of the orchard species of cherries is seldom used for domestic purposes, that of the wild species being so much more cheaply obtainable and serving all purposes quite as well. to people who know it only for its fruit, the cherry does not appear particularly desirable as an ornamental. but wild and cultivated cherries furnish many beautiful trees in a genus peculiar for the beauty of its species. the color and abundance of the flowers, fruits and leaves of the cultivated cherries and the fact that they are prolific of forms with double flowers, weeping, fastigiate or other ornamental habits, make the several species of this plant valuable as ornamentals. besides, they are vigorous and rapid in growth, hardy, easy of culture, comparatively free from pests and adapted to a great diversity of soils and climates. both the ornamental and the edible cherries are very beautiful in spring when abundantly covered with flowers, which usually open with the unfolding leaves, as well as throughout the summer when overspread with lustrous green foliage and most of them are quite as conspicuously beautiful in the autumn when the leaves turn from green to light and dark tints of red. all will agree that a cherry tree in full fruit is a most beautiful object. in the winter when the leaves have fallen, some of the trees, especially of the ornamental varieties, are very graceful and beautiful, others are often picturesque, and even the somewhat stiff and formal sweet cherries are attractive plants in the garden or along the roadside. very acceptable jellies, sauces and preserves are made from several of the wild cherries in the padus group. the peasantry of the eastern hemisphere have in times of need found them important foods as have also the american indians at all times. the fruits of some of the species of padus are quite commonly used in flavoring liqueurs and on both continents are sometimes fermented and distilled into a liqueur similar to kirschwasser. the bark of different parts of the trees of this group is valuable in medicine--at least is largely used. the trees of several species form handsome ornamentals and some of them are in commerce for the purpose. _prunus serotina_, one of the group, because of the strength of its wood and the beautiful satiny polish which its surface is capable of receiving, is a valuable timber tree of american forests. for the products of the members of this group, as just set forth, the domestication of some of the species of padus might well be pushed. [ ] kirschwasser as a commercial article is made chiefly on the upper rhine from the wild black sweet cherry (_prunus avium_). in its manufacture, fruit--flesh and kernels--is mashed into a pulp which is allowed to ferment. by distillation from this fermented pulp a colorless liqueur is obtained. [ ] maraschino is a liqueur, or cordial, made from the fruit and leaves of the small, sour, black marasca cherry. the product comes chiefly from zara, the capital of the austrian province of dalmatia, where it has been made and exported for over years. such accounts of the process of making maraschino as have become public seem to agree that the liqueur is a distillation of a compote made from the fruit and young leaves. when ripe the cherries are picked early in the morning and sent at once to the distillery where the stones are extracted by machinery. the leaves are cut, pressed and added to the fruit with sugar and alcohol. this mixture is allowed to ferment for six months or thereabouts and from it is then distilled maraschino. it is then stored in cellars for three years before being placed on the markets. in both europe and america there are many imitations of the maraschino liqueur in which neither fruit nor foliage of the marasca nor any other cherry has any part. according to the dalmatians all attempts to improve the marasca cherry by culture have failed. they say, too, that it will not thrive elsewhere than in dalmatia. under culture, the fruits and leaves lose their distinctive aroma and taste as they do on any but the native soil of the variety. the poorer, sparser and more rocky the ferruginous soil, the wilder the tree, the smaller and sourer the cherries, the better the maraschino liqueur--so the present makers say. since considerable quantities of cherries are put up in america in maraschino, or its imitation, and the manufacture of such products is a growing industry, the following ruling by the board of food and drug inspection of the united states department of agriculture, taken from food inspection decision , is of interest to growers, canners and users of cherries: "in considering the products prepared from the large light-colored cherry of the napoleon bigarreau, or royal anne type, which are artificially colored and flavored and put up in a sugar sirup, flavored with various materials, the board has reached the conclusion that this product is not properly entitled to be called 'maraschino cherries,' or 'cherries in maraschino.' if, however, these cherries are packed in a sirup, flavored with maraschino alone, it is the opinion of the board that they would not be misbranded, if labeled 'cherries, maraschino flavor,' or 'maraschino flavored cherries.' if these cherries are packed in maraschino liqueur there would be no objection to the phrase 'cherries in maraschino.' when these artificially colored cherries are put up in a sirup flavored in imitation of maraschino, even though the flavoring may consist in part of maraschino, it would not be proper to use the word 'maraschino' in connection with the product unless preceded by the word 'imitation.' they may, however, be labeled to show that they are a preserved cherry, artificially colored and flavored. "the presence of artificial coloring or flavoring matter, of any substitute for cane sugar, and the presence and amount of benzoate of soda, when used in these products must be plainly stated upon the label in the manner provided in food inspection decisions nos. and ." literature of the cherry despite the important part they have played in orcharding since the domestication of fruits in temperate zones, as shown by their history and their present popularity, pomological writers have singularly neglected cherries. there are relatively few european books devoted to them and in america, while there are treatises on all others of the common tree-fruits, the cherry alone seems not to have inspired some pomologist to print a book. neither are the discussions in general pomologies as full and accurate as for other fruits. the reason for this neglect is that the cherry, until the last decade or two, has scarcely been a fruit of commerce, having been grown almost entirely for home use or at most for the local market. as a result of this neglect of the cherry by students of pomology, we have no authoritative nor serviceable system of classification of the varieties of cherries and the nomenclature of this fruit is in an appalling state of confusion, as a glance at the synonymy of some of the older varieties discussed in _the cherries of new york_ will show. amelioration of the cherry the amelioration of the cherry has been in progress almost since the dawn of civilization, yet few men have directed their efforts toward the improvement of this fruit. the histories of the varieties described in _the cherries of new york_ show that nearly all of them have come from chance seedlings. possibly there has been little interest in improving cherries because this fruit is comparatively immutable in its characters. in spite of the fact that there are a great number of varieties, , being described in _the cherries of new york_, this of all stone-fruits is most fixed in its characters. the differences between tree and fruit in the many varieties are less marked than in the other fruits of prunus and the varieties come more nearly true to seed. though probably domesticated as long ago as any other of the tree-fruits, the cherry is now most of all like its wild progenitors. the plum is very closely related to the cherry but it has varied in nature and under cultivation much more than the cherry and in accordance with different environments has developed more marked differences in its species to endure the conditions brought about by the topographical and climatic changes through which the earth has passed. under domestication more than twice as many orchard varieties of the plum have come into being as of the cherry. in spite of this stability, there are ample rewards in breeding cherries to those who will put in practice rightly directed efforts to improve this fruit--a statement substantiated by the histories of some of the best varieties, described later in this text, which were originated through what was passing as current coin in plant-breeding before the far better methods of the present time, brought about by mendel's discovery, came into being. the cherry, as the histories of its many diverse kinds show, has been improved only through new varieties. there is no evidence, whatever, to show that any one of the several hundred cherries described in this text has been improved by selection as a cumulative process, or, on the other hand, that any one of them has cumulatively degenerated. of varieties cultivated for their fruits there are no records of mutations either from the seed or from bud, though of the ornamental cherries not a few have arisen as bud-mutations, as, for example, the several double-flowered cherries and those of weeping or fastigiate habit of growth and the many sorts with abnormally colored foliage. since improvement depends upon the bringing into being of new cherries it becomes highly important to know how the varieties we are dealing with in _the cherries of new york_ have come into existence. the following is a summary of their manner of origin:-- no case is recorded in _the cherries of new york_ of a variety known to have come from self-fertilized seed. the seed parent is given for varieties. the statements as to seed parents are probably accurate, for a man planting cherry seeds would record the name of the seed parent correctly if he knew it. the seed and pollen parents of twenty of the cherries described in this work are given. sixteen of these are hybrids originating with professor n. e. hansen of south dakota, leaving but four sorts the parents of which were known before the recent work of professor hansen. no cherry cultivated for its fruit is reported to have come from a sport or a bud-mutation. cherries arising from seed sown without knowledge of either parent or from natural seedlings are put down as chance seedlings; of these there are . the origin of of the varieties here described is unknown. the total number of cherries under discussion is , . to improve the cherry the breeder must know the material with which he is working. the following is a brief discussion of the characters of this fruit to be found in the technical descriptions of species and varieties. tree and fruit characters of the cherry species of cherries have very characteristic trees. the merest glance at the tree enables one to tell the sweet cherry, _prunus avium_, from the sour cherry, _prunus cerasus_. the first named is the larger of the two, especially reaching a greater height, is pyramidal in shape, with branches erect and bearing much less foliage than the sour cherry. the sweet cherry often lives for a century or more--the sour cherry attains but the three score years and ten of man. _prunus cerasus_ is easily distinguished from _prunus avium_ by its comparatively low, roundish and never pyramidal head. so, too, many of the varieties of either of these two species are readily told in the orchard by the size or habit of the plant. other species are either shrubby or tree-like and their varieties may often be identified from the spaciousness or dwarfness of its trees. size is rather more variable than other gross characters because of the influence of environment--food, moisture, light, isolation, pests and the like--yet size in a plant, or in the parts of a plant, is a very reliable character when proper allowances have been made for environment. habit of growth, unlike size, varies but little with changing conditions and thus becomes a most important means of distinguishing species and varieties and not infrequently sets the seal and sign of desirability for an orchard cherry. more than any other character, habit of growth gives what is called "aspect" to a cherry tree. thus, a species or a variety may be upright, spreading, round-topped, drooping or weeping in habit of growth; the head may be open or dense and may be formed by a central shaft with several whorls of branches or by three or four trunk-like stems each with its scaffolding branches. the trees may grow rapidly or slowly and may be long-lived or short-lived. the trunks may be short and stocky, or long and slender, straight or crooked, gnarled or smooth, these characters often determining whether a cherry is manageable or unmanageable in the orchard. the degree of hardiness is a very important diagnostic character for groups of cherries and often wholly indicates their value for agriculture. thus, the varieties of _prunus avium_ are but little hardier than the peach while those of _prunus cerasus_ are as hardy or hardier than the apple. the range of varieties as to hardiness falls within that of the species and it is interesting to note that in europe, where the wild _prunus avium_ is very common, in the many centuries since the fruit has been under domestication, a cultivated variety hardier than the wild sweet cherry has not been developed. cherries are designated in the technical descriptions as hardy, half-hardy and tender. productiveness, age of bearing, and regularity of bearing are distinctive and valuable characters of orchard cherries but not of wild cherries. the care given the tree greatly influences fruitfulness, yet the quantity of fruit produced is often a helpful means of identifying a variety and is a character that must always be considered by the plant-breeder. age of bearing and regularity of bearing are most important characters with the pome fruits, the apple, in particular, but while worth considering with the drupes are of relatively little value, all drupaceous fruits coming in bearing at about the same time for the species and all bearing regularly, as a rule, unless interfered with by some outside agency preventing the setting or causing the dropping of fruit. immunity and susceptibility to diseases and insects are valuable taxonomic characters of both species and varieties of cultivated cherries. thus, the varieties of _prunus cerasus_ are very susceptible to black knot (_plowrightia morbosa_), while those of _prunus avium_ are almost immune. on the other hand, _prunus avium_ is an inviting prey to san josé scale (_aspidiotus perniciosus_), while _prunus cerasus_ is but little injured, indeed, seldom attacked; _prunus mahaleb_ appears to be almost wholly immune to the powdery mildew (_podosphaera oxyacanthae_), while _prunus avium_ and _prunus cerasus_ are much attacked, though wood, a variety of _prunus avium_, is almost immune. the english morello, a variety of _prunus cerasus_, is very subject to leaf spot (_cylindrosporium padi_), while montmorency, of the same species, is nearly immune. these examples can be multiplied many times by references to the discussions of varieties, and represent only observations on the grounds and in the neighborhood of this station. they serve to show the great importance, to the fruit-grower, the plant-breeder and the systematist, of natural resistance to disease and insects. both the outer and the inner bark have considerable value in determining species but are of little importance in identifying varieties and have no economic value to the fruit-grower and hence but little to the breeder. smoothness, color, thickness and manner of exfoliation are the attributes of the outer bark to be noted, while the color of the inner bark is the only determinant and that relatively unimportant. in young trees the bark of the cherry of all species is smooth, glossy or even brilliant; but later it becomes uneven, scaly and dull, usually ash-gray but varying in all of these characters to an extent well worth noting for taxonomic purposes. cherries, in common with most trees, have a lighter colored bark in cold than in warm regions, and in dry than in wet areas. branches and branchlets are very characteristic in both species and varieties. the length, thickness, direction, rigidity and the branching angle are valuable determining characters and very stable ones, changing but little even with marked variations of soil and climate. thus, a sweet cherry tree can be told from a tree of the sour cherry, or the english morello can be distinguished from montmorency by branch characters as far as the outlines of the trees are discernible. few cherries bear spines but all are more or less spurred and these spurs are quite characteristic even in varieties. with the branchlets the length of the internodes should be considered and their direction, whether straight or zigzag; also color, smoothness, amount of pubescence, size and appearance of the lenticels, the presence of excrescences, are all to be noted in careful study though all are more or less variable, pubescence especially so, this character being too often relied upon in descriptions by european botanists and pomologists. leaf-buds vary greatly in different species in size, shape, color of the buds and of their outer and inner scales and in the outline of the scales. the angle at which the bud stands out from the branchlet is of some taxonomic value. vernation, or the disposition of the leaf-blade in the bud, is a fine mark of distinction in separating the cherry from other stone-fruits and while all cherry leaves are supposed to be conduplicate, that is, folded by the midrib so that the two halves are face to face, yet there are slight but important differences in the conduplication of the leaves in both species and varieties. the manner of bearing buds--whether single, in pairs, or in rosettes--must be taken into account, with species at least, and differences in shape and position of leaf and fruit-buds must be noted. leaves in their season are very evident and either collectively or individually are valuable determinants of species and varieties. fruit-growers take little note of leaves, however, though they should be taken into practical account, since their size and number often indicate the degree of vigor. the variability of leaves is usually within limits easily set and occurs most often in young plants, in extremes of soil and climate, and on very succulent growths or water-sprouts. leaf-size is the most variable character of this organ but is yet dependable in separating several species, as, for example, _prunus avium_ from _prunus cerasus_, the leaves being very much larger in the former than in the latter species. leaf-forms are very constant in species and varieties, hence especially valuable in classification. much care has been taken to illustrate accurately the size and form of cherry leaves in the color-plates in this text but it is impossible to reproduce by color-printing the tints of the leaves, though these are quite constant in both species and varieties. other characters of leaves taken into account in describing cherries are thickness, roughness, and pubescence, all of which are somewhat variable, being greatly influenced by climate and soil. quite too much stress is laid upon the value of pubescence on leaves in determining groups, unless comparisons can be made between plants growing in the same habitat. possibly more important than any other part of the leaf-blade, in the study of species at least, is the margin. this in the cherry is always serrated and often sub-serrated. these serrations are best studied at the middle of the sides of the leaves, those at the base and apex often being crowded or wanting. the petiole may be used to good advantage in distinguishing both species and varieties. thus, in consequence of the great length and slenderness of the petiole of leaves of sweet cherries, the leaves are always more or less drooping, while those of the sour cherry are usually erect by reason of the petiole being short and strong. the color of the petiole is said by some to be correlated with that of the fruit--a statement that needs verification. the pubescence of the petiole must be noted. the position, size, shape and color of the glands on cherry leaves must be noted as they are fairly constant guides. they are usually on the petiole at the base of the leaf but are sometimes on the leaf itself. the glands are commonly given as globular or reniform in shape but there are often intermediate forms the shape of which is hard to classify. stipules in this plant have considerable taxonomic value, having some distinguishing marks not possessed by the leaves. cherry leaves springing from dormant leaf-buds have very small stipules, sometimes so minute as hardly to be seen, but on the current year's growth the stipules are larger, being largest at the tip of the branchlet. there is considerable difference in the size of these organs in varieties of the same species. stipules of the cherry are nearly always borne in pairs. the small stipules, appearing with the first leaves, drop, at this station, about the middle of june while those accompanying the later leaves on the wood growth of the current year remain until in july, there being a difference in varieties as to how long they remain. all stipules are deeply toothed and bear glands of varying color and shape on the serrations, the characters of both serrations and glands offering some distinguishing marks for species and varieties. the flowers of cherries are very characteristic, as a study of the color-plates of blossoms will show, furnishing a wholly distinctive mark of species and helping to distinguish varieties. the flowers are hermaphrodites and are borne in more or less dense, corymbose clusters. individual flowers in species and varieties vary in size, shape, color and odor. the peduncles are long or short, as the case may be; the corolla furnishes distinctions in size, shape and color of petals; the calyces are chiefly distinguished by their glands and the amount and character of the pubescence; while stamens and pistils offer differences in size, color of their different parts and in the number of stamens. in plums the reproductive organs differ greatly in ability to perform their functions, some varieties being self-sterile. in new york there seem to be no marked differences in fecundity in cherries nor are there so frequently the malformations of reproductive organs which are found in plums. the season of flowering is a fine mark of distinction between species and varieties, a fact well brought out by the chart on pages - . of all organs, the fruit of the cherry is most responsive to changed conditions and hence most variable, yet the fruits furnish very valuable taxonomic characters in both botany and pomology. in pomology, in particular, the fruits must be closely studied. size, shape, color, bloom, stem, cavity, apex, suture and skin are the outward characters of which note must be made; while the color, aroma, flavor and texture of the flesh are usually very characteristic. both species and varieties are well distinguished by the time of ripening though there is much variation in ripening dates. the keeping quality is scarcely taken into account with cherries but varies a great deal, chiefly in accordance with firmness of the flesh. the flesh of cherries, as in all drupaceous fruits, clings to the stone or is wholly or partly free--a character of interest both to the systematist and to the fruit-grower. the color of the juice, whether colorless or red, is a plain and certain dividing line in both species and varieties. the pits of cherries are rather more lacking in distinction than in other stone-fruits, plums for example, yet they must be accounted of considerable value in determination and for this reason have been included in all of the color-plates of varieties. cherry-pits from individual trees are almost lacking in differences except in size but between species and varieties show many distinctions not only in size but in shape, surfaces, grooves and ridges, in the ends and more or less in the seeds within. cherries of any variety grown on poor soils or in incongenial climates tend to have large stones and little flesh, while the pits are smaller and there is more flesh with the opposite extremes in environment. as will be pointed out in the discussion of the group of cherries known as the dukes, many varieties have pits with shrunken and abortive seeds coming, as we think, from the hybrid origin of these cherries. the several pages given to the discussion of the characters of cherries are in preparation for a proper understanding of the classifications and descriptions of species and varieties. we are now ready for the classification of the species of cherries which contribute or may contribute forms for cultivation either for their fruits or as stocks upon which to grow edible cherries. the following is a brief conspectus of the edible species of prunus followed by a fuller conspectus of the sub-genus cerasus to which cherries belong. a classification of cultivated cherries the genus prunus is variously delimited and divided by systematic botanists. a simple, and from a horticultural point of view, a very satisfactory classification, is to put almonds and peaches in one sub-genus (amygdalus), cherries in a second (cerasus), plums and apricots in a third (euprunus), and to place the racemose cherries and cherry-laurels, usually considered in prunus, in another genus, padus. in this division of prunus into three sub-genera we may assign to each the following characters. a. leaves convolute, _i. e._, rolled in the bud (showing best in the opening buds).[ ] _euprunus._ plums and apricots. a.a. leaves conduplicate, _i. e._, folded lengthwise along the midrib in the bud. b. fruit more or less dry and hirsute; if juicy or glabrous the blossoms appear long before the opening of the leaves; fruits without stems. _amygdalus._ almonds and peaches. b.b. fruit always juicy and usually glabrous; blooms appearing with the leaves. _cerasus._ cherries. of these several divisions we are here concerned only with cerasus, to which belong all fascicled cherries, the racemose, or padus, cherries as yet having little or no value as esculents. the genus prunus is from year to year being enlarged by the discovery of new species, the additions to cerasus in particular being numerous. thus, a decade ago, botanists placed in this sub-genus, at the outside, not more than a score of species but koehne, the most recent monographer of cerasus, describes species. of koehne's species at least a dozen are more or less cultivated for their fruits and a score or more are grown as ornamentals. the following species are listed by koehne:[ ] species of cherries div. i. typocerasus koehne. sect. cremastosepalum koehne. subsect. . mahaleb koehne. _cerasus_ sect. _mahaleb_ roemer. _fam. nat. syn._ = =: . . _prunus_ subgen. _cerasus_ sect. _mahaleb_ koehne. _deutsche dendr._ . . ser. . eumahaleb koehne. = . prunus mahaleb= linnaeus. _sp. pl._ . . europe, western asia. ser. . paramahaleb koehne. = . prunus mollis= walpers. _rep._ = =: . western north america. = . prunus emarginata= walpers. _rep._ = =: . western north america. _cerasus californica_ greene. _fl. francis_ = =: . = . prunus pennsylvanica= linnaeus. _syst._ ed suppl. . eastern north america. subsect. . eucerasus koehne. _prunus_ sect. _eucerasus_ koehne. _deutsche dendr._ . . = . prunus fruticosa= pallas. _fl. ross._ = =: . . europe to siberia. = . prunus acida= c. koch. _dendr._ = =: . . southern europe. = . prunus cerasus= linnaeus. _sp. pl_. . . europe, western asia. = . prunus avium= linnaeus. _fl. svec._ ed = =: . . europe, western asia. subsect. . phyllomahaleb koehne. ser. . aphanadenium koehne. = . prunus maximowiczii= ruprecht. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . . _prunus bracteata_ franchet & savatier. _enum. pl. jap_. = =: . . _prunus apetala_ zabel. _mitt. deutsch. dendr. ges._ = =: (not franchet & savatier) . amur, eastern manchuria, korea, saghalin, japan from hokkaido to kiushiu. =prunus maximowiczii= aperta komarow. _act. hort. petrop._ = =: , . . manchuria from the ussuri through kirin to mukden and northern korea = . prunus pulchella= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western hupeh. ser. . macradenium koehne. = . prunus conadenia= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus pleiocerasus= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus macradenia= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus discadenia= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus szechuanica= batalin. _act. hort. petrop._ = =: . . szechuan. subsect. . phyllocerasus koehne. = . prunus tatsienensis= batalin. _act. hort. petrop._ = =: . . szechuan. =prunus tatsienensis= adenophora (franchet) koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus maximowiczii adenophora_ franchet. _pl. delavay._ . . yunnan. =prunus tatsienensis= stenadenia koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western szechuan. = . prunus variabilis= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus pilosiuscula= (schneider) koehne. _l. c._ . _prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula_ schneider. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . western hupeh and szechuan. = . prunus polytricha= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western hupeh. = . prunus rehderiana= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus venusta= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus litigiosa= schneider. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . hupeh. =prunus litigiosa abbreviata= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western hupeh. = . prunus clarofolia= schneider. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . szechuan. subsect. . pseudomahaleb koehne. = . prunus yunnanensis= franchet. _pl. delavay._ . . yunnan. = . prunus macgregoriana= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. := . . western hupeh. = . prunus henryi= (schneider) koehne. _l. c._ . _prunus yunnanensis henryi_ c. k. schneider. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = := (in part) . yunnan. = . prunus neglecta= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. := . . _prunus yunnanensis henryi_ c. k. schneider. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = := (in part) . yunnan. subsect. . lobopetalum koehne. ser. . heterocalyx koehne. = . prunus scopulorum= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. := . . western hupeh. = . prunus glabra= (pampanini) koehne. _prunus hirtipes glabra_ pampanini. _nuov. giorn. bot. ital._ = =: . ; = := . . hupeh. = . prunus involucrata= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. := . . western hupeh. = . prunus hirtipes= hemsley. _jour. linn. soc._ = := . . = . prunus schneideriana= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. := . . chekiang. = . prunus duclouxii= koehne. _l. c._ . yunnan. = . prunus ampla= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. := . . szechuan. = . prunus malifolia= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. =prunus malifolia rosthornii= koehne. _l. c._ . szechuan. ser. . cyclaminium koehne. = . prunus cyclamina= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. := . . western hupeh. =prunus cyclamina biflora= koehne. _l. c._ . western china. = . prunus dielsiana= schneider. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = := . . "_p. szechuanica_, var.?" or "_p. szechuanica dielsiana_ schneider," _l. c._, not _p. szechuanica_ batalin. hupeh. =prunus dielsiana laxa= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. := . . western hupeh. =prunus dielsiana conferta= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus plurinervis= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus rufoides= schneider. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = := . . szechuan. = . prunus hirtifolia= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. := . . western szechuan. sect. . =pseudocerasus= koehne. _prunus_ subgen. _cerasus_ sect. _yamasakura_ koidzumi. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . subsect. . hypadenium koehne. = . prunus glandulifolia= ruprecht & maximowicz. _mém. sav. Étr. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = := (_prim. fl. amur._) . amur. subsect. . sargentiella koehne. = . prunus pseudocerasus= lindley. _trans. hort. soc. lond._ = := . . cultivated in china. _cerasus pseudocerasus_ g. don. loudon _hort. brit._ . . _prunus sieboldii_ koidzumi. _tokyo bot. mag._ = := . . =prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii= maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = := . _prunus paniculata_ ker. _bot. reg._ = := t. . , not _prunus paniculata_ thunberg. _cerasus paniculata_ de candolle. _prodr._ = := . . _cerasus sieboldtii_ carrière. _rev. hort._ . . _prunus sieboldii_ wittmack. _gartenfl._ = := . . _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = := . ? _prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii_ makino. _l. c._ = := . . _prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii_ koidzumi. _l. c._ . _prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno_ koehne. (horticultural) _prunus pseudocerasus naden_ koehne. (horticultural) =prunus pseudocerasus watereri= koehne. _l. c._ . . _cerasus wattererii_, cited by lavallée _icon. arb. segrez._ . , as a synonym under _cerasus pseudocerasus_? _cerasus watereri_ goldring. _garden_ = := , fig. p. . ? _prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = := . ? (horticultural) =prunus pseudocerasus virescens= koehne. _prunus donarium_ siebold. rijks-herbarium, leyden. = . prunus paracerasus= koehne. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = := . . japan. (horticultural) = . prunus serrulata= lindley. _trans. hort. soc. london_ = =: . . _prunus cerasus flore simplici_ thunberg. _fl. jap._ . . _prunus donarium_ siebold. _verh. batav. genoot._ = := no. . (_syn. pl. oecon._) . _prunus jamasakura_ siebold. _l. c._ . _cerasus serrulata_ g. don. loudon _hort. brit_. . . _prunus puddum_ miquel. _ann. mus. lugd.-bat._ = =: , (in part, not wallich) . _prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . _prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura præcox_ makino. _l. c._ . . _prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra præcox_ makino. _l. c._ . _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra_ makino. _l. c._ . _prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis_ koidzumi. _l. c._ = =: . . _prunus cerasus flore pleno_ thunberg. _fl. jap._ . . _prunus serrulata_ lindley. cf. supra. _cerasus serrulata_ g. don. loudon arb. brit. = =: , fig. . . _cerasus pseudocerasus_ lavallée. _icon. arb. segrez._ , t. . , (ubi citatur: _cerasus maeda_ h.). _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . _prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea_ makino. _l. c._ = =: . . _prunus jamasakura elegans glabra_ koidzumi. _l. c._ = =: . . _prunus jamasakura speciosa_ koidzumi. _l. c._ . japan, korea. =prunus serrulata albida= (makino) koehne. _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus pseudocerasus_ stapf. _bot. mag._ : t. . . _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . _prunus serrulata serrulata albida_ makino. _l. c._ = =: . . _prunus serrulata yashino_ koehne. _mitt. deutsch. dendr. ges._ = =: . . _prunus pseudocerasus yoshino_ koehne. (horticultural) =prunus serrulata lannesiana= (carrière) koehne. _mitt. deutsch. dendr. ges._ = =: . . _cerasus lannesiana_ carrière. _rev. hort._ . . _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . _prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis_ koidzumi. _l. c._ = =: . . =prunus serrulata kriegeri= koehne. _gartenfl._ = =: (nomen nudum) . _cerasus pendula kriegeri_ f. späth ex koehne. =prunus serrulata grandiflora= a. wagner. _gartenfl._ = =: , t. a. . _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . _prunus serrulata serrulata viridiflora_ makino. _l. c._ = =: . . _cerasus donarium_ siebold. rijks-herbarium, leyden. _prunus pseudocerasus ukon_ koehne. (horticultural) =prunus serrulata ochichima= koehne. _mitt. deutsch. dendr. ges._ = =: . . _prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo, . alborosea_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . _prunus pseudocerasus ochichima_ koehne. (horticultural) _prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen_ koehne. (horticultural) =prunus serrulata hisakura= koehne. _gartenfl_. = =: , t. b. . _cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno_ van houtte. _fl. des. serres_ = =: , t. . . _cerasus serratifolia rosea_ carrière. _rev. hort._ , t. fig. b. . _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . . _prunus pseudocerasus hisakura_ koehne. (horticultural) _prunus pseudocerasus benifugen_ koehne. (horticultural) _prunus pseudocerasus "new red_." koehne. (horticultural) _prunus serrulata "w. kou."_ koehne. (horticultural) _prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium_ koidzumi. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . =prunus serrulata veitchiana= koehne. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . _cerasus pseudocerasus "james veitch." gartenfl._ = =: . . (horticultural) =prunus serrulata mucronata= koehne. _mitt. deutsch. dendr. ges._ = =: . . _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus cerasus flore roseo pleno_ koehne. (horticultural) _prunus serrulata flore pleno_ koehne. (horticultural) =prunus serrulata shidare-sakura= koehne. _mitt. deutsch. dendr. ges._ = =: . . _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura_ koehne. (horticultural) × ? =prunus affinis= makino. =prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura ×n incisa?= makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . japan. = . prunus sargentii= rehder. _mitt. deutsch. dendr. ges._ = =: . . _prunus puddum_ miquel. _ann. mus. lugd.-bat._ = =: (in part, not wallich) . _prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis_ f. schmidt. _mém. acad. sci. st. pétersburg sér._ , : no. . . _prunus pseudocerasus spontanea_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus mume crasseglandulosa_ miquel. rijks-herbarium, leyden. _prunus pseudocerasus_ sargent. _garden and forest_ = =: , fig. (not lindley) . _prunus sp. zabel_. beissner, schelle & zabel _handb. laubholz-ben._ . . _prunus pseudocerasus borealis_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . _prunus serrulata borealis_ makino. _l. c._ = =: . . _prunus pseudocerasus spontanea_ koidzumi. _l. c._ . _prunus jamasakura elegans compta_ koidzumi. _l. c._ = =: . . _prunus jamasakura borealis_ koidzumi. l. c. . korea, saghalin, japan. = . prunus tenuiflora= koehne. _plant wils._ pt. = =: . . western hupeh. = . prunus wildeniana= koehne. _l. c._ . hupeh. = . prunus leveilleana= koehne. _l. c._ . korea. = . prunus sontagiæ= koehne. _l. c._ . korea. = . prunus mesadenia= koehne. _l. c._ . nippon. = . prunus parvifolia= (matsumura) koehne. _l. c._ . _prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia_ matsumura. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . _prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia_ koidzumi. _l. c._ = =: . . _prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia_ koidzumi. _l. c._ = =: . . japan. =prunus parvifolia aomoriensis= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . northern nippon. = . prunus concinna= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus twymaniana= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. subsect. . conradinia koehne. = . prunus conradinæ= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western hupeh. = . prunus helenæ= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus saltuum= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus pauciflora= bunge._ mém. Étr. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: (_enum. pl. chin. bor._) . chili. = . prunus sprengeri= pampanini. _nuov. giorn. bot. ital_. = =: . . hupeh. = . prunus yedoensis= matsumura. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . cultivated in the gardens of tokyo. subsect. . serrula koehne. = . prunus majestica= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus puddum_ franchet. _pl. delavay._ (not roxburgh following brandis) . _prunus cerasoides tibetica_ schneider. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = =: (in part) . yunnan. = . prunus serrula= franchet. _pl. delavay_. . . yunnan. =prunus serrula tibetica= (batalin) koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western szechuan. subsect. . puddum koehne. = . prunus campanulata= maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ . . _prunus cerasoides_ koidzumi. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: (in part, not d. don) . fokien. cultivated in japan. = . prunus hosseusii= diels. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . siam. = . prunus cerasoides= d. don. _prodr. fl. nepal._ . . _prunus silvatica_ roxburgh. _hort. beng._ . . _cerasus phoshia_ hamilton. de candolle _prodr._ = =: . . _cerasus puddum_ seringe. de candolle _prodr._ = =: . . _prunus puddum_ roxburgh. _forest fl. brit._ ind. . . nepal. = . prunus rufa= steudel. _nomencl_. bot. = =: . . _cerasus rufa_ wallich. _cat._ no. . . eastern himalaya. = . prunus trichantha= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus rufa_ hooker. _fl. brit. ind._ = =: (in part) . eastern himalaya. subsect. . microcalymma koehne. = . prunus herincquiana= lavallée. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western hupeh. =prunus herincquiana biloba= (franchet) koehne. western hupeh. _prunus biloba_ franchet in herb. paris. china. = . prunus subhirtella= miquel. _ann. mus. lugd.-bat._ = =: . . _prunus subhirtella oblongifolia_ miquel. _l. c._ _prunus incisa_ maximowicz. bul. _sci. acad. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus pendula ascendens_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . ? _prunus herincquiana ascendens_ schneider. _ill. handb. laubholzk._ = =: . . _prunus itosakra subhirtella_ koidzumi. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . japan. =prunus subhirtella fukubana= makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . _prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis_ koidzumi. _l. c._ = =: . ? = . prunus pendula= maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus itosakura_ siebold. _verh. batav. genoot._ : no. . . . _cerasus pendula flore roseo_ siebold. _cat._ = =: . , maximowicz. _cerasus pendula rosea_ dombrain. _floral mag._ . t. . . _prunus subhirtella pendula_ tanaka. _useful pl. jap._ , fig. . . _cerasus itosakura_ siebold. herb., maximowicz. _l. c._ _cerasus herincquiana_ lavallée. _icon. arb. segrez_, . . _prunus miqueliana_ schneider. _ill. handb. laubholzk_, = =: (not maximowicz) . _prunus herincquiana_ schneider. _l. c._ . _cerasus pendula_ siebold in herb., koehne. _l. c._ _prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo_ koehne. _l. c._ (horticultural) _prunus itosakra pendula_ koidzumi. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . japan. = . prunus taiwaniana= hayata. _jour. coll. sci. tokyo_ = =: . . formosa. = . prunus microlepis= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . hondo. =prunus microlepis ternata= koehne. _l. c._ . hondo. subsect. . ceraseidos (siebold & zuccarini) koehne. _ceraseidos_ siebold & zuccarini. _abh. akad. münch._ = =: t. . . ser. . phyllopodium. = . prunus setulosa= batalin. _act. hort. petrop._ = =: . . eastern kansu. = . prunus phyllopoda= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . northern shensi. = . prunus canescens= bois. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus veitchii= koehne. _l. c._. . western hupeh. ser. . droserina. = . prunus giraldiana= schneider. _fedde rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . northern shensi. = . prunus droseracea= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western szechuan. ser. . oxyodon. = . prunus trichostoma= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus latidentata= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus micromeloides= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus oxyodonta= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus glyptocarya= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus podadenia= koehne. _l. c._ . western china. = . prunus lobulata= koehne. _l. c._ . western szechuan. = . prunus stipulacea= maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . . kansu. = . prunus pleuroptera= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western szechuan. = . prunus zappeyana= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. =prunus zappeyana? subsimplex= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. = . prunus incisa= thunberg. _fl. jap._ . . _cerasus incisa_ loiseleur. _nouveau duhamel_ = =: . . _ceraseidos apetala_ miquel. _ann. mus. lugd.-bat._ = =: (in part). japan. ser. . euceraseidos. = . prunus caudata= franchet. _pl. delavay._ . . yunnan. = . prunus iwagiensis= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . hondo. . prunus nipponica matsumura. _tokyo bot. mag_. = =: . . _prunus miqueliana_ koidzumi. _l. c._ = =: (not maximowicz) . _prunus ceraseidos_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus apetala typica_ schneider. _ill. handb. laubholzk._ = =: . . japan. = . prunus autumnalis= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus subhirtella autumnalis_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . hondo. = . prunus kurilensis= miyabe. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . _prunus ceraseidos kurilensis_ miyabe. _mem. boston soc. nat. hist._ = =: (fl. kurile isl.) . _prunus incisa kurilensis_ koidzumi. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . = . prunus nikkoensis= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . japan. = . prunus miqueliana= maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: (not schneider) . japan. = . prunus tschonoskii= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus ceraseidos_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . _prunus apetala iwozana_ schneider. _ill. handb. laubholzk._ = =: . . japan. = . prunus apetala= (siebold & zuccarini) franchet & savatier. _enum. pl. jap._ = =: . (not zabel, cf. _p. maximowiczii_, no. ). _ceraseidos apetala_ siebold & zuccarini. _abh. akad. münch._ = =: . t. . . _prunus ceraseidos_ maximowicz. _bul. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: . japan. ser. . amblyodon. _ . prunus gracilifolia_ koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . western hupeh. = . prunus rossiana= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. div. ii. microcerasus (spach, roemer) koehne. _cerasus_ sect. microcerasus spach. _hist. vég._ = =: . . _microcerasus_ webb. _phytogr. canar._ = =: . - . sect. . spiraeopsis koehne. subsect. . myricocerasus koehne. = . prunus pumila= linnaeus. _mant. pl._ . . eastern north america. = . prunus besseyi= bailey. _bul. cor. ex. sta._ = =: . . eastern north america. subsect. . spiraeocerasus koehne. = . prunus dictyoneura= diels. _bot. jahrb._ , beibl. , . . shensi. = . prunus humilis= bunge. _mém. Étr. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: (_enum. pl. chin. bor._) . _prunus salicina_ lindley. _trans. hort. soc. lond._ = =: . . _prunus bungei_ walpers. _rep._ = =: (not moris) . china. = . prunus glandulosa= thunberg. _fl. jap._ . . _amygdalus pumila_ linnaeus. _mant._ = =: . . _cerasus glandulosa_ loiseleur. _nouv. duhamel_ = =: . . =prunus glandulosa glabra= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus japonica glandulosa_ maximowicz. _bul. soc. nat. mosc._ = =: . . japan. =prunus glandulosa glabra alba= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus japonica_ lindley. _bot. reg._ :t. . . =prunus glandulosa glabra rosea= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus japonica typica flore roseo_ maximowicz, in sched. _prunus japonica flor. simp._ tanaka. _useful pl. jap._ , fig. . . _prunus japonica glandulosa_ matsumura. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . japan. =prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena= koehne. _plant wils._ pt. = =: . . _cerasus japonica multiplex_ seringe. de candolle _prodr._ = =: (in part) . _prunus japonica flore pleno_ siebold & zuccarini. _fl. jap._ = =: t. f. . (in part) . _prunus japonica_ oudemans. _neerlands plantentuin_ t. . . _prunus japonica flore albo pleno_ lemaire. _ill. hort._ : t. . . _prunus japonica_ maximowicz. _bul. soc. nat. mosc._ . (in part) . _prunus japonica multiplex_ makino. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: (in part) . japan. =prunus glandulosa purdomii= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . northern china. =prunus glandulosa trichostyla= koehne. _l. c._ . =prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi= koehne. _l. c._ . _prunus japonica_ j. hutchinson. _bot. mag._ : t. (not thunberg) . shantung. =prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis= (schneider) koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus japonica packangensis_ schneider. _fedde rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . western hupeh. =prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis= (persoon) koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _amygdalus indica nana_ plukenett. _phytogr._ : t. . f. ( , new edit. ). _prunus sinensis_ persoon. _syn._ = =: . . _cerasus japonica_ seringe. de candolle _prodr._ = =: (in part) . _prunus japonica flore pleno_ siebold & zuccarini. _fl. jap._ = =: t. f. . (in part) . _prunus japonica_ maximowicz. _bul. soc. nat. mosc._ = =: (in part) . northern shensi. =prunus glandulosa salicifoli= (komarov) koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus japonica salicifolia_ komarov. _act. hort. petrop._ = =: . . shing-king. = . prunus pogonostyla= maximowicz. _bul. soc. nat. mosc._ = =: . . _prunus formosana_ matsumura. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . =prunus pogonostyla globosa= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . formosa. =prunus pogonostyla obovata= koehne. _l. c._ . formosa. = . prunus japonica= thunberg. _fl. jap._ . . _prunus japonica japonica_ maximowicz. _bul. soc. nat. mosc._ = =: . . _prunus japonica typica_ matsumura. _tokyo bot. mag._ = =: . . =prunus japonica eujaponica= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . =prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei= koehne. _l. c._ . japan. =prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii= koehne. _l. c._ . hupeh. =prunus japonica gracillima= koehne. _l. c._ . =prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii= koehne. _l. c._ . _prunus japonica thunbergii_ koehne. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . cultivated in the späth arboretum near berlin, received from st. petersburg. =prunus japonica gracillima engleri= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . _prunus japonica engleri_ koehne. _l. c._ . manchuria. =prunus japonica gracillima minor= koehne. _l. c._ . cultivated in the späth arboretum, berlin. =prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica= (carrière) koehne. _l. c._ . _prunus japonica sphaerica_ carrière. _rev. hort._ , fig. . . =prunus japonica kerii= (steudel) koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. =: . . _prunus japonica_ ker-gawler. _bot. reg._= =: t. . . _amygdalus pumila_ sims. _bot. mag._ = =: t. . . _prunus kerii_ steudel. _nomencl. bot._ ed. , . , which cites "_cerasus" japonica_ ker-gawler. _prunus japonica typica flore pleno_ zabel. beissner, schelle & zabel _handb. laubholz-ben._ . . chekiang. cultivated in england. ? =prunus praecox= carrière. _rev. hort._ , fig. , . . originated from sowings of _prunus japonica sphaerica_ and supposed to be _prunus japonica_ × _domestica._ = . prunus nakaii= léveillé. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . korea. = . prunus carcharias= koehne. _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . szechuan. sect. . =amygdalocerasus= koehne. _cerasus_ sect. _microcerasus_ spach. _microcerasus_ webb. _phytogr. canar._ = =: ( - ); schneider _ill. handb. laubholzk._ = =: . . _prunus_ subgen. _microcerasus_ focke. engler & prantl _natürl. pflanzenfam._ = =: , . . _prunus_ sect. _trichocerasus_ et subgen. _microcerasus_ koehne. _deutsche dendr._ , . . = . prunus tomentosa= thunberg. _fl. jap._ . .--siebold & zuccarini _fl. jap._ = =: , t. . . japan, western and northern china. =prunus tomentosa spaethiana= koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. =: . . cultivated in european gardens. =prunus tomentosa graebneriana= koehne. _l. c._ . cultivated near the botanic garden, berlin-dahlem. =prunus tomentosa insularis= koehne. _l. c._ . japan. cultivated in japan. =prunus tomentosa souliei= koehne. _l. c._ . szechuan. =prunus tomentosa kashkarovii= koehne. _l. c._ . tibet. =prunus tomentosa endotricha= koehne. _l. c._ . western hupeh. =prunus tomentosa breviflora= koehne. _l. c._ . northern shensi. =prunus tomentosa trichocarpa= (bunge) koehne. _plant. wils._ =pt. =: . . _prunus trichocarpa_ bunge. _mém. Étr. acad. sci. st. pétersburg_ = =: (_enum. pl. chin. bor._) . northern china. =prunus tomentosa tsuluensis koehne.= _plant. wils._ pt. = =: . . northern shensi. =prunus tomentosa heteromera koehne.= _l. c._ . szechuan. = . prunus batalinii= (schneider) koehne. _l. c._ . _prunus tomentosa_, (?) _batalinii_ schneider. fedde _rep. nov. sp._ = =: . . szechuan. = . prunus cinerascens= franchet. _nouv. arch. mus. paris._ sér. , = =: (_pl. david._ ii. ) . western szechuan. = . prunus jacquemontii= (edgeworth) hooke. _fl. brit. ind._ = =: . . afghanistan, northwestern himalaya, tibet. = . prunus incana= (pallas) steven. _mém. soc. nat. mosc._ = =: . . armenia, georgia, himalaya? cf. =cerasus hippophaeoides= bornmüller. _oester. bot. zeit._ = =: . . cappadocia. = . prunus griffithii= (boissier) schneider. _ill. handb. laubholzk._ = =: . . afghanistan. = . prunus prostrata= labillardière. _icon. pl. syr._ = =: , t. . . southern europe, crete, algier, western asia to persia and syria. cf. =prunus bifrons= fritsch. _sitz. akad. wien_ = =: pt. . , t. , fig. . . himalaya? = . prunus brachypetala= (boissier) walpers. _ann._ = =: . - . southern persia. = . prunus microcarpa= c. a. meyer. _verz. pfl. caucas. casp._ . . caucasia, northern persia. cf. =cerasus tortuosa= boissier & haussknecht. boissier _fl. or._ = =: . . antilibanon, cappadocia, kurdistan. = . prunus verrucosa= franchet. _ann. sci. nat. sér._ , = =: . . turkestan. cf. =prunus calycosus= aitchison & hemsley. _trans. linn. soc._ = =: , t. . . afghanistan. = . prunus diffusa= (boissier & haussknecht) schneider. _ill. handb. laubholzk._ = =: . . southwestern persia. the geographical distribution of these cherries is most interesting.[ ] from north america come but five species of cherries but two of which, _prunus besseyi_ and _prunus pumila_, furnish food and these two as yet are but sparingly grown; all five, however, are more or less used as stocks. greene[ ] has described, in addition to the five accepted ones, eleven new species of true cherries from the far west of the type of _prunus emarginata_, some of which at least have furnished food to the indians, miners and trappers and may have horticultural possibilities for the desert regions in which they are found either for fruit or as stocks. from the western portion of the old world, including all of europe, northern africa, asia minor, persia, turkestan and afghanistan come species. from this region, though the number of species as compared with east asia is small, we have all of the cultivated esculent cherries, if possibly _prunus tomentosa_ be excepted. though nearly all of the species of this large territory are found--possibly all originated there--in the southeastern part of europe and the adjoining southwestern part of asia, yet they seem, with one or two exceptions, to be quite distinct from the species of the eastern half of the old world--the himalaya mountains separating the two regions. it is probable that when west central asia has been as well explored botanically as the east central part of the continent, many new species will be added to prunus and its sub-genus cerasus. it is in the eastern half of the old world that the cherry flora is richest. more than of the species of cerasus recognized by koehne are found in the himalaya mountains and the region to the east including japan and the kuril islands. yet out of all of this wealth of raw material only _prunus tomentosa_ has been truly domesticated as an esculent though possibly a score of these species are well-known ornamentals. of the eastern asiatic species about belong to china--the remainder to formosa, siam and japan with its islands. happily these chinese cherries are being introduced, but a few at a time, it is true, to europe and america and it can hardly be otherwise than that they will enrich horticulture as they are domesticated, hybridized or used as a consort upon which to grow the cherries now known to cultivation. in particular, it may be expected that cherries for the cold north and the bleak plains of our continent will be evolved from the asiatic species better suited to these regions than the cultivated cherries we now grow. the number and diversity of the species of cherries which this brief review of cerasus shows to exist suggest that our cultivated cherry flora is but begun. there can be no question but that others of these species than the few that have been domesticated will yield to improvement under cultivation and furnish refreshing fruits. it is just as certain that new types, as valuable perhaps as the hybrid dukes we now have, can be produced through hybridization. in north america, we have no satisfactory stock for cultivated sweet and sour cherries. both of the stocks now commonly used, the mazzard and the mahaleb, as we shall see, have weaknesses that unfit them for general use. surely out of the great number of forms we have just listed a better stock than either of the two named can be found. no doubt, too, many of these new species, even though they do not furnish food, will prove valuable timber or ornamental trees. we are ready now for a more detailed discussion of the cultivated species of cherries. [ ] the leaves are conduplicate in vernation in a few species of american plums; these species are intermediate between plums and cherries. [ ] the species are given as classified by koehne, _plantae wilsonianae_ pt. = =: - . . the liberty has been taken of changing the form of koehne's citations to conform to that used at this station. for the sake of brevity some of the citations of the original author have been omitted. space does not permit the publication of koehne's system of classification. this may be found in _plantae wilsonianae_ pt. = =: - . . conservative botanists will hardly accept all of koehne's species, in describing which the author tells us he labored under the difficulty of paucity of material and that as more material comes to hand there must, therefore, be revisions. these species are provisionally accepted in _the cherries of new york_ under the belief that botany and horticulture are best served by giving names freely so that all forms to which reference may need to be made may thus be better identified. the botanical student of cerasus is referred to schneider's comprehensive discussion of prunus in his _handbuch der laubholzkunde_ = =: - . and = =: - ; also koehne's monographs of cerasus, sargent, c. s., _plantae wilsonianae_ pt. = =: - . . profitable though it might be, space does not permit in _the cherries of new york_ a botanical discussion of other than the species cultivated for their fruits. [ ] koehne has presented the results of a careful study of the distribution of cherries in _mitt. deutsch. dendr. ges._ - . . [ ] greene (_proc. biol. soc. wash._ = =: - . ), preferring cerasus to prunus as a generic name for racemose cherries, gives the following new species: _cerasus californica_ (_fl. francis_. . ) from the hills of middle western california; _cerasus crenulata_ from the mongolian mountains, new mexico; _cerasus arida_ inhabiting the borders of the desert at the eastern base of the san bernardino mountain, california; _cerasus prunifolia_ found in the mountains of fresno county, california; _cerasus rhamnoides_ collected at mud springs, amador county, california; _cerasus kelloggiana_ from the middle sierra nevada mountains in california; _cerasus padifolia_ collected in the foothills near carson city, nevada; _cerasus obliqua_ described from a single specimen from oroville, california; _cerasus parviflora_ known only from mt. shasta, california; _cerasus obtusa_ from the arid interior of southeastern oregon; and _cerasus trichopetala_ found at columbia falls, montana. the type specimens of these eleven species are in the national herbarium at washington. prunus cerasus linnaeus. i. linnaeus _spec. pl._ . . _p. austera._ . ehrhart _beitr._ = =: . . _p. acida._ . ehrhart _l. c._ . _p. aestiva._ . salisbury _prodr._ . . _p. plena._ . poiret, in lamarck _enc. méth. bot._ = =: . . _p. rosea._ . poiret, in lamarck _l. c._ . _p. juliana._ . reichenbach _fl. germ. exc._ . , not poiret in lamarck, . _p. hortensis._ . persoon _syn. pl._ = =: . . _p. marasca._ . reichenbach _fl. germ. exc._ . . _p. oxycarpa._ . bechstein _forst. bot._ = =: . . _p. vulgaris._ . schur _enum. pl. transsilv._ . . _cerasus vulgaris._ . miller _gard. dict._ ed. :no. . . _c. hortenses._ . miller _l. c._ no. . . _c. acida._ . borkhausen, in roemer _arch. bot._ = =: , . . _c. austera._ . borkhausen, in roemer _l. c._ . _c. caproniana._ . de candolle _fl. fran._ ed. , = =: . . _c. nicotianaefolia._ . hort. ex de candolle _prodr._ = =: . . _c. bigarella._ . dumortier _fl. belg._ . . _c. effusa._ . host _fl. austr._ = =: . . _c. marasca._ . host _l. c._ . _c. bungei._ . walpers _rep._ = =: . . _c. heaumiana._ . roemer _syn. rosifl._ . . _c. tridentina._ . roemer _l. c._ . . _c. rhexii._ . hort. gall. ex van houtte _fl. serres, sér._ , = =: . . _c. cucullata._ . hort. ex koch _dendrol._ = =: . . [illustration: _prunus cerasus_ (amarelle group)] tree low, reaching a height of twenty to thirty feet, diffuse, open-headed, round-topped or spreading, often without a central leader; trunk at maturity a foot in diameter; bark reddish-brown overlaid with ashy-gray, smooth or sometimes roughened; branches spreading, slender and more or less drooping; branchlets slender and willowy, glabrous, reddish-brown becoming darker and overspread with ashy-gray; lenticels small, numerous, conspicuous, raised. leaves resinous at opening, more or less erect, very numerous, three to four inches long and from one-half to two inches wide, obovate to oval, folded upward, thick and firm in texture; upper surface dark green, smooth, the lower surface paler green, with more or less pubescence; apex taper-pointed or acute, base abrupt or acute; margins finely serrate, often doubly so, teeth tipped with small, dark glands; petioles from a half-inch to two inches long, slender, grooved, with a few hairs on the upper surface, tinged with red; glands from one to four, usually small, variously colored, globose or reniform, usually at the base of the blade; stipules small, lanceolate, narrow, finely serrate, early caducous. winter-buds small, short, obtuse or pointed, plump and free, arranged singly or in clusters; leaf-scars usually prominent; flowers appearing with or after the leaves, showy, an inch across, white; borne in dense or scattered, very scaly clusters and in twos, threes and fours on one-year-old wood; pedicels from a half to an inch and a half in length, slender, green and glabrous; calyx-tube obconic, glabrous, green or tinged with red; calyx-lobes broadly obtuse or acute, glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed, margin serrate, faintly red; petals white, roundish or oval to obovate, entire or crenate, sessile or nearly so; stamens about thirty, filaments one-fourth of an inch in length; anthers yellow; pistils about as long as the stamens, glabrous. fruit roundish-oblate or cordate, sides slightly compressed, about three-fourths of an inch in diameter; suture lacking or indistinct; cavity well marked, usually abrupt; apex usually depressed; color from light to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, more or less conspicuous; stem slender, from a half-inch to two inches in length, glabrous, without bloom; skin usually separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice or pale yellow with colorless juice, tender, melting, sprightly, more or less acidulous, sometimes astringent; stone free or more or less clinging, roundish, pointed or blunt, smooth, less than a half inch in diameter; ventral suture usually ridged, sometimes smooth. the numerous synonyms of _prunus cerasus_ indicate the state of confusion which prevails in the scientific nomenclature of the sour cherry. yet the names given are scarcely a tithe of those that have been discarded or superseded for a whole or a part of this species by botanists. happily, there is no language in which there is a possibility of confusing the sour cherry with the other two or three species of cultivated cherries if the common names be used. that men, learned or unlearned, speaking in their mother tongues distinguish species of cherries so readily by their common names, is ample excuse for not attempting to give in a pomological work all of the latin names of the sour cherry that have been used by the many men who have at one time or another attempted to classify the plants in prunus. those here published are from botanists who have contributed most to the knowledge of the species. _prunus cerasus_ is the sour cherry, or pie cherry, of many languages--grown and esteemed in temperate climates the world over and probably the most widely distributed of all tree fruits. the species is found truly wild, as we have set forth in detail in the following chapter, in southwestern asia and southeastern europe. it is a frequent escape from cultivation, multiplying from seed distributed by birds or human agencies or growing from suckers which spring so freely from the roots as to make the species unfit for a stock in orchard work. the number of cultivated varieties of _prunus cerasus_ listed in _the cherries of new york_ is . sour cherries cultivated for their fruits constitute two distinct groups, each of which is again divided into many varieties. the two groups vary more or less in both tree and fruit but have a constant difference only in a single, very easily distinguished character--the juice in the fruits of one is red, in the other it is colorless. the cherries with colorless juice are the amarelles, from the latin for bitter, a term probably first used by the germans but now in general use wherever these cherries are grown, though the english often designate them as kentish cherries and the french as cerisier commun. these amarelles are pale red fruits, more or less flattened at the ends. despite the derivation of the name amarelle, they have less bitterness than the other group of varieties of the sour cherry. they are also less acid than the darker colored cherries and are therefore more suitable for eating out of hand while the dark colored cherries are almost exclusively culinary fruits. the common representatives of this group are early richmond, montmorency and the various cherries to which the word amarelle is affixed, as the king amarelle and the späte amarelle. the second group, varieties with reddish juice and usually with very dark fruits which are more spherical or cordate in shape than the amarelles, comprises the morellos of several languages or the griottes of [illustration: _prunus cerasus_ (morello group)] the french. the first of these terms has reference to the color, the word morello coming from the italian meaning blackish while griotte, from the french, probably is derived through agriotte from aigre, meaning sharp, in reference to the acidity of these cherries. weichsel is the german group name for these cherries, rather less commonly used than the other two terms. the trees of the morello-like varieties are usually smaller, bushier and more compact than those of the amarelles. the branches, as a rule, are more horizontal, often drooping, are less regularly arranged and are more slender. the leaves, in typical varieties, are smaller, thinner, a darker green and are pendant while those of the amarelles are either inclined to be upright or horizontal; the leaves are also toothed less deeply and more regularly. these differences in the leaves are well shown in the color-plates of the varieties of the two groups. there are differences, also, in the inflorescence and the floral organs in the extreme types but these disappear in the varieties that connect the two forms. the typical varieties of this group are english morello, ostheim, olivet, brusseler braune, vladimir and riga. attempts to give precise distinctions between the fruits and trees of the two groups fail because the varieties constituting them hybridize freely making it impossible, with the more or less blended characters, to classify accurately. the group name indicates but little more than whether the cherries have a colored or a colorless juice--a distinction well worth while for the fruit-grower. ehrhart called sour cherries with colorless juice _prunus acida_ and those with dark colored juice _prunus austera_. to some extent botanists have followed ehrhart's designations. linnaeus thought the two groups sufficiently distinct to be botanical varieties of the species and denominated the cherry with colorless juice _prunus cerasus caproniana_ and the one with colored juice _prunus cerasus austera_. a third division of the species is the marasca cherry from which is made maraschino, a distilled liqueur much used in europe as a drink and in europe and america in the manufacture of maraschino cherries. the marasca cherry is a native of the province of dalmatia, austria, where the trees grow wild and are now sparingly cultivated. in host gave this form the name _cerasus marasca_ and a year later reichenbach described it as _prunus marasca_. botanists now very generally include it in the species under discussion and schneider[ ] makes it a botanical variety, _prunus cerasus marasca_, a disposition which we believe to be the best. the marasca cherries differ from the other cultivated forms chiefly in the greater vigor of the trees, relatively finer serrations of the leaves, longer stipules and a more compact inflorescence. the fruits are much smaller than in the common sour cherries, are deep red or almost black in color and have intensely red flesh and juice. the cherries are very acid with a bitter taste that gives flavor to the maraschino made from them. besides these divisions of the species cultivated for their fruits botanists describe several botanical forms which either have no horticultural value or are cultivated exclusively as ornamentals. it is not necessary to discuss these in a pomological work. of these botanical derivatives of _prunus cerasus_, schneider enumerates nine and three hybrids between this and other species.[ ] [ ] schneider, c. k. _handb. laubh_. = =: . . [ ] schneider, c. k. _handb. laubh._ = =: ; = =: . prunus avium linnaeus. . linnaeus _fl. suec._ ed. = =: . . _p. nigricans_. . ehrhart _beitr._ = =: . . _p. varia_. . ehrhart _l. c._ . . _p. sylvestris_. . persoon _syn. pl._ = =: . . _p. dulcis_. . miller ex reichenbach _fl. germ. exc._ . . _cerasus nigra_. . miller _gard. dict._ ed. : no. . . _c. avium_. . moench _méth._ . . _c. varia_. . borkhausen, in roemer _arch._ ., = =: . . _c. juliana_. . de candolle _fl. fran._ = =: . . _c. duracina_. . de candolle _l. c._ . _c. rubicunda_. . bechstein _forstb._ , . . _c. intermedia_. . host _fl. austr._ = =: . , not loisel. in duham. . _c. decumana_. . delaunay ex seringe, in de candolle _prodr._ = =: . . _c. macrophylla_. . sweet hort. _brit. ed._ = =: . . _c. dulcis_. . borkhausen ex steudel _nom. bot._ ed. sec., = =: . . _c. pallida_. . roemer _syn. rosifl._ . . _c. heterophylla_. . hort. ex koch _dendrol._ = =: . . _c. asplenifolia_. . hort. ex koch _l. c._ . _c. salicifolia_. . hort. ex koch _l. c._ , not ser. in de candolle. . [illustration: _prunus avium_ (yellow spanish)] [illustration: _prunus avium_ (double flowering)] tree reaching a height of thirty to forty feet, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, semi-hardy, usually with a central leader; trunk a foot or more in diameter roughened; branches rather stocky, smooth, dull ash-gray, with few small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, with long internodes, grayish-brown, smooth, with small, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves resinous at opening, more or less drooping, numerous, four to six inches long, two to three inches wide, strongly conduplicate, oblong-ovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose or sometimes smooth; lower surface dull green, more or less pubescent; apex acute, base more or less abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, dull red, with from one to three small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk; stipules small, lanceolate, finely serrate, early caducous. buds rather small, of medium length, pointed, appressed or free, arranged singly or in small, scaly clusters at the tips of branchlets or on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; blooming with or after the leaves; flowers white, one and one-quarter inches across; in clusters of two or three; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green or with a faint red tinge, brownish-yellow within, campanulate; calyx-lobes faintly tinged with red, long, acute, margin serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals oval, entire or crenate, tapering to a short, blunt claw; stamens nearly one-half inch long, thirty-five or thirty-six; anthers yellow; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit ripening in early july; about an inch in diameter, cordate; cavity deep, wide, abrupt; suture a line; apex roundish or pointed; color ranging from yellow through red to purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem tinged with red, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin toughish, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellow, red, or dark purple with colorless or colored juice, tender to firm, sweet; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths of an inch long, not as wide as long, elliptical, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces. through its cultivated varieties _prunus avium_ is everywhere known in temperate climates as the sweet cherry. in the wild state it is variously called mazzard, bird, wild, crab and the gean cherry. it is not as hardy a species as _prunus cerasus_ and is, therefore, less generally grown but still is a favorite orchard, dooryard and roadside plant in all mid-temperate regions. it refuses to grow, however, in the warmest and coldest parts of the temperate zones. wherever the species thrives as an orchard plant it is to be found growing spontaneously along fences and roadsides and in open woods from seeds distributed by birds. the fruits of these wild sweet cherries are usually small and the flesh thin and dry, often unpalatable; but, on the other hand, trees are sometimes found as escapes from cultivation which rival in their products the orchard-grown cherries. it is from reverted seedlings that the description of the species herewith given has been made. the number of cultivated varieties of _prunus avium_ listed in _the cherries of new york_ is . the habitat of the species and its history as a cultivated plant are given in the following chapter. a further point of horticultural interest as regards its habitat is that wherever found truly wild, as in its original home in southern and central europe and asia minor, it is to be found in moderately dry, calcareous soils and seldom in the shade, preferring always warm, sunny sites, as gravelly or stony hillsides. these predilections cling to the species in its cultivated varieties. _prunus avium_ differs from _prunus cerasus_ in an important horticultural character as the two species grow spontaneously--the former suckers from the root little or not at all, making it a suitable plant for a stock in orchard work, while the latter suckers so much as to make it unfit for use as a stock. _prunus avium_ is variously divided by botanists and pomologists. whatever distinct forms of the species may exist in the wild state, they are now interminably confused by hybridization under cultivation. it is impossible to divide the species into botanical varieties from the characters of the horticultural varieties, as many botanists have attempted to do. the species can be roughly divided into two pomological groups, the distinguishing character being the texture of the flesh. sweet cherries with soft, tender flesh form one group known by pomologists under the french group name guigne or the english gean. these are also the heart cherries of common parlance. these soft-fruited cherries may again be divided into dark colored varieties with reddish juice and light colored sorts with colorless juice. typical light colored geans are coe, ida, elton and waterloo; dark colored ones are black tartarian, early purple and eagle. it is to this group of cherries that linnaeus gave the varietal name _juliana_ and de candolle the specific name _cerasus juliana_. the second group is distinguished by the firm, breaking flesh of the fruits--the bigarreaus of several languages, the name originally having reference to the diverse colors of the fruits. this group is further divisible in accordance with color of fruit and juice into black bigarreaus and light bigarreaus. chief of the black cherries falling into this division are windsor, schmidt and mezel; of the light ones, which are much more numerous, yellow spanish and napoleon are representative sorts. linnaeus called these hard-fleshed cherries _prunus avium duracina_; de candolle called them _cerasus duracina_; k. koch, _prunus avium decumana_; and roemer, _cerasus bigarella_. besides these two orchard forms of _prunus avium_ several other horticultural forms, quite as distinct or even more so, are grown as ornamentals, some of which are listed as distinct species or as botanical varieties of _prunus avium_. to add to the confusion, a number of latinized garden names are more or less commonly applied to these ornamental sweet cherries. schneider,[ ] in revising the genus prunus, names four botanical forms of _prunus avium_ and two natural hybrids with other species. [ ] schneider, c. k. _handb. laubh._ = =: ; = =: . prunus avium × prunus cerasus the duke cherries, long placed by most pomologists and botanists in a botanical variety of _prunus avium_, are unquestionably hybrids between the sweet cherry and the sour cherry. a study of the characters of the varieties of the duke cherries shows all gradations between _prunus cerasus_ and _prunus avium_, though, in the main, they resemble the latter more than the former, differing from the sweet cherries most noticeably in having an acid flesh. sterility is a common attribute of hybridism. in this respect the dukes behave like most hybrids. in several duke cherries all of the seeds collected at this station are sterile; in others, most of them are sterile and in none are the seeds as fertile as in varieties known to be pure bred as to species. so, too, shrunken pollen grains indicate hybridity. a study of the pollen of the duke cherries shows many grains, the greater proportion, to be abnormal, a condition not found in the pollen of varieties true to species. may duke, reine hortense and late duke are the leading hybrid varieties. [illustration: prunus avium × prunus cerasus (reine hortense)] there are dark colored duke cherries with reddish juice and light colored sorts with uncolored juice, just as in the two parent species. may duke is a typical variety with colored juice while reine hortense is probably the best-known cherry among these hybrids with uncolored juice. about of the cherries listed in _the cherries of new york_ are "dukes," or hybrids between the sweet and the sour cherry. the name duke comes from the variety may duke which is a corruption of médoc, a district in the department of geronde, france, from whence this variety came. the cherries of this group are known as dukes only in england; in france the name royale is similarly used. these hybrid cherries have been placed in a distinct botanical group by several botanists. they constitute the _cerasus regalis_ poiteau and turpin (_traite des arb. fruit_. ); the _cerasus bigarella regalis_ roemer (_syn. monogr_. = =: ); and the _prunus avium regalis_ bailey (cyc. _am. hort_. . ). prunus mahaleb linnaeus. . linnaeus _sp. pl._ . . . bailey _cyc. am. hort._ = =: . . . schneider _handb. laubh._ = =: . . _cerasus mahaleb._ . miller _gard. dict._ ed. : no. . . _padus mahaleb._ . borkhausen _handb. forstb._ = =: . . tree small, slender, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped; branches roughened, ash-gray over reddish-brown; branchlets numerous, slender and firm-wooded, with short internodes, dull gray, glabrous, with very numerous large, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, an inch in length, one and one-fourth inches wide, ovate to obovate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface light green, slightly pubescent along the midrib; apex and base abrupt; margin finely crenate, with reddish-brown glands; petiole one-half inch long, slender, greenish, with none or with from one to three small, globose, greenish glands variable in position. buds small, short, obtuse, appressed or free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in clusters on small, slender spurs; flowers appearing late, after the leaves, small, averaging one-half inch across, white, fragrant; borne in clusters of six to eight scattered on a main stem an inch in length, with the terminal pedicels one-quarter inch long and basal pedicels one-half inch long; pedicels slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, entire, glabrous, reflexed; petals white, small, separated, ovate, tapering to short, narrow claws; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, about equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures about the middle of july; very small, one-fourth inch long, one-third inch wide, roundish-ovate; cavity shallow and abrupt; suture shallow or a mere line; apex roundish to slightly pointed, with stigma usually adherent; color black; stem slender, length of corymb about one and one-half inches; length of fruit-stem about one-quarter inch; skin thick, tough; flesh reddish-black, with scant reddish-black juice, tender and soft, very astringent, sour, not edible; stone free or nearly so, very small, averaging nine thirty-seconds inch long and seven thirty-seconds inch wide, ovate, slightly flattened, with pointed apex; ventral suture prominent. _prunus mahaleb_ is now a wild inhabitant of all southern europe as far north as central france, southern germany, austria-hungary and eastward through asia minor and caucasia to and within the borders of turkestan. wherever it grows spontaneously in the old world it is said to prefer rocky, gravelly, sunny slopes and the climate in which the grape thrives best. wild or cultivated, the mahaleb is a shallow-rooted plant, a fact that must be taken into consideration in its use as a stock. _prunus mahaleb_ is a common escape from cultivation in eastern north america especially about the nursery centers of central new york. the mahaleb, or st. lucie cherry, is of no importance to fruit-growers for its fruit but as a consort with nearly all of the sweet and sour cherries now being propagated in north america it becomes of prime importance and so receives botanical consideration here. according to schneider, in the reference cited, there are several spontaneous forms of _prunus mahaleb_ and also several horticultural varieties grown as ornamentals. none of these, wild or cultivated, are of interest to fruit-growers, unless, perchance some one of them should prove to be a better stock upon which to work orchard cherries. mahaleb stocks are usually grown as seedlings but may also be propagated from root cuttings. the wood of the mahaleb tree is of value in cabinet making, possessing among other good qualities a pleasant and lasting odor. the leaves, too, are odoriferous and are more or less used in france in the manufacture of perfumes and in cookery to give savor to sauces. prunus tomentosa thunberg. . thunberg _fl. jap._ . . . _jack garden & forest_ = =: , fig. . . . bailey _cyc. am. hort._ = =: . . . schneider _handb. laubh._ = =: . . . koehne _plantae wilsonianae_ pt. = =: . . _cerasus tomentosa._ . wallich _cat._ no. . . [illustration: _prunus tomentosa_] a dwarfish, bush-like plant attaining a height of ten or twelve feet, vigorous, dense-topped, hardy; trunk and branches stocky; branches smooth, grayish-brown; branchlets many, of medium thickness and length, thickly overspread with short pubescence, with short internodes, roughish, with a few large, raised lenticels near the base. leaves numerous, two and one-eighth inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward or flattened, broad-oval to obovate, velvety; upper surface dull, dark green, rugose; lower surface thickly pubescent, with a prominent midrib and veins; apex abruptly pointed; margin serrate; petiole three-sixteenths inch in length, reddish, pubescent, of medium thickness, with from twelve to fourteen small, globose, yellow glands, usually at the base of the blade. buds very small, short, pointed, free, arranged as lateral buds and in clusters on small, short spurs; leaf-scars not prominent; season of bloom early; flowers appear with the leaves, white, thirteen-sixteenths inch across; borne singly or in pairs; pedicels short, thick, glabrous; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, acute, serrate, slightly pubescent, erect; petals white, roundish-ovate, entire, with short claws; anthers tinged with red; pistil pubescent at the base, longer than the stamens, often defective. fruit matures in mid-season; a half-inch in diameter, roundish, slightly compressed; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex depressed, with adherent stigma; color currant-red; dots numerous, small, grayish, obscure; stem thickish, one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch in length, pubescent; skin thick, tender, adheres slightly to the pulp, covered with light pubescence; flesh light red, with light red juice, stringy, melting, sprightly, sour; good in quality; stone clinging, one-quarter of an inch long, one-eighth inch wide, oval, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces. the habitat of _prunus tomentosa_ is probably central asia though it is now to be found growing spontaneously in east tibet and the chinese provinces of setschuan, hupe, kansu and perhaps tochlii. this shrub-like cherry is very generally cultivated in central, eastern and northern china and in japan for its fruit and as an ornamental. it has been introduced into cultivation in many widely separated places in north america and appears to be promising for cold regions, both bud and wood withstanding perfectly the most rigorous climates of the united states. as it grows in america it is a bush and never a true tree. it is a twiggy, close-jointed plant, usually with many stems springing from the ground and these bearing branches quite to the base. frequently these low-growing branches bend to the ground and take root forming new plants. the bushes are thickly clothed with leaves densely tomentose on the underside, in this respect and in shape, as well, very unlike the foliage of common cultivated cherries. the flowers appear in great abundance with the leaves, making a handsome ornamental; they are white, becoming rose-colored as they fall away. the fruit ripens in mid-season for cherries, setting profusely from the many blossoms. the cherries are a half-inch in diameter, bright currant-red, covered with inconspicuous hairs and contain a stone of medium size. they are pleasantly acid, very juicy and withal a decided addition to cultivated cherries. _prunus tomentosa_ seems a most promising plant for domestication and of particular merit for small gardens and cold regions. koehne, in his list of cherries, names ten botanical varieties of _prunus tomentosa_. from this the species seems to be most variable and under cultivation would probably break up into many forms some of which might prove superior to the type species. koehne's botanical varieties are given under the species on page . prunus pumila linnaeus. . linnaeus _mant. pl._ . . . bailey _cor. bul. ex. sta_. = =: . . bailey _l. c_. = =: . . . bailey _cyc. am. hort._ = =: . . _p. susquehanae._ . willdenow _enum. pl._ . . _p. depressa._ . pursh _fl. am._ = =: . . _p. incana._ . schweinitz long's expedition by keating = =: . . _cerasus glauca._ . moench _meth._ . . _c. pumila._ . michaux _fl. bor. am._ = =: . . _c. depressa._ . seringe, in de candolle _prod._ = =: . . plant a small shrub, five to eight feet in height, willow-like habit, weak, upright when young but becoming decumbent, slow-growing, hardy; trunk slender, smooth except for the raised lenticels; branches slender, smooth, twiggy, very dark, dull reddish-black with a tinge of gray; lenticels numerous, small, conspicuous; branchlets very slender, short, twiggy, with short internodes, dull grayish-brown, glabrous, with conspicuous, very small, raised lenticels. leaves hanging late in the season, small, averaging one and three-fourths inches long, one inch wide, flat, abruptly pointed, narrowly oblanceolate to obovate, thin; upper surface dark, dull green, smooth; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent on the midrib and veins; midrib small, straight; veins very minute; margin serrate, teeth tipped with very small glands; petiole short, one-fourth inch in length, glandless. flowers small, in two- to five-flowered umbels, white, appearing with the leaves; pedicels slender, a half-inch in length. fruit nearly round, pendulous, variable in color but usually purple-black, without bloom, nearly a half-inch in diameter; flesh thin, variable in quality but often sour and astringent; season late july; stone turgid, nearly round. _prunus pumila_, the sand cherry, or dwarf cherry, of eastern america, is found on sandy and rocky inland shores from maine to the district of columbia and northwestward to the lake of the woods in canada. in particular it is common on the sand dunes of the great lakes. everywhere in the wild state it grows in light sands suggesting its use in arid soils and especially on poor soils in cold climates. as yet there seem to be no named varieties of this cherry known to fruit-growers, its nearly related species, _prunus besseyi_, offering greater opportunities to both the fruit-grower and the experimenter. both the plants and fruits are so variable, the size, color and quality of the crop on some plants being quite attractive, that it is certain an opportunity to domesticate a worthy native plant is being overlooked. the species ought to have value, too, as a stock on which to work other cherries for sandy soils, dwarf trees and exacting climates. prunus cuneata rafinesque. . rafinesque _ann. nat._ . . . bailey _cor. ex. sta. bul._ = =: . . . britton and brown _ill. flora_ = =: . . . gray _man. bot._ ed. = =: . . _p. pumila cuneata._ . bailey _cyc. am. hort._ = =: . . _prunus cuneata_, sometimes called the appalachian cherry, is not growing at this station but is described in the references given as very similar to the sand cherry, differing in the following respects: the plant is dwarfer but is more erect never having prostrate branches; the branches are smoother and lighter colored; the leaves are shorter, more oval, more obtuse, thinner, less conspicuously veined, teeth fewer and the points more appressed; the flowers are larger, petals broader and are borne on slightly curled stems in umbels of two to four; the fruit and stone in the two species are much the same, possibly averaging smaller in this species. the habitat of _prunus cuneata_ is from maine to north carolina and northwest to minnesota, being most commonly found in wet, stiff soils near lakes and bogs but often found on rocky hills if the soil be not too dry. it is doubtful if this cherry is as promising for cultivation as the foregoing species and not nearly as worthy attention as the next cherry. prunus besseyi bailey. . bailey _cor. ex. sta. bul._ = =: . . . _contrib. u. s. nat. herb._ = =: . . . bessey _neb. hort. soc._ = =: . . bessey _l. c._ = =: . . . britton and brown _ill. flora_ = =: . . _p. pumila besseyi._ . waugh _vt. ex. sta. rpt._ = =: . - . . bailey _cyc. am. hort._ : . . plant a small shrub, spreading or diffuse, one to four feet in height, open-centered, slow-growing, hardy; trunk slender, smooth; branches slender, smooth, very dark brownish-black, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, short, with short internodes, dull grayish-brown becoming almost black, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, small, raised lenticels. leaves hanging late, numerous, small, two and three-eighths inches long, one inch wide, thick, stiff, slightly folded upward or nearly flat; apex with a short taper-point, broadly lanceolate to nearly oval-lanceolate; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface very light green, not pubescent; midrib distinct, glabrous; veins small but distinct; margin serrate, teeth appressed, tipped with indistinct, sharp glands; petiole thick, three-eighths inch in length, glandless or with from one to two very small, light colored, globose glands on the petiole at the base of the leaf; stipules very prominent, almost leaf-like. flowers appearing with the leaves in sessile umbels, small, less than a half-inch across, white; fruit more than a half-inch in diameter, globose, sometimes oblong-pointed, yellowish, mottled or more often purple-black; variable in quality but always more or less astringent; ripening in early august; stone large, globose, slightly flattened. the habitat of _prunus besseyi_ is not yet definitely bounded but it can, at least, be said that this species is to be found on the prairies from manitoba and minnesota to southern kansas and westward into montana, wyoming and utah. in its natural range it undoubtedly runs into that of _prunus pumila_ to the east, and waugh, in the reference given, holds that the two species grade into each other and he, therefore, makes this a variety of the eastern species. certainly _prunus pumila_ and _prunus besseyi_ are as distinct as are many other of the more or less indefinite species of this genus--few, indeed, are the species of prunus that do not have outliers which overlap other types and, as we shall see, there are hybrids between this and species of other cherries, plums and even peaches and apricots, showing that the lines of demarcation between the members of this genus are difficult to define. although _prunus besseyi_ has received attention from horticulturists less than a quarter-century it has aroused much interest, best indicated by the fact that now a considerable number of varieties of the species are under cultivation and there are more than a score of hybrids disseminated in which it is one of the parents. indians, trappers and early settlers have long used the wild fruit under the name of western sand cherry, bessey's cherry and rocky mountain cherry. among pioneers this cherry was held in high esteem for sauces, pies and preserves and, where there was a dearth of cultivated cherries, was eaten with relish out of hand. the flesh is tender, juicy and, while astringent as commonly found, plants bearing aromatic and very palatable cherries are often found growing wild while some of the domesticated plants bear very well-flavored fruits. all speak of the sand cherry as wonderful in productiveness and as having remarkable capacity to withstand the vicissitudes of the exacting climate in which it grows. a valuable asset of _prunus besseyi_ is its great variability. fruit from different plants varies in size, color and flavor suggesting that, under cultivation, amelioration will proceed rapidly. the plants of this species root freely from layers or root-cuttings and are therefore easily propagated and multiplied. but it is in its hybrids that this western cherry has proved most valuable in horticulture. there are now hybrids under cultivation between this species and the sand plum (_prunus augustifolia watsoni_), the hortulana plum (_prunus hortulana_), the simonii plum (_prunus simonii_), the japanese plum (_prunus triflora_), the american plum (_prunus americana_), the cherry plum (_prunus cerasifera_), the sweet cherry (_prunus avium_), the peach (_prunus persica_), the apricots _(prunus armeniaca_ and _prunus mume_), and the common plum _(prunus domestica_). it would almost seem that this species is the "go-between" of the many and varied types of the genus prunus. it is true that few of these hybrids yet shine as orchard plants but, given time, it seems certain that some will prove valuable in general horticulture and that many will be grown in the special horticulture of the northern mississippi valley and the adjoining plains to the west. credit must be given to professor n. e. hansen of the south dakota experiment station for most of our present knowledge of hybridism between this and other species.[ ] in his work with this species hansen has also found that _prunus besseyi_ makes a very good stock for peaches, apricots, japanese and native plums and that, while it does not so readily consort with the true cherries, yet it can be used as a stock for them. on the other hand larger fruits of the sand cherry can be grown when it is budded on stocks of the americana. [ ] see bulletins ( ), ( ), ( ) and ( ) from the south dakota experiment station, brookings, s. d. minor species besides these well-recognized species of cultivated cherries there are several others that play a much less conspicuous part in horticulture. _prunus fruticosa_ pallas, the dwarf cherry of europe, is much cultivated, more especially its botanical variety _pendula_, as an ornamental and somewhat for its fruit. according to wilson,[ ] _prunus involucrata_ koehne is grown for its fruit in the gardens of china; the fruits, he says, are "small and lacking in flavour." the fruits of _prunus emarginata_ walpers are eaten by the indians on the pacific coast and the early settlers used the species as a stock for orchard cherries. _prunus jacquemontii_ hooker, the dwarf cherry of afghanistan and tibet, is occasionally in culture for its fruit and as a park plant; so also is another dwarf cherry from southwestern asia, _prunus incana_ steven. _prunus pseudocerasus_ lindley, the flowering cherry of japan, is a well-known ornamental the world over and in japan is used as a stock for orchard cherries for which purpose, as we have suggested in the discussion of stocks, it ought to be tried in america. [ ] wilson, e. h. _a naturalist in western china_ = =: . . chapter ii the history of cultivated cherries the ancient use of cherries history casts no direct light upon the period when the cherry first came under cultivation. undoubtedly primitive men in all parts of the north temperate zone enlivened their scanty fruit fare with wild cherries. cultivated cherries, we know, had their origin in the old world. but history tells us nothing of the period when europe and asia were unbroken forests inhabitated by savages who eked out a precarious subsistence by the pursuit of the chase and from meagre harvests of wild grains, fruits and vegetables. on these continents agriculture and rude civilization began in ages immemorial and cultivated plants diversified, enriched and adorned the landscapes long before the first written records. our knowledge of how wild cherries have been remodeled into the orchard and garden varieties of today--of what the methods and processes of domestication have been--is, therefore, doubtful and limited, for the mind and hand of man had been deeply impressed upon the cherry long before the faint traditions which have been transmitted to our day could possibly have arisen. the history of the cherry, then, goes back to primitive man. direct proof of the ancient use of cherries is furnished by the finding of cherry-pits of several species in the deposits of swiss lake-dwellings, in the mounds and cliff-caves of prehistoric inhabitants of america and in the ancient rubbish-heaps of scandinavian countries. there are but few regions in which cultivated cherries are grown in which the inhabitants in times of stress, or by choice in times of plenty, do not now use as food wild cherries, some species of which grow in abundance and under the most varied conditions, almost from the arctic circle to within a few degrees of the tropic of cancer in a belt encircling the globe. it is probable that all of the wild species which have furnished fruit to the aborigines or to the modern inhabitants of a region have been sparingly cultivated--at the very least if they possessed any considerable food value they have been more or less widely distributed by the hand of man. but, curiously enough, out of the score or more of species of which the fruit is used as food as the plants grow wild, but two may be said to be truly domesticated. these are the sour, or pie cherry, _prunus cerasus_, and the sweet cherry, _prunus avium_, with the histories of which we are now to be concerned. pliny is generally accredited as the first historian of the cherry. nearly eighteen and a half centuries ago he gave an account of the cherries of rome with the statement that lucullus, the roman soldier and gourmet, had brought them to rome years before christ[ ] from the region of the black sea. this particular in the account proves to be a good illustration of the adage that old errors strike root deeply. though disproved beyond all question of doubt time and time again by botanists and historians, pliny's inadvertence is still everywhere current in text-books, pomologies and cyclopaedias--a mis-statement started, repeated and perpetuated from medieval days when to be printed in pliny was sufficient proof. that lucullus brought to italy a cherry and one which the romans did not know there is no reason to doubt, but other cherries there must have been, not only wild but cultivated, of _prunus cerasus_ at least and probably of _prunus avium_, and in comparative abundance long before lucullus, returning from the war in pontus with mithridates, brought to rome a cherry. with this brief mention of pliny's inaccuracy, we pass to more substantial facts in the history of the cherry. the domestication of one or the other of the two generally cultivated species of cherries followed step by step the changes from savagery to civilization in the countries of europe and of western asia. for, as one sorts the accumulated stores of botanical and historical evidence, it becomes quickly apparent that both the sweet and the sour cherry now grow wild and long have done so in the region named and that, from the time tillage of plants was first practiced in the old world, this fruit has been under cultivation, feeble, obscure, and interrupted by war and chase though its cultivation may have been. certainly the history of the cherry is as old as that of agriculture in the southern european countries and is interwritten with it. in beginning the history of a cultivated plant the first step is to ascertain where it grows spontaneously--where it may be found unplanted and unattended by man. this is the task now before us for _prunus cerasus_ and _prunus avium_, discussing them in the order named. [ ] see quotation on page . the origin of cultivated cherries _prunus cerasus_, of which the montmorency is the commonest representative in america, is now to be found wild wherever sour cherries are much grown, for it is a favorite food of many birds which quickly scatter its seeds from centers of cultivation. nearly all of the botanies of temperate regions in which agriculture is carried on name this cherry as an escape from cultivation into woods and hedgerows and along roadsides. the sour cherry, then, is now to be found truly wild in many parts of several continents. it is not so easy to say where the habitat and what the condition before the species was cultivated. but botany, archaeology, history and philology indicate that the original habitat of the sour cherry is southeastern europe and the nearby countries in asia. after saying that this cherry has been found wild in the forests of asia minor, the plains of macedonia, on mount olympus and in neighboring territories, de candolle, however, limits its habitat to the region "from the caspian sea to the environments of constantinople."[ ] but as a wild plant this cherry must have spread over a far greater area. even the broadest boundaries of the habitat of _prunus cerasus_ as set by de candolle show over-caution. thus, the marasca cherry, a botanical variety of _prunus cerasus_, is most certainly wild in the province of dalmatia on the adriatic sea in austria; so, too, it is certain that this species is feral as far away from de candolle's center of distribution as northern austria and southern germany and has been so for untold ages. it is safe to say that the original source of the sour cherry was the territory lying between switzerland and the adriatic sea on the west and the caspian sea and probably somewhat farther north on the east. that is, our savage forefathers must have found this cherry in the region thus outlined, probably in a much more extended territory, into which it was brought in more or less remote times by agencies other than human from de candolle's smaller area of origin. it is easier to define the geographic range of the wild sweet cherry. botanists very generally agree that _prunus avium_ as a wild plant inhabits all of the mainland of europe in which the cultivated varieties of the species can be grown--that is, most of the continent south of sweden, and may be found wild well into southern russia. the species is reported sparingly wild in northern africa and is a very common wild plant in southern asia as far east as northern india. it must not be thought that the plant is everywhere abundant in the great area outlined as its habitat. to the contrary, the sweet cherry is an uncommon wild plant in spain, italy and other parts of southern europe. all authorities agree that the region of greatest communal intensity for _prunus avium_ is between the caspian and black seas and south of these bodies of water. it might suffice to say that from about these seas the sweet cherry came--that here grew the trunk from which branches were spread into other lands by birds and animals carrying the seeds from place to place. the most important fact to be established, however, is that this cherry has long grown spontaneously over a widely extended territory and may, therefore, have been domesticated in several widely separated regions. [ ] de candolle, _origin of cultivated plants_ . . the cherry in greece; the first record of culture and the name having established the habitats of the two cultivated cherries we may next ask when and where their cultivation began. the domestication of plants probably began in china--certainly chinese agriculture long antedates that of any other nation now in existence of which we have records. agriculture in china, historians roughly approximate, goes back , years. but while the chinese have many other species of cherry, as we have seen, some of which may be said to be partially domesticated, _prunus cerasus_ and _prunus avium_ are not found wild in china and were only in recent years introduced there as cultivated plants. neither does the cherry of our civilization seem to have been known in the second great agricultural region of the world--egypt and the extreme southwest of asia. at least there are no words for the cherry in the languages of the peoples of that region and cherry pits have not been found with the remains of other plants in the tombs and ruins of egypt, assyria and babylon. nor does the cherry seem to have been cultivated in india until comparatively recent times. these very brief and general statements show that cherries were not cultivated in the first agricultural civilizations and serve to fix the time and the place of the domestication of the cherry a little more definitely. records of cherries as cultivated plants begin, so far as the researches of botanical historians now show, with greek civilization though it is probable, for several reasons, that some cultivated cherries came to greece from asia minor. theophrastus, to whom linnaeus gave the title "father of botany," writing about years before the christian era in his _history of plants_, is, according to botanical historians, the first of the greek writers to mention the cherry. his statement is as follows:-- "the cherry is a peculiar tree, of large size, some attaining the height of twenty-four cubits, rather thick, so that they may measure two cubits in circumference at the base. the leaf is like that of the mespilus, rather firm and broader, the color of the foliage such that the tree may be distinguished from others at a good distance. the bark, by its color, smoothness and thickness, is like that of tilia. the flower [meaning, the cluster of flowers] is white, resembling that of the pear and mespilus, consisting of small [separate] flowers. the fruit is red, similar to that of diospyros [but what his diospyros was no one knows] of the size of a faba [perhaps nelumbo seed], which is hard, but the cherry is soft. the tree grows in the same situations as tilia; by streams."[ ] from this passage we gather that the cherry theophrastus knew was the sweet cherry, _prunus avium_; the description shows it to be the same large, tall tree now naturalized in open woods and along roadsides in many parts of the united states. from the fact that theophrastus describes the tree and the bark in more detail than the fruit we may assume that the cherry was more esteemed in ancient greece as a timber-tree than as a fruit-tree. curiously enough the name the greeks at this time used for the sweet cherry is now applied to _prunus cerasus_, the sour cherry. "kerasos" was the sweet cherry in ancient greece and from kerasos came _cerasus_, used by many botanists as the name of the genus. that the sweet cherry should by the use of _avium_ be denominated the "bird cherry" is clear since birds show much discrimination between cherries, but why the sour cherry should be given the specific name _cerasus_, first applied to the sweet cherry, is not apparent. pages are written in the old pomologies and botanical histories as to the origin of the word _cerasus_. pliny's statement that lucullus called the cherry _cerasus_ from the town from which he obtained it, kerasun in pontus, on the black sea, is, in the light of all who have since looked into the matter, a misconception. to the contrary, commentators now agree that the town received its name from the cherry which grows most abundantly in the forests in that part of asia minor. the name, according to all authorities, is very ancient--a linguistic proof of the antiquity of the cherry. to sum up, the cherry comes into literature first from greece in the writings of theophrastus. there can be but little doubt, however, but that it had been cultivated for centuries before theophrastus wrote. whether one or both of the two cherries were domesticated by the greeks, beginning with their civilization, or whether cultivated cherries came to greece from asia minor, is not now known. it is very probable that some of the several varieties grown in greece came under cultivation through domestication of wild plants; others were introduced from regions farther east. [ ] theophrastus, book iii, chap. . the sweet cherry possibly the parent of the sour cherry a digression may be permitted here to state a hypothesis suggested by de candolle[ ] which should interest both fruit-growers and plant-breeders. de candolle, while considering the two species of cultivated cherries to be now quite distinct, suggests that, since they differ essentially but little in their characters and since their original habitats were in the same region, it is probable that one species came from the other. he surmises, since _prunus avium_ is the commoner in the original home, is generally the more vigorous of the two, has spread much farther and probably at a much earlier date from the primal habitation in asia minor than _prunus cerasus_, that the latter, the sour cherry, is derived from the sweet cherry. in the future breeding of cherries confirmatory evidence of such a relationship may be obtained though, should none be found, the negation should go for naught and the supposition can only remain an interesting and plausible hypothesis. [ ] de candolle, alphonse _origin of cultivated plants_ . . the cherry in italy pliny attempts to give the first full account of cultivated cherries and, even though among his statements are several inaccuracies, yet he may be said to have made a very good beginning of a flora of cultivated cherries for he names and describes ten varieties. the fact that there were as many as ten cherries in italy at the time pliny wrote, less than a century after the return of lucullus from pontus, is strong evidence that the cherry in italy antedates lucullus. besides, it is hardly probable that pliny knew and described all of the cherries to be found in the whole of his country. but even if these ten comprise the entire number, those who know how extremely difficult it is to introduce new plants in a country with the facilities we have in our day, will doubt that all of the cherries in pliny's account could have been introduced in italy years ago and have come under general cultivation, as according to pliny they had, within the short space of a century. the following quotation, then, must be taken as an account of the cherries grown in italy in the first century after christ with little weight given to the historical evidence presented.[ ] "the cherry did not exist in italy before the period of the victory gained over mithridates by l. lucullus, in the year of the city . he was the first to introduce this tree from pontus, and now, in the course of one hundred and twenty years, it has travelled beyond the ocean, and arrived in britannia even. the cherry, as we have already stated, in spite of every care, has been found impossible to rear in egypt. of this fruit, that known as the "apronian" is the reddest variety, the lutatian being the blackest, and the caecilian perfectly round. the junian cherry has an agreeable flavour, but only, so to say, when eaten beneath the tree, as they are so remarkably delicate that they will not bear carrying. the highest rank, however, has been awarded to the duracinus variety, known in campania as the "plinian" cherry, and in belgica to the lusitanian cherry, as also to one that grows on the banks of the rhenus. this last kind has a third colour, being a mixture of black, red, and green, and has always the appearance of being just on the turn to ripening. it is less than five years since the kind known as the "laurel-cherry" was introduced, of a bitter but not unpleasant flavour, the produce of a graft upon the laurel. the macedonian cherry grows on a tree that is very small, and rarely exceeds three cubits in height; while the chamaecerasus is still smaller, being but a mere shrub. the cherry is one of the first trees to recompense the cultivator with its yearly growth; it loves cold localities and a site exposed to the north. the fruits are sometimes dried in the sun, and preserved, like olives, in casks." how are the cherries described in the passage from pliny related to those of modern culture? a score or more of commentators have tried to tell but when the comments are compared pliny's disorder becomes confusion worse confounded. here, as in his historical statements, pliny seems to have prepared the ground for a fine crop of misunderstandings. the speculations as to what particular cherry each of the descriptions fits quickly show the futility of specification. a few generalizations only are warranted. thus, if we assume, as most commentators do, that apronian, the first of pliny's varieties, was named after apronius, a roman praetor of pliny's day, there is nothing to indicate the character of the cherry except the word "reddest" which means but little for it is no more possible to distinguish cherries by redness than by its blackness to tell a pot from a kettle. it is as impossible to distinguish the second variety as the first. the name given is lutatian, the variety having been dedicated, as all commentators agree, to lutatius catulus, a contemporary of lucullus, revered by romans for having rebuilt the capitol after it had been destroyed by fire. it is described as "being the blackest" but whether _prunus avium_ or _prunus cerasus_, sweet or sour, who can tell? the third variety is called the caecilian cherry, which we are told is "perfectly round"--a character possessed in like degree by many cherries. the name, on the authority of latin scholars, commemorates the caecilius family, rich and powerful romans, friends of lucullus at the time he was promoting cherry culture. we may be a little more certain of the identity of the fourth cherry, called the junian, and said to have been possessed of "an agreeable flavor but only, so to say, when eaten beneath the tree, as they are so remarkably delicate that they will not bear carrying." whether the name was given in honor of the roman republican, junius brutus, who died a. d. or from junius, the month of their ripening, cannot be said. the description, as practically all agree, fits very well the french guigne or english gean group of cherries. it is probable that "guigne" is a perversion of "junian." there can be little question as to the cherry pliny next describes, "the duracinus variety" which he says has been awarded "highest rank" and to which he paid the compliment of giving it his own name, for he tells us that it is "known in campania as the plinian cherry." this hard-fleshed cherry of delectable quality can be no other than a bigarreau--some protean napoleon, yellow spanish, windsor or the older oxheart and elkhorn. the sixth cherry is the lusitanian, which, if the translations read aright, the belgians rank highest. ancient lusitania is modern portugal and the lusitanian cherry may be the griotte of portugal grown from time immemorial in that country. the identity of the variety is not so important in this passage as is the connection that pliny establishes in cherry culture at this early time between portugal, italy and belgium. by such tokens does our author cast doubt upon his statement that lucullus had but yesterday, as it were, brought the cherry from pontus. the seventh cherry is one "that grows on the banks of the rhenus" (rhine), further described as "being a mixture of black, red and green," and of having "always the appearance of being just on the turn to ripening." it is useless to add another guess to those of the many commentators as to what this tri-colored cherry from the banks of the rhine may be. the eighth description, that of the "laurel-cherry," applies to a graft and not to a variety. of it, pliny says, "it is less than five years since the kind known as the laurel-cherry was introduced, of a bitter, but not unpleasant flavor, the produce of a graft upon the laurel." it is barely possible that a cherry could be made to grow on a laurel five years but it is extremely doubtful, as all modern horticulturists who have tried it say, and it is impossible to have such a graft bear fruit. pliny was misinformed. the ninth and tenth of pliny's cherries, the macedonian and the chamaecerasus, are probably one and the same, since but one cherry that could possibly answer to the descriptions given could have been in italy at the time pliny wrote. the cherry described, then, was almost beyond doubt _prunus fruticosa_ pallas, a synonym of which is _prunus chamaecerasus_ jacquin, perpetuating the name used by pliny. this is the european dwarf cherry, or ground cherry, which is now and was probably then a wild plant in parts of italy and which is very well described by "a tree that is very small, and rarely exceeds three cubits in height." we have accredited pliny with having first described cherries in italy and discredited his account of their introduction in his own country, but chiefly on inferential evidence. just a few words of direct proof that the cherry was long in cultivation by the romans before lucullus and we have done with the introduction of the cherry into italy and have filled another gap between theophrastus and our own times. marcus terentius varro (b. c. - ), one of the illustrious scholars of ancient rome, sometimes called the father of roman learning, in his eightieth year, as he tells us in his first chapter, wrote a book on farming--one, which, by the way, may be read with profit by modern farmers.[ ] in book , chapter xxxix, he tells when to graft cherries, discussing the process not as if it or the cherry were new or little known but as if the cherry were as commonplace as the other agricultural crops of the times. varro effectually disproves pliny to whose mis-statement we have given so much space only because for nearly years it has been generally accepted as the truth. the gaps in the history of the cherry are long. athenaeus,[ ] tertullian,[ ] ammianus,[ ] and st. jerome,[ ] roman writers of the third and fourth centuries, mention cherries but chiefly to repeat and perpetuate pliny's errors. it was not until the sixteenth century--a lapse of years--that an attempt was again made to describe in full cultivated cherries. sometime in this century, matthiolus ( - ), a tuscan and one of the eminent naturalists not only of italy but of the world in the middle ages, in translating and annotating the medical works of the greek writer dioscorides, made a list of the fruit-trees then grown in italy. as the second descriptive list of cherries this contribution of matthiolus might be worth reprinting were it not, as in pliny, that but few of his varieties can be certainly made out. he does, however, make a number of additions to pliny's list but space does not permit a consideration of these; especially since gerarde, writing less than a century later in english, so well amplifies matthiolus that we shall print his account. [ ] bostock and riley _nat. history of pliny_ = =: . . [ ] a very good translation of varro on farming is one by lloyd starr-best, published by g. bell & sons, london. . [ ] athenaeus _dipnosophistæ_ book ii, chap. xxxiv-v. [ ] tertullian _apologeticum_ chap. xi. [ ] ammianus _history of the roman emperors_ book , chap. xvi. [ ] st. jerome _epistulae_ book i, letter xxxv. cherries in the sixteenth century pliny mentions the cherry as growing in several countries and, by reading between lines, we may assume that cultivated cherries were distributed throughout all parts of europe where agriculture was practiced, by christ's time or shortly thereafter. pliny speaks of the cherry in some connection with england, germany, belgium and portugal. surely we may assume that the cherry was being grown at the same time in at least the countries in europe which are between or border on those named. but from pliny to the sixteenth century the current of progress in cherry culture was immeasurably slow. in the intervening years not a score of new cherries were brought under cultivation. attention was probably given during these dark ages to this and to all fruits as species and as divisions of species which came nearly or quite true to seed. it was only in the refinements of horticulture and botany brought about by the herbalists that true horticultural varieties came into common cultivation. thus, the first of the german herbals, the _herbarius_, printed at mainz in , does not describe or even name varieties of cherries but groups them in the two species as sweets and sours, the statement running:[ ] "the cherries are some sweet, some sour, like the wild apple; the sours bring to the stomach gas and make the mouth fresh (frisch), those too sweet or too sour are of little use." a wood-cut in this old herbal illustrates a sour cherry. according to müller,[ ] not until did the germans attempt to give names to varieties, when, in a medical herbal, the _gart der gesundheit_, cherries were roughly divided into four groups: ( ) the amarellen, sour, dark red cherries with long stems. ( ) the weichselkirschen, red cherries with white juice and short stems. ( ) the süsskirschen, red or black sweet cherries with long stems. ( ) "beside these yet more" distinguished by their shape and the province in which they are grown. not until well into the eighteenth century do the germans seem to have given names to more than a few of the most distinct varieties of cherries. yet the cherry was more largely cultivated in germany, one, two, or three centuries ago, as it is now, than in any other european country. this, one readily gleans from what has been written on cherries in different countries and from the acknowledgments of foreign pomologists to those of germany for most of what has been printed regarding cherries. not only has the cherry been a favorite orchard plant in germany but since the sixteenth century it has been largely planted along the public roads. of cherries on the continent, for this brief history, nothing more need be said. most of the varieties that have been imported from europe to america have come from england and we must, therefore, devote rather more attention to the history of the cherry in england than in other european countries. [ ] quoted from müller, hugo m. _obstzüchter_ = =: . . [ ] _ibid._ cherries in england cultivated cherries came to england with the romans. _prunus avium_ is indigenous in great britain but probably no care worthy the name cultivation was given these wild trees by the ancient britons. pliny states that the cherry was carried from rome to britain before the middle of the first century--meaning probably some improved variety. in no part of the world does the cherry take more kindly to the soil than in england and no doubt this fruit became firmly established in kent, where the romans settled, before the downfall of the southern invaders. with the expulsion of the romans and the subsequent influx of barbarians, agriculture, especially gardening and fruit-growing, became almost a lost art but still it is not probable that the cherry was wholly lost to cultivation during the teutonic invasions of britain. fruit-growing could not have greatly prospered, however, in the centuries of strife with the barbarians which succeeded roman rule in england; and a revival of cherry culture did not take place until the reintroduction of christianity and the establishment of monasteries where, undisturbed by wars, the monks became notable horticulturists. they not only had opportunity in the comparative peace in which their lives were cast to grow fruit but many of them were men of superior intelligence and skill and from intercourse with the continental countries learned what plants were worth growing and how to grow them--the monasteries were the experiment stations of the times. undoubtedly the monks in bringing to england treasures from the continent did not forget fruits and among them cherries. passing by a considerable number of references which could be cited to show that cherries of one kind and another were cultivated in britain from at least as early a date as the ninth century, we come to the discussion of this fruit by the herbalists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. of the three great english herbalists, turner published his work in ; gerarde's, printed in , was revised and greatly improved by johnson in ; parkinson's _paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris_, or park-in-suns earthly paradise--the author evidently a punster--was published in . all of these contain as full botanical and pomological discussions of cherries as knowledge then permitted. it must not be thought, by those unacquainted with the plant-lore of the times, that the cherry received consideration only from the pens of turner, gerarde, and parkinson. during the time covered by the lives of these three men a score or more of books were written in english on botany and pomology in which accounts were given of the cherry, all showing the esteem in which this fruit was held in england during and before the reign of queen elizabeth. space permits comments on the account of the cherry given by but one of these elizabethan herbalists, and of the several gerarde's seems best suited to our purpose. we have chosen gerarde because he treats the cherry more fully than do the other writers of the period and because he was a compiler and a translator, having, as he quaintly says, "perused divers herbals set fourth in other languages;" thus from gerarde we obtain a conception of cherries growing on the continent as well as those growing in england. students of the english herbals say that gerarde translated, copied and adapted from matthiolus, whose book we have noted, but more particularly from dodoens who in published in antwerp _a history of plants_. these two worthies, in turn, had borrowed very freely from still more ancient writers--theophrastus, dioscorides, columella and others. as might be suspected, errors centuries old were passed down, yet each new translation or compilation contains much added information and is far freer from error. in particular, gerarde seems to have been a wise compiler and adapter and to have combined a large measure of first-hand practical knowledge with his borrowings from others. this is especially true of what he writes concerning cherries, a fruit with which he seems to have been very familiar. the following is gerarde's account, with interpolations by the author: "the ancient herbalists have set down four kinds of cherry trees; the first is great and wild, the second tame or of the garden, the third hath sour fruit, the fourth is that which is called in latin chamaecerasus, or the dwarfe cherry tree. the later writers have found divers sorts more, some bringing forth great fruit, others lesser; some with white fruit, some with blacke, others of the colour of black bloud, varying infinitely according to the clymat and country where they grow." the four cherries which gerarde says the "ancient herbalists have set down" are, it is easy to see: first, the wild _prunus avium_; second, cultivated sweet varieties of _prunus avium_; third, the sour _prunus cerasus_; fourth, the dwarf cherry, _prunus fruticosa_. "the english cherry tree groweth to a high and great tree, the body whereof is of a mean bignesse, which is parted above into very many boughes, with a barke somewhat smooth, of a brown crimson colour, tough and pliable; the substance or timber is also brown in the middle, and the outer part is somewhat white: the leaves be great, broad, long, set with veins or nerves, and sleightly nicked about the edges: the floures are white, of a mean bigness, consisting of five leaves, and having certain threds in the middle of the like colour. the cherries be round, hanging upon long stems or footstalks, with a stone in the middest which is covered with a pulp or soft meat; the kernell thereof is not unpleasant to the taste, though somewhat bitter." this is _prunus avium_, which is very generally wild in britain--the gean of the english. "the flanders cherry tree differeth not from our english cherry tree in stature or form of leaves or floures, the only difference is, that this tree brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than the other, wherefore it may be called in latine, _cerasus praecox, sive belgica_." a cherry which "brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than the other" can be no other than one of the early varieties of the sweet cherry. "the spanish cherry tree groweth up to the height of our common cherry tree, the wood or timber is soft and loose, covered with a whitish scaly barke, the branches are knotty, greater and fuller of substance than any other cherry tree; the leaves are likewise greater and longer than any of the rest, in shape like those of the chestnut tree: the floures are like the others in form, but whiter of colour; the fruit is greater and longer than any, white for the most part all over, except those that stand in the hottest place where the sun hath some reflexion against a wall: they are also white within, and of a pleasant taste." we have in this description a very good pen picture of yellow spanish, one of the bigarreaus, of which there must have been several in common cultivation in gerarde's time. "the gascoin cherry tree groweth very like to the spanish cherry tree in stature, flours and leaves: it differeth in that it bringeth forth very great cherries, long, sharp pointed, with a certain hollownesse upon one side, and spotted here and there with certain prickles of purple color as smal as sand. the taste is most pleasant, and excelleth in beauty." gascoin, sometimes "gaskin" in england, is a corruption of gascoigne, a name applied by the french to cherries produced in gascony and said to have been brought to england by joan of kent when her husband, the black prince, was commanding in guienne and gascony. the variety is a very good sweet cherry, no doubt the one described in this text under the name bleeding heart. "the late ripe cherry tree groweth up like unto our wild english cherry tree, with the like leaves, branches and floures, saving that they are sometimes once doubled; the fruit is small, round, and of a darke bloudy colour when they be ripe, which the frenchmen gather with their stalkes, and hang them up in their houses in bunches or handfulls against winter, which the physitions do give unto their patients in hot and burning fevers, being first steeped in a little warme water, that causeth them to swell and plumpe as full and fresh as when they did grow upon the tree. "the cluster cherry tree differeth not from the last described either in leaves, branches, or stature: the floures are also like, but never commeth any one of them to be double. the fruit is round, red when they be ripe, and many growing upon one stem or foot-stalke in clusters, like as the grapes do. the taste is not unpleasant although somewhat soure." these two cherries, one sees at once, are varieties of _prunus cerasus_. the first, gerarde identifies for us on a succeeding page as the morello. he says of it: "the late ripe cherries which the frenchmen keepe dried against the winter, and are by them called morelle, and wee after the same name call them morell cherries. "this cherrie-tree with double floures growes up unto a small tree, not unlike to the common cherrie-tree in each respect, saving that the floures are somewhat double, that is to say, three or foure times double; after which commeth fruit (though in small quantitie) like the other common cherry. "the double floured cherry-tree growes up like unto an hedge bush, but not so great nor high as any of the others, the leaves and branches differ not from the rest of the cherry-tree. the floures hereof are exceeding double, as are the flours of marigolds, but of a white colour, and smelling somewhat like the hawthorne floures; after which come seldome or never any fruit, although some authors have said that it beareth sometimes fruit, which my selfe have not at any time seen; notwithstanding the tree hath growne in my garden many yeeres, and that in an excellent good place by a bricke wall, where it hath the reflection of the south sunne, fit for a tree that is not willing to beare fruit in our cold climat." these two are double-flowered cherries, several of which seem to have been grown as ornamentals. both belong to _prunus cerasus_ and as we gather rather better elsewhere than here, both are of the amarelle type of tree. "the birds cherry-tree, or the blacke cherry-tree, that bringeth forth very much fruit upon one branch (which better may be understood by sight of the figure, than by words) springeth up like an hedge tree of small stature, it groweth in the wilde woods of kent, and are there used for stockes to graft other cherries upon, of better tast, and more profit, as especially those called the flanders cherries: this wilde tree growes very plentifully in the north of england, especially at a place called heggdale, neere unto rosgill in westmerland, and in divers other places about crosbie ravenswaith, and there called hegberrie-tree: it groweth likewise in martome parke, foure miles from blackeburne, and in harward neere thereunto; in lancashire almost in every hedge; the leaves and branches differ not from those of the wilde cherry-tree: the floures grow alongst the small branches, consisting of five small white leaves, with some greenish and yellow thrums in the middle: after which come the fruit, greene at the first, blacke when they be ripe, and of the bignesse of sloes; of an harsh and unpleasant taste. "the other birds cherry-tree differeth not from the former in any respect, but in the colour of the berries; for as they are blacke; so on the contrary, these are red when they be ripe, wherein they differ." the cherries described in these two paragraphs, one black and one red, "that bringeth forth very much fruit upon one branch" and "groweth in the wilde woods" and "of an harsh and unpleasant taste" are of course the _prunus padus_ of britain and most of europe--not a true cherry but the racemose bird cherry, or choke cherry. "the common blacke cherry-tree growes up in some places to great stature: there is no difference between it and our common cherry-tree, saving that the fruit hereof is very little in respect of other cherries, and of a blacke colour." this must be some wild gean or mazzard. "the dwarfe cherry-tree groweth very seldome to the height of three cubits: the trunke or body small, covered with a darke coloured blacke: whereupon do grow very limber and pliant twiggie branches: the leaves are very small, not much unlike to those of the privite bush: the floures are small and white: after which come cherries of a deepe red colour when they be ripe, of taste somewhat sharpe, but not greatly unpleasant: the branches laid downe in the earth, quickely take root, whereby it is greatly increased." here we have _prunus fruticosa_ very well described. "my selfe with divers others have sundry other sorts in our gardens, one called the hart cherry, the greater and the lesser; one of the great bignesse, and most pleasant in taste, which we call _luke wardes_ cherry, because he was the first that brought the same out of italy; another we have called the naples cherry, because it was first brought into these parts from naples: the fruit is very great, sharpe pointed, somewhat like a man's heart in shape, of a pleasant taste, and of a deepe blackish colour when it is ripe, as it were of the colour of dried bloud." gerarde's hart is probably one of the heart cherries, while "luke wardes cherry" is one of the oldest named sweet cherries known in england, having been mentioned by parkinson and other of the herbalists as well as in this list. "we have another that bringeth forth cherries also very great, bigger than any flanders cherrie, of the colour of jet, or burnished horn, and of a most pleasant taste, as witnesseth mr. bull, the queenes majesties clockmaker, who did taste of the fruit (the tree bearing onely one cherry, which he did eat; but my selfe never tasted of it) at the impression hereof. we have also another, called the agriot cherry, of a reasonable good taste. another we have with fruit of a dun colour, tending to a watchet. we have one of the dwarfe cherries, that bringeth forth fruit as great as most of our flanders cherries, whereas the common sort hath very small cherries, and those of an harsh taste. these and many sorts more we have in our london gardens, whereof to write particularly would greatly enlarge our volume, and to small purpose: therefore, what hath beene said shall suffice. i must here (as i have formerly done, in peares, apples, and other such fruites) refer you to my two friends, mr. _john parkinson_, and mr. _john millen_, the one to furnish you with the history, and the other with the things themselves, if you desire them." one can only roughly surmise as to what the cherries mentioned in this paragraph are with the exception of the agriot which is, if the synonymy of several european pomologists be correct, the griotte commune, a sort supposed to have been brought from syria by the crusaders and to have been recorded under the last name in france as early as . the end of the seventeenth century saw a great revival of agriculture in all of its branches on the continent; in england the revival began with the fall of the commonwealth. from this time the progress of cherry culture has been so rapid and so great that it would be an endless task to give even a cursory view of it--a task unnecessary, too, for succeeding the herbalists a great number of botanies, pomologies and works on agriculture were published to many of which reference is still easy. moreover, the histories of varieties in this text carry us back quite to the beginning of the eighteenth century. there now remains for the history of the cherry but to sketch its introduction and culture in north america, an undertaking that can be done briefly and to the point, for the data are abundant, recent and reliable. here, too, accounts of the origin of varieties and the development of the cherry may be looked for in the chapters which comprise the main part of the book. cherries in america the cherry was one of the first fruits planted in the fields cleared and enriched by our hardy american ancestry. from canada to florida the colonists, though of several nationalities and those from one nation often representing several quite distinct classes, were forced alike to turn at once to the cultivation of the soil as a means of subsistence. and while in all of the colonies the early settlers must have been busily engaged in the cultivation of cereals for the staff of life, in the south in growing cotton and tobacco for money and for purposes of barter, in the north in harvesting forest and fish products for bartering; yet the historians of the colonies notice so often and describe so fully and with such warmth of feeling the vegetables, flowers and fruits in the orchards and gardens of the new world that it is certain that the ground was tilled not only as a means of subsistence but because the tillers loved the luxuries of the land. what fruit better adapted to the uses of colonists than the cherry? it possesses in a high degree, especially the sour cherry, the power of adaptation to new environment and thrives under a greater variety of conditions than any other of our fruits unless it be the apple, which it at least equals in this respect. the cherry is easily propagated; it comes in bearing early and bears regularly; of all fruits it requires least care--gives the greatest returns under neglect; and the product is delectable and adapted to many purposes. we shall expect, then, in examining the early records of fruit-growing in america to find the cherry one of the first planted and one of the most widely disseminated of fruits. cherries planted by the french in america while written records are lacking, the plantations of old trees and the development of cherry culture indicate that the french early planted cherries in nova scotia, cape breton, prince edward island and in the early settlements on the st. lawrence river. the cherry is a favorite fruit of the french and the venerable trees that survived on the sites of their settlements when the english came into possession of canada are proof sufficient that the émigrés from provence or normandy, fruit districts of france from which many french settlers came, brought with them seeds of the cherry with those of other fruits. peter kalm in his _travels into north america_ in ,[ ] records the very general culture of all the hardy fruits in canada and leaves the impression that such had been the case from the first settlements. [ ] kalm, peter _travels into north america_ . cherries in new england the cherry came to new england with the first settlers. this we are told in all the records of early new england in which the conditions of the country are described and of it we have confirmatory proof in many enormous cherry trees, sweet and sour, both about ancient habitations and as escapes from cultivation in woods, fields and fence rows, all pointing to the early cultivation of this fruit. the early records are very specific. thus, to quote a few out of an embarrassment of references: francis higginson writing in , after naming the several other fruits then under cultivation in massachusetts, notes that the red kentish is the only cherry cultivated.[ ] in the same year, the th of march, , a memorandum of the massachusetts company shows that "stones of all sorts of fruites, as peaches, plums, filberts, cherries, pear, aple, quince kernells" were to be sent to new england.[ ] these seeds, provided by the home company with forethought of the need of orchards in the colony, evidently produced fruit trees sufficient to supply both hunger and thirst; for john josselyn, who made voyages to new england in , and , writing of "new england's rarities discovered," says:[ ] "our fruit trees prosper abundantly, apple-trees, pear-trees, quince-trees, cherry-trees, plum-trees, barberry-trees. i have observed with admiration, that the kernels sown or the succors planted produce as fair and good fruit, without grafting, as the tree from whence they were taken: the countrey is replenished with fair and large orchards. it was affirmed by one mr. woolcut (a magistrate in connecticut colony) at the captains messe (of which i was) aboard the ship i came home in, that he made five hundred hogsheads of syder out of his own orchard in one year. syder is very plentiful in the countrey, ordinarily sold for ten shillings a hogshead. "the quinces, cherries, damsons, set the dames a work, marmalad and preserved damsons are to be met with in every house. it was not long before i left the countrey that i made cherry wine, and so may others, for there are good store of them both red and black. their fruit trees are subject to two diseases, the meazels, which is when they are burned and scorched with the sun, and lowsiness, when the woodpeckers jab holes in their bark: the way to cure them when they are lowsie is to bore a hole in the main root with an augur, and pour in a quantity of brandie or rhum, and then stop it up with a pin made of the same tree." as early as , a nursery had been started in massachusetts and was selling among other trees those of the cherry. troublesome pests had made their appearance, too, as may be seen from the following letter, probably from the first american nurseryman. the letter is written by george fenwith of saybrook, connecticut, under date of may , ,[ ] to governor john winthrop, jr. "i haue receaued the trees yow sent me, for which i hartily thanke yow. if i had any thing heare that could pleasure yow, yow should frely command it. i am prettie well storred with chirrie & peach trees, & did hope i had had a good nurserie of aples, of the aples yow sent me last yeare, but the wormes have in a manner distroyed them all as they came vp. i pray informe me if yow know any way to preuent the like mischiefe for the future." these early plantations of cherries in new england were undoubtedly grown from seed; for buds, cions and trees could not have been imported unless the latter were brought over potted out as was not commonly done until a century and a half later--at least, the records make mention of seeds and not of trees as was the case just before and after the revolutionary war. a statement left by one of the chief justices of massachusetts, paul dudley, living at roxbury, at as late a date as , indicates that varieties were few. in a paper in the _philosophical transactions_[ ] on agricultural conditions in massachusetts, among many other interesting things, justice dudley says: "our apples are without doubt as good as those of england, and much fairer to look to, and so are the pears, but we have not got all the sorts. our peaches do rather excel those of england, and then we have not the trouble or expence of walls for them; for our peach trees are all standards, and i have had in my own garden seven or eight hundred fine peaches of the rare-ripes, growing at a time on one tree. our people, of late years, have run so much upon orchards, that in a village near boston, consisting of about forty families, they made near three thousand barrels of cyder. this was in the year . and in another town of two hundred families, in the same year i am credibly informed they made near ten thousand barrels. our peach trees are large and fruitful, and bear commonly in three years from the stone. our common cherries are not so good as the kentish cherries of england, and we have no dukes or heart cherries, unless in two or three gardens." [ ] _mass. hist. soc. collections_ st ser. =i=: . [ ] _mass. records_ =i=: . [ ] _mass. hist. collections_ d ser. = =: . [ ] _mass. hist. collections_ th ser. =vi=: . [ ] abridgment = =:pt. =ii=: , in _hist. mass. hort. soc._ - . - . cherries in new york though settled at about the same time and having a more congenial climate, new york made progress in fruit-growing more slowly than massachusetts. the early dutch settlers in new york were transient traders and not home makers. actual settlement with homes in view did not begin until after the historical bargain in which thrifty peter minuit had acquired manhattan island for $ . and the country became new amsterdam. but troublesome times followed under the rule of minuit, wouter van twiller and kieft, quarrels and actual war, or the fear of it, with colonists to the north and south as well as with the savages, preventing the planting of orchards and farms until in when the reins of government were taken in hand by peter stuyvesant. governor stuyvesant was a farmer as well as a soldier and there is something in history and much in tradition of the bowery farm, which flourished on the site of the present bowery in new york. this farm was planted and tended by "peter, the headstrong" when he was not disputing with his burgomasters, watching the yankees and fighting swedes and indians. the orchards and gardens, according to all accounts, were remarkably fine and were kept in a high state of cultivation. stuyvesant founded the farm during the stormy times of his governorship but did not live on it until the english took possession of new amsterdam in when he retired to the land and devoted the eighteen remaining years of his life to agriculture. from the neighboring colonies and from abroad he brought many fruits, flowers, farm and truck crops. fruits came to him also from holland and were disseminated from his orchard up the hudson. the cherry was one of the fruits much grown by the dutch. it would be wearisome and would serve little purpose even to attempt a cursory review of the literature of colonial days in new york showing the spread and the extent of fruit culture by the dutch. travel up the hudson and its branches was easy and within a century after the settlement of new york by the dutch, cherries were not only cultivated by the whites, according to the records of travelers, naturalists and missionaries, but were rudely tilled by the indians. for a long time after its introduction in new york, the cherry, in common with other fruits, was grown as a species--varieties and budded or grafted trees were probably not known. fruit-growing as an industry began in new york and in america, with the establishment of a nursery at flushing, long island, in , by robert prince, founder of the nursery which afterwards became the famous linnæan botanic garden. at what date this nursery began to offer named cherries for sale cannot be said but advertisements appearing in , and show that budded or grafted named cherries were being offered for sale by the princes. in , william prince, third proprietor of the famous flushing nursery, prepared a list of the named cherries then under cultivation in america for willich's _domestic encyclopaedia_, an english work which was being edited and made "applicable to the present situation of the united states" by dr. james mease. the following is prince's list:[ ] "may duke, ripe in may and june: long stem, round and red, an excellent cherry, and bears well. black heart, ripe in june: a fine cherry. white heart (or sugar cherry) ripe in june: white and red. bleeding heart, ripe in june; a very large cherry of a long form and dark colour; it has a pleasant taste. ox heart, ripe in june: a large, firm, fine cherry. spanish heart, ripe in june. carnation, ripe in july, it takes its name from its colour, being red and white, a large round cherry, but not very sweet. amber, ripe in july. red heart, do. late duke, do. cluster, planted more for ornament, or curiosity than any other purpose. double blossoms, ripe in july. honey cherry, do. small sweet cherry. kentish cherry, ripe in july. mazarine, do. morello, do. and august; a red, acid cherry, the best for preserving, and for making cherry-brandy. early richmond cherry. this fruit originated near richmond in virginia, and is the earliest cherry in america, and valuable on that account; it is the size of a may duke, and resembles it in form. red bigereau, a very fine cherry, ripe in july, of a heart shape. white bigereau, ripe in july and august: remarkably firm, heart shaped. large double flowering cherry. this tree produces no fruit but makes a handsome appearance in the spring, when it is covered with clusters of double flowers as large as the cinnamon rose; it differs from the common double flowering cherry which never forms a large tree, and has small pointed leaves. the three last were imported from bordeaux in . small morello cherry, called also salem cherry, because it came originally from salem county, n. j., is cultivated by mr. cooper of that state, who values it highly. the fruit has a lively acid taste. the tree produces abundantly, and is the least subject to worms of any cherry trees. mr. c. says that the bleeding heart suits a sandy soil, but that the may-duke will not flourish in it." [ ] willich _domestic encyclopaedia_ . . cherries in the south it would be interesting but hardly of sufficient profit to trace further the history of cultivated cherries in the states of the atlantic seaboard. references to the cherry abound in the colonial records of pennsylvania, new jersey and delaware but they bring out no facts differing materially from those abstracted from the records of the northern colonies. the quakers and the swedes in the states watered by the delaware and the english in maryland, virginia and north carolina, all early grew cherries as one of the easiest fruits to propagate and cultivate. space can be spared for but two brief quotations to show the condition of cherry culture in the south in colonial days. the first is from bruce's economic history of virginia.[ ] "in the closing years of the seventeenth century, there were few plantations in virginia which did not possess orchards of apple and peach trees, pear, plum, apricot and quince.[ ] the number of trees was often very large. the orchard of robert hide of york[ ] contained three hundred peach and three hundred apple trees. there were twenty-five hundred apple trees in the orchard of colonel fitzhugh.[ ] each species of fruit was represented by many varieties; thus, of the apple, there were mains, pippins, russentens, costards, marigolds, kings, magitens and bachelors; of the pear, bergamy and warden. the quince was greater in size, but less acidulated than the english quince; on the other hand, the apricot and plum were inferior in quality to the english, not ripening in the same perfection.[ ] cherries grew in notable abundance. so great was the productive capacity of the peach that some of the landowners planted orchards of the tree for the mere purpose of using the fruit to fatten their hogs;[ ] on some plantations, as many as forty bushels are said to have been knocked down to the swine in the course of a single season."[ ] the second quotation is from lawson's history of carolina.[ ] "we have the common, red and black cherry, which bear well. i never saw any grafted in this country, the common excepted, which was grafted on an indian plum stock, and bore well. this is a good way, because our common cherry trees are very apt to put scions all around the tree for a great distance, which must needs be prejudicial to the tree and fruit. not only our cherries are apt to do so, but our apples and most other fruit trees, which may chiefly be imputed to the negligence and unskillfulness of the gardner. our cherries are ripe a month sooner than in virginia." [ ] bruce _economic history of virginia_ = =: . . [ ] glover _philo. trans. royal soc._ - , vols. xi-xii, p. . [ ] _records of york county_ vol. - , p. , va. state library. [ ] _letters of william fitzhugh_ april , . [ ] glover _philo. trans. royal soc._ - , vols. xi-xii, p. . [ ] beverley _history of virginia_ p. . [ ] glover _philo. trans. royal soc._ - , vols. xi-xii, p. . [ ] lawson _history of carolina_ . . (reprint of .) cherries in the middle west at a surprisingly early date the cherry, with the apple, peach, pear and plum, was being grown far inland in the new world. southeastern michigan was settled in at detroit and within a half-century settlements had been made at vincennes, indiana; kaskaskia and cahokia, illinois; and at saint louis and several other points in missouri. the orchards and gardens of the early french settlers in these states live in the traditions of all the settlements; but much more substantial evidence was to be found a century ago, and in the case of the apple and pear may still be found, in the venerable trees of all the tree-fruit in and about these old french posts. "the homes of these pioneers," so good an authority as parkman tells us, "were generally placed in gardens surrounded by fruit trees of apples, pears, cherries and peaches." were proof lacking of these early plantations, it might be assumed that people so fond of horticulture as the french would not long be unmindful of the value to themselves and their posterity of plantations of fruit trees. cherries on the pacific coast the history of the cherry in america is not complete without some mention of its introduction, culture and the development of new varieties on the pacific coast. indeed, it is not too much to say that at no time nor at any place in its whole history has the cherry made greater advancement than during the last half-century in oregon, california and washington--naming the states in order of their contribution to cherry culture. at about the time the colonies were beginning their struggle with the mother country for independence, franciscan monks were establishing missions in california. to these they brought seeds of fruits, grains, flowers and vegetables, as several historians of the missions tell us, and as the trees found by americans a few decades later make certain as regards fruits. it is probable that by the close of the revolutionary war all subtropical and temperate fruits of europe were to be found cultivated in the missions of california. among these, in an enumeration of the products of the missions, the cherry is listed by e. s. capson.[ ] from its introduction at approximately the close of the eighteenth century, the cherry continued to be cultivated, at times more or less sparsely to be sure, until, by conquest in the war with mexico, california passed into the possession of the united states. a new era in horticulture began in california soon after the influx of gold-seekers in , some of whom, noting the opportunities of fruit-growing, at once began the importation of seeds and plants. modern fruit-growing on the pacific coast, however, began in oregon. the california argonauts of ' were much too busily engaged in digging gold to think of getting it indirectly by tilling the soil, whereas the men who were then crossing the plains from missouri or sailing around the horn from new england to oregon were home-makers and true tillers of the soil. these early oregonians were the forerunners in the zeal and enterprise which have made horticulture on this coast the marvel of modern agriculture. but one of the several early horticulturists of oregon can be mentioned here, he deserving special mention by virtue of his work with cherries. until the few cultivated fruits to be found in oregon were seedlings mostly grown by employees of the hudson bay fur company. in that year there was a notable importation of cultivated fruits across the plains--a venture which quickly proved pregnant with results in fruit harvests which have not ceased and give promise long to continue. henderson lewelling crossed the plains from henry county, iowa, and brought with him a choice selection of grafted fruits. these he transported in boxes of soil which he hauled in a wagon drawn by oxen. arriving in oregon late in the fall of he found that he had trees alive which he planted at what is now milwaukee, a few miles south of portland on the east side of the willamette river. later, seeds were brought for stocks, though for the cherry the wild species, _prunus emarginata_ and _prunus virginiana_, were used and very successfully, until mazzard and mahaleb seeds could be obtained. in this travelling nursery, lewelling brought to oregon cherries of the bigarreau, the english morello and probably of several other types. the label of one of the cherries was lost and this unknown was renamed royal ann. unfortunately, it was one of the best known of all cherries that for the time being lost its identity--the napoleon, which probably has been cultivated for three centuries and since has borne the name of the great general. with dogged perseverance the west coast fruit-growers continue the name "royal ann" to the great confusion of systematic pomology. but of chief import to cherry culture were the subsequent operations in the lewelling nursery at milwaukee. lacking proper stocks, seth lewelling, who had succeeded henderson in the nursery business, grew a great many cherries from seeds. from these he afterward selected and disseminated varieties that have made oregon famous not only for what are probably the finest sweet cherries in the world but for a long list of new and desirable varieties--as republican, lincoln, willamette seedling and bing. we call to mind no greater success in bringing into being new fruits from a few lots of seedlings than in the case of lewelling and his cherries. lewelling's work stimulated others to breed cherries and among many seedlings that have since been named in the northwest the lambert and oregon are well worthy of mention. the facts of time and place in the beginning of cherry culture which we have tried to set forth in this chapter have, we think, some historical and narrative interest. yet, the main value of the facts are not in history and story. rather, at least so we hope they will be interpreted, these brief records show what the crude material was out of which our present cultivated cherry flora has been developed; what the steps were in the domestication and development of the cherry; what economic purposes they have served; and who the peoples are and what the methods were in bringing the cherry to its present state of development. in a word, the chapter will not have served the purpose for which it is mainly intended if it does not furnish facts and inspirations toward the further evolution of the cherry. [ ] _history of california_ . . chapter iii cherry culture the magnitude of the cherry industry in the united states is not generally appreciated. this is because cherries are very largely grown in small home plantations and the product is either consumed at home and in local markets, or is sent to canning factories and is therefore disposed of without the display attending the production and marketing of fruits sold in the general market. the following figures from the last census show the importance of the industry. there were in , according to the census taken in , , , bearing cherry trees in the united states and , , trees not of bearing age. the bearing trees bore , , bushels of fruit valued at $ , , . when this, the thirteenth census, was taken, the cherry ranked fifth in commercial value among orchard fruits, being surpassed in the order named by the apple, peach, plum and pear. the yield of fruit was . per centum greater in than in . this high percentage of increase has been brought about in several ways. the recent development of rapid transportation, refrigerator service and of marketing facilities has greatly stimulated the culture of this as of all other fruits in the united states. an increased demand for canned and preserved cherries has sprung up so that cherries are much more used now than formerly, the trade in preserved cherries for confections and various drinks in particular having greatly increased. lastly, better care of orchards and better means of combating insects and fungi have increased the yields during the last decade. cherries are grown in greater or less quantities in every state in the union but commercially the industry is confined to a few states having especial advantages in climate, soil and markets. in but six states, according to the last census, was the value of the cherry crop more than a half-million dollars, the states being: california $ , , pennsylvania $ , , ohio $ , , michigan $ , , new york $ , , indiana $ , . in new york in particular, recent plantings of this fruit have been so great that at this writing, july, , the figures given for this state could be increased by a quarter at the very least, and no doubt they could be largely increased also for california and michigan. the great growth of the canning industry is most largely responsible for the large plantings of cherries in recent years in regions especially suited to this fruit. in the several states named, the cherry industry is further localized. thus, in the counties in new york, the cherry is grown largely in but , the number of trees in each of these being: columbia , , niagara , , monroe , , ontario , , wayne , , erie , , onondaga , , seneca , , chautauqua , , steuben , , orleans , and cayuga , . if the figures just given, the total number being , , are compared with the number of trees in the state, , , it will be seen that the industry is quite localized, two-thirds of the cherries being grown in of the counties, though the fact is brought out in the census that cherries are grown on , farms in new york, showing that this fruit is much grown for home use. further figures of interest as regards new york are that the cherry crop in amounted to , bushels which sold for $ , . the plantings in the state cover in the neighborhood of , acres. a canvass of the leading cherry-growers and nurserymen in the united states shows that, in all parts of the country excepting california, oregon and washington, sour cherries are much more commonly grown than sweet cherries. in new york at least per cent of the cherry trees are of sour varieties and this proportion will hold for the region east of the rockies. the leading commercial varieties of sour cherries, in order named, are montmorency, early richmond and english morello. no other variety is nearly as commonly grown as is even the least well known of these three. no one of the duke cherries is mentioned as of commercial importance, but may duke, late duke and reine hortense are frequently grown in home plantations. growers of sweet cherries are not nearly as closely in accord as to the best varieties as are those who grow sour sorts. the most popular sweet cherries in the east seem to be windsor, black tartarian, napoleon and wood with a very insistent statement of the few who have tried it that schmidt is better than any of these for the market. on the pacific coast honors go to napoleon, which the westerners continue to call royal ann despite the fact that it has been cultivated for three centuries and had been called napoleon for nearly a half-century before lewelling took it to oregon in . other popular sorts on the pacific seaboard are bing, lambert and republican--all western productions. rather more important than the information obtained from growers of cherry trees as to varieties was that as to the stocks on which cherries are grown in america. this brings us to a discussion of the whole subject of stocks for cherries. stocks for cherries cherries have been grown in america for over years and for years the crop has been important commercially. yet despite the extent and the importance of the industry and the years it has been in existence, curiously enough so fundamental a question as the best stock upon which to grow cherries has not yet been settled; indeed, though cherries behave markedly different on the several stocks, interest as to which is the best seems but recently to have been aroused. now there is a rather warm controversy as to which is the better of the two leading stocks, the mazzard or the mahaleb. fruit-growers on one side hold that the mazzard is the best stock for all orchard varieties of this fruit while nurserymen controvert this view and say that the mahaleb is at least a fit stock for sweet sorts and is the best one for sour cherries, and, moreover, that it is now impossible to grow cherries on mazzard roots at prices that fruit-growers are willing to pay. since no systematic attempts seem to have been made to determine the peculiarities and values of these two and other cherry stocks both sides dispute without many facts. meanwhile, a fine crop of misunderstandings has grown up about the whole matter of cherry stocks. it is worth while to attempt to clear up some of the misunderstandings. the first step toward this end is to describe and give the botanical and horticultural relationships of the mazzard and mahaleb cherries to orchard cherries. the mazzard, as we have seen, is a common name, of uncertain origin, of the wild sweet cherry, _prunus avium_, from which has come all cultivated sweet cherries. it is important to recall that the trees of the mazzard reach a height of thirty or forty feet and the trunk often attains a diameter of eighteen or twenty inches. other characters to be kept in mind are that the mazzard lacks hardiness to cold but grows vigorously and is usually healthy, though susceptible to several fungi, one of which, the shot-hole fungus, _cylindrosporium padi_, makes it a most difficult plant to grow in the nursery. trees and fruit coming from the mazzard used as a stock are very uniform, a fact easy to ascertain in new york where this stock has been largely used for nearly a century. the mazzard is almost always grown from seed for stocks though suckers are occasionally used--a poor practice. [illustration: _prunus avium_ (mazzard)] the mazzard, or at least the sweet cherry, has probably been more or less used as a stock since the earliest cultivation of this fruit. the greeks and romans practiced budding and grafting centuries before christ's time and when the cherry came to them as a domesticated fruit, at least three or four centuries before christ, they undoubtedly made use of budding and grafting[ ] to maintain varieties and in the case of the sour cherry, if they had it, and they probably did, to avoid the suckers that spring from the roots of the trees. the literature of fruit-growing is scant and fragmentary during the middle ages but beginning with the herbals in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries there are many treatises on fruits and botany and in several of these the use of the wild sweet cherry, the mazzard, is mentioned.[ ] in america the mazzard as a stock probably came into use soon after the establishment of prince's nursery at flushing, long island, about , budding and grafting seeming to have been little practiced in the new world before the founding of this nursery.[ ] the use of the mazzard as a stock is mentioned probably for the first in coxe's _fruit trees_,[ ] the second american treatise on fruits, published in , and again in thacher's _american orchardist_, published in .[ ] both authors, as the foot-notes show, speak of the use of this stock as if it were in common use in american nurseries. neither mentions the mahaleb. [illustration: _prunus avium_ (mazzard)] the mahaleb, _prunus mahaleb_, it will be remembered from the description previously given, is a bush or bush-like cherry, sometimes but not often attaining the height and port of a tree. the top is thick, with rather slender ramifying branches bearing small, green, smooth, glossy leaves, which resemble those of the apricot more than they do the leaves of either species of orchard cherries. the fruits are at first green, then yellowish, turning to red and at full maturity are shining, black and so hard, bitter and astringent as to be scarcely edible. this brief description of _prunus mahaleb_ shows that it is quite distinct from either our commonly cultivated sweet cherry, _prunus avium_, or the sour cherry, _prunus cerasus_, differing from either much more than the two edible species differ from each other. it is quite as far removed from the sweet or the sour cherry botanically as the apple is from the pear, the quince, or the thorn and if anything more distantly related than orchard cherries are to plums. one would expect the wood structure of the mahaleb to differ from that of sweet or sour cherries very materially and that even if the union proved in budding or grafting wholly normal that there would be some difficulty in the proper passage of nutritive solutions between stock and cion. this cherry, as we have seen, is propagated almost entirely from seed though it may easily be grown from layers, cuttings and suckers. the american supply of mahaleb stock comes from france. the mahaleb seems to have come into use as a stock for other cherries in france having been first mentioned for this purpose by duhamel du monceau in his _traite des arbres fruitiers_ in .[ ] miller in his _gardener's dictionary_, , describes the mahaleb cherry and says it was "cultivated in by the duchess of beaufort." this seems to be the first mention of its culture in england though gerarde in _the herball or generall historie of plantes_ describes it. neither mentions its use as a stock. in fact, it seems not to have been mentioned as a stock in england until when loudon in the _encyclopedia of gardening_ speaks of it as "the most effectual dwarfing stock."[ ] it was not until after the middle of the nineteenth century that the mahaleb came into use in america, none of the horticultural writers in the first half of the last century, as cobbett, ; mcmahon, ; coxe, ; thacher, ; prince, ; kenrick, ; manning, ; thomas, ; floy, , nor cole, , having mentioned the mahaleb though nearly all speak of the mazzard as the stock upon which cherries are budded. downing, in , makes first mention of the mahaleb as a stock in the new world;[ ] thomas in his second edition, , recommends it as a stock to dwarf cherries;[ ] barry, , says that mahaleb stock is imported from europe;[ ] while elliott, in , also speaks of it as a dwarfing stock.[ ] from this date on the mahaleb is mentioned in all american works on pomology in which stocks for cherries are discussed. [illustration: _prunus mahaleb_] pains have been taken to show the exact date the mahaleb began to be used as a stock in america. the quotations show that this was about . they show, too, that at first and for a long time its only use was as a dwarfing stock. but now the mahaleb has almost wholly superseded the mazzard as a stock for all sweet and sour cherries. not many cherries were propagated on the new stock until after when its use, if we may judge from the accounts of fruit-growing, began to be general and it grew so rapidly in favor that by it was more popular than the mazzard and in another decade had almost wholly taken the place of the latter. probably per centum of the cherries grown in this country are budded on the mahaleb. why has the mahaleb supplanted the mazzard? this is the question that immediately comes to mind and to the discussion of which we proceed. there is no question but that it is much easier to grow cherry trees on mahaleb stock in the nursery than on mazzard and that usually a better looking tree can be delivered to the fruit-grower on the first-named stock. seedlings of both stocks are imported from europe and those of the mahaleb are usually cheaper. these reasons are sufficient for the exclusive use of mahaleb by nurserymen, and, were it certain that the mahaleb is the best stock for the fruit-grower, all hands might forthwith renounce the mazzard. in what respects is it easier to grow cherries on the mahaleb in the nursery than on the mazzard? all know that the sweet cherry is a little difficult to grow--is capricious as to soils, climates, cultivation and pruning, and as to diseases and insects. the mazzard now used for stocks has the faults of the species to which it belongs. the mahaleb, on the other hand, is adapted to a greater diversity of soils; is hardier to either heat or cold; less particular about cultivation; will stand more cutting in the nursery if pruning be necessary; is less susceptible to aphids which in many parts of the united states trouble cherries in the nursery row; and, more to the point than all else, in new york at least, is not nearly as badly infested with the shot-hole fungus, _cylindrosporium padi_, which often ruins plantations of mazzard stock. mahaleb stock, too, is more easily "worked" than the mazzard both in the actual work of budding and in having a longer season for this nursery operation. cherries on mahaleb ripen their wood earlier than those on mazzard and may thus be dug earlier in the fall. nurserymen and fruit-growers alike agree to this statement of the superior merits of the mahaleb as a nursery plant. the facts set forth are matters of common observation--so well known that it is not necessary to verify them experimentally. a half-century of experience in america on many soils, in many climates and under widely varied conditions has demonstrated that it is easier to grow cherries in the nursery on the mahaleb than on the mazzard stock. from experience in the orchard, fruit-growers have established several facts as to the relative value of mazzard and mahaleb stocks from their standpoint. these are: . cherries on mahaleb are hardier to cold than those on mazzard stocks. this hardiness is due, in part at least, to the fact that cherry wood on mahaleb ripens sooner than on mazzard. this superior hardiness of the mahaleb is evident in the nursery-row as well as in the orchard and is a matter of great importance in northern nursery regions. in this connection it should be said that the mahaleb is not as hardy as might be wished and that there are, as we shall later show, still hardier stocks. . there is no question but that the mahaleb is a dwarfing stock. it came into use and in europe continues to serve almost the sole purpose of dwarfing varieties worked upon it. this retarding effect is not fully realized by american cherry-growers because for the first few years the diminution in size is not apparent and even at the close of a decade the difference in size is not as marked as it would be between standard and dwarf apples or pears of the same age. . cherry-growers who have tried both stocks agree that most varieties come in bearing earlier on mahaleb than on mazzard stocks. from the known effects of dwarfing on other fruit trees this would be expected. . the size of the cherries is the same on trees grown on the two stocks. the claim is made that apples and pears are a little larger on dwarf trees and that when peaches and plums are dwarfed the fruit is smaller. no one seems to have seen or to have thought that there are differences in the size of cherries grown on mazzard or mahaleb stock. [illustration: _prunus avium_ (mazzard)] . better unions are made with mazzard than with the mahaleb. this would be expected because of the close relationship of the mazzard to orchard cherries. . the mahaleb is probably the more cosmopolitan stock--will thrive on a greater diversity of soils than the mazzard stock. in particular it is somewhat better adapted to sandy, light, stony, and arid soils that are not well adapted to growing cherries. its root system is much nearer the surface of the ground and it is, therefore, better adapted to shallow soils than the mazzard. . though the evidence is somewhat conflicting on this point it is probable that cherries on mazzard live longer than on mahaleb. it may be that the frequent statements to this effect arise from the knowledge that dwarf fruit-trees are generally shorter lived than standard trees since there seem to be no records of actual comparisons. . lastly, in climates where the cherry can be grown with reasonable certainty and in soils to which this fruit is adapted, varieties on mazzard are more productive and profitable than on the mahaleb stock. this seems to be the concensus of opinion among growers in the great cherry regions of california, oregon, washington, michigan and new york. several other stocks have been more or less successfully used for cherries and a great number have never been tried that might make good stocks. in a country as diversified as ours and in a state as variable in soil and climate as new york and with the manifold varieties of sweet and sour cherries, it is almost certain that under some conditions there are stocks more desirable than either mazzard or mahaleb. the resources of the cherry-grower in this direction are so great that in this account we can but briefly outline them, describing but a few of the many stocks that might be used. in the colder parts of new york and of the united states, undoubtedly seedlings of russian cherries would make hardy and in most other respects very desirable stocks. these russian cherries, too, as a rule, come nearly or quite true to seed, making very good orchard plants on their own roots. some of them, if not most of them, sprout rather badly--not so serious a fault as one might think, especially in a cultivated orchard. for budding over to other varieties only sour sorts should be used, taking for trial such varieties as bessarabian, brusseler braune, double natte, george glass, lutovka, early morello, ostheim and vladimir. probably most of these would dwarf standard varieties more or less but in no case is it to be supposed that they would have the dwarfing effect of mahaleb. in the north mississippi valley some of these, especially of the ostheim or morello type, have been very successfully used as stocks. the small, wild, red cherry locally known as the bird, pin and as the pigeon cherry, _prunus pennsylvanica_, found from the atlantic to the eastern slopes of the coast range on the pacific in northern united states and southern canada, is often used as a hardy stock. the writer has seen it so used in northern michigan but from his observation can recommend it only for cold regions and as a makeshift since it dwarfs standard varieties and usually suckers badly. w. t. macoun, ottawa, canada, dominion horticulturist, states that this stock is commonly used in the colder parts of canada and with good results. this cherry is not as distantly related to orchard varieties as the mahaleb and unites with sour cherries at least as readily as does the mahaleb. in the west and northwest the sand cherry, _prunus pumila_, is used very successfully in cold, dry regions as a stock for sour cherries. the following is a very good account of its behavior from the pen of the late professor j. l. budd, a pioneer cherry grower in the middle west.[ ] "those who have seen acres of the sandy cherry in the northwest loaded with fruit have not been ready to believe it a good stock for the cherry on account of its sprawling bushy habits of growth. but those who have watched its growth when young under culture on rich soil can comprehend the fact that it is as easy to work as the mahaleb. as with the mahaleb the seedlings grown in seed bed will be large enough to set in nursery row the next spring, and of good size for august budding. to illustrate its rapidity and uprightness of growth i will state that we rooted a few cuttings in plant house last winter. when set in nursery they had made a show of growth of from two to four inches, yet at budding time, the middle of august, they were fully as large, stocky and upright as the mahalebs, and in all respects in as perfect condition for budding. "this hardiest of all cherries is very closely related to our garden cherries, so nearly indeed that our botanists long ago decided that valuable crosses on it might be made. "as yet its use for stocks is somewhat experimental, but we can say positively that it united well with our hardy sorts in budding, and it does not dwarf the sorts worked upon it to a greater extent during the first five years of growth than does the mahaleb." [illustration: _prunus mahaleb_] there are records of the choke cherry, _prunus virginiana_,[ ] and of the rum, or wild black cherry, _prunus serotina_, having been used as stocks but these long-bunch, or racemose, cherries are so distantly related to the short-bunch, or fascicled, orchard cherries that it would seem that their use would be desirable only under great stress. in japan a horticultural variety of _prunus pseudocerasus_ is used as a stock. of this cherry for this purpose, professor yugo hoshino of the tohoku imperial university at sapporo, japan, writes as follows: "you wish to know about the cherry stocks used in this country. it is very rare to use our common wild cherry as a stock for european cherries. in hokkaido (yozo island), we commonly use the seedlings of european sweet and sour cherries as stocks. but in the northern part of japan proper (main island), it is a common practice to graft european cherries on a special kind of our cherry. this cherry has particular characters which fit it for propagation; namely, it roots very easily either from cuttings or by layering (mound). its botanical position is not certain, but it is probable that it is a cultural variety of pseudocerasus, especially bred for stock purposes. it is grown by nurserymen only and called dai-sakura. (_dai_ means stock: _sakura_ means cherry.) it has a somewhat dwarfing influence on cions and hastens their fruiting age." this stock ought to be tried in america if, indeed, it is not already under cultivation from introductions made by the united states department of agriculture. these are but a few of many cherries that have been or might be tried as stocks for orchard varieties. there are many species of cherries more closely related to the cultivated edible sorts than the mahaleb. many of the cherries from asia, not now known to growers, will eventually find their way to america; a few have already been introduced by the united states department of agriculture; some of them can undoubtedly be used as stocks and from them we may hope to find a better stock than either the mazzard or mahaleb. cherries are now grown almost wholly as budded trees but they can be more or less readily root-grafted, depending upon the variety. under some circumstances it might be profitable to propagate them by grafting. usually it is necessary to use a whole root and to graft at the crown of the stock. budd recommends this practice for iowa, using mazzard stock but with the expectation that the cion will take root and eventually the tree will stand on its own roots.[ ] we cannot believe, however, that grafting can ever take the place of budding as a nursery practice or that it can be profitably used except in very exceptional cases. buds in propagating are usually taken from nursery stock, a practice of decades, and there is no wearing out of varieties. old varieties have lost none of the characters accredited to them a century, or several centuries, ago by pomological writers. nor does it seem to matter, in respect to trueness to type, whether the buds be taken from a vigorous, young stripling, a mature tree in the heyday of life or some struggling, lichen-covered ancient--all alike reproduce the variety. the hypothesis that fruit-trees degenerate or, on the other hand, that they may be improved by bud-selection, finds no substantiation in this fruit. there seems to be no limit to the number of times its varieties can be propagated true to type from buds. [ ] varro (b. c. - ), as we have seen on page , tells when to graft cherries and discusses the process as if grafting cherries were a common operation. [ ] in _the country-man's new art of planting and grafting_, written by leonard mascall, , the writer says, "sower cherries ... will grow of stones, but better it shall be to take of the small cions which do come from the roots; then plant them. "ye must have respect unto the healme cherry, [a sweet cherry of the time] which is graft on the wild gomire [mazzard] which is another kind of great cherry, and whether you do prune them or not, it is not materiall; for they dure a long time." r. a. austen, in his _treatise of fruit trees_, , writes, "concerning stocks fit for cherry-trees, i account the black cherry stock (mazzard) the best to graft any kind of cherry upon. yet some say the red cherry stock is best for may-cherries. but the black cherry stocks are goodly straight plants full of sap and become greater trees than the red cherry trees." john reid, _the scots gard'ner_, , writes, "dwarfe cherries on the morella, or on the common red cherrie. or on that red geen which is more dwarffish than the black." john lawrence, _the clergyman's recreation_, , declared that, "black cherries (mazzard) are the only stocks, whereon to raise all, the several sorts of cherries." [ ] "the practice of grafting and inoculating in america is but of modern date. it was introduced by mr. _prince_, a native of new york, who erected a nursery in its neighborhood about forty years ago. but since the late american revolution, others have been instituted in this and some other parts of the united states. mr. _livingston_ has lately established one, not far from the city of new york, which can vie with some of the most celebrated ones in europe. may he, and others, who have undertaken in that useful branch of business, meet with encouragement and success. nothing in the extensive field of horticulture can afford more agreeable amusement or yield more solid satisfaction and advantage." forsyth on _fruit trees_, albany, n. y., = =: . [ ] "the cherry is propagated by budding and ingrafting--from its disposition to throw out gum from wounds in the vessels of the bark, the former mode is most generally adopted. the heart cherries do not succeed well on any but the black mazard stocks, but round or duke cherries do as well on morello stocks, which are often preferred from their being less liable to the cracks in the bark, from frost and sun on the southwest side; this injury may be almost effectually prevented by planting on the east side of board fences or buildings, or by fixing an upright board on the southwest side of each tree in open situations. "the best stocks are raised from stones planted in the nursery. stocks raised from suckers of old trees, will always generate suckers, which are injurious and very troublesome in gardens: diseases of old or worn out varieties, are likewise perpetuated by the use of suckers for stocks." coxe _fruit trees_ = =: . [ ] "the cultivated cherry, when reared from the seed, is much disposed to deviate from the variety of the original fruit, and, of course, they are propagated by budding or grafting on cherry stocks: budding is most generally preferred, as the tree is less apt to suffer from oozing of the gum than when grafted. the stocks are obtained by planting the seeds in a nursery, and the seedlings are afterwards transplanted. those kinds which are called heart cherries are said to succeed best on the black mazard stock; but for the round kind, the morello stocks are preferred, on account of their being the least subject to worms, or to cracks in the bark, from frost and heat of the sun." thacher _american orchardist_ = =: . [ ] "so the good species and their varieties are perpetuated and multiplied by grafting upon the merisier, upon the cerisier with round fruit, and upon the cerisier de sainte-lucie [mahaleb]. all the cerisiers succeed well upon the merisier and it is the only subject which is suited to the high-headed trees. it has the advantage of not sending forth any or very few suckers. the cerisier de sainte-lucie has the same advantage. it receives very well the graft of all species of cherries and adapts itself to the worst soils." duhamel _traite des arbres fruitiers_ = =: . . [ ] "varieties of the cherry are continued by grafting or budding on stocks of the black or wild red cherries, which are strong shooters, and of a longer duration than any of the garden kinds. some graft on the morello for the purpose of dwarfing the tree, and rendering it more prolific; but the most effectual dwarfing stock is the mahaleb, which, however, will not succeed in the generality of soils in britain. dubreuil of rouen recommends the wild cherry for clayey and light soils, and the mahaleb for soils of a light, sandy or chalky nature. the stones of the cultivated cherry are commonly, but improperly, substituted for those of the wild sort, as being more easily procured." loudon _enc. of gard._ = =: . [ ] "when dwarf trees are required, the _morello_ seedlings are used as stocks; or when very dwarf trees are wished the perfumed cherry, (cerasus mahaleb) is employed; but as standards are almost universally preferred, these are seldom seen here. dwarfs in the nursery must be headed back the second year, in order to form lateral shoots near the ground." downing _fruit trees of america_ = =: . [ ] "the stocks used for this purpose (to dwarf cherries) are the "perfumed cherry" or _prunus mahaleb_, which also possesses the advantage of flourishing on heavy clay ground. the grafts will usually grow quite vigorously for two or three seasons, but they soon form dwarf, prolific bushes." thomas _am. fruit cult._ = =: . [ ] "the principal stocks used for the cherry are the _mazzard_ for standard orchard trees, and the mahaleb for garden pyramids and dwarfs. "the _mahaleb_ (cerasus mahaleb) is a small tree with glossy, deep green foliage. the fruit is black, about the size of a marrow-fat pea, and quite bitter. it blossoms and bears fruit when about three years old. it is considerably cultivated in many parts of europe, as an ornamental lawn tree. there are very few bearing trees in this country yet; consequently nearly all the stocks used are imported, or grown from imported seeds." barry _the fruit garden_ = =: , . [ ] "_dwarf trees._--are produced by propagating the sweet or duke varieties on the mahaleb, or morello roots. they should in all cases be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union is best formed; and also, by means of pruning, (see page ) they should be made to form heads branching immediately from the ground." elliott _fr. book_ = =: . [ ] _iowa sta. bul._ = =: . . [ ] _prunus virginiana_ was used as a stock in oregon in as there were no other stocks available. the union was very good but the stock was condemned because of suckering. seth lewelling _n. w. horticulturist_ nov. . [ ] "i will here say that one year with another we succeed as well in grafting on mazzard roots as we do with pear on pear roots, and nearly as well as with apple on apple roots. in some cases since the appearance of the graft-box fungus our success has been more complete with the cherry than with the apple. this success is due to careful compliance with two main guiding rules, founded on the nature of cherry wood: ( ) keep the scions dry until used. if given an opportunity they will absorb water enough to start the buds and form a callus at the base. in this condition they will fail to unite with the root. ( ) after grafting, pack in boxes with sand or moss and store in a root cave, kept uniformly cool by opening at night and keeping closed during the day. if the buds start prior to the time of planting in nursery they will usually fail to grow. it may prove useful to add, that the sprouts from deeply set trees on mazzard root will always be true to the varieties planted, and the surface roots can be utilized for root cuttings, as noted on a future page." _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . cherry climates and cherry soils climate and soil have been the chief determinants of location for cherry-growing in new york. both sweet cherries and sour cherries are profoundly influenced by the natural environment in which they are grown--sweet cherries rather more so than any other fruit, either climate or soil dictating whether they may or may not be grown. the sour cherry is at home in a great variety of climates, the vagaries of weather affecting it but little. it is probably the hardiest to cold, in some of its varieties at least, of all our tree fruits, thriving almost to the arctic circle and from there southward, in some of its forms, quite to the limits of the temperate zone. the blossoming season is relatively late so that fruit-setting is seldom prevented by spring frosts. yet, even with this hardy fruit, it is necessary to take thought of heat and cold in growing commercial crops; for spring frosts may wither the bloom or summer heat and wind blast the crop if the orchard site be not well selected as regards local weather. the sweet cherry, on the other hand, must be coddled in every turn of the season, in climatic requirements being particularly sensitive to heat and cold. this cherry stands with the peach in not being able to survive temperatures much below zero and in suffering greatly from spring frosts because of early blooming. it is even more susceptible to heat than the peach, and especially cannot endure long-continued heat, both fruit and foliage suffering. the sweet cherry is at its best in a warm, sunny, genial, equable climate. the duke cherries, hybrids between the sweet and the sour species, in the matter of hardiness are midway between the hardy sours and the tender sweets though this is but a very general statement applying to the group as a whole and not to individual varieties. some of these withstand cold and heat well while others are tender in either extreme. cherries are more at the mercy of moisture than of temperature conditions. continued rain at blossoming time will almost surely prevent a proper setting of fruit; and the cherries crack, and brown-rot becomes exceedingly aggressive if there is wet weather in harvest time. late summer rainfall to supply moisture to the trees is a matter of small concern to the cherry-grower, for growth begins early and the crop is off the trees before summer droughts usually begin. where irrigation is practiced water for the cherry is safely supplied at most seasons of the year except when harvest is in swing at which time the cherries will swell and crack if there be too much water. as with all fruits the direction, temperature and humidity of winds are factors which decree whether or not cherries can be grown profitably either in a locality or a region. a pocket in the hills filled with dead air or a wind-swept highland would be unsatisfactory extremes; for, in the first case, fungi, especially the dreaded brown-rot, would take too great toll, and, in the second, blossoms would be blasted or foliage frazzled and the fruit whipped. the harsh, drying winds of winter, too, would be disastrous to sweet cherry culture and if extreme, as on the great plains, wood and buds of sour cherries would suffer. artificial wind-breaks have not been found profitable in the hilly and wooded east, entailing too many disadvantages, but if cherries be planted at all in the prairies of the middle west, some protection from the winds must usually be provided. the two species from which cultivated cherries come grow with proper vigor in quite different soils. the sour cherry and most of its hybrid offspring, the dukes, may be made to grow in almost any arable soil, but the sweet cherry is fastidious--to be pleased only by particular soils. sour cherry orchards in new york most excel on strong, even-tempered, loamy soils, naturally or artificially well drained yet retentive of moisture. there is possibly a shade of difference in favor of clay loams and some thriving plantations may be found on stiff clays having good depth and good drainage. wet, sticky clays underlaid with a cold, clammy subsoil--a combination all too common in central new york--furnish conditions which defy the best of care and culture. sweet cherry orchards are found excelling on lighter, and less fertile soils than those we have described for the grosser feeding sours. growers of sweet cherries conceive a perfect soil for this fruit to be a naturally dry, warm, deep, free-working, gravelly or sandy loam. if the soil is not naturally dry, it must be made so by artificial drainage, for this fruit is most impatient of too much moisture or a root-run restricted by water. in sweet cherry soils, as will be surmised, it is difficult to supply humus yet this must be done either by cover crops or by manure to make the soil sufficiently retentive of moisture. sweet cherries can be grown on other soils than those under discussion but, for a large, firm, finely finished product for the markets, only the soils described are suitable. the conditions of soil and climate, as we have briefly defined them, that favor cherry culture are to be found in several parts of new york. briefly we may name and describe the cherry regions of the state as follows: the undulating, maritime plains of long island, covered with a thick deposit of sand, are very well adapted to cherries where the soil is rich enough to come under the plow. the genial climate, with its rather heavy rainfall, is precisely that in which the cherry thrives, the region falling short in the poorness of the soil--a fault easily remedied, where there is good bottom, by manuring. despite the fact that occasional trees and plantations show that this fruit thrives on long island the cherry is not much grown here, the industry needing some leader to show the way. the valley of the hudson from where the river leaves the mountains on the north to its entrance into the highlands of its lower stretch is admirably adapted to cherry-growing, both climate and soil meeting the requirements of this fruit. in parts of the valley the industry has been developed, columbia county taking first place among the counties of the state, with its , trees in . the product of this region goes chiefly to the great city market near at hand. unfortunately the standard of cultivation is low in the hudson valley and the handling and marketing of the crop is also on a lower level than westward in the state. the cherry harvest is earlier here than elsewhere in new york, if we except the small crop of long island, an advantage, for prices usually fall rather than stiffen as the season advances. the great basin in which lie the central lakes of new york is far famed for its sour cherry industry, the product going largely to canneries. some sweet cherries are grown--more and more are being planted--about these lakes; but the rich, heavy soils which mostly prevail hereabouts are more fit for varieties of the sour cherry; though the equable climate makes almost certain the sweet cherry crop on soils suited to its culture. here, as elsewhere in the state, the acreage at this writing is greatly on the increase though it is doubtful if the advance will much longer weather the present depression in prices. all through this region, as in that to the north, the sweet cherry grows wild, thriving like the biblical bay--seemingly a sheer gift of the soil and, like other gifts, generally neglected. the high plain along the shore of lake ontario from the st. lawrence river to the niagara river, extending from the lake on the north from ten to fifteen miles inland, is the region of greatest possibilities for the cherry in new york. the climate of this great stretch of territory is nearly perfect for this fruit and the soils are sufficiently diversified to furnish a suitable habitat for any of the many varieties of either sweet or sour cherries. in the past there have been so many ups and downs in the cherry industry that fruit-growers in this favored belt have given more attention to other fruits but for the last decade, until the recent downward turn in the cherry market, the plantings have been greatly increased, both sweet and sour cherries finding favor. not unlike the ontario shore in climate, but quite unlike it in its soils, is the shore of lake erie, the most westward topographical division of new york in which cherries are grown. the mainstay of this region is the grape, but, in seeking for a more diversified agriculture, sour cherry culture was introduced some twenty years ago and has become a thriving industry with prospects of continued growth. here, as is so often the case in agriculture, credit must be given to some one leader for the development of a crop and the cherry orchards that dot the landscape for miles about the home of the late john spencer speak eloquently of his leadership in this region. a necessary accompaniment to a discussion of climate is a statement of the dates of blooming of the various sorts of cherries; for often, through selection with reference to this life event of the plant, injurious climatal influences may be escaped at blooming-time. in the accompanying table averages of the blooming dates of varieties of cherries for the years just past, to , are given. in making use of these dates, consideration must be given to the environment of the orchards at geneva. the latitude of the smith astronomical observatory, a quarter of a mile from the station orchards, is ° ' . "; the altitude of the orchards is from five hundred to five hundred and twenty-five feet above the sea level. the soil is a stiff and rather cold clay; the orchards lie about a mile west of seneca lake, a body of water forty miles in length and from one to three and one-half miles in width and more than six hundred feet deep. the lake has frozen over but a few times since the region was settled, over a hundred years ago, and has a very beneficial influence on the adjacent country in lessening the cold of winter and the heat of summer and in preventing early blooming. the dates are those of full bloom. they were taken from trees grown under normal conditions as to pruning, distance apart, and as to all other factors which might influence the blooming period. an inspection of the table shows that there is a variation of several days between the time of full bloom of the different varieties of the same species. these differences can be utilized in selecting sorts to avoid injury from frost. table showing blooming dates and season of ripening ------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------- | blooming date | season of +--------------------------------------+ ripening | may | +--------------------------------------+-----+------+---- | | |mid- | | |early|season|late ------------------+--------------------------------------+-----+------+---- _p. avium_ | | | | bing | * | | * | black tartarian | * | | * | california | | | | advance | * | * | | centennial | * | | | * cleveland | * | | * | coe | * | * | | dikeman | * | | | * downer | * | | * | eagle | * | | * | early purple |* | * | | elkhorn | * | | * | elton | * | | * | florence | * | * | | _p. avium_ | | | | ida | * | * | | kirtland | * | | * | knight | * | * | | lamaurie | * | * | | lambert | * | | * | lyons | * | | * | mercer | * | | * | mezel | * | | * | napoleon | * | | | * republican | * | | | * rockport | * | | * | schmidt | * | | * | sparhawk | * | | * | stuart | * | | | * windsor | * | | | * wood | * | * | | yellow spanish | * | | | * | | | | _p. cerasus_ | | | | bourgueil | * | | | * brusseler braune | * | | | * carnation | * | | * | dyehouse | * | | * | early morello | * | | * | early richmond | * | | * | english morello | * | | | * george glass | * | | * | heart-shaped | | | | weichsel | * | | * | king amarelle | * | | * | large montmorency| * | | * | louis philippe | * | | * | magnifique | *| | | * montmorency | * | | * | olivet | * | | * | ostheim | * | | | * sklanka | * | | * | späte amarelle | * | | | * suda | * | | | * timme | * | | * | vladimir | * | | | * | | | | _p. avium_ × | | | | _p. cerasus_ | | | | abbesse d'oignies| * | | * | double natte | * | | * | empress eugenie | * | | * | late duke | * | | | * may duke | * | | * | nouvelle royale | * | | * | reine hortense | * | | * | royal duke | * | | * | ------------------+--------------------------------------+-----+------+---- the pollination of cherries we cannot complain in new york of much uncertainty in the setting of the cherry crop. late spring frosts occasionally catch the blossoms of sweet varieties but seldom those of the sour sorts. cold weather, especially if accompanied by wet weather, not unfrequently cuts short the cherry crop by preventing proper setting. there is, however, no general complaint of poor crops through self-sterility. in fact from the behavior of perfectly isolated trees in all parts of the state it would be premised that the cherry is most nearly self-fertile of all tree-fruits. yet there may be orchards or seasons in which cross-pollination cuts a figure, for gardner[ ], of the oregon station, found in experiments carried on by him in various parts of oregon that many varieties of sweet cherries in the pacific coast environment are self-sterile. the work seems to have been very carefully done and the conclusions are worth reprinting in full, bearing in mind that they would be much modified under new york conditions. gardener found: " . all the varieties of the sweet cherry tested are self-sterile. this self-sterility is in no case due to a lack of germinability of the pollen produced. on the other hand, the pollen of each of the varieties studied is capable of producing a set of fruit on the variety or varieties with which it is inter-fertile. the list includes bing, black republican, black tartarian, coe, early purple, elton, knight, lambert, major francis, may duke, napoleon, rockport, waterhouse, willamette, windsor, wood. " . certain of these varieties--bing, lambert, and napoleon are mentioned especially--are inter-sterile. mixed plantings of these three varieties cannot be expected to set fruit unless the trees are within the range of influence of some other variety or varieties that are inter-fertile with them. " . among those studied, black republican, black tartarian, and waterhouse seem to be the most efficient pollenizers for this group of varieties. " . other good pollenizers that may be mentioned are: elton, wood, coe, major francis, early purple. these, however, proved somewhat variable in their pollenizing abilities. " . _some_ of the seedling trees found in and about cherry orchards are efficient pollenizers for the three varieties--bing, lambert, napoleon. probably _many_ of these seedling trees are efficient pollenizers, though the value of any particular seedling can be determined only by experiment or very careful observation. " . at least some members of the duke group of cherries are capable of pollinating some of the bigarreaus. " . at least some of the varieties of the sour cherry (p. cerasus) are capable of pollinating some of the bigarreaus. " . inter-sterility of sweet cherry varieties is apparently not correlated with their closeness of relationship. " . the ability of a variety of cherry to set fruit is not entirely dependent upon the kind of pollen available. environmental factors are important." it is doubtful if new york cherry-growers will need to pay much attention to cross-pollination but, in case cherry trees are not setting full crops, and for no other apparent reason, the fertility of the blossoms may well receive attention. should varieties be found self-sterile, sorts must be chosen which come into blossom at the same time, in which case the preceding table shows the sorts which bloom together or nearly enough so to make cross-pollination possible. [ ] gardner, v. r. pollination of the sweet cherry, _ore. sta. bul_. = =: . cherry orchards and their care it is patent to the eye of every passer-by that cherry trees are commonly set too thickly in most of the orchards in new york. while close planting is a universal fault, the amount of room differs greatly in different cherry centers, depending mostly upon the custom in the community, though, as all confess, it should depend upon the variety and the soil. the very erroneous notion seems to have prevailed in setting the plantations now reaching maturity that a large return could be skimmed from a small area by close setting, sour cherries often being put only twelve feet apart each way and sweet cherries, considering their great size, even closer, at sixteen feet. experienced growers now put such dwarf kinds as the morellos at from sixteen to eighteen, the montmorencies and their kind at eighteen to twenty-two; and the large growing sweet cherries at from twenty-four to thirty feet. cherries are usually planted two years from the bud. spring is the season for setting, though the hardy sour sorts might often be set advantageously in late autumn. the losses at setting time are greater with the cherry than with any other fruit, old hands in fruit-growing losing trees as well as beginners. an experiment at the station shows that these losses are greatly mitigated by a change in the usual method of transplanting. the custom is to shorten-in all branches of transplanted fruit-trees but this, with the cherry in particular, removes the largest and presumably the best nourished buds--certainly those from which would soonest develop the leaves so necessary to sustain the breath of life in the young plant and to give it a start. in the experiment at this station it was found that, if the top of the young tree was reduced by thinning the branches instead of cutting all back, a much larger proportion of the trees would strike root and live through our parching summers. cherry trees in the past have been headed three or four feet above the ground but in new plantations they are now usually started lower--at half of the above distances. two forms of top are in vogue, the spire-shape and the vase-shape. sour cherries are almost universally grown with closed centers but some growers prefer the form of the vase for sweet varieties, though the majority hold to trees with central trunks and many subsidiary branches. little pruning is done in cherry orchards after the first two or three years, by which time the sapling has been shaped. subsequent pruning consists in removing dead, injured or crowded branches and an occasional superfluous one. heading-in finds little favor with experienced growers. these few statements indicate that the cherry, as now grown, is pruned but little, and that that little must be done very carefully, the pruning knife in the hands of a careless man being, with this fruit, "a sword in the hands of a child." the general tuning-up in the cultivation of fruits during the past quarter-century has had its influence on cherry culture. commercial orchards are no longer kept in sod and the clean, purposeful cultivation that has taken the place of grass has doubled the output of cherries, tree for tree, throughout the state, the difference in yield being especially noticeable in seasons when drought lies heavy on the land. cultivation, as practiced by the best growers, consists of plowing the land in the spring and then frequently stirring the soil until the first of august, at which time a cover-crop is sown. if the soil is light, and therefore hungry and thirsty, the plowing should be done early and the cultivator kept constantly at work until cherry-picking. cherry orchards often, without apparent cause, have an indefinable air of malaise--look dingy and unhappy--such require almost week-to-week cultivation to tide them over their period of indisposition. grain, as well as grass, is discountenanced in cherry orchards, but cultivated truck and farm crops in young plantations, or, under some conditions, small fruits, are looked upon as permissible and often pay for the keep of the young trees until they come into profitable bearing. cover-crops are in common vogue in cherry orchards in new york and, since with this fruit they can be sown earlier in the season, are used to better advantage than in other orchards to furnish a full supply of humus and to provide nitrogen. brown-rot, an annual scourge in most cherry orchards, takes less toll from trees cultivated and cover-cropped, these operations covering the mummied fruits and keeping the spores they carry from coming to light and life. cherry growers as a rule are not now using fertilizers for their crops. it would seem that this is not doing duty by the land; but it must be remembered that the cherry grows vigorously and that over-feeding may stimulate the growth too much, laying the orchard open not only to unfruitfulness but to winter injury of bud and tree. among those who use fertilizers there is little accord as to what fertilizing compounds are best or as to what the results have been. there is common agreement, however, that sour cherries respond more generally to fertilizers than the sweet sorts. until there are carefully carried out fertilizer experiments with this fruit the vexatious problems of fertilization cannot be solved. nitrate of soda seems to be a great rejuvenator in orchards laid down to grass. whatever the cause, when leaves lack color and hang limp, this fertilizer is a sovereign tonic. heavy dressings of stable manure are much used in grassed-over orchards, as they are, also, in such as have had none or but scant crops. the commercial status of cherry-growing in new york cherry growing is a specialist's business in which, under the best of conditions, there are more ups and downs than with other fruits. because of the great profits that have come to a few in the years just past many growers have been drawn into the business in a small way or have planted an acreage beyond their means to manage. the inevitable depression that follows over-planting is, at this writing, at hand and spells ruin to some and disgust and discouragement in the industry to others. perhaps no fruit can better be left to men of reserve capital than the cherry, and even with men of substance cherry-growing should largely be incidental to the culture of other fruits--an industry to fit in to keep land, labor and machinery employed. cherry trees begin to bear in the climate of new york when set from three to five years. the varieties of _prunus cerasus_ first produce profitable crops but, at from six to eight years from setting, both sweet and sour sorts are in full swing as money-making crops. the limits of profitable age are not set by the life of the tree but, rather, by its size. thus, cherry trees of either of the species commonly cultivated are not infrequently centenarians but the profitable age of an orchard is not often more than from thirty to forty years. after this time the trees become large and the expense of caring for them and of picking the fruit becomes so great as to prevent profits. moreover, disease, injuries and inevitable accidents will have thinned the ranks of trees until the orchard is below profit-making. cherry-picking begins in new york about the first of july, following the rush in harvesting strawberries, and lasts, if the orchard contains both sweet and sour varieties, from four to six weeks. workers may in this way fill in a gap between small-fruits and other tree-fruits and the crop becomes one in which the grower may often take small profits to keep his help employed; though, in the long run, if the more or less frequent depressions can be weathered, the cherry may prove as profitable as other fruits. the problem of labor is a most vexatious one under present conditions, it being impossible to obtain casual men laborers for cherry-picking and women and children are unsatisfactory, since the fruit must be carefully picked or both cherries and trees suffer. the problem is solved, unsatisfactorily in most cases, in various ways by different growers. most of the crop is now picked by children in the teens under the eyes of men or women supervisors. in picking for the market the stem is left on and only the stem is touched by the fingers. cherries for canning factories are less laboriously picked. the picking package is usually an eight-pound basket. the rate paid is one cent per pound. pickers earn $ . to $ . per day in good seasons. close watch is kept on pickers to prevent the breaking off of fruit-spurs, thereby destroying the succeeding year's crop, varieties fruiting in clusters suffering especially from carelessness in this respect. cherries are picked a few days before full ripeness. cherries are sent to canneries in various packages but chiefly in half-bushel baskets or paper-lined bushel crates, the container being often supplied by the cannery. the six- and eight-pound baskets are the favored receptacles for sour cherries in city markets but the sweet sorts are rather oftener sent in four-pound baskets and still more frequently in quart boxes. in the larger packages not much effort is made to make the fruit attractive but in the smaller ones, stemless and bruised cherries are thrown out and the package filled, stem down, with the best fruits. in fancy grades all of the fruit in the box is layered. the demands of the market, of course, determine the package and the manner of packing. cherries are seldom stored longer than a few days at most in common storage and a week or two weeks in cold storage. there is a marked difference in the shipping and keeping qualities of varieties of cherries, the sorts that keep longest and ship best, quite at the expense of quality, having the call of the markets. undoubtedly this must remain so, though it is to be desired that local markets, at least, be supplied with the best, irrespective of handling qualities. a further factor that prevents the placing of choicely good cherries in distant markets at all times is brown-rot, to be discussed later, which more often attacks the juicy and usually the best-flavored varieties, oftentimes ruining the pack on the way to market--one of the most discouraging events incidental to cherry-growing. marketing machinery for cherries is at present very costly, inadequate and frequently sadly out of gear. the fruit passes first from the grower to a local buyer who ships to a center of consumption, transportation companies taking heavy toll on the way. jobbers or commission companies, who in some cases receive the fruit direct from the grower, then distribute the crop to retailers in the consuming centers. lastly, the retailer parcels out the quantities and the qualities demanded by the housewife. the whole business of selling the crop is speculative and the grower is fortunate to receive half of what the consumer pays and not infrequently has all of his pains for nothing or may even be forced to dip into his pocket for transportation. the perishableness of the product and the present defects of distribution go far to make the crop the hazardous one it is but all look forward to better times coming under an improved system of marketing. up to the present, it must be said, but little effort has been made in new york to ship far and to develop a trade in cherries other than at the canneries. the canners have until the last year or two taken the cream of the crop but with recent greatly increased plantings are now over-supplied. the average grower, possessing a mixture of mental inertia and business caution, has not sought other sources for the surplus fruit. bolder and more energetic spirits are now developing new markets and opening up those to which other tree-fruits more generally go so that the present over-production may prove a blessing in disguise. the greatly increased demand, for sour cherries in particular, brought about by the development of markets in - , are most hopeful signs for the future of the cherry industry. cherry diseases cherries, without preventive or remedial intervention, are at the mercy of two or three fungus diseases and sometimes several others are virulent, depending upon locality, season, weather and variety. one of these diseases, brown-rot, in spite of the great advances in plant pathology of recent years, is almost beyond the control of preventive or remedial measures. happily, all the others yield better to treatment. brown-rot[ ] (_sclerotinia fructigena_ (persoon) schroeter), sometimes known as fruit-mold or ripe-rot, very frequently attacks flowers and shoots but is most conspicuous on the ripe or ripening cherries where its presence is quickly detected by a dark discoloration of the skin which is afterwards partly or wholly covered with pustule-like aggregations of gray spores. the decayed fruits usually fall to the ground but sometimes hang to the tree, becoming shriveled mummies, each mummy being a storehouse of fungus threads and spores from which infestation spreads to the next crop. the disease, in some seasons, like a withering blight, attacks twigs, flowers and leaves early in the spring doing great damage to the young growth and often wholly preventing the setting of fruit. the rot spreads with surprising rapidity on the fruits in warm, damp weather either before the fruit is picked or in baskets while being shipped or stored. preventive remedies have so far met with but indifferent success; probably the best method of control is to destroy the mummy-like fruits and all other sources of infection either by picking them from the trees, or much better by plowing them under deeply. varieties of cherries show various degrees of susceptibility to brown-rot. all sweet cherries are more subject to the disease than the sour sorts. but with either of the two species there are great variations in the susceptibility of the varietal hosts--a matter specially noted in a later chapter in the discussion of varieties. another serious disease of the cherry, and probably the most striking one in appearance, is the black-knot[ ] (_plowrightia morbosa_ (schweinitz) saccardo), characterized by wart-like excrescences on shoots and branches. black-knot looks more like the work of an insect than a fungus and was long supposed to be such even by those who were studying the trouble. the knots begin to form early in the summer and are of characteristic color and texture--dark green, soft and velvety, but in the fall, as the fungus ripens, the color changes to coal-black and the knots become hard and more or less brittle. the excrescences usually form on one side of a twig or branch so that death seldom follows quickly. the disease attacks both wild and cultivated plants in every part of this continent where cherries are grown but is epidemic only in the east, the cherry regions of the west being practically free from the disease. up to the present time the fungus has not been found elsewhere than in america. happily, black-knot may be controlled by cutting out the diseased wood. to completely eradicate the fungus, if it is especially virulent, however, the orchard must be gone over several times during a season. in new york the removal of black-knot is ordered by law, the results showing that when the law is obeyed, especially if there be hearty co-operation among growers, eradication is usually possible. sweet cherries are much less attacked by black-knot than the sour sorts but the differences in immunity between varieties in either of the two species are not very marked--at least such is the case on the grounds of this station where the disease is always present and is often very prevalent. _exoascus cerasi_ fuckel[ ] is the cause of a very striking deformity of the cherry in europe, both _prunus avium_ and _prunus cerasus_ being attacked. the disease has been reported in america but has not yet become virulent. the fungus attacks the branches, causing a clustering of the twigs in the form of a broom, giving it the name witches' broom. the leaves on the diseased twigs usually take on a crinkled shape and a reddish color. the malady may be readily prevented by the destruction of affected branches. in common with other species of prunus the foliage of cherries is attacked by several fungi which produce diseased spots on the leaves, the dead areas usually dropping out leaving holes as if punctured by shot. thus we have "shot-hole fungus," "leaf-spot" and "leaf-blight" as effects of these diseases. three fungi are in the main responsible for these leaf troubles; these are _cylindrosporium padi_ karsten,[ ] _mycosphærella cerasella_ aderhold[ ] and _cercospora circumscissa_[ ] saccardo. the ravages of these fungi are prevented by the proper use of bordeaux mixture and lime and sulphur, remedies which, however, must be used with some care to avoid spray injury. with these, as with other fungi, cultivation has a salutary effect as it destroys diseased leaves which harbor the fungi during their resting period. cherry leaves are often covered with a grayish powder which in severe cases causes them to curl and crinkle and sometimes to drop. this powdery substance consists of the spore-bearing organs of a mildew[ ] (_podosphæra oxyacanthæ_ de bary). powdery mildew is much more common on nursery stock than on fruiting trees and in new york is a serious pest on young cherry trees. in the nursery, injury may be prevented by the use of copper sprays or lime and sulphur, either of which is also an efficient preventive in the orchard but the mildew is seldom prevalent enough on orchard plants to require treatment. wherever cherries are grown in either the nursery or orchard, crown gall[ ] (_bacterium tumefaciens_ smith and townsend) has obtained a footing. in the north at least, it seldom greatly injures old trees, but if the galls girdle a nursery plant serious injury results. therefore, badly infected young trees showing galls should not be planted. however, but little harm is liable to result under most conditions. when infected plants have been planted it has been found that galls vary greatly in duration, sometimes disappearing within a year or two and at other times persisting indefinitely. the tumor-like structures are usually at the collar of the plant and vary from the size of a pea to that of a man's fist, forming at maturity rough, knotty, dark-colored masses. neither prevention nor cure has been discovered, though it is known that soils may be inoculated with the disease from infected stock and that, therefore, diseased trees should not be planted in soils virgin to the galls. it is probable that there are differences in the susceptibility of sweet and sour cherries to the fungus and that the varieties of the two species vary in their resistance but as yet no one seems to have reported on the differences in susceptibility of cherries to the disease. the leaf-rust[ ] (_puccinia pruni-spinosæ_ persoon) of stone-fruits, occurring rarely on the fruit, sometimes attacks cultivated cherries and is a rather common disease of the wild _prunus serotina_. this rust is troublesome only, however, in warm, moist climates. it is most apparent in the fall and is easily recognized through its numerous rust-colored sori on the underside of the leaves. defoliation takes place in severe infestations. either bordeaux mixture or lime and sulphur may be used as a preventive. old cherry trees are often attacked by a fleshy fungus or "toadstool"[ ] (_polyporus sulphureus_ (bulliard) fries). this fungus is said to be world-wide in its distribution and to occur upon a large variety of trees. it is very striking in appearance, the clusters appearing during late summer or early autumn in large, shelving branches, the sporophores fleshy and of cheese-like consistency when young but becoming hard and woody with age. at first the "toadstools" are all yellow but later only the under surfaces are yellow while the upper surface is orange-red. the plants are more or less odoriferous, the odor increasing with age. happily, the fungus is not very virulent but is often the cause of decay in the tree-trunk--the brown-rot of the wood of this and other orchard and forest plants. in localities where the fungus thrives it may usually be controlled by covering all wounds with tar or other antiseptic materials. at least two other fleshy fungi have been found injuring cherries. these are _clitocybe parasitica_ wilcox[ ] and _armillaria mellea_ vahl.,[ ] the latter the honey agaric, more or less abundant in both europe and america. both are associated with and are probably a cause of the root-rot of the cherry and other orchard fruits. neither is a common enough pest in this country, however, to receive extensive description in texts on diseases of plants. control measures are different in localities where fungi occur, consisting in the main of getting rid of stumps and roots in orchard lands and planting to field crops before using for orchard purposes. infected trees should be removed or isolated by trenching about them. all stone-fruits suffer more or less from an excessive flow of gum. the name gummosis[ ] is generally applied to these troubles. gumming is much more prevalent in the far west than in the east but is to be found wherever stone-fruits are grown. this excessive gumming is a secondary effect of injuries caused by fungi, bacteria, insects, frost, sunscald, and mechanical agencies. there is a good deal of difference in the susceptibilities of varieties and species to this trouble, the sweet cherry suffering much more than the sour sorts and varieties of other species having hard wood suffering less than those having softer wood. there is less gummosis, too, on trees in soils favoring the maturity of wood; under conditions where sun and frost are not injurious; and, obviously, in orchards where by good care the primary causes of the diseases are kept out. a number of diseases of the trunk arise from mechanical injuries from wind, sun, frost and hail. few, indeed, are the fruit-growers whose trees are not occasionally damaged in one way or another in the vicissitudes of a trying climate. very often these mechanical injuries are followed by fungal parasites or insects so as to make it difficult to distinguish the primary from the secondary trouble. there is a wide difference in the susceptibility of _prunus avium_ and _prunus cerasus_ to such injuries, the sweet cherry, with its softer wood, being much more easily injured by any and all stresses of weather than the sour cherry. in the main the elements cannot be combated but low heading of the trees is a preventive from sunscald, at least, and sometimes may have a favorable effect in preventing wind and frost injuries. [ ] smith, e. f. peach rot and peach blight, _journ. myc._ = =: - . . quaintance, a. l. the brown rot, etc., _ga. sta. bul._ = =: - , figs. - . . [ ] farlow, w. g. the black knot, _bulletin bussey institution_ - . . halsted, b. d. destroy the black knot, etc., _n. j. sta. bul._ = =: - . . [ ] duggar, b. m. _fungous diseases of plants_ , fig. . . [ ] higgins, b. b. contributions to the life history and physiology of cylindrosporium on stone fruits, _am. jour. bot._ = =: - . . [ ] aderhold, r. mycosphaerella cerasella n. spec., die perithecienform von cercospora cerasella sacc. und ihre entwicklung, _ber. d. deut. bot. ges._ = =: - . . [ ] duggar, b. m. _fungous diseases of plants_ . . pierce, n. b. a disease of almond trees, _jour. myc._ = =: - , pls. - . . [ ] duggar, b. m. _fungous diseases of plants_ . . [ ] smith, e. f. and townsend, c. o. a plant tumor of bacterial origin, _science_ = =: - . . toumey, j. w. cause and nature of crown gall, _ariz. sta. bul._ = =: - , figs. - . . hedgcock, g. c. crown gall, etc., _u. s. dept. agr. bur. pl. ind. bul._ = =: - , pls. - . . [ ] scribner, f. l. leaf rust of the cherry, etc., _u. s. dept. agr. rpt._ - , pl. . . [ ] atkinson, geo. f. studies of some shade tree and timber destroying fungi, _cor. agl. exp. sta. bul._ = =: - . . schrenk, h. von. div. veg. phys. and path., _u. s. dept. agl._ = =: - , pls. (in part), . . [ ] wilcox, e. m. a rhizomorphic root-rot of fruit trees, _okla. agr. exp. sta. bul._ = =: - , pls. - . . [ ] duggar, b. m. _fungous diseases of plants_ . . [ ] hedrick, u. p. gumming of the prune tree, _ore. sta. bul._ = =: - . . cherry insects insects troubling cherries are numerous but hardly as destructive as with other tree-fruits. entomologists list about species of insects attacking cherries and about as many more occasionally attack the varieties of one or the other of the two cultivated species. the majority of these pests came with the tree from its habitat over the sea but several have come from the wild cherries of this continent. of the pests peculiar to the cherry alone, possibly the cherry fruit maggot[ ] (_rhagoletis cingulata_ loew) is, the country over, as troublesome as any. the adult insect is a small fly with barred wings which lays eggs under the skin of the cherry in mid-summer. from these eggs small, whitish maggots about one-third of an inch long hatch and eat out a cavity in the ripening fruit. these maggots when full grown pupate in the ground and remain there until the following season. the only effective preventive or remedial measure to take against the pest in large orchards is to spray with a sweetened arsenical, but in small plantations chickens are fairly effective in scratching up and eating the pupating maggots. the cherry fruit maggot is probably responsible for most of the "wormy" cherries in new york but the plum curculio is also a cause of "wormy" fruits and in some seasons is a most formidable pest. this curculio[ ] (_conotrachelus nenuphar_ herbst) is a rough, grayish snout-beetle somewhat less than a quarter of an inch in length, so familiar an insect as scarcely to need further description. the female beetle pierces the skin of the young cherries and places an egg in the puncture. about this cavity she gouges out a crescent-shaped trench, this cut or sting being a most discouraging sign to the cherry-grower, for he well knows that from the eggs come, within a week or two, white and footless grubs which burrow to the stone and make "wormy fruit." some of the infested cherries drop but many remain eventually to distract the housewife and those who eat cherries out of hand. jarring the beetles from the trees, a method employed by plum-growers, is quite too expensive and ineffective for the cherry-grower and poisoning with an arsenate is the only practical means of combating the pest. rubbish and vegetation offer hiding places for the insects and, therefore, cultivated orchards are freer from curculio than those laid down to grass. there are no curculio-proof cherries but, as with plums, the thin-skinned varieties are damaged most by the insect. the grub of the plum curculio is easily distinguished from the cherry fruit maggot. this "worm" is the larva of a beetle, a true grub, footless and with a brownish, horny head while the cherry fruit maggot, the larva of a two-winged insect, is a true maggot like that which comes from the common house-fly and hardly to be distinguished from the apple maggot. it is important to be able to distinguish in wormy cherries the grub of the curculio from the cherry fruit maggot in order to know and understand the nature of the two enemies in combating them. another pest of this fruit is the cherry leaf-beetle (_galerucella cavicollis_ le conte) the larvae of which sometimes do much damage to cherry foliage. the adult insect is an oval, reddish beetle about one-fourth of an inch long with black legs and antennae. both the adult and the larvae feed on the leaves and do much damage if abundant. usually there are two broods, the insect pupating in the ground. fortunately the pest is easily controlled with the arsenical sprays. the cherry scale (_aspidiotus forbesi_ johnson) is commonly found on this fruit and occasionally on others as well. to the unaided eye it is very similar to the well-known san josé scale, differing chiefly in being lighter in color. the remedy is the same as for the san josé scale, which we next discuss. the dreaded san josé scale[ ] (_aspidiotus perniciosus_ comstock) is rather less harmful to cherries than to other tree-fruits and yet is sometimes a serious pest on sweet cherries. sour cherries are almost immune. the insect is now so well known in all fruit-growing regions that it needs no description. it is usually first recognized by its work, evidence of its presence being dead or dying twigs--oftentimes the whole tree is moribund. examination shows the twigs or trees to be covered with myriads of minute scales, the size of a small pin-head, which give the infested bark a scurfy, ashy look. if the bark be cut or scraped a reddish discoloration is found. leaves and fruit as well as bark are infested, the insidious pest, however, usually first gaining a foothold on the trunks or a large branch. cherry-growers, in common with all fruit-growers, find the lime and sulphur solution the most effective spray in combating this insect. several other scale insects feed on the cherries and, now and then, become pestiferous; among these the following may be named: the european fruit lecanium[ ] (_lecanium corni_ bouché) occasionally does a great deal of damage in new york and now and then destroys the whole crop in an orchard. the winter treatment for san josé scale is used to control this pest, but usually such treatment is supplemented by a summer spray about july first with such contact sprays as whale oil soap and kerosene emulsion. the fruit pulvinaria (_pulvinaria amygdali_ cockerell), the mealy bug (_pseudococcus longispinus_ targioni), the scurfy scale (_chionaspis furfura_ fitch), the west indian peach scale (_aulacaspis pentagona_ targioni), the putnam scale (_aspidiotus ancylus_ putnam), the walnut scale (_aspidiotus juglans-regiæ_ comstock), howard's scale (_aspidiotus howardii_ cockerell), the european fruit scale (_aspidiotus ostreæformis_ curtis), the red scale of california (_chrysomphalus aurantii_ maskell), the oyster-shell scale (_lepidosaphes ulmi_ linnaeus), and the soft scale (_coccus hesperidum_ linnaeus), are all more or less common. several borers occasionally infest cherry trees of which the peach borer[ ] (_sanninoidea exitiosa_ say.) is the most troublesome. larvae of the peach borer are frequently found in both sweet and sour cherries, more particularly in sweet cherries, in eastern orchards. fortunately this pest is not as rife with the cherry as with peaches and plums. its work may be prevented by thorough cultivation, by mounding the trees and, according to some, by the use of a covering of tar or of obnoxious or poisonous washes. usually preventive measures are not effective, however, and the borer must be destroyed--best done by digging it out with a knife and wire. since the pest is easily discovered through the exudation of gum mixed with sawdust or excreta, close to the surface or just beneath the ground, its presence can be detected in time to prevent its doing much damage. the lesser peach borer[ ] (_sesia pictipes_ grote & robinson) often attacks old or weakened cherry trees, working in the growing tissues of the trunk anywhere from the ground to the main branches. the worm is much like the common peach borer, known by all, but is smaller, rarely reaching the length of four-fifths of an inch when full grown. the flat-headed apple tree borer[ ] (_chrysobothris femorata_ fabricius) is a common pest in wild cherries and sometimes seriously attacks the cultivated species. it is treated as is the peach borer. the shot-hole borer[ ] (_eccoptogaster rugulosus_ ratzeburg), though seldom injuring healthy trees, is very often a serious menace in old or decrepit cherry trees. it may be looked upon, however, as an effect rather than a cause. the peach bark-beetle[ ] (_phlæotribus liminaris_ harris) is very similar in its work to the shot-hole borer and like it attacks only diseased and decrepit trees. all cherry-growers are familiar with the small, dark green, slimy slugs which feed on the surface of the leaves of the cherry, possibly more common on the foliage of pears, eating out the soft tissues and leaving but the skeleton of the leaf. if the slugs are numerous the tree may be defoliated or if the leaves remain the foliage looks as if scorched. the adult of this slug is a sawfly (_caliroa_ (_eriocampoides_) _cerasi_ linnaeus) which lays its eggs within the tissue of the leaves. despite the fact that it is easily destroyed by any of the arsenical sprays or by dusting with lime this slug everywhere does much damage to cherries. wild cherries suffer severely from the tent caterpillar[ ] (_malacosoma americana_ fabricius) and occasionally cultivated trees are attacked. the arsenical sprays are fatal to the pest. the spring canker-worm[ ] (_paleacrita vernata_ peck) and the fall canker-worm[ ] (_alsophila pometaria_ harris), the white-marked tussock moth (_hemerocampa leucostigma_ smith and abbot), the rusty tussock moth (_hemerocampa antiqua_ linnaeus), and the definite-marked tussock moth (_hemerocampa definita_ packard) are all occasional cherry pests and all succumb to poisonous sprays. the two now notorious european pests recently introduced into america, gypsy moth (_porthetria dispar_ linnaeus) and the browntail moth (_euproctis chrysorrhæa_ linnaeus), attack cherry trees in common with other deciduous trees and may often do considerable damage. sometimes, but not often, the buds of the cherry are attacked by the bud-moth (_spilonota_ (_tmetocera_) _ocellana_ schiffermüller), the caterpillars of which bind the young leaves together as they expand so that small, dead, brown clusters of foliage are to be seen here and there where the pests are at work. spraying with arsenicals is effective if done just as the buds begin to open. in sandy soils the cherry is sometimes attacked by hordes of the common rose-chafer (_macrodactylus subspinosus_ fabricius), leaves, flowers and even the fruit suffering from the pest. it is a difficult insect to control but a spray of arsenate of lead with molasses is fairly effective. it is important to know that the insect does not often breed in ground kept in clean cultivation. [ ] slingerland, m. v. _bul. cor. ag. ex. sta._ = =: . [ ] riley, c. v. _an. rpt. state entom. mo._ = =: - . ; = =: - . . [ ] marlatt, c. l. the san josé or chinese scale, _u. s. d. a. bur. ent. bul._ = =: - . . [ ] lowe, v. h. the new york plum lecanium, _n. y. sta. bul._ = =: . . [ ] beutenmüller, _w. sesiidae of america_, etc. - . . [ ] _ibid._ - . . [ ] riley, c. v. _an. rpt. state entoml. mo._ = =: - . . [ ] lowe, v. h. _n. y. sta. bul._ = =: - . . [ ] wilson, w. f. the peach-tree bark-beetle, _u. s. d. a. bur. ent. bul._ = =: - . . [ ] lowe, v. h. the apple-tree tent caterpillar, _n. y. sta. bul._ = =: - . . [ ] riley, c. v. _an. rpt. state entom. mo._ = =: - . . [ ] _ibid._ = =: - . . chapter iv leading varieties of cherries abbesse d'oignies _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= _mich. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: fig. . = .= _n. y. sta. bul._ = =: , , pl. . abbesse d'oignies has so many good characters that it is well worth trying commercially wherever cherries are grown in the united states. curiously enough, it seems so far to have been tried only in the middle west, professor budd having introduced it in iowa from russia in . in the unfavorable soil and climatic conditions of the mississippi valley, abbesse d'oignies grows as well as any cherry of its class, if we may judge from the accounts of it. we do not know of its having been tried elsewhere in the east than on our grounds and here we find it, in competition with practically all of the varieties of its class, one of the best of the dukes. at this station it does so well that we described it, in the reference given, as one of the noteworthy fruits in our collection. the trees are large, vigorous, hardy, fruitful and very free from fungus diseases. the cherries are large, dark red, of most excellent quality, combining the flavor of the dukes with a firmer and yet tenderer flesh than the montmorency. the high quality, handsome appearance and good shipping qualities of the fruit, combined with the splendid characters of the tree, ought to make abbesse d'oignies a very good commercial variety. this cherry probably originated in belgium about the middle of the nineteenth century. at least it was first listed in belgian nursery catalogs in . it is now a greater or less favorite wherever cherries are grown in the old world, professor budd having found it, as we have said, in , in russia and immediately transported it to america. [illustration: abbesse d'oignies] tree characteristically large and vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped but with drooping branchlets, hardy, productive; trunk stocky, with shaggy bark; branches thick, smooth, ash-gray over reddish-brown, with many lenticels; branchlets short, with short internodes, brownish, roughened by transverse wrinkles and by numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels. leaves two and one-half inches wide, five and one-half inches long, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface glossy, dark green; lower surface light green, slightly pubescent, distinctly ribbed by the larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin with small, black glands, coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole one and one-quarter inches long, thick, lightly tinged with red, grooved, with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange glands. buds rather long, pointed, free, arranged often in elongated clusters at the ends of long spurs; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom medium, averaging five days in length; flowers white, one and three-sixteenths inches across; borne in dense clusters at the ends of long spurs or spur-like branches, well distributed, varying from one to three; pedicels one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged red, long, narrow, somewhat acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, nearly sessile, with a broad, shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit late; three-fourths inch long, seven-eighths inch thick, roundish-oblate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, regular; suture a line; apex roundish, slightly depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, light russet, conspicuous; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin tough; flesh yellowish-white, with colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender and soft, sprightly subacid; of very good quality; stone free, about three-eighths inch in diameter, roundish, turgid, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture. arch duke _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = := . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: fig. . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . _griotte de portugal._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. xiii. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _portugiesischer griottier weichselbaum._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _herzogskirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . _portugiesische griotte._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _cerise royale de hollande._ = .= _ann. pom. belge._ = =: , pl. . _cerise de portugal._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , , . . parkinson, nearly three hundred years ago, thought the arch duke "one of the fairest and best of cherries." it is now, however, quite surpassed by several others of the dukes. the concensus of opinion of those who have known the true fruit of this name is that either may duke or late duke is better. we give it prominence only because of its worthy past and that it may be better distinguished from may duke with which it is often confused. as compared with the last-named variety it is two weeks later; the tree is more vigorous but not as productive; and the branches are larger, more divergent and more pendulous. the cherries are not as well flavored but are larger and have a shorter stalk. this old english variety was first mentioned by parkinson in _paradisus terrestris_, . for many years previous to the middle of the last century the true arch duke cherry was very scarce and was often confused with other varieties, some writers asserting that it was the may duke; others, the late duke. in , however, the true arch duke cherry was discovered in the nurseries of thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, having been grown there, according to mr. rivers, by his ancestors for nearly a century. it was then found that the fruit was quite unlike that of either may duke or late duke, though the habit of the tree was similar. it is not known when arch duke was introduced into america but the american pomological society placed it upon its fruit list in . [illustration: arch duke] tree medium in size, vigorous, somewhat upright, hardy, productive; trunk stocky, smooth; branches slender, long, smooth, reddish-brown, marked with considerable scarf-skin, with numerous, rather large lenticels; branchlets of medium length, curved, with short internodes, brown mottled with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with few small, slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, about two inches wide, three inches long, folded upward, short-oval to obovate, of medium thickness; upper surface dark green; lower surface light green, very slightly pubescent; apex acutely pointed; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, slender, with one or two, rarely three small, globose, brownish glands at the base of the blade. buds small, short, conical, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters of variable size; leaf-scars rather prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers white, one and one-sixteenth inches across; borne in clusters of twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, of medium length and breadth, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, the apex entire or with a shallow, wide notch; anthers yellowish; filaments three-sixteenths inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season; one and one-eighth inches in diameter, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed, flattened at the extremities; cavity of medium depth, narrow, somewhat obtuse; suture distinct; apex flattened or depressed; color light red becoming dark red or almost black at full maturity; dots numerous, of medium size, russet, rather inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, rather stout at its point of insertion in the fruit, adherent to the fruit; skin moderately thick; flesh light to dark red, firm, crisp, slightly astringent at first, becoming a very pleasant subacid at full maturity, juicy, good to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, seven-sixteenths inch long, three-eighths inch wide, oval, compressed, with smooth surfaces. baldwin _prunus cerasus_ = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ = =: . . = .= kan. hort. soc. _cherry, the_, , , pl. . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . baldwin is supposed to have grown from a sprout of a stock on which early richmond had been budded on the farm of s. j. baldwin, seneca, kansas. the early richmond bud was in some manner broken off and the sprout, springing from the stock, was allowed to grow and first fruited in . on the grounds of this station baldwin trees which came fairly direct from the originator turned out to be olivet. the published descriptions that can be found are so scant and fragmentary that we cannot make out whether the variety is really distinct or, as in the case of our trees, is olivet renamed. the variety has been rather widely disseminated in the middle west but has not shown much merit either for home or for commercial orchards in the rather lengthy probationary period it has had in the east. the american pomological society added baldwin to its fruit list in . the description we give is a compilation. tree vigorous, upright, round-topped; leaves large, broad; flowers white, changing to pink. fruit ripens early; usually borne in pairs; large, round; stem of medium length, rather thick; color very dark red, yet almost transparent; flavor slightly acid, yet considered one of the sweetest and richest of the morello class. baumann may _prunus avium_ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _frühe maiherzkirsche._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , , . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . _süsse maiherzkirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _may bigarreau._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _cultivator_ n. s. = =: fig. . . = .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , , pl. . _guigne précoce de mai._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , , . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _bigarreau baumann._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _guigne de mai._ = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . baumann may is an early sweet cherry which at one time held high place among its kind but a century of culture proved that it had little value except for extreme earliness and it is now but sparingly or not at all grown either in america or abroad. if the variety could be obtained it might be worth growing for breeding work because of its earliness and great productiveness. at one time this variety was rather largely grown in central and western new york and specimens of it must yet remain in this region. from the latter part of the eighteenth century, when we first find an account of this variety in kraft's _pomona austriaca_, to the last of the nineteenth, writers have described baumann may under many different names. from all accounts it originated toward the latter part of the eighteenth century, in germany. from germany it was introduced into alsace where f. j. baumann, a nurseryman at bollweiler, grew it in his nursery under the name bigarreau baumann and disseminated it throughout the french provinces. the cherry was received in america, with several others, by colonel m. p. wilder of boston, massachusetts, from messrs. baumann, about the year . the american pomological society listed the variety, in , in its fruit catalog as bauman's may but dropped it again in . the following description is a compilation: tree vigorous, somewhat spreading, regular in form, compact, very productive; branches stocky, nearly horizontal but often curved downward; branchlets with short internodes, reddish-brown nearly covered with silver-gray scarf-skin; leaves medium to large, dark green, ovate-oblong, coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole rather short, with two large, reniform glands near the base of the leaf; buds large, ovate; flowers of medium size, opening very early. fruit matures very early; medium to rather small, ovate-cordate, angular, irregular in outline; color dark red becoming nearly black when fully ripe; stem one and three-quarters inches long, rather thick; flesh purplish-red, with abundant juice, soft and tender, sweet, well flavored; of good quality; stone medium in size, roundish-ovate. bessarabian _prunus cerasus_ = .= _ia. agr. col. bul._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: , fig. , . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . by general consent bessarabian has a place in home orchards in the colder parts of the mississippi valley and the great plains. it is very hardy and is said to thrive even under neglect--standing as much abuse as a forest tree. as compared with standard commercial cherries of the east the fruit is distinctly inferior in size and quality, being hardly fit to eat out of hand, and is sour and astringent even when cooked. the trees, though hardy and healthy, are dwarfish and not productive because of the smallness of the cherries. it is an early cherry but the fruit hangs long. the variety is said to root well from cuttings, which, if true, might make it worth while trying as a stock. bessarabian is a variant of english morello, the fruit of which sort greatly excels it wherever the trees can be equally well grown. this variety was brought to america from russia about , by professor j. l. budd of ames, iowa, who believed it to belong to a race of cherries originally found in central asia. tree of medium size, upright, becoming somewhat spreading, compact, healthy, unproductive, very hardy; branches somewhat drooping, long, slender; leaves abundant, medium to small, oval, coarsely serrate, dark green, broad, flat; glands few, usually on the stalk at the base of the leaf. fruit matures medium early, remaining on the tree a long time in good condition; medium in size, roundish-oblate to cordate, irregular, bright red becoming dark red; stem long, varying from one and three-fourths to two inches in length, slender, curved; skin tender; flesh light to dark red, with abundant colored juice, variable in firmness, sprightly subacid becoming milder when fully ripe; fair in quality; stone variable in size, roundish-oval, semi-clinging. bigarreau pÉlissier _prunus avium_ = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ fig. . _pélissiers knorpelkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . this variety originated in france as a chance seedling about and fruited first in . it was introduced a few years later by m. auguste pélissier, a nurseryman at château-renard, bouches-du-rhône, france. although not yet well established even in france, this cherry is considered promising for market, because of its firm flesh, handsome appearance, high quality and good tree-characters. it is included among the major varieties in _the cherries of new york_ that the attention of american cherry-growers may be called to it. as yet it seems not to have been tried in this country. the following description is compiled: tree upright, vigorous, very productive; branches rather long, large, bearing large, oval leaves; flowers large, semi-open; blooming season early. fruit matures from early june to the last of june; large or very large, obtuse-cordate, slightly depressed at the apex, with a shallow yet distinct suture; stem short, thick; skin rather thick, firm, yellowish almost entirely overspread with vivid red which becomes darker at maturity but often showing streaks of clear red; flesh fine-grained, firm, juicy, red with streaks of white, sweet, aromatic; quality good to very good; stone of medium size, oval, with a pronounced suture. bing _prunus avium_ = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ , pl. fig. a. . = .= _wash. bd. hort. rpt._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _w. n. y. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . bing is one of the best of the several very good cherries from the pacific northwest. but few sweet cherries equal it in size and attractiveness and none surpass it in quality, so that it may be said to be as good as any of the dessert cherries. it is, too, a very good shipping fruit, ranking with the best of the bigarreaus, to which group it belongs, as a cherry for distant markets. another quality commending the variety is that it hangs well on the trees and the crop ripens at one time so that the harvest consists of but one picking. while many cherry-growers speak well of the trees, unfortunately we cannot do so from their behavior on the grounds of this station. they have not been as vigorous, as healthy or as productive as cherry trees should be in a commercial variety of first rank. the cause, however, may be in the location rather than in the variety, for in an orchard but a few miles distant bing does much better than on these grounds. the variety, though comparatively new, is no longer on probation. it has a niche in the cherry flora of the country, deserving a place in the collection of every amateur by virtue of its splendid fruit. when it is happy in soil and climate, bing is bound to be one of the leading commercial cherries. seth lewelling of milwaukee, oregon, the originator of several of our finest cherries, grew bing from the seed of republican in . the variety was named after a chinese workman. in the american pomological society placed the variety on its fruit list. tree large, vigorous, erect becoming upright-spreading, rather open, productive; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches brownish with numerous, small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, with long internodes, greenish-brown, smooth, pubescent, with small, raised, conspicuous lenticels. leaves abundant, large, folded upward, ovate to obovate of medium thickness; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, or acute, base abrupt; margin slightly serrate, glandular; petiole long, pubescent, thickish, tinged red, with from one to three large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. fruit matures in mid-season or later; very large, one inch in diameter, broadly cordate, somewhat compressed, slightly angular; cavity deep, of medium width, abrupt, regular; suture a dark line; apex roundish or slightly depressed; color very dark red, almost black; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem variable in thickness, one and one-fourth inches long; skin of medium thickness, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh purplish-red with dark purple juice, rather coarse, firm, very meaty, brittle, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-free, large, ovate to oval, blunt, with smooth surfaces. black guigne _prunus avium_ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _scheur-kers._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _frühe schwarze herzkirsche._ = .= _christ wörterb._ . . _guigne bigaudelle_. = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _coburger maiherzkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =iii=:no. , pl. . _guigne noire commune._ = .= _leroy dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _noire hâtive de cobourg._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . there is much confusion in the history of this old cherry. it undoubtedly originated in france and in that part of the country later conquered by the germans, though mas, in his _pomologie générale_, mentioned it as probably of german origin. in the time of louis xiii this variety was known as the guigne noire commune and was cultivated quite extensively in france and northern italy. it was esteemed both for its earliness and its fine quality and was known as guigne guindoulle by the peasants of central france and by the tuscans in italy as corbini because of the color of its skin. black guigne, black heart, and early purple, which, while similar in many characters, are entirely distinct, have been badly confused by both french and german writers and it is only with the greatest difficulty that the three can be separated. while this cherry was formerly considered of worth in continental europe, it is scarcely recognized there now and was probably never brought to america. the following description is compiled from european fruit-books: [illustration: bing] tree very large, round-topped, spreading, irregular in outline, productive; branches long, large, straight, brownish, mottled with gray scarf-skin; internodes long and unequal; leaves large, oval or oblong, acuminate; margin irregularly serrate; petiole long, slender, with large glands; blooming season late; flowers small. fruit matures the last of june to the middle of july, usually attached in pairs but sometimes in threes; medium to large in size, obtuse-cordate; color bright reddish-black changing to deep purple; suture indistinct; stem slender, inserted in a deep, broad cavity; skin thin, tender; flesh dark purple, with abundant colored juice, half-tender, somewhat stringy, sweet yet sprightly, pleasantly flavored; quality good; stone small, oval. black hawk _prunus avium_ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ , , . . = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . _Épervier noir._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . despite the fact that black hawk was lauded by the horticulturists in the middle of the last century as one of the best of all black sweet cherries, it is now almost unknown. according to the older pomologists it was unsurpassed for eating out of hand but was only mediocre in all other characters of either fruit or tree. in particular it was surpassed in many ways by the better-known eagle which fills about the same place in cherry culture. the variety was very popular in southern ohio about cincinnati where many trees may still be found and where it is still more or less planted. possibly because of the excellent quality of the fruit, the amateur might well try a tree or two. the description is compiled. black hawk originated with professor j. p. kirtland of cleveland, ohio, sometime previous to . it is one of the best of the many seedlings fruited by him. the american pomological society in named this sort as one of the promising new fruits and it still remains on the fruit-list of this organization. tree large, vigorous, spreading, round-topped, resembling yellow spanish in habit, productive, healthy; branches stout, smooth, dark reddish-brown, straight; branchlets slender, with short internodes. leaves large, folded upward, obovate, rather thick; upper surface dark green; lower surface pale green; apex abruptly pointed; margin coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole short, stout, bright red, with two or more orange-red, reniform glands. buds of medium size, rather short, free; flowers small or medium in size; pedicels long, very slender; calyx-lobes straight, finely serrate, obtuse; petals roundish, broadly and deeply notched at the tip. fruit matures about the middle of june, a few days later than black tartarian; medium to large, obtuse-cordate, surface uneven, sides compressed; cavity deep, broad, abrupt, nearly regular; color glossy, dark purplish-black changing to almost black at complete maturity; stem usually thick but often variable, of medium length; skin thick, adhering to the pulp; flesh purplish-black, tender, with abundant colored juice, aromatic, well flavored, sweet; of very good quality; stone of medium size, with uneven surfaces. black heart _prunus avium_ = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= thompson _gard. ass't_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _guignier à fruit noir._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , , pl. fig. . . _frühe schwarze herzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . _guigne noire ancienne._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , , . . _bigarreau noir d'espagne._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . although one of the oldest cherries under cultivation, black heart is still largely grown the world over. prince, in , said that it was more widely cultivated in the united states than any other variety and downing, in , said black heart was then better known than any other cherry in the country. while neither of these two statements would hold for black heart now, it having long since passed its heyday of popularity, it is still, because of the fruitfulness of the tree and the high quality and beauty of the fruit, a variety of much merit. black heart fails in the commercial fruit growing of nowadays, as compared with the cherry culture of the fruit connoisseurs of a generation ago, because it does not meet market demands, failing to do so through two defects: it does not ship well and when brown-rot is rife it quickly succumbs to this fungus. it is, too, now difficult to obtain the variety true to name, the trees at this station, as an example, in several attempts, turning out untrue, which forces the use of a compiled description in this text. this cherry was mentioned by john rea in but there can be no doubt but that it originated many years previous to this date. probably it is the cherry mentioned by robert dodonée, a naturalist of malines, belgium, in . when or by whom it was introduced to america is not known but it was being grown here very early in the nineteenth century and ever since has been considered a valuable variety for general planting. nearly every nurseryman throughout the united states lists black heart, a fact attesting its popularity. the american pomological society placed black heart on its catalog of fruits in , a place which it has since retained. tree large, very vigorous, tall, wide-spreading, productive; branches stout, brownish, mingled with yellow, mottled with gray scarf-skin; lenticels numerous, small. leaves very large, oblong, waved, acuminate, nearly flat; upper surface dark green; margin deeply and coarsely serrate; petiole of medium length, lightly tinged with red, with greenish glands. buds large, oval, pointed; season of bloom early or very early; flowers medium in size; petals roundish, imbricated. fruit matures early, season long; large, obtuse-cordate, somewhat compressed; cavity broad; suture deep; surface somewhat irregular; color dark purple becoming black; stem one and three-fourths inches long, slender; skin slightly shrivelled; flesh dark red, firm to very firm becoming tender at full maturity, with abundant colored juice, sweet; good in quality; stone large, roundish-ovate; dorsal suture deep. black tartarian _prunus avium_ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= _proc. nat. con. fr. gr._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . _ronald's large black heart._ = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ , . . _guigne noire à gros fruit._ = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . _tartarian._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . black tartarian is probably the favorite dooryard and roadside sweet cherry in new york and ranks second or third among commercial cherries in the state, as it probably does for the whole region east of the mississippi. it is known by all who grow or eat cherries. the preeminently meritorious characters which give it so high a place in cherry culture are: first, and most important, the elasticity of its constitution whereby it adapts itself to widely different soils and climates; second, the fruitfulness, healthfulness and robustness of the trees which also bear regularly, live to an old age and grow to a prodigious size, oftentimes attaining a diameter of two feet; third, this variety is comparatively free from the worst of cherry diseases, brown-rot; lastly, the cherries, though not as large as some similar sorts, are tempting to the eye through their rotund form and glossy black color and are a delight to the palate, the handsome purplish-red flesh being firm and crisp, yet juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor which all agree gives the quality the rank of "very good to best." it is a virile variety and from it have come several promising seedlings and it is one of the parents of a number of cross-bred cherries. black tartarian is earlier than most of the sweet cherries with which it must compete--under most conditions a help in marketing. unfortunately it is a little too soft to handle well in harvesting and marketing or to hold its shape as a canned product. its small size is also against it for the canner's trade. the several defects noted prevent black tartarian from taking first rank in commercial orchards but for the home plantation it is one of the best. black tartarian came originally from russia. it was introduced into england in from circassia, by hugh ronalds of brentford, middlesex, as ronald's large black heart. two years later, john fraser introduced a variety, a native of crimea, which he purchased in st. petersburg, as fraser's black tartarian. this turned out to be the same as the cherry from circassia. some go farther back and say that black tartarian was carried to russia from spain, thence to england. it owes its introduction into this country to william prince of flushing, long island, probably in the early part of the nineteenth century. it was recognized in and placed on the schedule of fruits at the national convention of fruit growers which later became the present american pomological society. the variety still retains a place among the recommended cherries but under the name tartarian. the variety quickly became popular in america, finding a place in every orchard and in the lists of all nurserymen. some nurserymen claim to have superior strains of the old variety; as, green's tartarian and black tartarian improved. comparisons show no differences. black russian, listed by some firms, is probably black tartarian as it is used many times as a synonym by foreign writers. [illustration: black tartarian] tree characteristically large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, productive; trunk of medium thickness, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown, slightly overspread with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets rather long, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels. leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, slightly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin varies from serrate to crenate; petiole two inches long, thick, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from one to three reniform, reddish glands of medium size usually on the stalk. buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small clusters on spurs of variable length; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across, borne in scattering well-distributed clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, long, broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with short, blunt claws; anthers yellowish; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures early; less than one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity intermediate in depth and width, flaring; suture indistinct; apex pointed and slightly depressed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating readily from the pulp; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, firm, meaty, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened and oblique, with smooth surfaces. bleeding heart _prunus avium_ = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _gascoigne._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ , . . = .= gerarde _herball_ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _red heart._ = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = := , pl. fig. . . _blutherzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , , . . _gascoigne's heart._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _blutrothe molkenkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = := . . _guigne rouge hâtive._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = := fig., . . bleeding heart goes back almost as far as the history of cultivated cherries. it is only of historical interest now and this chiefly because it has been the parent of many sorts of present worth. according to the old writers it took highest rank in the cherry lists of a century and more ago by virtue of its high quality and handsome appearance, the name being indicative of color and form. so far as can be made out at this late date the variety has been grown but little or not at all in america, the description here given coming from old pomologies. this, like the preceding sort, is a cherry of several names, having been mentioned first by parkinson in as the gascoign cherry. in england three different names have been applied to this variety, gascoigne, red heart and bleeding heart. at least there seems to be little doubt that the bleeding heart and red heart listed by john rea in were the gascoign of parkinson and gerarde. tree of largest size, very vigorous, not very productive; branches numerous, large, long, diverging, brownish-red, mottled with gray scarf-skin; leaves very large, oblong, acuminate; margin crenate; petiole thick, long, reddish, with well-developed glands; blooming season early. fruit matures the latter half of july; usually in pairs, large, elongated heart-shaped, with pointed apex; color bright red changing to dark red, somewhat mottled; stem two inches long, slender; flesh reddish, rather tender although firm, with abundant juice, highly flavored, sweetish; good in quality; stone large, oblong. bourgueil _prunus cerasus_ _cerise de bourgueil._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . _montmorency de bourgueil._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = := , fig. . bourgueil is a variant form of montmorency hardly differing enough in fruit from large montmorency to be distinguished from it and yet since it seems to be more productive than the last-named sort it is possibly worth adding to the cherry flora of the country. the variety, it must be remembered, is still on probation, but if trees true to name can be obtained it is worth planting in small numbers where growers want a cherry of the montmorency type. this variety was found by a doctor bretonneau about in bourgueil, indre-et-loire, france. it is known by the name of the finder as well as that of the locality in which it originated and through having the same place of origin is often confused with cerise rouge pale. the united states department of agriculture received this variety in from ferdinand jamin, bourg-la-reine, seine, france, and in turn forwarded it to this station where it has been fruiting for the past few seasons. nurserymen do not as yet offer it for sale and it is doubtful if it is known in more than a few places in america. [illustration: bourgueil] tree vigorous, upright-spreading, vasiform, productive; branches slender, smooth, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown, with some ash-gray, smooth, with numerous inconspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate to ovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent along the veins; apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly crenate; petiole one inch long, thick, with a dull tinge of red, pubescent, with none or with from one to three globose, yellow or brownish glands on the base of the blade. buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering, well-distributed clusters, usually in threes; pedicels short, one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, broad, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals crinkled, roundish, entire, sessile, with apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths inch long, one inch wide, nearly oblate, somewhat compressed; cavity deep, wide, medium flaring, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish to flattened; color bright red; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem stout, one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, free; flesh yellowish-white with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; of good quality; stone free, large, roundish-ovate, pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red, with a prominent ventral suture. brusseler braune _prunus cerasus_ . christ _handb._ . . . christ _wörterb._ . . . truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . . dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . . mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . . _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . . _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: , , fig. . . _brüsselsche bruyn_. . krünitz _enc._ , . . _zweite grösser herzkirschweichsel._ . kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _ratafia._ . hogg _fruit man._ , . . from the standpoint of commercial cherry culture, brusseler braune has little value. the trees are uncertain in bearing; the cherries are small, sour, and astringent; and, worse than the faults named, the crop ripens very unevenly. it is of the english morello type but in new york, at least, is far inferior to this well-known sort. brusseler braune has been much advertised for cold climates but there are many better cherries that stand cold nearly or quite as well and are better in both tree and fruit characters and, in particular, that will not vex the souls of growers by ripening so unevenly. the variety has two marked peculiarities: the leaves on the two-year-old wood are very small and the fruit-stems bear a small leaflet at their base. these leaflets on the fruit-stem would have to be removed in marketing the crop--another serious defect. no doubt brusseler braune originated in holland but there is nothing definite as to the time though truchsess, a german, writes of having received it in as brüsselsche bruyn. the synonyms of this variety are more or less confused with those of english morello. this cherry was brought to america in by the late j. l. budd with several other varieties. in the collection of trees sent out from the original importation, of which this was one, or from trees budded from them, were griotte du nord, large long late, shadow amarelle, lutovka, george glass, orel no. , or gibb, and bessarabian. unfortunately the varieties were badly mixed and much confusion has resulted. it is not impossible that the first three are synonyms but the lutovka, george glass, bessarabian and possibly the gibb are distinct varieties. in , this station recommended a new cherry for trial for home and market and distributed buds throughout the state under the name lutovka. later it was found that an error had been made regarding the trees sent us as lutovka, they being the brusseler braune. the american pomological society added brusseler braune to its fruit catalog list in but dropped it in . [illustration: brusseler braune] tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading but with drooping branchlets, dense, round-topped, unproductive; trunk and branches smooth, stout; branches brownish, overspread with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, with short internodes, nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, lightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thick, grooved along the midrib; upper surface very dark, dull green; lower surface light green, pubescent; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate; petiole one and one-eighth inches long, tinged with dull, dark red, grooved along the upper surface, with from one to four small, globose, yellowish-green glands. buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and in clusters on scattering, short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters in threes and fours; pedicels one and one-eighth inches long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube furrowed, tinted with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acuminate, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals oval to obovate, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow, wide notch at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures very late; nearly one inch in diameter, although variable in size, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt; suture very shallow, indistinct; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color light red changing to dark red as the season advances; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem two and one-fourth inches long, with small leaflets at the base, strongly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separates readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, tender and melting, somewhat astringent, sour; of fair quality; stone nearly free when fully mature, fifteen-thirty-seconds inch long, roundish-oval, rather plump, blunt-pointed; surfaces smooth; ventral suture slightly enlarged near the base. bunte amarelle _prunus cerasus_ . truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . . _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . . _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . . budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . so far bunte amarelle has found a place only in the trying cherry climate of iowa and neighboring states. it is not attractive enough in appearance, good enough in quality, or certain and fruitful enough in bearing to compete with other amarelles, to which group this variety belongs. its saving grace is extreme hardiness of tree, though vigor and health help make it somewhat desirable in cold, prairie regions of the mid-west where cherry growing is more or less precarious. there has been much uncertainty as to the true variety and we have had to discard the trees on the station grounds and compile a description. this variety probably originated in germany in the latter part of the eighteenth century. truchsess, a german, in , called the cherry bunte amarelle because of its variegated color before full maturity. the variety was introduced from poland to america sometime previous to and has usually gone under the name of amarelle bunte. from all accounts professor j. l. budd of ames, iowa, the authority on these hardy cherries during his time, had two different cherries under the name amarelle bunte; for in his report at the iowa horticultural society in , he mentioned a variety under that name as being a large, dark purple and nearly sweet sort which could not have been the true bunte amarelle of truchsess. budd and hansen in described a variety which agrees very closely with the true variety of truchsess which we herewith describe. tree vigorous, upright, hardy; foliage large, coarse. fruit matures the second week in june; medium to large, roundish, flattened at the base; cavity variable in depth; suture shallow, indistinct; apex depressed; color yellow overspread with light red; stem green, straight, rather slender, one and one-half to two inches long; flesh slightly colored, juicy, firm but tender, pleasantly subacid; very good in quality; stone variable in size, broad. california advance _prunus avium_ . wickson _cal. fruits_ , . . . _wash. sta. bul_. = =: . . _advance_. . _am. pom. soc. rpt_. . . _ulatis_. . _mich. sta. bul_. = =: . . california advance is a sweet cherry, one of the "hearts" of common parlance, distinguished and worth growing only because it is extra early, though when fully ripe it is of very good quality. it is usually described as a cherry of "large size" but on the grounds of this station the cherries run small, as they are occasionally reported elsewhere to do, suggesting that the variety requires good care and a choice cherry soil for a finely finished product. on these grounds the variety seems to be preeminently free from fungus diseases but the robin and other birds take greater toll from it than from almost any other cherry, beginning their harvest long before the fruit is fit for human fare. california advance might well be planted in a small way for a local market in new york, or a tree or two for home use, but it has no place in large numbers in this state. california advance came from a seed of early purple sown by w. h. chapman of napa, california, the seedling being saved because the cherries were larger and ripened earlier than those of its parent. it has sometimes been confused with the chapman cherry, of somewhat similar characteristics, which also originated in napa, but the two are quite distinct. tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and branches stout, smooth; branchlets of medium thickness, brownish-bronze partly covered with ash-gray, glabrous; leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, long-obovate to elliptical, thin, medium green, slightly rugose; margin serrate, glandular; petiole nearly two inches long, slender, tinged with red, pubescent along the upper side and with a shallow groove, with from two to four large, reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk; buds large, obtuse or pointed, plump, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters of variable size on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom early; flowers one and one-eighth inches across; pistil equal to the stamens in length. fruit ripens very early, season averaging eleven days; about three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed; color purplish-black; stem of medium thickness, often one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separates from the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark red juice, meaty, tender, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch by eleven-thirty-seconds inch in size, roundish-oval, compressed, oblique, with smooth surfaces. carnation _prunus cerasus_ = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . . = .= thompson _gard. ass't_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _cerise d'orange._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _rothe oranienkirsche._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . carnation is a conspicuous cherry because of its beautiful color--red, a little variegated with white or yellow, hence the name. it is one of the amarelles, similar to montmorency except in color in which character it is more pleasing than the better-known sort. the stone separates from the pulp very readily leaving the flesh unusually bright and clean. because of their sprightly refreshing flavor, the cherries are pleasing to the palate, as well as attractive to the eye. unfortunately the trees are but moderately vigorous and fruitful and these qualities count so heavily against it as a commercial cherry that carnation cannot be more than a fruit for amateurs unless under exceptional conditions. for a home plantation, however, it would be hard to name a better cherry of its kind. carnation is another of the choicely good, old cherries, being first mentioned by john rea in and later by langley in . having been cultivated for so long and disseminated among so many growers who kept meagre records in early days, this sort became badly confused with other varieties, especially with the "cerisier à gros fruit rouge-pale," mentioned by duhamel in . how old the variety truly is or where it originated cannot be said. carnation seems to have been first mentioned in america by william coxe in and a few years later it was growing on the grounds of william prince, flushing, new york. since that time it has been quite widely disseminated throughout the united states but is grown less extensively now than formerly. the american pomological society, in , placed carnation on its list of recommended fruits where it still holds a place. [illustration: carnation] tree medium in size, spreading, becoming drooping, not very productive; trunk intermediate in thickness; branches reddish-brown overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable in size; branchlets brown or ash-gray, smooth, with numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves very numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, roughened; lower surface dull, light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, slender, dull red on the upper surface, with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small clusters on numerous, short spurs; season of bloom late; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, of medium thickness, glabrous, green; calyx-tube light reddish-green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, of medium length, broad, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, with short, broad claws, the apex notched; filaments in four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season or later; three-fourths of an inch long, one inch in thickness, roundish-oblate, compressed; cavity deep, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened or with a deep depression; color medium to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly; of very good quality; stone free, nearly one-half inch in diameter, roundish, blunt, with smooth surfaces. centennial _prunus avium_ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . in california, centennial is passing from the period of probation to one of general acceptance as a standard variety. unfortunately it has not been well tested in the east but trees growing in a commercial orchard at geneva show the variety to be a close competitor, in this instance at least, with its parent, napoleon, the mainstay of sweet cherry growers in new york. in some respects it quite surpasses napoleon. it is larger, sweeter and better flavored and has a smaller pit. the trees fall short of those of its well-known parent, however, in being less fruitful. even more serious defects are, in the orchard under observation, that centennial cracks and is less successful in resisting brown-rot than napoleon though it surpasses many other well-known sorts in these respects. the two varieties under comparison may be further distinguished by the more oblate fruits of centennial, by a more mottled color and by the pits which are longer and more pointed in the newer variety. centennial is recommended for home orchards and experimentally for commercial plantations. centennial is a seedling of napoleon grown by henry chapman, napa, california. it came in fruit in but was not introduced until , leonard coates of napa, california, being the introducer. despite its many merits, centennial did not win a place on the fruit list of the american pomological society until . tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk thick, roughish; branches stout, smooth, brownish, with many large lenticels; branchlets thick, with internodes of medium length. leaves numerous, large, flattened, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface pale green, thinly pubescent; apex taper-pointed; margin coarsely serrate, with small and inconspicuous glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, pubescent, tinged with red, with from two to four large, reniform, greenish-red, flattened glands, usually on the stalk. buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; blooming season about the middle of may; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, usually arranged in twos and threes; pedicels variable in length averaging one and one-eighth inches, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, acute, glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed; petals oval, entire, tapering to short, narrow claws, with a slightly crenate apex; anthers greenish; filaments one-eighth inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures the last week in june, length of season rather short; very large, short-cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide; suture distinct, broad, shallow; apex roundish or slightly depressed; color amber-yellow, speckled and overlaid with crimson; dots whitish, inconspicuous; stem thick, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the pulp; skin thin, tender, cracks badly, adherent to the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, meaty, crackling, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch in length, eleven-thirty-seconds inch in width, ovate, plump, oblique, with smooth surfaces; ridged on the ventral suture. choisy _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ _cerisier à fruit ambré, à fruit blanc._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , , pl. xi. . _schöne von choisy._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , , . . _belle de choisy._ = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= _cultivator_ = =: fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: no. , pl. . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , , . . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . . = .= elliott =fr. book= . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig. , , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . it seems to be the consensus of opinion of a score or more of european and american pomologists who have known choisy that it is the handsomest and most delicious of all duke cherries--one of the very best of all dessert cherries. in it are delicately combined the richness of the sweet cherry and the sprightliness of the sour cherry. unfortunately, while it bears early and regularly, the trees are seldom fruitful. as an offset to unfruitfulness, however, the trees are vigorous, hardy and healthy. the cherries keep and stand the wear and tear of marketing as well as those of any other duke. its qualities all commend it for the home orchard and for a local market. in particular it may be recommended for cold climates where a true sweet cherry is not quite hardy, this hybrid being nearly as hardy as the other parent, the sour cherry. unfortunately suitable specimens of this beautiful cherry could not be obtained for a color-plate and the description has had to be compiled in part. duhamel describes two amber-colored cherries, one of which is listed by leroy as belle de choisy. the cerise blanche, or cerise ambrée (grosse), according to leroy, was cultivated in central france as early as and in merlet wrote of it as the most curious and rare of all cherries. kenrick, _american orchardist_, , lists a variety, ambrée, which according to floy-lindley's and duhamel's descriptions must be choisy. some writers, however, say that choisy was first grown by m. gondouin, a gardener for louis xv, in , at the village of choisy near paris. the american pomological society, in its report for , mentioned this variety as having promise and ten years later listed it in the society's fruit catalog where it has since remained. tree large, vigorous, spreading, somewhat open, hardy, but moderately productive; branches thick, of a clear grayish color with brownish-red tips; lenticels very numerous, large, roundish. leaves numerous, very broad, obovate, rather abruptly pointed; upper surface shining dark green, deeply and regularly serrate to rather dentate. buds large, thick, conical, clear brown somewhat covered with gray; season of bloom rather early; flowers white, large, numerous, borne in large clusters; petioles short, scarcely an inch in length; petals broadly round, edges dentate; calyx-lobes short, large; pistil longer than the stamens. fruit matures in some localities just before may duke, in others just after that variety, ordinarily ripe, however, at the end of june; usually attached in pairs, large, roundish to somewhat oval, flattened toward the base; cavity shallow, wide; suture shallow, indistinct; apex depressed; color attractive bright red mottled with yellow and amber; stem thick at the base, one and one-half to two inches long, generally forking at about one-half inch from the base; skin thin, somewhat firm, semi-transparent showing the netted texture of the pulp beneath; flesh pale amber, with abundant colorless juice, tender, melting, sweet, pleasant flavor; very good in quality; stone medium to small, roundish, pointed at the apex; dorsal suture indistinct; surfaces nearly smooth. cleveland _prunus avium_ . _horticulturist_ = =: fig. - . . elliott _fr. book_ fig., . . . _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . . mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . _knorpelkirsche von cleveland_. . _ill. handb_. fig., . . cleveland is a bigarreau which falls so far short of its near kin, as it grows in new york at least, as not to be worth planting except as an early cherry of its type--earliness being its one saving asset. the cherries closely resemble rockport in size, color, shape and flavor, are in no way better than that somewhat mediocre sort and are even more subject to brown-rot. it ripens with black tartarian and can never compete in orchard or market with that sort. possibly cleveland has too much merit to be wholly neglected yet it certainly is not worth planting in new york unless in a locality where it does exceptionally well and when an early cherry of its kind is wanted. cleveland is said by its introducer, professor j. p. kirtland, to be a seedling from yellow spanish. its close similarity to rockport suggests that it may have come from a pit of that variety. it was brought out in but was not adopted by the american pomological society for its fruit list until . despite rapidly passing popularity it is still on this list. tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open, very productive; trunk of medium diameter and smoothness; branches smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with many small lenticels; branchlets slender, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with numerous small, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper surface medium green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole often two inches long, reddish, rather slender, hairy, grooved, glandless or with from one to four reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk. buds small, short, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters of variable size on rather short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattered clusters, usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, tinged with red, light green within, broadly campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with short, broad claws, notched and crinkled at the apex; filaments in four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate, compressed, cavity wide, flaring, irregular; suture shallow, indistinct; apex somewhat obtusely-pointed; color light red overspreading yellow; dots numerous, small, yellowish, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, large, one-half inch long, oval, flattened at the base, plump, with smooth surfaces. cluster _prunus cerasus_ . parkinson _par. ter._ , fig. . . . gerarde _herball_ fig. . . . prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . . downing _fr. trees am._ fig., . . . hogg _fruit man._ . . _flanders cluster_. . ray _hist. plant._ . . _cerisier à bouquet._ . duhamel _trait arb. fr._ = =: , , , pl. vi. . . poiteau _pom. franc._ : no. , pl. . . mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _tros-kers._ . knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . _trauben oder bouquet amarelle._ . truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . . dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . . mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _griotte à bouquet._ . leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., , . . cluster is a curiosity, characterized by fruits borne in clusters at the extremity of a single peduncle. the pistils vary from one to a dozen, setting from one to five perfect fruits in the cluster or from eight to twelve as the trees become older. the variety is little known in america but is well known in europe, having first been described by daléchamp in , according to leroy. its origin is uncertain. parkinson speaks of it as flanders cluster, in , and as it was cultivated in germany before and nearly as soon in switzerland it may be assumed that either south germany or flanders is its native home. it appears under several names in european fruit books, the terms trochet, bouquet, buschel, and trauben all signifying that the fruits are borne in clusters and usually referring to this variety. the cerisier à trochet of duhamel is probably a distinct variety. the fruit has little value and is cultivated chiefly as a curiosity. the following description is compiled: tree small and bushy, moderately vigorous, dense, productive; branches numerous, long, slender, somewhat curved, drooping and often breaking under a load of fruit; internodes long; leaves small, oblong, acuminate; margin doubly serrate; petiole thick, short, rigid, with small, roundish, conspicuous glands; blooming season late; flowers small. fruit matures the last of june, attached in twos or threes, with from two to eight fruits per cluster; variable in size, roundish, flattened at the extremities; suture prominent; color clear red becoming darker at maturity; skin tough, transparent; stem long, inserted in a deep cavity; flesh nearly white, transparent, with abundant juice which is usually uncolored but sometimes tinged red, very tender, sour, yet agreeable; quality fair; stone small, roundish, compressed. coe _prunus avium_ . _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _coe's transparent._ . _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. - . . _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . . mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., . . . _cult. & count. gent._ = =: . . . thomas _guide prat._ , . . _guigne coé._ . leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _coe's bunte transparent._ . mathieu _nom. pom._ . . even earlier and certainly better than cleveland, which we have just discussed, is coe, long known as coe's transparent. this is the first of the light-colored cherries to ripen and is a splendid fruit in quality and appearance. the color-plate shows this variety very well--possibly too well, since one of its defects is variability in color, the variant usually being very light colored and not as attractive as the type. a second defect is that the fruit runs rather small. the tree-characters are in the main very good. the variety can be distinguished, as a rule, by the large, spreading tree and to a lesser extent by its hardiness, vigor, healthfulness and fruitfulness. coe is worthy of a place in every home plantation, in orchards for local markets and in favored localities as an early cherry for the general market. curtis coe of middletown, connecticut, grew this variety early in the nineteenth century from a pit of what he supposed to be ox heart. the american pomological society included coe in its list of recommended fruits in . [illustration: coe] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, very productive; trunk stocky, shaggy; branches thick, smooth, dark reddish-brown overlaid with ash-gray, with many raised lenticels; branchlets stout, short, brown nearly covered with gray, smooth, glabrous, with numerous small, conspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward or flattened, long-elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with small, black glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, thick, tinged with red, grooved, hairy, with from one to three large, reniform, greenish-yellow or reddish glands on the stalk. buds large, long, conical, plump, free, in clusters on spurs variable in length; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in dense clusters, thickly distributed over the tree in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube green, broadly campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures early; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity regular, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex blunt-pointed or slightly depressed; color pale amber faintly mottled with red; dots small, light yellow, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, of medium toughness, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free or free, one-half inch long, less than one-half inch wide, roundish, somewhat flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture. dikeman _prunus avium_ . _del. sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . dikeman has some merit as a very late sweet cherry but here its usefulness ends. the cherries are too small and the pits too large for this variety to have great worth. the tree is somewhat remarkable for its spreading habit and stout branches. plant-breeders seeking for a very late sort might well choose dikeman as a parent. two very similar cherries, with a variation in the spelling, pass under this name. late in the eighteenth century there appeared a cherry on the dyckman farm near new york city. some thought it to be identical with black tartarian; others said it was distinct and called it dyckman. it was never more than of local note. some few years ago the late s. d. willard of geneva introduced the dikeman cherry from the farm of george b. dikeman, oceana county, michigan. this variety often goes under the name dykeman but from the information at hand we feel certain that dikeman is the correct spelling. on our grounds this variety and black tartarian, although similar, are two distinct sorts, the dikeman being later, firmer and a clingstone. tree large, vigorous, broadly-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels which are variable in size; branchlets short, brown, partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels. leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper surface medium green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, faintly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole about one and one-half inches long, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from one to four reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk. buds large, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters variable in size on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and three-eighths inches across; borne in scattering clusters, in ones, twos or threes; pedicels one and one-fourth inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with reddish tinge, broad, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate; cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow, indistinct; apex slightly pointed, with a small depression at the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, adherent to the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp, mild, somewhat aromatic, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, longer than wide, ovate, flattened, with smooth surfaces, somewhat marked with a reddish tinge. double glass _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ . truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - , - , . . . dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . . _ill. handb._ fig., . . . _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . . _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . . _can. exp. farm bul._ = =: . . . budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _amarelle double de verre._ . mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . _great cornelian._ . hogg _fruit man._ . . _glass._ . _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . double glass is a duke, a hybrid more nearly resembling the sweet cherry than the sour cherry. the trees grow remarkably well in nursery and orchard and their behavior so pleased growers when the variety was brought to notice that it became for a time quite the vogue. but the trees turned out to be unproductive and the cherries so mediocre that the variety rapidly passed through its heyday of popularity. the fruits are curiously marked, the suture being so deep as to make them appear double--hence the name. the variety has no value where sweet sorts are hardy but possibly might find a niche somewhere in regions where a more tender sweet cherry cannot be grown. this variety, of ancient and unknown origin, dates back at least to when truchsess received it from christ under the names grosse frühkirsche and englische erzherzogskirsche, both of which were incorrect, the first because it was not characteristic since the fruit did not ripen early, and the second because it denoted a class of dark-fleshed cherries. in france, double glass has long been cultivated under the name amarelle double de verre. the variety was brought to america from russia in by professor j. l. budd. while grown for a time in the central states it was never highly regarded and has now nearly passed from cultivation. the following description is a compilation: tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading becoming divergent with age, usually hardy, rather unproductive; branchlets thick, reddish-brown; leaves healthy, small to medium, ovate, with serrated margins; buds large, prominent. fruit matures the latter part of june; usually large, roundish-oblate, with a very deep suture; color light red becoming much darker at maturity; stem long, thick; skin thin, tough, translucent; flesh yellowish, with abundant uncolored juice, firm, tender, sprightly; good in quality; stone medium in size, roundish. double natte _prunus cerasus_ . truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . . hogg _fruit man._ . . . _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . ._ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . _cerise van der nat._ . knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . _kirsche von der natte._ . krünitz _enc._ , . . . truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . . _ill. handb._ fig., . . budd's importations of russian cherries, to which reference is so often made in this text, brought forth almost universal praise for any and all of the foreign sorts. cultural tests soon demonstrated, however, that most of the varieties were comparatively worthless; double natte is one of these. it is a very mediocre cherry of the morello group in nowise equal to english morello except when earliness is a prime requisite, this sort being one of the earliest of the morellos. in flavor it is equal to english morello but is no better. at geneva the trees are seldom very fruitful. from the eulogistic reports of its behavior in the middle west it would seem that it was better adapted to iowa, for instance, than for new york. this variety was first mentioned by knoop, the dutch pomologist, in --origin not given. some years ago professor j. l. budd also imported from russia a cherry under the name riga no. . this cherry has been grown as a separate variety under the name riga but the descriptions of it are all identical with those of double natte and there can be no doubt but that they are one and the same. [illustration: double natte] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, somewhat vasiform, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches brown nearly covered with ash-gray, with a few large lenticels; branchlets long, with short internodes, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with a few very large, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three and three-eighths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, short-obovate, thick, stiff; upper surface glossy, slightly rugose; lower surface pale green, thinly pubescent; apex sharp-pointed, tapering toward the base; margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole thick, dull red, grooved on the upper surface, nearly one inch long, glandless or with one or two small glands at the base of the blade. buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on spurs; leaf-scars inconspicuous; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint reddish tinge, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged red, long, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, tapering to short, narrow claws, with a broad but shallow notch at the apex; filaments about one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity somewhat abrupt, regular; suture deep, distinct, often extending entirely around the fruit; apex depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, brownish, obscure; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long, adheres strongly to the fruit; skin thin, tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with reddish juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; good to very good in quality; stone nearly free, longer than wide, nearly round, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture. downer _prunus avium_ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , , pl. . _downer's red heart._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _downer's late._ = .= _proc. nat. con. fr. gr._ . . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , pl. . _guigne tardive de downer._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , . . downer is a sweet cherry, one of the so-called "hearts" much prized by those who know it as a late cherry delicately and richly flavored. possibly it is the best of the late sweet cherries. several defects keep it from being of any considerable worth; it thrives only in the choicest soils; the trees are often unhealthy as well as lacking in vigor; the flesh is thin and the stone is large; and, though the cherries set abundantly, the yield is small because the fruits are small. so, while the variety is almost indispensable in a home orchard, ripening after almost all of the dessert cherries have gone, downer has small place in a commercial plantation. it should be said further in its favor, however, as a commercial fruit, that it stands harvesting and shipping very well. downer takes the name of samuel downer, dorchester, massachusetts, who grew it some time before when it first found a place in pomological works. it was included by the american pomological society in its schedule of fruits in as downer's late. it now appears as downer with downer's late red as a synonym in accordance with the rules of the society. [illustration: downer] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive; trunk thick, with shaggy bark; branches thick, roughened, dark brown overspread with dark gray, with numerous large lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate, rather stiff; upper surface dark green; lower surface light green, hairy along the veins; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, thick, dark red, grooved, glandless or with from one to three large, globose or reniform glands on the stalk. buds small, except the terminals which are large, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in thin clusters in ones and in twos; pedicels variable in length often one inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, somewhat sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; pistil glabrous, nearly equal to the stamens in length, often defective. fruit matures among the latest; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity very shallow, flaring; suture obscure; apex variable in shape usually somewhat pointed; color light to dark red frequently showing an amber background on the shaded side; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, somewhat stringy, tender, with soft flesh, mild and pleasant, sweet when fully ripe; good to very good in quality; stone large, free, ovate, flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture. dyehouse _prunus cerasus_ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . dyehouse is conspicuous among cherries for its earliness and for the beauty of its fruit. early richmond is the standard early cherry yet dyehouse is a week earlier, just as attractive in appearance and equally well flavored. it is near of kin to early richmond but the two may be distinguished by the difference in time of ripening and by its brighter, clearer color, greater opaqueness, more highly colored juice and slightly smaller size. possibly this cherry would supersede the better-known early richmond were it not for the defect in size and for the further faults of being less productive and more capricious to environment, as it fails to thrive in localities where the older sort is quite at home. it is a worthy rival of early richmond, however, and ought to be grown both for home and commercial purposes far more than it is. to h. t. harris of stamford, kentucky, belongs the honor of introducing this well-known cherry. although its parentage is unknown, it is almost certain that a mr. dyehouse, lincoln county, kentucky, raised the tree from a pit sixty or more years ago. at the time of its introduction its characteristics were not clearly drawn and many believed it to be the early richmond. in time, however, differences were shown, as we have set forth in the preceding paragraph. it was added to the fruit list of the american pomological society in . [illustration: dyehouse] tree small, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense, round-topped, productive; trunk and branches slightly roughened; branches reddish-brown covered with dark ash-gray, with large, elongated, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, variable in length, brown overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, three inches long, one and one-half inches wide, slightly folded upward, obovate to long-oval; upper surface very dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, with a few hairs along the midrib; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with dull red, with a few hairs along the grooved upper surface, with from one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one inch across, white; borne in dense but well-distributed clusters, usually at the ends of spur-like branches, in twos, threes or fours; pedicels one and one-half inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-obovate, entire, almost sessile, with entire apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, nearly equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures early; more than one-half inch in diameter, oblate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex flattened, with a small depression at the center; color dark red; dots numerous, small, obscure; stem one inch long, adhering to the pulp; skin thin, tough; flesh light yellowish-white, with pinkish juice, tender, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone nearly free, ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture. eagle _prunus avium_ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _black eagle._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= _proc. nat. con. fr. gr._ . . = .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , pl. . = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: fig. . . we hesitatingly follow the american pomological society in calling this variety eagle when it has so long been known as black eagle, the name given it by the great pomologist, knight. were this choicely good cherry larger in size, it would still be a prime favorite with growers for in many respects it is one of the best varieties of its species. its flavor is excellent; the trees are usually fruitful; it ripens at a good time in the cherry season, just after black tartarian; the cherries are less liable to crack than many of its rivals; and the trees are as hardy, healthy and vigorous as those of any sweet cherry. some complain that the trees do not bear well at first but are productive only with age. but, after all, it is its high quality that gives eagle so much merit that it ought not to be forgotten--makes it worth a place in every home orchard and commends it highly to commercial growers of cherries who want a finely finished product for either local or general market. the fruit-stems of this variety are characteristically long. eagle was grown about by sir thomas andrew knight at downton castle, wiltshire, england, by fertilizing the bigarreau of the old writers, our yellow spanish, with pollen of the may duke. the correctness of the parentage as given has been questioned because of its inherited characteristics. but if the may duke is a hybrid between a sweet and a sour, a pure sweet offspring is not an impossibility. in , honorable john lowell of massachusetts received eagle from knight. prince mentioned this cherry in his _treatise of horticulture_, , but the exact date of its introduction into new york is unknown. in it was placed on the list of fruits adopted by the national convention of fruit growers and since then it has been retained on the fruit list of the american pomological society. [illustration: eagle] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, unproductive at first but improving with age; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets thick, brownish partly covered with light ash-gray, the surface slightly ribbed and with small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, long, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex variable in shape; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with dark glands; petiole nearly two inches long, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from two to four reniform, brownish glands usually on the stalk. buds large, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in clusters on spurs of medium length; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers white, one and one-eighth inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green faintly tinged with red, campanulate; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals irregular-oval, crenate, with short, blunt claws and with a crenate apex; anthers yellowish; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate, somewhat cordate, compressed; cavity regular, flaring; suture a faint groove; apex pointed or slightly depressed; color dark red almost black; dots small, russet, medium in number, obscure; stem slender, two inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh dark red, with wine-colored juice, meaty, tender, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; very good to best in quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, rather small, ovate, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture. early may _prunus fruticosa_ = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _may._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . _cerisier nain à fruit rond précoce._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , , pl. iii. . _frühe zwergweichsel._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , , . . _amarell-weichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _précoce de montreuil._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _griottier nain précoce._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . as the only cultivated representative of the european dwarf cherry, early may should be of especial interest to cherry-growers. it is a true dwarf variety, the trees seldom attaining a height of more than six or seven feet. both tree and branches are very flexible so that early may is well adapted to the wall-training of european countries. it has further value in its earliness, being the earliest of all cherries. it is doubtful whether the variety can now be obtained in america but it ought to be reintroduced both for the fruit and because it is a handsome ornamental. early may has several characters to recommend it to plant-breeders. the description herewith given is compiled from european fruit-books. pliny in his _natural history_ mentions the macedonian and the chamaecerasus cherries, both of which we now believe to have been _prunus fruticosa_, the european dwarf cherry. early may, according to european botanists, is a variety of this dwarf species and may be the identical cherry that pliny described. following pliny it was mentioned by estienne, a frenchman, in , by knoop, the dutch pomologist, in , by parkinson, the english herbalist, in , and, as the references show, by most pomologists since. the names may and early may have been applied to several varieties, and especially in the west to the early richmond but all are distinct and ought not to be confused with this, the true variety. tree very small, rather weak; branches numerous, slender, somewhat curved, flexible, branchlets slender, pendant; leaves abundant, very small, obovate or oblong, acuminate; margin irregularly and deeply serrate; petiole short, slender, without glands; blooming season very early; flowers small; petals oval. fruit matures very early, usually attached in pairs; small, roundish, slightly flattened; suture indistinct; color bright red becoming dark red at full maturity; stem one inch long, slender, set in a small, regular cavity; skin thin; flesh yellowish-white, sometimes tinged red under the skin, tender, juicy, brisk but pleasant subacid; quality fair; stone very small, roundish. early morello _prunus cerasus_ = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _orel no. ._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . this, which we think is the true early morello, is worthy an extended description in _the cherries of new york_ chiefly because there are several cherries of this name. the confusion results in much vexation to cherry-growers in the west where, only, these cherries have been planted. the full description should make clear at least the character of the variety which is being grown at this station as early morello. about all that can be said of the variety as it grows here is that the trees are hardy, healthy, vigorous, fruitful and regular in bearing. the cherries show the variety to be of the amarelle group but are such as to make it far inferior to montmorency and other well-known amarelles. the name is misleading, as the variety has little in common, in tree or fruit, with the true morellos. the cherry described here as early morello was introduced by professor j. l. budd from orel, russia, as orel no. . it has proved very productive and hardy throughout the west and resembles early richmond, though smaller, a trifle darker, less acid and a week later. a dark-fleshed variety from erfurt, prussia, was sent out from rosedale, kansas, where it is known as early morello. this, and one by d. u. reed, blue springs, nebraska, appear to be very similar to the northwest, or wier no. . tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive; trunk rather thick, shaggy; branches with numerous large lenticels; branchlets slender, short; leaves two and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, thick, stiff, dark green, rather glossy, smooth; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole glandless or with from one to three small, globose, brown or yellowish glands variable in position; buds small, short, obtuse, in small clusters at the ends of slender, branchlike spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across; pistil equal to or slightly longer than the stamens, sometimes defective. fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate, compressed; color attractive dark red; stem one inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces, somewhat tinged with red. early purple _prunus avium_ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _purple cherry._ = .= ray _hist. plant._ . . _early purple guigne._ = .= _cultivator_ n. s. = =: fig. . . = .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , , pl. . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , , . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= _guide prat._ , . . _purple guigne_. = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . early purple is a valuable cherry on account of its earliness, its attractive color and high quality. the trees bear well and regularly after having become established in the orchard. the variety has the reputation of being a poor grower in the nursery and as a young tree in the orchard but with age it takes on vigor and at all times is as healthy as those of any sweet cherry. more than most cherries, this variety responds to good care and a choice cherry soil--a warm, free-working loam being best. a rather unusual and serious defect of this variety is that the fruit-spurs are easily broken during picking and the crop of the next season thereby cut short. another fault is that it is the favorite food of the robin where this, the worst of all cherry pests, abounds. the cherries of this variety do not attain their rich purple color until full maturity is reached. hogg, the english pomologist, maintains that early purple does better on the mahaleb than on the mazzard stock. no home collection should be without this variety and it can often be profitably grown as an early cherry for the local market. early purple is the early purple guigne of most fruit-books, the name having been shortened by the american pomological society, though, since the variety goes back to the early purple of ray in , the name here used has the right of precedence. as to what the origin and history of the variety were before ray mentioned it, we can find no record. early purple was brought to america over a hundred years ago. according to elliott, eastern growers received it directly from england, while in the west it was brought over by a party of german emigrants, under the name "german may duke" and as such it is still much grown in localities in the central west. in , the american pomological society listed early purple as one of the promising new fruits and later, in , it was given a place, which it has since retained, on the society's catalog of fruits recommended for general cultivation. [illustration: early purple] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets short, brown partly covered with ash-gray, roughened, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, four inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, very lightly pubescent; apex and base acute; margin finely serrate, with small, dark colored glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with red, with few hairs, with two or three small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk. buds variable in size and shape, rather long, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on spurs variable in length; season of bloom early; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos; pedicels characteristically long, often one and one-fourth inches, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, campanulate; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broadly oval, serrate, with short, blunt claws and a shallow, notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures very early; one inch in diameter, cordate, slightly compressed; cavity regular; suture a faint line; apex pointed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, grayish, obscure; stem tinged with red, slender, nearly two inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark reddish-purple, with dark colored juice, tender, melting, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, rather large, broadly oval, compressed near the apex, with smooth surfaces. early richmond _prunus cerasus_ = .= thacher _am. orch._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ , fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: fig., . . _flanders._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . _kentish._ = .= miller _gard. kal._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig., . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _cerisier hâtif._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. iv. . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , , . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: no. , pl. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _cerise de volger._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _frühzeitige amarelle._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _early griotte._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . _french._ = .= _quebec pom. & fr. gr. soc. rpt._ , . . early richmond has long been the leading sour cherry of its season--the first of its kind in the markets. it is not a remarkable variety in its fruit-characters, the cherries being but medium in size, mediocre in quality and not handsomer than other amarelles with which it belongs. it is, however, a very good culinary fruit and when well ripened may be eaten out of hand with relish by those who like the refreshing acidity of a sour cherry. though not in nearly as great demand for canning as montmorency it still makes a very good canned product, being used more than it otherwise would be to prolong the canning season because of its earliness. before cherries were largely canned for the markets, early richmond was much used in making dried cherries, the product, rightly cured, making a delicious sweetmeat which would keep for several months. the cherries are remarkable for the tenacity with which the stone clings to the stem. it is the tree in which the early richmond particularly surpasses. it thrives in varied soils and climates from the st. lawrence to the carolinas and from the atlantic to the pacific--possibly the most cosmopolitan of all cherries--and everywhere vigorous, healthy and fruitful. for the many purposes for which it may be used and because of the characters of the tree, early richmond is indispensable in every home and commercial orchard for an early cherry. after montmorency it is more largely grown than any other cherry, sweet or sour, in new york. early richmond is the old kentish of english writers, confused more or less with the different montmorencies. whether or not this variety was introduced into kent, england, by the romans and became thus early the kentish or whether it came from flanders or holland where it was called cerise de volger, is not now certain. probably, however, it is one of the many seedlings of the cerise commune, as are the montmorencies, and was first known as cerisier hâtif. early in the sixteenth century the gardener of henry viii made extensive plantings in kent with trees supposed to have come from flanders, and parkinson, in , mentions a variety as flanders which was probably this cherry. the variety, soon known by many english writers as kentish, was confused by the french who seem to have had two kentish cherries. in english nurseries kentish was soon confused with montmorency. in this way the terms kentish, flanders, flemish and montmorency came into use for this sort. it was early brought to america where it became known as early richmond but even here it has several names. the belief that it originated at richmond, virginia, was due to the fact that william prince secured his first trees from that source. by whom the variety was introduced into this country is unknown, although thacher speaks of it as early as . in the south it became known as virginia may, while in the west it has been called early may. the variety appeared on the fruit list of the american pomological society as kentish in but in the name was changed to early richmond. it is listed by all prominent nurseries in this country as richmond or early richmond while in england it is still known as kentish. the french cherry, often spoken of as "the common french cherry," introduced into the lower st. lawrence region, is very similar to early richmond. this strain, propagated from seed or sprouts, seems to be somewhat hardier than early richmond and varies slightly from it in size and quality. [illustration: early richmond] tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, round-topped, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches reddish-brown lightly overspread with dull gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, grayish, smooth, with numerous small, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface pale green; apex variable in shape, base abrupt; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole glandless or with one or two globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. buds small, short, obtuse, very plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters on very short spurs; blooms appearing in mid-season; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos and threes; pedicels five-eighths inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube green or faintly tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, with a shallow, wide notch at the apex; filaments over one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish or flattened, with a slight depression at the center; color light red changing to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with light pinkish juice, stringy, tender and melting, sprightly, pleasant flavored; good to very good in quality; stone free, small, roundish-ovate, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces; somewhat roughened along the ventral suture. elkhorn _prunus avium_ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _john tradescantes cherrie._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . _hertogs-kers._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _grosse schwarze knorpelkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =iii=: no. , pl. . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . _tradescant's black heart._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig., . . = .= thompson _gard. ass't_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _gros bigarreau noir._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _st. margaret's cherry._ = .= _flor. & pom._ , pl. . . elkhorn has served its day and is now being rapidly superseded by other cherries of the bigarreau group to which it belongs. it was valued by the old pomologists because of the large size of the fruit, the firm flesh, late ripening, rich flavor, and because it hangs well on the tree long after maturity. but it fails in competition with other bigarreaus in bearing cherries quite variable in size, in the diminishing size of the fruit as the trees attain age and more than all else in being but moderately productive. the bark of the trunk and main branches is so heavily overspread with gray as to make this a distinguishing mark. the fruit, too, is distinct in appearance by reason of the irregular surface of the skin. the variety possesses no characters, as it usually grows, to make it worth planting either for home or market. the history of this old cherry was almost hopelessly confused by the early horticulturists by the vast number of names they used for it, many of which belonged to other varieties. elkhorn is supposed to have been raised by john tradescant, gardener to charles i of england, under the name tradescant's black heart. of this cherry, john parkinson in says: "john tradescantes cherrie is most usually sold by our nursery gardiners, for the archdukes cherrie, because they have more plenty thereof, and will better be increased, and because it is so faire and good a cherrie that it may be obtruded without much discontent: it is a reasonably good bearer, a faire great berrie, deepe coloured, and a little pointed." it is not known when or how elkhorn got to america. the first cherry-grower in this country to mention it was william prince, in , who says that his father noticed the variety growing in a garden next to a hotel in maryland about and brought cions of it to new york afterwards propagating and selling it under the name elkhorn given to the cherry by the hotel proprietor. elkhorn was at one time very popular and well disseminated throughout the united states and is sold now by a large number of nurserymen either under the name tradescant's black heart or as elkhorn. in , the american pomological society listed in its fruit catalog tradescant's black heart but dropped it in . in this society placed the variety in its catalog under the name elkhorn and it still remains on its list of recommended fruits. from its history it is apparent that this cherry is rightly called tradescant or black heart or by some combination of these terms but elkhorn has been adopted by the american pomological society, is everywhere in common use on this continent and is so distinctive that we choose for this text the newer name. tree large, very vigorous, upright, open-topped, moderately productive; trunk stocky, smooth; branches stout, smooth, with numerous small lenticels, reddish-brown heavily overspread with ash-gray; branchlets thick. leaves numerous, three and three-fourths inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, short-oval to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green, roughish; lower surface dull, light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute; margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole with from one to three raised glands of medium size, variable in shape, usually on the stalk. fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to conical, slightly compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture indistinct; apex roundish or pointed, with a slight depression at the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-eighths inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, adhering somewhat to the pulp; flesh a characteristically dark purplish-red, with very dark colored juice, meaty, firm, crisp, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone semi-free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. elton _prunus avium_ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . . = .= _proc. nat. con. fr. gr._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . = .= thompson _gard. ass't_ . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _flesh coloured bigarreau._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . elton has been freely recommended and widely cultivated in europe and america for the past century and probably no cherry has given more general satisfaction. the variety is distinguished by the form, color, flesh and flavor of its fruit. the cherries are oblong-heart-shaped--possibly too much drawn out for best appearance and often too oblique; the color, very well shown in the color-plate, is most attractive and makes up for any defect in shape--a dark red mottled with amber, very bright, clear and glossy; the flesh, a little too soft to ship well, is delicate and most pleasing to the palate; the flavor is peculiarly rich and luscious being hardly surpassed by that of any other cherry. the trees may be as readily told as the fruit, by the unusually dark red color of the petioles of the leaves. the branches are stout and bear the crop thickly placed close to the wood and in prodigious quantities. unfortunately it has a fault which in america, at least, makes it almost unfit for a commercial plantation. brown-rot, the scourge of the sweet cherry, attacks this variety more aggressively than almost any other sort and for this reason, while its merits can hardly be too highly spoken of, elton must remain for most part a variety for the home orchard. the tree, perfect in most respects, is a little tender to cold. leroy, the french pomologist, thinks it does better on mahaleb than on the mazzard stock. this is another cherry from thomas andrew knight, the great english pomologist. knight fruited it first about , the tree coming from a pit of yellow spanish, the paternal parent being white heart. from the first it took a high place in english and continental pomology as it did also in america upon being brought here in . the variety is everywhere known and grown in america and is for sale by many nurserymen. elton was one of the fruits to receive attention at the first meeting of the american pomological society in , and in was put on the list of recommended fruits where it still remains. [illustration: elton] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with small lenticels; branchlets long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels, intermediate in number and size. leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, long-obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole two inches long, heavily tinged with red, with a few scattering hairs along the upper surface, with from two to four reniform or globose, reddish-brown glands on the stalk. buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on very short spurs variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; mid-season in blooming; flowers one and one-half inches across, white; borne in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments about one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures early; about one inch long, three-fourths inch wide, cordate to conical, somewhat compressed and oblique; cavity rather abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex distinctly pointed; color dark red with an amber tinge, faintly mottled; dots numerous, small, light yellow, obscure; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh white with a tinge of yellow, with colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender, very mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, one-half inch long, long-ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture. empress eugenie _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= gaucher _pom. prak. obst._ no. , pl. . . _eugenie._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this old french cherry, for many years largely advertised and widely sold in america, does not thrive in the new world as well as the reports say it does in the old world. the two faults that condemn it, as it grows here, are that the cherries ripen very unevenly making several pickings necessary and the trees are so small that, though loaded with fruit, the total yield is not large. lesser faults are that the cherries are not uniform in shape and are borne thickly in close clusters so that when brown-rot is rife this variety suffers greatly. the short stem, too, prevents easy picking. to offset these faults empress eugenie has to its credit the reputation of being about the most refreshing and delicious duke. in a home plantation where the unevenness in ripening can be utilized to prolong the season and where dwarfness may not be undesirable, empress eugenie may well find a place. this cherry appeared in as a chance seedling on the grounds of m. varenne at belleville, near paris, france. it first fruited about and four years later the horticultural society of paris placed it, under the name impératrice eugenie, on its list of recommended fruits. m. a. gontier, a nurseryman at fontenay-aux-roses introduced it to commerce in . empress eugenie soon became quite generally disseminated throughout europe and was considered nearly as good as may duke, with which it has occasionally been confused. it must have been brought to america towards the beginning of the last quarter of the nineteenth century and here it gradually became widely distributed until today it is found in all the leading cherry plantations and is propagated by a large number of nurserymen throughout the united states. the american pomological society added this cherry to its fruit catalog list in under the name empress eugenie. in this name was shortened to eugenie under which term it has since appeared in the society's catalog. in _the cherries of new york_ we have not adopted the shortened name as, by such a change, all trace is lost of the person after whom the cherry was christened. [illustration: empress eugenie] tree small, not very vigorous, upright, becoming round-topped, very productive; trunk slender, roughish; branches slender, much roughened, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets with short internodes, brown slightly covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous small, conspicuous, much-raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, tinged with red, with a few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with one or two small, globose, greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually at the base of the blade. buds obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on long or short spurs, in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure; blooming in mid-season; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in very dense clusters, in threes and fours; pedicels one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with short but distinct claws; apex nearly entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-conic to oblate-conic, compressed; cavity narrow; suture very shallow, indistinct; apex flattened or depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale red, with pinkish juice, tender, meaty, sprightly, pleasant flavored, tart; of good quality; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened, somewhat oblique, with smooth surfaces. english morello _prunus cerasus_ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . = .= langley _pomona_ . . = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _grosse cerise à ratafia._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . _grosse lange lothkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , , . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . _large morello._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _ratafia griotte._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: no. , pl. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _northern griotte._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . . poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: no. , pl. . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , . . = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _colorado morello._ = .= rogers _cat._ . . english morello is the best of all its group and is the standard late sour cherry in north america, occupying at the close of the season the place held by montmorency in mid-season for home, market and cannery. it is not a table fruit and can hardly be eaten out of hand until it loses some of its astringency and acidity by thorough ripening. in any way the cherries are prepared by cooking, however, it is one of the best, culinary processes giving the fruits a rich, dark wine color, very attractive in appearance, and a most pleasant, sprightly, aromatic flavor. the fruit is handsome in appearance, bears harvesting and shipping well, is resistant to brown-rot and hangs long on the trees after ripening, often until the last of august if robins can be kept away. once seen, one may always know the trees. they are small, round-headed, with branches that distinctly droop. to be sufficiently productive an english morello orchard must be closely set; for, though the trees are vigorous and productive for their size, they are too dwarf to yield heavily. the trees are hardy but not always healthy and are not adapted to as great a diversity of soils as might be wished. the variety distinctly fails in its tree-characters. the demand for english morello has recently decreased and it is doubtful if it ever regains its popularity of a decade ago. there is a place for a late cherry which english morello now fills but not sufficiently well. all of the early pomologists describe a morello or a morella but no one of them definitely gives its place of origin. the concensus of opinion is that it originated in either holland or germany from whence it was introduced into england and later into france. the early german writers listed a grosse lange lothkirsche which is english morello. preceding them, duhamel described the grosse cerise à ratafia "as one praised for confitures and preserving," which is probably this cherry. leroy believed english morello to be the cherry that mortillet brought to paris from holland calling it griotte du nord though he thought the variety had been grown in france for many years previous but under another name. it is possible that the term du nord originated through its being widely grown as an espalier demanding a northern exposure, rather than as some have thought, because it came from northern germany. in english morello was put on the fruit list of the american pomological society where it still remains. wragg is thought to be identical with this cherry by some and, if not, it differs but little. northern griotte and grosse lange lothkirsche, introduced by budd from russia, are english morello. morris, or colorado morello, put out by john morris of golden, colorado, once thought to be distinct, is also english morello. [illustration: english morello] tree small, upright-spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense-topped, productive; trunk slender, rough; branches slender, smooth, dark brown overlaid with dark ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, with short internodes, brownish, smooth, with numerous conspicuous, small, slightly raised lenticels. leaves numerous, two and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with dull red, grooved, with from one to three small, globose or reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels nearly one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, somewhat campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals distinctly veined, roundish, crenate, sessile, with crenate apex; filaments one-fourth of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures very late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, sometimes running larger, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring, regular; suture a shallow groove; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color very dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, conspicuous; stem slender, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of good quality; stone free, small, ovate, slightly flattened and pointed, with smooth surfaces, slightly tinged with red. florence _prunus avium_ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _knevett's late bigarreau._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _bigarreau de florence._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _florence heart._ = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . florence is a bigarreau so similar to yellow spanish as to be hardly worth planting, since it is, all and all, surpassed by its better-known rival. the fruit hangs on the tree in edible condition an almost phenomenal length of time which has given rise to much divergence of opinion as to its season, some pomologists rating it as early, others as mid-season and still others as late. at geneva the trees of this variety are not as healthful, vigorous or as fruitful as those of yellow spanish, with which it must compete, nor are the cherries quite as fine in appearance or quality. this variety was found in florence, italy, early in the nineteenth century by john houblon, who took it to england from whence it was brought to america. it found a place in on the fruit list of the american pomological society where it remained until , when it was discarded, with quite sufficient reason. [illustration: florence] tree vigorous, upright, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, long-oval to obovate, thin; upper surface rather dark green, rugose; lower surface dull light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, thick, pubescent, dull red, with from two to four large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and grouped in large clusters on numerous short spurs; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in dense clusters in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-obovate to oval, entire, with very short, blunt claws, distinctly notched at the apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, usually shorter than the stamens. fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide; suture very shallow; apex somewhat pointed; color reddish over an amber background, marked with indistinct, whitish spots and streaks; dots numerous, small, whitish, inconspicuous; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone clinging, cordate, flattened, blunt, with roughish surfaces; enlarged along the ventral suture. george glass _prunus cerasus_ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: , . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . george glass has been widely heralded as a desirable variety in the middle west but in new york, where it has passed through a rather lengthy probationary period, practically all who have tried it are ready to declare it worthless. it is of the amarelle group and cannot compete with the many good varieties of its kinship, as the early richmond or the several montmorencies. its season is between early richmond and montmorency. as compared with the last-named variety, the standard sour cherry, the fruit of george glass is smaller, sourer, less attractive in appearance and the trees are far less fruitful. possibly the trees are more hardy, this character commending it for the colder parts of the mississippi valley. the origin of this variety is uncertain but it is supposed to have been introduced into iowa by immigrants from northeastern germany. in american collections it has often been confused with brusseler braune and bessarabian and by some is declared to be identical with the latter sort. it is supposed to be a cross between a duke and a morello cherry. [illustration: george glass] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open, hardy, appears unproductive; trunk thick; branches thick, roughened, with numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels; leaves numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, obovate, thick, stiff, dark green; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, tinged with red, with a few hairs along the upper surface, with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange glands, usually at the base of the blade; buds intermediate in size and length; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters. fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch long, one inch wide, oblate, compressed; cavity deep; color light red changing to dark red; stem one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin separating from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant colorless juice, stringy, tender and melting, rather mild for a sour cherry; good to very good in quality; stone free, roundish or slightly oblate, plump, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent. heart-shaped weichsel _prunus cerasus_ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . _herzförmige sauerkirsche_. = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _heart-shaped griotte_. = .= prince _pom. man._. = =: . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this sour cherry, of the morello group, is too poor in quality to recommend it for any purpose. the fruit is scarcely edible until dead ripe and even then is too puckering to eat out of hand with relish. the cherries are very attractive, being large for the kind, heart-shaped, of a handsome, clear, glossy dark purple color and very uniform in all characters. the tree is conspicuous because of its symmetrical shape, large size, round head and its many branches and branchlets. the leaves are characteristically small, as are the flowers, which are further distinguished by very narrow petals. the tree is hardy and productive and quite worth a place on a lawn as an ornamental if not in the garden for its fruit. the variety has several characters to commend it to plant-breeders. this variety came to light in written records in the early part of the nineteenth century in german fruit-books under the name saure herzkirsche or herzkirschweichsel and was highly recommended for its fine flavor. professor j. l. budd of iowa, in one of his european trips, was impressed with its symmetrical habit of growth and its abundant foliage where he found it growing in eastern europe as a lawn tree. he included it among his importations but it has not proved valuable in the new world. tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, unproductive; branches rather slender, smooth except for the large, conspicuous lenticels; branchlets slender, long; leaves numerous, two and three-fourths inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide, obovate to oval, thin, dark green, smooth; petiole over one-half inch long, tinged with red, with from one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow or brownish glands at the base of the blade; buds intermediate in size and length, usually obtuse; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across; borne in scattered clusters; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil slightly shorter than the stamens, often defective. fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-conic, slightly compressed; color very dark, dull red; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tough; flesh very dark red, with dark wine-colored juice, tender, rather meaty, very astringent, sour; of poor quality; stone nearly free, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with roughish and colored surfaces. hildesheim _prunus avium_ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _guignier à fruit rouge tardif._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . _agathe._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . _doppelttragende kleine rothe spätkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _hildesheimer ganz späte knorpelkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _late red guigne._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _bigarreau tardif de hildesheim._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _merveille de september._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _belle agathe de novembre._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , pl. . _hildesheimer späte knorpelkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _kratos knorpelkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _schöne agathe._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _bigarreau de fer._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _belle agathe._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _bigarreau de hildesheim._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this variety, one of the oldest, has been called by a great number of names by european writers. the cherry mentioned by duhamel, in , as a late guigne with red fruit, otherwise known as guigne de fer, can be no other than hildesheim. the exact origin of the variety has never been known, though it is supposed to have sprung up in the neighborhood of hildesheim, prussia. it was brought to america early in the nineteenth century, probably by william prince. with it came some of the numerous foreign names. it seems certain that late red guigne mentioned by prince was hildesheim. ripening late and being small and of rather undesirable texture, hildesheim did not meet with much favor in america, never being widely disseminated, and has long since passed from cultivation. this variety, under the name belle agathe, was propagated in belgium by m. thiery about and for some time was supposed to be a separate sort. the following description is compiled: tree very large, vigorous, upright, hardy, an annual bearer, unproductive while young producing good crops later; branches thick, large, long, straight; leaves numerous, of medium size, oval or elongated-oval, acuminate; margin finely and regularly serrate; petiole slender, rather short, tinged red, with large, flattened glands; blooming season early. fruit matures very late, usually attached in fives but sometimes in threes and fours; small to medium, roundish-cordate, flattened on one side, somewhat irregular; color yellowish, mottled and marbled with dark red; stem two inches long, slender, somewhat curved; skin thick; flesh pale yellow, slightly tinged with red at the pit, firm, somewhat stringy, rather dry, with uncolored juice, pleasant flavored, sweet; quality good; stone medium to large, with reddish surface, long, compressed. ida _prunus avium_ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . ida is a handsome, large, light red cherry resembling napoleon in shape and rockport in color, but differing from both in having soft flesh which places it among the hearts rather than the bigarreaus. because of beauty of the fruit, earliness and good tree-characters, ida promises to become a rather general favorite in home orchards though it falls short of several others of its near of kin in flavor and flesh-characters. it can never take a high place among commercial kinds because the cherries are too soft to handle well, show bruises plainly, are somewhat susceptible to brown-rot and come when better cherries are plentiful. the trees are vigorous, hardy and bear full crops regularly and in various environments. the variety is readily told by the upright habit of growth and by the large lenticels on trunk and branches. ida has been very well tried as a commercial variety in this state but in the ups and downs of the industry has not held its own with other sorts and can be recommended only for home plantations. e. h. cocklin of shepherdstown, pennsylvania, grew this variety as a seedling of cocklin's favorite, another of his cherries. the cherry was named after his daughter, ida. it seems to have proved worthy of general culture, as it is now listed by many nurserymen. the american pomological society placed ida on its fruit list in . [illustration: ida] tree large, vigorous, upright, open-topped, somewhat vasiform, very productive; trunk stout; branches very stocky, smooth, light ash-gray over brown, with large, much-raised lenticels; branchlets very stout, short, brown partly covered with ash-gray, roughish, with a few raised lenticels. leaves five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent along the midrib and larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly crenate, with small, black glands; petiole two and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with red, somewhat hairy along the grooved upper surface, usually with two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in dense clusters on numerous short spurs, also with many small, round, lateral leaf-buds on the secondary growth; leaf-scars not prominent; blooming in mid-season; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, whitish within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a tinge of red, acute, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, dentate at the apex, nearly sessile; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate, slightly compressed; cavity deep, flaring, regular; suture a distinct line; apex variable in shape; color amber overspread with light red, mottled; dots numerous, rather large, yellowish, somewhat conspicuous; stem one and one-half inches long; skin thin, separating readily from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender and melting, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free or semi-free, roundish, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with distinct ridges along the ventral suture. jeffrey duke _prunus avium × prunus cerasus_ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mas pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _royale._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. xv. . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _königliche süssweichsel._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _jeffrey's royal._ = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _royale hâtive._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . this old variety, which has almost passed from cultivation, may have had its origin in france about the middle of the eighteenth century, though more likely it originated in england much earlier. leroy mentions a royale cherry which was introduced from england to france about and was first grown by m. le normand in the garden of louis xv. the name royale was first used by the french about from the fact that it was grown in the royal gardens and since that time this name has clung to the variety in most of the french plantations. according to english writers, the variety was brought to notice in england by jeffrey, proprietor of the brompton nursery at brompton park, england, and from that time it was known as jeffrey's duke. english pomologists maintain that jeffrey renamed the old cherry duke of england, giving it his name. jeffrey duke appeared on the american pomological society's fruit catalog list in but was dropped in . it is doubtful if the variety can now be found in america. the following description is compiled from the authors given in the references: tree large, vigorous, very upright, unusually compact, slow-growing, productive; branches very numerous, stocky, straight, thickly set with fruit-spurs; internodes short; branchlets very short; buds closely set; leaves numerous, medium in size, oval or obovate, acuminate; margin finely and irregularly serrate; petiole short, slender, with small, flattened or globose glands; blooming season late; flowers small, very open. fruit matures in mid-season, usually attached in pairs; medium in size, roundish, slightly flattened at the apex and base; suture a well-marked line; color lively red becoming dark red or almost black when fully ripe; stem slender, inserted in a moderately broad, deep cavity; skin thin; flesh firm but tender, yellowish-amber, with abundant colored juice, slightly stringy, highly flavored; good in quality; stone small, roundish, tinged with red. king amarelle _prunus cerasus_ = .= _christ wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =iii=: no. , pl. . = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . . _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _king's cherry._ = .= rea _flora_ . . king amarelle is an old european cherry that has taken on new life in america. it is of the early richmond type, differing from this standard amarelle in bearing fruit a little earlier, lighter in color and with a longer stem. the fault which all but condemns the variety as a commercial cherry is the small size of the fruit, the cherries running smaller than those of early richmond which, in its turn, is rather too small. the tree is very like that of early richmond--quite as vigorous and productive, the same in size and shape and, if anything, a little more hardy. the variety is told from afar in blossoming-time by the peculiar distribution of the flower-clusters, which are numerous and dense but always separated by several inches or a foot of bare wood. king amarelle can never displace early richmond but might be tried where a somewhat hardier cherry is wanted or it might be planted as a substitute where the better-known sort fails. this variety, of old and uncertain origin, sprang up in france about the same time as the montmorencies and became confused with them. in both fruit and tree-characters, however, king amarelle is very different from the montmorencies, being more like early may but ripening later and making a larger tree. the cultivation of king amarelle never became extended in europe because of the inferior quality of the fruit and poor tree-characters. professor j. l. budd brought the variety to america from russia about . the royal amarelle, grown on the canadian experiment station grounds in , is undoubtedly king amarelle. the american pomological society placed it on its list of recommended fruits in . tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk roughish; branches rather slender, smooth, reddish-brown overlaid with dark ash-gray; branchlets slender, of medium length, with short internodes, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels. leaves three and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward, obovate, somewhat glossy, thick; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, with a few scattering hairs; apex acute, base abrupt; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch long, somewhat slender, lightly tinged with red, with a few hairs on the grooved upper surface and with from one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. buds small, short, obtuse, very free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in clusters on few, short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels over one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes faintly tinged with red, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals somewhat obovate, entire, with an entire apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, compressed; cavity regular, somewhat abrupt; suture indistinct; apex roundish or flattened; color bright red; dots numerous, small, light russet, rather conspicuous; stem one inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly; fair to good in quality; stone free, ovate, somewhat flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces, faintly tinged with red; ridged along the ventral suture. kirtland _prunus avium_ = .= _am. pom. soc. sp. rpt._ . - . _kirtland's mary._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . - . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _mary._ = .= _hogg fruit man._ , , . . in the collection of cherries at this station, kirtland stands among the best of the bigarreaus in quality of fruit--in fact is hardly surpassed in richness and delicacy of flavor. the fruit, too, as may be seen from the color-plate, is handsome, the cherries resembling the well-known napoleon but being a little darker in color. the flesh is firm and meaty and stands handling well and also resists the brown-rot as well as any other cherry. with these splendid qualities of fruit, kirtland would long ago have been one of the standard commercial cherries were its tree-characters better. wherever tried, the complaint comes that the trees lack vigor and can be grown successfully only on choice cherry soils and under the best of care. with these faults the variety can be recommended only for home orchards and for local markets where there is demand for a very early bigarreau, since this variety ripens before most other cherries of its kind. kirtland was grown in by professor j. p. kirtland of cleveland, ohio, and ranks foremost in quality and appearance of all the seedlings raised by this well-known cherry-breeder. the american pomological society, in , mentioned this sort as deserving of further trial and, in , listed it among the varieties of promising fruits. elliott, in his _fruit book_, noted this cherry under the name kirtland's mary, in honor of professor kirtland's daughter, and classed it as a variety worthy of general cultivation. hogg, in , dropped the name kirtland and listed it as mary, while in the _american pomological society's special report_ for it is called kirtland. according to the rules of pomological nomenclature, hogg was correct in holding the name mary but, since there is another mary and no worthy sort bearing the name of so eminent a horticulturist as professor kirtland, this station follows the american pomological society in the use of kirtland. [illustration: kirtland] tree small, rather weak, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches slender, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth except for the longitudinal, conspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves five inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green, somewhat glossy, smooth; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with red, lightly pubescent along the upper side, with two or three reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. buds pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or on numerous, very short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; blooming in mid-season; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters; pedicels one inch long, pubescent, reddish-green; calyx-tube tinged with red, light green within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, with short, broad claws and a notched apex; filaments in four series, the longest one-half inch; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture a more or less distinct line; apex roundish or pointed, with a small depression at the center; color amber overspread with bright red; dots numerous, small, grayish, conspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin tough; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, with a pleasant and refreshing flavor; very good to best in quality; stone free, small, roundish-ovate, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture. knight _prunus avium_ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _knight's early black._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= _prince pom. man._ = =: . . = .= _proc. nat. con. fr._ gr. . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde._ = =: . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= _mas pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _knights frühe herzkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., = .= . this old english variety has long been popular in america, where it is generally known as knight's early black, this name having been shortened by the american pomological society to knight. possibly knight is to be found in dooryards and home gardens in eastern united states as often as any other sweet cherry with the exception of black tartarian. the characters which give it popularity are excellent quality, handsome appearance because of its glossy, dark purple color and uniformity in color, shape and size, and its earliness, it being the earliest good sweet cherry. unfortunately, even in the best soil and under the most painstaking treatment, the cherries run small, a defect for american markets. the small size also leads to comparatively low yields even though the fruits are often borne in prodigious numbers. knight, in size, color and flavor, is much like black tartarian but the cherries are smaller and ripen earlier. as the trees grow on the grounds of this station they are about all that could be desired in a sweet cherry. the trees are characteristically marked by smooth bark which is dotted with large lenticels. there are now better sweet varieties than knight for most purposes but still this old variety has too many merits, especially for home grounds, to be wholly forgotten. knight comes from a seed of may duke crossed with yellow spanish by t. a. knight, downton castle, wiltshire, england, about . the new variety sprang into prominence almost immediately, being mentioned by french, german and english writers. knight is still one of the well-recognized sorts in europe and america and has appeared continuously on the fruit list of the american pomological society since . mathieu has included several synonyms under this head which we question as we believe they belong to the guigne noir hâtive, a distinct variety though very similar. [illustration: knight] tree of medium size, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk stocky, variable in smoothness; branches smooth, light reddish-brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, with small lenticels; branchlets thick, brown lightly covered with ash-gray, variable in smoothness, with small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, obovate to long-oval, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole two inches long, slender, tinged with red, with a shallow groove and with few hairs, with two or three large, reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk. buds long, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on spurs variable in length; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters, usually in twos; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes lightly tinged with red, long, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals oval, entire, deeply notched at the apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to conical; cavity wide, rather abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened, with a small depression at the center; color dark reddish-black, obscurely mottled; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, small, roundish-ovate, with smooth surfaces. lambert _prunus avium_ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _u. s. d. a. yearbook_ - , pl. . . nowhere else in america, possibly nowhere else in the world, can the sweet cherry be grown as well as in oregon and washington. from these states, more particularly oregon, several meritorious cherries have been added to pomology. one of the best of these is lambert, now a standard sort in its native state but still on probation in eastern america. lambert is a bigarreau, a seedling of napoleon by black heart, and a worthy rival of its parents in most respects and superior in some. in appearance, lambert is more like its male than its female parent, having much the same shape and color, but it is larger, more rotund, smoother, clearer and brighter--one of the handsomest of the dark-colored sweets. the flesh and flavor leave little to be desired; the flesh is purplish-red marbled with lighter red, firm, meaty and juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor that at the first taste one marks very good. the tree is strong, vigorous, healthy and usually fruitful and regular in bearing. the fruit sets in great, loose clusters--often a dozen or more cherries to the fruit-spur. the leaves are remarkably large and dark green, the foliage betokening the vigor of the variety. lambert is well worthy thorough testing for either home or market wherever the sweet cherry can be grown. lambert originated as a seedling under a napoleon tree which was planted by the late henderson lewelling[ ] about in the orchard of j. h. lambert, milwaukee, oregon. this seedling, supposed to have been a cross between napoleon and black heart, was grafted to may duke and later transplanted. about , the top died and a sprout from the seedling stock formed a new top. mr. lambert gave the new variety his name and in turned over his stock to the oregon horticultural society with the exclusive right to propagate. the variety was placed on the fruit list of the american pomological society in where it still remains. [illustration: lambert] tree medium to large in size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive; branches smooth, dull reddish-brown, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, dark reddish-brown nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few inconspicuous lenticels. leaves four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green, smooth; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, dull red, glandless, or with from one to three rather small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk. buds large, pointed or conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate, short; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, broad, obtuse, finely serrate; petals roundish, entire, with short claws and with dentate apex; filaments one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed; cavity rather deep, slightly flaring; suture shallow, often a mere line; apex roundish, depressed at the center; color very dark red changing to reddish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem tinged with red, slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh dark red, with scant dark red juice, meaty, firm, pleasant flavored, sweet; of very good quality; stone clinging, large, wide, ovate, flattened, blunt, oblique, with smooth surfaces; prominently ridged along the ventral suture. [ ] little is known of the early life of seth and henderson lewelling. they were of welsh ancestry and both were born in salem, north carolina, henderson on the th of april, , and seth on the th day of march, . henderson died in california december th, , while seth died in milwaukee, continued: oregon, february st, . when the boys were still very young their parents moved from north carolina to ohio and founded the town of salem in ross county; later they moved to indiana where their father established a nursery and became one of the pioneer fruit-growers of what was then the west and here again they founded a town of salem. we next hear of henderson lewelling in salem, henry county, iowa, the town of his naming, with the statement that in he planted a small nursery of varieties of apples and some peach, plum and cherry trees. the history of the lewellings now becomes more definite for we have it from seth lewelling[ ] (we spell the name as does he and not "luelling" as do many in writing of him) that in march, , henderson lewelling planted an assortment of apples, pears, peaches, plums and cherries and loaded them into two wagons and started to oregon. this traveling nursery was on the road from march to november and one can imagine the labor of watering and caring for the trees in this trip across mountains and plains. henderson lewelling formed a partnership with william meek under the firm name of meek & lewelling, milwaukee, oregon. seth joined his brother in the fall of bringing with him from the east a considerable quantity of fruit seed. for the next few years their nursery operations were on a large scale, over , grafts being planted in . from time to time they made new importations of plants and fruit seeds from the east. seth says that his brother quit the business and moved to california in and we hear no more of him until his death in . in , the partnership between meek and seth lewelling was dissolved leaving the latter the owner of the milwaukee nurseries. it was in that seth lewelling raised his first seedling cherry, the republican, called by him black republican, which was sold to george walling of oswego and mr. hanson of east portland, the proceeds bringing lewelling $ . mr. lewelling counts the republican and bing cherries and the golden prune as his most notable contributions to pomology. the lewellings are types of fruit-breeders who have done noble work for pomology in the settlement of all our states--men of for indomitable courage and will who have bred and grown fruits throughout their lives in spite of every adversity. few other men labored longer and more devotedly to improve the cherry than seth lewelling. [ ] _oregon st. bd. hort. an. rpt._ = =: . . large montmorency _prunus cerasus_ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: , . . = .= _am. gard._ = =: , . . _flemish._ = .= bradley _gard._ . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= thompson _gard. ass't_ . . _grosse glaskirsche von montmorency._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _short stem montmorency._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . _grosser gobet._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _montmorency._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , , . . as its synonyms show, large montmorency has been grown under various names in europe and america--a testimony to its merits. were it not that the true montmorency is so much more fruitful than this larger-fruited offshoot of the same race of amarelle cherries, large montmorency would be a leading commercial sour cherry, for it is equal to the smaller-fruited strain in all other characters with the advantage of size. the relationship between this and the other montmorencies is apparent but large montmorency is easily distinguished by several marked characters from the common montmorency, known by all, with which it is most often confused. its fruits are more often borne singly, are larger, have a shorter, thicker stem, are more oblate and ripen a little earlier. the trees are more upright, with stouter branches and are far less fruitful. the flesh-characters of the two kinds are much the same--excellent in both, the flavor being particularly refreshing to those who like the acidity of the sour cherry. large montmorency has been tried and found so wanting in productiveness that it can rarely be recommended as a commercial variety but it is much too good a fruit to be wholly lost and should be grown by connoisseurs who want a large, finely flavored sour cherry. this variety has been much confused with other cherries, particularly montmorency, early richmond and short stem montmorency. bradley, in , mentioned a flemish cherry which undoubtedly was the large montmorency of today, for the name flemish has rather commonly been applied to this sort since bradley's time. there is no doubt but that large montmorency sprang up about the same time as the true montmorency, in the montmorency valley in france. it may have been a seedling of the cerise hâtive, afterwards known as early richmond, though some writers are of the opinion that the montmorencies and cerise hâtive were all seedlings of the old cerise commune. at any rate, there have come to be at least three distinct types of montmorency: the true montmorency with long stems and moderate-sized fruit, called montmorency à longue queue or, in america, montmorency ordinaire; the large montmorency with its large fruit and shorter, thicker stems, commonly known by the french and german writers as montmorency à gros fruit, gros gobet, grosse glaskirsche von montmorency and sometimes as montmorency à courte queue; and the short-stem montmorency, often called montmorency à courte queue and sometimes gros gobet. large montmorency has often been sold for montmorency, or for early richmond, hence the three varieties are more or less confused. large montmorency probably came to america about the same time as montmorency and early richmond, early in the nineteenth century. in , ellwanger & barry, rochester, new york, disseminated this sort quite extensively but later it proved too unproductive for commercial use. it was soon replaced by the true montmorency but often the names were interchanged and large forms of the montmorency were thought to be this variety. the unproductiveness of this cherry has been consistently mentioned by nearly every writer from duhamel's time to the present. large montmorency was added to the american pomological society's catalog list of fruits in as montmorency large but in this name was changed to large montmorency. [illustration: large montmorency] tree rather large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive; trunk thick, roughened; branches stocky, nearly smooth, reddish-brown overspread with dark ash-gray, with numerous large, raised, conspicuous lenticels; branchlets thick, short, brown tinged with bronze, smooth except for the large, numerous yellowish, conspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, broad-oval to obovate, thick, stiff; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, glandless or with from one to three globose, yellow or brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade. buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in threes; pedicels five-eighths inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire or slightly crenate, sessile, with a crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens, often defective. fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate, compressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow; apex flattened or depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, somewhat conspicuous; stem thick, one inch long, adhering fairly well to the fruit; skin thick, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, showing distinctly the fibers in the pulp, with abundant colorless or slightly tinged juice, tender and melting, sprightly, pleasant flavored, tart; of very good quality; stone free, roundish, plump, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. late duke _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ = .= _pom. mag._ = =: , pl. . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ , , , . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= _hort. reg._ (eng.) = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: fig. , . . = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , , pl. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _wahre englische kirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _späte herzogenkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _anglaise tardive._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . late duke is a variant of the well-known may duke, ripening from two weeks to a month later. the size, color, flavor and season of the fruit all commend it, as do the vigor, health and fruitfulness of the trees. the cherries are not quite as sweet as those of may duke, a little more marbled in color of skin and ripen through a longer season. the trees are readily told from those of the earlier duke, being more open and spreading, scanter of foliage, with slender branches and with fruit more thickly clustered along the branchlets. ripening in a season when hybrid varieties are gone or rapidly going, late duke is a valuable acquisition in the home orchard and for nearby markets to which tender-fleshed varieties can be shipped. if those who want late cherries will plant this variety on a northern slope, against a northern wall or where in any way shaded or in a cool soil, these delicious cherries can be had until well toward august. the tree is hardy and its blossoming-time is late so that the variety is well adapted to northern latitudes. the origin of this variety is unknown. in , christ mentions "a true english cherry" which is probably late duke. at least oberdieck, in , states that the true english cherry is identical with the late duke, or anglaise tardive. in , late duke was introduced into england by the london horticultural society from m. vilmorin, of paris, under the name anglaise tardive. though the french name of this variety seems to indicate an english origin, the old english writers were not aware of any cherry of this kind being in existence in england previous to its introduction by the horticultural society. because of the close resemblance of late duke to may duke it has often been confused with that sort and by some writers was supposed to be a late strain of may duke. the american pomological society listed late duke in its fruit catalog in . [illustration: late duke] tree vigorous, upright-spreading, becoming spreading at maturity, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches slender; branches brown overlaid with dark ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, short, reddish-brown, with ash-gray scarf-skin, with numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface very dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, with a few scattering hairs; apex abruptly pointed; margin doubly crenate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch long, lightly tinged with red, grooved and somewhat hairy on the upper surface, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, greenish glands, usually at the base of the blade. buds small, short, obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch across; borne in numerous, dense clusters, in twos, threes and fours; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, serrate, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, almost sessile; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures very late; one inch in diameter, blunt-cordate, somewhat compressed; cavity wide; suture shallow; color dark red; stem slender, one and one-half inches to two inches long, deeply inserted; flesh amber-colored, with abundant juice, tender, rich, sprightly subacid; stone semi-clinging, medium to large, roundish-ovate, compressed. late kentish _prunus cerasus_ = .= downing _fr. trees. am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _kentish red._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . _pie cherry._ = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . _red pie cherry._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _kentish._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . this old cherry served well the needs of americans in colonial times when all cherries were grown from pits or suckers. though but little improvement on the wild _prunus cerasus_, the trees were so hardy, vigorous, healthy and productive that any who had a bit of spare land could have cherries. this, therefore, became preeminently the "pie cherry" of new england and the north atlantic states. the trees are long-lived and even so late as a generation ago downing says that this variety is "better known among us than any other acid cherry, especially abundant on the hudson and near new york." the variety is never planted now, having long since been superseded by better sorts, early richmond and montmorency in particular, but it is still to be found as old trees or self-sown near where a tree of the variety formerly stood. late kentish and early richmond, the latter the kentish of some authors, are much confused. late kentish is the old pie cherry of colonial times. it is a seedling sort belonging to america, having been planted along fences and roadsides in the earliest times. this cherry is mentioned by the pilgrims in and this and the may duke were listed as market varieties in massachusetts. many believe it to be a seedling of early richmond, sometimes, as we have seen, called kentish, but this variety being two weeks later, received the name late kentish. the name was put on the fruit list of the american pomological society in . the following description is a compilation: tree small, bears annually, very productive, hardy. fruit matures about two weeks after early richmond; medium or below in size, roundish, flattened; stem one inch to one and one-half inches in length, stout, straight; color deep, lively red; flesh light colored, with abundant colorless juice, very tender, sour, remaining quite acid even when fully ripe; stone does not adhere to the stalk. lithauer _prunus cerasus_ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ = =: . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. sp. rpt._ . - . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . it is barely possible that lithauer, if the trees can be obtained, may have some value in the coldest and bleakest parts of new york where less hardy sorts cannot be grown. the variety is too poor in quality to be worth planting where the better but less hardy cherries will grow. we greatly doubt whether it is worthy a place in the recommended list of fruits of the american pomological society. it is included here only because of the prominence given it by a place in the fruit list named. this is one of the varieties imported from russia by professor j. l. budd of iowa, who reported that it was much grown in southwest russia for drying and in making cherry wine. as tested in various parts of this country lithauer has proved of little value except in the extreme north. the american pomological society, in , listed this sort in its catalog of recommended fruits for northern fruit regions. the following description is compiled: tree large, vigorous, tall, weeping, hardy. fruit matures from the middle to the last of july; small, roundish, slightly oblate; stem long, averaging one and one-half inches, slender; color dark purplish-red becoming almost black at maturity; skin thick, tough; flesh dark red, with reddish juice, firm, meaty, quite acid or bitter even when fully ripe; poor in quality; stone variable in size, roundish. louis philippe _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= _cult. & count. gent._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . here again we have a very evident hybrid between some sweet cherry and a sour cherry of the morello type in which morello characters are most prominent. if the description and color-plates of this variety and olivet be compared it will be found that the two cherries are nearly identical. they differ only in season of ripening and in minor tree-characters which may be best summarized by the statement that this cherry has in the tree more of the aspect of a morello than has olivet. it may be suspected that one or the other of the two varieties on our grounds is misnamed but the descriptions of all who have described the two show that they are very similar, if not identical. the history of louis philippe, long known in america but little or not at all known in europe, throws some light on the question of its distinctness from olivet, the origin of which is known, inasmuch as louis philippe seems to be the older of the two. the value of the two varieties to cherry-growers is the same and is indicated in the discussion of olivet. elliott,[ ] the american pomologist, imported louis philippe from france in but the cherry does not seem to have been known at that time in europe and it is possible that elliott gave it its name. for the first few years the variety was not given the recognition it deserved but, in , it was recognized by the american pomological society by a place on its list of recommended fruits which it still holds under the name, philippe. [illustration: louis phillipe] tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped; trunk and branches intermediate in thickness; branches with numerous very large, elongated, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-eighth inches wide, oval to obovate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark, shiny green, smooth; lower surface olive-green, with a large, prominent midrib; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate, with reddish-brown glands; petiole one inch long, usually with one or two large, globose, yellowish-red, glands, variable in position. flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white, well distributed, mostly in threes; pedicels one inch long, thick, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals slightly obovate, entire, broad, slightly notched at the apex; stamens one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal in length to the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season or later; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-ovate; cavity abrupt; suture very shallow to a mere line; apex flattened, depressed; color very dark red; dots numerous, unusually small, obscure; stem one and one-fourth inches to one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; flesh light red, with much wine-colored juice, fine-grained, tender and melting, sour at first, becoming pleasantly tart at full maturity; good in quality; stone separates readily from the flesh, small, roundish-ovate, plump; ventral suture grooved; dorsal suture with a small ridge. [ ] elliott's _american fruit growers guide_, published in and dedicated to professor jared p. kirtland, was one of the notable pomological books of its day. cherry growers, in particular, owe elliott a debt of gratitude for the publicity that he gave to kirtland's cherries, having described in his book of the sorts originated by professor kirtland. beside his fruit book he published _popular deciduous and evergreen trees_ ( ), _handbook for fruit-growers_ ( ) and _handbook of practical landscape gardening_ ( ). he also served pomologists well for many years, at various times, from to , as the secretary of the american pomological society. franklin reuben elliott was born in guilford, connecticut, april , . we know, from complimentary speeches, accepted by elliott, that he was a descendant of john eliot, "the apostle of the indians." as a young man he engaged with a brother in new york as an importer of dry goods, the firm being rated at half a million dollars. financial ruin came through a disastrous fire and, in , elliott went to newburgh and was employed by a. j. downing from whom he imbibed his knowledge and much of his love for pomology and horticulture. a roving disposition and dissipated habits led him to leave downing for a position with a relative near cincinnati who was a market-gardener. a ready pen seems from this time on to have been his chief means of livelihood for we find him successively in cleveland, ohio, and st. louis, missouri, in newspaper work; after a few years in each place he wandered to washington where he was employed in the agricultural department of the patent office illustrating american fruits. from his hand in the patent office reports and from his fruit book, came some of the most accurate and beautiful representations of the fruits of this continent. it is probable that while in washington he began work on his _fruit growers guide_, the time for which, he tells us in his preface, took ten years. social infirmities seem to have cost him his position in washington and his last employment was with the _cleveland herald_, after which comes the record of his death and burial in a pauper's grave january , . one of the most brilliant pomologists of his time, his career seems again and again to have been checked by the weaknesses of his life; even so, he rendered horticulture valuable services for which we must give him gratitude and honor. lutovka _prunus cerasus_ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. sp. rpt._ , . - . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _galopin._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _kan. sta. bul._ = =: . . for a time lutovka and galopin were listed as two distinct varieties. unquestionably they are the same despite the seeming difference in origin. all we know of galopin is that it was said to have been originated by a nurseryman in belgium whose name it bears. the lutovka was introduced into this country by j. l. budd of iowa, in , and, according to the introducer, was well known in poland and silesia as a roadside tree. nothing is said of it in foreign literature. as was the case with many of budd's importations, this variety did not stand the test of culture. it is a shy bearer and is now seldom recommended, although it was placed on the list of desirable fruits of the american pomological society in where it still remains. the variety has no value in new york. in , this station sent out buds which they had been led to believe were the lutovka and which they later found to be brusseler braune. the following description is compiled: tree large, upright, slightly spreading; leaves large, ovate, leathery, produced from short spurs along the main branches. fruit ripens the forepart of july; medium to above in size, roundish-oblate; suture often a line, sometimes lacking; stem short, stout, set in a large, deep cavity; skin dark, clear red, thin, tough, translucent; flesh colorless, meaty, juicy, slightly acid; quality good; pit large, roundish, free. lyons _prunus avium_ _bigarreau de lyon._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , fig. . _bigarreau jaboulay._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . = .= _flor. & pom._ . . _early lyons_. = .= _flor. & pom._ , fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . _early jaboulay._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . of the one hundred and twenty-five cherries tested on the grounds of this station during the past ten years, lyons is one of the best. though grown for nearly a century in europe it seems never to have been well tried in america probably because it has not been considered particularly valuable in the old world. from its behavior at this station it appears to deserve extensive trial as an extra early market cherry for dessert purposes, as it is one of the few tender-fleshed cherries that give promise of standing handling for distant markets. though commonly classed as a hard-fleshed bigarreau it is really an intermediate between the firm-of-flesh cherries and the soft-fleshed hearts. in the tree it is a typical bigarreau. besides being one of the earliest of the heart-like cherries it is one of the largest, handsomest and best flavored. unfortunately, because of an accident, we cannot show a color-plate of this splendid cherry. on these grounds the tree-characters are about all that could be desired, though we are making allowance for a slight lack of productiveness in the young tree which is one of the faults commonly attributed to lyons by european writers; however, all agree that the trees become fruitful with age. the blossoms of this variety are conspicuously large and showy, with pistils unusual in being longer than the stamens. the merits of lyons have been so pronounced in the several years we have watched it that we feel quite warranted in recommending it for both home and commercial orchards. about , m. jaboulay, a nurseryman at oullins, near lyons, france, grafted over a number of seedling cherries which had sprung up on his grounds. five years later, having decided to dig out the trees, he was attracted by the superb growth made by one of them upon which the graft had not started and ordered the tree to be saved. this tree produced a full crop of exceedingly large and attractive fruit which matured far in advance of other varieties. jaboulay decided to save all the grafts for propagation the succeeding year but found upon going to the tree the following spring that the wood had been stolen. about five years later m. riviére, also a nurseryman at oullins, placed upon the market at lyons a very early cherry which he called bigarreau anglaise but which was recognized as the same as the one found by jaboulay. thus have come the several names given in the synonyms. lyons has never been much grown in this country. lewis b. eaton of buffalo, new york, in importing cherry trees from france in and , found among them one without a label which turned out to be bigarreau de lyon, later the lyons. trees of this variety were received for testing at this station from the united states department of agriculture under the name hâtive de lyons. these, as grown here, have proved identical in both tree and fruit characters with the many descriptions of bigarreau jaboulay, or bigarreau de lyon. tree vigorous, a rapid grower, upright-spreading; branches straggling, reddish-brown; branchlets thick, long, with long internodes, grayish-brown, with numerous rather large, conspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, long-elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, with few hairs; apex distinctly elongated, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole often two inches long, thickish, pubescent on the upper surface, glandless or with from one to six large, reniform, reddish glands usually on the stalk. buds large, long, conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small, scattering clusters; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers large, often one and one-half inches across, white; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, glabrous, green with a trace of red; calyx-tube distinctly reddish, somewhat obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes strongly tinged with red, broad, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, tapering to distinct but short claws; apex entire or with a shallow, wide notch; filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens. fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity flaring; suture shallow, or a mere line, often extending around the fruit; apex roundish or pointed; color very dark red; dots numerous, small, russet; stem thick, one and one-half inches long; skin thin, rather tender, separating from the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice, meaty, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, large, ovate, plump, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture. magnifique _prunus avium × prunus cerasus_ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _belle et magnifique._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ , . . = .= _ibid._ . . _belle magnifique._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . _belle de magnifique._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , fig. . . = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . _belle de chatenay._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . = .= _guide prat._ , . . this good, old cherry has never been considered a commercial fruit in the united states; yet it is, and has been, surprisingly popular with nurserymen, most of whom for nearly a century have offered it for sale. a generation ago, when american fruit-growing was in the hands of connoisseurs, magnifique was more popular than now. it has failed as a commercial cherry because the crop ripens very unevenly, there being sometimes green and fully ripe cherries on the tree at the same time, though the season is usually given as very late. this is one of the lightest in color of the hybrid dukes, the sour cherry parent very evidently having been an amarelle--a conclusion to which both fruit and tree point. the quality is usually counted as very good though it is too acid to be a first-rate dessert cherry for some. the trees are very vigorous and usually are fruitful. magnifique has been grown so long that its place in the orchard would seem to have been fixed by experience; yet it might be made more than a cherry for the home orchard if some commercial grower would plant it in a shaded place and a cool soil and thereby retard ripening time until other cherries were gone. this valuable cherry was brought to notice in by chatenay, surnamed magnifique, a nurseryman near paris. it seems, at first, to have been quite commonly called belle de chatenay but belle de magnifique became the commoner appellation ending in america at least with the universal name "belle magnifique." the variety was introduced into america from france sometime before , by general h. a. s. dearborn, boston, massachusetts, president of the massachusetts horticultural society. the cherry is typically a duke sort and is so listed by most writers, though downing in placed it with the morello cherries. magnifique was placed upon the fruit list of the american pomological society in where it has since remained. tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and branches stocky, brown overlaid with dark gray; branchlets with many, small conspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide, obovate to oval, thickish; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface finely pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, grooved on the upper surface and with a few hairs, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, greenish glands usually at the base of the leaf. buds obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds or in rather dense clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch across, wide open; borne in dense clusters on short spurs, usually in threes or fours; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, light green; calyx-tube greenish, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes broadly and shallowly dentate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, with very short claws, indented at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures late; nearly one inch in diameter, cordate; cavity rather deep; suture very shallow; color pale red changing to bright red; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; stem one and one-fourth inches long; skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh whitish, with abundant colorless juice, fine-grained, meaty but tender, pleasantly tart, sprightly; very good in quality; stone free, small, oval, plump, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces; slightly notched near the base of the ventral suture. may duke _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ = .= _bradley gard._ . . = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= cultivator n. s. = =: fig. . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . . = .= bridgeman _gard. ass't pt._ = =: , . . = .= _proc. nat. con. fr. gr._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: , . . = .= _mas le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= _guide prat._ , , . . _duke cherry._ = .= ray _hist. plant._ = =: . . _may cherry._ = .= miller _gard. dict._ = =: . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . _rothe maikirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= _lauche deut._ pom. iii: no. , pl. . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _royale hâtive._ = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: nos. , , pl. . = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., , . . _royale cherry duke._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _esel kirsche._ = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . _anglaise hâtive._ = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . may duke is one of the oldest and, the world over, one of the most popular cherries. there are several reasons why it has attained and holds its popularity. it is finely flavored, especially when prepared for the table, and even before ripe; it is also delicious to eat out of hand if the cherries are dead ripe, when it is one of the best of the subacid cherries; while one of the earliest of its class, it may be left to hang for a month or six weeks, becoming daily sweeter and more aromatic; few or no cherries thrive in greater variations of soil and climates, this fact accounting in greatest measure for its world-wide distribution in temperate regions; despite its tender flesh, it ships well though it is grown only for local markets since its long period of ripening makes necessary several pickings--a fatal defect for a canning cherry or one for the general trade; lastly, the trees are as fruitful as any, and are hardy, vigorous and healthy. the fruit is remarkably well distributed in dense clusters on trees characteristically upright and vasiform and bearing a heavy canopy of dark green, luxuriant foliage. may duke fills a particular place in the cherry orchard as a fruit for the local market and hundreds of new-comers have not been able to supplant it. the fact that it has lost none of its pristine vigor, health and productiveness in the two hundred and more years it has been known contradicts the idea that varieties of fruit degenerate or wear out with age. when we pass in review all of the varieties of cherries, all characters and purposes considered, may duke remains one of the best. this variety seems to have been first mentioned by ray in . may duke is supposed by some english writers to have originated in a district in france known as médoc and the name to have been derived from the place. when this cherry first received attention, the old style of reckoning time was in vogue and the th of june was the last day of may. it may, therefore, be presumed that the variety derived its name from its season of ripening rather than from a corruption of médoc. a few years ago professor j. l. budd of iowa imported from russia several cherries among which was one called esel kirsche. later this cherry was distributed by the united states department of agriculture. as grown on the grounds of this station, esel kirsche has proved to be may duke. in ohio the two could not be distinguished and with this evidence we have listed esel kirsche as a synonym of may duke. in , william prince mentioned may duke as being among the first of the cherries introduced to america from europe. from the references to this variety in the horticultural literature and in the nursery catalogs throughout the united states we may say that it is one of the most widely distributed and best-known cherries in the country. the american pomological society placed may duke on its fruit catalog list in . [illustration: may duke] tree large, upright becoming somewhat vasiform and spreading with age, open-topped, very productive; trunk of medium thickness, somewhat shaggy; branches smooth or roughish, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable in size; branchlets short, brown partly covered with light gray, smooth, with small, inconspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate; upper surface very dark green, rugose; lower surface thinly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base acute; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch long, slender, tinged with red, grooved, glandless or with one or two small, globose, brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade. buds obtuse, plump, free, in large clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather long, narrow, acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, nearly sessile; apex crenate; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures early, although variable in habit; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color light changing to dark red at full maturity; dots numerous, russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering strongly to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh medium to dark red, with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly subacid, pleasant flavored; of very good quality; stone nearly free, small, roundish to elliptical, with smooth surfaces; slightly ridged along the ventral suture. mercer _prunus avium_ = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ , pl. . . = .= _am. gard._ = =: fig. . = .= _can. hort._ = =: fig. . . = .= black & son _cat._ fig. . this comparatively new bigarreau is on probation in many parts of the state and country, otherwise we should not give it prominence in _the cherries of new york_, as the variety is all but worthless as it grows on the grounds of this station. the trees are not sufficiently fruitful, the cherries are too small, the flavor in none too good and the fruit is not at all resistant to brown-rot--four fatal defects for a commercial cherry. this variety is reported to have sprung from a pit of a mazzard tree and was introduced several years ago by black & son of hightstown, new jersey. the name, mercer, after the county in new jersey from which it was introduced, was given the cherry by h. e. van deman, then united states pomologist. tree vigorous, healthy, not always productive; branches long, grayish-brown, smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, long-oval, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent, grooved along the midrib; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, tinged with dull red, thick, with from two to five very large, reniform, reddish glands, variable in position. buds of medium size and length, conical, plump, free; leaf-scars rather prominent; season of bloom early; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube green or faintly tinged red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish streaked with red along the edges, long, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, slightly indented at the apex, tapering to short, blunt claws; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season; small, cordate to blunt-conic, compressed; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture an indistinct line; apex flattened or depressed; color black; dots small, numerous, obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather tender; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, crisp, aromatic, mild flavored, sweet; fair to good in quality; stone free or semi-clinging, variable in size, ovate, flattened, blunt-pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. mezel _prunus avium_ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _bigarreau monstrueux._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _bigarreau of mezel._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: fig., . - . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _great bigarreau._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: fig., . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _monstreuse de mezel._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _schwarze knorpel von mezel._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mezel seems to have made a stir in pomological circles in the middle of the nineteenth century by reason of the great size and beautiful appearance of the cherries. though on the recommended list of the american pomological society and frequently spoken of in the pomological works of the day and offered by some nurserymen, we have not been able to find many trees of this variety now growing in new york. we glean from the literature that mezel pleased the eye more than the palate and that the trees, while vigorous and healthy, were not productive. at any rate after a decade or two of much advertising and what would seem to have been a very thorough trial, mezel failed to receive very general approbation from cherry-growers and has now almost passed from cultivation. contrary to the general behavior of the variety in new york, the tree and fruit from which the accompanying description was made have so many merits that one can well wish that the variety will not wholly pass out of cultivation. this variety was found at mezel, puy-de-dôme, france, by m. ligier sometime prior to when it was brought to notice. even so, it had grown in a vineyard at that place for thirty years and was only made public after an excursion of several members of a horticultural society to the vineyard. it was immediately heralded as a coming variety and grafts were distributed. great bigarreau, which made its appearance a few years later, is here included as a synonym though many writers list it as a distinct sort. bigarreau monstrueux, first listed in the london horticultural society catalog for , is held by many pomologists to be identical with mezel which, if true, casts some doubt on the generally accepted history of the variety. mezel appeared on the fruit list of the american pomological society in but was discarded in ; it was replaced in and is still on the list though it is scarcely known in any part of the united states. [illustration: mezel] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, variable in productiveness; trunk stocky, nearly smooth; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with dark ash-gray, with lenticels medium in number and size; branchlets of average thickness, variable in length, with internodes of medium length, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, inconspicuous, raised lenticels medium in number. leaves numerous, five inches long, often two and one-half inches wide, long-oval, thin; upper surface dark green, strongly rugose giving a crumpled appearance; lower surface dull, light green, with slight pubescence; apex varies from abrupt to taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin glandular, coarsely serrate; petiole long, averaging one and one-half inches, slender, tinged with red, with from one to four reniform glands of medium size on the petiole. buds intermediate in size and length, plump, pointed, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters of various sizes on both long and short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and seven-sixteenths inches across, well distributed in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one and one-eighth inches long, medium in thickness, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a slight tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, medium in width, acute, slightly serrate, glabrous within and without; petals somewhat obovate, crenate, nearly sessile, with a very shallow notch at the apex; anthers yellow; filaments shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often defective. fruit matures in mid-season; large, seven-eighths inch long, thirteen-sixteenths inch wide, cordate, compressed, the surface markedly irregular and broken into ridges; cavity very deep, wide, irregular, abrupt; suture variable, shallow to very deep and wide and at times double; apex blunt-pointed, usually not depressed; color attractive purplish-black; dots numerous, very small, somewhat russet, obscure; stem medium in thickness, long, averaging two and one-eighth inches, adheres well to the fruit; skin medium in thickness, rather tender but not inclined to crack, adheres slightly to the pulp; flesh purplish-red, with abundant dark red juice, tender, meaty, mild, very pleasant, sweet; very good to best in quality; stone clinging, large, strongly ovate, with slightly roughish surface. montmorency _prunus cerasus_ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: no. , pl. . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., , . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ , . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: fig. , , . . = .= _am. gard._ = =: , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _kleine glaskirsche von montmorency._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _long stem montmorency._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _amarelle royale._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . _montmorency ordinaire._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. sp. rpt._ , , pl. . - . montmorency is the most popular sour cherry grown in america. no one questions its supremacy. probably half of the cherry trees in new york, sweet or sour, are montmorencies and at least three-fourths of all the trees of the sour cherry are of this variety. it leads in the demands for this fruit in the markets, for the cannery and for home use as a culinary cherry. several characters give it first place. it is surpassed by no other sour cherry, in new york at least, in vigor, health and productiveness of tree. in the last character, in particular, it is supreme. year in and year out, montmorency trees are fruitful. possibly, too, no other sour cherry is adapted to a greater diversity of soils than montmorency, which, with capacity to stand heat and cold, makes the variety suitable to wide variations in environment. the cherries are in no way remarkable--not much above the average for an amarelle in size, appearance or quality, in all of these characters being much inferior to large montmorency. the fruit has the advantage of being presentable in appearance and fit for culinary purposes several days before it is fully ripe and this adds to the value of the variety for the market. brown-rot takes less toll from this cherry than of others of its kind probably because of relatively firm flesh and thick skin. these characters, also, make the fruit stand handling well in harvesting, shipping and on the markets. the preserved product, whether canned at home or commercially, is attractive in appearance and very good. montmorency is not a dessert cherry but for those who like sour cherries it may be eaten out of hand with relish when it is fully matured. some maintain that the variety falls short in the size of the tree, which is seldom more than medium, but the head is spreading and much-branched and the fruit is borne in clusters thickly scattered throughout the whole head so that the total yield from a tree is greater than would be thought from its size. for any and all purposes to which sour cherries are put montmorency may be recommended as the best in its season. unfortunately several quite distinct cherries bear the name montmorency and it has been most difficult to separate them in pomological literature. to make matters worse, all of them have been much confused with other varieties, early richmond in particular. the different montmorencies and early richmond originated in the montmorency valley, france, several centuries ago, at least before the seventeenth century, probably as seedlings of cerise hâtive or of cerise commune. these montmorency cherries differ from each other principally in their stems and fruit, one having long stems and moderate-sized, regular fruit; one shorter stems and larger fruit; and the third, very short, thick stems and oblate, irregular fruit showing a distinct suture. the first cherry has been generally known, particularly among the french, as montmorency à longue queue or sometimes cerise de montmorency. this is the montmorency of this sketch. duhamel, in , was the first writer to mention this cherry directly and according to his statement it was then esteemed around paris, being superior in productiveness to the large montmorency. montmorency early found its way into england, where it soon became confused with its probable parent, the french cerise hâtive or the english kentish. in a short time it had replaced kentish in many nurseries and came to be called kentish in much of the literature of the time. just when montmorency was introduced to this country is not known but it has been cultivated here under various names for many years. william prince spoke of it in as the long stem montmorency and it has long and commonly been known here as montmorency ordinaire. montmorency is to be found in nearly every nursery in the united states under various names, some nurserymen using the french name, others the english, while still others are selling the variety as large montmorency. many supposed strains have been given new names but it is doubtful if any distinct strains of this cherry exist. the american pomological society added montmorency to its fruit catalog list in using the qualifying term ordinaire which was dropped in . [illustration: montmorency] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with the lower branches inclined to droop, round-topped, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches reddish-brown tinged with light ash-gray, with a few lenticels of medium size; branchlets slender, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves three inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upwards or flattened, oval to obovate, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface pale green, with a few scattering hairs; apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly crenate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, glandless or with from one to three small, globose, brownish or yellowish glands, usually at the base of the blade. buds obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly or in clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish to obovate, crenate, with short, blunt claws and shallow, crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to or slightly longer than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, slightly compressed; cavity abrupt; suture very shallow; apex roundish; color light to rather dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem thick, usually with a faint tinge of red, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with a reddish tinge, with abundant light pink juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone free, small, roundish-ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces which are tinged with red. napoleon _prunus avium_ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , , fig. . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= thompson _gard. ass't_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . = .= _flor. & pom._ , pl. . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . = .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ = =: fig. . _gros bigarreau blanc._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr_. = =: . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _lauermannskirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - , - . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _lange marmorkirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _holländische grosse prinzessinkirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _harrison's heart._ = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , , pl. fig. . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _grosse weisse marmorkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _holland bigarreau._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig., . . _bigarreau d'esperen._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig., . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _rev. hort._ , . . _bigarreau gros coeuret._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _royal ann._ = .= _cal. bd. hort. rpt._ , pl. . - . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . napoleon is the leading firm-fleshed sweet cherry. it takes its place by virtue of the large size, handsome appearance and high quality of the fruit and the phenomenal productiveness of the trees. the accompanying plate shows well the large size and beautiful color of the cherries--unsurpassed in either character by any other bigarreau and possibly by any other cherry. the flavor is rich and sweet which, with the abundant juice and firm, crackling flesh, makes this a most delicious and refreshing cherry for dessert and, with the great size and attractive color, gives it preference over all other sweet cherries for culinary purposes. in particular, cherry-canners find that napoleon makes a finely finished product. the cherries carry well and keep long and are, therefore, well thought of by fruit-dealers. besides being very productive, the trees come in bearing early and are as vigorous, hardy and healthy as those of any other sweet cherry. they may usually be known by their upright growth and large, sturdy limbs. napoleon, however, is not without its faults. the cherries crack badly in wet weather and the variety can be grown with certainty only in the dry summer climate of the pacific coast, where, especially in oregon and washington, it reaches truly wonderful perfection. in the east, too, napoleon is more susceptible to brown-rot than several of its rivals. possibly the greatest fault, however, is in the tree, which is very fastidious as to soils, thriving only in choice cherry land and in a congenial cherry climate. despite these rather serious faults, cherry-growers agree that napoleon takes first place among sweet cherries for both home and commercial plantings. napoleon is of unknown origin. early in the eighteenth century it was grown by the germans, french, dutch and english, proof that it is a very old variety. leroy believes that it was described by merlet in but under another name. the great number of synonyms in several languages gives some idea of the countries in which the variety has been grown as well as the esteem in which it has been held. there are several accounts as to when the cherry was given the name napoleon. probably the best authenticated is that in which it is held that parmentier, a belgian, gave the cherry the name of the famous emperor in . when the variety was taken to england, where at that time napoleon was not in good repute, the name of his conqueror, wellington, was substituted but seems to have been little used. as if not content with the score or more of european names, cherry-growers in america have added at least two more. in many parts of the country it is locally called the ox heart. on the pacific coast it is grown and sold by nurserymen and fruit-growers alike as royal ann, a name given it by its introducer, seth lewelling, of milwaukee, oregon, who lost the label bearing the old name in taking it across the continent in early days and gave it a new name. with incomprehensible persistency western horticulturists maintain this synonym to the confusion of horticultural nomenclature. the american pomological society placed napoleon on its fruit list in , it having been grown in america for at least years before receiving this honor. [illustration: napoleon] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, shaggy; branches thick, roughened by the lenticels, dull brown overlaid with ash-gray, with numerous large, raised lenticels; branchlets thick, long, light brown overspread with gray, smooth, with a few inconspicuous, small lenticels. leaves numerous, five and three-fourths inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, elliptical to obovate; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, somewhat pubescent; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with dull red, hairy along the upper surface, with from one to three large, reniform, reddish-orange glands, usually on the stalk. buds variable in size, conical, free, arranged singly or in thin clusters from lateral buds and from spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in ones or in twos; pedicels variable in length, averaging one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, rather narrow, acuminate, serrate, reflexed; petals oval, entire, dentate at the apex, with short, narrow claws; filaments one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often defective. fruit matures in mid-season; over one inch in diameter, conical to long-cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a distinct line; apex much pointed; color, varying shades of bright red over a yellowish background, distinctly mottled; dots obscure; stem slender, more than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather adherent; flesh whitish, with a faint yellow tinge, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, the flavor improving as the season advances, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces. nouvelle royale _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ = .= _flor. & pom._ , pl. . = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= gaucher _pom. prak. obst._ no. , tab. . . = .= _guide prat._ . . if this cherry were to be judged by its behavior on the grounds of this station, it would be called one of the best of the hybrid dukes. in particular, it would be commended by its product, the trees not making as good a showing as the fruit. the cherries are distinguished by their large size, dark red color, glossy surface, good quality, lateness in maturity and, even more particularly, sweetness, keeping in mind that the variety is a hybrid and not a true sweet cherry. the shape, too, offers a distinguishing character, the fruits being more oblate than in any other duke. the long, stout stem is still another characteristic. unfortunately the tree, while satisfactory in all other respects, is unproductive--a fatal fault in these days of commercial fruit-growing. nouvelle royale is not widely known in america and may well be given trial by those who want a late duke. this variety is supposed from its fruit- and tree-characters to be a hybrid between early richmond and may duke but where, how and when it came to light is not known. downing, in , mentions the nouvelle royale as having recently been introduced into this country and it was noted in the report of the american pomological society for but has never received a place upon the society's fruit catalog list. [illustration: nouvelle royale] tree large, vigorous, upright, compact, moderately productive; trunk of medium size; branches upright, thickish; branchlets slender, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, with very numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate; upper surface dark green, glossy, rugose; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, grooved and with few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with from one to four globose, greenish-yellow or reddish glands variable in size usually at the base of the blade. buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in dense clusters in threes and fours; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes somewhat reddish, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate, strongly compressed; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex flattened or slightly depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish or with a tinge of red, with light pink juice, slightly stringy, tender and melting, pleasantly flavored, mildly tart; of very good quality; stone free, roundish-oval, plump, blunt, oblique, with smooth surfaces often tinged with red, with small ridges radiating from the base. olivet _prunus avium × prunus cerasus_ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ = =: . . = .= _cal. sta. an. rpt._ . - . = .= _va. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. sp. rpt._ . - . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . olivet is a large, globular, deep red, glossy cherry with a rich, vinous, subacid flavor. some writers call olivet a duke while others place it with the morellos. the fruit, on the grounds of this station, shows many characteristics of the morellos while the tree appears to be a duke, suggesting that it is a hybrid between trees of the two groups. the fruit, eaten out of hand, would be rated as a very good morello or a subacid and somewhat mediocre duke, a fruit hardly good enough for dessert and not as good as some of the sourer cherries for culinary purposes. it is one of the earliest of the morello-like cherries and this may give it a place in the cherry flora of the country. the trees are large and vigorous and their much-branched, round tops would seem to give the maximum amount of bearing surface, but, unfortunately, the cherries do not set abundantly. on the grounds of this station the variety is not fruitful, this being its chief defect. in other parts of the country, however, it is reported to be either very productive or moderately so. the descriptions of this cherry as given by american experiment stations and nurserymen show plainly that there are several distinct sorts passing under the name olivet in this country. olivet, of comparatively recent origin, was found at olivet, loire, france. american nurserymen introduced this variety sometime previous to , for in that year the _gardener's monthly_ mentioned the cherry as being "a valuable duke sort filling an unoccupied place among the list of early cherries in central new york." olivet was entered on the american pomological society's catalog list of fruits in where it is still retained. [illustration: olivet] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, unproductive; trunk thickish, rather rough; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets short, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with numerous raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, glossy, with a few scattering hairs; apex acute; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, greenish, glandless or with one or two globose, brownish glands variable in position. buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in dense clusters, usually in threes; pedicels one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, long, of medium width, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals oval to slightly obovate, entire, nearly sessile; apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish to slightly oblate, somewhat compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture a line; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color bright red; dots russet, obscure; stem thickish, one and one-fourth inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh light red, with abundant light red or wine-colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, astringent, tart; of fairly good quality; stone free, small, roundish, slightly flattened, somewhat pointed at the apex, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture. ostheim _prunus cerasus_ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: , . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: fig. , . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: , , . . ostheim finds considerable favor in the prairie states of the middle west but is all but worthless as grown in new york and other eastern states. it is one of the morellos and falls far short of the best of its group, the cherries being too small and of but mediocre quality. the trees are typical morellos, round-headed, with slender, drooping branches and branchlets and very dark green foliage. the fruit is borne toward the ends of short branches which are not well distributed over the main branches, leaving much bare wood. like all morellos the fruit hangs long after maturity and since the ripening season is late the variety may be worth growing because of its lateness; as it may, also, in cold climates because of great hardiness. the trees on their own roots throw up many suckers which are often used in propagation. the variety has the reputation, too, of coming true to name from seeds. ostheim is a native of spain and not of germany as many have supposed. the trees were found in the region of the sierra morena mountains, spain, and were taken to germany by a dr. klinghammer after the wars of the succession, - . the cherry took the name ostheim from the german town of that name where it was widely grown. the variety, being easily propagated, spread throughout germany and soon became one of the best-known cherries. later, the name seems to have come to be a class term for all cherries similar to the original ostheim. the names ostheim, ostheimer, griotte ostheim and ostheimer weichsel are used interchangeably by foreign writers for this variety. american writers, however, have given these names to two very similar but distinct varieties. ostheim was brought to the united states by william robert prince of the linnean botanical gardens early in the nineteenth century. it has proved very satisfactory in some sections of the west and canada, while in the east it is but a mediocre variety at best. at different times either buds or trees of so-called ostheims have been imported to this country which have turned out not to be the true variety. what these sorts really are will remain uncertain until the several forms can be brought together and compared. professor budd imported a variety in , which since has become known as ostheim, carrying griotte d'ostheim as a synonym. whether or not this is the old variety or a distinct strain of the ostheim class we are unable to say. the cerise d'ostheim received by this station has proved identical with this variety. ostheim was first listed by the american pomological society in . a cherry known as minnesota ostheim, introduced into minnesota from germany, is now recognized as a distinct sort. the variety as it is known in kansas and missouri is often called the german ostheimer though some believe this to be different from the true sort. [illustration: ostheim] tree below medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense, very productive; trunk smooth; branches rather slender, smooth, dark ash-gray partly overspreading reddish-brown, with small, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, long, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves very numerous, three and one-fourth inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface very dark green, smooth; lower surface pale green, with a few scattering hairs; apex taper-pointed, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole slender, one-half inch long, short, tinged with dull red, grooved, with a few scattering hairs, with from one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. buds small, short, usually obtuse, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels five-eighths of an inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green with a faint tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather long, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, nearly equal in length to the stamens. fruit matures very late; nearly three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish to slightly oblate, compressed; cavity very shallow and narrow, flaring; suture indistinct; apex roundish with a small depression at the center; color very dark red approaching black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, but slightly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with much very dark colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart, losing its astringency when fully ripe; of fair quality; stone free, nearly one-half inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, somewhat pointed, with smooth surfaces slightly stained with red. ox heart _prunus avium_ = .= miller _gard. kal._ , . = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. fig. . . = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= downing fr. _trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ , . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . _bigarreau gros commun._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . ox heart is very commonly used as a class name for the large, meaty varieties of cherries which are cordate in shape. in america the name is most often given to the light-fleshed cherries, such as yellow spanish, napoleon or white bigarreau. at one time, however, the name was applied to a distinct variety known throughout england, germany and america, being first mentioned by miller, an englishman, in . coxe, in , was the first american writer to list the variety but it never became popular in the new world. ox heart appeared among the fruits rejected by the american pomological society in and from then on it gradually gave way to better varieties. the synonyms of the true ox heart are badly confused not only with other dark-fleshed varieties but with those of the yellow spanish type. as some of these varieties are merely listed while others have but a meager description, it is impossible to separate or group them with any degree of certainty. in the catalog of the american pomological society there appears an ox heart of american origin and of recent introduction, known in the west as major francis. there are also in several nursery catalogs a "white-fleshed ox heart." what this variety is we are unable to say. the following is a description of ox heart compiled from european fruit books: tree medium in vigor, round-topped, spherical, productive; branches somewhat curved; internodes of medium length; leaves obovate, obtusely pointed, margin finely serrate; petiole short, rather slender, flexible, tinged red, with two reniform glands; flowers small; petals irregularly elliptical. fruit matures the last of june or early in july; medium to large, cordate, pointed, sides unevenly compressed; color lively red changing to intense purple or nearly black; stem of medium length and thickness, usually tinged red, inserted in a broad, deep cavity; skin tough; flesh dark red, with abundant colored juice, half-tender but firmer than most hearts, sweet though slightly bitter before complete maturity; quality good; stone medium in size, broadly cordate, adhering to the flesh along the ventral suture. reine hortense _prunus avium x prunus cerasus_ = .= _gen. farmer_ = =: fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: - , fig. . _d'aremberg._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _hortense._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ , fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . were there not so many good duke varieties of its season reine hortense would take high rank among hybrid cherries. several qualities fit it admirably for home and somewhat for commercial plantations. to begin with, it is most excellent in quality, its flavor being a commingling of the refreshing acidity of the sour cherry and the richness of the sweet cherry, though to some there may be a little too much acidity for a first-class dessert fruit. the cherries are also handsome--large, round, bright, glossy red with a shade of amber and very uniform in size, color and shape. the fruit is especially attractive on the tree as it hangs on long stems in twos and threes thickly scattered and never much clustered. unfortunately the fruit does not stand handling in harvesting and marketing quite as well as that of some other dukes and is a little too susceptible to brown-rot for a good commercial cherry. the chief faults of the variety, however, are in the trees rather than in the fruit. the trees are but of medium size, are not as productive as some others of the hybrid sorts, are at their best only in choice cherry soils and demand good care. in europe, reine hortense is much used as a dwarf and for training on walls. it would seem that its merits and faults, as it grows in america, are such as fit it preeminently well only for the amateur. of the several accounts of the origin of reine hortense the one giving france as its home and larose as its originator is here accepted as authentic. m. larose of neuilly-sur-seine, seine, a gardener of the imperial court, grew the original tree early in the nineteenth century from a seed of the cerise larose, a seedling of his introduction. soon after the first mention of this variety, about , there appeared the louis xviii, morestin, guigne de petit-brie and several others. the variety was seemingly rechristened by every nurseryman who got hold of it. at one time the name monstreuse de bavay was acceptable to many, it having been given to the variety by a mr. bavay of vilvorde, brabant, belgium, about . the theory that reine hortense comes true to seed and therefore has several strains has been discredited. the american pomological society recognized reine hortense in , only a few years after being introduced into this country, by placing it on the recommended fruit list. in , the society shortened the name from reine hortense to hortense but in this text we prefer to use the full name, thereby indicating clearly the person for whom the cherry was christened. [illustration: reine hortense] tree of medium size, upright-spreading, productive; trunk shaggy; branches smooth, dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with a few large lenticels; branchlets rather slender, with short internodes, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, pubescent along the midrib; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with dark glands; petiole one inch long, tinged with red, pubescent along the grooved upper surface, with none or with from one to four small, globose, greenish-yellow or brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade. buds large, long-pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on few long spurs; blooms appearing in mid-season; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, with entire apex; filaments one-fourth of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblong-conic to obtuse-conic, compressed; cavity somewhat shallow, narrow, abrupt, often lipped; suture indistinct; apex roundish with a small depression at the center; color amber-red; dots numerous, light russet, conspicuous; stem tortuous, slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly subacid; of very good quality; stone free, rather large, oblong to oval, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces. republican _prunus avium_ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _black republican._ = .= _cult. & count. gent._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _am. gard._ = =: fig. . = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: , . . _lewelling._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: , , fig. . . for some reason republican does not make headway in the favor of cherry-growers though all who have described it speak well of it. judged by the palate, republican is one of the best of the bigarreaus. the cherries are rich and sweet in flavor, firm of flesh and with an abundance of refreshing juice. judged by the eye, too, it holds its own with the best of its class, the fruit having a pleasing rotundness of shape and a beautiful dark red, almost black, glossy color. in size the variety very often falls short; for, though often given as one of the largest, it turns out to be, in many orchards, but of medium size and sometimes is small. here seems to be its fatal defect. it is exceedingly capricious as to soils, failing wholly or in part in all but the very choicest cherry environments. the trees are large, spreading and vigorous but on the grounds of this station are more susceptible to the shot-hole fungus than any other sweet cherry. it has been reported to be very subject to this disease at the washington station also. the failure of this cherry to meet the demands of commercial cherry-growers during a probationary period of nearly a half a century means that it is, at most, of but local value. this variety, known under two other names, black republican and lewelling, originated about the middle of the nineteenth century in the orchard of seth lewelling, milwaukee, oregon. in traveling across the continent in , mr. lewelling took with him to oregon, bigarreau, morello and mahaleb cherries and from seeds of one of the bigarreaus sprang several seedlings, among them one which was named black republican. the parentage of the sort is not known though it was thought to be a cross between napoleon and black tartarian, having sprung up near these two trees. some cherry-growers and nurserymen describe a cherry which they call lewelling but in every case the descriptions agree very closely with republican. many list the two names separately as designating two distinct varieties of diverse origin. of these, some have supposed republican to be a seedling of eagle originating in . the american pomological society for many years listed black republican alone beginning in its catalog of but in the catalog contained the two names, republican and lewelling. inasmuch as the consensus of opinion is that both names apply to a single cherry this station has decided to list republican only. [illustration: republican] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, somewhat shaggy; branches stout, roughened, brown covered with ash-gray, with large, raised lenticels; branchlets stout, with long internodes, brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, smooth except near the base, with a few small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, five inches long, two and five-eighths inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface slightly hairy; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with dull red, with two or three large, reniform, light green or reddish glands on the stalk. buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly on the branchlets, or in small clusters on spurs of medium length; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in ones and twos; pedicels variable in length, averaging one inch long, characteristically thick, glabrous; calyx-tube tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes variable in width, tinged with red, long-obovate to acute, finely serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, with short, blunt claws, with shallow, notched apex; filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective. fruit matures late; about one inch in diameter, wide, variable in shape, cordate or roundish-cordate, compressed, with angular and uneven surfaces; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a shallow groove, often extending around the fruit; apex with a small depression at the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem thick, one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet or with slight astringency before fully mature; of good quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate, flattened, rather blunt, with smooth surfaces. rockport _prunus avium_ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: fig., . - . = .= elliott _fr. book_ , fig. . = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . rockport is of very doubtful commercial value and has too many faults to be included with the best sweet sorts for a home orchard. it is more easily characterized by its faults than its merits. compared with the well-known yellow spanish, of which it is a seedling and to which it is similar, the cherries are smaller and the pits are larger than those of the parent variety,--quite too large for the amount of pulp. worst of the faults of the variety is, however, that the cherries are not sufficiently firm of flesh to withstand harvesting, shipping and the attacks of the brown-rot fungus. to offset the defects of the fruit the flesh is rich, sweet and tender, making it, all in all, as good as any other sweet cherry for dessert. the trees, too, are very satisfactory, being large, vigorous and very fruitful, though with the reputation of requiring good soil and the best of care, of lacking a little in hardiness to cold, and of having the period of maturing the crop more or less changed by soil and culture. rockport has been, and is, more or less popular in new york but it can be recommended only for a home orchard. rockport is another of professor kirtland's introductions, having been raised by him at cleveland, ohio, about , from a seed of yellow spanish. it soon won a place, in , on the fruit list of the american pomological society where it still remains. it is mentioned by several foreign authors and many american nurserymen offer it for sale. swedish is given as a synonym of rockport by hooper. [illustration: rockport] tree large, vigorous, upright, very productive; trunk somewhat slender, roughish; branches smooth, reddish-brown, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets stout, variable in length, with long internodes, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with conspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, long-oval to obovate; upper surface dark green, somewhat rugose; lower surface dull, light green, pubescent along the veins; apex acute to taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, tinged with red, with a few hairs on the upper surface, glandless or with from one to four large, reniform, reddish glands variable in position. buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters from lateral buds and short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, dentate at the apex, nearly sessile; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often defective. fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity shallow, wide, flaring, regular; suture a distinct line; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color bright red over an amber-yellow background, mottled; dots very numerous, small, light yellowish, somewhat conspicuous; stem one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender; flesh pale yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, somewhat melting, aromatic, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone free, ovate, plump, with smooth surfaces. royal duke _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . = .= thompson _gard. ass't_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _royale d'angleterre._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . _cerise royale._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ fig. . _königskirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _ungarische süssweichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _anglaise hâtive._. = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . = .= _guide prat._ , . . _belle de worsery._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . royal duke has a place in the cherry flora to follow in season the well-known may duke and to precede another standard sort, late duke. it is so nearly like these two sorts, except in season, and so similar to arch duke, as well, that there is much difficulty in getting the variety true to name. it is more often taken for may duke than for the other kinds named but it differs from this well-known sort in being a little later in season, and the cherries are larger, a little lighter in color, do not hang as thickly, being scattered along the branches, often singly, and are more oblate. the trees are markedly upright and the foliage is very dense. none of the dukes are popular in america for market fruits and this is no exception though, among all, royal duke is as good as any--pleasantly flavored, juicy, refreshing and very good. the trees, too, are very satisfactory. the variety has a place in home orchards and for local markets. the french say that the tree makes a very weak growth budded on the mahaleb and that it should be worked on the mazzard, which is generally true of all dukes. the buyer will have difficulty in getting the true royal duke in america. the origin of this variety is unknown but the royale d'angleterre, mentioned by christ in , was probably the variety now known as royal duke, although the description is too meager to be certain. according to thompson, royal duke was one of the varieties formerly cultivated in england under the names late duke, arch duke, or late arch duke and was probably introduced by the london horticultural society from france under the name of anglaise tardive. when or by whom this variety was introduced into america is not known but according to downing it was very rarely found here in the first half of the nineteenth century. the american pomological society placed royal duke upon its catalog list of recommended fruits in . [illustration: royal duke] tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive at this station; trunk slender, roughish; branches stocky, with roughened surface, dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with lenticels of medium number and size; branchlets stout, long, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth except for the lenticels which are inconspicuous. leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-half inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface medium green, pubescent along the midrib; apex abruptly pointed, base acute; margin serrate or crenate; petiole variable in length, often one and one-half inches long, not uniform in thickness, tinged with red, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually at the base of the blade. buds rather small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in very dense clusters on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars obscure; time of bloom mid-season; flowers white, one inch across; borne in very dense clusters, closely grouped in fours and fives; pedicels over one-half inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, apex entire; filaments nearly one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens. fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, oblate, compressed; cavity rather narrow, abrupt, regular; suture a mere line; apex flattened or depressed; color bright red becoming darker at maturity; dots few, small, obscure; stem one and one-half inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, rather tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish-white with tinge of red, pinkish juice, tender, sprightly, pleasantly acid; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces. schmidt _prunus avium_ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: fig. . = .= _flor. & pom._ , fig. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _smith._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . schmidt, shortened in accordance with the rules of the american pomological society from schmidt's bigarreau, is not new nor can it be said to be little known, since it has been rather widely planted in america for a score of years. yet in new york, at least, it is not receiving the attention that it deserves from commercial cherry-growers, being relegated to the rear of ten or a dozen kinds when it should be in the front rank. indeed, about geneva, where many sweet cherries are grown, while not the leading market variety, it is one of the best. the characters which entitle it to a high place as a money-maker are: large size, being unsurpassed in this respect by any other black cherry in this region; its round, plump form and glossy, black color which tempt the eye; crisp, firm, juicy flesh and sweet, rich flavor, delicious to the taste; dark ruby-red color under the skin which makes it as pleasing inwardly as outwardly; freedom from brown-rot, in this respect excelling any other market sort; and a vigorous, healthy, productive tree. the tree is further characterized by its abundant, large leaves of dark, luxuriant green. the fruit is often picked before it is ripe, at which time it is dark red and not black. there is a good deal of enthusiasm in new york over several new sweet cherries from the pacific coast but in this vicinity none of these is equal to schmidt. schmidt is a seedling of festfleischige schwarze knorpelkirsche and was raised by herr schmidt, forester at casekow, prussia, germany, about . it was introduced into england by thomas rivers of sawbridgeworth and eventually found its way to america but how and when is not known. schmidt appeared on the fruit list of the american pomological society in but only for two years when for some reason it was dropped. in , a smith was listed, with smith's bigarreau as a synonym. budd-hansen in the publication of also mentioned a smith which is probably schmidt. we are inclined to hold to the german spelling, schmidt. [illustration: schmidt] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches stocky, smooth; branches dull reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick, short, smooth, with rather conspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, six inches long, three inches wide, folded upward, obovate; upper surface light green, smooth; lower surface pale green, pubescent along the midrib and larger veins; apex acute, base abrupt; margin serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, thick, dull red, with a narrow, deep groove along the upper surface, glandless or with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. buds large, long, obtuse to conical, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in numerous small clusters; leaf-scars prominent; time of blooming mid-season; flowers white, one and one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, thick, glabrous; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals oval, crenate, with short, narrow claws; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed, often slightly oblique; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture indistinct; apex bluntly pointed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, strongly adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp, firm, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone semi-clinging, ovate, slightly oblique, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent. short-stem montmorency _prunus cerasus_ = .= christ. _handb._ . . = .= _prince pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _gobet à courte queue._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. viii. . = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _gros gobet._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . = .= _mas le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ , . . _flemish._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. , . . _cerise à courte queue._ = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: no. , pl. . _cerise gros fruit._ = .= _pom. france_ = =: no. , pl. . . in tracing the history of the montmorency cherries from duhamel's time to the present we have been led to conclude that three distinct types are now being cultivated. of these closely related strains, all of which probably originated about the same time in montmorency valley, france, montmorency is by far the most important and the one now grown commercially in all parts of the country. large montmorency, while quite similar to montmorency, is much less grown because of its unproductiveness, although in quality it is quite equal or perhaps superior to montmorency. short-stem montmorency, under discussion here, varies considerably both in tree and fruit from either of the other two, although it is frequently taken for large montmorency. the tree is smaller and more drooping but usually very productive. the fruit, similar in size to large montmorency, differs from it by being more oblate and irregular, and in having a very deep, wide suture which becomes an indistinct line towards the apex. the skin seldom becomes as dark red even at perfect maturity. the flavor is more sprightly but its quality is not as high. all three varieties have long lists of synonyms, many of which have been used for each of the three sorts. many writers believe that only two distinct strains of montmorency exist and that short-stem montmorency is identical with large montmorency. the variety is little grown in north america and is not as worthy for any purpose as either of the other two better-known sorts. [illustration: short-stem montmorency] tree upright-spreading, round-topped, productive; trunk shaggy; branches roughish, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with conspicuous, numerous, small, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface medium green, with a prominent midrib; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly crenate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, variable in thickness, lightly pubescent, glandless or with from one to three large, raised, reniform glands on the stalk. buds small, short, variable in shape, free, arranged as lateral buds and on few, if any, spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch across; borne in a few scattering clusters, variable in number of flowers per cluster; pedicels one-half inch long, thick, greenish; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-oval, crenate, sessile, with a distinctly notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective. fruit matures in mid-season; over three-fourths of an inch in diameter, decidedly oblate, irregular in outline, slightly compressed; cavity deep, wide, irregular, flaring; suture very deep near the stem but shallow at the apex which is flattened or depressed; color light to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem very thick, less than three-fourths of an inch long, adhering strongly to the fruit; skin rather tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; of fair quality; stone clinging along the ventral suture, small, roundish, plump, blunt, with smooth surfaces, faintly tinged with red; ventral suture very prominent. sklanka _prunus cerasus_ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ , . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: fig. , . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: fig. , . . sklanka is evidently a cross between a cherry of the amarelle group and one of the morellos--another indication of the frequency of hybridization in this fruit. the cherries of sklanka have the light-colored skin and juice of the amarelles while the dwarfish, round-topped trees with pendant branches and abundant, small leaves are typical of the morellos. the variety is in no way remarkable unless it be in hardiness, the pomologists of the colder parts of the mississippi valley holding that it is one of the hardiest of cherries. the fruit is not on a par with that of a score of other amarelles and the trees, in new york at least, are too small and unproductive to be worth planting. the cherry has value, then, only where hardiness is a prime requisite. sklanka was imported to this country from russia in by professor j. l. budd of ames, iowa. its parentage and origin are uncertain. it does not seem to have been grown in continental europe outside of russia but in certain sections of that country it is reported as being one of the hardiest and most productive of the sour cherries. as grown in our northern central states it has proved one of the hardiest of all varieties but has not, as yet, gained much reputation commercially even in these cold regions. it is mentioned but seldom in the literature and is listed by but few nurserymen. [illustration: sklanka] tree of medium size, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets, open-topped, unproductive; trunk thick and smooth; branches rather slender, long, slightly roughened, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous rather small lenticels; branchlets slender and willowy, with short internodes, brown nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the lenticels, which are small, numerous, raised, conspicuous. leaves of medium number, three and one-fourth inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical, thick, stiff; upper surface very dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface medium green, finely pubescent along the midrib and larger veins; apex and base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, thick, tinged with dull red, grooved, with a few hairs along the upper surface, with from one to four small, globose, orange-colored glands usually at the base of the blade. buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in few, very small clusters; time of blooming mid-season; flowers one and three-sixteenths inches across, white; borne in dense clusters usually at the ends of branches or spurs, well distributed, usually in threes; pedicels over one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with almost entire apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate, not compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt; suture lacking; apex flattened or strongly depressed; color bright currant-red; dots numerous, light colored, slightly conspicuous; stem thick, less than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin rather tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sour; of good quality; stone semi-free, clinging only along the ventral suture, about one-third inch in diameter, roundish, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces. sparhawk _prunus avium_ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ , . . _sparhawk's honey._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mas le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _honey heart._ = .= cole _am. fr. book_ fig. , . . sparhawk has little to recommend it for either a home or commercial orchard; but the rich and honeyed sweetness of the cherries, scarcely surpassed in flavor, might make it worth planting by plant-breeders and connoisseurs of choicely good fruits. the name "honey" which appears in several of the synonyms is indicative of the flavor of the fruit. the cherries are quite too small and the pits altogether too large for a commercial product. the tree is upright-spreading, with numerous thick branches over which the cherries are rather thickly scattered in ones, twos and threes and never in clusters. the fruit-stems are characteristically long and slender. though of the bigarreau group the flesh is too tender to well withstand harvesting, shipping and the brown-rot. this cherry was introduced by edward sparhawk, for whom it was named, of brighton, massachusetts. the variety has been known under a number of different names, the number being no measure of its merit, however, for it has never been extensively cultivated. the american pomological society placed it in its fruit catalog list of recommended varieties in but dropped it in and for many years but little attention has been given it. it is now for sale in but few of the nurseries of the country. tree large, vigorous, upright, rather open-topped, hardy, unproductive; trunk stocky, slightly shaggy; branches thick; branchlets medium in thickness and length; leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thin, medium green; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, thick, overlaid with red, with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk; buds intermediate in size and length; season of bloom intermediate, average length five days; flowers one and one-fourth inches across; pistil shorter than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season, average length about nineteen days; nearly seven-eighths inch in diameter, somewhat conical, compressed; color dark red over a yellowish background, finely mottled; stem of medium thickness, one and three-eighths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, crisp, highly flavored, mild, aromatic, sweet; very good in quality; stone nearly free, large for the size of the fruit, ovate, flattened, slightly oblique, with smooth surfaces. spÄte amarelle _prunus cerasus_ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =iii=: no. , pl. . = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: , . . _späte morello._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: , . . this is another variety with amarelle fruit and a morello-like tree and is unquestionably a hybrid between varieties of the two groups. several references from the middle west mention späte amarelle as very promising but in new york, where such sorts as early richmond and the montmorencies thrive, it is unpromising for any purpose. the cherries are quite too poor in quality, being very sour, and the trees too unproductive to make the variety even a poor rival of a score or more of amarelles and dukes with which it would have to compete in this state. the origin of this cherry is unknown but according to truchsess it was sent out from hanover as späte morelle in . in , christ mentions a cherry under this name the description of which agrees with that of späte amarelle. lauche states that truchsess received the variety from hanover under the name späte morelle and later changed the name to späte amarelle. this cherry was grown in the paris national nursery under the name cerise amarelle tardive and at one time was commonly grown in gardens in france. in the spring of , professor j. l. budd of iowa brought to america a large number of cherries from central and eastern europe. somehow there was confusion in the description of these imported cherries and two kinds were described under the name späte amarelle, one a light-fleshed sort, the other with red flesh and colored juice. the true variety has light flesh and juice and a pleasant, acid flavor and is probably identical with the old french sort, cerise amarelle tardive. the cherry sometimes called späte morello can be no other than the späte amarelle. tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, rather unproductive; trunk stocky, somewhat shaggy; branches smooth, dark brown overspread by ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable in size; branchlets slender, rather short, brown nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous, small, folded upward, oval to somewhat obovate, rather stiff; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface medium green, pubescent only on the midrib and larger veins; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, glandular; petiole greenish or with a slight bronze tinge, glandless or with from one to four small, globose, brown or yellowish glands usually at the base of the blade. buds small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in clusters on long or short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattered clusters, usually in threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather narrow, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, slightly crenate at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens. fruit matures in mid-season; one-half inch long, oblate, slightly compressed; cavity shallow, narrow; suture indistinct; apex roundish or depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, very small, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh light red, with light colored juice, tender, tart; of good quality; stone free, roundish, flattened, with smooth surfaces; distinctly ridged along the ventral suture. suda _prunus cerasus_ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _suda hardy._ = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= stark brothers _cat._ . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: fig., . . = .= _am. pom. soc._ sp. rpt. . - . suda has been widely advertised as an improved english morello but, while there seem to be some slight differences between the two, the new variety is not an improvement on the old so far as can be discovered at this station. the trees of suda in general aspect are more upright and the stems of the cherries longer and more slender than those of english morello, being but an inch in length in the one variety and an inch and three-fourths in the other. the trees on the grounds of this station are not as productive as those of english morello. the cherries, if anything, are not as high in quality as those of the older and probably the parent variety. it is doubtful if there is a place for suda in the cherry industry of new york. this cherry originated in the garden of a captain suda, louisiana, missouri, about . the american pomological society listed suda in its fruit catalog of as suda hardy but in shortened the name to suda, a change which has generally been accepted. [illustration: suda] tree vigorous, rather unproductive; branches slender, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, long; leaves numerous, four inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, obovate to oval, dull, dark green; margin doubly serrate, with dark glands; petiole one inch long, of medium thickness, tinged with dull red, glandless or with one or two reniform, yellowish-brown glands usually at the base of the blade; buds small, short, obtuse, arranged singly as lateral buds and on but very few, if any, spurs; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch across; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil shorter than the stamens. fruit matures very late; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity flaring; suture indistinct; color dark purplish-red; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, tender, somewhat meaty, sprightly, astringent, very sour; poor in quality; stone free or nearly so, ovate, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces. timme _prunus cerasus_ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . timme can hardly be distinguished from early richmond, differing only in smaller fruits, and probably is a seed variation of that variety. on the grounds of this station the trees of timme are even more productive than those of early richmond, one of the most fruitful of all cherries, but the greater fruitfulness of the tree hardly offsets the smaller size of the cherries. it is doubtful if this new strain can displace the older early richmond, which is well established in the favor of cherry-growers everywhere. this variety is supposed to have been brought to america from germany by a mr. timme of omaha, nebraska. it is of some local importance in iowa and nebraska but as yet has not been widely distributed in america. possibly it will be found in time that it is some old german variety renamed. it was placed on the fruit list of the american pomological society in . [illustration: timme] tree medium in size, rather vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, healthy; trunk and branches thick, with numerous large lenticels; branchlets slender, long, willowy; leaves three and one-half inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, ovate to obovate, thick, stiff, leathery, dark green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch in length, with one or two large, globose glands variable in position; flowers one inch across, in dense clusters. fruit matures medium early; over one-half inch in diameter, roundish-oblate; color light red becoming dark red at full maturity; stem one inch long; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant pinkish juice, tender and melting, pleasant flavored, sprightly; good in quality; stone semi-clinging, roundish-ovate, plump; prominently ridged along the ventral suture. toussaint _prunus cerasus_ = .= _duhamel trait. arb. fr._ = =: - , pl. vii. . = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: no. , pl. . = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , , pl. . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., , . . = .= _rev. hort._ . . _stäts blühender kirschbaum._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , . . _all saints._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . toussaint is a marked deviation from its species. instead of bearing blossoms normally this variety sends out small branches from the buds. in the axis of the first four leaves are borne the buds destined to produce similar branches the following spring. as the branches elongate these buds remain dormant but others are borne which produce flowers in umbel-like clusters of two or three. the trees begin blooming three or four weeks later than other cherries and new buds and flowers appear continually until august or thereabouts. the tree, too, is most striking in appearance, being dwarfish in stature, thickly set with pendant branchlets and, all in all, attractive enough to make it a rather handsome ornamental. the cherries are of little or no value, being quite too acid to eat out of hand but furnishing very late fruit which may be used for culinary purposes. the description given is compiled. the history of the variety is uncertain. leroy says that it was mentioned by daléchamp, a french writer, as early as . duhamel seems to have been the first pomologist to describe it which he did in under the name cerisier de la toussaint. the variety is well known in europe, being widely distributed in austria, germany, belgium, france and england, pomologists and nurserymen in all these countries seeming to be well acquainted with it. there are no records of its culture in america, although prince and elliott describe it from european fruit books. tree small, hardy, moderately productive; branches slender, numerous, pendant. fruit small, flattened on the ends and sides; stem long; color clear red, darker on maturing, rather transparent; flesh white somewhat red at the center, with reddish juice; flavor, if mature, sour, though not excellent; stone large, long, clings to the flesh more than to the stem. the fruit borne in october never reaches maturity. vladimir _prunus cerasus_ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ , . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ : , . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . vladimir is a morello-like cherry not more promising in new york, at least in the orchard of this station, than any other of the many competitors of english morello. the cherries are large, very similar in size and appearance to those of english morello; the pit is small, the skin very thin and separating readily from the pulp. the variety is further characterized by the very dark red flesh and dark colored juice which is too astringent and sour to eat out of hand but does very well for culinary purposes. the tree is much like that of english morello but is far more dwarfish and not as productive, these being fatal faults for commercial planting in new york. it falls short of english morello in another respect--the fruit ripens very unevenly. vladimir has the reputation of being one of the hardiest of all cherries. it is said to come true from seed and does better on its own roots than on either mazzard or mahaleb. the russians, according to budd, succeed best with it when it is propagated from sprouts and allowed to form a bushy plant with several stems, the oldest of which are cut from time to time. there seems to be little in the variety to commend it for either home or commercial plantings in new york. vladimir is a generic name for a group of varieties grown in russia, principally in the province of vladimir east of moscow. most of these cherries are large, black fruits with highly colored juice and good quality, much valued for market use in their native country. professor j. l. budd imported a number of these vladimir cherries from orel in central russia and grew them at the experiment station grounds in iowa, giving to each a seedling number as a distinguishing characteristic. one, orel no. , was selected as being superior in many respects to the others and was finally named vladimir. this variety, typical of these russian cherries, has been considerably propagated and is generally distributed throughout this country. the american pomological society added vladimir to its list of recommended fruits in . [illustration: vladimir] tree dwarfish, round-topped, very hardy, productive; trunk medium or below in size; branches willowy, drooping, reddish-brown slightly overspread with ash-gray; branchlets slender, long, smooth, with a few small, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, oval, thick; upper surface dull, dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, with a few scattering hairs; apex acute, base slightly abrupt; margin finely serrate, with dark colored glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with red, with a few scattering hairs along the stalk, glandless or with from one to four small, reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. buds small, short, very obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on small spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos, threes and fours; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, somewhat obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, broad, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish or slightly obovate, irregularly crenate, with short, blunt claws, apex entire; filaments over one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures very late; three-eighths of an inch long, seven-eighths of an inch wide, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity rather shallow; suture a line; apex roundish; color dark red almost black at full maturity; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-half inches or more in length, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with very dark colored juice, slightly stringy, melting, sprightly, astringent, sour; of fair quality; stone semi-clinging, rather large, long-ovate to oval, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. waterloo _prunus avium × (prunus avium × prunus cerasus)_ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ , . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this old sort, seemingly well thought of in europe, has not been popular in america and has only historical value to cherry-growers of this country. it is an interesting cherry resembling the bigarreaus in tree and leaf-characters while the flowers are more like those of the dukes, the fruit, too, taking on more the aspect of the dukes than of the sweet cherry. the variety has long since passed from general cultivation in the united states and can now be found only in collections or as an occasional dooryard tree. this cherry was raised early in the nineteenth century by t. a. knight, downton castle, wiltshire, england, and first fruited in , shortly after the battle of waterloo, hence its name. it was supposed to be a cross between yellow spanish and may duke. the variety was brought to this country by honorable john lowell of newton, massachusetts, though it was described by prince in from european fruit books. the following description is compiled: tree vigorous, thrifty, rather irregular and spreading, productive; branchlets thick, stocky, grayish; leaves large, drooping, wavy; margin slightly serrate; flowers large; stamens shorter than the pistil. fruit matures the last of june or early in july; large, obtuse-cordate, broad at the base, convex on one side, flattened on the other; stem one and one-half to two inches in length, slender; color dark purplish-red becoming nearly black at maturity; skin thin; flesh purplish-red becoming darker next to the stone, firm but tender, juicy, fine flavored, sweet; good in quality; stone separating readily from the pulp, small, roundish-ovate, compressed. white bigarreau _prunus avium_ = .= thacher _am. orch._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig., . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . _tradescant._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . _white oxheart._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . white bigarreau is a cherry of the past, having been considered one of the good sorts of a century ago. rivers, the english pomologist, believed it to have come originally from russia. it is reputed to have been brought to america from france by chancellor livingston of revolutionary fame. thacher, in , described the variety first under its present name. the variety, as the synonymy shows, has been grown under many names both in america and europe. in , according to downing, this cherry was common in the neighborhood of new york and philadelphia but since downing's time no one seems to have mentioned it. the variety is usually spoken of in the united states as neither hardy nor productive. the fruit books describe it as follows: tree medium in size, spreading, very tender, unproductive; leaves narrow, waved. fruit matures the last of june or early in july; large to very large, heart-shaped, somewhat pointed; color yellowish-white with a bright red cheek, mottled; flesh very firm, breaking, pleasantly flavored, sweet; very good in quality; stone separating readily from the flesh. white heart _prunus avium_ = .= bradley _gard._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , pl. fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _amber heart._ = .= miller _gard. kal._ . . = .= _jour. roy hort. soc._ = =: . . _frühe bernsteinkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _kentish bigarreau._ = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . white heart is mentioned in _the cherries of new york_ only because of its reputation in europe and the frequent references, therefore, that american cherry-growers see to it in european publications. bunyard and thomas, in the reference given, speak of it as one of the best and most profitable cherries grown in the famous kent cherry orchards. early american horticulturists describe it but it seems not to have been widely grown in america and has probably long since passed from cultivation. it failed, according to elliott, because it was a "variable and uncertain bearer" and while an early cherry "not early enough to compete with many new varieties." white heart seems to have been mentioned first by miller in . a little later it is found to be described in both germany and france, indicating that it must have been known and widely distributed before the time given. it seems to have been brought to america before the war of the revolution and to have been grown in this country under the several different names which are given in the list of synonyms. the following description is compiled: tree large, vigorous, somewhat erect, very healthy, rather productive; branches stocky, somewhat angular, with large, roundish, light colored lenticels; internodes of unequal length; leaves medium in size, oval or obovate, sharply pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole short, slender, tipped with two reniform, orange-red glands; flowers medium in size; petals obovate. fruit matures early in june; rather small, roundish-cordate, often one-sided, with a distinct suture; color whitish-yellow, tinged and speckled with pale red in the sun; stem long, slender, inserted in a wide, shallow cavity; skin firm; flesh light colored, firm, half-tender, breaking, juicy, sugary, pleasant; first quality; stone rather large, roundish-oval, with a pointed apex. windsor _prunus avium_ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _cult._ & _count. gent._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _del. sta. bul._ = =: fig. . . = .= _ont. fr. exp. sta. rpt._ = =: fig. . = .= _am. gard._ : . . = .= _can. hort._ = =: , fig., . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . windsor is the standard late bigarreau and one of the most profitable of the hard-fleshed cherries grown in new york. both fruit and trees deserve the approbation of cherry-growers. in color the cherries meet the market demand, buyers preferring a dark-colored sweet cherry. none would find fault with the appearance of windsor. the flesh is firm and the product stands harvesting and shipping well and at a season of the year when brown-rot is usually rife this variety is fairly free from this scourge of the sweet cherry. the quality is from good to very good, equaled but not surpassed by others of its class. but it is in its tree-characters that the superiority of windsor is best shown. the trees have the reputation of being the hardiest of the bigarreaus and of thriving in many soils. they are usually fruitful. to offset these merits, the trees have two or three rather serious faults. thus, they do not come in bearing early; they are tall and upright in growth, being almost fastigiate, making it difficult to harvest the crop; and the load of fruit is too much clustered. cherry-growers agree that the worst of all pests of this fruit is the robin and that the windsor, for some reason or other, is the freest of its kind from this and other thieving birds. from the behavior of the variety in new york, we can heartily join with practically all who are growing this variety in recommending it as a late, market sweet cherry. windsor originated in the latter half of the nineteenth century on the farm of james dougall, windsor, ontario, canada, and was introduced to fruit-growers in by ellwanger & barry, rochester, new york. it has been planted extensively in many sections of this country for both home and market use and is now offered for sale by a large number of nurserymen. the american pomological society added windsor to its fruit catalog list in and the variety still holds a place there. though rather widely known in the united states the commercial culture of this variety is almost wholly confined to new york. it seems as yet not to have found its way to europe, a fact to be regretted, for its many good qualities would soon make it known in the old world where the sweet cherry is better grown and more appreciated than in america. [illustration: windsor] tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, shaggy; branches stocky, very smooth, brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets thick, rather short, brown overspread with light ash-gray, smooth, with few small, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, pubescent; margin doubly crenate, glandular; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, tinged with dull red, with from one to three globose, reddish glands of medium size on the stalk. buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in very numerous clusters variable in size, on short spurs; leaf-scars somewhat prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters, in ones and twos; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish or with a tinge of red, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, slightly crenate, with short, blunt claws; filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, slightly oblong to conical, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex roundish, with a depression at the center; color very dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh light red, with reddish juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free, ovate, flattened, blunt-pointed, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture rather prominent near the apex. wood _prunus avium_ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _governor wood._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . wood is preeminently a sweet cherry for the amateur, having many qualities that fit it for the home orchard and but few to commend it to commercial growers. the trees are a little tender to cold, are not quite productive enough to make the variety profitable and are, too, somewhat fastidious as to soils. to offset these defects, they are vigorous and healthy and bear early. but the chief fault of the cherry from the cherry-grower's standpoint is to be found in the fruit. the flesh is soft and the cherries will not stand handling in harvesting and shipping and are very susceptible to brown-rot and crack badly in wet weather. wood has special merit in the home collection, however, because of its earliness, its beautiful appearance and delicious flavor. it is one of the first of the sweet cherries, is large and, as the color-plate shows, is a beautiful yellowish-white tinted with shades of crimson, with conspicuous russet dots--a beautiful fruit. the flesh separates readily from the skin, is tender, juicy, with an abundance of colorless juice and a flavor that has given it the reputation, wherever grown in america, of being one of the best in quality. it would be hard to name another cherry better suited for small plantations and it is to be hoped that it will long be kept in the gardens of connoisseurs of good fruit. wood is one of the best of professor j. p. kirtland's[ ] seedlings. it was raised by him in at cleveland, ohio, and named in honor of reuben wood, at one time governor of ohio. in , it was added to the fruit list of the american pomological society where it still remains, being changed in to wood with governor wood as a synonym. its popularity is shown in the united states by the fact that practically every nurseryman in this country lists this variety. [illustration: wood] tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, productive; trunk stout; branches thick, smooth, dull reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with a few small lenticels; branchlets thick, reddish-brown slightly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few inconspicuous, raised lenticels. leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thin; upper surface light green, smooth; lower surface dull green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, with from one to three reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. buds large, long, pointed, very plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one inch across, arranged in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, long, acute, glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed; petals roundish, crenate, with short, blunt claws; anthers yellowish; filaments one-eighth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, sometimes defective. fruit matures in early mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, flaring; suture variable in depth, distinct, wide; apex roundish; color shades of crimson on a yellowish-white background; dots numerous, small, light russet, somewhat conspicuous, especially just before maturity; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; very good in quality; stone clinging, rather large, roundish, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with a broad, ventral suture. [ ] jared p. kirtland, m. d., though now less well known than some of his contemporaries, was one of the great pomologists of his time and a man of notable achievements in other branches of natural history as well. professor kirtland was born at wallingford, connecticut, november , , and died at east rockport, near cleveland, ohio, december , . for sixty years of a long life his avocation was the production of new varieties of fruits and flowers and, though a half century has passed since he ceased active work, the results of his labors are yet to be found in the gardens and orchards of the whole country. in pomology he gave special attention to breeding grapes, raspberries, pears and cherries. he achieved success, too, as a hybridizer of peonies and in the introduction of rare foreign magnolias. professor kirtland is given credit as being the first horticulturist successfully to bud and graft magnolias, an achievement which has made possible their cultivation under many conditions and to a degree of excellence that otherwise could not be obtained. he was the founder of the cleveland society of natural history and was for many years its president. he was a member of the american philosophical society, the highest recognition for scientific work to be obtained in his time in this country. he served as professor in several medical schools and filled other places of honor and trust. from his boyhood we are told that he was interested in natural history and was intimately acquainted with the plants and animals of ohio, having special knowledge of birds and fishes, the propagation of the latter being one of his hobbies. in pomology we owe him most for the many new cherries he has given us, thirty varieties described in _the cherries of new york_ having come from his breeding grounds. among these are wood, pontiac, powhatan, tecumseh, osceola, kirtland and red jacket, sorts scarcely surpassed for high quality and grown commonly in america and to some extent wherever sweet cherries will thrive. his years seem to have been well ordered, given almost wholly for the good of the public, and his name should be cherished by pomologists among those who have done most for fruits and fruit-growing on this continent. wragg _prunus cerasus_ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ = =: fig. . . = .= _neb. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: , . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. sp. rpt._ . - . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: , . . wragg is either english morello or a strain of that variety. trees on the grounds of this station are identical with english morello but it may be that here, and occasionally elsewhere, the older sort has been substituted for wragg. in iowa, where the new variety is most largely grown, pomologists claim that it is distinct and that it is an improvement on english morello. professor j. l. budd, an authority on russian cherries, believed that this sort is distinct and of russian origin having, according to him, been brought to america by ellwanger & barry of rochester, new york, in an importation of russian trees. captain c. l. watrous of des moines, iowa, another prominent pomologist of that state, was of the opinion that wragg came to light on the grounds of j. wragg, waukee, iowa, as a sprout from another tree. colonel g. b. brackett, pomologist of the united states department of agriculture, who visited mr. wragg's place some years ago and compared the new cherry with the english morello, could find no distinguishing characters between the two. on the other hand, mr. wragg insisted that they were distinct. the american pomological society calls wragg and english morello the same. those who believe that the two are distinct say that the fruit of wragg is larger, the trees hardier and that the cherries ripen a little later than those of english morello. with the information now at hand it is impossible to say here whether or not wragg is distinct. a compiled description taken from the text describing this cherry is so unsatisfactory that we offer none and refer the reader to that of english morello from which it differs but little, if at all. yellow spanish _prunus avium_ = .= miller _gard. dict._ = =: . = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _biguarre cherrie._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . = .= _rea flora_ . . _spanish._ = .= gerarde _herball_ , fig. . . _bigarreau commun._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: no. , pl. . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . . . _pom. france_ : no. , pl. . . . leroy _dict. pom._ = =: - , fig. . . _cat. cong. pom. france_ , fig. . _gemeine marmorkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim kirschensort. - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _graffion._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. fig. . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= _cultivator_ n. s. = =: , fig. . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _bigarreau._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig., . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= _proc. nat. con. fr. gr._ . . = .= _cole am. fr. book_ fig. . . . hogg _fruit man._ , . . for centuries yellow spanish must have been the best of all the bigarreaus and it is only in comparatively late years that it has had rivals. even yet in tree-characters it is hardly equaled, surpassing windsor, which has a notable tree, in several respects and falling short of it only in hardiness. the trees are large,--perhaps the largest of all the varieties of _prunus avium_,--having an upright-spreading top which gives a large bearing surface and forms a canopy of splendid foliage. the trees are vigorous, bear abundantly and regularly and come in bearing young, with the crop well distributed and not in clusters as is the case and the fault of windsor. unfortunately, the cherries, though very good in most characters, do not come up to the trees in points of superiority. they are rather smaller than those of napoleon, the greatest competitor of yellow spanish, and are more subject to attacks of brown-rot than several others of the bigarreaus. as may be seen by comparing the color-plates, however, yellow spanish is rather the handsomer of the two cherries, the crimson color being more evenly distributed and the skin not having the mottled appearance of napoleon. in quality yellow spanish is the better of the two, having tenderer flesh and a sweeter and richer flavor. yellow spanish is notable in the nursery for its strong, upright growth and its large leaves, the leaves of no other cherry attaining so great a size. in blossoming time the variety may be distinguished by the whiteness of the blossoms as they open and a reddish tint as they drop. it is a mid-season cherry, ripening after wood and a few days before napoleon. despite the great age of the variety it still remains one of the best, furnishing proof, by the way, that varieties of cherries do not degenerate with age. in new york yellow spanish cannot be spared from either home or commercial plantings. yellow spanish is so old and so widely disseminated that its origin can only be conjectured. from the name we naturally infer a spanish nativity and yet it is almost equally well known as bigarreau, a word of french derivation. under the last name french pomologists believe that they trace its history to the first century of the christian era as the variety described by pliny under the name cerasum duracinum. the germans and austrians certainly knew this variety in the eighteenth century and probably much earlier, an inference to be drawn from the references given. parkinson, the english herbalist, described a cherry in which he called the biguarre cherrie which later came to be known as the bigarreau or graffion by english writers and which we now know to be yellow spanish. seven years later gerarde described a spanish cherry the description of which is not unlike our yellow spanish. miller and forsyth, english writers, also at an early date described a spanish cherry which may be the fruit of this discussion. fortunately we are well informed as to the history of yellow spanish in america. prince, one of the most accurate of american pomologists, in , gave the following historical account of the graffion, or yellow spanish: "this tree was imported from london by the father of the author, in the year , under the name yellow spanish, and one of the original trees is now growing in his garden, where it produces abundantly, and there is little doubt that from his stock have originated most of the trees of this kind now in our country, as he has taken much pains to recommend it." why prince and other americans came to call the variety introduced by the elder prince of europe as yellow spanish, as bigarreau and graffion, does not appear unless the younger prince wanted to make the name in this country conform to that in most common usage in england at the time. besides the names already given, yellow spanish has been rather widely grown in america as ox heart and white caroon. this variety was placed on the recommended list of the national congress of fruit growers, which afterwards became the american pomological society, in , under the name bigarreau. the name was changed in to yellow spanish and it now appears on the list of that organization as spanish. [illustration: yellow spanish] tree very large and vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open-topped, productive; trunk thick, of medium smoothness; branches stocky, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous large lenticels; branchlets short, brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with small, slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels. leaves numerous five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical; upper surface dark green, nearly smooth, grooved along the midrib; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, thick, heavily tinged with dull red, grooved along the upper surface, with from one to four large, reniform, reddish-yellow glands variable in position. buds conical, plump, free, arranged singly or in small clusters as lateral buds and from short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in well-distributed clusters, in twos and in threes; pedicels about one inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube greenish, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, reflexed; petals oval, entire, strongly dentate at the apex, tapering to short, blunt claws; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. fruit matures in mid-season; one inch or over in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a mere line; apex roundish, not depressed; color bright amber-yellow with a reddish blush, slightly mottled; dots numerous, small, light russet, obscure; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tough, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, aromatic, sprightly, sweet; very good to best in quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened, oblique, with smooth surfaces; with two small, blunt ridges along the ventral suture near the apex. chapter v the minor varieties of cherries =À coeur hâtive.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =À feuilles de pêcher grosse.= _p. cerasus?_ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . merely mentioned; probably similar to willow leaved. =abels schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . mentioned in this reference as a black, hard-fleshed, sweet cherry. =abundance= _p. avium._ = .= burbank _cat._ . - . abundance is one of burbank's seedlings from napoleon. the tree is a heavy, almost annual bearer. the fruit is large, never cracks, and exceeds the parent in productiveness and beauty; it ripens a week later. =abbesse.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . abbesse was found in north silesia and is supposed to be a red duke cross. fruit medium to large, cordate; stem long, thick at the base; cavity shallow; suture distinct; skin dark red; flesh meaty, with colored juice, mildly acid; quality good. =act gillos.= _p. avium._ = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . act gillos was imported by leo weltz of ohio, in a collection of sweet varieties said to have come from bokhara, turkestan. tree vigorous; leaves large; fruit yellow, resembling cleveland. =adams crown.= _p. avium._ = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. fig. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= mawe-abercrombie _comp. gard._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _adams herzkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _adam._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . adams crown is supposed to have been raised by a man named adams in the vicinity of sittingbourne, kent, england. it was formerly grown in the orchards near london for market trade. tree large, vigorous, usually productive, bears early; fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly compressed; cavity wide, deep; suture shallow, indistinct; stem slender, long; skin thin, transparent, attractive pale red speckled with darker red deepening to carmine, showing distinctly the fibers underneath; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, somewhat stringy, sweet, sprightly, pleasant; very good in quality; stone small, roundish-ovate, flattened at the base, plump; season early. =adlington.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =affane.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in this reference. =afghanistan.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= van lindley _cat._ . . this variety is said by van lindley to have been introduced into north carolina by a missionary from south africa. the fruit closely resembles windsor. tree tall, spreading, vigorous; fruit large, cordate, often swollen along the suture giving it an angular appearance; skin dark red to reddish-black; flesh firm, tender, sweet; ships well; season the last of may. =alaternblättrige süssweichsel.= _p. avium_, = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit medium large, roundish, flattened, with a faint suture; skin glossy, brownish-red; stem mostly covered with leaves, greenish-yellow; flesh soft, acidulated; stone heart-shaped. =albertine millet.= species? = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . received from belgium without description; its value is questioned in _guide pratique._ =alexandrine béon.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =alfred wesmael=. _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . this variety is similar to montmorency according to _guide pratique_. =allen.= _p. avium._ = .= storrs & harrison _cat._ . . = .= brown _cat._ . . a seedling cherry found in lake county, ohio. it is darker, later and smaller than windsor. the tree is healthy, very productive; fruit somewhat heart-shaped, nearly black, glossy, smooth; flesh meaty, firm, sweet; of small size. =allen late favourite.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . sent to the prince nursery by zachariah allen of providence, rhode island. the tree is vigorous; fruit of fine quality, juicy, well flavored; ripens in rhode island with black mazzard. =allerfrüheste bunte maiherzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long, deeply set; skin clear red, spotted with dark brown; flesh whitish, sweet; stone oval; ripens in mid-june. =alte königskirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ . . tree large, very productive; fruit large, round, slightly heart-shaped; stem long; skin reddish-black; flesh very delicate, tender, juicy, sweet, with an aromatic, very pleasing sourness; stone small. =altenlander frühkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= ill. _handb._ fig., . . _cerise précoce d'altenlaud._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . this variety is distinguished from frühe maiherzkirsche by its fruits which are larger, deeper in color, sourer and more angular and a few days later. tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, sometimes angular; cavity wide, shallow; apex often widely depressed; stem stout, of medium length; suture shallow; skin glossy, charcoal black in some spots when fully ripe, rather tough; flesh reddish-black, tender, very juicy, sweet with a pleasing sourness; stone short, oval; season early. =amaranthkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . in , this variety was reported to have been brought to hanover, prussia, germany, from england. truchsess describes this cherry as being of medium size, roundish-cordate, with a pronounced suture; stem short; cavity shallow; apex abruptly rounded; skin red on the sunny side, yellowish, flesh-colored on the shady side; flesh tender, light yellowish-white, juicy, sweet yet without excellence; stone round, rather broad, not long, nearly free; unproductive. =amarelle hâtive.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ = =: fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this variety was imported by professor j. l. budd of iowa, in . it resembles early richmond but ripens ten days later. it appeared on the fruit list of the american pomological society in and in morello hâtive was given as a synonym. this variety, however, is of the amarelle type while morello hâtive is a true morello. =amarelle mit weissem stempelpunct.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _amarelle à point pistillaire blanc._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . according to truchsess, this variety was first mentioned by christ as early as , under the name, roque cherydere. fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened; stem short; skin dark red; flesh white, with colorless juice, although a glistening red when pressed out, subacid; season early; medium productive; resembles bunte amarelle. =amber.= _p. avium._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . this variety was found in an old garden in providence, rhode island. fruit below medium in size, perfectly round; amber, delicate red towards the sun; flesh melting, lively, very sweet; early. =amber gean.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _amber_? = .= rea _flora_ . . _late amber gean._ = .= fish _hardy-fr. bk._ = =: . . this is probably the amber of the old english writers--an attractive, small gean or mazzard. tree bears abundantly; fruit small, obtuse-cordate, usually regular; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; skin very thin, pellucid, exhibiting the texture of the flesh, pale yellow or amber, tinged with delicate red; flesh white, tender, juicy, melting, with a rich, sweet, pleasant flavor; ripens the last of july. =ambrée de guben.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _gubener bernsteinkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this variety resembles yellow spanish; in fact the name is listed as a synonym of yellow spanish by mortillet. we feel sure, however, that it is a distinct variety. fruit large, roundish-cordate, truncate at the base; suture shallow; stem long; cavity wide, shallow; skin glossy, pale yellow washed with carmine in the sun; flesh firm, fibrous, sweet, with a sourness that disappears if allowed to remain on the tree; quality good; stone oval, slightly flattened at the base; ripens the first of july in france. =american amber.= _p. avium._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= bridgeman _gard. ass't_ pt. = =: . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . this variety was introduced some time previous to by the originator, daniel bloodgood, flushing, new york. it held a place on the american pomological society's list of fruits from until . it resembles american heart but differs in being a tender-fleshed fruit of regular outline. tree productive; fruit hanging in bunches for a long time without rotting. fruit borne in threes or fours, hangs well, of medium size, roundish-cordate often nearly round; stem long, slender, inserted in a slight, narrow cavity; skin very thin, smooth, glossy, clear, light amber becoming mottled and overspread with clear bright red; flesh amber, tender, sprightly, juicy, usually of only fair quality; pit large; season the last of june to the middle of july. =american heart=. _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , fig. . . = .= bridgeman _gard. ass't_ pt. = =: . . according to downing, this variety came from long island but its exact origin is unknown. tree vigorous, spreading, variable in productiveness; fruit medium to large, cordate, often nearly angular and irregular in outline; cavity small, shallow; stem long, slender; skin tough, adhering to the pulp, pale yellow or amber-red; flesh very juicy, yellowish, half-tender, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone medium in size. =amos owen.= _p. avium._ = .= _n. c. sta. bul._ = =: . . amos owen is a black mazzard used by nurserymen as a stock for grafting. the fruit is small and black; of poor quality. =andrews.= species? = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . andrews is a seedling named after c. n. andrews, redlands, california, who fruited it in . it is grown in the mountain valley near redlands and is apparently a fine shipping variety. =anne.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing fr. _trees am._ . . this cherry is reported by charles downing to have originated at lexington, kentucky; distributed by a. v. bedford, paris, kentucky. tree moderate in growth; fruit of medium size, bright red; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet; quality excellent; early. =annonay.= _p. avium._ = .= _flor. & pom._ . . = .= rivers _cat._ . - . = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . _annonayer herzkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . a heart cherry mentioned in as a promising new fruit because of its extreme earliness and excellent quality. this variety, introduced by thomas rivers & son, sawbridgeworth, england, should not be confused with an older french sort often known by the same name but of a reddish-brown color. tree moderate in growth; fruit glossy, black, round, of medium size, produced in clusters; flesh charcoal-black, very rich in flavor. =anstad.= _p. avium._ = .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ . . a seedling from seeds planted in by a. p. anstad, trail, british columbia. the fruit is large, heart-shaped; cavity of medium depth and width; stem long, slender; apex depressed; suture indistinct; skin moderately thick, tender, dark red or blackish; dots obscure; flesh dull red, meaty, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality good; stone of medium size, clinging; season in ontario, the end of july. =argental late.= _p. avium._ = .= barry _fr. garden_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . downing says this variety is of french origin and that the fruit is unlike any other cherry in form. tree spreading; branches slender, irregular; fruit of medium size, elongated-oval, sides compressed; suture narrow; stem medium in length, slender; cavity small; skin deep purplish-black; flesh half-tender, juicy, sweet, of peculiar flavor; quality very good; stone small, narrow, elongated-oval; ripens about july th. =auburn duke=. _p. avium × p. cerasus._ a stray variety not mentioned in cherry literature, occasionally grown in western new york. the fruit, on the station grounds, is above medium size, roundish; skin glossy, amber-yellow with a dark red cheek, often wholly suffused with red, sometimes mottled with translucent spots underneath the skin; suture a distinct line; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, inserted in a broad cavity; flesh white, very tender, juicy, nearly sweet; quality good but not rich; stone small, adhering to the stem; season late june. the fruit cracks in wet weather. =august duke.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _cultivator_ rd ser. = =: fig., . . _vail's august duke._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: fig., . - . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . this variety originated with henry vail of troy, new york. it is valued for its lateness, maturing three weeks after downer, generally about the tenth of august. tree hardy, healthy, moderate in growth; fruit borne in pairs, hanging in thick clusters along the branches, of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem of medium length, thickening where it joins the fruit, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin bright red; flesh tender, subacid, much like may duke in flavor; pit oval. =augustine de vigny=. species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned in the references given. =aurischotte.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . according to truchsess, this cherry was described in by christ who states that it originated in wanfred, prussia, germany. truchsess believed, however, that the name was a corruption of sauriotte, a sour or weichsel cherry. fruit round, somewhat flattened, above medium in size; suture indistinct; apex slightly depressed, gray; stem strong; skin dark red; flesh and juice of a slight reddish cast, sour, rather repulsive; stone large. =badacsony.= _p. avium._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . _géanie de badacson._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _badacsoner riesenkirsche._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _badacconyi._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _badacsoner schwarze riesenkirsche._ = .= _reut. pom. inst. festschrift_ . . _badacsonyer knorpelkirsche._ = .= _obstzüchter_ = =: . . a strong-growing variety of the bigarreau group which originated in the volcanic regions near balaton lake, hungary. tree spreading, productive, subject to shot-hole fungus; fruit very large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide; skin dark red, mottled with purple; flesh crisp, breaking, pinkish, juicy, sweet; quality good; ripens in july. =baender.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . an unproductive morello. tree medium in size, upright, round-topped; fruit medium to large, round, flattened; stem stout, long; skin dark red, thin, tender; flesh firm, meaty, slightly stained, rich acid; stone long, smooth; ripens the last of july in washington. =baltavar.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _bigarreau monstreux de baltava._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _baltavari._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _baltavaer knorpelkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ = .= . baltavar was introduced from hungary by the united states department of agriculture. tree upright, somewhat spreading; fruit resembles napoleon in size and shape; cavity medium in depth, irregular, flaring; stem variable, slender; suture shallow; skin thick, glossy, light red changing to dark crimson on a yellow ground; dots numerous, minute, golden; flesh melting, yellowish, meaty, translucent, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; quality good to very good; stone large, long, clinging; ripens the forepart of july. =baluder morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _kan. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree upright, unproductive; fruit medium to large; stem slender; skin dull red, tough; flesh red, tender, juicy, acid, lacking in richness; ripens unevenly about june th; not a commercial variety. =barnhart.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . this variety originated with louis shepler, belle vernon, pennsylvania. tree healthy, vigorous, bears abundantly; fruit of the bigarreau type, large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity large, deep; stem rather long, slender; suture shallow; skin whitish-yellow, shaded and mottled with light and dark, rich red; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, with a rich, rather sprightly flavor; ripens the last of june. =baseler herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a medium-sized cherry of little value. =bates.= _p. cerasus._ = .= green _cat._ fig. . said to have originated with s. j. bates, shelby, michigan; introduced by c. a. green, rochester, new york; not propagated at present. as grown on our grounds it is identical with olivet but our trees may not be correctly named. =bay state.= _p. cerasus._ = .= adams _cat._ . . = .= sweet _cat._ . . bay state on the station grounds resembles reine hortense and may be identical. (see description of reine hortense.) in it was listed by j. w. adams of springfield, massachusetts, under the name bay state and in was offered for sale by the george a. sweet nursery company of dansville, new york. =baylor.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =bedford prolific.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _flor. & pom._ , pl. fig. . . bedford prolific is similar to its parent, black tartarian, but has the advantage of being much hardier and more productive. it is inferior in quality to its parent. many writers confuse it with black tartarian. =belle audigeoise.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , pl. . _schöne audigeoise._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . very similar to choisy. tree vigorous, but moderately productive; fruit large, roundish, flattened at the ends; stem of medium length; cavity large, round; skin glossy, transparent, almost entirely washed with red at complete maturity; flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet, acidulated; ripens in france late in july. =belle bosc.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in the reference given. =belle de boskoop.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference without description. =belle de caux.= _p. avium._ = .= _guide prat._ . . listed as similar to duchess de palluau. =belle de couchey.= _p. avium._ = .= _rev. hort._ . . . mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _schöne von couchey._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . raton, a laborer, found this variety in , growing in a garden in cote d'or, france. here and in the surrounding country it was commonly known as cerise raton. tree vigorous, abundantly productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, irregular, often flattened; stem long, slender, inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex conical; skin tender, at first clear purple changing to blackish-purple; flesh tender, rather succulent, intense purple, juicy, sweet, sugary, very pleasing; stone small for the size of the fruit, ovate, short, broad, turgid; ripens the last of june. in france, one of the best fruits of the season standing shipment well notwithstanding its tender flesh. =belle defay.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed without a description in this reference. =belle de franconville.= _p. avium._ = .= _rev. hort._ . . = .= _ibid._ , fig. . this variety is a chance seedling found in the forests of seine-et-oise, france, and propagated by m. arthur nienard, a nurseryman of the same place. the variety is valued for its lateness and its good shipping qualities. fruit elongated-cordate, slightly depressed; suture rather deep; cavity rather large, regular; stem slender, long; skin glossy, brilliant purplish-red, firm; flesh clear yellow, rather transparent, juicy, sprightly yet sugary, agreeable but slightly strong; pit oblong, tapering at the top, truncate, partly adherent; season late september in france. =belle l'herissier.= _p. avium._ = .= _rev. hort._ , pl. . this cherry was raised from seed in by m. doublet, horticulturist at montrichard, loir-et-cher, france. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually borne in clusters, depressed on the side, with a faint suture; stem very long, slender, adhering strongly to the pit; skin a brilliant red but never black; flesh pale red, juicy, sweet, slightly sprightly; quality very good; pit irregular, very small, elongated; ripens the middle of june in france. =belle de kis-oers.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . this is a hungarian cherry. fruit of medium size, elongated, marbled with red; flesh white, sugary; in france it ripens the middle of july. =belle de loche.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this name is wrongly used as a synonym of magnifique. distributed by jacquement-bonnefont, nurseryman at annonay, ardèche, france, who described it as a very good, large, productive fruit, ripening in june. =belle d'orleans.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig., . . = .= _leroy dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _beauty of orleans._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . _belle de bruxelles._ = .= _guide prat._ , , . . some writers state that thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, originated this variety about ; others hold that it is of french origin. tree large, very vigorous, productive; fruit usually attached in pairs, medium to above in size, roundish-oval or often cordate; stem medium in length, rather slender; skin transparent, clear pale yellow with a light red cheek, occasionally slightly mottled; flesh pale amber, juicy, tender, sweet; good in quality; stone large, roundish-obovate; season early. =belle de ribeaucourt.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ : , . . . leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _schöne von ribeaucourt._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . this variety probably originated in northern france. fruit globular, flattened at the ends, large, usually borne in twos; stem long; cavity large, deep; skin transparent, red, more intense in the sun; flesh yellow, rose-colored under the skin, sweet, juicy, acidulated; pit small, oval, round; ripens about the middle of june. =belle de rochelle.= species? = .= _gard. chron._ . . mentioned as remarkable for its size, its abundant juice and rich flavor which are said to make it one of the best fruits of its season. its long stems facilitate picking. =belle de rocmont.= _p. avium_ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . _glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte kramelkirsche._ = .= kraft pom. aust. = =: , tab. fig. . . _schöne von rocmont._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _pigeon's heart._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . _bigarreau belle de rocmond._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _coeur de pigeon gros._ = .= _ibid._ . . _pigeon heart bigarreau._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _bigarreau de rocmont._ = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . _rocmonter marmorkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _rothe spanische marmorkirsche._ = .= _ibid._ , . . belle de rocmont is so similar to yellow spanish that some writers consider them the same. if not the same they are so nearly so that a description of this variety is unnecessary. =belle de saint tronc.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _flor. & pom._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . this heart cherry was introduced in by m. antonie, marseilles, bouches-du-rhône, france. it is described by the french as a brownish-black cherry but rivers lists it as a light red sort. fruit cordate; stem short; brownish-black; flesh deep red, juicy; first quality; early; productive. =belle vezzouris.= species? = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . a medium to large, light red, somewhat transparent cherry with a subacid flavor; quality good; ripens with downer. =belle de voisery.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . similar to duchesse de palluau according to _guide pratique._ =bender= (of michigan). _p. cerasus._ = .= wood _cat._ . . this is a seedling found by a man named bender near shelby, michigan. it ripens between early richmond and montmorency, surpassing the latter in size, color and quality; sour. =bender= (of new york). _p. avium × p. cerasus._ _marguerite._ = .= mckay _cat._ . . this variety is an accidental seedling found by j. o. bender, fayetteville, new york, about . it is a late cherry of the duke group. the fruit is attractive both in size and color, making a valuable market sort. fruit roundish-cordate to oblate, compressed; cavity medium, flaring; suture very shallow; stem slender, above medium in length; skin of medium thickness and toughness, separating from the pulp, light red, yellowish on the shaded side; flesh pale yellow, somewhat coarse and stringy, tender, melting, subacid, juicy; good in quality; stone large, slightly clinging along the ventral suture. very similar to late duke. =berlin amarelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . a vigorous variety received from l. spath, berlin, germany. fruit medium to large, oval; skin glossy red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasingly acid; season from the middle to the last of july in canada. =bernard.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _am. hort. an._ . . described by d. b. wier, lacon, illinois, as a seedling of the morello group. tree vigorous, pyramidal in growth; fruit the size, shape, color and flavor of english morello but with a smaller pit. =bettenburger glaskirsche.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _transparent de bettenburg._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _belle allemande._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . truchsess, a german, grew this variety from a stone of the prager muscateller, in . the tree has a close growth and with its large, wide leaves is easily recognized from other light duke cherries. the fruit is often confused with double glass but the color is darker, the stem longer and thicker, the flavor sweeter, and the season from eight to ten days later. tree moderately vigorous; fruit large, cordate, rather obtuse, with a pronounced suture extending into the cavity; stem long, set in a smooth, shallow cavity; skin tough, clear purple changing to dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, juicy, not colored unless well ripened, sweetish-sour, slightly aromatic; stone of medium size, globular, plump, truncate at the base; season late. =bettenburger herzkirsche.= _p. avium_. = .= _ill. handb_. fig., . . _bettenburger schwarze herzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . _guigne de bettenbourg._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . this variety is a seedling of a worthless black heart cherry, raised by truchsess in . fruit very large, flattened, heart-shaped, sides compressed; stem short, set in a shallow cavity; apex slightly depressed; skin tough, deep dark-brown with light spots. turning black when ripe; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet; stone almost small, plump, roundish; season the last of june in germany. =bettenburger kirsche von der natte.= _p. cerasus_. = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a variety received by truchsess as kirsche von der natte and disseminated by him as such. after a few years he found that it was not true to name and to avoid further confusion added the word bettenburger. fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; suture indistinct; stem short, slender, shallowly inserted; skin tough, dull, dark brown, inclined to black; flesh dark red, juicy, aromatic, subacid; stone not large, plump; ripens the middle of july in germany. =bettenburger weichsel.= _p. cerasus_. = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _bettenburger weichsel grosser gobet_. = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _bettenburger weichsel von der natte_. = .= liegel _syst. anleit_. . . _griotte de bettenbourg_. = .= thomas _guide prat_. , . . this german variety came from seeds of grosse gobet planted by truchsess in . fruit very large, sides compressed; skin tough, dark brownish-red; flesh and juice dark, pleasingly sour, improves if left on the tree; stone large, cordate, pointed. =bicolor van mons.= species? = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . fruit medium in size, slightly elongated; attractively variegated with red; of mediocre quality; matures the last fortnight of june. =bigarreau abbesse de mouland.= _p. avium_. = .= mathieu _nom. pom_. . . listed in the reference given. =bigarreau antoine nomblot.= _p. avium_. = .= _rev. hort_. , , pl. . in , alfred nomblot planted what he believed to be a seed of bigarreau dönnissen but the resulting tree in many of its characters resembled bigarreau noir de kruger which stood near the supposed parent. a cross between these varieties might result in a dark fruit similar to this. tree vigorous, upright, very productive; fruit above medium in size, cordate, attached in ones, twos and threes; stem long; skin marbled with purple changing to black; flesh firm, sugary, juicy, high flavored; pit small, ovoid; early. recommended by the société pomologique de france as a good, early cherry. =bigarreau blanc précoce.= _p. avium. ._ mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . a short description of the tree-characters is given in this reference. =bigarreau blanc-rosé de piémont.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . matures late; according to _guide pratique_, , it is very similar to napoleon. =bigarreau bordan.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _bordans frühe weisse herzkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bordans herzkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _guigne blanche de bordan._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , , . . this variety was raised by m. bordan of guben, prussia, germany, and was first described by oberdieck. leroy lists it as a bigarreau as he believes the flesh is too firm for a guigne as many germans have described it. tree hardy, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, elongated-cordate, sides and base often compressed; suture shallow; stem long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy, yellowish, spotted and streaked with red, becoming almost entirely washed with red in the sun; flesh tender, whitish, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated, pleasing; stone medium, oval, turgid; season early. =bigarreau de bourget.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed without a description by mathieu. =bigarreau brun.= _p. avium._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . not described. =bigarreau de capucins.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. chron._ n. s. = =: . . _kapuziner knorpel._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this variety is little known out of belgium. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-oblong, regular, depressed at the ends; skin amber-yellow, blushed with red; flesh white, crisp, juicy. =bigarreau de la caserne.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. chron._ . . according to the reference this variety is spoken of in _la belgique horticole_ as a variety with prodigious leaves, yellow fruit dashed with red and of good quality. =bigarreau cayenne.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . _cayenner knorpelkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . this variety was received by leroy in from angouleme, charente, france. fruit generally borne in pairs; of medium size, oval, somewhat cylindrical, compressed at the extremities, with a large, rather deep suture; apex generally prominent; stem long; cavity broad and regular; skin thick, yellow, washed with pale red changing to lively red in the sun; flesh yellowish, firm, brittle, juicy, sweet, slightly sugary and aromatic; pit large, oval, slightly convex; ripens the last of june to the first of july. =bigarreau de châlons.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , , . . a local variety, widely known in the departments of jura and saône-et-loire, france, as châlonnaise. fruit large, roundish-cordate, depressed at the base, one face flattened, the other bulged; suture slight; stem short; skin a deep purple tint in the sun, spotted with clear red in the shade; flesh white or of a slight rose color, with uncolored juice, sugary, aromatic; pit small; season the middle of june. =bigarreau de champvans.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . this is an excellent cherry of the bigarreau type with colored juice and transparent skin, which originated in the department of saône-et-loire, france; said in the second reference to be similar to napoleon. =bigarreau corniola.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . the name corniola is derived from cornaline, the french for cornelian. tree medium in size and productiveness; fruit attached in twos or threes, large, roundish, slightly compressed at the ends and faces; suture deep; stem short, set in a rather deep cavity; skin whitish-yellow, largely washed with rose color and spotted with deep carmine; flesh yellowish, firm, not fibrous, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; season early june. =bigarreau court picout hâtif.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =bigarreau court picout tardif.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in the reference given. =bigarreau dönnissen.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _dönnissens gelbe knorpelkirsche._ = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _bigarreau jaune de dönissen._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . this variety is a seedling from guben, prussia, germany, named for the originator; it fruited first about . tree vigorous, productive; fruit attached in twos, sometimes threes, large, roundish-cordate; suture slight; stem long, rather stout; cavity broad, shallow; skin glossy, transparent, yellowish-orange when ripe; flesh whitish, firm, slightly fibrous, moderately juicy, sugary, pleasingly acidulated; first quality; pit large, ovoid, plump; ripens the last of june to the first of july. =bigarreau doré.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . fruit yellow, round. =bigarreau double royale.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _königliche fleischkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _königliche herzkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _guigne royale._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . the fact that oberdieck received this variety from the société horticole de prague under the french name double royale leads us to believe, as does leroy, that it is of french rather than of austrian origin as many german writers hold. tree vigorous; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, cordate, rather abrupt at the ends; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; suture almost indistinct; skin glossy, reddish-brown to nearly black; flesh moderately tender, red, juicy, vinous, sweet; quality very good; pit small, ovoid, turgid; ripens about the middle of june. =bigarreau dur.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference without description. =bigarreau duranno.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . this variety is first mentioned by leroy in , appearing in his catalog of incorrectly as bigarreau duracino. the trees are used for stocks. fruit large, roundish-cordate, uneven; suture narrow; stem long, slender; skin deep red in the sun; flesh firm, dry, acidulated, sugary; matures early in july. =bigarreau galopin.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =bigarreau glady.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . this variety was sent from the jumard nursery about to eugène glady, bordeaux, france. fruit above medium in size, cordate, elongated; stem of medium length, set in a straight, deep cavity; skin brownish-red, striped with carmine; flesh a light rose color, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; pit of medium size; ripens the first of june. =bigarreau grand.= _p. avium._ = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= _guide prat._ . . this cherry was introduced into the vicinity of lyons, france, in by m. grand who probably brought it from his nurseries in italy. it has many characters in common with lyons. tree moderately vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, truncate at the base; suture wide, deep; stem medium, straight, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin thin, smooth, changing from a whitish-green to a rose-red and later to a deep crimson; flesh fine, half-tender, rose-colored, lighter near pit, with pale juice, sugary, aromatic; good; pit large, oval; season very early. =bigarreau groll.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _grolls bunte knorpelkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . _bigarreau blanc de groll._ = .= _guide prat._ , . . this seedling from guben, prussia, germany, bearing the name of its originator, has been known and rather widely written about since early in the nineteenth century. tree of moderate vigor; fruit generally borne in pairs, large, cordate, truncate at the base; sides compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin red, becoming darker, spotted and streaked; flesh yellowish, somewhat firm, juicy, aromatic; first quality; stone large, oval; ripens in june and hangs for a long time. =bigarreau gros noir de luther.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . listed in the reference given. =bigarreau hâtif de champagne.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . found at champagne, ain, france, and introduced in by m. fandon. the tree is an erect, vigorous grower; fruit large, brownish-black, ripening two weeks before lyons; of little value. =bigarreau hâtif de saint-laud.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . fruit large, cordate, slightly irregular in outline; stem rather short, set in a wide, round cavity; skin clear red, striped with deeper red changing to purple; flesh rather tender, tinged red, with abundant colored juice, sugary, vinous; good; pit small, ovoid, slightly compressed; matures the middle of june. =bigarreau d'italie.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , , fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _bohemian black bigarreau._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ , , . . _black bohemian._ = .= fish _hardy-fr. bk._ = =: . . this old variety was much esteemed by the italians and later by the belgians who grew it as early as ; it is of more recent introduction into france and england. it is sometimes confused with the florence of hogg and downing. fruit roundish, slightly heart-shaped, flattened at both ends; suture distinct; stem thick, short, inserted in an acute, deep cavity; skin firm, thick, glossy, very deep purple changing to black; flesh firm, dark, juicy, sugary, aromatic; pit medium, roundish-oval, convex, suture and grooves prominent; season the last two weeks of june. =bigarreau jacquet.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in this reference. =bigarreau jumard.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict pom._ = =: . . mentioned as having been received by eugène glady, bordeaux, gironde, france, in a shipment of trees received about from the jumard nursery. =bigarreau krüger.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _bigarreau noir de krüger._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _krüger's schwarze knorpelkirsche._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this variety was introduced into france by m. eugène glady, , from guben, prussia, germany, and is thought to have been originated by one of the krüger family. tree vigorous, bears early; fruit large to above, cordate, more or less roundish, faces compressed; suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a large cavity; skin yellowish-white, mingled with red, changing to brownish; flesh pale yellow, rather firm, slightly fibrous, juicy, sweet though sprightly; pit large, elongated-oval, flat; ripens toward the middle of june. =bigarreau legrey.= _p. avium._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . a small, cordate-shaped bigarreau, more curious than useful. =bigarreau de lory.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. . . _bigarreau de loire._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned as a medium-sized, dark brownish-red, firm-fleshed fruit. =bigarreau marjolet.= _p. avium._ = .= _guide prat._ . . _guigne marjolet._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _bigarreau marjeollais._ = .= _ibid._ . . _marjolets knorpelkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . the descriptions of the guigne marjolet and the bigarreau marjolet are identical and we have combined the two. the variety was named after its originator, m. marjolet; tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, dark red; flesh tender, red, vinous, pleasing; ripens the middle of june. =bigarreau mongin.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . tree of medium growth; fruit medium in size, cordate; stem long, inserted in a deep cavity; skin clear yellow blushed with red; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant; ripens in july in canada. =bigarreau monstreuse de bavay.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . spoken of, in , as promising but evidently it has been discarded as no reference has been made to it since that date. it may be reine hortense. =bigarreau moreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _rev. hort._ , , pl. . this cherry recently originated as a chance seedling near lyons, france, several persons claiming the honor of its discovery. its value was discussed at the meetings of the société pomologique de france in and when it was adjudged by leading french pomologists to be one of the earliest of all varieties, earlier than lyons, and showing high commercial possibilities. tree handsome in type of growth, with open, somewhat erect branches; leaves large, deeply serrate; fruit very large; color beautiful clear red becoming darker at maturity; flesh white, breaking, very firm, with uncolored juice, sweet, very refreshing; stone medium to small; season in france very early. =bigarreau napoléon noir.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _bigarreau noir napoléon iii._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _napoléon noir._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _herzkirsche napoléon iii._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . the origin of this cherry is uncertain. leroy first noted it in the simon-louis catalog in . to avoid confusion with the well-known napoleon, he added the number iii. fruit usually attached in pairs, large, varying from elongated-oval to cylindrical; stem long, set in a large cavity; color dull red changing to deep maroon; flesh rose-colored, moderately firm, very juicy, sweet; ripens the last of june. =bigarreau noir d'ecully.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . _ecullyer knorpelkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, black at maturity; flesh firm, crisp, dark, vinous, sugary, juicy, good; late. =bigarreau noir à gros fruits.= _p. avium._ = .= _le bon jard._ . . fruit large, flattened; flesh firm, sweet; first quality; ripens early in june. =bigarreau noir de heintzen.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _heintzen's (heintze's) schwarze knorpelkirsche._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this is said to be a very good and productive cherry ripening in the fifth week of the cherry season. =bigarreau noir de tabor.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _tabors schwarze knorpelkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . tree vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, cordate, often obtuse; sides compressed; suture but a line; stem medium long; cavity variable; skin glossy, dark reddish-brown; flesh firm, dark red, sweet, rich; stone small, roundish; ripens the last of june. =bigarreau d'octobre.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _oktober-knorpelkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this variety was refused a place on the american pomological society's fruit list in . fruit small, oval to roundish-cordate, flattened at the cavity; stem short; skin black, glossy; stone large, oval; good. =bigarreau de l'once.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . it is thought that this variety originated in the vicinity of nice, alpes-maritimes, france. fruit very large, elongated-cordate; suture distinct on one side, a colored line on the other side; stem very long, slender; cavity deep, large; skin a clear cherry-red on a yellow ground; flesh yellowish, crisp, firm, sweet, refreshing, with abundant, uncolored juice; quality good; pit large; season the first of july. =bigarreau pourpré.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _gros bigarreau pourpré._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , , . . tree vigorous; fruit large, roundish-cordate; skin deep reddish-brown; flesh firm, good; ripens early in july. =bigarreau printanier d'oullins.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =bigarreau reverchon.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . m. paul reverchon introduced this variety about , into france from italy, where it had long been known about florence as bigarreau papal. tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit attached in ones or twos, large, obtuse-cordate, marked distinctly on one side by the suture; stem thick, short, set in a prominent cavity; skin smooth, glossy, tough, rose-yellow streaked with purple in the sun and with red in the shade; flesh light red, crisp, fibrous, moderately juicy, rather sweet; pit small, ovoid, plump; season the last of june to the first of july. =bigarreau richelieu.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this variety, says leroy, was introduced into france from nikita, crimea, russia, about . fruit borne in pairs, large, elongated-cordate, with one side flattened; stem long, inserted in a small mamelonated cavity; skin glossy, yellowish-amber, with a rose-colored blush in the sun; flesh firm, breaking, filamentose, juicy, sweet, aromatic; first quality; stone of medium size, elongated-cordate; ripens the last of june. =bigarreau rosa.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . tree moderately productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, elongated-cordate, faces flattened; suture wide, deep; stem long, rather stout, set in a wide cavity; skin yellowish on rose-colored ground, amply washed with brilliant red on which are scattered small, white dots; flesh yellowish-white, firm, compact, filamentose, juicy, uncolored, rather sugary, acidulated, aromatic; second quality; pit large, turgid; ripens the last of june. =bigarreau rose dragon.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . reported by the committee on foreign fruits in as worthy of trial but not grown at present. fruit large, pale yellow, with a red cheek; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, good; season the middle of july. =bigarreau de schrecken.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _schreckens kirsche._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; brownish-black, glossy; flesh moderately firm; first quality; matures in mid-june. =bigarreau strié.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , , . . fruit large, elongated-cordate, faces compressed; suture wide; stem short, rather stout; skin many shades of red and purple on a rose-colored ground with flesh-colored spots; flesh reddish, firm, crisp, sweet; juice slightly colored; quality fair; stone small; season early; deteriorates rapidly. =bigarreau de trie.= _p. avium._ = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . origin unknown, but rather widely cultivated around trie, hautes-pryénées, france. tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed, slightly cordate; stem long, slender; skin tough, deep red, transparent, with a slight blush of amber; flesh whitish-yellow, very firm, juicy, uncolored, sugary, aromatic; good; season early july. =bigarreau à trochets.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . an extremely productive variety distributed in some parts of france; fruit large, red; flesh brittle; ripens in late june. =bigarreau turca.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this old cherry was described in as heaume rouge but was found in by leroy in florence, italy, as bigarreau turca by which name it was well known. it is probably not of turkish origin as the name would indicate. fruit often borne in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate; suture noticeable but not deep; stem short; cavity spacious; color deep red, lightly spotted with gray; flesh rather firm, fibrous, mottled with light red becoming darker near the pit, juicy, sweet, sprightly; pit large, ovoid, plump; ripens late in june. =bigarreau de walpurgis.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . _st. walpurgiskirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _walpurgiskirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _cerise walpurgis._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this variety is a seedling from the village of walpurgisburg, near cologne, germany, originating about . tree vigorous, productive; fruit attached in pairs, very large, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture shallow, extending entirely around the fruit; stem slender, rather long; cavity wide, shallow, sides only slightly raised; skin firm, adherent, glossy, dark cherry-red changing to almost black; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, aromatic, vinous; pit of medium size, oval, dark red; ripens late in july. =bigarreau de zeisberg.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _zeisbergische kirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _cerise de zeisberg._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . oberdieck received this variety, which bears the name of its originator, from hanover, prussia, germany, in . fruit very large, obtuse-cordate; suture wide, flat on the dorsal side, extending slightly beyond the apex; stem long, rather slender, set in a flaring cavity; skin glossy, brownish-black, later becoming black, adhering to the pulp; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, pleasant, with an aromatic sweetness when mature; season the last of june. =bigarreau zschedowitzer schwarze.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . listed in the reference given. =bigarreautier à petit fruit noir.= _p. avium._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . a mediocre but productive cherry ripening in august. =bigarreautier à petit fruit rose.= _p. avium._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . a variety raised from seed in ; tree vigorous; stem long; flesh tender, white, sugary; quality fair; july. =bill and coo.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . two lovers made the original tree their haunt, hence, the name "bill and coo." this variety originated on the grounds of professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio. fruit of medium size, regular heart-shaped, flattened at the apex; stem long, slender; cavity deep; suture broad on one side, the opposite side knobby; color amber-yellow, marbled with clear red; flesh rich, delicate, sweet; ripens early in june. =bismarck.= _p. avium._ = .= hoopes, bro. & thomas _cat._ . . this variety is a sweet cherry from near baltimore, maryland. fruit very large, dark red, firm, sweet, juicy and rich; vigorous and productive; ripens the first of july. =black american.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without description in this reference. =black bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _knoop fructologie_ = =: , , . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _bigarreau hâtif._ = .= _le bond jard_. . . _bigarreau noir hâtif._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . black bigarreau is an old variety of unknown origin quite distinct from any others of its class. tree productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, obscurely flattened; stem long; skin at first dotted with red, later becoming black, glossy; flesh firm, rather dry, with dark colored juice, breaking, sweet; not high in quality; ripens the last of june and the first of july. =black bigarreau of savoy.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ibid._ . . _new large black bigarreau._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: fig., . . _large black bigarreau of savoy._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . _walsh seedling._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ , . . _bigarreau noir de savoie._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . the original tree of this variety was brought from the south of france by the father of george walsh, charlestown, massachusetts. the tree came into bearing about . in , fruits were exhibited from trees introduced into american collections from italy as new large black bigarreau, and were thought by several people to be the black bigarreau of savoy. until , all writers held these two varieties to be distinct but downing then declared them to be the same and on his authority we combine the two. tree vigorous, handsome; fruit large, regular, cordate, slightly obtuse; stem long, rather stout, set in a narrow, even cavity; skin smooth, not very glossy, nearly black when mature; flesh dark purplish-red, firm, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly adherent to the stone; pit rather large; ripens the middle of july. =black hungarian gean.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a round, black guigne of second quality with tender, transparent flesh; used for dessert. =black margaret.= species? = .= watkins _cat._ . . described as a fine, black, very late, english cherry. =black prolific.= species? = .= _lond. hort soc. cat._ . . listed in the reference given. =black spanish.= _p. avium._ = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _schwarze oder späte herzkirsche._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , . . _spanish._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _schwarze spanische knorpelkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bigarreau noir d'espagne._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this is an old variety first mentioned by the english and in all probability is of english origin. it has been greatly confused by some german writers with other black cherries but truchsess maintains that if placed beside the grosse schwarze knorpelkirsche and the grosse schwarze knorpelkirsche mit festem fleische, the two with which it is most often confused, differences could be noted especially as to firmness of flesh and smallness of pit. fruit large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture distinct; stem slender, short; cavity small, smooth, shallow; skin dark reddish-brown changing to black, lighter along the suture; flesh more tender than in most hard-fleshed sorts, dark red, sweet; stone small, adhering before fully mature, colored; ripens early in july or earlier. =black turkey heart.= _p. avium._ = .= watkins _cat._ . . fruit large, black, late; suitable for market and home use. =blasse johanni kirsche.= species? = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . received by thomas with a recommendation from baron emanuel trauttenberg of prague. =bocage.= species? = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . this variety is said, in _guide pratique_, , to be similar to carnation, a sour cherry, while thomas says it is similar to reine hortense, a hybrid sort. =bohemian queen.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _can. hort._ = =: . . this variety is said to come true to seed; to be similar in fruit-characters to ostheim, though larger and more fleshy; to be productive and a cherry of good flavor; and to succeed well in moist land. =bon bon.= species? = .= childs _cat._ fig. . a very early, large, dark red, juicy cherry; ships well and bears regularly. =book.= species? = .= _pa. dept. agr. rpt._ pt. = =: . . this is a local variety recommended by john weitzel, bethesda, lancaster county, pennsylvania. fruit medium to large, dark red; ripens the middle of june. =boppard.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . _boppard's early._ = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . _bopparder frühkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . tree vigorous; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; skin glossy, dark red; flesh red, firm, juicy, sweet. =boquet morello.= p. _cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _amarelle boquet._ = .= _ibid._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . this is one of budd's importations of , according to the third reference. it is often confused with the boquet amarelle of the french. the fruit resembles early richmond in size, shape, season and color, differing only in its flesh being more firm, its pit smaller, and the tree less productive; of no value commercially. =boreatton.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . a small, roundish-cordate, nearly black sweet cherry, with half-tender flesh; poor quality; ripens in mid-july. =boughton early black duke.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =boulebonner kirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _bigarreau hâtif boulbon._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . this cherry was introduced into belgium from france some years previous to . tree not vigorous, but productive; fruit large, broadly cordate, variable in size and form, sides compressed; suture distinct, deepest near the cavity; apex slightly depressed; stem slender, usually long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin a glossy, rose-red color with a yellowish tinge, dotted and streaked with clear blood-red and washed with dark purplish-red; flesh yellowish-white, reddish-white under the skin, firm, juicy, rich, pleasing; stone large, oval, somewhat flattened, with a short point; partially clinging; ripens the last of june and, according to oberdieck, hangs during wet seasons without cracking. =bount dantzic.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =bouquet-herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . the tree of this variety has the growth of a sweet cherry with small, black, heart fruits borne like the cluster cherries, one, two, three and four on the stem. the single fruits are roundish-cordate, with flattened ends while the double and triple fruits are more narrow and elongated; the fruit matures unevenly, having green, red and black fruits at the same time; pit roundish-oval, slightly pointed at the base, somewhat larger in the double fruits. =bouquetweichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . this cherry was received by truchsess in from mayer under the name bouquet-kirsche. many of the flowers have six, seven, eight, and occasionally as high as twelve petals, with two or three pistils. fruit usually very small, attached to a long, stiff, woody stem shallowly inserted; round, flattened beneath; suture shallow; flesh and juice reddish-black, with a bitterish-sour flavor, which it loses if allowed to remain on the tree; pit of medium size. =boussieuer knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . a variegated sweet cherry. =bowers' seedlings.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . three seedlings originated with john bowers, sigourney, iowa. no. .--fruit medium, dark red; juice colorless; quality fair. no. .--tree hardy; bears regularly; fruit large, oblate, roundish; stem long, slender; skin dark red; juice colorless; fair in quality; late. no. .--fruit large, red to dark red; juice slightly colored, mild subacid; of very good quality. =bowyer early heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _boyer's early._ = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult. ._ . _roberts' red._ = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ . . this variety probably originated in england nearly a century ago. some writers confuse it with early white heart but the two are undoubtedly distinct. tree vigorous, round-topped, hardy, productive; fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity shallow, wide; suture distinct; stem variable in length; skin of medium thickness, pale amber-yellow overspread with light red; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, refreshing; very good in quality; stone of medium size, short-ovate, plump, blunt at the apex; season early. =boyd early black.= species? = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned in a report from ohio as a variety of great superiority and value. =brandon.= _p. pumila._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . a prolific seedling of _prunus pumila_; introduced by the manitoba station. =brandywine.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: , pl. . downing _fr. trees am._ . . john r. brinckle, wilmington, delaware, produced this variety from a seed of white bigarreau grown near may duke. it fruited for the first time in . tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity shallow, small; skin yellowish, mottled and marbled with light crimson, glossy; flesh semi-transparent, tender, very juicy, sprightly, acidulous; stone rather large; season the last of june; recommended for culinary uses. =brant.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . . downing _fr. trees am._ . . brant was grown by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, about the middle of the nineteenth century, from a pit of yellow spanish. tree vigorous, spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate, uneven, sides slightly compressed; stem medium, set in an angular cavity; skin thin, lively purplish-red changing to dark purplish; flesh dark purplish-red with indistinct white lines radiating from the center, tender, with abundant, colored juice, sweet and richly flavored; pit medium in size, roundish-oval, nearly smooth; season from the middle of june to the first of july. =brassington.= _p. cerasus._ = .= call _cat._ , fig. . a chance seedling found in oceana county, michigan. fruit large, dark red, sprightly subacid; ripens with early richmond; productive. =braunauer glaskirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . _braunauer amarelle._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this variety originated about . tree large, moderately productive, with large, sour cherry leaves. often classed as an amarelle because of the resemblance in the branches. fruit very large, round, compressed; suture distinct; stem very long, shallowly inserted; color dark red, rather cloudy; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasing subacid when fully ripe; stone of medium size; ripens in august. =braune soodkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . tree of medium growth; branches drooping; fruit large to very large, flattened, slightly depressed; stem long, set in a rather deep cavity; skin brownish-red; flesh dark red at the stone becoming clear red beneath the skin, tender, with abundant, red juice, pleasing subacid; stone roundish-elongated, one-half an inch long; season the last of july. =braune spanische kirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _späte braune spanische herzkirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _braune spanische herzkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this cherry differs from the black hearts in being smaller, more compressed and sweeter, the flesh softer and more melting. tree small, productive; fruit small, roundish, compressed on both sides; black, somewhat red on one side; ripens at the end of june. =braunrote weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . _braune rothe sauerkirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _griotte rouge foncé._ . mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . this variety was found in bernburg, prussia, germany. it is distinguished from the other sour cherries ripening with it by its lingering brownish-red color, its pleasing, mild sourness, its tender flesh, and by its wood. tree not large, making a close growth, productive; branches erect; fruit bunch-like, large, almost round, flattened at the ends, sides slightly compressed; stem long, stout, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; color remains brownish-red for quite a period, later becoming almost black; flesh tender, with abundant, colored juice, pleasingly sour; stone egg-shaped, almost oval; season the last of july. =briggs sweet.= _p. avium._ = .= green-river nur. _cat._ . . briggs sweet was raised from seed in the garden of dr. j. a. briggs, south union, kentucky, where it has fruited for twenty years. the tree is thrifty, a regular bearer and resembles wood in appearance of both tree and fruit but is much hardier. =brindilles.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . this is a vigorous cherry with a low, slender habit of growth, blooming the middle of june and ripening late in august. fruit of medium size, round, depressed or oblate; stem long, set in a narrow cavity; skin light, clear red; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly. =brown best.= _p. cerasus._ = .= brown bros. _cat._ . . brown best was introduced some twenty-five years ago by brown brothers, rochester, new york, having been budded from an old tree. fruit large, dark red, tender, sour, rich; quality good; very late; productive. =brown seedling.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . originated in connecticut. tree vigorous, upright; fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, compressed with a line and a light suture; cavity broad; skin whitish, shaded and mottled with red; flesh half-tender, juicy, sweet; quality fair; season early july. =buckatzsch weisse herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , , , . . a medium-sized cherry of fair quality from guben, prussia, germany, where it first fruited in . =buckatzsch weisse knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . this is another seedling from prussia, germany; stem of medium length; flesh somewhat tender and light. =budd no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . this is probably a russian seedling sent out by professor j. l. budd, ames, iowa. tree small, round-topped, with slender, recumbent branches; foliage scant, mostly on the tips of the branches; fruit very large, roundish heart-shaped; stem short, thick; skin tough, thin, dark, mottled red; flesh firm, yellow, slightly stained with red, astringent, subacid; quality fair; stone large, round; season the last of july. =buffalo.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . this cherry was received from buffalo, new york, by smiley shepard of hennepen, illinois, in the "fifties." the fruit with him proved very hardy and productive and promised to become a valuable sweet variety for prairie orchards. mr. shepard sent cions to different localities for testing but nothing has been heard further about the variety. =bunte morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . this is not a morello, though grown in north silesia under this name. tree vigorous and hardy, but a late bloomer; fruit large, cordate, reddish; flesh light-colored, juicy. =burbank.= _p. avium._ = .= burbank _cat._ , . . _burbank early._ = .= leonard coates _cat._ . this is another of burbank's cherries, trees of which have not yet fruited at the station. trees described as vigorous, sure croppers; foliage very large; fruit very large, attractive deep crimson; season very early. its large leaves, it is claimed, protect the fruit from the birds and from cracking during late spring rains. =burchardts schwarze rosenobel.= _p. avium._ . truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . this cherry was raised by the german pomologist burchardt from a seed of rosenobel. fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem medium in length, set in a deep, straight cavity; skin purple, changing to almost black; flesh purple, rather tender, juice slightly colored, sweet; first quality; season the first of june. =burghley park.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _flor. & pom._ , . . = .= _gard. chron._ . . burghley park is a seedling, raised by r. gilbert, burghley park, stanford, england; it was placed on the list of new fruits of the royal horticultural society in july, . there is a question as to whether it is distinct, some believing it to be reine hortense. fruit very large, usually oval, often flattened, with an obscure suture; stem long, rather slender; skin very thin, transparent, a brilliant dark red if left hanging; flesh dull yellowish-red, veined or netted, very juicy, melting, with a pleasing astringency; ripens in mid-season. =burr.= _p. avium._ = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _semis de burr._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . burr originated about , with zera burr, of perrinton, new york. tree vigorous, erect, round-topped, very productive, not always hardy; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate with a pointed apex; stem long, slender; skin thin, mottled with light and dark red; flesh whitish, rather tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably sweet; very good in quality; stone small, irregularly ovate, short, thick; ripens in early mid-season. =büttner gelbe knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _büttner's yellow._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _wachsknorpelkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . büttner, at halle, prussia, germany, raised this cherry as a seedling and it is probably superior to any of the varieties originated by this horticulturist. it fruited for the first time about and was introduced shortly after. it was grown in america as büttner's yellow in the first half of the nineteenth century and was listed in the american pomological society's fruit catalog in but was dropped in . tree strong, vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, flattened at the base; suture indistinct; stem thick, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin firm, thick, pale yellow, slightly spotted with brownish-red; flesh pale yellow, firm, breaking, juicy, sweet, aromatic, with a rich, lively flavor; quality good; stone small, roundish-ovate, free; ripens early in july. =büttner rothe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . _büttner's rothe molkenkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . another seedling raised by büttner about and later tested by truchsess. tree vigorous, very productive; fruit of medium size, heart-shaped, with sides somewhat compressed; stem long; skin yellowish-white mingled with clear red, sometimes dark red; flesh yellowish-white, very soft, juicy, sweet; quality fair; stone small, heart-shaped; matures the first half of july. =büttner rothe knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , , . . _büttner's rothe marmorkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bigarreau rouge de büttner._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . grown from seed about , by büttner. büttner späte rote, one of büttner's seedlings is similar to this one. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a shallow suture; skin thick, lively red on one side and shaded with carmine on the other; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking, strongly adhering to the pit, sweet, aromatic; quality good; stone of medium size, round; matures the last of june or the first of july. =büttner schwarze herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ , . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , . . _büttner's schwarze neue herzkirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _bigarreau noir büttner._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . still another variety obtained from seed by büttner in . with several others it was sent to truchsess, about , for testing. tree strong, vigorous, erect, hardy, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture prominent; stem of medium length, set in a deep cavity; skin firm, glossy, deep reddish-black; flesh dark red, moderately firm, juicy, sweet and pleasant; quality good; stone of medium size, roundish-oval; ripens early in july. =büttner schwarze sauerkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _büttner's schwarze neue sauerkirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . raised from seed by büttner and sent to truchsess for testing about . fruit round, of medium size, glossy, black; flesh firm, red, moderately juicy, agreeably acid; quality fair; ripens in august. =büttner späte rothe knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , , . . _büttner's harte marmorkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bigarreau rouge tardif de büttner._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _büttner's late red._ = .= _can. exp. farm. bul._ nd ser. = =: . . another seedling raised by büttner early in the nineteenth century and quite similar to büttner rote, except in its time of ripening, which is later. tree of medium vigor, erect; fruit large, heart-shaped, flattened at the base, compressed at the apex; suture medium in depth; skin thick and firm, yellowish-white mingled with red, changing to dark red; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking, sweet, aromatic, with abundant, uncolored juice; quality good; stone large, oval, slightly clinging to the flesh; matures the last of july. =büttner späte weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _büttner's september und octoberweichsel._ = =. truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ . . _büttner's october zucker weichsel._ = =. _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _büttner's sehrspäte._ = .= _ibid._ . . _büttner's october morello._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _griotte tardive de büttner._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _bigarreau tardif büttner._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _büttner's october._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . produced from seed about , by büttner. as one of the latest of all cherries, it was at one time considered of value for culinary purposes and for a time was grown to a limited extent in this country. the american pomological society placed it on its fruit catalog list in but dropped it in . tree hardy, productive; fruit often hangs to the tree till october, large, round, somewhat oblate; suture indistinct; apex depressed; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; skin thin but firm, reddish-brown, separating easily from the pulp; flesh light red, reticulated with whitish fibers, firm, breaking, juicy, sweet, rich, mingled with pleasant subacid; quality good; stone large, oval, semi-clinging; ripens the last of august and early september. =byrnville.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =cameleon.= species? = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . a strange cherry, changeable in color, spoken of by parkinson because of its peculiarities. the fruit is very red in color and of good taste, but varies greatly in color, shape and arrangement. it also bears blossoms, green and ripe fruit at the same time. =cardinalskirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . a cherry similar to the doctorkirsche in both tree- and fruit-characters; fruit dark brown, with a subacid flavor. =carmine stripe.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _cerise carminée._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . carmine stripe is a seedling from professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio. tree vigorous, spreading, very productive; fruit above medium in size, heart-shaped, compressed on the sides, surface often uneven, with a suture on one side, followed by a line of carmine; stem variable; skin amber-yellow, shaded and mottled with bright, lively carmine; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with agreeable sprightliness; pit small; season the last of june. =caroline.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . originated by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio. tree upright-spreading, vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblong, one side slightly compressed; color pale amber, mottled with clear, light red, becoming rich red in the sun; flesh tinged with pale red, translucent, tender, juicy, sweet; pit of medium size, oblong, oval; season the last of june. delicious for dessert. =catskill.= species? = .= chase _cat._ . this variety, sent out by r. g. chase, geneva, new york, in , is probably now extinct. fruit of medium size, heart-shaped; skin light yellow, nearly covered with light carmine; stem slender, long; flesh light yellow, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; good. =cerise albanes.= species? = .= _rev. hort._ . . introduced from revel, haute-garonne, france. it is a fruit of first size, excellent quality, with dark green leaves, productive; fruit white with more or less yellow. =cerise d'angleterre précoce.= species? = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . according to poiteau, this cherry, sometimes called cerise nouvelle d'angleterre, was confused by duhamel with his cerise guigne. fruit small in the first stages of ripening, later becoming larger, flattened at the base and apex; color clear red changing to almost black at complete maturity. =cerise de l'ardèche.= species? = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _belle grosse d'ardèche._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . _schöne von ardêche._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . distinct from other varieties in its manner of growth, according to thomas. =cerise bellon.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =cerise de la besnardière.= _p. cerasus._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= leroy. _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . _kirsche von bénardière._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . in , leroy mentioned this variety in his catalog stating that it was found in the gardens of the baron of besnardière. mortillet believed it to be carnation not being convinced of the contrary until after he had published his description of the carnation. tree strong, moderately productive; fruit attached singly, large, globular, compressed at the ends; suture apparent; stem of medium length, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; skin clear red, brilliant; flesh reddish at the surface, whitish near the center, tender, with abundant, slightly colored juice, pleasantly acidulated and sweet; first quality; stone small, round, plump; season the end of june in france. =cerise du bicentenaire.= _p. avium_ x _p. cerasus._ = .= _rev. hort._ , , pl. . _bicentenaireweichsel._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . this variety is supposed to be a bud variation of royal duke found in a garden at lieusaint, france. the trees resemble those of royal duke but the fruit is superior in size and ripens from three weeks to a month later. said to be valuable on northern exposures which increase the advantages of late maturity. =cerise blanche à petit fruit.= _p. avium._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . similar to the cerisier à gros fruit blanc but smaller. =cerise commune.= _p. cerasus._ = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . = .= le bon jard. . . one of the french varieties of cherries grown in the neighborhood of paris to supply the early market trade. sometimes called la grosse cerise commune. =cerise à côtes.= _p. cerasus._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this cherry is similar in tree and fruit to large montmorency but the fruit is traversed on both sides by a prominent suture. fruit attached in threes, of medium size, globular, compressed at the ends; suture deep, completely encircling the fruit; stem variable in length, inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex slightly depressed; skin clear red; flesh yellowish, transparent, tender, juicy, sugary, acidulated; pit of medium size, round; second quality; season the end of june; moderately productive. =cerise d'espagne.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . fruit large, deep red, delicious, acidulated, ripening from june to july. =cerise à la feuille.= _p. cerasus._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . the fruit is of medium size, roundish-cordate, faces flattened; stem long; cavity deep and straight; skin deep reddish-brown; flesh red, with an acid flavor which it loses somewhat at complete maturity; stone large, lightly tinted; ripens the middle of july. =cerise de gembloux.= _p. avium._ = .= ann. _pom. belge_ = =: , pl. . m. staquet berger of gembloux, belgium, grew this cherry from seed. tree productive, vigorous; fruit large, roundish, slightly cordate; suture pronounced; stem long, slender; skin thin, glossy, nearly black; flesh red, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone small, oval; ripens the last of july. =cerise guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. fig. . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig. , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _griotte guigne._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _cerise anglaise._ = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . _rothe muskateller._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . this cherry is now of historical interest only. it has been called cerise guigne since duhamel described it in , and may be the variety known long ago by the romans as cecilienne. there is no record to show that cerise guigne was ever brought to america. tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, flattened at the base; suture distinct; stem of medium thickness and length; skin thin; color clear red becoming reddish-brown; flesh clear red, with abundant, colored juice, tender, slightly stringy, sweet, sprightly, agreeable; quality good; ripens early. =cerise de mai double.= species? = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . briefly discussed by knoop. =cerise de mai simple.= species? = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , , . . resembles cerise de mai double but smaller. =cerise de martigné.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . the tree-characters are briefly described in this reference. =cerise de ostheim.=_ p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _ostheim._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . in , professor j. l. budd of ames, iowa, brought this variety to iowa. it is very similar to the minnesota ostheim but a few days later. fruit of medium size, round, occasionally cordate; stem of medium length, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin firm, deep red, with highly colored juice, mildly subacid; quality very good. =cerise du prince maurice.= species? = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit scarlet, with whitish dots. =cerise de prusse.= _p. cerasus._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , , , . . _guindoux de provence._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . _prussian cherry._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _provencer süssweichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _cerise de l'esvière._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . _cerise de prusse noire?_ = .= _ibid._ = =: . . this old variety is supposed to be of french origin. it is distinguished from other sorts by its cordate form, its more or less distinct suture, its thick skin, and its heart-shaped pit. tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit rather large, partially cordate, marked by a suture on both sides, more pronounced towards the base; stem of medium length, inserted in a rather deep cavity; skin thick, tough, separating from the pulp, deep reddish, almost black; flesh rather firm, deep red, juicy, sprightly, vinous, with a pronounced acidity; stone rather large, oval-pointed, turgid; ripens early in july. =cerise de rouen double.= _p. avium._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . tree vigorous and productive; fruit cordate, marked with a suture of moderate depth; color streaked with clear red on a yellow ground; flesh brittle, sweet, very agreeable. =cerise de rouen simple.= _p. avium._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . resembles the preceding variety in form, color and quality but is somewhat smaller. =cerise rouge pale.= _p. cerasus._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . . leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _cerisier à gros fruit rouge-pâle._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb._ fr. = =: , , , pl. . . = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _villennes._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _bleichrothe glaskirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . this cherry is of interest only because of its past. of its origin no record can be found. it is first mentioned by duhamel, in , under a somewhat longer name, "cerisier à gros fruit rouge-pâle," which many later writers have confused with carnation. tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish, flattened; stem long, thick; cavity deep, broad; skin thin; color a clear, brilliant red growing darker as maturity advances; flesh transparent, juicy, firm, tender, sweet, yet sprightly; of very good quality; season late. =cerise rouge sanguine.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =cerise royale ordinaire.= species? = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . this variety is known in normandy as cerise musquée because of its slight musky taste. fruit small, sides compressed; skin red; flesh yellowish, juicy, sugary; quality fair. =cerise de soissons.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _französiche süssweichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _admirable de soissons._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . cerise de soissons is described as a morello, medium to above in size, broadly cordate, slightly compressed, with a slight suture; stem short; skin dark red; flesh red, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; ripens the middle of july. =cerise de tiercé.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =cerise de xavier.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . a morello cherry, first shown in , by m. p. wilder, dorchester, massachusetts. fruit medium in size, round, dark red, acid. =cerisier commun à fruit rond.= _p. cerasus._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . under this heading are grouped many wild cherries in france, grown from seeds, whose trees, leaves and flowers vary as well as the size, taste and time of ripening of the fruits. one of the best of these is grown around paris, the fruit being small; stem long; pit large; quality and flavor variable. =cerisier commun pleureur.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _rev. hort._ . . this cherry was found in a sour cherry plantation. it resembles montmorency in habit of growth and the heart cherries in texture of flesh. the tree is used for ornamental planting and its fruit for culinary purposes. tree very productive, bushy, branches inclined to droop; fruit large, oblong; stem long, inserted in a large cavity; skin glossy, dark red; flesh rose-colored, transparent, sugary, juicy; pit of medium size, elongated-oval; ripens early in june. =cerisier à feuilles laciniées.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this is a chance seedling first mentioned by leroy in his catalog in . because of its foliage it is often used as an ornamental. tree strong, moderately productive; fruit generally attached singly, small, oval; suture apparent; stem long; cavity moderately large; skin clear red, marbled with reddish-brown; flesh firm, yellowish-white, with abundant, uncolored juice, sugary, slightly acidulated; pit of medium size, elongated-oval, plump. =cerisier à gros fruit blanc.= _p. avium._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . a cherry ripening in july but described as very sugary and very good; flesh watery, aromatic; productive. =cerisier royal tardif à fruit noir.= species? = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . the fruit ripens in july, becoming deep black. =cerisier très-fertile.= _p. cerasus._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . _weichselbaum mit bündelförmigen früchten._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _cerise à trochet._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _prolific cherry._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _amarelle très-fertile._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , . . leroy states that this variety was long ago well known in france. because it was grown in the neighborhood of angers and saint-laud, and was of the montmorency type, leroy says it was locally named cerisier montmorency hâtif de saint laud. he is doubtful whether it existed before the eighteenth century; duhamel was the first to describe it in . the tree resembles the cluster cherry and is probably but a variation of the cerise commune type. tree small; fruit generally attached in threes, of medium size, globular, compressed at the stem; cavity rather deep; apex small, somewhat prominent; stem of medium size, unequal in length; skin transparent, clear red, deeper when mature; flesh tender, white, juicy, sugary, strongly acidulated; stone medium in size, roundish, turgid; ripens the middle of june. its graceful habit and productiveness make it a favorite for ornamental purposes. =cerisier de varenne.= species? = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _belle de varennes._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . tree erect, very vigorous; fruit large, compressed; stem long; color bright red. =challenge.= _p. pumila._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . challenge is a sand cherry seedling grown in canada; fair flavor and of medium size. =champagne.= species? = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . champagne is a seedling raised by charles downing,[ ] newburgh, new york, and so named because of the peculiar and lively mingling of sweet and acid in its flavor. tree very hardy, vigorous, bearing regularly, and withstanding the attacks of rot and blight. fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly angular; stem moderately long; cavity shallow, flat; skin lively brick-red, inclining to pink; flesh amber, juicy, sprightly, rich; ripens the middle of june. =champion.= _p. pumila._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . champion is one of many seedlings of the manitoba sand, a native canadian cherry named and described in , by wm. saunders of the canadian experimental farms. fruit large, very dark red, nearly black when ripe; flesh sweet, nearly free from astringency; quality good; ripens in manitoba the last of august. =chapman.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _cal. nur. cat._ = =: . . = .= _ore. nur. cat._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . chapman was grown by w. h. chapman of napa, california, and is supposed to be a seedling of black tartarian, surpassing that variety in size and earliness. by some horticulturists chapman and california advance are considered identical, but most growers, particularly in california, declare the two to be distinct. fruit matures early; very large, roundish, purplish-black; stem long, slender; flesh slightly tender; very good in quality; stone small. =cheresoto.= _p. pumila × p. americana._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: , pl. , pl. , . . cheresoto is a cross between the sand cherry and the de soto plum from the south dakota experiment station. the tree resembles the plum in growth but the fruit, in looks and flavor, is like that of the sand cherry. fruit rather long with a prickle at the apex; about one and three-eighths inches in diameter; skin black with a bluish bloom, thin, free from acerbity; flesh yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging. =china bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _china heart._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . this variety was raised from the seed of an ox heart by william prince, flushing, new york, and at first was called china heart. w. r. prince in his _pomological manual_ of , calls it china bigarreau as it is more of the bigarreau than of the heart type of cherries. tree vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish or oval-cordate, with a distinct suture; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin when fully ripe, glossy red mottled with lighter red; flesh firm, somewhat melting, with a sweet, rich, peculiar flavor; ripens just after black tartarian and forms a link between it and the later varieties; very productive. =choque.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , . . _guigne choque._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . originated near metz, lorraine, germany. tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large; of a deep red color at maturity; flesh white, slightly tinted with a rose color, firm, very juicy, sweet; ripens the last of june. =christbauer.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a sort reported to ripen before early richmond. =christiana.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . this variety was raised by b. b. kirtland, greenbush, new york, and resembles may duke in character of tree and fruit. the fruit is borne in clusters, is of a bright, lively red color, and has a sprightly subacid flavor. =churchill heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . tree hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped; stem long; cavity shallow; skin glossy, of a clear, waxen, pale yellow, bright red when exposed to the sun, mottled with dark red and orange; flesh pale yellow, firm, sweet, rich, moderately juicy; season the end of july. =cistena.= _p. pumila × p. pissardi._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: , . . cistena is a cross between the sand cherry and _prunus pissardi_, interesting only because of its beautiful purple foliage. =clark september.= _p. avium._ = .= _ont. fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ = =:xviii. . clark september is a local sort from lower granville, nova scotia. the fruits are of medium size and when fully ripe are of a dark red color; flesh firm, of a sweet and agreeable flavor. =cluster black heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . tree vigorous; fruit small or of medium size, cordate; stem long; skin glossy, black; flesh very dark red, tender, juicy, agreeably mild acid; ripens in july. =cocklin favorite.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: fig., . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _late amber._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . this seedling was introduced by e. h. cocklin, shepherdstown, pennsylvania, but its origin is unknown. tree upright, conical, very productive; fruit large, roundish, regular, slightly compressed, somewhat flattened at the base, almost without a suture; apex depressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep; skin yellowish shaded and mottled in the sun with a light crimson; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; stone very small for the size of the fruit; season late. =coe late carnation.= _p. cerasus._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _coe's späte rote kirsche._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . this is a late variety of unknown origin--possibly a seedling of carnation. fruit medium to large, cordate; suture shallow; color yellowish-amber mottled with clear red; flesh tender, juicy, subacid; quality fair; season the last of july. =coeur de pigeon noir.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . fruit of medium size, cordate, slightly elongated. =coeur de poule.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _gros bigarreau coeur-de-poule_ = .= _rev. hort._ . . according to prince, this variety was rather extensively cultivated in the south of france especially in the vicinity of toulouse, where it was known as cor dè galino. the fruit ripens in july, has the form of the hearts; its vivid red changes to nearly black as does also the juice. =cole.= _p. cerasus._ cole is a rather small-sized morello of little value and no doubt now out of cultivation. fruit cordate, compressed along the sutures; stem long, slender, set in a wide cavity; skin nearly black; flesh tender, rather meaty, dark red, lighter near the pit, having abundant, wine-colored juice, sour, sprightly; stone clings; season late. =columbia.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, heart-shaped, inclining to a point, surface angular and uneven, sides compressed; suture deep, narrow; stem long, slender; cavity large, deep; skin whitish-yellow, blushed and mottled with light red; flesh whitish, stained with pink, tender, juicy, pleasant; season the last of june. =common morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _wild morello._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _common red morello._ = .= _kan. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety must not be confused with the well-known english morello. through self-propagation, it is widely known, as are its many seedlings which oft-times surpass it in size and quality. =como.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =comtesse de médicis spada.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =condé.= species? = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . mentioned in the reference given. =conestoga.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . conestoga was introduced by casper hiller, conestoga, lancaster county, pennsylvania. tree a rampant, spreading grower, very productive; fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed and indented at the apex; suture shallow; stem very long, inserted in an open cavity; skin deep red, purplish, somewhat mottled; flesh firm, rather tender, juicy, sugary, brisk; quality good; season early july. =constance maisin.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . this is a belgian variety, which, according to _guide pratique_, , is very similar to montmorency. =cook imperial.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. sp. rpt._ . - . this variety, a seedling of napoleon, originated with steven cook, benton harbor, michigan. it is mentioned as a promising new sort, resembling black tartarian in shape, flavor, color, and length of stem but earlier and larger. =cornelia.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . cornelia originated with charles pease, near cleveland, ohio. tree vigorous, upright-spreading, very productive; fruit medium to above in size, compressed, heart-shaped; suture slight; stem long; cavity narrow, deep; skin whitish-yellow, shaded with bright crimson on the sunny side; flesh light yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, rather lively; quality good; stone small; season the last of june. =corning.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: fig. . corning is a cross between the wragg and lutovka and originated with a. f. collman, corning, iowa. fruit oblate-cordate, above medium in size; suture lacking; stem of medium length, stout, inserted in a medium deep, narrow cavity; skin rather thick, tender, red; flesh firm, breaking; juice slightly colored, briskly subacid; quality good; stone medium large, ovate; ripens in august. =corone.= _p. avium._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . = .= rea _flora_ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _englische schwarze kronherzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . corone, as the references show, is one of the oldest-named varieties, though strictly speaking, since it was largely grown from seed, according to the old writers, it is a type and not a variety. in character of fruit it seems to be midway between black mazzard and black tartarian. tree vigorous, productive; fruit below medium in size, roundish-cordate, compressed and often roughened; suture deep; stem slender, long; cavity deep, round, narrow; color a deep, shining black; flesh dark purple, very firm, sweet; ripens late. =corwin.= _p. cerasus._ = .= elliott fr. _book_ . . this is a medium-sized, roundish, red morello with tender, acid flesh and a large stone; season july. =coularde.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . _cerisier de hollande._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _holländische weichselbaum mit sehr grosser frucht_ [or] _coulard._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _holländische grosse kirsche coulard._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _holländische grosse weichsel [or] coulard._ = .= christ wörterb. . . _holland griotte._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _holländische süssweichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = := . . _cerisier coulard de holland._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = := . . leroy states that coularde has been known since but is often confused with other cherries. according to leroy, this variety was reintroduced as a novelty about , under the name belle d'orleans. american writers, however, list a belle d'orleans as early as , which is of the guigne type rather than the griotte. tree the largest of its class; branches strong and straight; blooms profusely; fruit large, round; skin red; flesh firm, reddish-white, sweet, agreeable; ripens the end of june. the pistils being much longer than the stamens, many flowers are never fertilized which gives the blossoms a blighted appearance. =courte-queue de gaiberg.= species? = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _courte-pendu de gaiberg._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed as having been received from germany on the recommendation of oberdieck. =crawford.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = := . . listed, not described. =crown prince.= species? = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, cordate; skin yellow with a light red blush; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, refreshing; quality good; ripens the last of may. =cserszeger honigkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . a yellow heart cherry. =cullen cherrie.= _p. cerasus._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the cullen cherrie is a darke red cherrie like the agriot, which they of those parts neere cullen and vtrecht &c. vse to put into their drinke, to give it the deeper colour." =cumberland.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _triumph of cumberland._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = := , , fig. . . _cumberland heart._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . _cumberland spice._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . cumberland is a chance seedling found in cumberland county, pennsylvania; introduced by david miller of carlisle. tree strong in growth, erect, vigorous, productive; fruit obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem rather long, slender, set in a broad, open cavity; apex slightly depressed; suture entirely around the fruit, but a line on one side; skin medium thick, tough, clear purple changing to a purplish-black; flesh deep purple, crisp, aromatic, with abundant, colored juice; quality good; pit roundish-oval, compressed, slightly clinging; ripens the middle of june. =cyclone.= _p. avium._ = .= _nova scotia fr. gr. assoc. rpt._ . . this variety is said in nova scotia to be somewhat similar to wood and rockport but to be superior to either in size and quality. =dacotah.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . dacotah is a seedling of one of professor j. p. kirtland's sorts, originated by his son-in-law, charles pease, cleveland, ohio. in growth it resembles rockport; in fruit, black tartarian although it is later. the fruit is borne on spurs on the body as well as on the limbs, thus being protected from birds by the foliage. fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity deep, narrow; skin rich dark red, almost black, slightly roughened; flesh rather tender, purplish, juicy, sweet; of high quality; stone of medium size; productive. =daiber schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed by mathieu. =dankelmannskirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - , . . _schwefelkirsche._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , . . _agatkirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _dankelmann's weisse herzkirsche._ = .= _ibid._ . . _kleine weisse perlkirsche._ = .= _ibid._ . . _dankelmann's molkenkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bigarreautier à fruit jaune?_ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _bigarreau jaune._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . in , truchsess received grafts of what he thought were several distinct varieties and disseminated them as such. later, they were found to be identical with the dankelmann. the fruit is recognized from others of its class by its small size, its honey sweetness, its peculiar color and its transparent skin. fruit more round than cordate, with a shallow suture; stem slender, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin yellow washed with red, transparent allowing the pit to be visible; flesh yellowish-white, tender, very juicy, very sweet if ripened thoroughly; stone small, round, almost free when ripe; season the last of june to july. =datge.= species? = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . mentioned in this reference as being moderate in growth. =davenport.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _davenport's early red._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _davenport's early black._ = .= _ibid._ . . _davenport's early._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ , . . this early cherry, resembling somewhat black heart, was originated nearly a century ago by edward davenport, dorchester, massachusetts. tree medium in size, productive; fruit above medium to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather thick; skin bright red becoming purplish-black; flesh firm but tender, sprightly, pleasant, juicy, sweet; very good in quality; season early. =de belleu.= species? = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . mentioned in this reference as being a variety of moderate growth. =de jacap.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =de ravaene.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =de sibérie à gros fruit et à rameaux pendans.= species? = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . this is a dwarf ornamental tree bearing small, oval, mediocre fruits ripening in august and september. =de spa.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . de spa is a medium-sized, dark red, acid morello forming a prolific bush, ripening soon after may duke. =de vaux.= species? = .= _can. exp. farm. bul._ nd ser. = =: . . listed in the reference given. =dearborn red french.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . this is a duke cherry imported from france by h. a. s. dearborn, roxbury, massachusetts. the name having been lost, the importer renamed it. =dechenaut.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . fruit large, roundish-cordate, broad at the base, rather flattened; suture faint; skin bright cornelian-red, becoming darker red when ripe, glossy; stem long, set in a wide, deep cavity; flesh tender, succulent; resembling may duke in flavor and season. =delaware bleeding heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _mo. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this is a medium-sized, dark red, nearly black fruit with solid flesh and good flavor. =delicate.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . delicate was raised by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, in , from a pit of yellow spanish, probably crossed with black tartarian, black mazzard, or may duke. tree moderately vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate; suture rather pronounced; stem medium in length; skin thin, translucent, amber-yellow overspread and mottled with light carmine; flesh pale yellow, juicy, pleasant, sweet; very good in quality; stone small, roundish-oval; season the last of june and the first of july. =délicieuse.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed by mas. =denner black.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed but not described. =des cheneaux.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in the reference given. =deutsche belzweichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . probably this is but a wild seedling used in grafting. fruit of medium size, round; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin glossy, dark brown; flesh firm, dark, reddish directly under the skin, juicy, with a sourish wine-flavor; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of july. =disnoder gewürzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . listed as a black bigarreau. =ditst.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =dobbeete moreller.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =doctay.= species? = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . reported in the reference as a good, late cherry of second size as grown by e. manning, harrisburg, ohio. =doctor.= _p. avium._ . _horticulturist_ = =: fig. - . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _american doctor._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . doctor was originated by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, in , from a pit of yellow spanish, probably crossed with black tartarian, black mazzard, or may duke. hogg called it american doctor to distinguish it from the german doctorkirsche. tree of medium vigor, upright-spreading, healthy, very productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather slender; skin light yellow, mottled, blushed and at times almost entirely overspread with red; flesh pale yellow, juicy, tender, aromatic, sweet; good in quality; stone small. =dr. flynn.= _p. avium._ = .= coates _cat._ - . dr. flynn is a chance seedling which originated in portland, oregon, with a dr. flynn. fruit large, dark red; similar to lambert in shape; preceding napoleon. =dr. wiseman.= _p. avium._ = .= van lindley _cat._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . this cherry was named after dr. wiseman, davie county, north carolina, who claimed it to be the earliest sweet cherry. van lindley believes it to be the doctor which originated with professor kirtland. fruit of medium size, light yellow, shaded with bright red, resembling wood. =doctorkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . this variety was first mentioned in . it should not be confused with another sort mentioned by büttner and truchsess as doctorknorpelkirsche. fruit large, roundish, somewhat compressed; stem long; cavity rather deep; skin tough, brownish-red changing to reddish-black; flesh dark red, melting, juicy, sweet yet with a sprightly flavor; pit round, slightly pointed; ripens the middle of july. =doctorknorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . according to truchsess, this sort was received by him in , from büttner at leipzig under the name of doctorkirsche. because one or two other sorts were growing at that time under this name, christ changed this one, following büttner's description, to doctorkirsche mit hartem fleisch, which has since been shortened to doctorknorpelkirsche. fruit large, slightly compressed; stem long and slender; color black; flesh firm, clear red, juicy, agreeably sweet; ripens the middle of august. =dollaner schwarze.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . according to oberdieck, this variety originated at dollan, bohemia, austria, the home of the dollaner prune. fruit above medium in size, truncate-cordate, traversed entirely by a suture; stem slender, long, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tough, brownish-black with light spots, wholly black when ripe; flesh and juice dark red, flesh firm, but tender enough to be classed among the hearts, sweet, aromatic, with a slight sourness before fully ripe; stone elongated-oval; season late. =donna maria.= _p. cerasus._ = .= barry _fr. garden_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _am. hort. an._ fig. , . . this is a morello cherry, probably of french origin. it is distinct from the early may grown in the west with which it has been confused. donna maria held a place on the american pomological society's catalog of fruits from until . tree small, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish, dark red; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly; good in quality; season late. =doppelte weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _doppelte amarelle._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . christ first described this variety as doppelte amarelle but in his later writings changed it to doppelte weichsel. it is distinguished from the spanische frühweichsel in being larger, longer in stem, and sourer. fruit above medium in size, globular; suture shallow; stem long, rather stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red, thin, not glossy in wet years; flesh dark, firm for a weichsel, juicy, light colored, pleasing subacid; pit small, more round than broad, free; season the end of june. =dorotheenkirsche.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in this reference. =dörrells neue himbeerkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl führ. _obstkunde_ = =: . . tree productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened; stem stout; skin dark red; flesh firm, whitish, sweet, aromatic; stone small; ripens at the end of june. =doty.= species? = .= _am. inst. an. rpt._ . . this is a small but pleasantly flavored seedling exhibited by william m. doty, star landing, new jersey. =double yellow spanish.= _p. avium._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety was imported to america by professor j. l. budd of ames, iowa. the tree has a drooping habit, large foliage and sweet fruit of best quality. =douce de bardowick.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =dougall.= species? = .= _cult. & count. gent._ = =: . . dougall is a large, black, seedling fruit introduced by james dougall, amherstburgh, canada. ripens before early purple. =doulin bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this is a foreign variety which may not be distinct. tree a rapid, spreading grower, bears early; fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one side; stem slender, curved, set in a deep cavity; suture slight; skin dark purplish-red; flesh pinkish, rather tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality good; season early june. =dove bank.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =downing red cheek.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _rouge de downing._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _downing's sämling._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this attractive cherry, resembling yellow spanish, was raised by a. j. downing,[ ] newburgh, new york, about ; its exact parentage is unknown. tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; stem long, slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin, yellowish-white blushed and mottled with attractive dark crimson; flesh yellowish but often very nearly white, half-tender, juicy, delicate, sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens from the middle to the last of june. =downton.= _p. avium._ = .= _pom. mag._ = =: pl. . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _downtoner molkenkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _guigne downton._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . _impératrice downton_? = .= mas _pom. gen._ =ii=: . . downton was raised early in the nineteenth century by t. a. knight, downton castle, england, from a seed of elton. tree strong in growth, spreading; fruit attached in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, roundish; stem rather long, slender; skin pale yellowish, heavily specked with red, which often merges into a blush on the sunny side; flesh light yellow, very tender, juicy; high in quality; stone slightly adherent; ripens after may duke. =dresdener mai herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a very early heart cherry received by thomas from germany. =drogan white bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _drogan's weisse knorpelkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . this is one of drogan's seedlings from guben, prussia, germany, . leroy includes drogan's white and yellow bigarreaus with his guigne blanche (grosse) but the three are distinct varieties. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, flattened on one side; suture distinct; stem rather short, stout; cavity wide, deep; apex pointed; skin tough, pale yellow, mottled and blushed with red where much exposed; flesh firm, pale yellow, juicy, sweet; stone plump, ovate to oval; desirable for table and kitchen use; late. =drogan yellow bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . bigarreau (golden)? = .= fell _cat._ . - . tree vigorous, productive; fruit large to very large, oblate-cordate, resembling may duke, compressed on the faces, truncate at the base, traversed by a shallow suture; stem long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, clear yellow, golden in the sun; flesh firm, yellowish, having abundant, uncolored juice, with a sweetness which increases as the season advances; quality high; pit small, turgid, roundish-oval, truncate at the base; ripens late. =drogans schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . a prussian seedling from guben, germany, which in favorable years is of good size and pleasant flavor; skin black; flesh firm, juicy, colored; ripens the middle of july. =drooping guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _guignier à rameaux pendans._ = .= noisette man. comp. jard. = =: . . noisette lists this variety under the merisiers while others take it to be toussaint which it resembles in habit of growth. fruit large, roundish or heart-shaped, glossy black, with a long stem; flesh reddish-black, watery, sweet; season july; very productive. =du comte egger.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed, not described. =du nord nouvelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= barry _fr. garden_ . . mentioned as a morello from france ripening in august. fruit of medium size, bright red, tender, acid; useful because of its lateness. =duchesse d'angoulême.= _p. cerasus._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . = .= ia. _sta. bul._ = =: , fig. . . _herzogin von angouleme._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . duchesse d'angoulême is supposed to have come from the vicinity of vienna, austria, although some writers give france as its place of origin. it is often confused with other sorts. tree large, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading, productive; fruit medium to above in size, roundish-oblate; stem rather long and thick, set in a large, deep cavity; skin firm, bright red; flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably aromatic at extreme maturity; quality fair to good; stone nearly round, slightly compressed; ripens from the middle to the end of june. =duchesse de palluau.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: fig. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _rev. hort._ , , pl. . _herzogin von paluau._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _précoce lemercier_ incor. = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . duchesse de palluau was raised about by m. pierre bretonneau near tours, indre-et-loire, france. in he gave cions of this variety, under the name duchesse de palluau, to leroy who propagated and probably disseminated the sort. tree large, productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender; skin thin, dark purple becoming almost black; flesh tinged with red, juicy, brisk subacid becoming sweet; good in quality; stone nearly free, oblong-ovate, small; ripens in early mid-season. =duke of edinburgh.= _p. avium._ = .= _agr. gaz. n. s. wales_ = =: . . tree stunted, upright; fruit too small and soft for market; similar to belle d'orleans; ripens in november in australia. =dumas.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in the reference given. =dunkelrothe knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensor_. - . . _bigarreau à longue queue._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig., , . . _bigarreau rouge foncé._ = .= _ibid._ = =: . . _bigarreau violet._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . this variety probably originated with van mons in belgium about . it was received by truchsess a little later as a french sort under the name bigarreau violet. fruit large, elongated-cordate, sides compressed; suture very distinct dividing the fruit into halves; stem very long, more deeply inserted in unripe fruits; skin firm but not tough, yellowish, overspread with dark red, verging to violet; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy; quality excellent; stone free, small, roundish-oval; apex acutely pointed; ripens the middle of june. =duraccia.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . e. e. goodrich, santa clara, california, received cions of this variety from lucca, italy, thinking it to be the famous "pistojese" used extensively in italy for brandying. fruit above medium in size, cordate; stem long, slender, set in a large, deep, regular cavity; suture deep, extending beyond the apex; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, finely pitted, dark purple to almost black; flesh red with lighter veinings, firm, meaty, rich, sweet; quality very good; pit of medium size, plump, partially adherent; season at santa clara the last of july to august; ships well; has not been reported from the eastern states. =dure noir grosse.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . not described. =dwarf siberian.= _p.fruticosa._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _dutch weeping._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _de sibérie._ = .= _ibid._ . . = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . _weeping._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _de sibérie à fruit rond_? = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . dwarf siberian belongs to _prunus fruticosa_, the dwarf cherry of the old world, of which _cerasus chamaecerasus_ is a synonym. this cherry was introduced into america by prince of flushing, new york, and was thought by him to be the most suitable species to furnish stocks for dwarf trees. at best the variety reaches a height of from three to four feet with branches very numerous, forming a dense shrub. the flowers have long peduncles, often solitary but are usually united in umbels of from three to five each, which are sessile and axillary; fruit globular, red, small; flesh red, very acid, tender. =early amarella.= _p. cerasus._ = .= albertson & hobbs _cat._ . . = .= vincennes _nur. cat._ . . tree upright, hardy, very productive; fruit large, brilliant red becoming darker as it gets riper; stem very long. =early amber.= _p. avium._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . , = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _river's early amber heart._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _guigne panachée précoce._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . _bigarreau ambré précoce._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . thomas rivers of sawbridgeworth, england, is given credit for this variety as a strain of the old early white heart. leroy, however, states that his grandfather propagated this cherry under the name cerise panache or suisse, as early as but without knowing its origin. he dropped the _précoce_ because other varieties ripened long before this one. tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit borne in threes, medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a straight, deep cavity; skin firm, medium thick, changing from lively red to reddish-brown; flesh yellowish, tender, cracking, with uncolored juice, sweet, aromatic; pit large for the fruit; season early. =early black bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . fruit large, distinctly heart-shaped; stem long; color jet black; flesh dark purple, firm, rich, sweet; excellent; season the last of june and the first of july. =early eugene.= species? = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . reported by h. l. mcgee, villa ridge, illinois, as being a hardy and productive variety. =early may.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . = .= _trans. ill. agr. soc._ = =: . - . = .= _am. jour. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: - . . = .= _am. hort. an._ . . = .= _country gent._ = =: . . this variety originated a generation or more ago in virginia and was known there and in neighboring states as early may. later, it became widely disseminated in the middle west where it was often confused with early richmond, late kentish and montmorency. early may should not be confused with a european cherry of the same name formerly grown upon the continent but now seldom seen. the fruit of the american sort is much like early richmond though of inferior quality and is now probably wholly replaced by the latter variety. =early prolific.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ , . . early prolific was raised by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, in . tree healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading; fruit large, round, obtuse-cordate; suture distinct; stem variable; skin bright carmine-red mottled on a light amber-yellow ground; flesh rather tender, firm, juicy, rich, sweet; very productive; season early june. =early red bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , , . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . =bigarreau rouge de guben.= = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . this variety originated about , from seed in the garden of the pomological society, at guben, prussia, germany. the russians, who were growing it in , sent the variety from crimea to m. eugène glady, who in turn gave cions of it to leroy. tree moderately vigorous, productive; fruit usually attached in pairs; above medium to large, obtuse-cordate, more or less irregular, compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, inserted in a deep cavity; skin thick, dark red changing to reddish-brown; flesh dark colored, firm, breaking, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality excellent; stone rather large, ovate; ripens the last of june. =early red guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . = .= rivers _cat._ . - . this cherry, of unknown origin, was propagated by thomas rivers of sawbridgeworth, england. it is thought by some to be elton. fruit large, pale red; flesh very tender, rich and good; ripens in early june. =early red and yellow.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . this variety was raised by robert manning, salem, massachusetts, from the seed of a white bigarreau. fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; light red on a yellow ground; sweet, juicy; good; ripe the last of june. =early rivers.= _p. avium._ = .= _flor. & pom._ fig., . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= _flor. & pom._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _guigne early rivers._ = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . early rivers is a seedling of early purple raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england; first fruited in . tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, somewhat uneven and indented on the surface; stem long, rather slender; skin thin, deep red changing to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, very tender, rich, sweet; very good in quality; stone very small, elongated; season early. =early york.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . fruit medium in size; flesh greenish-white, tender, juicy, subacid. =ebenter cherry.= species? = .= _flor. & pom._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this cherry is said to be cultivated on the shores of lake constance, germany, notably at lindau and tettnang, and is distinguished for its firm flesh, large size and small stone. ripens after all other table cherries. =edouard seneclause.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . not described. =elfner kirsche.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed by mathieu. =elizabeth.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . elizabeth is a seedling from caleb atwater, portage county, ohio, . tree vigorous, upright, prolific; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, flattened on the sides; stem of medium length, set in a regular cavity; skin rich, dark red; flesh yellowish, slightly tinged with red, rather tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit roundish-ovate; season the middle of june. =emperor francis.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . = .= _jour. roy. hort. soc._ = =: . . _bigarreau empereur-francois._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _kaiser franz josef._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . = .= _reut. pom. inst. festschrift_ . . the origin of emperor francis is not given in any of the references though the variety seems to be quite well known in both france and england. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem rather short; cavity medium in size; skin marbled with red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh firm, crisp, sweet, high flavored; stone small, bluntly pointed; ripens rather late. =english amber.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ , . . probably this is an old variety known under some other name. tree vigorous, strong in growth, very productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, regular; stem long; skin delicate amber, mottled with pale red; flesh whitish-yellow, half-tender, delicate, juicy, very sweet; pit of medium size; ripens the last of june. =english bearer.= _p. cerasus._ = .= brookshaw _pom. brit_ pl. . . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. fig. . . _english preserve._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . this variety is grown in kent, england, where it is known as english preserver. it is distinguished from the kentish only by its larger size and the dark, irregular spots under the skin. ripens early in july. =english gaskin.= species? = .= _u. s. pat. off. rpt._ . . an almost worthless sort mentioned in the reference given. =englische weinkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ . . fruit large, roundish; stem long; skin tender, ground-color milky-white, crimson where exposed, on maturity the white changes to yellowish; juicy, vinous, aromatic; ripens in july. =englische weisse herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _englische weisse ganz frühe herzkirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . possibly this is the same as the white heart of england. it is without a doubt a separate variety from the guignier à gros fruit blanc of duhamel. fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem very long, slender, set in a deep cavity; suture a line, skin yellowish-white, tinged with red in the sun, uneven, glossy, transparent; flesh white, not very tender, juicy, sweet; quality good; stone of medium size, cordate, acute; ripens at the end of june. =enopa.= _p. pumila × p. triflora._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: . = .= _ibid._ = =: pl. . . enopa, a cross between the sand cherry and the occident plum, was sent out in by the south dakota station. fruit one and one-sixteenths inches in diameter, round, with a minute prickle at the apex; skin thin, free from acerbity, dark red, with blue bloom; flesh green. =episcopale.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . this variety, according to leroy, was found in the vicinity of paris and was introduced by m. jamin-durand, bourg-la-reine, in . the tree is distinguished from that of montmorency in being more erect, less dense, less productive; the fruit is more acid and later in ripening. =eppers weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, oval, flattened at the base, brownish-red, with a deep suture; flesh clear red, juicy, strongly subacid; pit elongated; ripens in september. =erfurter augustkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _d'aout erfurt._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _délices d'erfurt._ = .= _guide prat._ . . _erfurt delicious._ = .= _gard. chron._ = =: . . _hochgenuss von erfurt._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . this cherry is well known in and about thuringia forest, germany, where it is propagated by suckers and is valued for its lateness. tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem of medium length, set in a noticeable cavity; suture indistinct; skin tender, glossy, brownish-red changing to purplish-black; flesh tender, reddish, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone free, small, pea-shaped; ripens the last of july. =etopa.= _p. pumila × p. triflora._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . etopa is a cross between the sand cherry and the occident plum. said to be excellent in quality and remarkable for its intense black, purplish color of skin, flesh and juice; skin thin, free from acerbity; ripens there about september twelfth. =eugène furst.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _guide prat._ . . _fürst's herzkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem of medium length, slender; skin black; flesh red, sugary, acidulated; matures the last of june to july. said to be similar to may duke. =everbearing.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . fruit large, roundish-oblate, somewhat compressed; stem long, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin dull red to dark red when ripe; flesh quite tender, juicy, mildly acid; quality good. =excellente douce tardive.= _p. avium._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , , pl. . this cherry was produced from seed, in france in . tree vigorous, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at the ends; stem long, stout, inserted in a deep, wide cavity; skin thin, glossy, deep red mottled with clear red changing to reddish-black, often yellowish-amber in the shade; flesh yellowish, melting, sugary, slightly acidulated; quality very good; pit small, yellowish, roundish, apex pointed; ripens in august. =eyami.= _p. pumila x p. triflora._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . eyami is a cross between the sand cherry and the occident plum and was sent out by the south dakota station in . fruit one and three-sixteenths by one and five-sixteenths inches in size, round; skin thin, dark red, semi-transparent; flesh green, pleasant; pit large. =ezaptan.= _p. pumila x p. triflora._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: pl. , . . ezaptan, a cross between the sand cherry and the occident plum, was introduced in by the south dakota station. it is remarkable for its early and heavy bearing; skin thin, free from acerbity, dark purple; flesh black purplish-red to the pit. =faversham heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =favorite.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . _elliott's favorite._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . favorite is one of professor j. p. kirtland's cherries originating in cleveland, ohio, in , from a pit of yellow spanish, probably crossed with black tartarian, black mazzard, or may duke. the tree resembles american heart while the fruit is similar to choisy in flavor and texture but larger. tree vigorous, half-spreading, productive; fruit medium in size, round, regular, slightly compressed; stem long, set in an even and regular cavity; skin pale amber-yellow, with a bright, marbled, carmine-red cheek; flesh pale amber, translucent, tender, delicate, juicy, with a sweet, fine flavor; pit small, angular, smooth. =festfleischige schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _grosse dunkel braunrothe kramelkirsche._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _grosse schwarze knorpelkirsche mit festem fleisch._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _bigarreau-noir à chair très-ferme._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this cherry has the hardest flesh of all the black, hard-fleshed cherries, differing from the grosse schwarze knorpelkirsche in its firmer flesh. tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large, plump, truncate at the apex, sides compressed; suture not prominent; stem stout, long, set in a variable cavity; skin tough, almost black at maturity; flesh very firm, juicy, colored, very sweet, although with a mixture of sourness; stone small, turgid, cordate, sides compressed, clinging; ripens late. =flagg.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _cult. & count. gent._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . flagg was introduced by its originator, d. b. wier, lacon, illinois, as wier's early kentish, a selected seedling of early richmond, hardier and ten days earlier. tree slender, short-jointed, regularly conical, moderate in growth; at its best in high, dry, airy situations, with light soil; fruit medium in size, heart-shaped; skin black, firm; flesh tender, purplish-red, juicy, changing from a rich subacid to a very sweet, rich flavor; pit small; adapted to kitchen and table use. =flamentine.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _bigarreautier à petit fruit hâtif._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . _bigarreau à petit fruit blanc._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _early guigne._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . _early white bigarreau._ = .= _ibid._ = =: . . _petite bigarreau hâtif._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . _bigarreau blanc_ (petit). = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _türkine_? = .= _reut. pom. inst. festschrift_ . . this cherry probably originated more than a century ago in the vicinity of angers, france. names of wholly distinct varieties have sometimes been attached to it causing much confusion in the nomenclature. tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit usually in threes, above medium in size, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base, compressed; suture often a line; stem long, almost stout, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin thin, glossy, whitish-yellow, mottled with dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, rather firm, juicy, aromatic, sugary; first quality; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of june. =flemish gean.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a small, red, obtuse-cordate fruit of fair quality and tender flesh, ripening early in july. =fleurs doubles.= _p. cerasus._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _great rose._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ , . . _double floured cherry._ = .= gerarde _herball_ fig. . . _bloem-kers double._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefüllter blüthe._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _glaskirsche mit dickgefüllter blüthe._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _amarellenbaum mit ganz gefüllter blüte._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _small double flowering._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . _dwarf double flowering._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . _gefülltblühende amarelle._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . the tree of this variety, unlike many other double-flowering sorts, attains but moderate size, in many cases is but a bush or shrub. the blossoms are exceedingly double, very showy, with a slight tinge of pink on opening, the blooming season extending over three or four weeks. frequently the blossoms have small leaflets intermingled with the petals, while often a smaller flower appears to rise out of the center of another. the trees very seldom, if ever, bear. truchsess reports having fruited it twice in ten years. the early english writers make brief mention of several double-flowering sorts which have been included under this variety. =fleurs semi-doubles.= _p. cerasus._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. v. . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _lesser rose._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ , . . _red-flowered._ = .= ray _hist. plant._ . . _bloem-kers double._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _gefüllter kirschbaume._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , . . _weichsel mit halbgefüllter blüthe._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _glaskirsche mit halbgefüllter blüthe._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _gedoppelte amarelle mit halbgefüllter blüte._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _halbgefülltblühende amarelle._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _amarelle mit halbgefüllter blüthe._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . the home of this cherry is not known, it having been greatly confused with other double-flowering sorts. the flowers have a double row of from fifteen to twenty petals and often have two pistils, especially on the older trees. these generally bear twin-fruits though often the pistils are changed into small, green leaves, in which case the flowers are neither large nor attractive. the tree is of the amarelle type, small, blooming profusely; fruit moderately round, compressed on one side with a shallow suture; stem long, stout; cavity wide; skin clear red, becoming darker and flecked with brown; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasing, subacid at first; stone oval, bluntly pointed, often small and round, free when fully ripe; ripens the middle of july. =florianer kirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . a productive seedling bigarreau of medium size, elongated, angular; stem short, stout; skin black; flesh sweet, aromatic; second quality; ripens at the end of june. =folgerkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _holländische folgerkirsche_ incor. = .= christ _handb._ . . _cerise de folger._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . a few authors describe this cherry as volgers; the volger described by knoop in , however, is a distinct variety. duhamel's variety, cerise-guigne, is possibly the same. fruit large, roundish, truncate at the base, in unfavorable seasons the apex and sides are strongly compressed, with a noticeable suture; stem stout, long, set in a wide cavity; skin deep reddish-purple, glossy, tender; flesh delicate, sweet with a piquant taste; stone small, turgid, roundish-oval. =folgers swolfe.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . according to christ, salzman says that in holland several sour cherries were known as folgers. this is a large, black, pleasant subacid fruit with a very characteristic growth. =fouche morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . this variety is said to have been imported by professor j. l. budd, ames, iowa, from riga, russia, where it was found planted along walks and drives. tree rather small; fruit small, roundish-oblate; cavity shallow, broad; stem slender, rather long; suture a line; skin thin, rather tough, dark red changing to crimson; flesh firm, breaking, juicy, colored, sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone nearly round, of medium size; ripens early in july. =frauendorfer.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . _frauendorfer weichsel._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= _montreal hort. soc. rpt._ . - . _griotte de frauendorf._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this variety was imported into this country by professor j. l. budd in from north silesia. the montreal horticultural society believes two forms exist, one from north silesia being perfectly hardy while another from metz, germany, is far less so. tree productive; branches drooping; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; suture shallow; stem long; cavity small; skin thin, glossy, dark red at maturity; flesh tender, tinted with abundant, uncolored juice, acidulated; stone large; matures the last of june and the first of july. =french amarelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . trees thrifty and tall but set fruit sparingly; fruit large, yellow with a blush, two weeks later than early richmond. =french weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . in the reference this cherry is listed as a russian variety introduced by professor j. l. budd. if so, it was probably under some other name, as it seems not to be mentioned by budd. =frogmore early bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= _hogg fruit man._ . . = .= _flor. & pom._ fig. . = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . _frogmore early prolific._ = .= daniels bros. _cat._ . . _frogmore bigarreau._ = .= _agr. gaz. n. s. wales._ . . unlike the rest of its class, this cherry has tender flesh but is a bigarreau in tree-habit, leaf and in appearance of fruit, and is therefore classified as such. the variety is a seedling raised by thomas ingram of the frogmore royal gardens at windsor, berkshire, england. tree bears freely in clusters; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed, with a faint suture; stem long, set in a small cavity; skin waxen, orange-yellow, with a network of red and a blush of deeper red on the sunny side; flesh of a primrose color, very tender, translucent, rich, sweet; stone spoon-shaped, indented on one side; season early but short. =frogmore early crown.= species? = .= _gard. chron._ . . also a seedling from mr. ingram. it is a small, red fruit about ten days earlier than may duke, of a rich flavor when fully ripe. =frogmore late bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _flor. & pom._ , pl. fig. . . = .= _guide prat._ . . still another seedling raised by ingram of the frogmore royal gardens. fruit large, bluntly heart-shaped, hanging long without cracking; suture slight; stem very long; skin pale, waxy-yellow, bright red on the sunny side; flesh tender, juicy; season very late. =frogmore morrelo.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _thomas guide prat._ . . _new frogmore morello._ = .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . this variety attracted notice on account of the perfection to which it had been brought in the royal gardens at frogmore, berkshire, england, where it is believed to have originated. for productiveness and size it is said to far surpass the old morello. =fromm heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig., . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . _fromms schwarze herzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ , . . fromm heart was obtained from seed in by fromm, at guben, prussia, germany. in sandy soils and favorable years the trees are very productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, above medium in size, truncate-cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem of single fruits long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin dark reddish-brown to glossy black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sugary, pleasingly acidulated, aromatic; second quality; pit medium in size, turgid, roundish; ripens the third week of the cherry season. =frühe bunte herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _frühe lange weisse herzkirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _guigne panachée longue précoce._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this cherry is easily recognized by its elongated, cylindrical form and should not be confused with several others of similar type. it was found near weinberge, germany, by büttner who sent it to truchsess in . fruit medium in size, cylindrical, flattened on both sides, slightly drawn in at the apex and base; suture distinct on one side; stem long, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin yellow, blushed and faintly splashed with red where exposed; flesh pale yellow with a slight red tinge underneath the skin, moderately firm, juicy, without much sweetness; stone small, elongated, pointed at the apex; ripens early. =frühe kurzstielige knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . mentioned as a black, hard-fleshed cherry. =frühe maikirsche.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . frühe maikirsche differs from may duke in being darker of skin and juice, smaller in size, sweeter, and less distinct in suture. =frühe morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , fig. . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . an old variety of uncertain origin. tree large, spreading; fruit often large, roundish, flattened; suture indistinct; stem slender, shallowly inserted; skin tender, nearly black when mature; flesh tender, juicy, dark red, acidulated; stone round, plump; ripens the first of june in france. =frühe sauerkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . this cherry is thought to be a sub-variety of kirsche von der natte. tree medium in growth; branches slender; fruit medium in size, round, sides compressed; stem long; cavity shallow; skin tough, black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sour, without a trace of sweetness; ripens the middle of july. =frühe schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , , . . obtained by büttner in who later sent it to truchsess. tree productive; fruit small, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture distinct; stem of medium length; skin glossy, reddish-black deepening to black; flesh hard, reddish-black, juicy, sweet, with a slight bitterness; stone ovate, rather large; ripens the first half of july. =frühe von der natte.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _frühe natte aus samen._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _frühe süssweichsel von der natt._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _hâtive de nattes._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . _natte hâtive de semis._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . christ received this cherry in , as frühe von der natte aus saamen. fruit above medium in size, cordate, flattened on one side; suture distinct; stem long, often dividing about an inch down into two, three, or four stems; apex depressed; skin glossy, dark brown when ripe; flesh dark red, soft, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid; stone medium, oval; ripens early. =früher gobet.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _gobet hâtif._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . truchsess received this variety from mayer as gros gobet which it resembles very closely in size, form, and flavor but is much earlier and not as flattened. fruit of medium size, flattened; suture but a line; stem one inch long, often shorter, straight; cavity shallow; color clear red, becoming darker; flesh whitish with a reddish cast, tender, juicy, pleasingly acid; stone small, round, free but hanging to the stem. =früheste bunte herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . _weiss und rothe grosse herzkirsche._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _frühkirsche_? = .= christ _handb._ . . _früheste bunte molkenkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _guigne panachée très-précoce._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . the origin of this variety is unknown although it probably originated in austria, as the celebrated austrian pomologist, kraft, was the first to mention it. tree vigorous and in favorable seasons productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, compressed, with a suture; stem medium, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin tender, yellowish-white, striped with red around the base, spotted about the apex; flesh yellowish-white, with clear juice, sweet, pleasing, deteriorates on hanging; stone small, oval-cordate, clinging; ripens the last of may. =früheste der mark.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= lucas _handb. obst._ . . = .= lange _allgem. garten._ . . fruit medium to above, truncate-cordate; stem very long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin purplish, glossy; flesh reddish, firm, pleasing; ripens early. =fürst schwarze septemberkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . discovered by liegel in braunau, bohemia, austria, and named for his friend i. e. fürst. tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, oblate; stem very long; skin black; flesh firm, sweet, aromatic; stone large; one of the last to ripen, september to october. =galusha.= _p. cerasus._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . this cherry is seedling no. from d. b. wier, lacon, illinois. tree hardy, vigorous, an abundant bearer; fruit above medium in size, light red changing to a very dark, bright red; subacid becoming a rich sweet; ripens three days before early richmond. =gamdale.= species? = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . a cherry described by e. manning, harrisburg, ohio, as of second rank in size and quality. =garcine.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . garcine was obtained from seed about by m. garcine, near grenoble, isère, france. it is propagated in that locality by suckers, hence it was called by some, aventurière. tree pyramidal, productive; fruit large, oblate, ends drawn in and flattened, sides convex; stem long, inserted in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy black; flesh dark, firm, sugary, aromatic, juicy; stone large, turgid; ripens the middle of june. =gardiner.= _p. avium._ = .= _me. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . gardiner is a seedling of black tartarian. it is frequently killed back by severe winters in maine. =gaskins.= species? = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . gaskins is a corruption of gascoignes. about rye, sussex, england, the name is still in general use, the people believing the variety was brought from gascony, france. =gauchers knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . listed in this reference. =geer.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . geer is a new cherry from eastern oregon said to be later than napoleon and to surpass it in size and quality. =gelbe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _grosser weisser glänzender herzkirschbaum._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _guigne jaune._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . _guigne grosse ambrée._ = .= _le bon jard._ . . first mentioned in as gelbe or weisse herzkirsche. it is distinguished from goldgelbe herzkirsche through its cordate form, lighter color and earlier ripening. fruit above medium in size, borne in twos and threes, cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem long, slender, slightly inserted; skin pale yellow, glossy, tough, adherent, blushed with red on the sides; flesh clear, not tender, juicy, acidulated; stone free, small, elongated-cordate; ripens in july. =gelbe wachskirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . an unproductive seedling from the north sea, ripening later than gelbe herzkirsche which it resembles. fruit medium in size, round, flattened; stem long; skin glossy, clear waxy-yellow, transparent; flesh yellowish, firm, moderately sweet, without aroma; ripens from the middle to the end of july. =gemeine glaskirsche.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ . christ _wörterb._ . . this is a well-known duke cherry in germany. tree large; fruit large, almost round; skin clear, light red on a yellow ground; flesh melting, with uncolored juice, pleasant sourness; ripens early in july and lasts a long while. =genesee.= _p. avium._ a chance seedling of the bigarreau type originating about twenty-five years ago and recently introduced by j. a. morgan of scottsville, new york. the fruit is above medium in size, cordate, compressed; cavity shallow, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex roundish; stem slender, long; skin medium thick, tender, adherent, dark red mottled with amber; dots numerous, small, obscure; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; quality good; stone clinging, medium, ovate, flattened, smooth, slightly tinged red; use late market. =german.= _p. avium._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _german_ (kraus). = .= _ibid._ = =: . . german is said to have been introduced into michigan from new york. tree vigorous, though not productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate; stem long, slender, set in a broad, moderately deep cavity; color very dark red, nearly black; flesh firm, red, sweet, slightly bitter, with dark juice; ripens early in july. =german morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _griotte d'allemagne._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , , pl. xiv. . = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _deutscher griottier weichselbaum._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _deutsche griotte._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _grosse deutsche belzkirsche._ = .= _ibid._ . . _griotte de chaux._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _german duke._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _deutsche weichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _süssweichsel von chaux._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _de chaux._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _cerise d'allemagne._ = .= _le bon jard._ . . this old variety is badly confused with other cherries and its origin is uncertain. fruit large, roundish-oblate; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide; skin glossy, tough, brownish, almost black; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, with pleasing acidity, sweet if in a dry, warm soil; stone large, oval-pointed; ripens the middle of july; productive. =germersdorf.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . _bigarreau noir de germersdorf._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _germersdorfer grosse kirsche._ = .= _lauche deut. pom._ =iii=: no. , pl. . a seedling of german origin. tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem medium, set in a deep, wide cavity; skin dark brown with dark spots and streaks; flesh rather firm, light red, juice tinted, sweet, pleasingly acidulated; stone of medium size, oval; ripens the fifth week of the season. =geschiltztblättrige süssweichsel.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . an ornamental cherry distinguished from may duke through its smaller fruit and laciniated leaves. =gestriefte herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit cordate; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin thin, tender, white, streaked with red, which, if allowed to remain on the tree, becomes nearly solid red; flesh tender, soft, fibrous under the skin, juicy, colorless, honey-sweet, refreshing; ripens in july lasting about three weeks. =gewöhnliche muskatellerkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . fruit smaller than that of the black or red muskateller, roundish, very dark brown, almost black; flesh red, pleasant subacid; ripens at the end of june. =giant.= _p. avium._ = .= burbank _cat._ . . giant was grown in by luther burbank and introduced by the luther burbank company in . it is claimed by its introducer that it is the largest cherry grown. tree rapid in growth, with large and heavy foliage; fruit glossy black, rich, sweet, delicious; ripens in california about june th. =gibb.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . gibb was imported from orel, central russia, without a name. it is much like brusseler braune in tree, fruit, and in habit of bearing a double crop of blossoms and fruit, but is hardier. fruit large, roundish-cordate; stem stout; skin thick, tender, dark crimson changing to purplish-red; flesh dark red, meaty; quality good; stone large, oblong; ripens the last of july to early august. =gifford.= _p. avium._ = .= downing_ fr. trees am._ . . fruit small, light red, roundish-cordate, very sweet; productive; season the last of june. =glasherzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _grosse glas-herzkirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . =glas-molkenkirsche.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . this cherry differs from others of its class in being rounder, darker, and later. fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, convex on one side, compressed on the other, with a shallow suture; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; skin mingled with dull red and clear white, often streaked; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, but not high; stone large, acutely pointed; ripens the middle of july. =glaskirsche von der natte.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - , . . according to truchsess this variety is very similar to, and often taken for double natte, frühe von der natte, and double glass. =glasskirsche kurzstielige.= _p. avium._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this sweet cherry is supposed to have come from vilna, russia. =gloire de france.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat_. , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom_. = =: , fig. . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . _bonnemain_. = .= _guide prat._ , . . originated from seed by auguste bonnemain, etamps, seine-et-oise, france, fruiting in for the first time. on mazzard stock the tree never reaches full size but on mahaleb it grows large and regular and is more globular in form. at best it is only moderately productive. fruit borne in threes, medium in size, roundish-oblate, somewhat depressed; suture broad, shallow, often indistinct; apex rather large, slightly depressed; stem short, thick, inserted in a wide cavity; skin a reddish-brick color, occasionally mottled with greenish-brown in the shade and red on the sunny side; flesh pale red, grayish, transparent, rather tender and fibrous, with abundant juice, sprightly acidulated, agreeable; pit of medium size, roundish-oval, convex; season the first of july. =golden knob.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . golden knob is a worthless, medium-sized, oval cherry ripening the middle of july; skin yellow and flesh firm. =goldgelbe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _kleine ambra_, [or] _goldgelber herzkirschbaum_. = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _kleine ambra._ = .= christ _handb._ . . distinguished from other yellow heart cherries by its round form, dark yellow color, and rather firm flesh. fruit of medium size, roundish; suture a line; stem very long, slender, deeply inserted; skin thin, tough, readily removed, transparent, glossy, golden-yellow; flesh moderately tender, yellowish, with darker spots showing through the skin, very juicy, with a pleasing sweetness when ripe; stone of medium size, oval, slightly adherent; ripens the last of june. =goldsmith black heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned but not described in this reference. =goodspeed.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . goodspeed is of the montmorency type ripening just after early richmond. the trees are long-lived and regular bearers. fruit of medium size, oblate, slightly cordate; cavity deep, broad; suture shallow; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh moderately firm, tender, with uncolored juice, slightly subacid; quality good; stone free, of medium size, roundish-ovate. =gormley.= species? = .= _can. hort._ = =: . . = .= _ibid_. = =: . . this hardy seedling, now about twenty-five years old, was found by john gormley of pickering, canada. it resembles montmorency in color, english morello in shape, and a bigarreau in texture. its firm, yellowish flesh parts readily from the pit. =gottorper.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . _gottorper marmorkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _cerise de gottorpe._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - . . originated in the vicinity of coburg, germany, toward the latter part of the eighteenth century. it resembles yellow spanish. tree above medium in size, very productive; fruit abruptly cordate to roundish; stem short, slender; cavity shallow; skin tough, red, mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish-white, not very firm, juicy, usually very sweet, slightly aromatic; stone small, oblate, free; ripens the fourth week of the cherry season; cracks in the rain when nearly mature; excellent for home use. =gould no. x.= species? = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . reported by the illinois horticultural society in . =governor luce.= species? = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as growing at the michigan station. =grafenburger frühkirsche.= species? = .= _reut. pom. inst. festschrift_ . . a very productive, strong-growing cherry recommended for table and market use; fruit large, truncate-cordate, red, early. =graham.= _p. avium._ = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . the washington experiment station lists this variety as: tree of medium size, upright, with abundant foliage; fruit small, round; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh light red, juicy, rich, sweet; good; season the last of july; productive. =grande ronde.= species? = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a new, early, large, black cherry recommended in eastern oregon; ships well. =great bearing.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _rea flora_ . . fruit large, blackish-red on the outer side when ripe, blood-red within. ripens late, with a sharp taste; bears well. =great leafed.= species? = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . this is a variety with very large leaves; relatively unproductive, bearing pale red fruit of only medium size. =gridley.= _p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . apple. = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . this variety was discovered by william maccarty about the beginning of the nineteenth century, growing in the garden of deacon samuel gridley, roxbury, massachusetts. for a good many years it was considered a valuable cherry but later was supplanted by better sorts. tree upright, vigorous, very productive; fruit medium in size, roundish; stem short; color black; flesh firm, purplish-red, medium juicy, sprightly, rather acid at first becoming milder when fully ripe; stone small; matures in mid-season. =grenner glas.= _p. cerasus._ = .= ont. dept. agr. _fr. ont._ . . tree upright, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit borne in clusters, large, oblate, one-sided; suture distinct on one side; stem long; cavity broad, shallow; apex a small depression; skin bright red; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, tart; quality good; season the middle of july. =griotte acher.= _p. cerasus._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . _griotte double._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , , . . _Ächer's weichsel_. = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . the origin of griotte acher is not known but it may have sprung up by chance in holland a century and a half ago. tree medium in growth, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, medium to large, flattened heart-shaped with truncate sides; cavity narrow; suture distinct; stem variable, usually long, medium thick; skin rather firm, vivid purple shading to almost purplish-black; flesh tender, slightly stringy, reddish-purple, medium sweet, somewhat pleasing because of a slight tart, acid flavor, with abundant, violet juice; stone medium in size, ovoid, truncate at the base, turgid; ripens the last of july and the first of august. =griotte de büttner.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . a dwarf sort that blossoms and ripens late; much like imperial morello. =griotte commune.= _p. cerasus._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _griotte._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: - , pl. xii. . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . _griotte simple._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _griottier weichselbaum._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _common french griotte._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _gemeine süssweichsel._. = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = := . . _cerise commune._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , , . . the origin of this variety is unknown but according to french writers it was brought from syria by the crusaders about . tree large, productive; fruit medium in size, usually borne in pairs, distinguished from others of its class by its firm flesh, its black skin, and its colored juice, oblate, flattened at the base; suture slight; stem long, rather stout, set in a broad, shallow cavity; skin thin, glossy, dark red, changing to black; flesh colored, firm, vinous, aromatic, juicy; first quality; pit small, turgid, round; ripens the first of july. =griotte douce précoce.= _p. cerasus._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . _süsse frühweichsel._ = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _liegel's süsse frühweichsel_. = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this variety is often confused with süsse frühweichsel. the two are distinct, however, in that the latter has light colored flesh while the former is a dark fleshed sort. tree vigorous, drooping, productive; fruit often borne in twos or threes, of medium size, roundish, compressed; suture shallow; stem rather slender, variable, medium to above in length, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red changing to reddish-black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, subacid, becoming milder at maturity; stone small, roundish; ripens the forepart of june. =griotte de kleparow.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , . . _polnische grosse weichsel._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . _pohlnische kirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _polnische weichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _kleparower süssweichsel._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _kleparavoska._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _griotte kleparite._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: fig. . budd found this variety very hardy about galicia, austria, and warsaw, russia, and imported it for central and southern iowa. it is grown from seed in the forests of poland. the griotte kleparite of budd-hansen is probably the same variety. tree strong in growth, large, productive; fruit of medium size, generally attached in pairs, roundish-cordate, sides often compressed; suture shallow, often a line; stem long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, clinging to the flesh, glossy, dark brownish-red, deep black when ripe; flesh tender, fibrous, lightly colored, juicy, acid, although sugary, aromatic; quality fair; pit small, turgid, almost spherical; ripens the last of july. =griotte lodigiana.= _p. cerasus._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . introduced into france from florence, italy, by leroy about . fruit of medium size, globular, compressed at the ends; stem of medium length, inserted in a wide cavity; apex depressed; skin deep red; flesh pale yellow, tender, slightly fibrous, juicy, very sugary, slightly acidulated; second quality; stone of medium size, round, turgid; ripens the last of june. =griotte noire.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . listed as a large, blackish-red, acidulated fruit, ripening in july. =griotte noire de piémont.= _p. cerasus._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _griotte à gros fruit noir de piémont._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . this variety, probably from piedmont, italy, was received by leroy in . fruit generally borne in pairs, above medium in size, globular, compressed at the ends; suture indistinct; stem long, set in a deep cavity; skin uniformly blackish-red; flesh tender, reddish, very juicy, acidulated, slightly sweet; quality fair; stone of medium size, roundish-oval, swollen; ripens the middle of june. =griotte du nord améliorée.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . mentioned as possibly larger and better than griotte du nord. =griotte à petit fruit.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in the reference given. =griotte précoce.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . according to the first reference, this variety was brought into spain from central asia and was known in parts of europe as "early spanish." it was imported to america from russia. tree hardy; fruit large, flattened; suture distinct; stem medium in size, curved, set in a deep cavity; skin bright, glossy red; flesh soft, breaking, uncolored; quality very good; ripens the middle of june. =griotte rouge de piémont.= _p. cerasus._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., , . . _griotte à gros fruit rouge de piémont._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . according to leroy, it is not at all improbable that this cherry is the one spoken of by pliny under the name, "apronian." fruit attached in pairs, above medium in size, globular, compressed at the ends; suture indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a small cavity; skin lively red; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, acidulated, somewhat bitter yet sugary; second quality; stone of medium size, roundish-oval, swollen; ripens the last of june. =griotte de schaarbeck.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in this reference. =griotte tardive d'annecy.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =griotte tardive de plombières= _p. avium._ = .= rev. hort. . . this variety is recommended because of its lateness but it remains a local variety, little known outside of plombières, vosges, france, where it was found. fruit oval-cordate, elongated at the apex; skin glossy, brownish at complete maturity; flesh firm, adherent to the stone, whitish-gray, very sweet, agreeable; pit cordate; ripens the last of august, remaining on the tree during september. =griotte de toscane.= _p. cerasus._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . leroy brought this cherry from florence, italy, to france about . fruit globular, more or less compressed at the ends; suture very shallow; stem long, set in a pronounced cavity; skin intense red changing to blackish; flesh of a garnet color, tender, juicy, sugary, slightly bitter; second quality; stone of medium size, round, turgid; ripens in early july. =griotte de turquie.= _p. avium x p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . fruit large, round, red; flesh tender, ripens early in july. similar to choisy. =griottier à feuilles cucullées.= _p. cerasus._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _cerisier cuculle_? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . originated at tours, inde-et-loire, france. its only point of merit is in its cucullated foliage. fruit small, globular, compressed at the ends; suture imperceptible; stem short; cavity variable; skin almost clear red; flesh tender, light rose-colored, juicy, acidulated, mildly sweet; quality hardly fair; pit very small, round, more or less swollen; ripens at the end of june. =griottier à fruit aigre.= _p. cerasus._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . tree of medium size, rather vigorous; fruit small, oval-roundish, blackish; flesh tender, juicy; mediocre quality; ripens in september and october in france. =griottier à longues feuilles.= _p. cerasus._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . leroy grew this cherry as early as but did not know its origin. fruit above medium in size, globular, slightly compressed at the ends; stem very short, inserted in a pronounced cavity; skin deep red, with gray dots; flesh tender, fibrous, yellowish-white, juicy, acidulated, slightly sweet, agreeable; second quality; stone of medium size, roundish-oval, turgid; ripens the first of july. =groll schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in the reference given. =gros bigarreau rond.= p. _avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . fruit large, even, roundish, though often larger and less flattened than bigarreau d'italie; stem medium in length; color becoming black; flesh red, firm, sweet, pleasing; pit small and slightly elongated; ripens the last of may. =gros guindoul hâtif.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _rev. hort._ . - . tree large; fruit of first size, superior quality, large, dark red, juicy, sprightly; ripens in june-july. =grosse blanche carrée.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a firm, red, heart-shaped cherry of second size and quality, used principally for the table, ripening in july. =grosse bunte herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _weiss herzkirsche._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . _grosse bunte molkenkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this cherry is distinguished from others of its class by its peculiar coloring. at one time it was recommended because of its size, flavor, and length of season. fruit large, thick at the base, both sides compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, slender, set in a shallow opening; ground color a dingy pale yellow more or less covered with red; flesh tender, melting, pleasing; ripens at the end of june. =grosse friedrichskirsche.= species? = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, compressed, roundish-cordate, pale yellow, washed with crimson; flesh slightly aromatic; ripens the end of june; productive. =grosse glaskirsche.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _grosse cerise transparente._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . = .= _guide prat._ , . . through an error which he later rectified, truchsess described the double glass as this variety. this cherry differs in having a shorter stem, larger size and in ripening later. fruit very large, almost round, flattened at the ends, depressed at the apex; stem stout, short, inserted in a large cavity; skin glossy, becoming dark red; flesh pale yellowish, melting, juicy, mild yet with a piquant, pleasing sourness; stone roundish, turgid, clinging to the flesh more than to the stem; ripens in august. =grosse gomballoise.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , . . _bigarreau grosse gomballoise._ = .= _guide prat._ . . fruit large to very large, thickly cordate, often elongated, truncate at the ends; suture deep, but a colored line on one side; stem long, stout, set in a large, deep cavity; skin thick, firm, intense purple changing to almost black; flesh purple, firm, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic; pit of medium size; ripens at the end of june. =grosse guigne blanche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _guigne a gros fruit blanc._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , pl. fig. . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . _kleine weisse frühkirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _guigne blanche._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . _early white guigne._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _white heart._ = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . an old variety, probably of french origin, which, according to leroy, was described by merlet in . fruit large, attached in pairs, cordate, slightly elongated; stem medium in length, set in a wide cavity; skin dull yellow, tinged and mottled with dull red; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, slightly acidulated; quality fair, insipid in wet seasons; stone large, ovoid, clinging; ripens the last of june. =grosse guigne noire à court pédicelle.= _p. avium._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _guignier à gros fruit noir et court pédoncule._ = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . an old variety of uncertain origin. fruit large, roundish-cordate; suture broad; stem short, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tender but firm, beautiful black at maturity; flesh soft, juicy, agreeable; quality good; stone of medium size, oval, reddish; ripens the last of june. =grosse höckerige marmorkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit very large, uneven, roughened, dark red; flesh hard, rather sweet; ripens at the end of july; not very productive. =grosse mogulkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . fruit large, cordate, red, dotted here and there with white; flesh mild; excellent; pit small. =grosse morelle.= _p. cerasus._ = =. christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _grosse morelle double?_ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . fruit large, globular; stem medium in length, slender, set in a smooth cavity; skin glossy, smooth, inky-black; flesh blood-red, veined, juicy, wine-sour, not unpleasant; stone of medium size, blood-red; ripens from the end of june to july; often dried. =grosse nonnenkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _varrenne, de._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _grosse cerise des religieuses._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . probably of french origin. tree moderately productive; fruit of medium size, round, sides unevenly compressed, with a shallow suture; stem long, set in a wide cavity; skin brownish-black, glossy; flesh tender, colored, juicy, subacid; stone small, very broad, clinging to the stem; ripens the middle of july. =grosse picarde.= _p. cerasus._ the united states department of agriculture received this variety from f. jamin, bourg-la-reine, france, in , after which trees were sent to this station for testing. tree vigorous, rapid in growth; fruit of the montmorency type, above medium in size, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity intermediate in depth and width, abrupt; suture a line; apex roundish; stem slender, long; skin moderately thick, tough, separating readily from the pulp, very dark red; dots numerous, small, obscure; flesh dark red, stringy, tender, melting, astringent, sour, juicy; poor to fair in quality; stone of medium size, ovate, slightly pointed, smooth, tinged with purple; season very late. =grosse schwarze frühe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. . . _guigne à gros fruit noir hâtif._ = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . this cherry differs from frühe maiherzkirsche in having a firmer flesh. fruit above medium in size, cordate, pointed, black; suture distinct on one side; stem long, slender, deeply set; ripens in june. =grosse schwarze herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . ._gemeine schwarze herzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - , , . . _gemeine schwarze herzkische._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - , , , . _guignier à gros fruit noir_? = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . fruit large, cordate, flattened on one side; stem long, set in a deep cavity; skin thick, dark red changing to black, pitted; flesh rather firm, tender, fibrous, dark red, juicy, exceedingly sweet and refreshing, with a slightly bitterish after-taste; stone clinging; ripens in july. =grosse späte schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . found in a german garden in ; distinguished from elkhorn in ripening later. fruit large, round, flattened on the sides and apex; skin black, glossy; stem thick; flesh firm, juicy; ripens early in august. =grosse süsse maiherzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _grosse süsse maikirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; stem of medium length, stout, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tough, almost black; flesh tender, reddish-black, juicy, sprightly, rich; stone of medium size, broadly cordate, with a faint point; ripens at the end of june; used for table and kitchen. =grosse tardive.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _grosse späte amarelle._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . grosse tardive is thought to have originated near paris, france. it ripens the first of august when all other sweet, black cherries are gone. the tree resembles montmorency. =grosse transparente.= species? = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . mentioned in the reference given. =grosse ungarische kirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= krünitz _enc._ - . . _ungarische herzkirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _grosse schwarze ungarische herzkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, oval, rather angular; stem medium in length; cavity deep, irregular; suture distinct; skin glossy, black; flesh dark red, fine-grained, aromatic, sweet; stone large, oval; ripens early in july; productive. =grosse de verrières.= _p. avium._ = .= _rev. hort._ , , pl. - . this cherry is extensively grown at verrières, france, where it is often called, "la grosse." the fruit, however, is but a trifle larger than cerise commune from which it differs only in its slightly elongated-cordate form; stem medium in length; skin deep red; flesh red, juicy, sweet; season the middle of july. =grosse de wagnellee.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . a vigorous, productive cherry of belgian origin; fruit large, oval; skin yellow, washed and spotted with red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; ripens in july. =grosse weinkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . _grosse-griotte à vin._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . fruit flattened, roundish, rather large; stem rather long; suture indistinct; skin very dark, glossy red; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sprightly, acid; pit egg-oval; ripens in july; used for conserves and coloring wines. =grosse weisse frühkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . fruit large, truncate-cordate, one side compressed, with a shallow suture; stem long, stout, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin firm, tough, pale yellow, washed with deep red; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, pleasing; stone small, round, plump, partly clinging; ripens the middle of july. =groth braune knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed without description in this reference. =groth gelbe knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . _bigarreau jaune de groth._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _groth's wachskirsche._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . tree vigorous and very productive; fruit rather large, truncate-cordate; skin transparent, brilliant yellow; flesh rather firm, very sweet, agreeable; first quality; matures early in july. =grünstiel-kirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit black, of medium size, obtuse-cordate, noticeably furrowed; stem long, shallowly inserted; flesh firm, colored, subacid; pit of medium size, round, somewhat clinging; ripens the middle of july. =guben.= _p. avium. . can. exp. farms rpt._ . . _bigarreau noir de guben._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _gubener schwarze knorpel._ = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . _late black bigarreau_? = .= _guide prat._ . . guben originated near the town of the same name in prussia, germany. fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides slightly compressed; suture indistinct; stem rather long; cavity shallow; skin firm, glossy, nearly black; flesh firm, dark red, sweet, with a pleasing sourness; pit roundish; ripens the last of june. =gubens ehre.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= lange _allgem. garten._ . . fruit large, dark red, with a slightly aromatic flavor. =guigne anglaise blanche précoce.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =guigne d'argovie.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =guigne blanche précoce.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: . . received by leroy from germany in and said by him to lack size and quality. =guigne bonne alostoise.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =guigne de buxeuil.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =guigne carnée winkler.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig., . . _winkler weisse herzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ , . . _guigne blanche de winkler._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _guigne de winkler._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this variety is said to be a seedling raised by a herr winkler at guben, prussia, germany, about . fruit attached in pairs, large, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture not prominent; stem long, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin flesh-colored; flesh tender, slightly fibrous, light yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasingly aromatic; pit of medium size, plump, oval; ripens the second week of the cherry season. =guigne de chamblondes.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =guigne chamonale.= _p. avium._= .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . flowers and foliage only described. =guigne chavanne.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =guigne courte-queue d'oullins.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , . . _guigne à courte queue_? = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . this variety is said to have originated at oullins, near lyons, france. tree vigorous, upright, productive; fruit rather large, obtuse-cordate, truncate; stem short to very short, inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity; suture a well-marked line; skin rather thick, glossy, shaded with red changing to deep black; flesh red, tender but not soft, sweet with some acidity, agreeable; quality excellent; pit large for the size of the fruit, ovoid; ripens early in june. =guigne ecarlate.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a worthless, medium-sized, red, oval fruit, with firm flesh, ripening in july. =guigne de l'escalier.= _p. avium._ = .= _thomas guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . this is a large, brownish-black, french cherry of the heart class. fruit with an uneven surface; flesh red, sugary, sweet; first quality; ripens the first of july. =guigne de gland.= _p. avium._ = .= _rev. hort._ . . guigne de gland received its name from the small community of gland, aisne, france, where it appears to have been first cultivated. it is one of the first to be found on the markets; is very productive, and of good quality; fruit large, clear red, very sweet. =guigne grosse rouge hâtive.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a firm, red, cordate cherry of second quality for table use; ripens in july. =guigne grosse rouge tardive.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =guigne guindole.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . many writers, including leroy, believe this cherry to be identical with the flamentine. tree vigorous, productive; grown for market; fruit large, elongated-cordate; skin deep red with carmine mottling on a yellowish ground; flesh tender, soft, juicy, sugary; matures the last part of june. =guigne hâtive d'elsdorf.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . a german variety "much recommended." =guigne marbrée.= _p. avium._ = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. . pl. . . = .= wickson _cal. fruits._ . . = .= _cat. cong. pom. france_ . . the origin of this variety is uncertain. fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture wide, shallow; stem of medium length, set in a shallow, wide cavity; skin glossy, white, washed with a rose color changing to carmine, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellowish, firm, sweet, faintly aromatic; pit small, roundish; ripens early in july. =guigne marie besnard.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a large, oblong, heart cherry of good quality; skin light yellow overspread with red; flesh tender, juicy; late. =guigne de nice.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . fruit very large, oblong, light red; season early in warm years; trees rather tender. =guigne noir luisante.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _guignier à gros fruit noir luisant._ = .= duhamel _trait arb. fr._ = =: , . . _grosse glänzende schwarze herkirsche._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . _grosse guigne noire luisante._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , , . . _guigne reinette noire._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _guigne noire hâtive à gros fruits._ = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . this variety should not be mistaken for the black spanish of the germans although elliott speaks of it as such with the statement that it was grown in new jersey about , from whence it was introduced into ohio. it was known as guigne reinette noire about the provinces of main and anjou, france, where it is said to have originated. some authors have confused it with hogg's black heart from which it differs in being more firm. tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually attached in threes, obtuse-cordate, plump; suture wide; stem medium in length, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; skin thick, glossy, brownish-red changing to black; flesh colored, tender, fibrous, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; pit small, roundish-oval, turgid; ripens the last of june. =guigne noire hâtive.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _guignier à gros fruit noir hâtif._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . this old variety originated in france early in the sixteenth century. tree moderately productive; fruit attached in threes, large, obtuse-cordate, irregular; stem long, stout; cavity large; skin becomes reddish-black; flesh deep red, fibrous, juicy, acidulated, sweet; quality fair; pit above medium, ovoid, plump; ripens the last of may. =guigne noire de monstreux.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . described by m. m. vérilhac, nurseryman at annonay, france, as a large, good, productive cherry ripening the first part of june. =guigne nouvelle espéce.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =guigne olive.= p. _avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig., , . . fruit large, elongated-oval, more pointed at the cavity; suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a slightly deep, abrupt cavity; skin at first rose-colored, marbled with red changing to almost black; flesh tender, colored, agreeably acid, with a slight bitterness; pit very large, oval, resembling the pit of an olive; ripens at the beginning of july. =guigne petite blanche.= _p. vium._ = .= _lond. hort soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =guigne petite rouge.= p. _avium._ = .= _lond. hort soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =guigne la plus hâtive.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. . _guigne marbrée précoce._ = .= _mas le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _guigne d'annonay._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . fruit of medium size, cordate, often slightly elongated; skin thin, mottled with red changing to almost black; stem moderately slender, set in a rather deep, wide cavity; flesh purplish, tender, juicy, agreeably acidulated; pit small, ovoid; ripens the last of may. =guigne précoce leo d'ounons.= p. _avium._ = .= _rev. hort._ . . this variety was found in an orchard near vigne, france. the fruit is large and sweet with an agreeably aromatic juice; ripens the first half of june. =guigne précoce de mathère.= p. _avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _early mathere._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; stem short; skin red; flesh yellowish-red, juicy, sweet; stone small, clinging; early. =guigne précoce ponctuée.= p. _avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . a variegated cherry with uncolored juice, mentioned by mortillet. =guigne de provence.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . = .= _guide prat._ . . although very similar to transparente de coë, according to _guide pratique_, , guigne de provence is a distinct variety. tree vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; skin reddish-carmine; flesh rather firm, sweet; first quality; matures the last half of june. =guigne ramon oliva.= _p. avium._ = .= _rev. hort._ . . = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . a chance seedling noticed first by m. charozé, horticulturist, at pyramide-trelazé, near angers, france. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually borne in twos or threes, roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long; color brownish-black, glossy; flesh fine, juicy, sweet; pit large, oval; ripens early in june. =guigne rose hâtive.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _kleine frühe rothe herzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. . . _rosenrothe maikirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _guignier à fruit rose hâtif._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . guigne rose hâtive was received by jahn from dochnahl who believed rheinpfalz, a former palatinate in germany, to be its home. tree productive, drooping; fruit of medium size, uneven particularly about the stem, roundish-cordate, sides flattened; suture indistinct; stem medium in length; cavity shallow; skin rose-colored in the middle of may, later changing to a reddish-purple or black; flesh tender, with colored juice, sweet if ripe; stone rather large, ovate to oval; ripens at the end of may or the beginning of june. =guigne rouge commune.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . the flowers and foliage only are described. =guigne rouge ponctuée.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , , . . this cherry is similar to rothe molkenkirsche but is different in pit. it was found in the province of l'isere, france. fruit large to above, depressed at both extremities, flattened on both sides, one of which is traversed by a wide, shallow suture; stem above medium in length, set in a shallow, rather narrow cavity; skin firm, thick, brilliant, changing to deep red, mottled; flesh white, faintly rose-colored especially about the pit, moderately firm, at maturity it loses its sourness becoming sugary and aromatic; pit large, oblong-oval; ripens at the beginning of june. =guigne de russie à fruit blanc.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =guigne très précoce.= _p. avium._ . hogg _fruit man._ , . . a very early, black cherry, a week earlier than the early purple. fruit rather small, obtuse-cordate, irregular in outline; stem long, slender, deeply inserted in a wide cavity; skin quite black; flesh very tender; juice colored; good. =guigne van der broek.= _p. avium._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . a very small, juicy cherry similar to the black guigne in form, color and taste; somewhat oblong; dark, brownish-black; of a very sweet, agreeable taste. =guigne villeneuve.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . _villeneuver herzkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . this variety is believed to be native to the region around the auvergne mountains, france. fruit very large, quadrangular; skin a vivid rose color overspreading a whitish ground; ripens late in june. =guignier à fruit noir et très-long pédoncule.= _p. avium._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . obtained from seed and fruited first in . tree erect, vigorous; fruit small, conical, black; stem nearly four inches long; flesh watery, colored, sweet, agreeably acidulated. =guignier à petit fruit noir.= _p. avium._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . this variety differs from the grosse schwarze herzkirsche only in size of fruit. =guindoux noir de faix.= species? = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . mentioned by thomas without description. =gunsleber späte knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . a seedling of white spanish ripening early in august. fruit small, blushed with light and dark red on a white ground; flesh firm, sweet; unproductive. =halbgefülltblühende weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _schwarze weichsel mit halb gefüllter blüte._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . truchsess says that only the semi-doubles have perfect pistils and the other flowers do not produce fruit. fruit oblate; stem long, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin, tough, glossy, black; flesh tender, fibrous near the stem, with dark juice, pleasing. =halifax.= species? = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . halifax is an old variety reported from maryland. =hallock.= _p. avium._ hallock is a supposed seedling of downer found by nicholas hallock, milton, new york; not disseminated. it resembles downer in color but is slightly smaller and about two weeks later. =hallowell.= _p. avium._ = .= _me. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . hallowell is a seedling of black tartarian. =hamell kirsche.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in the reference given. =hamels arissen.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =hartlib.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =hartlippe.= species? = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the hartlippe cherrie is so called of the place where the best of this kinde is noursed up, being betweene sittingbourne and chattam in kent, and is the biggest of our english kindes." =hartz mountain.= species? = .= _minn. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety was brought from germany by a mr. meyer of st. peter, minnesota, with whom it has proved hardy and productive. =hâtive de balis.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =hâtive ou précoce.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =hâtive de prin.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _rev. hort._ , , pl. . = .= _guide prat._ . . _priner frühweichsel._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . this variety was introduced by m. maquerlot of fismes, marne, france. it resembles montmorency in shape, with a longer stem. fruit often borne in fours; cavity deep; skin thin, deep red; flesh of a rose color, transparent, sugary, acidulated, juicy; pit of medium size, orbiculated. =hâtive de st. jean.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =headley.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =healy.= _p. avium._ = .= sweet _cat._ ii. . healy is an old, sweet variety thought to have come from pennsylvania; introduced by george a. sweet, dansville, new york. =hedelfingen.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . _hedelfingen risenkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _colassale d'hedelfingen._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . _géante d'hedelfingen._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _monstrueuse d'hedelfingen._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _bigarreau de hedelfingen._ = .= _gard. chron._ = =: . . this variety probably originated in the village of hedelfingen, germany. tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, obtuse-cordate; suture noticeable on both sides; stem very long; cavity deep, narrow; skin glossy, tough, dark brown changing to black, with light red dots; flesh fibrous, dark red, more tender than many bigarreaus, yet firm, juicy, pleasing, aromatic; stone of medium size, long, truncate at the base; ripens in july; good for table, kitchen and market. =hedwigs kirsche.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed but not described. =heidelberger kirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . a very dark, black, small, short-stemmed sour cherry ripening at the beginning of september. =heiges.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . heiges is a seedling of the bigarreau type, from c. e. hoskins, springbrook, oregon, ripening there the last of june. fruit large, heart-shaped, very smooth; cavity medium in size and depth, regular, flaring; stem short, slender; suture shallow, narrow; skin thin, tenacious, dark purplish-black, with minute golden, indented dots; flesh very dark, purplish-black, with a few light veins, meaty, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality best; pit large, oval, semi-clinging. =heintzen (heintze's) frühe kirsche.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in the reference given. =henneberger grafenkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . _cerise du comte de henneberg._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . fruit of medium size, flattened, without a suture; black when ripe; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; flesh tender, with a pleasant sourness; ripens in july. =hensel early.= species? = .= _horticulturist_ = =: fig. . hensel is an accidental seedling found on the grounds of g. w. zahm, lancaster, pennsylvania, and named after the former owner of the property. tree moderate in growth, hardy, productive; fruit roundish, obtuse at the base; stem slender; flesh half-tender, juicy; good; ripens the first part of june; not disposed to rot. =herzkirsche léona quesnel.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned but not described by mathieu. =herzkirsche trauben.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . the flowers and foliage only are described. =herzkirsche wils frühe.= species? = .= lange _allgem. garten._ . . listed without a description. =herzkirschweichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . according to christ, this cherry is a morello; fruit large, with an indistinct suture; stem rather long, deeply set; color reddish-black; flesh tender, subacid; stone cordate; ripens the middle of july. =herzog may.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . imported by professor j. l. budd from southwestern russia where it does well on wet, unfavorable soil. tree open and upright, a true duke of the best quality. =hoadley.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . hoadley was raised by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, in , and was named by elliott in honor of george hoadley of cleveland. tree healthy, vigorous, with a round, spreading head; fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate; stem of medium length; cavity shallow; skin pale yellow, mottled and striped with clear carmine; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, almost translucent; pit of medium size; season the last of june; valuable for table use but will not stand shipment. =hockenberg.= _p. cerasus._ mentioned in a letter from h. back & sons, new trenton, indiana, as resembling an amarelle; of no particular value. =hogg black gean.= _p. avium._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long; skin black, glossy; flesh and juice dark, rich, sweet, tender; season at the beginning of july. =hogg red gean.= _p. avium._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . fruit medium large, roundish, inclined to heart-shape; stem long; skin red, mottled with amber-yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, rich, with uncolored juice; ripens the first of july. =hoke.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . hoke is a duke, long known in york county, pennsylvania, and regarded as worthy of wider dissemination. it originated at hanover, pennsylvania, with henry wirt, and was known as wirt until the farm changed hands in , when it became known as hoke. the fruit, as grown at this station, is large, obtuse-cordate; cavity large, deep; skin thick, tough, resisting rot in rainy weather, dark, mottled with red; stem long, moderately thick, swollen at either end; flesh firm, meaty, dark pink, subacid, sprightly; quality very good; stone medium; season the last of june. =höllandische späte weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _höllandische kirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _höllandische weichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this variety is distinguished from others of its class by its smaller stone, tender flesh, longer stem and later ripening. tree never large, productive; fruit large, nearly round, sides slightly compressed; suture distinct; stem long; color brownish-red; flesh tender, colored, juicy, very sour; ripens in august but hangs until september. =holman duke.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= langley _pomona_ , pl. fig. . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _cerise royale tardive d'angleterre._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , , pl. . _cherry-duck._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _royale tardive._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig., , , . . = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . holman duke is thought to be of english origin and a seedling of may duke. the name, royale tardive, a synonym of holman duke, has been used interchangeably for several duke cherries. fruit large to above, roundish-cordate; suture moderate; stem above medium in size, set in a rather deep, narrow, irregular cavity; skin thin, brownish-red changing to nearly black when fully mature; flesh red, fibrous, juicy, vinous, acidulated; pit of medium size, ovoid; dorsal suture not very apparent; ripens the middle of july. =holme late duke.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . mentioned by thomas without a description. =holstein.= species? = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a medium-sized, round, red, seedling cherry. =homer.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: , . . = .= jewell _cat._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . homer is a seedling of the morello type from new haven, connecticut, introduced from homer, minnesota; said to be valuable in the northwest. fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate; stem short, stout; cavity shallow, moderately broad; skin red, becoming darker, thin, rather tough; flesh tender, uncolored, juicy, mildly subacid; pit round, semi-clinging; ripens the last of june. =honey.= _p. avium._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . _large honey._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _yellow honey._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _cream._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . _summer's honey_? = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . _late honey_? = .= _ibid._ , . . honey, though grown only in america, is probably of foreign origin--an old sort renamed. tree similar to black mazzard but more spreading. fruit small, roundish-oval, yellowish, mottled with red, becoming deep amber-red; stem long, slender; flesh tender, melting, juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of july. =honey dew.= _p. avium._ = .= _conn. bd. agr. rpt._ = =: . . spoken of as a valuable variety originating in connecticut. =honeywood.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . mentioned as unworthy of cultivation. =hoppock yellow.= _p. avium._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . this variety originated in bucks county, pennsylvania, from seed sown by cornelius hoppock. fruit of medium size, cordate, sweet; very productive. =hoskins.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _ibid._ , pl. vi. . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . hoskins originated with c. e. hoskins,[ ] newberg, oregon, about , as a seedling of napoleon. tree vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate suture a line; stem short, set in a roundish cavity; color dull purplish-red; flesh purple, fibrous, firm, sprightly, sweet; quality good; ripens in mid-season. =hovey.= _p. avium._ = .= hovey _fr. am._ = =: , , pl. . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , fig. . . = .= am. pom. soc. cat. . . hovey originated with c. m. hovey, boston, massachusetts, being selected from a bed of seedlings in ; first fruited in . for a time it was considered a cherry of considerable value but at present it is but little known. tree very vigorous, upright, spreading, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem short, rather stout; skin rich amber mottled with brilliant red; flesh pale amber, rather firm but tender, sprightly becoming sweet; very good in quality; stone slightly adherent to the pulp, small, oval. =hoy.= _p. avium._ = .= chase _cat._ . . = .= _ibid._ pl. . a new cherry recently found in one of the suburbs of philadelphia and introduced in by the chase nursery company, geneva, new york, as a very valuable sweet cherry. as grown at the geneva station it is smaller and no better than napoleon. tree vigorous, hardy, healthy, unproductive on the station grounds. fruit large, roundish-cordate, slightly flattened, with irregular surfaces; cavity deep; suture a line; stem of medium thickness and length, adhering to the fruit; skin rather thin, of medium toughness, adhering to the pulp, amber covered with light red, sometimes spotted; flesh whitish, juicy, stringy, tender, somewhat meaty, crisp, sprightly, sweet; quality good; stone clinging, roundish, plump; ripens in mid-season. [ ] oregon has given to pomology two notable breeders of cherries, seth lewelling and c. e. hoskins, the subject of this sketch. cyrus edwin hoskins was born on a farm in clinton county, ohio, july , , and there he grew to manhood. almost at the first call for men to defend the union in the civil war, mr. hoskins responded and joined the th ohio regiment, serving until the close of the war. returning to ohio, he gave attention to fruit culture, testing many varieties of several fruits and producing some new grapes and berries. in mr. hoskins moved to newberg, yamhill county, oregon, settling on new land and thus becoming a pioneer in the northwest. his first pomological venture in oregon was in growing prunes, his orchard of this fruit being one of the first, and he is credited with having built one of the first evaporators for the curing of prunes in america. for some years he maintained his prune ranch and evaporator, developing a product that gave him the highest reputation in prune markets and made him one of the leading authorities on this fruit in the united states. early in his orchard work in oregon mr. hoskins began to produce new varieties of cherries and soon offered for sale a number of promising seedlings of which vesta, lake, occident, stryker and hoskins were most worthy. unfortunately, ill health in the family compelled mr. hoskins to move from yamhill county, to which place, after having spent several years in jackson county, oregon, and in the hawaiian islands, he returned with the expectation of taking up his work in breeding cherries and prunes, but his death, august , , occurred before his work had been again well begun. the pacific northwest owes a debt of gratitude to mr. hoskins for the spendid part he played in developing the fruit industry of that region and pomologists the country over owe him much for his labors in breeding cherries. =hubbard.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . hubbard is a variety of the morello class grown about villa ridge, illinois. tree dwarfish, drooping, bears early, productive; fruit large, cordate, nearly black; precedes early richmond. =hungarian gean.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _hungarian cherry of zwerts._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . = .= rea _flora_ . . although there seems to be a discrepancy in the size of the cherry mentioned by parkinson and rea and the one described by hogg, all three writers undoubtedly referred to the same sort. while the first two references describe the variety as exceptionally large no definite statements are made, thus giving strength to the following description made by hogg many years later. tree productive; fruit rather below medium in size, obtuse-cordate; skin amber, mottled with red on the sunny side; flesh white, half-tender, mildly sweet; quality fair; stone large, ovate; ripens in july. =hyde late black.= _p. avium._ = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this variety originated with t. & g. hyde, newton, massachusetts. tree strong in growth, productive; fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh half-firm, melting, juicy; resembles eagle but is later. =hyde red heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _hyde's seedling._ = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . another seedling from t. & g. hyde, newton, massachusetts. tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, cordate; stem short; skin pale yellow, becoming lively red; flesh tender, with a pleasant sprightliness, juicy; season early july. =imperial morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _poitou griotte._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _imperial._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _griotte impériale._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ = =: . . _griotte à courte queue._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _guindoux du poitou._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _kaiserliche weichsel._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . an old variety recently introduced into the northwest where it has proved very hardy. tree small, low-headed, productive, bears early; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval; stem very short, shallowly inserted; skin very dark red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasantly acid when ripe; pit small, long, pointed; ripens the middle of july. =incomparable en beauté.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =intorka.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . intorka is an importation from russia. fruit of medium size, round, yellow and red; flesh firm, yellowish, subacid. =jaune de prusse.= _p. avium._ = .= mcintosh _bk. gard._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, obtuse-cordate; stem long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity; skin firm, light yellow, translucent; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet but slightly bitter before it is fully ripe; pit large for the size of the fruit; ripens after downer. =jean arendsen.= species? = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . according to knoop, it closely resembles the round pragische muskateller in both form and color but is not as good in quality. =jenkin black heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned without description. =jerusalem kirsche von der natte.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , . . flowers and leaves only are described. =jerusalemskirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _späte königliche weichsel._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _späte grosse königliche weichsel._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _pyramidenkirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _pyramidenweichsel._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . the origin of this old variety is unknown but it was chiefly grown in germany. tree unproductive; fruit large, oval, with a shallow suture; stem long, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark red, changing to black, glossy; flesh moderately firm, juicy, pleasing subacid; pit large, walnut-shaped, clinging; ripens the last of july in germany. =jocosot.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . _jockotos._ = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ . . jocosot was raised by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, in , from a pit of the yellow spanish and named after an indian chief. tree thrifty, round-topped, productive; fruit large, regular, obtuse-cordate, indented at the apex, sides compressed; suture broad; stem long, set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, of a dark-liver color, almost black; flesh tender, with indistinct radiating lines, juicy, sweet; pit below medium in size, smooth; ripens the last of june. =joel keil kleine schwarze herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit small, roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; skin black; flesh rather firm, sweet, juicy, colored; pit oval, clinging; ripens the middle of july to the middle of august. =june amarelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . _cerisier juniat._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _junius amarelle._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _juniat amarelle._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _vt. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . - . _june morello._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . truchsess refers to this cherry as having been described by sickler in . budd, in his importations of , from russia, included this variety. tree of medium size, vigorous, rather unproductive; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; stem stout, of medium length; suture indistinct; skin thin, rather tough, separating readily from the pulp, light red; flesh firm, meaty, yellowish, juicy; flavor subacid; quality fair; stone of medium size, somewhat round; season that of early richmond which it resembles in size, flavor and color. =june duke.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= hooper _w. fr. book_ . . _shippen._ = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . a tart variety similar to may duke, known about philadelphia as shippen and wetherill. tree vigorous; fruit large and pleasing; ripens late in june. =justinische morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . _justinische amarelle._ = .= christ _handb._ . . this variety is separated from other sour cherries ripening with it, through its firm flesh, its straight, shallowly set stem and its astringent, sour flavor. fruit of medium size, roundish, sides broadly compressed; stem of medium length, rather stout; suture shallow; skin tough, brownish-red; flesh dark red, with clear red juice. =kamdesa.= _p. pumila × p. persica._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: . noted in the reference as a cross between the sand cherry and the opulent peach. "the blossoms show a tendency to double." =kappenblättrige süssweichsel.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . distinguished from may duke through its smaller fruit and rolled leaves. =kassin frühe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= lauche _ergänzungsband_ . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . kassin, a vineyardist, in potsdam, prussia, germany, raised this sort from seed. fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct; stem of medium length, thick, set in a small cavity; skin dark brown changing to reddish-black, dotted; flesh dark, juicy, sweet; excellent; stone roundish-oval; ripens the first week of the season. =katie.= _(p. avium × p. cerasus) × p. avium._ = .= _am. hort. an._ fig. . katie is a seedling of louis philippe crossed with a mazzard. the tree has the mazzard habit of growth, yet produces fruit resembling may duke in form and size but deeper in color; flesh tender; matures with downer. =kaufmann.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . kaufmann is a stray seedling of english morello from minnesota. it is larger and a little longer in stem than the supposed parent and ripens with the last of the early richmond. =kazan seedling.= species? = .= _vt. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . - . listed in the reference given. =kelly.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a sweet cherry from berrien county, michigan. =kennicott.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . kennicott was raised by professor j. p. kirtland and named by elliott after dr. j. a. kennicott of northfield, illinois. tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, productive; fruit large, oval-cordate, compressed; suture shallow; stem short, inserted in an irregular cavity; skin amber-yellow, mottled with bright, clear, glossy red; flesh yellowish-white, firm, juicy, sweet; pit below medium in size, smooth; ripens about the middle of july. =kentish drier.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a medium-sized, red cherry of first quality used for culinary purposes; ripening in july. confused by some with early richmond. =kentish preserve.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =keokuk.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . keokuk is another seedling raised by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, from a pit of yellow spanish, probably crossed with black tartarian, black mazzard, or may duke. tree vigorous, strong; fruit large, cordate; stem stout; skin dark purplish-black; flesh half-tender, purple, rather coarse; deficient in flavor; pit of medium size; season early in july. =kesterter früh kirsche.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in the reference given. =king george the second.= _p. avium._ = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ pl. . . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , pl. ii fig. . . this variety is distinguished from other black cherries by its uneven surface. fruit large, with a rich, sweet flavor; ripens the first of june and hangs for six weeks. =king morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . king morello is another of budd's importations from russia. tree very hardy, moderate in growth; fruit large, oblate; stem variable; skin dark red; flesh yellowish-white, firm, sprightly, juicy, good; pit very small; ripens with early richmond. =kirsche von basel.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . jahn, in his _handbuch_, calls attention to the error in calling this variety bigarreau hâtif de bale as it is not a bigarreau but a variegated heart. fruit compressed unevenly giving it a cordate appearance, small; suture shallow; apex slightly depressed; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin thin, bright yellow washed with pale red, mottled and streaked; flesh pale yellow, soft, with abundant, uncolored juice, pleasing but not high in quality; stone large, roundish, slightly pointed; ripens the middle of july. =kirchheimer.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . _kirchheimer weichsel._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . this old cherry is from kirchheim, erfurt, prussia, germany. it is propagated by root cuttings and is used for wine and for canning. it is mentioned as growing in british columbia but is otherwise not spoken of by american writers. tree large, vigorous, drooping; fruit of medium size, round; suture a line; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; skin thin, glossy, almost black when ripe; flesh mild subacid, pleasing, juicy; stone small, oval, turgid; ripens at the end of july. =kirtland morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: , fig. . _kirtland's large morello_. = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . _large morello._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . a seedling originated by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio; it thrives in sections of the south and west where sweet cherries are generally unsuccessful. tree vigorous, spreading; fruit uniformly distributed, borne in pairs, large, uniform, roundish; stem short; cavity round, narrow; skin glossy, dark red; flesh tender, juicy, acid; high quality; pit small; ripens early in july. =kleindienst braune knorpel.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _bigarreau brun kleindienst._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . leroy, in , stated that this variety was raised from seed by m. kleindienst, a vineyardist at guben, prussia, germany. tree moderately productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, cordate, flattened; stem long, moderately stout; skin vivid red, changing from grayish-red to almost black; flesh of a whitish-rose color, firm, filamentose, juicy, sugary, acidulated, aromatic; first quality; pit large, ovoid; ripens the last of june. =kleine amarelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . truchsess states that this variety was described by büttner in , as kleine glaskirsche but that it belongs to the amarelles. tree productive; fruit small, globular, pale reddish-yellow; flesh melting, watery; ripens the middle of july. =kleine bunte frühkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _bigarreau à petit fruit rouge hâtif._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _bigarreautier à petit fruit rouge._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _bigarreau rouge hâtif (petit)._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _petit bigarreau hâtif_? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . fruit of medium size, usually attached in pairs, irregular, cordate, flattened on both faces; stem long, slender; skin almost wholly red, occasionally showing streaks of yellow; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, aromatic; pit of medium size, ovoid; ripens about the middle of june. =kleine bunte herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _kleine bunte molkenkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit small, nearly round, sides compressed; suture distinct; stem long, slender, deeply inserted; skin dull blood-red, with yellow spots; flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy, honey sweet; stone small; ripens at the end of june. =kleine frühe amarelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . fruit small, round, flattened; stem short; suture a line; skin clear red, transparent, tender; flesh tender, pleasant subacid; stone small, adhering more to the stem than to the flesh; ripens the last half of july. =kleine natte.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in the reference given. =kleine nonnenkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ . truchsess-heim _kirschensort_ - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . this variety is a seedling of the common wild sour cherry. the fruit is the smallest of the sour cherries and resembles the black bird cherries but has a shorter stem. tree of medium size, drooping; fruit very small, oblate; stem short, shallowly inserted; skin glossy, black, thin but tough; flesh firm, tender, juicy, with a peculiar sourness; stone small, round, adhering to the flesh more than to the stem, stained violet; ripens early in august continuing for three weeks. =kleine schwarze frühe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . no doubt this variety, the kleine schwarze herzkirsche, and the black heart greatly resemble each other and some writers combine them. =kleine schwarze herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . _mayer's kleine schwarze herzkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this variety is distinguished from the grosse schwarze herzkirsche only through its size and later ripening; fruit regular, cordate, somewhat flattened; skin brownish-black; flesh soft, tender; ripens the latter part of july. =kleine schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - , . . distinguished from others of its class through its smallness and firmness. fruit small, variable, flattened at the ends; suture often lacking; skin very dark brown; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, not unpleasant but not excellent; stone small; ripens early in august; productive. =kleine weisse frühkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . described as one of the first to ripen. fruit of medium size, oblate, compressed; stem long, inserted in a shallow basin; skin tough, yellowish-white, shaded with red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; ripens early in june. =kleiner früher may herzkirschbaum.= _p. avium._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . distinguished from the grosser früher mai-herzkirschbaum by its inferior size and lighter flesh and juice; ripens at the end of may. =knapp.= species? = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . this cherry is a seedling from george knapp, lafayette, oregon; introduced by e. r. poppleton, ; fruit of medium size, round, black. =knight late black.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . _bigarreau-noir de knight._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . fruit large, black, obtuse-cordate, firm; second quality; ripens at the end of july. =knudson.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ according to a letter from the utah experiment station, this variety was discovered by william o. knudson, brigham city, utah, in . although similar to late duke, further testing may prove it distinct. tree bears early, hardy; fruit medium to large, bright scarlet; ripens over a long period; used for pies and canning. =knyasnaia sjevera.= _p. cerasus × p. avium._ = .= _s. p. i. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: pl. . this is a large-fruited cherry, originated in by the russian plant-breeder, i. v. mijurin, at kozlov, central russia, and named "knyasnaia sjevera," meaning "queen of the north." the united states department of agriculture introduced it into this country under the number . it is claimed to be a hybrid between an early vladimir and a variety of sweet cherry called "white winkler." it possesses excellent shipping and keeping qualities. this cherry has stood the severe winters of central russia very well and may be expected to thrive in parts of the middle west and where the climate is more or less semi-arid. tree vigorous, upright, with few side branches; trunk smooth and clean; fruit large, pale red, with a fresh sour-sweet flavor; ripening about the end of june. =koch späte schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . originated about . fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture shallow; stem medium long, shallowly inserted; skin glossy, black; flesh firm, piquant; quality high; stone small, roundish-oval; ripens at the end of august. =kochs ostheimer weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . _kochs verbesserte ostheimer weichsel._ = .= _reut. pom. inst. festschrift_ . . a strong-growing, productive variety, said to exceed its parent, ostheim, in size, color, and flavor. =koeper.= species? = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . listed in the reference given. =kolaki.= _p. avium._ . mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . according to oberdieck, this variety is of bohemian origin. fruit of medium size, cordate, slightly elongated; apex obtuse; suture distinct; stem medium long, slender, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin moderately firm, transparent, yellow in the sun, purplish in the shade; flesh tinged yellow, tender, juicy, somewhat sugary; first quality; pit small, oval, flattened at the base, obtuse at the apex; ripens the first of june. =korkovanyer kirsche.= species? = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . listed but not described. =koslov.= _p. cerasus._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _koslov bush morello._ = .= _can. hort._ = =: , fig. , . . _koslov-morello._ = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . the koslov cherries are seedlings, not a single variety. a number of seedlings were imported by the ontario fruit growers' association in , from koslov, crimea, russia, where they were grown by russian peasants, being propagated from pits. the trees are low, bush-shaped, slow in coming into bearing and most of the fruit is worthless. the one most grown is moderately large, roundish, pointed at the apex; suture barely traceable; stem long, set in a slight depression; skin dark red, turning black; flesh dark red, tender, juicy, acid; ripens from the last of july to the last of august. =kostelnice.= _p. cerasus._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . originated in neustadt, prussia, germany. tree moderately vigorous; fruit medium to below in size, obtuse-cordate; stem short, set in a straight, rather deep cavity; skin tough, vivid purple changing to almost black; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, agreeably acidulated; good; stone very small, ovoid, turgid; ripens early in june. =kostelniti.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =kriek van den broek.= species? = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . this variety, coming to truchsess in , from holland, was confused with several others received at the same time. =kritzendorfer einsiedekirsche.= species? = .= _obstzüchter_ = =: . . an intensely black, large, late cherry which is valued for market because of its color. =kronberger kirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _kronkirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _kronberg black heart._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . _kronberger herzkirsche._ = .= _lond. hort. soc._ cat. . . _wildling von kronberg._ = .= ill. _handb._ fig., . . _bigarreau de kronberg._ = .= _guide prat._ , . . according to german pomologists, this variety was raised from seed at kronberg, prussia, germany. tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, sides unevenly compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin tough, glossy, black when mature, lighter along the suture; flesh firmer than others of its class, dark red, aromatic, sweet; pit broadly cordate, somewhat adherent; ripens at the end of june. =kronprinz von hannover.= _p. avium._ = .= ill. _handb._ fig., . . _prince royal du hanovre._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . _bigarreau prince royal de hanovre._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . _prince de hanovre._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . grown by m. lieke, a nurseryman at hildesheim, prussia, germany, fruiting for the first time in . tree moderately vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually attached in pairs, roundish to pointed-cordate; suture shallow; stem long, slender, inserted in a rather deep cavity; skin rather tender, glossy, yellowish, streaked and mottled with red; flesh firm, yellowish, juicy, pleasingly acidulated; pit medium large, ovate, plump; ripens early in june. =krüger herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= ill. _handb._ fig., . . _krügers schwarze herzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . _krügers herzkirsche zu frankfurt._ = .= lond. _hort. soc. cat._ . . _guigne de kruger._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = := , , fig. . . this cherry was first heard of at guben, prussia, germany, in . it is distinguished from eagle in being larger, shorter stemmed, lighter in color, and less tender in flesh. tree vigorous, productive, upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, oblate; suture shallow; stem medium long, rather deeply inserted; skin dark brown or black; flesh dark red, juicy, vinous, tender, yet often firm; stone small, roundish-oval, plump, adhering slightly to the flesh on one side; ripens about the middle of july. =la nappe.= species? = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . listed in this reference. =lacure (large).= _p. avium._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the great lacure or hart cherrie differeth not in forme, but in greatnesse, being usually twice as great as the former [lacure (small)], and of a reddish blacke colour also: both of them are of a firme substance, and reasonable sweete. some doe call the white cherrie, the white hart cherrie." =lacure= (=small=). _p. avium._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the smaller lacure or hart cherrie is a reasonable faire cherrie, full above, and a little pointing downward, after the fashion of a heart, as it is usually pointed, blackish when it is full ripe, and lesser than the next" [lacure (large)]. =ladé late.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . _von lade's späte knorpelkirsche._ = .= lauche _ergänzungsband_ . . _bigarreau tardif de ladé._ = .= _guide prat._ , . . a german variety probably raised from seed by m. ladé. fruit of medium size, long, cordate, compressed at the stem, roundish at the apex; suture indistinct; stem long, thin, slightly curved; cavity shallow; skin yellowish overspread with glossy light red, darker in the sun, faintly streaked; flesh firm, yellowish, sweet, vinous; excellent; stone long, oval; ripens in september lasting a month; productive. =lady of the lake.= _p. avium._ = .= _country gent._ = =: . - . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . lady of the lake is a seedling from charles pease, cleveland, ohio. tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-obtuse-conic, compressed, with a shallow suture; stem medium, inserted in a deep cavity; skin light yellow, shaded and mottled with bright crimson; flesh half-tender, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; season according to the climate, early may to late june. =lady southampton.= _p. avium._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . _lady southampton's yellow. = .= lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . according to the reference, this is an almost worthless yellow bigarreau. fruit of medium size, heart-shaped; skin yellow; flesh pale, firm, rather dry, with uncolored juice, season the middle of july. =laeder kirsebaer.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned but not described. =lake.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . lake was named in honor of professor e. r. lake, then of the oregon agricultural college, by the originator, c. e. hoskins, springbrook, oregon. the tree came into bearing about and is reported in the american pomological society's fruit list of as succeeding well in the northwest. fruit large, sweet, and very good. =laker= or =loker bunte knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =lamaurie.= _p. avium._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _early lamaurie._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ , . . the chief asset of this variety is its earliness for which it is cultivated in england, france and america. the parentage and originator are unknown. tree of medium vigor and productiveness; fruit large, roundish-cordate, compressed; stem slender; skin thin, moderately tough; color dark reddish-purple; flesh dark red, juicy, stringy, tender, mild, sweet; of very good quality; season very early. =lampen schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _lampers knorpel-kirsche._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _bigarreau noir de lampé._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., , . . a german cherry raised from seed at guben, prussia, germany, in , and named for its originator. fruit above medium in size, attached in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate; stem slender, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin thin, rather dark reddish-brown; flesh dark red, rather firm, juicy, sugary, wine-like; second quality; pit large, oval; ripens early in june. =lancaster.= _p. cerasus._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . lancaster is an accidental seedling on the grounds of daniel smeych, lancaster, pennsylvania. tree moderately vigorous, more open and spreading than early richmond; fruit medium large, heart-shaped to oblate, slightly roundish; cavity deep, broad; stem long, slender; suture very slight; apex small; skin light red, very thin, tender; flesh white, moderately soft, juicy, sweet with a sprightly flavor; stone roundish, slightly ovate, partially free; season june. =langsurer prachtweichsel.= species? = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . mentioned in this reference. =large black gean.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a medium-sized, firm, black heart cherry of poor quality, ripening early in july. =large double flowering.= _p. avium._ = .= thacher _am. orch._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing fr. _trees am._ . . _merisziere._ = .= rea _flora_ . . _merise à fleur double._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _kramelkirschenbaum mit gross gefüllter blüthe._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. . . _herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefüllter blüthe._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _süsskirschenbaum mit ganz gefüllter blüte._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _gefülltblühende süsskirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this variety in growth and foliage resembles the mazzard and black heart and not the common double-flowering cherry with its small tree and small, pointed leaves. the flowers which appear at the usual season are produced in the most showy profusion being from one to one and one-half inches in diameter; they are composed of about forty white petals disposed in the form of a rose, with about thirty stamens and a large, abortive pistil. the numerous double flowers, resembling clusters of small, white roses, make the tree a very useful ornamental. =large griotte.= _p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . large griotte resembles griotte commune but is larger and earlier; skin glossy black; flesh dark red, firm, sweet, pleasing. =large guindolle.= species? = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . leaves are deeply indented, double-toothed; fruit large, flattened at the ends, pale red; flesh white, melting, juicy; ripens at the end of june or beginning of july. =large heart-shaped bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . _bigarreau gros monstrueux._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _bigarreau gros coeuret._ = .= _ibid._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . _monstrous heart._ = .= _hogg fruit man._ , . . a variety of french origin which was never extensively grown in america. tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate; suture often raised; stem variable, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark, glossy red, nearly black, surface uneven; flesh firm but tender, reddish, pleasant, moderately juicy; good in quality; stone large, oval; ripens the first of july. =large late red bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . _bigarreau à gros fruit rouge tardif._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . the fruit is somewhat smaller and much later in maturity than that of the large red bigarreau. the color is dark red on the shaded side and on the other a brownish-red, almost black which has given it the name black bigarreau; flesh firm, juicy and of excellent flavor. =large spanish.= species? = .= miller _gard. dict._ = =: . mentioned in the reference given. =laroses glaskirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _larose._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . this cherry was raised from seed in by m. larose, of neuilly-sur-seine, france. tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate; sides compressed; suture shallow; stem medium in length, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy, tough, mottled with pale red becoming darker; flesh yellowish, tender, slightly fibrous, juicy, mildly acid; pit rather large, plump, oval, flattened at the base; ripens the last of july. =late bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . - . = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . late bigarreau was raised in by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio. tree vigorous, round-topped, very productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, occasionally somewhat angular; stem long; skin attractive yellow, occasionally nearly overspread with crimson-red, delicately blotched or mottled; flesh yellowish, with distinct radiating lines, juicy, firm, crisp, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone rather small, roundish; season late, the same as downer. =late black bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , , . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this variety differs from black bigarreau in being smaller, less heart-shaped, and in ripening later. it was first known as bigarreau noir tardif but prince, in , at which time he possibly brought it to america, translated the name into english and called it late black bigarreau under which name it is now known in english and american pomologies. tree large, vigorous, upright, productive; fruit medium to large, cordate; suture indistinct; color dark brownish-red changing to glossy black; flesh purplish-red, with abundant, highly colored juice, very firm, crisp, sweet yet sprightly, aromatic; quality good; ripens in mid-season or later. =late gean.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . according to the reference, this is a small, black heart of poor quality ripening early in july. =late large black griotte.= _p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . worthy of consideration because of its beauty and lateness, often remaining on the tree until october. tree of medium size; branches numerous, slender; fruit large, roundish; stem very long; skin dark red, nearly black; flesh red, very acid and bitter, somewhat milder at maturity. =late purple guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a large, dark red, german variety ripening the latter part of july; flesh firm, juicy, agreeable. =late richmond.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . the origin of this variety is uncertain but it seems to have been grown in the middle west about forty years ago. it is supposed to be a seedling of early richmond differing from its parent in ripening later, being of better quality, and more upright in growth. fruit round, conical; stem thick, moderately long; cavity shallow, broad; skin thin; flesh tender, with abundant, colorless juice, acid; quality good; ripens a week or ten days later than early richmond; unproductive. =late ripe.= _p. cerasus._ = .= gerarde _herball_ , , fig. . . according to gerarde, this cherry is similar to the wild english cherry in branches and foliage but the flowers are often doubled; fruit small, round, dark red, often dried with the stems on; used by physicians. =late white guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . fruit nearly round, with a deep suture; skin whitish or very pale amber, tinged with light red; flesh firm, agreeable; ripens in france in september. =latham.= species? = .= _ont. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . listed as having been grown at the simcoe station. =laura.= _p. avium._ = .= downing fr. _trees am._ . . laura originated with charles pease, cleveland, ohio. tree spreading, upright, productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, globular, often one-sided; stem medium, inserted in a shallow depression; skin pale yellow, largely overspread with rich, bright red; flesh white, juicy, sweet, rich, half-tender; pit medium to small; ripens early in june and hangs well. =leather stocking.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ , . . leather stocking was grown by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, in , from a pit of yellow spanish. tree vigorous, hardy, moderately productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, often obtuse; skin faint red becoming a rich reddish-black when fully ripe, with irregular stripes and blotches of black; cavity deep, open; flesh firm, tinged with red, sweet, fair; pit of medium size; season the last of july. =leib.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . this variety was brought from germany about and planted in the garden of a mr. leib, galena, illinois. it resembles early richmond and was claimed to be very productive and hardy at the time of its introduction; it has not been widely disseminated. tree hardy, healthy, upright in growth, bearing abundantly; fruit of a crimson color, sweet; quality good; season the end of june, following early richmond. =leitzkauer.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _sauer einmach_ and _backkirsche._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , . . _leitzkauer einmachweichsel._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . no doubt the name of this cherry arises from the cloister, leitzkau, in magdeburg, prussia, germany, where it is widely planted. it is propagated by root cuttings and if not pruned, grows tall, weak and drooping. fruit medium to small, roundish; stem long; skin dark brown to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, sour; stone small, red; ripens in august; of little value. =lemercier.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _hort. reg._ (am.) = =: , . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: fig., . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _frühe lemercier._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . discovered by m. lemercier in brabant, belgium, about ; introduced into paris in and into america in . it resembles late duke with which it ripens. fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture shallow; stem long, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy, transparent, mottled with red; flesh yellowish before ripe, becoming red, firm but melting, juicy, slightly acidulated, with a peculiar fragrance; stone rather large, roundish, truncate at the base, slightly clinging; ripens the last of july. =léopold (ii).= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned but not described. =leopoldskirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _griotte de léopold._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this variety was received by truchsess in from pastor winter as brusseler bruyn by which name it was called by a few german pomologists. it should not be confused with the present brusseler braune. fruit large, almost round, compressed on one side; skin dark brown changing to nearly black; flesh dark red, juicy, melting, mild when mature; stone almost round; ripens toward the end of july. the drooping branches, the small, sour cherry leaves which turn yellow and drop and the sweetness in flavor separate it from the grosse morelle. =leschken (leschke's) schwarze knorpel kirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =lethe.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . lethe was grown by c. e. hoskins, springbrook, oregon. fruit of the bigarreau type, large, heart-shaped, surface smooth, glossy; cavity medium in size and depth, irregular, flaring, marked by irregular waves; suture shallow; stem very long, slender, curved; skin thin, tenacious, purplish-black; dots minute, indented; flesh very dark purplish-red, firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet; quality good; pit large, oval, semi-clinging; ripens the last of june in oregon. =liefeld braune.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _guigne brune de liefeld._ = .= _guide prat._ , . . tree of medium size, very vigorous and productive; fruit large, cordate, brownish, mottled; flesh red, sweet; of first quality; matures early in june. =lieke bunte knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _bigarreau tardi de lieke._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . originated with herr lieke of hildesheim, prussia, germany, fruiting for the first time in . the fruit is one of the latest to ripen; large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; stem long, slender, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; suture indistinct; skin glossy, tough, yellow, streaked and spotted with a mild red; flesh faintly yellow, firm, sweet with a pleasing sourness; stone small, oval; season late. =lincoln (i).= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . lincoln is a vigorous, spreading variety, found near cleveland, ohio. fruit large, oblong-cordate, pointed; suture broad, shallow; stem long; cavity deep; skin dark brown when ripe; flesh firm, veined and mottled with shades of red, juicy, sprightly, sweet, pleasant; pit above medium in size; season the first to the middle of july. =lincoln (ii).= p. _avium._ = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . seth lewelling of milwaukee, oregon, raised this variety in probably from a seed of eagle. tree large, spreading, with an open top, seriously affected with black aphis; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate; skin very dark, thick, tough; stem short; flesh firm, deep red, juicy; good quality; pit small, round. =lindley.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . lindley was raised by professor j. p. kirtland from seeds given him by m. lindley, euclid, ohio. tree vigorous, moderately prolific; fruit large, heart-shaped, surface uneven; skin dark purplish-red; flesh almost firm, tinged red, juicy, deficient in richness; season the first of july. =lipp.= _p. avium._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ == : . . _lipp late blood._ = .= green _cat._ . . lipp originated in lancaster, pennsylvania. fruit large, dark red or crimson; stem long; flesh and juice very dark, meaty; late. =litham.= _p. cerasus._ = .= stone & wellington _cat._ . . this is a russian cherry introduced by stone & wellington, toronto, ontario. fruit of medium size; color red; flesh firm. =little phil.= species? = .= _wyo. sta. bul._ = =: . . mentioned as not hardy in wyoming. =logan.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . logan is another of professor j. p. kirtland's cherries originating in from a pit of yellow spanish. tree hardly healthy, somewhat spreading; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a shallow depression at the apex; stem variable, set in a deep cavity; skin purplish-black when ripe; flesh firm, dark red, with white, radiating lines, juicy, sweet, rich; pit above medium in size, oval; mid-season. =long finger.= species? = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the long finger cherry is another small long red one, being long and round like a finger, whereof it took the name:...." =look no further.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. pat off. rpt._ . . this variety was introduced into this country in , from the royal gardens of luxembourg, paris, by samson v. s. wilder of bolton, massachusetts. said to be very productive, sweet, large and attractive. =lord belhaven white heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned but not described. =lothaunner erfurter.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =lothkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl führ. _obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, nearly round, flattened on one side; stem long; skin reddish-black; flesh very tender, red, sour; ripens the first of august. =louise.= _p. cerasus._ = .= chase bros. _cat._ . . louise was found about by the late lewis chase in the vicinity of rochester, new york. tree hardy, productive; fruit large, dark red, sour; ripens in june. =louisiana iron clad.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _la. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . this cherry originated in louisiana about with a. k. clingman. it is said to be the only cherry which will produce fruit in louisiana; of the morello type. =löwener frühkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . _frühe englische kirsche aus löwen._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _hâtive de louvain._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _lowener frühweichsel._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . this variety probably originated in belgium nearly half a century ago. fruit variable in size, often large, sides and ends compressed giving it a square appearance; suture shallow; stem long, strongly inserted in a wide, regular, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, dark brownish-red; flesh dark red, tender, juicy, acidulated, refreshing; stone plump, almost round, base abrupt, with a slight depression; early. =lucien.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= liegel _syst. anleit._ . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . _guigne lucien._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this foreign variety is planted in canada but is not known in the united states. it was found by uellner in lüneburg, prussia, about . leroy is of the opinion that this is the cherry he calls guigne carnée winkler which came out a few years later as a seedling of winkler from guben, prussia. =ludwig bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _guigne ludwig._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . _ludwig's bunte herzkirsche._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ , . . ludwig is a seedling obtained by thomas rivers of sawbridgeworth, england, about . fruit large, cordate, terminating in a sharp point; suture slightly indistinct; stem very long, slender, inserted in a wide cavity; skin glossy, bright red, paler on the shaded side; flesh pale yellow, tender, melting; pit small, roundish, plump; ripens the last of june. =lukeward.= _p. avium._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . = .= phillips _comp. gard._ . . = .= floy-lindley _guide orch. gard._ . . _lukeward's heart._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . a variety supposed to have come from italy which has long since passed from cultivation. fruit cordate, dark brown or nearly black; ripens early in august. =lundie guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . lundie guigne is an old english cherry first spoken of by forsyth in . tree vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish-elongated, dark purplish-black; flesh tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant; season july. =mcadow.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. hort. an._ fig. . = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . . mcadow is supposed to be a cross between black tartarian and elton, grown from seed by dr. mcadow, chillicothe, ohio. tree vigorous, productive, bears early; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, compressed, without a suture; stem slender, deeply inserted; skin light, pale yellow, overspread and mottled indistinctly with light, clear red; flesh firm, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant but not rich; quality good; stone medium to large, oval. =macroach.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = =. _green-river nur. cat._ . . this cherry was found near guthrie, kentucky, on the farm of john macroach, where it has fruited for many years and is considered a very good cherry of the may duke type. =madame courtois.= _p. avium._ = .= _rev. hort._ . - . found by bonamy, a nurseryman, in , upon a farm belonging to the château of lamothe, near puylaurens, tarn, france. tree productive; fruit large; skin clear red; flesh tinted with a rose color, sweet, very agreeable; ripens in june-july. =madame grégoire.= _p. avium. × p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . this variety is said in _guide pratique_, , to be very similar to reine hortense. =madeleine.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _cerise commune (de la madeleine_). = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , pl. . _cerisier de la madleine._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _amarelle de la madleine._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . madeleine is probably a late strain of the old cerise commune formerly extensively grown about paris. fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture a line; stem medium in length; skin clear red changing to brownish-red; flesh whitish, tender, acid; pit small; ripens the last of july; productive. =madison.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ , . _madison bigarreau._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . . thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . _madison's bunte herzkirsche._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . madison is a seedling of the white bigarreau, raised by robert manning, salem, massachusetts. tree healthy, productive, moderate in growth, spreading; fruit of medium size, regular, heart-shaped; stem rather short, slender; skin heavily dotted and mottled with rich red on amber-yellow ground; flesh yellowish, rather tender, juicy, with agreeable sprightliness; pit small, oval; season the last of june. =magann.= _p. avium._ = .= _new haven nur. cat._ . - . magann is a hardy, sweet cherry originating in franklin county, missouri; fruit large, nearly black, borne in large clusters. =magèse.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . magèse was received by leroy from florence, italy, about . fruit large, attached in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate; stem stout, short, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin yellow, washed with carmine; flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, sugary, acidulated; first quality; stone small, round, plump; ripens the first of june. =magnifique de daval.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . the flowers and foliage are described by mas in his _pomologie générale_. =magog.= species? = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =mammoth.= _p. avium._ = .= _ohio pom. soc. rpt._ = =: . . _kirtland's mammoth._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _mammuthkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . mammoth was raised, probably about , by professor j. p. kirtland of cleveland, ohio, from a pit of a yellow spanish tree grown apart from other cherries. tree large, vigorous, round-topped, usually unproductive; fruit of the largest size, often averaging three and one-half inches in circumference, obtuse-cordate, with a large, prominent suture; stem of medium thickness, long; skin moderately thick, attractive clear yellow, blushed or mottled with light red; flesh whitish, with abundant, uncolored juice, fine-grained, with distinct radiating lines, nearly tender, sweet yet almost sprightly; very good in quality; stone roundish-oval, regular; season early. =mammoth oxheart.= _p. avium._ = .= _pioneer nur. cat._ . - . listed, probably not propagated at present. =manger.= species? = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned without a description. =manning early black.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . this variety was grown from a pit of black heart by robert manning, salem, massachusetts. it differs from the parent only in time of ripening, which is ten days earlier, and in form of tree, which is more spreading. =manning early white heart.= _p. avium._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . still another seedling raised by robert manning, this one coming from a seed of white turkey bigarreau. fruit of medium size, cordate, pale red, amber in the sun, sweet, fine; ripens in june. =manning late black.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . _manning black bigarreau._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _black bigarreau._ = .= bridgeman _gard. ass't_ pt. = =: . . this is another of robert manning's seedlings of the black heart. tree vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate; skin deep purple, nearly black; stem long; flesh purplish-red, firm, rather juicy, sprightly, with a pleasant, luscious flavor; ripens the second week in july. =manning mottled.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . _mottled bigarreau._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . robert manning, salem, massachusetts, raised this cherry from a seed of white bigarreau. tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large, roundish-cordate, flattened on one side, with a distinct suture; stem slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin amber, shaded and mottled with red, with a semi-transparent, glossy appearance; flesh yellow when fully ripe, tender, with a sweet, delicious juice; stone large; season at the end of june. =maple heart.= _p. avium._ = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ pl. . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . this a rather firm-fleshed, red heart of second size and third quality, ripening in july. =marells royal.= species? = .= _ariz. sta. bul._ = =: . . mentioned as having been planted in arizona. =maria gaucher.= _p. avium._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . listed as a variegated, hard-fleshed cherry. =marie de châteauneuf.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . probably named after the wife of the marquis de châteauneuf; fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh rose-colored, moderately firm, juicy, sugary, agreeable; ripens the middle of june. =marie thérèse.= _p. avium._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . this variety originated with m. de luigné near châteaugontier, mayenne, france, and was named after his daughter marie thérèse. tree strong, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture broad; stem long, slender; cavity small; skin transparent, firm, red, dotted with whitish-gray; flesh yellow, compact, melting, juicy, aromatic; first quality; ripens the last of june. =markirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: , . . tree large, upright, open-topped, productive; foliage frequently attacked by aphis; fruit large, dark red, cordate, with a short stem; skin thick, tender, while the flesh is meaty and deeply stained; stone round, smooth; ripens the third week in july, often hanging on the trees until the middle of august. =marsotte.= _p. avium._ = .= _guide prat._ . . tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size; stem of medium length; skin black; flesh juicy, sugary; used in making kirschwasser. =mary.= _p. cerasus._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . mary was raised by b. b. kirtland, greenbush, new york. fruit borne in clusters, having a bright, lively red color and a sprightly subacid flavor. =master white heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in this reference. =mastodon.= _p. avium._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . _black mastodon._ = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . mastodon is a seedling of pontiac and originated with w. h. chapman, napa, california; introduced by leonard coates, then of the same place. fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, base very broad; cavity large, deep; stem stout, long; skin entirely mottled with pinkish or heavy red; flesh firm, yellowish, tinged with red, meaty, moderately juicy, with a rich, lively sweet flavor. =matilda.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . matilda originated with c. e. hoskins, formerly of newburg, oregon. fruit medium to large, broad-cordate, surface smooth; skin glossy, dark red, nearly black; dots very fine; flesh dark red, firm, sprightly, sweet; very good; ripens in oregon about the middle of june. =matts.= _p. avium._ j. g. youngken, richlandtown, pennsylvania, writes that this cherry is a seedling of black tartarian. tree vigorous, productive; fruit large. =mayo.= _p. avium._ = .= samuels & co. _cat._ . . the original tree of mayo is on the farm of a mr. mayo near jackson, tennessee. tree vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit large, amber shaded with red, tender; resembles wood. =mazarine.= species? = .= thacher _am. orch._ . . listed as one of the twenty principal varieties in the united states. =mednyansky.= _p. avium._ = =. _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _moduyansky._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this hungarian variety was introduced to this country in . in the second reference the name is spelled moduyansky but in the first it is given mednyansky which form is deemed best to follow here. tree upright, spreading, rather vigorous; fruit cordate; suture variable, indistinct on some specimens but a noticeable ridge from the cavity to the apex on others; stem stout, long, inserted in a narrow, deep, irregular cavity; skin very dark purple turning black; flesh firm, rich, sweet, sprightly; quality very good. =meininger späte knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . ; = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . _bigarreau-tardif de meiningen._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . tree vigorous, productive, blooming late; fruit of medium size, cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem slender, variable in length, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; color pale golden-yellow, spotted with pale red, which often conceals the ground color; flesh firm, whitish-yellow, reddish-yellow under the skin, juicy; stone large, oval, usually somewhat adherent; ripens in august lasting until september. =meissener weisse.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in the reference given. =merise grosse rose oblongue.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . probably a small, wild variety. =merise petite ronda.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =merisier fastigié.= species? = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =:no. , p . . poiteau was uncertain as to the name of this variety which he noticed in the gardens of m. cels. tree very pyramidal; fruit yellowish-amber. =michigan.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . michigan is a supposed cross between black tartarian and yellow spanish fruiting for the first time in . it was grown by stephen cook, benton harbor, michigan. fruit large, cordate, slightly compressed; stem long; suture lacking; skin deep red, nearly black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens early in july. said to be nearly rot proof. =miller.= species? = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . listed but not described. =millet.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= brookshaw _pom. brit._ pl. . . = .= brookshaw _hort. reposit._ = =: , p . fig. . . described as one of the best black, heart-shaped late dukes, ripening the last of june and continuing until september; flesh moderately firm; stone small; excellent. =minnesota.= _p. cerasus._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . sprouts of this variety were brought from sweden to professor j. l. budd, ames, iowa. fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; stem long; skin dark red; flesh dark, tender, juicy, subacid; very good. =minnesota ostheim.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . _ostheim._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . this variety was introduced into minnesota from north germany by e. meyer, st. petersburg, minnesota. it is well adapted to cold regions where the montmorency group does not flourish. tree upright, dense; fruit large, roundish-oblate, dark red; flesh dark, tender, sweet subacid; good in quality; stone roundish, slightly flattened; ripens the middle of july. =minnie.= _p. pumila._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . minnie is a vigorous seedling of _prunus pumila_ grown in manitoba, canada; fruit large and good. =monkirsche rote.= species? = .= _mas. pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =monstrous duke.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _leroy dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . monstrous duke is mentioned by mm. simon-louis in as a new sort of the anglaise hâtive. it is probably of english origin, but the name is misleading as the fruit is only moderately large; attached in pairs, globular; stem stout, short, shallowly inserted; skin transparent, yellowish, partly covered with red; flesh yellowish, tender, slightly fibrous, very juicy, sugary, sprightly; pit small, roundish, plump, adhering to the stem; ripens the last of june. =monstrueuse hennequine.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without description. =montmorency pleureur.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _guide prat._ , . . described as a handsome tree with drooping branches. its fruit is somewhat similar to that of the montmorency. =montmorency de sauvigny.= _p. cerasus._ . _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . _cerise de sauvigny._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _belle de sauvigny._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _schöne aus sauvigny._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . this cherry is a popular fruit about paris where it is used for confitures and brandy. fruit large, roundish, attached in twos or threes; stem short; cavity large, shallow; color dark red; flesh yellow, transparent, slightly fibrous, acidulated; stone small, round; ripens the second half of july. =montmorency stark.= _p. cerasus._ = .= stark bros. _cat._ = =: . . montmorency stark is described as having been produced on the stark brothers nursery grounds, louisiana, missouri, from a select tree which bore large fruit. =montreuil.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _belle de montreuil._ = .= _rev. hort._ . . _schöne von montreuil._ = .= _reut. pom. inst. festschrift_ . . this variety was mentioned by european writers as early as but was not known in america until recently. it is a valuable cherry and was placed on the fruit list of the american pomological society in . tree upright, spreading, vigorous, more productive than reine hortense; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate; stem long, stout; skin mottled red approaching black; flesh tender, light red, with abundant, colored juice, subacid, pleasing; quality good; season july; valuable for dessert and culinary purposes. =moorhouse.= _p. avium._ = .= leonard coates _cat._ . . moorhouse is no longer propagated, being inferior to its parent, napoleon. =morella extra noir.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =morella wye.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . listed in this reference. =morelle von wilhelmshöhe.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _guide prat._ . . a very good table cherry ripening the seventh week of the season. =moreller langstilkede sode.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =morisco.= species? = .= langley _pomona_ . . mentioned without description. =morocco.= _p. cerasus._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the morocco cherrie hath a large white blossome, and an indifferent big berrie, long and round, with a long stalke of a darke reddish purple colour, a little tending to a blew when it is full ripe, of a firme substance; the juice is of a blackish red, discolouring the hands or lips, and of a pleasant taste: some doe thinke that this and the morello be both one." =morten seedling.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed but not described. =mosler schwarze herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem long, slender; skin black, tough; flesh dark, tender, very sweet; pit oblong-cordate; ripens the middle of july; productive. =moyer honey heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _horticulturist_ n. s. = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees_ am. , . . this variety was grown by josiah g. youngken, allentown, pennsylvania. tree healthy, vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; suture small; stem long, slender; skin whitish, shaded and mottled with rich red; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant; often partially clinging; ripens the middle of june. =mückelberger grosse.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a sweet cherry originating in guben, prussia, germany. =murdock.= _p. avium._ = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _murdock's bigarreau._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: , . . = .= reid _cat._ . . murdock is thought to have originated in with john r. and a. murdock, then of pittsburg, pennsylvania. tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate; cavity deep, wide, rather abrupt; stem long, slender; skin thin, moderately tough, amber overlaid and mottled with light red; flesh whitish, firm, crisp, somewhat sprightly, juicy, sweet; quality very good; stone clinging, large, ovate, flattened, smooth; ripens early in july, hanging long on the trees; not susceptible to rot. =nancy.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . nancy originated with charles pease, sr., cleveland, ohio. tree upright-spreading; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem long, stout, inserted in a large cavity; suture slight; skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet; very good; stone small; ripens the last of june. =naples.= p. _avium._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . _neapolitanische knorpelkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _bigarreau de naples._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this is an italian cherry introduced into germany, france and england from florence, italy. it is very productive and is distinguished by its color and its lateness. tree vigorous, bears early; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides only faintly compressed; suture indistinct; stem of medium length, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, firm, glossy, becoming dark brown or black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, vinous; stone oval, plump; ripens the sixth week of the season. =ne plus ultra.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . ne plus ultra was raised by john mosely of goodrich, ontario. it resembles napoleon but is inferior. =neapolitanische molkenkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bigarreautier de naples._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _napolitaine._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . this is a large, lemon-colored, rather firm-fleshed variety that should not be confused with naples. tree small, vigorous; flesh sweet, pleasing; ripens late in july. =nebraska sweet.= _p. avium._ = .= _gage county nur. cat._ . . listed in this reference as a dark, sweet cherry doing remarkably well in nebraska. =nelson kentish.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . said to be more vigorous in growth and more hardy in bud than early richmond. =neue englische weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _neue englische kirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . according to truchsess, mayer grew this cherry about . tree of medium height, moderately productive; fruit often large, roundish, more or less compressed; suture faint; stem straight, medium in length; cavity wide, deep; skin glossy, tender, black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, pleasing subacid; pit plump, small, oval; ripens early in july. =neue ochsenherzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _herrnhäuser neue ochsenherzkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _nouvelle guigne des boeufs._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . fruit very large, acute-cordate, irregular near the apex; stem long, slender; skin glossy, brownish-black; flesh dark red, tender, sweet, vinous; stone cordate-oblong; ripens the middle of july; not very productive. =neumann schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =new century.= _p. cerasus × (p. avium × p. cerasus)._ = .= _texas nur. cat._ . . new century is thought to be a cross originating in grayson county, texas, between english morello and some duke; it was introduced by the texas nursery company. tree of the duke type, upright; fruit medium to above in size; light red; good. the trees are free from mildew in texas but do not hold their fruit well. =new royal.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =nienburger frühe bunte herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem of medium length, stout, straight; skin yellowish, spotted and streaked; flesh aromatically sweet; pit oval; ripens the middle of june. =noble.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _am. gard._ = =: . . = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . this variety is said to resemble may duke. fruit large; color deep crimson to darker; flesh firm, colored, rich; late; productive. =noire des vosges.= _p. cerasus._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _griotte noire des vosges. = .= soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . this old variety is probably a native of eastern france. the fruit is used for confections and liquors. fruit attached in pairs, medium in size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; color almost black at maturity; flesh dark, tender, vinous, acidulated; stone small, oval, obtuse at the apex; ripens late in july. =nonpareil.= species? = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . nonpareil is a black cherry which originated at vacaville, california. =norfolk.= species? = .= _mass. hort. soc. rpt._ . . mentioned as a seedling cherry grown by j. h. fenno; not described. =norma.= _p. avium._ = .= _fruit grower_ = =: . . norma is a black cherry grown by r. h. weber, the dalles, oregon; it is earlier than napoleon. =northeast.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mich. sta. sp. bul._ = =: . . northeast is a rather dwarf cherry of the morello type; very productive. said to be valuable as a late market variety but the trees are lacking in vigor and subject to leaf blight. =northwest.= _p. cerasus._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: fig. , . . this is one of the varieties originated by d. b. wier, lacon, illinois, and first distributed by professor j. l. budd as wier's no. ; the fruit resembles baldwin. the american pomological society placed northwest on its fruit catalog in but dropped it in . tree medium in size, resembling english morello closely both in size and habit, very productive; fruit medium to large, roundish, obscurely heart-shaped; stem long, adhering quite firmly to the fruit; skin tough, medium in thickness, dark attractive red, becoming nearly black; flesh deeply colored, firm, brisk but pleasant acid, mingled with a slight astringency; good in quality; stone small, roundish; season early. =occident.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . occident is a seedling of napoleon which originated with c. e. hoskins, springbrook, oregon. fruit heart-shaped, above medium in size, smooth; stem long, slender; cavity large, regular, deep, flaring, shaded with pink; suture shallow; skin very dark purplish-red, thick, tenacious; dots numerous, small, russet, indented; flesh dark reddish, translucent, with white veining, firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, rich; good to very good; season late in june; a good shipper. =ohio beauty.= _p. avium._ = .= _horticulturist_ = =: fig. . - . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig. , , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _bigarreau bauté de l'ohio._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . ohio beauty probably originated in with professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio; first disseminated in . the american pomological society listed it on its fruit catalog in but dropped it in . tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive; fruit medium to large, cordate, compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide; stem slender, long; skin thin, of medium toughness, light yellow overspread with crimson; dots numerous, light russet, conspicuous; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; good in quality; stone clinging, irregular-ovate; season early. =okiya.= _p. pumila × p. americana._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: . = .= _ibid._ = =: , pl. . . okiya is a cross between the sand cherry and gold plum. fruit roundish, dark red; flesh green; excellent quality. =oliver.= species? = .= _ariz. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _neb. hort. soc. rpt._ . . oliver is said to be a valuable cherry for home use in nebraska; slow in coming into bearing. =opata.= _p. pumila × p. americana._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: . = .= _ibid._ = =: , pl. , , . . opata, a cross between the sand cherry and gold plum which was sent out in . it is a plum in habit of growth, vigorous; foliage large, glossy; fruit one and three-sixteenths inches in diameter, roundish; skin thin, tender, dark purplish-red with blue bloom; flesh green, firm; flavor very pleasant combining the sprightly acid of the sand cherry with the rich sweetness of the gold plum; pit very small; season early, the middle of august. =oregon.= _p. avium._ = .= wickson _cat. fruits_ . . . _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . oregon is a seedling of napoleon originated by h. w. prettyman, east portland, oregon, and named by the oregon horticultural society in . w. s. failing of portland introduced it the same year. tree vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, irregularly flattened along the suture; stem medium in length, stout, set in a deep, irregular cavity; skin black; flesh firm, very dark, juicy, sweet; later than napoleon. =orel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _maine pom. soc. rpt._ . . this name is given to a dwarf cherry similar to vladimir from orel, russia. it has small leaves and a close habit of growth; comes into bearing when from three to four feet in height; fruit larger than montmorency, nearly black when ripe, mildly subacid. =orel no. . _p. cerasus._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: , . . this variety was imported by budd but the name was lost. some believe it to be lutovka but as grown at the iowa station it is more like early morello in form and size of tree and fruit. tree smaller and more open than lutovka; fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; cavity deep; stem medium in length, stout; suture a faint line; skin thin, translucent, cornelian-red; flesh firm, colored, juicy, pleasingly acid; good; pit round, angular; season the latter part of june. =orel sweet.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . _orel no._ . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . orel sweet is known in europe as lianzkaja black; it was introduced into america by budd as orel ; one of the hardiest of sweet cherries. tree large, with a spreading top; fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; stem long, slender; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh soft, subacid; pit small, round, stained; ripens the last of july in washington. =orleans.= _p. cerasus._ = .= brown bros. _cat._ . . orleans originated in orleans county, new york. probably not propagated at present, although known to many as an improved montmorency. =orléa smith.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned but not described. =osceola.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . professor j. p. kirtland of cleveland, ohio, originated the osceola in , from a pit of the yellow spanish. it was placed on the fruit list of the american pomological society in but was taken from the list in = .= tree round, spreading, hardy, healthy, productive; fruit medium to large, cordate; stem moderately stout inserted in a deep cavity; suture deep, broad; color dark purplish-red, inclining to black; flesh dark red, juicy, rich, sweet; pit medium or small, ovate, rounded; season the last of june and early july. =ostheim (of morris).= _p. cerasus._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . this is a small, dark colored cherry differing from the minnesota ostheim in being later and slightly inferior in quality. fruit round, compressed; quality fair, lacking in juiciness; pit large; ripens about august th in ottawa, canada. =othello.= _p. pumila._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . one of the canada experiment farm's seedlings of _prunus pumila_, the sand cherry; fruit large, very black, fair. =owanka.= _p. pumila × p. americana._ = .= s. _dak. sta. bul._ = =: . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . owanka, a cross between the sand cherry and gold plum, was discarded soon after it was sent out because of its bitter skin; tree hardy, productive; fruit one and three-eighths inches in diameter; apex terminated by a minute prickle; skin dark red, with blue bloom; flesh yellow. =ox heart (of america).= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _major francis._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . _coeur de boeuf nouveau_? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . this cherry originated with g. w. walling, oswego, oregon, about , and was renamed in honor of major francis of portland. as yet it is known only in the northwest. the fruit is of good quality, attractive color, ripening with black tartarian, but is readily sought by the birds. tree very large, vigorous, upright, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, dark red; flesh deeply stained with red, juicy, sweet; quality good; too tender for long shipment; season early. =pandys glaskirsche.= species? . _proskauer obstsort._ . . listed but not described. =paramdam.= _p. cerasus._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . this variety was found nearly a century and a half ago in paramdam, england. tree small; fruit small, round; skin pale red; stem an inch long; flesh pale, tender, lively acid, agreeable; ripens the last of july. =parent.= species? = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . listed in the reference given. =paretzer herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in this reference. =pariser griotte.= _p. cerasus._ . truchsess-heim _kirschensort._ . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this cherry is thought by some to be duhamel's griotte but it differs in its more tender flesh, sweeter taste, and smaller stone. =parisian guindoux.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . tree moderately large; fruit large, pale red; flesh sweet; excellent; ripens the middle of june. =paul.= _p. avium._ = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . paul was found by e. v. d. paul of ukiah, oregon; it was propagated and introduced by the leonard coates nursery company, morganhill, california, in . fruit large, black, mottled with dark red; late; a good shipper. =pauline de vigny.= species? = .= mas. _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =peach-blossomed.= species? = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . an ornamental cherry with rose-colored flowers. =pease.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. hort. an._ , . . pease is a black, sweet seedling from charles pease, sr., cleveland, ohio. tree upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; flesh purplish, juicy, rich; follows black tartarian in ripening. =perlkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . this variety is often taken for the yellow spanish but is distinct. tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit usually large, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; suture distinct; stem short, shallowly but firmly inserted; skin tough, glossy, resembling yellow spanish; flesh moderately tender, juicy, pleasing, sweet; stone rather large, elongated-cordate, nearly free; ripens about the middle of july. =perlknorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _espagne bigarrée._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _perlmarmorkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . this bigarreau, though called a heart by some, should not be confused with perlkirsche. fruit medium to above, roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem medium short, shallowly inserted; skin tough, glossy, resembling yellow spanish; flesh firm, fibrous, juicy, pleasing, sweet; stone medium in size, plump, oval; ripens the last of july to first part of august. =petite morelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: fig., , , . . this is a small, acid cherry used in northern germany for wine-making and in the kitchen. tree vigorous, small, bushy; fruit small, round; suture indistinct; stem short, set in a straight, shallow cavity; color dark red changing to black; flesh red, tender, always acid; pit small, reddish, oval, plump; ripens the fourth week of the season. =pfitzmann schwarze herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed in the reference given. =pierce late.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this variety originated with amos pierce but was introduced by james hyde and son, newton, massachusetts. tree upright, free, round-topped; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, dark red, mottled with light amber; stem slender, rather short; flesh soft, tender, very juicy, sweet, rich; stone small; ripens the last of july. =pink heart.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . pink heart is a small, pinkish-red, oval mazzard; stem short; ripens in july. =planchoury.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _cerise de planchouri._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , pl. . _kirsch von planchoury._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . a dr. bretonneau grew this variety on his grounds near the river loire, france. fruit large, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly compressed on the sides, completely transversed by a suture; stem long, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy, clear red changing to darker red, uniform; flesh tinged with red, semi-tender, sugary, juicy, agreeably acidulated; first quality; stone large, oval, free; ripens early in july. =plattgedrückte schattenmorelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . differs from the english morello in being more compressed in form. =plumstone.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . _plumstone morello._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . the origin of this variety is unknown but it was found in virginia early in the nineteenth century by william prince who brought it to flushing, new york. its name seems to have arisen from the form of the stone. according to prince, this variety surpasses all of the european morellos for culinary purposes. tree vigorous, medium in size, productive; fruit very large, roundish or inclined to obtuse-cordate; stem long, rather slender, straight; skin dark red becoming nearly black; flesh reddish, tender, juicy, highly flavored, sprightly, with pleasant acidity when fully mature; stone long, resembling a plum; season late july. =plymouth rock.= _p. avium._ = .= lovett _cat._ fig. . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . _plymouth._ = .= ont. dept. agr. _fr. ont._ . . plymouth rock is generally believed to have originated with j. h. black, hightstown, new jersey. tree vigorous, upright, round-topped; fruit above medium in size, heart-shaped, roundish; skin tender, reddish-amber, with a bright red blush; stem long, slender; cavity narrow, shallow; flesh rather tender, light colored, juicy; pit round, plump, small; season early july. =podiebrad.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . _podiebrad bunte herzkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . probably a seedling from podiebrad, hungary. tree vigorous, productive, bears early; fruit above medium in size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long; cavity wide, moderately deep; skin tender, translucent, sulphur-yellow, nearly entirely washed and spotted with red; flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, without sourness; stone medium egg-shaped; ripens early in july. =pointed guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . this cherry is so named because part of the style becomes hard and ligneous forming a sharp point at the apex of the fruit. fruit cordate; color red on a yellow ground; flesh firm, crisp, rich, tinged with a slight bitterness; early. =polsted.= species? = .= _jour. hort._ n. s. = =: . . polsted received its name from a parish in suffolk, england, where it was extensively grown. =polton gean.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =pomeranzen.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: , . . _cerise orange._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . the name was given this cherry because of the appearance of the tree which resembles that of the orange. tree round with a globular head; fruit large, broadly oblate; stem of medium length, firmly set in a deep cavity; suture a line; skin clear, almost brick-red, becoming glossy, darker, and transparent with many white spots; flesh clear, tinged red, with yellowish-white veins, juicy, sweetly acidulated; first quality; stone medium in size, round, turgid, sharply pointed; ripens the middle of july. =pontiac.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . pontiac originated in , with professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, from =a= pit of yellow spanish. tree vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading, healthy, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, with sides compressed; stem long, slender, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin moderately firm, dark purplish-red, becoming nearly black at maturity; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, rather tender, juicy, pleasant, aromatic, sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size, smooth, separating readily from the flesh; ripens in mid-season. =pope.= _p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . some of the fruits of this cherry are green in the middle of july whereas the majority are quite ripe; introduced into france from italy. fruit large, round, red; stem very long; flesh similar to but more firm than that of the montmorency. =portugal.= species? = .= _rea flora_ . . = .= coxe _cult. fr. trees_ . . tree productive; fruit cordate, red; flavor rich and pleasant; ripens early in june. =powhattan.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= elliott fr. _book_ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . this is one of the numerous seedlings originated by professor j. p. kirtland, from a pit of yellow spanish. fruit roundish-cordate, uneven in outline, compressed on the sides; stem medium to long; skin brownish-red, glossy; flesh purplish-red, half-tender, juicy, sweet; stone small. =pragische muskateller.= _p. avium._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , , . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _cerise de prague tardive._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _muscat de prague._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . the cherry, introduced into germany from holland about under the name prager muskateller, was undoubtedly the variety mentioned by knoop in , as cerise de prague tardive. with this variety three other sorts were confused; the cerise blanche, cerise guigne, and the grosse ungarische kirsche, but when fruit was obtained from all, separation was comparatively easy. tree very productive; fruit large, globular; suture a line; stem rather thick, of medium length; cavity narrow, shallow; skin thin, brownish-red changing to black; flesh tender, melting, juicy, light red, sweet, wine-like; stone oval or roundish; ripens the middle of july. =précoce de marest.= species? = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . of doubtful value according to the reference. =précoce de sabaret.= species? = .= _gard. chron._ . . = .= _rev. hort._ . . there seem to be several strains of this cherry; it is one of the earliest cultivated sorts in france, ripening at the beginning of june and lasting a month. =president.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . president is another of professor j. p. kirtland's cherries raised in cleveland, ohio, in . tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, regular, cordate, slightly compressed; stem stout, slender; suture indistinct; skin red, slightly mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish-white, half-tender, juicy, sweet; good; pit medium in size; ripens from the middle to the last of june. =pride of washington.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _wash. hort. assoc. rpt._ . . this variety is a seedling of the late duke grown by j. f. strong, spokane, washington. the tree is more productive and less disposed to seaming of limbs where connecting with the body than its parent and its fruit is also larger, earlier and of better quality. =priesche schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed but not described. =prince.= species? = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . listed but not described by knoop. =prince black heart.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . this variety was originated by william r. prince, flushing, new york. tree vigorous, upright-spreading; fruit medium to large, cordate, slightly compressed; suture small; flesh purplish, rather tender, juicy, sweet; good to very good; ripens the last of june. =prince duke.= _p. cerasus._ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . prince duke was raised by william prince, flushing, new york, from a seed of carnation which it resembles in tree-characters and in time of ripening. the fruit is red, more compressed than the parent and possesses the peculiar bitterness of carnation before it is full ripe. =prince englebert.= species? = .= _okla. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as grown at the oklahoma station. =prince royal.= species? = .= rea _flora_ . . according to rea, this is a large, late ripe cherry, good to preserve. =princess.= _p. avium._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _prinzesskirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . this is a variegated heart originating in germany. tree of moderate vigor; fruit medium to large, cordate, sides compressed; apex acutely pointed; suture indistinct; stem very long; color yellow overlaid with red; flesh tender, juicy, bitterish at first; stone oval; ripens the fourth week of the season. =prinzenkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _grosse schwarze glanzkirsche_ incor. = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . a morello cherry of german origin. fruit of medium size, roundish; suture indistinct; cavity shallow; skin tough, firm, glossy, black; flesh firm, fibrous, dark red, subacid; pit adherent, almost cordate; ripens at the end of july. =prödlitzer elitekirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _obstzüchter_ = =:pl. . = .= _ibid._ = =: , . . this cherry originated on the estate of hugo graf kálnokyschen in prodek, moravia, austria. trees upright when young; fruit large to very large, blackish-brown, obtuse-cordate; suture distinct; stem long, slender; flesh dark, sweet with a touch of sourness; ripens in july. =progress.= _p. pumila._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . a seedling of _prunus pumila_ raised by the manitoba station. =proskauer knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . a dark, hard-fleshed cherry mentioned in this reference. =proudfoot.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . this variety was grown by d. proudfoot, cleveland, ohio. tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened at the base; skin dark purplish-red; cavity open; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of july. =puhlmann frühe.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . listed as an early black heart. =punktirte marmorkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _punctirte süsskirsche mit festem fleische._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _bigarreau ponctué._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _punktirte knorpelkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . tree vigorous, upright; fruit roundish-cordate, large; suture deep; stem long, adhering to the stone; cavity deep; color yellowish-white overspread with clear red; flesh rather tender but firm, fibrous, translucent, sweet; pit round, often rather large; ripens at the end of july. =punktirte molkenkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . tree very large, branches long; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; color yellow more or less overspread with red; flesh sweet; stone small, cordate; ripens early in july. =purity (i).= _p. avium._ = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . purity (i) is a seedling of elton which originated with w. h. chapman, napa, california, and was propagated by leonard coates of that place. tree upright-spreading, fairly vigorous; fruit heart-shaped, compressed; suture broad, rather indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity broad, shallow; skin amber, shaded and mottled with bright red, waxy, transparent, thin; flesh rich, sweet, tender, juicy, melting; very good; season early; rather too tender for market. =purity (ii).= _p. cerasus._ = .= ont. dept. agr. _fr. ont._ . . this is a productive cherry of the morello class which resembles dyehouse and ripens a little earlier than early richmond. tree moderately vigorous, healthy, bears early; fruit of medium size, roundish; stem long; cavity deep; apex noticeably depressed; skin very dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid; quality good; season late june to early july. =quaker.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . quaker originated with c. e. hoskins, newberg, oregon. fruit of medium size, heart-shaped, dark red, almost black; dots numerous; flesh firm, dark purple, sprightly, sweet; quality very good; season early july. =rainier french.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =red bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _knoop fructologie_ = =: , . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _bigarreau à gros fruit rouge._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: - , pl. ii. . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. . . = .= _pom. france_ = =:no. , pl. . . _purpurrothe knorpelkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _large red bigarreau._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig., , . . red bigarreau is probably an old french variety. fruit very large, roundish-cordate, irregular, swollen on one side; suture distinct; stem slender, long, set in a deep, wide cavity; color glossy, tough, dark red; flesh firm, sweet, rose-colored especially near the pit, juicy; pit small, oval, adherent along the suture; ripens in july. =red canada.= species? = .= _ariz. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed without a description. =red guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . fruit more oblong than the early guigne and somewhat larger; skin entirely red; flesh soft but not high in quality; ripens in june. =red jacket.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ fig. . = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ , pl. fig. . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . red jacket was raised in by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, from a pit of yellow spanish, crossed with black tartarian, black mazzard, or may duke. it was formerly grown commercially in this country and europe because of its productiveness and quality. tree very vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive; fruit large, long, obtuse-cordate; stem rather long, slender; skin thin, pale red becoming rather bright red; flesh yellowish-white, half-tender, juicy, pleasant, somewhat astringent until fully ripe when it becomes sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens in late mid-season. =red muscatel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . a variety from north silesia where it is said to be commonly grown; fruit large, of good quality. =red oranien.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . this name has been given by some writers as a synonym of carnation but red oranien as introduced into america from russia appears to be distinct and is probably another of the duke hybrids. tree productive; fruit large, dark red, mildly subacid. =red rock.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . fruit of the morello type, round; stem long, inserted in a noticeable cavity; skin clear red; flesh reddish-yellow with colored juice, mild but pleasantly acid, refreshing; ripens late in july. =red russian.= species? = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . the original name of this variety was lost in importing it from russia to brooklyn, new york, about . fruit large, dark red, good; productive; ripens in august. =reichart.= species? = .= _pa. fr. gr. soc. rpt._ . . recommended as valuable in pennsylvania. =reine-hortense hâtive.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a seedling of reine hortense introduced in . it resembles the parent in many respects, differing, however, in earlier ripening and in having red flesh. =remington.= _p. avium._ = .= downing fr. _trees am._ . . _remington heart_ = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . remington originated in from a pit planted by zachariah allen, providence, rhode island. its only merit is lateness, not ripening until august; fruit small, cordate, yellow, tinged with red; flesh firm; bears abundantly. =rentz morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mo. bd. agr. rpt._ . . mentioned as succeeding fairly well in missouri. =resacks knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed without a description. =richardson.= _p. avium._ = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . originated in the garden of j. r. richardson, boston, massachusetts. tree upright, hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, rather short, tapering to a point; stem short, slender; skin dark red, inclining to black; flesh deep red, half-tender, rich, luscious, sweet; ripens the last of june to july. =richardson late black.= species? = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . originated in the garden of dr. william p. richardson, salem, massachusetts. a small, round, black cherry, ripening late in july; very juicy and productive. =richter sämling.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed but not described. =riga no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _tex. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed among the russian fruits growing at the texas station. =riga no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _kan. sta. bul._ = =: . . received from professor j. l. budd in . tree upright, unproductive; fruit borne singly, large; stem short; color dark red; flesh and juice colored, pleasant, but lacking in quality; ripens the middle of june. =rival.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ , . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _bigarreau rival._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this cherry probably came from m. rival, saint-genis-laval, rhône, france. fruit of medium size, borne in clusters, never less than four in a cluster, obtuse-cordate, flattened on one side; suture a colored line; apex shallow, eccentric; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; skin moderately firm, yellow, mottled with red becoming darker, nearly black when mature; ripens the last of july to august. =rivers early heart.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . a seedling raised by thomas rivers, sawbridgeworth, england, which he says originated about the same time as his early amber. the fruit is of the heart class, medium in size and season. =roberts red heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _horticulturist_ = =: fig. . = .= _ibid._ = =: fig. . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this variety originated with david roberts, salem, massachusetts, and was first brought to notice by robert manning. fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly obtuse; suture distinct; stem long, slender, set in a moderate cavity; skin pale amber overspread with pale red, mottled with deeper red and pale amber specks; flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly; season at the end of july. =rochaline.= _p. avium_ = .= leonard coates _cat._ . . rochaline, a seedling of napoleon, is no longer propagated, being inferior to its parent. =rock.= species? = .= ray _hist. plant._ . . = .= miller _gard. dict._ = =: . mentioned as a perfumed cherry. =rockland.= species? = .= _mass. (hatch) sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . mentioned as growing at the massachusetts station. =rocky hill honey heart.= _p. avium_ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . a variety originating near wethersfield, connecticut, late in the eighteenth century. =rocky mountain.= _p. besseyi._ = .= _country gent._ = =: . . = .= _rural n. y._ = =: , , fig. . . = .= _cornell sta. bul._ = =: , pl. fig. = .= . = .= storrs & harrison _cat._ fig. . = .= _wis. sta. an. rpt._ = =: , . . rocky mountain, a variety of prunus besseyi, is a native of the mountains of colorado having been discovered there many years ago. it is chiefly used as a dwarf ornamental, being adapted to a great variety of soils. tree small, bushy, averaging about four feet high, very hardy and productive; fruit ripens after all other cherries are gone, small, variable in shape, from roundish to nearly oblong; color almost jet black; flavor sweet with some astringency but edible when fully mature. =roe.= _p. avium_ = .= _better fruit_ = =:no. = =: . . roe is a seedling from yamhill county, oregon, being introduced by the oregon nursery company, salem, oregon; it is said to resemble napoleon but is much firmer and later. =romaine.= species? = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a variety of doubtful value; ripens in july. =ronald.= species? = .= bunyard-thomas _fr. gard._ . . according to the reference, this is a valuable late variety. tree small, compact; fruit very large, bright red, transparent; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy. =röschers kirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., = .= . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. = .= . a chance seedling found by a peasant, röschers, near heidelberg, baden, germany. fruit medium, oblate-cordate; sides compressed, angular; stem long; cavity wide, deep; skin tough, black; flesh dark red, juicy, vinous; pit small, oval; ripens very early. =rose charmeux.= species? = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a polish variety introduced by professor j. l. budd, ames, iowa; fruit large, red, delicate, watery and mild-flavored. =rosenobel.= _p. avium_ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= dochnahl führ. obstkunde = =: . . an old german variety fruiting for the first time in . fruit large, obtuse-cordate, yellow, streaked with red around the cavity; stem long; flesh white, tender, sweet; stone oval; ripens the last of june. =rostraver bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _gard. mon._ = =: , . . this variety was introduced in , by the originators, john r. and a. murdoch, pittsburg, pennsylvania. the trees, as grown on the station grounds, are vigorous, moderately spreading; fruit large, blunt heart-shaped; suture indistinct; stem long, set in a large, deep cavity; skin thin, tough, rich yellow, mottled with red, similar to napoleon; flesh meaty, firm, white, sweet, moderately juicy; season the middle of july. =rothe glanzkirsche.= species? = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - , . . fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; suture distinct; stem slender, of medium length, set in a shallow cavity; color clear red mixed with darker red, glossy; flesh tender, white, fibrous; excellent; stone large, oval, smooth; ripens from the end of june to the middle of july. =rothe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _herzförmige süssweichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; skin clear red changing to darker red, thin, tough; stem medium in length, set in a deep, narrow cavity; flesh tender, red near the stone, fibrous, vinous; stone broadly oblong, clinging to the flesh; ripens at the beginning of july. =rothe maiknorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, compressed on both sides; suture distinct; stem rather long; cavity shallow; color wholly red on a yellow ground; flesh yellowish-white, rather tender, pleasing; excellent; stone large, cordate, plump; ripens at the beginning of june. =rothe molkenkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _cerise de petit-lait rouge._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . christ grew this variety from seed at kronberg, prussia, germany. tree productive; fruit of medium size, flattened at the ends and sides; ventral suture distinct; stem rather long; cavity shallow; skin thin, glossy, overspread with light red, darker in the sun; flesh tender, light yellow, juicy, bitter before ripe, sweet when mature; stone roundish, free, tinged with red along the suture; ripens with black tartarian. =rothe soodkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _soodamarelle._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . the fruit is borne in twos and threes, below medium in size, roundish, compressed on one side; apex shallow; stem long; color dull blood red, lighter near the suture; flesh melting, dull yellow; juice reddish, abundant, tart; stone small, broad, free. =rouaanse kirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. . . a heart cherry, clear, light red spotted with red in color; flesh firm. =rouge pâle tardive.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =rouge des vosges.= _p. cerasus._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= _soc. nat. hort. france pom._ fig., . . cultivated in the region of fougerolle, haute-saône, france, as the noire des vosges and largely used in the manufacture of a liqueur. fruit usually borne in pairs, large, elongated-cordate; suture distinct; stem long; cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, sprightly; stone small, roundish, with a small point at the apex; ripens the last half of july. =round sweet.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . mentioned in this reference. =royal american.= species? = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . tree strong in growth; fruit large; skin light red becoming darker in the sun; flesh yellowish-white, firm, juicy, agreeable; ripens in july. =royal hâtif.= _p. avium._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . tree very productive, of medium size; fruit large, compressed at the apex and base; stem green, short, often with stipules; flavor sweet; very good; ripens at the end of may. =rumsey.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . _rumsey's late morello._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . this very late cherry was grown by dr. j. s. rumsey, fishkill landing, new york, about . fruit usually borne in pairs, large, roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem long; cavity narrow, deep; skin glossy, a rich, lively red; flesh juicy, melting, acid; stone long; ripens from the first part of august until frosts. =runde marmorirte süsskirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse kramelkirsche._ . kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. = .= . runde marmorirte süsskirsche is one of the varieties which has been confused with napoleon and yellow spanish. tree vigorous, very productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; suture shallow; stem long; cavity shallow, wide, depressed on the ventral side; skin yellow, streaked, dotted and overlaid with red--the amount depending on the exposure to the sun; flesh whitish-yellow, medium firm, juicy, very sweet, sprightly, excellent; stone ovate to oval; matures usually with napoleon. =rupert.= _p. pumila × p.?_ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . mentioned in this reference as being a cross between the _prunus pumila_, the sand cherry, and a plum. =rupp.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ , pl. . . = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . rupp is supposed to have originated with solomon rupp, york county, pennsylvania. it was sent to several experiment stations for testing by the united states department of agriculture. as grown at the michigan and geneva stations it cannot be distinguished from reine hortense and we are inclined to believe that the old variety has been overshadowed by a new name. =russian morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= ont. dept. agr. _fr. ont._ . . _russian_ . = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . tree upright, vigorous; fruit above medium in size, round, flattened at the base; stem long; skin bright red; juicy; fair quality; ripens the first of august. =russian seedlings nos. , , , , , , , .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: , . . these seedlings were grown at the iowa experiment station from selected seeds of russian varieties. they show every variation from a low, compact, spreading tree to a tall, conical one, while the fruit varies in season from early june to late july. =russie à fruit blanc.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =ryley black tartarian.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed in the reference given. =sächsische frühe maikirsche.= species? = .= christ _handb._ . . listed without a description. =sacramento.= species? = .= _green river nur. cat._ . . this is a productive variety, resembling may duke, found near sacramento, kentucky. =saint-laurent.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =sansoto.= _p. pumila × p. americana._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: , pl. , pl. , . . sansoto is a cross from the south dakota experiment station between the sand cherry and the de soto plum. in growth the tree resembles that of the plum but the fruit in looks and flavor is more like the sand cherry, fruit is round, about three-eighths inch in diameter; skin black with a bluish bloom, thin, free from acerbity; flesh yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging. =sapa.= _p. pumila × p. triflora._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =:pl. . . = .= _ibid._ = =: , pl. , . . sapa, a cross between the sand cherry and the occident plum, was introduced in by the south dakota station. tree plum-like in habit; fruit-buds numerous; fruit about one and three-eighths inches in diameter; skin glossy, dark purple; flesh rich, dark purple; season extremely early. =sappington.= _p. avium._ = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . grown about st. louis, missouri, where it originated. the tree resembles mazzard in growth, vigor and productiveness; fruit sweet; early. =sauerjotte.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _guide prat._ . . listed as a variety of doubtful value. =saure herzkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . described as a black, sour cherry of the first rank, with tender flesh and excellent juice. =sauvigny knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _bigarreau de sauvigny._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . _dure de sauvigny._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . fruit large, elongated, obtuse-cordate, compressed more strongly upon the side showing a suture; stem variable, usually of medium length; cavity narrow, deep; skin glossy, dark brownish-red, mottled with lighter red; flesh very firm, dark red, juicy; quality very good; pit small, oval, acutely-pointed at the apex, free; ripens in late july. =scharlachkirsche.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . this variety is supposed by some to be may duke. usually borne in twos and threes; fruit medium in size; stem above medium in length, slender; suture indistinct; ripens the latter part of june. =schleihahn sweet.= _p. avium._ = .= _ia. sta. press bul._ = =: . _bigarreau de schleihahn._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . a variety of german origin, introduced into iowa about and described as a desirable variety for that state by the iowa agricultural college. it follows early richmond and has a long season. tree productive, hardy for a sweet variety; fruit of medium size, cordate, sides flattened; stem long, slender, set in a rather deep, wide cavity; skin firm, glossy, surface often pitted; dots numerous, obscure; suture often lacking; color bright deep red, becoming dark red or black; flesh dark red, very firm, moderately juicy, sweet; good; pit above medium in size, pointed, oval, turgid, nearly free; season at ames, iowa, from june th to july st. =schlössers schattenmorelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _reut. pom. inst. festschrift_ . . = .= _pom. inst. reut._ . - . tree vigorous; fruit large, round, dark brownish-red, similar to the brusseler braune but larger; sour. =schmehls.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . tree vigorous; fruit large obtuse-cordate; skin mottled with yellow and pale red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasing; ripens the middle of july. =schmidt bigarreau no. .= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . tree vigorous; fruit large, nearly round; skin dark red; flesh red, firm, juicy, sweet; season late june. =schmidt frühe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= lauche _ergänzungsband_ . . f. schmidt, potsdam, prussia, germany, grew this variety. tree fruitful and succeeds in all soils; fruit large, abruptly cordate; suture indistinct; stem medium in length; cavity wide, deep; color glossy dark brown changing to black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; good; stone medium, roundish; early. =schneeberger kirsche.= species? = .= _obstzüchter_ = =: . . this is a market cherry grown about vienna, austria, ripening about the middle of july and lasting for a month. some fruits are round, others cordate, depending on the altitude in which it is grown; stem slender; color black; flesh moderately firm, adhering to the pit. =schneider frühe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _guigne-hâtive de schneider._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . tree vigorous and productive; fruit large, cordate, truncate; skin a brilliant brownish-black; flesh firm; of first quality; matures early in june. =schneider späte knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ , . . = .= lauche _deut. pom._ =iii=:no. , pl. . origin, guben, prussia, germany. tree vigorous, productive; fruit very large, oval, often cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy, cherry-red changing to dark brown, with numerous flecks; flesh firm, yellowish, sweet, with slightly colored juice; stone elongated-ovate, large, plump; late. =schöne von brügge.= species? = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _belle brugeoise saint-pierre._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed but not described in the reference given. =schöne von marienhohe.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . _belle glorie de marie._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . _belle de marienhöhe._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _beauty of marienhohe._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . this old variety originated in from pits planted in the royal nursery of marienhöhe near weimar, saxe-weimar, germany. trees strong, healthy and productive; fruit medium in size, heart-shaped, often variable; sides plump; cavity noticeable; apex a small yellowish-brown point in a slight depression; stem slender, green; skin thin, glossy, reddish-black; flesh and juice dark red, tender, sweet; quality very good; pit egg-shaped, smooth without a point, turgid; ripens the first of july. =schröcks späte bunte knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, elongated-cordate, compressed, often uneven; suture noticeable; stem long, slender; skin dark red, variegated; flesh firm, vinous, sweet; stone elongated-cordate, adherent; ripens at the end of july. =schwarze forellenkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , = .= . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . tree productive, not large; fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened; stem very long, set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark brownish-black becoming almost black; flesh very red, melting, juicy, sour; stone reddish, one-half inch long; ripens early in august. =schwarze maiweichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _schwarze maikirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . this variety differs from other morellos in its very short stem. tree small, not productive; fruit usually small, roundish, flattened; suture indistinct; stem short; color black when ripe; flesh dark red, juice lighter, sour, becoming aromatic on hanging; stone very small, round; ripens the middle of june. =schwarze muskateller.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _handb._ = .= . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , = .= . fruit round, somewhat flattened on one side; stem short; skin and flesh dark red; flesh soft, juicy, mingled with a slight sourness; ripens the latter part of july. =schwarze oranienkirsche.= species? = .= krünitz _enc._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. = .= . _schwarze malvasierkirsche._ = .= ibid. , . . fruit large, pitch-black, aromatic; from holland. =schwarze soodkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . branches slender, drooping; fruit of medium size, oblate, sides flattened; stem slender; cavity shallow; suture a fine line; color almost black; flesh tender, slightly fibrous, dark red at the stone, juicy, pleasingly subacid; stone small, roundish; season the middle of july. =schwarzbraune knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , , . . of german origin and first mentioned in . fruit moderately large, uneven, flattened at the base and sides; stem slender, rather long, deeply inserted; skin brownish-red approaching black, tough, leather-like; flesh firm, sweet, with violet juice when ripe; ripens early in august. =schwarzes taubenherz.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . this variety is peculiar in that its stem is green and its fruit has a deep suture on the compressed side; skin very dark brown; flesh tender, soft, bitter, sweet when fully ripe but insipid; ripens early in july. =sebril.= _p. avium._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . listed as a sweet cherry. =seckbacher.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _späte maikirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _seckbacher knorpelkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _cerise de seckbach._ = .= mas. _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . this variety probably originated in prussia, germany. fruit small, round or cordate, compressed, with a faint suture; stem long, shallowly inserted; color glossy, black, lighter along the suture; flesh dark red, firm, juicy, aromatic, piquant; stone large; ripens the middle of june. =seederberger.= _p. avium._ = .= _col. o. hort. soc. rpt._ . . listed as a sweet variety from virginia and said to resemble yellow spanish but the fruit is larger and the tree more vigorous. =select beauty.= species? = .= prince _treat. hort._ . . a large, red, well-flavored cherry with a long stem; not very productive; ripens in july. =shadow amarelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: fig. . =frühe schattenmorelle.= = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _schatten amarelle._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = =. _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . _shadow morello._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= lucas _handb. obst._ rd ed. . . professor j. l. budd of ames, iowa, in , imported this variety from south-central asia. it is very similar to the brusseler braune and lucas gives it as the same. whether or not they are identical we cannot determine, as the variety is not grown on the station grounds. the name schatten is derived from the mirror-like reflection of the glossy skin when exposed to the sun. from the description it seems to differ from the brusseler braune in being smaller in size, not so globular, nor as dark in color, a few days earlier, and the tree is more spreading in growth. =shailer.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ = .= . a yellowish-red, hard-fleshed heart cherry of inferior quality; ripens in july. =shannon.= _p. cerasus._ = .= elliott fr. book , . . = .= mag. hort. = =: , . . _shannon morello._ = .= _hogg fruit man._ , . . _gov. shannon._ = .= _ill. hort. soc. rpt._ . . shannon was raised by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, , and described in , being named after wilson shannon, once governor of ohio. it sprung from a morello tree standing near a carnation cherry tree and bears fruit of the morello type. tree very hardy; fruit above medium in size, globular, flattened at the base; stem long, slender; cavity open; flesh tender, reddish-purple, juicy, acid; pit small. =shelton.= _p. avium._ = .= _milton cat._ . . shelton is a seedling of napoleon grown by judge william shelton of walla walla, washington. tree hardy, vigorous, upright; fruit smaller than napoleon; skin pale yellow with a red cheek; flesh sweet, tender, juicy; ripens two weeks before napoleon. =short-stem may.= species? = .= _continental plant cat._ . . merely listed as an old, well-known, productive cherry. =shubianka.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _mich. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . shubianka is an inferior small-fruited cherry of the vladimir family imported from russia in by professor j. l. budd, ames, iowa. tree dwarf, round-topped; fruit small, round; stem long, slender; cavity broad, shallow; skin tough, thick, deep red; flesh firm, juicy, colored, sprightly, astringent with a bitter after-taste; stone round, rather large; season at the end of june; worthless. =sibrel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _greening bros. cat._ fig. . sibrel is of the morello type and originated at bettsville, ohio; distinguished for its productiveness, lateness, size and quality. =silver thorne.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . silver thorne is supposed to have originated in muscatine county, iowa, about sixty years ago. it resembles early richmond in tree and fruit but the cherries have firmer flesh and are less acid. =skublics weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =sleinhaus.= species? = .= mas. _pom. gen._ = =: _ ._ . listed without a description. =small black guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . this cherry differs from black guigne in being shorter and inferior in quality. =small morello.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thacher _am. orch._ . . a cherry from salem county, new jersey; the fruit has a lively acid taste. =smidt yellow.= species? = .= thomas _am. fruit cult._ . . a good, early, prolific, southern variety. fruit medium in size, yellow, mottled with red. =socsany.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . socsany was received from hungary by the united states department of agriculture in and was sent to c. e. hoskins, springbrook, oregon, for testing. fruit small, smooth, cordate; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity medium in size, irregular, flaring; skin thick, tenacious, yellow, well covered with red, with numerous, subcutaneous, oblong dots; flesh yellowish, translucent, meaty, with whitish veins, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone large, oval, clinging; very good; season the first of july. =soft-stone cherry.= species? = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _soft sheld._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . _cerise à noyau tendre._ = .= duhamel _trait. arb. fr._ = =: , . . many writers mention a seedless cherry but duhamel doubts its existence. he does, however, describe one with a tender, ligneous pit that is easily broken by the fingers. the fruit is round, almost an inch in diameter and very good. =souths breite herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . a large, black, glossy heart cherry. =souvenir d'essonnes.= _p. avium._ = .= mas. _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this cherry was obtained by m. courtin, a nurseryman at essonnes, seine-et-oise, france, about . fruit of medium size, oval, slightly compressed; suture indistinct; stem medium; cavity of medium size, regular; skin tender, mottled on a red ground; flesh whitish, tender, sweet though sprightly; pit small, oval; ripens the middle of june. =spanische frühkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _spanische herzkirsche._ = .= christ _obstbäume_ . . _schwarze spanische frühkirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _précoce d'espagne._ = .= mas. _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; suture wide, deep, often only a line on the dorsal side; stem long, slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity; skin glossy, tough, deep red changing to black; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with a pleasing sourness, brownish-red; pit elongated-oval, not plump, rather smooth; season the middle of june. =spanische frühweichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _griotte précoce d'espagne._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, truncate at the base; suture marked on the side most compressed; stem long, moderately stout, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin tender, purplish-brown, changing to black, somewhat lighter near the suture; flesh tender, juicy, dark red, with a pleasing acidity; first quality; stone small, roundish-oval, apex pointed; season the last of june. =spanische glaskirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _grosse spanische weichsel_? = .= christ _handb._ . . _transparente d'espagne._ = .= mas. _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . fruit large, oblate, compressed on the dorsal side; suture lacking; stem rather long; cavity deep; color dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, acidulated; stone small, nearly round; ripens from the middle to the end of june. =spanish griotte.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . prince believed this variety to be a sub-variety of arch duke which it resembles. the fruit is larger than the arch duke, oblong, somewhat flattened along the sides; stem very large, of medium length; skin brownish-red approaching black; flesh red, firm, slightly melting, sweet; ripens at the beginning of july. =spätblühende glaskirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _weichselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und röthlich marmorirte frucht._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - , . . fruit of medium size; stem long, slender; color red; flesh pleasingly subacid; ripens the middle of july; blooms very late. =späte maulbeerkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _späte maulbeerherzkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _guigne mûre de paris._ . mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . tree vigorous, with a broad crown, productive; fruit variable in size, flattened somewhat squarely; stem long, stout, straight; cavity wide, shallow; skin tough, black, rather dull; flesh tender, reddish-black, with abundant, colored juice, sweet with a piquant sourness; pit round; season the last of july. =späte rote knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed without a description. =späte schwarze forellenkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . this variety was found in bernburg, anhalt, germany. tree medium in height, with branches drooping; fruit large, dark brownish-red; very sour; stone very long; ripens in september with a few fruits remaining until october. =späte schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . fruit very large, roundish, flattened, angular; suture but a line; stem rather long; cavity shallow; skin glossy, dark red, becoming black, streaked; flesh dark red, firm, sweet, aromatic, with a slight bitterness; stone oval; ripens in late august. =späte schwarze spanische herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . this variety is distinguished from all others of its class by its soft, tender stone; it differs from the soft-stone cherry in shape. fruit elongated, tapering-cordate; skin glossy, dark brown, changing to black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, aromatic; stone medium in size, flattened, often abortive, with a thin covering over the kernel easily broken by the hand; ripens in late august. =speckkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _cerise graisseuse._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . _cerise lard._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . this cherry is sometimes mistaken for corone. it differs from other bigarreaus in its variable form. tree productive; fruit medium to large; stem rather long, set in a shallow cavity; color dark red with lighter red flecks; flesh firm, pale yellow, subacid; stone rather large, nearly free; ripens the middle of july. =spitzens herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _guigne noire spitz._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . _bigarreau noire de spitz._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . spitzens herzkirsche is a seedling found in guben, prussia, germany, about . tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture shallow; stem short; cavity shallow; skin glossy, tender, dark reddish-brown changing to black, lighter along the suture; flesh dark red, tender, fibrous, sweet, aromatic when fully ripe; stone of medium size, plump, oval, slightly adherent; season late. =srdcovka v skalka.= _p. avium._ = .= _obstzüchter_ = =: . . a heart cherry found in the markets of brünn, moravia, austria. =stanapa.= _p. pumila × p. pissardi._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: , . . stanapa is a cross between the sand cherry and prunus pissardi, interesting only because of its beautiful purple foliage. =standard.= _p. pumila._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . standard is a seedling of _prunus pumila_, the sand cherry, grown by the experiment station at manitoba, canada; fruit large, astringent. =starr prolific.= species? = .= _ont. fr. exp. sta. rpt._ = =: . . mentioned as growing on the grounds of l. woolverton, grimsby, ontario, canada. =strass early black.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _agr. gaz. n. s. wales_ = =: . . many writers believe strass early black to be reine hortense. tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, partly cordate, flattened on one side; stem of medium length, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark red becoming almost black; flesh reddish-pink, rather soft, sweet, with pinkish juice; stone large. =strauss.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . _strauss weichsel._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ = =: . . this is not the strauss weichsel of europe but one of budd's importations. tree upright, hardy, round-topped, vigorous, unproductive; fruit medium to large, truncate, flattened at both ends; cavity medium; apex smooth; stem short, slender; flesh dark red almost black, firm, juicy, sprightly, acid, astringent; stone small, round; season the last of june. =strauss weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ._ _obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . tree dwarfish, unproductive; fruit on a single stem but several come out of one bud and the buds are closely set; fruit large, flattened at both ends; apex slightly rounded; stem long, thin, straight; color brownish-black; flesh tender, dark red, with abundant, colored juice; quality good; ripens the middle of june. =striker.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . striker is a seedling of napoleon grown by c. e. hoskins, springbrook, oregon. fruit large, cordate; cavity wide, deep, flaring, pink; stem of medium length, slender; suture shallow; skin thick, tender, glossy, yellow, washed and mottled with red; dots minute, russet, elongated; flesh yellowish, translucent, fibrous, firm, juicy, mild, sprightly; very good; pit of medium size, oval, semi-clinging; season the last of june to early july. =striped-leaved.= _p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _cerasus hortensis foliis eleganter variegatis._ = .= miller _gard. dict._ = =: . cultivated as an ornamental. =stuart.= _p. avium._ stuart originated from nursery-sown pits and was propagated by c. w. stuart of newark, new york, who sent trees to this station for testing in . tree of medium size, vigorous, productive; fruit large, cordate or inclined to conic, compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide, obtuse; skin thin, tender; color light red over a yellowish background changing to dark, glossy red; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; quality good; ripens in mid-season. =sucrée léon leclerc.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . _guigne sucrée de léon leclerc._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . _léon leclercs herzkirsche._ = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . this variety originated with léon leclerc of laval, mayenne, france, about . tree small, productive; fruit of medium size, borne in twos or threes, cordate-ovoid; stem long, slender, inserted in a cavity of medium size; skin deep rose-carmine; flesh whitish, semi-tender, very sugary, aromatic; pit medium in size, elongated-oval; ripens about the end of june. =summit.= _p. avium._ summit is a seedling sent this station by isaiah lower, barberton, ohio. according to mr. lower, the tree is vigorous and bears large, dark red cherries, very rich in juice and of a pleasing taste. =süsse amarelle.= _p. cerasus._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= oberdieck _obst-sort._ , . . _späte amarelle_ incor. = .= christ _wörterb._ . . this variety is probably of french origin. tree medium in height, bushy, productive; fruit large, flattened on both ends and on one side giving it a four-angled appearance; stem short, stout; cavity flat, shallow; apex slightly depressed; suture short, slightly prominent; skin dark red, thin, tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh tender, juicy, white, sweet; stone large, thick, round, free; season the middle of june. =süsse frühherzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . fruit rather small, round, compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, slender; color dark brown, becoming black; flesh tender, sweet, piquant; stone large, adherent; season the end of june. =süsse frühweichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _cerise hâtive._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this cherry should not be confused with the dark-fleshed variety, griotte douce précoce. branches long, flexible; fruit usually borne in twos or threes, of medium size, roundish, flattened; suture rather distinct; stem short, set in a large cavity; skin tender, clear red becoming darker; flesh whitish, mild; stone small, roundish; ripens early in june. =süsse maiherzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit round, medium in size; suture indistinct; skin black; flesh dark red, piquant; stone small, plump, roundish, adherent along the suture; season the middle of june to july. =süsse spanische.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _douce d'espagne._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . this cherry was sent out by pastor winter of germany in as a seedling of white spanish. fruit above medium to large, cordate; sides compressed and marked by a suture; stem rather long, slender, set in a narrow cavity; skin dull yellow, spotted with red, often dull; flesh whitish-yellow with a reddish tinge near the skin, tender, sweet; stone small, broadly cordate, adherent; season late. =süsskirsche mit gefurster blüthe.= _p. avium._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =sweedish.= _p. avium._ = .= _cultivator_ n. s. = =: . . sweedish is one of professor j. p. kirtland's varieties, possibly identical with white heart. its strikingly rugose or wrinkled surface distinguishes it from other cherries. =sweet montmorency.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ fig. . _allen's sweet montmorency._ = .= bridgeman _gard. ass't_ pt. = =: . . the fruit of this variety resembles montmorency in external appearance but it is of a sweet, delicate flavor and the growth and habit of the tree is that of a heart. probably it is a hybrid between a heart and a morello or montmorency. it was raised by j. f. allen, salem, massachusetts. tree vigorous, somewhat spreading; fruit rather small, nearly round; suture shallow; stem short; cavity shallow; skin pale amber in the shade, deep orange in the sun, becoming darker, and mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, high quality; stone small, round, slightly adherent; season the last of july to august. =sweet morello.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =tarascon kirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _guigne de tarascon._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: - , fig. , . . = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . tarascon kirsche originated in bouches-du-rhône, france. tree of medium height, moderately vigorous; fruit rather large, usually attached by fours, obtuse-cordate, surface irregular; suture indistinct; stem rather slender, medium in length; cavity often shallow; skin glossy, changing to nearly black; flesh colored, juicy, tender, sweet; ripens late in june. =tardive d'avignon.= _p. avium._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , fig. , . . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . this variety is grown at avignon, vaucluse, france. tree vigorous, large; fruit usually attached in pairs, of medium size, compressed at the base, mamelon at the apex; suture indistinct; stem very long, slender, set in a broad, shallow cavity; apex prominent; skin thin but firm, dark glossy red, never becoming black, easily detached from the pulp; flesh clear blood-red netted with white, tender, juicy, sweet, with pronounced acidity; first quality; pit small, roundish, moderately grooved; matures at the beginning of july. =tardive de brederode.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . leaves and flowers described. =tardive noire d'espagne.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in the reference given. =tardive de peine.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =tecumseh.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: , . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . tecumseh was raised in by professor j. p. kirtland, cleveland, ohio, from a pit of yellow spanish, probably fertilized by black tartarian, black mazzard, or may duke. tree moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, compressed, with a broad, shallow suture; stem long, moderately thick; skin thin, tender, deep reddish-purple changing to purplish-black, glossy, sometimes mottled with red; flesh reddish-purple, rather tender, very juicy, sweet yet sprightly but not high flavored; quality good; stone medium in size, smooth, round, slightly elongated; ripens from the middle to the end of july. =temple.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _col. o. hort. soc. rpt._ . . temple is a large duke, subacid in flavor, ripening about june th. tree an upright grower. =terry.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _del. sta. an. rpt._ = =: . . = .= budd-hansen _am. hort. man._ = =: . . _terry early._ = .= stark bros. _cat._ . . terry was probably imported by h. a. terry, crescent, iowa, from russia. tree moderately upright, hardy; fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened laterally; suture indistinct; stem medium long; cavity shallow; skin tough, slightly astringent, deep red; flesh meaty, subacid, colored; stone small, roundish; ripens the middle of june. =thirty day.= species? = .= _col. o. hort. soc. rpt._ . . thirty day is said to ripen thirty days from the time of blossoming. it was grown by a mr. irwin of fairfield county, ohio; fruit large and of excellent quality. =thompson.= _p. avium._ = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . thompson is a seedling of black tartarian, which it closely resembles, from napa county, california. tree hardier and the fruit firmer than black tartarian. =thränen muskatellerkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bigarreautier à rameaux pendants._ = .= _ann. pom. belge_ = =: , , pl. . = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _muscat des larmes._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . this old variety is said to have been introduced into germany and france from the island of minorca in the mediterranean. the branches very soon take on a drooping habit whence its name; leaves long and narrow, peach-like; fruit large, often borne in pairs, flattened at the stem as well as at the sides, marked by a suture; skin dark brownish-red; flesh dark red, firm, juicy; excellent; stone plump, oval; ripens the middle of july. =tilgner rothe herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _guigne de tilgener._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . _bigarreau rouge de tilgener_? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . this variety is a seedling from guben, prussia, germany. tree large, productive; fruit above medium in size, cordate; suture shallow; stem medium to above in length, rather deeply inserted; color yellowish, spotted and streaked with red often becoming wholly red; flesh pale white, juicy, tender, sweet, aromatic; quality very good; stone oval, acutely pointed, plump, grooved; ripens at the end of june. =tilgner schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _bigarreau noir de tilgner._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . another seedling from guben, prussia, germany, originating about . tree vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit usually borne in threes, very large, obtuse-cordate, often pointed, compressed; suture indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a deep, rather wide cavity; skin moderately tender, glossy, black when ripe; flesh rather tender, dark red, aromatic, pleasing; stone of medium size, oval; season late. =tobacco-leaved.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: , . . _ounce._ . parkinson _par. ter._ . . _cerise à feuilles bigarrées._ . knoop _fructologie_ = =: . . _four to the pound._ . truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _Ächte (sein sollende) kirsche vier auf ein pfund._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _bigarreautier à grandes feuilles._ = .= poiteau _pom. franc._ = =: no. , pl. . _gross blättrige molkenkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bigarreau à feuilles de tabac._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., , , . . the foliage is an object of curiosity in this variety, the leaves often measuring a foot in length and from five to eight inches in width. the fruits are rather below medium in size. the young shoots present a much undulated appearance. the variety is evidently of english origin, being mentioned in , by parkinson. fruit below medium in size, heart-shaped; stem long, slender; skin tender, glossy, yellow overspread with red; flesh firm, transparent, juicy, rich, sweet; stone of medium size, ovate; ripens early in august. =toctonne précoce.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . the fruit is not described. =tokeya.= _p. pumila × p. simonii._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =:pl. . . = .= _ibid._ = =: pl. , . . tokeya is a cross between the sand cherry and the simon plum and was introduced as south dakota no. by the south dakota station. the early fruiting and the dwarfing habit of the sand cherries are very evident; fruit one and three-eighths inches in diameter, flat, dark red; flesh green, sprightly subacid, intermediate between that of the two parents; of good quality; pit very small. =tomato.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= _hogg fruit man._ . . _pomme-d'amour._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . _love apple._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ rd app. . . tomato is a duke cherry of spanish origin. fruit large, roundish-oblate, often depressed or tomato-shaped; suture shallow; apex a dot; stem long, slender, set in a large, broad, moderately deep cavity; skin yellowish, shaded with red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; quality very good; ripens early in july. =toronto.= species? = .= _ohio hort. soc. rpt._ . - . = .= _agr. gaz. n. s. wales_ = =: . . tree upright, fairly vigorous, productive; fruit borne in twos and threes, small, cordate, flattened on the sides, dark red; flesh and juice dark red, soft. =toupie.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: , , fig. . . _kreiselkirsche._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _bigarreau toupie._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . a peculiar top-shaped fruit raised by m. denis henrard of the university of liege, belgium. tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large, elongated, pointed-cordate, sides slightly compressed; suture indistinct; stem moderately long, slender, often curved, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin pale red becoming darker; flesh half-tender, juicy, dark red where exposed, sweet, acidulated; pit large, oval, tapering toward the apex, plump; ripens at the last of june. =townsend.= _p. cerasus._ townsend is a strong, vigorous, productive cherry grown by w. p. townsend, lockport, new york. fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a high shoulder, compressed; suture distinct; stem long, rather slender, set in a broad, somewhat deep cavity; skin light amber, mottled and shaded with carmine; flesh almost tender, juicy, sprightly, refreshing; pit small; ripens late in june. =transparent.= _p. cerasus._ = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . transparent was grown by m. de jonghe of brussels, belgium, from seed of montmorency. fruit above medium in size, oblate, with a faint suture which is distinctly marked at the apex; skin pale red, thin, transparent, showing the fibrous flesh beneath; flesh tender, melting, sweet, delicious. =transparent guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ . . = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = =. downing _fr. trees am._ . . _jahns durchsichtige._ = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . _transparent de jahn._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . this is a european cherry formerly grown to some extent in america. tree moderately vigorous, erect at first; fruit small, borne in pairs, regular, oval-cordate; stem rather long, inserted in a narrow cavity; suture a wide, dark line; skin thin, glossy, pellucid, showing the stone, yellowish-white, blotched with fine red; flesh yellowish-white, with a reddish cast, tender, juicy, aromatic; stone medium in size, oval, free; ripens late in june. =transparente de meylan.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . fruit large, round, transparent; flesh delicate, fine, acid at first becoming sugary; ripens at the end of may. =transparente de rivers.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ , . . this is an english variety introduced into france about . fruit large, spherical, depressed, with a spotted rose-carmine color; flesh firm, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; ripens early in july. =transparente de siebenfreund.= species? = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . = .= _guide prat._ . . a large, beautiful cherry ripening the last of june from m. siebenfreund, a druggist at tyrnau, northwestern hungary. =triomphe de fausin.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed in the reference given. =troprichters schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , , . . _guigne troprichtz._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: , fig. . an old german variety. fruit large, roundish-oval; skin clear red becoming more intense; flesh juicy, sweet, aromatic; of good quality; ripens early in june. =truchsess schwarze herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed but not described. =tubbs.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . tubbs originated in iowa city, iowa. fruit of medium size, oblate, slightly cordate; stem long, rather stout, inserted in a deep, narrow opening; suture very indistinct; apex convex; skin thick, dark red; flesh colored, crisp, meaty, slightly acid, juicy; quality very good; stone small, round; ripens late in june. =türkine.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . . _ill. handb._ fig., . . christ once labeled the flamentiner, türkine, which has given rise to some confusion. the true türkine was sent out by sello as runde weisse späte kirsche. tree not very vigorous or productive; fruit of medium size, very broad, cordate; suture indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity variable; skin spotted with red and yellow; flesh softer than most hearts, white, juicy; quality very good; stone plump, roundish; ripens late in july. =turkirsche grosse.= _p. avium._ = .= _guide prat._ . . a german variety which resembles elton; fruit large, pointed; flesh white, sweet; first quality; ripens throughout july. =turner late.= species? = =. van lindley _cat._ . . a productive black cherry of medium size ripening the middle of june. =twyford.= species? = .= _agr. gaz. n. s. wales_ = =: . . tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit borne singly and in pairs, above medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem slender, long; skin yellow, mottled with bright, light red; flesh rather firm, whitish, tinged red near the skin, with clear juice; good; ripens in new south wales in november. =uhlhorns trauerkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . thomas states that this is a weeping cherry from germany; fruit large and very good. =ungarische weichsel.= _p. cerasus._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _schwarze ungarische kirsche._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . this cherry should not be confused with the grosse ungarische kirsche which is a heart while this is a morello. fruit large, round, compressed; suture indistinct; stem slender, long, shallowly inserted; color black; flesh firm, tender, subacid, with dark red juice; pit small, elongated-oval; ripens the middle of july. =urinall.= _p. avium._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . "the urinall cherrie in a most fruitfull yeare is a small bearer, having many yeares none, and the best but a few; yet doth blossome plentifully every yeare for the most part: the cherrie is long and round, like unto an urinall, from whence it tooke his name; reddish when it is full ripe, and of an indifferent sweete rellish." =utha.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _minn. hort. soc. rpt._ . . spoken of by joseph wood, windom, minnesota, as a hardy but almost worthless fruit; unproductive. =van gaasbeck.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling cherry of extrordinary keeping quality exhibited by w. van gaasbeck, hudson, new york. the fruit is of medium size with firm, sweet flesh. =vanskike.= species? = .= _trans. cal. agr. soc._ . . a flesh-colored cherry listed as being cultivated successfully in california. =vaughn.= species? . _can. exp. farm. bul._ nd ser. = =: . . listed as medium in growth; fruit not described. =velser.= _p. avium x p. cerasus._ = .= krünitz _enc._ , . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _prague tardif (muscadét de)._ = .= knoop _fructologie_ = =: , . . _wanfrieder weichsel._ = .= christ _handb._ . . _douce de palatinat._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . _pfälzer süssweichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _cerise du palatinat._ = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . tree of medium growth; branches long, straight; fruit above medium in size, obtuse-cordate, distinguishing it from other dark dukes, compressed; suture distinct; stem long; color dark red; flesh colored, fibrous, juicy, sweet with a pleasing subacid flavor; stone small, broad, cordate, adhering to both stem and flesh. =very large heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in this reference. =vesta.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. rpt._ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . vesta is a seedling of napoleon which originated with c. e. hoskins, newberg, oregon; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, very dark; flesh firm, sweet; quality good; ripens the middle of june. =vilna sweet.= _p. avium._ = .= _ia. hort. soc. rpt._ . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . vilna sweet was imported by professor j. l. budd from vilna, russia. this variety shows much promise in the west as a local sort but is too tender to ship. tree of medium size, upright, very hardy, free from diseases; fruit large, roundish to oblong, compressed; stem long, slender; cavity rather deep, narrow, often lipped on the side showing a suture; color red, often entirely covering the yellow ground; flesh whitish, tinged with pink, tender but meaty, sprightly, subacid becoming sweet; pit free, large, ovate, plump, smooth; ripens the middle of july hanging to the tree until the last of august. =violet.= _p. cerasus._ according to a letter from h. back & sons, new trenton, indiana, violet resembles english morello but is more round and not as acid. =virginia may duke.= _p. avium._ = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= hooper _w. fr. book ._ . a small, cordate, bright red, second rate mazzard cherry. =vistula.= species? = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . mentioned as planted and as having been killed by the winter. =voronezh no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . a promising, vigorous variety imported under this number from voronezh, russia; fruit very large, bright red, round, somewhat flattened; flesh juicy, subacid; pit small. season very late. =wabash.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . wabash was introduced by samuel kinsey, kinsey, ohio, the original tree having stood since on the grounds of mrs. ellen pawlings, wabash, indiana. fruit borne singly, of the morello type, roundish-oblate, above medium in size, surface smooth; cavity large, wide, deep, flaring; stem long, slender, curved; suture a shallow line; skin thin, tough, glossy, bright crimson turning to dark red; dots very small, indented; flesh yellowish, veined, translucent, tender, melting, subacid, rich; quality very good; season a week later than early richmond. =wachampa.= _p. pumila × p. triflora._ = .= _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: . . wachampa is a cross between the sand cherry and the occident plum. fruit an inch to an inch and one quarter in diameter; skin bitter, dark purple; flesh and juice dark purple. =wagner.= _p. avium._ = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree upright, round-topped, with long branches; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh yellow, meaty, melting, sweet, with a slight acidity; quality good; ripens the middle of july. =warner.= _p. avium._ = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . warner is a supposed seedling of american amber grown by mathew g. warner, rochester, new york; fruit amber to very dark red where exposed; stem long, slender; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens late in july. =warren transparent.= species? = .= cole _am. fr. book_ . . originated with a mr. warren, brighton, massachusetts. fruit roundish-cordate; skin pale yellow and red; flesh very tender, transparent; ripens early in july. =washington purple.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =waterhouse.= _p. avium._ = .= _u. s. d. a. pom. rpt._ . . this variety was originated by dr. warren waterhouse, , of monmouth, oregon. fruit of the bigarreau class, large, compressed, heart-shaped; cavity large, round; stem long, slender; suture a line; skin firm, smooth, glistening, yellowish-white with a bright red cheek, often nearly solid red; dots numerous, very small; flesh whitish, tinged yellow, firm, juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality very good. =weeping.= _p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _weeping or pendulous morello._ = .= fish _hardy-fr. bk._ = =: . . under the name weeping are included many varieties with a drooping or pendulant habit and mostly of ornamental value only. this variety, listed by prince, although much like toussaint, has branches more pendant than those of other weeping cherries. the weeping or pendulous morello of fish is included here. the head in this variety seldom exceeds four or five feet in diameter, and the slender branches droop on all sides until they trail on the ground; the fruit is of medium size and when fully ripe is of a pleasant acid flavor. =weeping black bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _flor. & pom._ . . _trauerknorpelkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bigarreau pleureur._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . one of the earliest black bigarreaus. it differs from other sorts of its class in the weeping habit of the tree; very ornamental. =weeping napoleon.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . a seedling of napoleon introduced by a mr. dougall, windsor, ontario. if budded high the branches are pendulous, which, with the large, dark fruit, makes a handsome ornamental. =weis, roth und rosenfarbig marmorirte kramelkirsche.= species? = .= _kraft pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . flesh white, breaking, firm, with colorless juice, pleasing; ripens the middle of july. =weisse rosenroth marmorirte herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . _weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse kramelkirsche._ = .= kraft _pom. aust._ = =: , tab. fig. . . flesh white, less firm than others of this class; juice colorless; stone yellowish; ripens the middle of july. =weisse mandelkirsche.= species? = .= _proskauer obstsort._ . . listed, not described. =wellington.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . _wellington's weichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _griotte de wellington._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: . . mentioned by elliott in as unworthy of further culture. bigarreau wellington, often used as a synonym of napoleon, should not be mistaken for this morello of supposedly english origin. fruit of medium size, cordate; stem long; skin thin, glossy, black; flesh firm, dark red, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid; stone elongated, cordate, free; ripens the middle of july. =wendell mottled.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: fig. . = .= elliott _fr. book_ . . = .= hoffy _n. am. pom._ pl. . wendell mottled was raised from a seed of yellow spanish planted in , by dr. herman wendell, albany, new york. tree upright, thrifty, bears early and abundantly; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a distinct suture; stem long, rather stout, set in a moderately deep cavity; skin dark purplish-red, mottled and streaked, nearly black; flesh deep crimson, firm, crisp, juicy; stone small; ripens the middle of july. =wenzlecks bunte knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= _mas pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in the reference given. =werder early black.= _p. avium._ = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _werdersche schwarze allerfrüheste herzkirsche._ = .= christ _handb._ . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . _guigne hâtive de werder._ = .= mortillet _le cerisier_ = =: , . . = .= mas _le verger_ = =: , , fig. . - . _bigarreau werder._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . this cherry was received by truchsess in , from christ; of unknown origin. tree strong and upright in growth, very productive; fruit valuable for its earliness, rather large, flattened-cordate, with a deep suture on one side; stem of medium length and thickness, inserted in a rather small cavity; skin thin, rather deep purple changing to purplish-black; flesh deep purple, with abundant colored juice, firm, tender, sweet, yet moderately sprightly and aromatic; quality good; stone large, ovate, flattened at the base; ripens from the last of may to the first of june. =werder'sche bunte herzkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . listed without a description. =wheeler.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . a hardy seedling of english morello originating with h. j. wheeler, carnforth, iowa. =white bigarreau.= _p. avium._ = .= _mich. sta. bul._ = =: . . this variety was received by the michigan station from the united states department of agriculture in ; it is between the duke and the morello in type. tree low, slow in growth; fruit large, light red, slightly darker on one side; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. =white french.= species? = .= _pa. fr. gr. soc. rpt._ . . spoken of as doing well in pennsylvania. =white french guigne.= _p. avium._ = .= barry _fr. garden_ . . = .= _am. pom. soc. cat._ . . = .= garvin & son _cat._ . . a distinct, rather large cherry listed in the fruit catalog of the american pomological society for . tree vigorous, productive; fruit creamy-white; flesh tender, melting, juicy, sweet; ripens the middle of july. =white gean.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed, not described. =white hungarian gean.= _p. avium._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a tender-fleshed, obtuse-cordate cherry, amber in color, ripening in july; second quality. =white mazzard.= _p. avium._ = .= manning _book of fruits_ . . = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . white mazzard originated with robert manning at salem, massachusetts, from a seed of white bigarreau. downing considered it similar to black mazzard, except in color. tree handsome, upright in growth, productive; fruit of medium size, cordate, of a cream color, with a bright red cheek; not of the finest flavor; ripens late. =white spanish.= _p. avium._ = .= parkinson _par. ter._ . . = .= krünitz _enc._ , , . . = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= _ill. handb._ fig., . . this variety and yellow spanish are much alike in appearance yet the best european authorities consider them distinct. tree healthy, not large, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, somewhat compressed; stem long; cavity depressed on the ventral side; color waxy yellow, streaked and dotted with red; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet, pleasant; ripens late. =white tartarian.= _p. avium._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . = .= hogg _fruit man._ . . _fraser's white tartarian._ = .= forsyth _treat. fr. trees_ . . a variety with this name was grown for many years in america which was finally proved by william prince to be a sub-variety of the white heart. tree vigorous, erect, usually productive; fruit rather small, roundish, inclined to obtuse-cordate; stem long, slender; skin transparent, pale yellow, approaching amber on the exposed cheek; flesh whitish-yellow, nearly tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid becoming sweet; very good in quality; stone large, oval; season early. =white transparent.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . mentioned in the reference given. =wier's seedlings.= d. b. wier, lacon, illinois, disseminated several seedlings which he selected from a large number originated by him. =wier no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _rural n. y._ = =: . . = .= _am. pom. soc. sp. rpt._ . - . this cherry is said to be a seedling of early richmond but of the morello type. tree medium to large, upright-spreading, fruiting regularly; fruit of medium size, oblate-conic; cavity shallow, broad; stem short; suture slight; color dark red; flesh firm, meaty, dark red, mildly subacid; quality fair; stone oval; precedes early richmond. =wier no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _am. pom. soc. sp. rpt._ . - . tree upright, productive, hardy; fruit cordate, black; juice dark, sweeter than many of the sour sorts; ripens earlier than northwest and early richmond. =wier no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . sometimes listed as wier, being one of the best of mr. wier's seedlings but only moderately productive. tree of medium size, slightly spreading; fruit of medium size, elongated-cordate; cavity rather deep and broad; stem stout, rather long; suture obscure; skin thick, tender, dark red; flesh firm, crisp, with slightly colored juice, sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone large, oval; season from july th to th; the latest of the wier seedlings. =wier no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _kan. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree upright, with scant foliage; fruit of medium size; skin dark red, tough; flesh slightly colored, mild; precedes early richmond; of no value. =wier no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _kan. sta. bul._ = =: . . fruit of medium size, oval, dark red; worthless. =wier no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit conical, cordate, of medium size; cavity shallow; stem of medium length; suture indistinct; skin smooth, dark red; flesh firm, light yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone almost spherical, smooth; ripens the middle of june; not worthy of further trial. =wier no. .= _p. cerasus._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= am. pom. soc. sp. rpt. . - . tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit small to medium, oblate; cavity shallow; stem short; skin thin, tender, light red; flesh tender, juicy, acid; good; season late june; less productive than no. . =wild ross-shire.= _p. cerasus._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . a small, wild, round, red fruit with juicy flesh, ripening in july; allied to the kentish. =wilde bunte marmorkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . distinguished from the wild red bird cherry by its firmer flesh and later ripening. it grows wild and is sometimes cultivated along the highways; ripens the middle of august. =wilhelmine kleindienst.= _p. avium._ = .= thomas _guide prat._ . . of german origin; vigorous and productive; fruit large, brilliant reddish-brown; flesh firm, agreeably sweet; ripens the middle of july. =wilkinson.= _p. avium._ = .= _mag. hort._ = =: . . = .= barry _fr. garden_ . . = .= downing _fr. trees am._ . . wilkinson is thought by hovey to be a native of rhode island. tree vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, resembling black heart but is more sprightly; ripens the middle of july. =willamette.= _p. avium._ = .= _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . = .= wickson _cal. fruits_ . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . . _am. pom. soc. rpt._ . . willamette originated with seth lewelling, milwaukee, oregon, from a seed of napoleon. tree strong in growth; fruit large, light red; flesh whitish, firm, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant flavor; ripens in the northwest in late june. =willis early.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farms rpt._ . . = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . tree vigorous in growth; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; skin yellow, mottled with red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, tender, sweet; ripens early in may. =willow-leaved.= _p. avium × p. cerasus._ = .= prince _pom. man._ = =: . . _may duke, willow-leaved._ = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . _griottier à feuilles de pêcher._ = .= kenrick _am. orch._ . . _weidenblättrige süssweichsel._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _cerisier de hollande à feuilles de saule ou de balsamine._ = .= noisette _man. comp. jard._ = =: . . _griottier à feuilles de saule._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig., . . _cerisier à feuilles de saule._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . the willow-leaved cherry seems to have originated in holland and has been known since the middle of the eighteenth century. it differs from may duke in the size and the shape of the foliage. it is not only cultivated for its singular foliage but also for its fine fruit. if the tree grows rapidly the leaves are said to assume normal shape. =winkler black.= _p. avium._ = .= _can. exp. farm bul._ nd ser. = =: . . _wincklers schwarze knorpelkirsche._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. , . . _winkler's schwarze herzkirsche._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . _bigarreau noir winkler._ = .= leroy _dict. pom._ = =: fig. . this is a seedling from guben, prussia, germany. fruit borne in pairs of medium size, broad, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture indistinct; skin dark red; flesh pale red, firm, aromatic, subacid, pleasing; pit rather large, oval; ripens early in july; not very productive. =winter schwarze.= species? = .= _lond. hort. soc. cat._ . . listed without a description. =wohltragende holländische kirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= truchsess-heim _kirschensort_. - . . = .= mathieu _nom. pom._ . . _grosse wohltragende holländische morellè._ = .= christ _wörterb._ . . fruit large, sides unequally compressed; suture indistinct; stem medium in length, set in a large cavity; skin tough, dark brown when ripe; flesh fibrous, clear red, darker near the stone, with colored juice, pleasingly sour; stone long, colored; ripens late in july. =yan.= _p. avium._ = .= _rural n. y._ = =: fig. . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . yan is a seedling grown by seth lewelling of milwaukee, oregon; named for a faithful chinese workman. fruit large, roundish-cordate, with a distinct suture on one side; stem long, stout; skin tough, dark purplish-red; flesh streaked and flecked with light red, firm, juicy, mild subacid; very late; productive. =yellow glass.= _p. avium._ = .= _ia. sta. bul._ = =: . . = .= _ibid._ = =: . . = .= _wash. sta. bul._ = =: . . yellow glass was introduced from north silesia by professor j. l. budd, ames, iowa. tree large, upright, with abundant foliage; fruit medium to above in size, roundish-cordate; cavity deep; stem long; suture a line; skin thin, tough, light lemon in color; flesh firm, yellow, meaty, sweet, with colorless juice; quality good; stone large, round, clinging. =young large black heart.= _p. avium._ = .= _pioneer nur. cat._ . - . merely listed in the reference given. =yuksa.= _p. pumila × p. armeniaca._ . _s. dak. sta. bul._ = =: . yuksa is noted in the reference as a cross between the sand cherry and the new large apricot. =zimmtkirsche.= _p. cerasus._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit medium in size, round, flattened at the stem, without a suture; cavity deep; stem long; skin thin, dark red almost black; flesh aromatic, subacid; stone oval-pointed. =zweifarbige kirsche.= species? = .= mathieu _nom pom._ . . _bicolor._ = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . listed without a description. =zwitterkirsche.= species? = .= mas _pom. gen._ = =: . . mentioned in this reference. = schwarze knorpelkirsche.= _p. avium._ = .= dochnahl _führ. obstkunde_ = =: . . fruit large, elongated, sides strongly compressed; suture shallow; apex depressed; skin reddish-black; flesh very dark red, pleasing, slightly sweet; ripens in late july. [ ] charles downing, whose likeness we show in the frontispiece, was born at newburgh, new york, july , . he spent his life in the place of his birth, dying january , . his parents were natives of lexington, massachusetts, who shortly before the birth of charles downing, the eldest son, came to newburgh, the father establishing a shop for the manufacture of wagons, a business which he soon abandoned to become a nurseryman. here, in the first successful nursery established in the region, were trained charles and andrew downing, receiving under the careful guidance of the father a knowledge of the business and of fruits which with later self instruction made them the most distinguished pomologists of their day. with the death of the father in , before charles had obtained his majority, the responsibility of conducting the business and the support of the family devolved upon him. andrew j., the younger brother, in , at the age of , united with charles in the management of the nursery business under the firm name of c. & a. j. downing, a partnership which lasted only until . charles continued in the nursery business for many years during which time he became the foremost pomologist in the united states and eventually, about , sold his holdings to devote himself to the study of varieties of fruits and the revision of the _fruits and fruit trees of america._ this great pomological book was projected and published by andrew but most of the work of the book as it is now known was done by charles in revising the original and adding to its many editions. it is and has long been, as all know, the highest authority on american fruits. naturally of an inquiring turn of mind charles downing studied closely the qualities of the varieties that came under his observation and seldom described without the fruit in hand. his variety orchard is said to have contained at one time , varieties of apples and , pears with lesser numbers of the other fruits. a few trees of this wonderful collection still stand. charles downing was one of the most modest and retiring of men, in his younger days delighting in the things of which his brother wrote and seldom putting pen to paper until after his brother's death when he became a regular contributor to horticultural publications over the signature "c. d." he was never known to make a public speech. he earned his high distinction in american pomology by his accurate and conscientious descriptions and discussions of varieties of fruits. [ ] andrew jackson downing was born in newburgh on the hudson, the town in which he always lived and which he loved, october , . he perished while trying to save other passengers in the burning of the steamer _henry clay_ on the hudson river, july , , at the age of . andrew downing's education was largely acquired from self instruction although he attended the schools of his native town and the academy in the adjoining village of montgomery. his father, a nurseryman, whose work was mentioned in the sketch of charles downing, elder brother of andrew, gave the younger son every opportunity to cultivate an early developed taste for horticulture, botany and the natural sciences. when but a youth he joined his brother charles as partner in a nursery firm, a relationship maintained for but a few years and which he severed to begin a career as a writer on landscape gardening and pomological subjects. his first publication was a _treatise on the theory and practice of landscape gardening adapted to north america, with a view to the improvement of country residences, with remarks on rural architecture_, a book published in , the author being but years of age. the work passed into instant popularity and is the word of authority which has told thousands of americans what to do to make their grounds beautiful. within a few months so great was the success of the first venture that in response to the demand he published his _cottage residences, a_ companion book which was received with equal favor, thus giving andrew downing first rank as an authority on rural art. in the _fruits and fruit trees of america_, then and now the chief pomological authority of this continent, was printed simultaneously in london and new york, a second edition coming out in . in andrew downing became the founder and editor of the _horticulturist_, which he continued to publish until his death. in he wrote _additional notes and hints about building in the country_, published in wightwick's _hints to young architects._ the summer of was spent in england in the study of landscape gardening and rural architecture from the result of which came his _architecture of country houses._ his last work was the editing of mrs. loudon's _landscape gardening for ladies_ though _rural essays_ appeared after his death as a collection of his writings with a memoir by george william curtis and a _letter to his friends_ by frederika bremer. he was employed in planting the public grounds of the capitol, the white house and the smithsonian institution at washington when he met his untimely death. downing is the creator of american landscape gardening and shares with his brother charles the honor of being the most distinguished pomologist of the country. in the epoch-making _fruits and fruit trees of america_ andrew downing was the real genius, charles downing the conscientious and painstaking student who worked out the details. bibliography and references, with abbreviations used the list of books which follows contains all american pomological works in which the cherry is discussed at any length. only such european books are listed, however, as were found useful in writing _the cherries of new york_. only periodicals are listed to which references are made in the text of the book. the reports and bulletins of experiment stations and horticultural societies are not included since the abbreviations used for such publications will be recognized by all. am. gard. american gardening. an illustrated journal of horticulture and gardener's chronicle. new york: - . copyright, . (before its union with popular gardening in , the publication was known as the american garden. both popular gardening and the american garden resulted from the union or absorption of several other horticultural periodicals.) am. gard. mag. the american gardener's magazine, and register of useful discoveries and improvements in horticulture and rural affairs. see mag. hort. am. hort. an. american horticultural annual. a yearbook of horticultural progress for the professional and amateur gardener, fruit-grower, and florist. (_illustrated_.) new york: . copyright, . new edition. new york: . copyright, . am. jour. hort. the american journal of horticulture and florist's companion. (_illustrated._) volumes - . boston: - . copyrights, - . continued as tilton's journal of horticulture and floral magazine. (_illustrated._) volumes - . boston: - . copyrights, - . am. pom. soc. rpt. proceedings of the american pomological society. issued usually biennially from to date. first published as the proceedings of the national convention of fruit growers in . ann. hort. annals of horticulture and yearbook of information on practical gardening. volumes. london: - . ann. pom. belge annales de pomologie belge et Étrangère; publiées par la commission royale de pomologie instituée par s. m. le roi des belges. (_illustré._) tomes. bruxelles: - . bailey, ann. hort. annals of horticulture in north america for the years - . a witness of passing events and a record of progress. by l. h. bailey. new york: - . copyrights, , - . bailey, cyc. hort. cyclopedia of american horticulture comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants sold in the united states and canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. by l. h. bailey, assisted by wilhelm miller. (_illustrated._) in four volumes. new york: - . copyrights, - . bailey, ev. nat. fruits sketch of the evolution of our native fruits. by l. h. bailey. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . bailey, sur. unlike the survival of the unlike. a collection of evolution essays suggested by the study of domestic plants. by l. h. bailey. (_illustrated._) fifth edition. new york: . copyright, . baltet, cult. fr. traité de la culture fruitière commerciale et bourgeoise. par charles baltet. (_illustré._) quatrième Édition. paris: . barry, fr. garden the fruit garden. by p. barry. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . revised edition, . copyright, . bradley, gard. new improvements of planting and gardening, both philosophical and practical. in three parts. by richard bradley. (_illustrated._) seventh edition with appendix. london: . bridgeman, gard. ass't the young gardener's assistant, in three parts. by thomas bridgeman. new edition, with an appendix. new york: . copyright, . brookshaw, hort. reposit. the horticultural repository, containing delineations of the best varieties of the different species of english fruits. by george brookshaw. (_illustrated._) in two volumes. london: . budd-hansen, am. hort. man. american horticultural manual. by j. l. budd, assisted by n. e. hansen. (_illustrated._) in two volumes. volume , new york and london: . copyright, . bunyard-thomas, fr. gard. the fruit garden. by george bunyard and owen thomas. (_illustrated._) london and new york: . can. hort. the canadian horticulturist. (_illustrated._) toronto and peterboro: to date. cat. cong. pom. france société pomologique de france catalogue descriptif des fruits adoptés par le congrès pomologique. lyon: . ibid.: . christ, handb. handbuch über die obstbaumzucht und obstlehre. von j. l. christ. zweite vermehrte. frankfurt: . christ, obstbäume von pflanzung und wartung der nüzlichsten obstbäume. von j. l. christ. zweiter theil. frankfurt: . christ, wörterb. pomologisches theoretisch-praktisches handwörterbuch, oder alphabetisches verzeichniss. von j. l. christ. leipzig: . cole, am. fr. book the american fruit book; containing directions for raising, propagating, and managing fruit trees, shrubs, and plants; with a description of the best varieties of fruit, including new and valuable kinds. by s. w. cole. (_illustrated._) boston: . copyright, . country gent. the country gentleman. albany: - . the cultivator & country gentleman. albany: - . the country gentleman. albany and philadelphia: to date. coxe, cult. fr. trees a view of the cultivation of fruit trees, and the management of orchards and cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable varieties of native and foreign apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cherries, cultivated in the middle states of america. by william coxe. (_illustrated._) philadelphia: . copyright, . cultivator the cultivator. albany: - . in united with the country gentleman. cult. & count. gent. the cultivator & country gentleman. see country gent. decaisne & naudin, man. amat. jard. manuel de l'amateur des jardins traité général d'horticulture. par jh. decaisne et ch. naudin. (_illustré._) tome quatrième. paris. de candolle, or. cult. plants origin of cultivated plants. by alphonse de candolle. geneva [switzerland]: . new york: . dochnahl, führ. obstkunde der sichere führer in der obstkunde auf botanisch-pomologischen wege oder systematische breschreibung aller obstsorten. von f. j. dochnahl. vier bände. nürnberg: - . volume , . cherries. downing, fr. trees am. the fruits and fruit trees of america: or the culture, propagation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of fruit trees generally; with descriptions of all the finest varieties of fruit, native and foreign, cultivated in this country. by a. j. downing. (_illustrated._) new york & london: . copyright, . second edition, same text, with colored plates, . first revision, by charles downing. new york: . copyright, . second revision, by charles downing. new york: . first appendix, . second appendix, . third appendix, . duhamel, trait. arb. fr. traité des arbres fruitiers; contenant leur figure, leur description, leur culture, &c. par m. duhamel du monceau. (_illustré._) tomes et . paris: . Édition publié en , en trois tomes. nouvelle Édition en six tomes, - . elliott, fr. book elliott's fruit book; or, the american fruit-grower's guide in orchard and garden. by f. r. elliott. (_illustrated._) new york: . copyright, . revised edition. . fish, hardy-fr. bk. the hardy-fruit book. by d. t. fish. (_illustrated._) two volumes. london: probably . flor. & pom. the florist and pomologist: a pictorial monthly magazine of flowers, fruits, and general horticulture. conducted at first by robert hogg and john spencer, later by thomas moore and william paul. (_illustrated._) london: - . floy-lindley, guide orch. gard. a guide to the orchard and fruit garden or an account of the most valuable fruits cultivated in great britain. by george lindley; edited by john lindley. american edition by michael floy. new york: . new edition; with an appendix. new york: . copyright, . forsyth, treat. fr. trees a treatise on the culture and management of fruit trees. by william forsyth. london: . same with an introduction and notes, by william corbett. albany: . seventh edition [english] london: . gard. chron. the gardener's chronicle. (_illustrated._) london: to date. garden the garden. (_illustrated._) london: to date. gard. mon. the gardener's monthly and horticultural advertiser. edited by thomas meehan. (_illustrated._) philadelphia: - . gaucher, pom. prak. obst. pomologie des praktischen obstbaumzüchters. von n. gaucher. (_illustrirt._) stuttgart: . gen. farmer the genesee farmer. edited by luther tucker, rochester: - . then consolidated with the cultivator. another periodical of the same name was published in rochester from to . also new genesee farmer and monthly genesee farmer. gerarde, herball the herball or generall historie of plantes. by john gerarde. enlarged and amended by thomas johnson. london: . guide prat. guide pratique de l'amateur de fruits. description et culture des variétiés de fruits classés par séries de mérite composant les collections pomologiques de l'Établissement horticole simon-louis frères. a plantières-les-metz (lorraine annexée) suivi d'une table générale alphabétique de tous les synonymes connus, francais et Étrangers appartenent à chaque variété. deuxième Édition. paris et nancy: . hoffy, n. am. pom. hoffy's north american pomologist, containing numerous finely colored drawings, accompanied by letter press descriptions, &c., of fruits of american origin. edited by william d. brincklé. book no. . philadelphia: . copyright, . hoffy, orch. com. the orchardist's companion. alfred hoffy, editor and publisher. a quarterly journal. vol. i, - ; vol. ii, - . philadelphia. hogg, fruit man. the fruit manual: a guide to the fruits and fruit trees of great britain. by robert hogg. first edition, london: . second edition, . third edition, . fourth edition, . fifth edition, . hooper, w. fr. book hooper's western fruit book: a compendious collection of facts from the notes and experience of successful fruit culturists, arranged for practical use in the orchard and garden. by e. j. hooper. cincinnati: . copyright, . hort. reg. (am.) horticultural register and gardener's magazine. edited by t. g. fessenden and j. e. teschemacher. volume i. boston: . hort. reg. (eng.) the horticultural register and general magazine. by joseph paxton and joseph harrison. vol. i. london: . horticulturist the horticulturist and journal of rural art and rural taste. founded and first edited by a. j. downing. (_illustrated._) volumes to . albany, philadelphia and new york: - . hovey, fr. am. the fruits of america, containing richly colored figures, and full descriptions of all the choicest varieties cultivated in the united states. by c. m. hovey. volume i. boston and new york: . volume ii. boston: . copyright, . ill. handb. illustrirtes handbuch der obstkunde, unter mitwirkung mehrerer herausgegeben von ... f. jahn ... ed. lucas und ... j. g. c. oberdieck. siebente leiferung. dritten bandes. stuttgart: ; neunte lieferung. dritten bandes. stuttgart: ; sechszehnte lieferung. sechsten bandes. ravensburg: . jour. hort. the journal of horticulture began as: the cottage gardener; or amateur's and cottager's guide to out-door gardening and spade cultivation. volumes. london: - . continued as the journal of horticulture, cottage gardener, and country gentleman. a journal of horticulture, rural and domestic economy, botany and natural history. new series. volumes. london: - . continued as the journal of horticulture, cottage gardener, and home farmer. a chronicle of country pursuits and country life, including poultry, pigeon, and bee-keeping. third series. volumes. london: - . jour. roy. hort. soc. the journal of the royal horticultural society. london: to date. vols. - , - , bear the title of the journal of the horticultural society of london. kenrick, am. orch. the new american orchardist. by william kenrick. boston: . copyright, . second edition. boston: . copyright, . seventh edition, enlarged and improved, with a supplement. boston: . copyright, . knoop, fructologie part i. pomologie, ou description des meilleures sortes de pommes et de poires. part ii. fructologie, ou description des arbres fruitiers. par jean herman knoop. (_illustré._) amsterdam: . koch, deut. obst. die deutschen obstgehölze. vorlesungen gehalten zu berlin im winterhalbjahr - . von karl koch. stuttgart: . kraft, pom. aust. pomona austriaca, abhandlung von den obstbäumen. von johann kraft. theile. vienna: . krünitz, enc. ausschnitt aus krünitz' encyklopädie. . cherries. lange, allgem. garten. allgemeines gartenbuch. von theodore lange. bände. zweite vermehrte. leipsic: . langley, pomona pomona, or the fruit garden illustrated. by batty langley. london: . lauche, deut. pom. deutsche pomologie. von w. lauche. (_illustrirt._) berlin: . lauche, ergänzungsband erster ergänzungsband zu lucas' und oberdieck's illustrirtes handbuch der obstkunde. von w. lauche. berlin: . le bon jard. le bon jardinier. ^e Édition almanach horticole, et ^e Édition, . paris. leroy, diet. pom. dictionnaire de pomologie. par andré leroy. (_illustré._) tomes. paris: - . tome , . cherries. liegel, syst. anleit. systematische anleitung zur kenntniss der vorzüglichsten sorten des kern-, stein-, schalen- und beerenobster. von georg liegel. passau: . lond. hort. soc. cat. a catalogue of the fruits cultivated in the garden of the horticultural society of london. london: . second edition, . third edition, . a supplement was published in . loudon, arb. frut. brit. arboretum, et fruticetum britannicum. par j. c. loudon. deuxième Édition. tome . london: . loudon's, enc. gard. an encyclopedia of gardening. by j. c. loudon. (_illustrated._) new edition. london: . lucas, handb. obst. vollständiges handbuch der obstkultur. von ed. lucas. (_illustrirt._) stuttgart: first edition, ; second edition, ; third edition, . third edition edited by fr. lucas, . mag. hort. the magazine of horticulture. boston: - . first published as the american gardener's magazine, - . edited by c. m. hovey with p. b. hovey, jr., associate editor during - . manning, book of fruits book of fruits. by robert manning. (_illustrated._) salem: . copyright, . mas, le verger le verger ou histoire, culture et description avec planches coloriées des variétés de fruits les plus généralement connues. par m. mas. tomes. paris: - . tome . cherries. mas, pom. gen. pomologie générale. par. m. mas. (_illustré._) tomes. paris: - . tome , . cherries. mathieu, nom. pom. nomenclator pomologicus. von carl mathieu. berlin: . mawe-abercrombie, com. gard. the complete gardener. by thomas mawe and john abercrombie. london: . mawe-abercrombie, univ. gard. bot. the universal gardener and botanist. by thomas mawe and john abercrombie. london: . miller, gard. dict. the gardener's dictionary. by philip miller. volumes. london: . revised edition. by thomas martyn london: . miller, gard. kal. the gardener's kalendar. by philip miller. london: . mcintosh, bk. gard. the book of the garden. by charles mcintosh. (_illustrated._) two volumes. london: . mcmahon, am. gard. cal. the american gardener's calendar. by bernard mcmahon. philadelphia: . mortillet, le cerisier arboriculture fruitière. les meilleurs fruits. par m. p. de mortillet. (_illustré._) tome ii. le cerisier. grenoble: . nat. nur. the national nurseryman. published by the national nurseryman publishing co. (_illustrated._) rochester: to date. nicholson, dict. gard. the illustrated dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists. by george nicholson, assisted by j. w. h. trail and j. garrett. volumes. london. supplement to same. by george nicholson et al. london: . noisette, man. comp. jard. manuel complet du jardinier. par m. louis noisette. tome deuxième. paris: . oberdieck, obst-sort. deutschlands beste obst-sorten. von f. g. c. oberdieck. leipzig: . obstzüchter der obstzüchter zeitschrift für die gesamtinteressen des obstbanes. references in volume viii, numbers , , , and . vienna: . parkinson, par. ter. paradisi in sole. paradisus terrestris. by john parkinson. (_illustrated._) london: . phillips, com. orch. the companion for the orchard. an historical and botanical account of fruits known in great britain. by henry phillips. new edition. london: . poiteau, pom. franc. pomologie francaise. recueil des plus beaux fruits cultivés en france. par antoine poiteau. tomes - . paris: . pom. france pomologie de la france ou histoire et description de tous les fruits cultivés en france et admis par le congrès pomologique. (_illustré._) tomes i-viii. lyon: - . tome vii, . cherries. pom. inst. reut. pomologisches institut reutlingen. reutlingen: - . pom. mag. the pomological magazine; or, figures and descriptions of the most important varieties of fruit cultivated in great britain. three volumes. london: - . this work has also been published under the title pomona brittanica. popular gard. popular gardening. an illustrated periodical devoted to horticulture in all its branches. volume i. buffalo: . continued as popular gardening and fruit growing. volumes ii-vi. buffalo: - . consolidated with the american garden and continued as american gardening. new york: - . prince, pom. man. the pomological manual; or, a treatise on fruits. by william robert prince, aided by william prince. second edition. part i. new york: . copyright, . part ii. new york: . copyright, . prince, treat. hort. a short treatise on horticulture. by william prince. new york: . copyright, . prince, treat. trees & plants a treatise on fruit and ornamental trees and plants, cultivated at the linnæan botanic garden, flushing, long-island, near new-york. by william prince. new york: . proskauer obstsort. proskauer obstsorten. von professor dr. stoll. proskau bei oppeln: . quintinye, com. gard. the compleat gard'ner; or, directions for cultivating and right ordering of fruit-gardens, and kitchen-gardens. by monsieur de la quintinye. second edition. london: . ray, hist. plant. historia plantarum. by john ray. second volume. london: . rea, flora flora: seu, de florum cultura; or a complete florilege. by john rea. books. london: . book . cherries. reut. pom. inst. festschrift festschrift zum fünfzigjährigen bestehen des pomologischen instituts in reutlingen. reutlingen: . rev. hort. revue horticole. journal d'horticulture pratique. (_illustré._) paris: to date. rural n. y. the rural new-yorker. a journal for the suburban and country home. (_illustrated._) rochester and new york: to date. soc. nat. hort. france pom. société nationale d'horticulture de france. section pomologique. les meilleurs fruits au début du xx^e siècle. (_illustré._) paris: . sou. cult. the southern cultivator. a monthly journal, devoted to the improvement of southern agriculture. (_illustrated._) augusta, ga.: - . thacher, am. orch. the american orchardist. by james thacher. boston: . copyright, . thomas, am. fruit cult. the american fruit culturist. by john j. thomas. (_illustrated._) first edition. geneva and auburn, n. y.: . copyright, . revised edition. auburn, n. y.: . copyright, . revised edition. new york: . copyright, . revised edition. new york: . copyright, - . twentieth edition, revised and enlarged. new york: . copyright, . twenty-first edition, revised and enlarged. new york: . copyright, . thomas, guide prat. guide pratique de l'amateur de fruits. par o. thomas. . deuxième Édition. . see guide pratique. thompson, gard. ass't. the gardener's assistant; practical and scientific. by robert thompson. (_illustrated._) two volumes. london. . same, revised by william watson. six volumes. london: . truchsess-heim, kirschensort systematische classification und beschreibung der kirschensorten. von christian freiherrn truchsess. edited by friedrich timotheus heim. stuttgart: . u. s. d. a. rpt. reports of the united states department of agriculture: - . u. s. d. a. yearbook reports of the united states department of agriculture: to date. u. s. pat. off. rpt. reports of the agricultural section of the united states patent office: to . wickson, cal. fruits the california fruits and how to grow them. by edward j. wickson. (_illustrated._) second edition. san francisco: . copyright, . fourth edition. los angeles: . copyright, . seventh edition. san francisco: . copyright, . willich, dom. enc. domestic encyclopedia or a dictionary of facts. by a. f. m. willich. first american edition with additions by james mease. in five volumes. volume . philadelphia: . index (names of varieties in this index, if accepted names, appear in roman type; synonyms in italics.) À coeur hâtive, a feuilles de pêcher grosse, abbesse, abbesse d'oignies, abels schwarze knorpelkirsche, abundance, _Ächer's weichsel_ (syn. of griotte acher), _Ächte (sein sollende) kirsche vier auf ein pfund_ (syn. of tobacco-leaved), act gillos, _adam_ (syn. of adams crown), adams, var. orig. with, adams crown, _adams herzkirsche_ (syn. of adams crown), adlington, _admirable de soissons_ (syn. of cerise de soissons), _advance_ (syn. of california advance), affane, afghanistan, _agathe_ (syn. of hildesheim), _agatkirscke_ (syn. of dankelmannskirsche), alaternblättrige süssweichsel, albertine millet, alexandrine béon, alfred wesmael, _all saints_ (syn. of toussaint), allen, allen, j. f., var. orig. by, allen, zachariah, var. orig. with, , allen late favourite, _allen's sweet montmorency_ (syn. of sweet montmorency), allerfrüheste bunte maiherzkirsche, alte königskirsche, altenlander frühkirsche, amaranthkirsche, _amarell-weichsel_ (syn. of early may), _amarelle à point pistillaire blanc_ (syn. of amarelle mit weissem stempelpunct), _amarelle boquet_ (syn. of boquet morello), _amarelle de la madleine_ (syn. of madeleine), _amarelle double de verre_ (syn. of double glass), amarelle hâtive, _amarelle mit halbgefüllter blüthe_ (syn. of fleurs semi-doubles), amarelle mit weissem stempelpunct, _amarelle royale_ (syn. of montmorency), _amarelle très-fertile_ (syn. of cerisier très-fertile), _amarellenbaum mit ganz gefüllter blüte_ (syn. of fleurs doubles), amber, _amber_ (syn. of amber gean), amber gean, _amber heart_ (syn. of white heart), ambrée de guben, american amber, _american doctor_ (syn. of doctor), american heart, amos owen, amygdalus, sub-genus of prunus, _amygdalus indica nana_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis_), _amygdalus pumila_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa_), ; (syn. of _p. japonica kerii_), andrews, andrews, c. n., var. orig. with, _anglaise hâtive_ (syn. of may duke), ; (syn. of royal duke), _anglaise tardive_ (syn. of late duke), anne, annonay, _annonayer herzkirsche_ (syn. of annonay), anstad, anstad, a. p., var. orig. by, antonie, var. introduced by, appalachian cherry, botanical name of, arch duke, argental late, atwater, caleb, var. orig. with, auburn duke, august duke, augustine de vigny, aurischotte, austen, r. a., quoted, _badacconyi_ (syn. of badacsony), _badacsoner riesenkirsche_ (syn. of badacsony), _badacsoner schwarze riesenkirsche_ (syn. of badacsony), badacsony, _badacsonyer knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of badacsony), baender, baldwin, baldwin, s. j., var. orig. by, _baltavaer knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of baltavar), baltavar, _baltavari_ (syn. of baltavar), baluder morello, barnhart, barry, quoted, - baseler herzkirsche, bates, bates, s. j., var. orig. with, baumann may, bay state, baylor, _beauty of marienhohe_ (syn. of schöne von marienhohe), _beauty of orleans_ (syn. of belle d'orleans), bedford, a.v., var. introduced by, bedford prolific, _belle agathe_ (syn. of hildesheim), _belle agathe de novembre_ (syn. of hildesheim), _belle allemande_ (syn. of bettenburger glaskirsche), belle audigeoise, belle bosc, belle de boskoop, _belle brugeoise saint-pierre_ (syn. of schöne von brügge), _belle de bruxelles_ (syn. of belle d'orleans), belle de caux, _belle de chatenay_ (syn. of magnifique), _belle de choisy_ (syn. of choisy), belle de couchey, belle defay, belle de franconville, _belle glorie de marie_ (syn. of schöne von marienhohe), _belle grosse d'ardèche_ (syn. of cerise de l'ardèche), belle l'herissier, belle de kis-oers, belle de loche, belle magnifique (syn. of magnifique), _belle de magnifique_ (syn. of magnifique), _belle et magnifique_ (syn. of magnifique), _belle de marienhöhe_ (syn. of schöne von marienhohe), _belle de montreuil_ (syn. of montreuil), belle d'orleans, belle de ribeaucourt, belle de rochelle, belle de rocmont, belle de saint tronc, _belle de sauvigny_ (syn. of montmorency de sauvigny), _belle de varennes_ (syn. of cerisier de varenne), belle vezzouris, belle de voisery, _belle de worsery_ (syn. of royal duke), bender, var. orig. with, bender, j.o., var. orig. with, bender (of michigan), bender (of new york), berger, staquet, var. orig. by, berlin amarelle, bernard, bessarabian, bessey's cherry, botanical name of, bettenburger glaskirsche, bettenburger herzkirsche, bettenburger kirsche von der natte, _bettenburger schwarze herzkirsche_ (syn. of bettenburger herzkirsche), bettenburger weichsel, _bettenburger weichsel grosser gobet_ (syn. of bettenburger weichsel), _bettenburger weichsel von der natte_ (syn. of bettenburger weichsel), _bicentenaireweichsel_ (syn. of cerise du bicentenaire), _bicolor_ (syn. of zweifarbige kirsche), bicolor van mons, _bigarreau_ (syn. of yellow spanish), bigarreau abbesse de mouland, _bigarreau ambré précoce_ (syn. of early amber), bigarreau antoine nomblot, _bigarreau baumann_ (syn. of baumann may), _bigarreau bauté de l'ohio_ (syn. of ohio beauty), _bigarreau belle de rocmond_ (syn. of belle de rocmont), _bigarreau blanc de groll_ (syn. of bigarreau groll), _bigarreau blanc_ (petit) (syn. of flamentine), bigarreau blanc précoce, bigarreau blanc-rosé de piémont, bigarreau bordan, bigarreau de bourget, bigarreau brun, _bigarreau brun kleindienst_ (syn. of kleindienst braune knorpel), bigarreau de capucins, bigarreau de la caserne, bigarreau cayenne, bigarreau de châlons, bigarreau de champvans, _bigarreau commun_ (syn. of yellow spanish), bigarreau corniola, bigarreau court picout hâtif, bigarreau court picout tardif, bigarreau dönnissen, bigarreau doré, bigarreau double royale, bigarreau dur, bigarreau duranno, _bigarreau empereur-francois_ (syn. of emperor francis), _bigarreau d'esperen_ (syn. of napoleon), _bigarreau de fer_ (syn. of hildesheim), _bigarreau à feuilles de tabac_ (syn. of tobacco-leaved), _bigarreau de florence_ (syn. of florence), bigarreau galopin, bigarreau glady, _bigarreau (golden)_ (syn. of drogan yellow bigarreau), bigarreau grand, bigarreau groll, _bigarreau gros coeuret_ (syn. of large heart-shaped bigarreau), ; (syn. of napoleon), _bigarreau gros commun_ (syn. of ox heart), _bigarreau à gros fruit rouge_ (syn. of red bigarreau), _bigarreau à gros fruit rouge tardif_ (syn. of large late red bigarreau), _bigarreau gros monstrueux_ (syn. of large heart-shaped bigarreau), bigarreau gros noir de luther, _bigarreau grosse gomballoise_ (syn. of grosse gomballoise), _bigarreau hâtif_ (syn. of black bigarreau), _bigarreau hâtif boulbon_ (syn. of boulebonner kirsche), bigarreau hâtif de champagne, bigarreau hâtif de saint-laud, _bigarreau de hedelfingen_ (syn. of hedelfingen), _bigarreau de hildesheim_ (syn. of hildesheim), bigarreau d'italie, _bigarreau jaboulay_ (syn. of lyons), bigarreau jacquet, _bigarreau jaune_ (syn. of dankelmannskirsche), _bigarreau jaune de dönissen_ (syn. of bigarreau dönnissen), _bigarreau jaune de groth_ (syn. of groth gelbe knorpelkirsche), bigarreau jumard, _bigarreau de kronberg_ (syn. of kronberger kirsche), bigarreau krüger, bigarreau legrey, _bigarreau de loire_ (syn. of bigarreau de lory), _bigarreau à longue queue_ (syn. of dunkelrothe knorpelkirsche), bigarreau de lory, _bigarreau de lyon_ (syn. of lyons), _bigarreau marjeollais_ (syn. of bigarreau marjolet), bigarreau marjolet, _bigarreau of mezel_ (syn. of mezel), bigarreau mongin, bigarreau monstreuse de bavay, _bigarreau monstreux de baltava_ (syn. of baltavar), _bigarreau monstrueux_ (syn. of mezel), bigarreau moreau, _bigarreau de naples_ (syn. of naples), bigarreau napoléon noir, _bigarreau noir büttner_ (syn. of büttner schwarze herzkirsche), _bigarreau-noir à chair très-ferme_ (syn. of festfleischige schwarze knorpelkirsche), bigarreau noir d'ecully, _bigarreau noir d'espagne_ (syn. of black heart), _bigarreau noir d'espagne_ (syn. of black spanish), _bigarreau noir de germersdorf_ (syn. of germersdorf), bigarreau noir à gros fruits, _bigarreau noir de guben_ (syn. of guben), _bigarreau noir hâtif_ (syn. of black bigarreau), bigarreau noir de heintzen, _bigarreau-noir de knight_ (syn. of knight late black), _bigarreau noir de krüger_ (syn. of bigarreau krüger), _bigarreau noir de lampé_ (syn. of lampen schwarze knorpelkirsche), _bigarreau noir napoléon iii_ (syn. of bigarreau napoléon noir), _bigarreau noir de savoie_ (syn. of black bigarreau of savoy), bigarreau noir de tabor, _bigarreau noir de tilgner_ (syn. of tilgner schwarze knorpelkirsche), _bigarreau noir winkler_ (syn. of winkler black), _bigarreau noire de spitz_ (syn. of spitzens herzkirsche), bigarreau d'octobre, bigarreau de l'once, bigarreau pélissier, _bigarreau à petit fruit blanc_ (syn. of flamentine), _bigarreau à petit fruit rouge hâtif_ (syn. of kleine bunte frühkirsche), _bigarreau pleureur_ (syn. of weeping black bigarreau), _bigarreau ponctué_ (syn. of punktirte marmorkirsche), bigarreau pourpré, _bigarreau prince royal de hanovre_ (syn. of kronprinz von hannover), bigarreau printanier d'oullins, bigarreau reverchon, bigarreau richelieu, _bigarreau rival_ (syn. of rival), _bigarreau de rocmont_ (syn. of belle de rocmont), bigarreau rosa, bigarreau rose dragon, _bigarreau rouge de büttner_ (syn. of büttner rothe knorpelkirsche), _bigarreau rouge foncé_ (syn. of dunkelrothe knorpelkirsche), _bigarreau rouge de guben_ (syn. of early red bigarreau), _bigarreau rouge hâtif (petit)_ (syn. of kleine bunte frühkirsche), _bigarreau rouge tardif de büttner_ (syn. of büttner späte rothe knorpelkirsche), _bigarreau rouge de tilgener_ (syn. of tilgner rothe herzkirsche), _bigarreau de sauvigny_ (syn. of sauvigny knorpelkirsche), _bigarreau de schleihahn_ (syn. of schleihahn sweet), bigarreau de schrecken, bigarreau strié, _bigarreau tardif büttner_ (syn. of büttner späte weichsel), _bigarreau tardif de hildesheim_ (syn. of hildesheim), _bigarreau tardif de ladé_ (syn. of ladé late), _bigarreau tardif de lieke_ (syn. of lieke bunte knorpelkirsche), _bigarreau-tardif de meiningen_ (syn. of meininger späte knorpelkirsche), _bigarreau toupie_ (syn. of toupie), bigarreau de trie, bigarreau à trochets, bigarreau turca, _bigarreau violet_ (syn. of dunkelrothe knorpelkirsche), bigarreau de walpurgis, _bigarreau werder_ (syn. of werder early black), bigarreau de zeisberg, bigarreau zschedowitzer schwarze, _bigarreautier à fruit jaune_ (syn. of dankelmannskirsche), _bigarreautier à grandes feuilles_ (syn. of tobacco-leaved), _bigarreautier de naples_ (syn. of neapolitanische molkenkirsche), _bigarreautier à petit fruit hâtif_ (syn. of flamentine), bigarreautier à petit fruit noir, bigarreautier à petit fruit rose, _bigarreautier à petit fruit rouge_ (syn. of kleine bunte frühkirsche), _bigarreautier à rameaux pendants_ (syn. of thränen muskatellerkirsche), _biguarre cherrie_ (syn. of yellow spanish), bill and coo, bing, bismarck, black, j. h., var. orig. with, black american, black bigarreau, _black bigarreau_ (syn. of manning late black), black bigarreau of savoy, _black bohemian_ (syn. of bigarreau d'italie), _black eagle_ (syn. of eagle), black guigne, black hawk, black heart, black hungarian gean, black margaret, _black mastodon_ (syn. of mastodon), black prolific, _black republican_ (syn. of republican), black spanish, black tartarian, black turkey heart, blasse johanni kirsche, bleeding heart, _bleichrothe glaskirsche_ (syn. of cerise rouge pale), _bloem-kers double_ (syn. of fleurs doubles), ; (syn. of fleurs semi-doubles), bloodgood, daniel, var. orig. by, _blutherzkirsche_ (syn. of bleeding heart), _blutrothe molkenkirsche_ (syn. of bleeding heart), bocage, _bohemian black bigarreau_ (syn. of bigarreau d'italie), bohemian queen, bon bon, bonamy, var. orig. with, bonnemain, auguste, var. orig. by, _bonnemain_ (syn. of gloire de france), book, boppard, _bopparder frühkirsche_ (syn. of boppard), _boppard's early_ (syn. of boppard), boquet morello, boreatton, bordan, var. orig. by, _bordans frühe weisse herzkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau bordan), _bordans herzkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau bordan), bostock, quoted, boughton early black duke, boulebonner kirsche, bount dantzic, bouquet-herzkirsche, bouquetweichsel, bourgueil, boussieuer knorpelkirsche, bowers, john, var. orig. by, bowers' seedlings, boyd early black, _boyer's early_ (syn. of bowyer early heart), bowyer early heart, brandon, brandywine, brant, brassington, _braunauer amarelle_ (syn. of braunauer glaskirsche), braunauer glaskirsche, _braune rothe sauerkirsche_ (syn. of braunrote weichsel), braune soodkirsche, _braune spanische herzkirsche_ (syn. of braune spanische kirsche), braune spanische kirsche, braunrote weichsel, bretonneau, pierre, var. orig. with, , , briggs, j. a., var. orig. by, briggs sweet, brinckle, john r., var. orig. by, brindilles, brown best, brown seedlings, bruce, quoted, - brusseler braune, _brüsselsche bruyn_ (syn. of brusseler braune), buckatzsch weisse herzkirsche, buckatzsch weisse knorpelkirsche, budd, j. l., quoted, ; var. introduced by, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , budd, no. , buffalo, bunte amarelle, bunte morello, burbank, burbank, luther, var. orig. by, , , _burbank early_ (syn. of burbank), burchardt, var. orig. by, burchardts schwarze rosenobel, burghley park, burr, burr, zera, var. orig. with, büttner, var. orig. by, , büttner gelbe knorpelkirsche, büttner rothe herzkirsche, büttner rothe knorpelkirsche, büttner schwarze herzkirsche, büttner schwarze sauerkirsche, büttner späte rothe knorpelkirsche, büttner späte weichsel, _büttner's harte marmorkirsche_ (syn. of büttner späte rothe knorpelkirsche), _büttner's late red_ (syn. of büttner späte rothe knorpelkirsche), _büttner's october_ (syn. of büttner späte weichsel), _büttner's october morello_ (syn. of büttner späte weichsel), _büttner's october zucker weichsel_ (syn. of büttner späte weichsel), _büttner's rothe marmorkirsche_ (syn. of büttner rothe knorpelkirsche), _büttner's rothe molkenkirsche_ (syn. of büttner rothe herzkirsche), _büttner's schwarze neue herzkirsche_ (syn. of büttner schwarze herzkirsche), _büttner's schwarze neue sauerkirsche_ (syn. of büttner schwarze sauerkirsche), _büttner's sehrspäte_ (syn. of büttner späte weichsel), _büttner's september und octoberweichsel_ (syn. of büttner späte weichsel), _büttner's yellow_ (syn. of büttner gelbe knorpelkirsche), byrnville, california advance, cameleon, cardinalskirsche, carmine stripe, carnation, caroline, catskill, _cayenner knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau cayenne), centennial, _ceraseidos apetala_ (syn. of _p. apetala_), ; (syn. of _p. incisa_), cerasus, group name of, ; sub-genus of prunus, _cerasus acida_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus asplenifolia_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus austera_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus avium_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus bigarella_, ; (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus bigarella regalis_, _cerasus bungei_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus californica_ (syn. of _p. emarginata_), _cerasus caproniana_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno_ (syn. of _p. serrulata hisakura_), _cerasus cucullata_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus decumana_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus depressa_ (syn. of _p. pumila_), _cerasus donarium_ (syn. of _p. serrulata grandiflora_), _cerasus dulcis_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus duracina_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus effusa_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus glandulosa_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa_), _cerasus glauca_ (syn. of _p. pumila_), _cerasus heaumiana_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus herincquiana_ (syn. of _p. pendula_), _cerasus heterophylla_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus hortenses_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus hortensis foliis eleganter variegatis_ (syn. of striped-leaved), _cerasus incisa_ (syn. of _p. incisa_), _cerasus intermedia_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus itosakura_ (syn. of _p. pendula_), _cerasus japonica_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis_), _cerasus japonica multiplex_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa glabra albiplena_), _cerasus juliana_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus lannesiana_ (syn. of _p. serrulata lannesiana_), _cerasus macrophylla_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus mahaleb_ (syn. of _p. mahaleb_), _cerasus marasca_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus nicotianaefolia_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus nigra_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus pallida_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus paniculata_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus sieboldii_), _cerasus pendula_ (syn. of _p. pendula_), _cerasus pendula flore roseo_ (syn. of _p. pendula_), _cerasus pendula kriegeri_ (syn. of _p. serrulata kriegeri_), _cerasus pendula rosea_ (syn. of _p. pendula_), _cerasus phoshia_ (syn. of _p. cerasoides_), _cerasus pseudocerasus_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus_), ; (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _cerasus pseudocerasus "james veitch_" (syn. of _p. serrulata veitchiana_), _cerasus puddum_ (syn. of _p. cerasoides_), _cerasus pumila_ (syn. of _p. pumila_), _cerasus regalis_, _cerasus rhexii_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus rubicunda_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus rufa_ (syn. of _p. rufa_), _cerasus salicifolia_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus serratifolia rosea_ (syn. of _p. serrulata hisakura_), _cerasus serrulata_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _cerasus sieboldtii_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus sieboldii_), _cerasus tomentosa_ (syn. of _p. tomentosa_), _cerasus tridentina_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus varia_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _cerasus vulgaris_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _cerasus watereri_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus watereri_), _cerasus wattererii_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus watereri_), cerise albanes, _cerise d'allemagne_ (syn. of german morello), _cerise anglaise_ (syn. of cerise guigne), cerise d'angleterre précoce, cerise de l'ardèche, cerise bellon, cerise de la besnardière, cerise du bicentenaire, cerise blanche à petit fruit, _cerise de bourgueil_ (syn. of bourgueil), _cerise carminée_ (syn. of carmine stripe), cerise commune, _cerise commune_ (syn. of griotte commune), _cerise commune (de la madeleine)_ (syn. of madeleine), _cerise du comte de henneberg_ (syn. of henneberger grafenkirsche), cerise à côtes, _cerise à courte queue_ (syn. of short-stem montmorency), cerise d'espagne, _cerise de l'esvière_ (syn. of cerise de prusse), cerise à la feuille, _cerise à feuilles bigarrées_ (syn. of tobacco-leaved), _cerise de folger_ (syn. of folgerktrsche), cerise de gembloux, _cerise de gottorpe_ (syn. of gottorper), _cerise graisseuse_ (syn. of speckkirsche), _cerise gros fruit_ (syn. of short-stem montmorency), cerise guigne, _cerise hâtive_ (syn. of süsse frühweichsel), _cerise lard_ (syn. of speckkirsche), cerise de mai double, cerise de mai simple, cerise de martigné, _cerise à noyau tendre_ (syn. of soft-stone cherry), _cerise orange_ (syn. of pomeranzen), _cerise d'orange_ (syn. of carnation), cerise de ostheim, _cerise du palatinat_ (syn. of velser), _cerise de petit-lait rouge_ (syn. of rothe molkenkirsche), _cerise de planchouri_ (syn. of planchoury), _cerise de portugal_ (syn. of arch duke), _cerise de prague tardive_ (syn. of pragische muskateller), _cerise précoce d'altenlaud_ (syn. of altenlander frühkirsche), cerise du prince maurice, cerise de prusse, _cerise de prusse noire_ (syn. of cerise de prusse), cerise de rouen double, cerise de rouen simple, cerise rouge pale, cerise rouge sanguine, _cerise royale_ (syn. of royal duke), _cerise royale de hollande_ (syn. of arch duke), cerise royale ordinaire, _cerise royale tardive d'angleterre_ (syn. of holman duke), _cerise de sauvigny_ (syn. of montmorency de sauvigny), _cerise de seckbach_ (syn. of seckbacher), cerise de soissons, cerise de tiercé, _cerise à trochet_ (syn. of cerisier très-fertile), _cerise van der nat_ (syn. of double natte), _cerise de volger_ (syn. of early richmond), _cerise walpurgis_ (syn. of bigarreau de walpurgis), cerise de xavier, _cerise de zeisberg_ (syn. of bigarreau de zeisberg), _cerisier à bouquet_ (syn. of cluster), cerisier commun à fruit rond, cerisier commun pleureur, _cerisier coulard de holland_ (syn. of coularde), _cerisier cuculle_ (syn. of griottier à feuilles cucullées), cerisier à feuilles laciniéees, _cerisier à feuilles de saule_ (syn. of willow-leaved), _cerisier à fruit ambré, à fruit blanc_ (syn. of choisy), cerisier à gros fruit blanc, _cerisier à gros fruit rouge-pâle_ (syn. of cerise rouge pale), _cerisier hâtif_ (syn. of early richmond), _cerisier de hollande_ (syn. of coularde), _cerisier de hollande à feuilles de saule ou de balsamine_ (syn. of willow-leaved), _cerisier juniat_ (syn. of june amarelle), _cerisier de la madleine_ (syn. of madeleine), _cerisier nain à fruit rond précoce_ (syn. of early may), cerisier royal tardif à fruit noir, cerisier très-fertile, cerisier de varenne, challenge, champagne, champion, chapman, chapman, henry, var. orig. by, chapman, w. h., var. orig. by, , , , charozé, var. orig. with, chase, lewis, var. orig. with, chase, r. g., var. introduced by, chatenay, var. orig. with, cheresoto, cherries, adaptions of, in america, - ; amelioration of, - ; ancient history of, ; ancient use of, - ; beginning of domestication of, - ; blooming dates and season of ripening of, - ; characters of bark, branches and buds of, - ; characters of flowers and fruit of, - ; characters of leaves of, - ; classification of cultivated varieties of, ; cultivated, origin of, - ; diseases of, - ; distribution of cultivated varieties of, ; domestication of, ; early planting of, in america, ; geographical distribution of species of, - , groups of, by german writers, ; habit of growth of species of, ; hardiness of species of, ; history of, in england, - ; history of, in greece, - ; history of, in italy, - ; history of, in new england, - ; history of, in new york, - ; history of, in the middle west, ; history of, in the sixteenth century, - ; history of, in the south, - ; history of, on the pacific coast, - ; immunity of, to diseases and insects, - ; insects detrimental to, - ; lack of literature of, ; list of, growing in america in , - ; minor species of, ; natural environment of, - ; number of described varieties of, ; origin of described varieties of, ; ornamental value of, - ; pollination of, - ; productiveness of, ; relation of, to other species, - ; separation of, from plums, ; species of, - ; stocks for, - ; susceptibility of, to diseases and insects, - ; tree and fruit characters of species of, - ; uses of fruit of, - ; uses of leaves and bark of, ; wood-value of species of, cherry culture, commercial magnitude of, in the united states, - cherry orchards, their care and management, - _cherry-duck_ (syn. of holman duke), cherry-growing, commercial status of, in new york, - china bigarreau, _china heart_ (syn. of china bigarreau), choisy, choque, christ, var. orig. by, christbauer, christiana, churchill heart, cistena, clark september, cleveland, clingman, a. k., var. orig. with, cluster, cluster black heart, _coburger maiherzkirsche_ (syn. of black guigne), cocklin, e. h., var. orig. by, ; var. introduced by, cocklin favorite, coe, coe, curtis, var. orig. by, coe late carnation, _coe's bunte transparent_ (syn. of coe), _coe's späte rote kirsche_ (syn. of coe late carnation), _coe's transparent_ (syn. of coe), _coeur de boeuf nouveau_ (syn. of ox heart [of america]), _coeur de pigeon gros_ (syn. of belle de rocmont), coeur de pigeon noir, coeur de poule, _colassale d'hedelfingen_ (syn. of hedelfingen), cole, collman, a. f., var. orig. with, _colorado morello_ (syn. of english morello), columbia, _common french griotte_ (syn. of griotte commune), common morello, _common red morello_ (syn. of common morello), como, comtesse de médicis spada, condé, conestoga, constance maisin, cook, steven, var. orig. with, , cook imperial, cornelia, corning, corone, corwin, coularde, _courte-pendu de gaiberg_ (syn. of courte-queue de gaiberg), courte-queue de gaiberg, courtin, var. orig. with, coxe, quoted, - crawford, _cream_ (syn. of honey), = = crown prince, cserszeger honigkirsche, cullen cherrie, cumberland, _cumberland heart_ (syn. of cumberland), _cumberland spice_ (syn. of cumberland), cyclone, dacotah, daiber schwarze knorpelkirsche, dankelmannskirsche, _dankelmann's molkenkirsche_ (syn. of dankelmannskirsche), _dankelmann's weisse herzkirsche_ (syn. of dankelmannskirsche), _d'aout erfurt_ (syn. of erfurter augustkirsche), _d' aremberg_ (syn. of reine hortense), datge, davenport, davenport, edward, var. orig. by, _davenport's early_ (syn. of davenport), _davenport's early black_ (syn. of davenport), _davenport's early red_ (syn. of davenport), de belleu, _de chaux_ (syn. of german morello), de jacap, de jonghe, var. orig. by, de ravaene, _de sibérie_ (syn. of dwarf siberian), _de sibérie à fruit rond_ (syn. of dwarf siberian), de sibérie à gros fruit et à rameaux pendans, de spa, de vaux, dearborn, h. a. s., var. introduced by, dearborn red french, dechenaut, delaware bleeding heart, delicate, _délices d'erfurt_ (syn. of erfurter augustkirsche), délicieuse, denner black, des cheneaux, deutsche belzweichsel, _deutsche griotte_ (syn. of german morello), _deutsche weichsel_ (syn. of german morello), _deutscher griottier weichselbaum_ (syn. of german morello), dikeman, dikeman, george b., var. orig. with, disnoder gewürzkirsche, = = ditst, dobbeete moreller, = = doctay, doctor, dr. flynn, dr. wiseman, = = doctorkirsche, doctorknorpelkirsche, = = dollaner schwarze, donna maria, _dönnissens gelbe knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau dönnissen), _doppelte amarelle_ (syn. of doppelte weichsel), doppelte weichsel, _doppelttragende kleine rothe spätkirsche_ (syn. of hildesheim), dorotheenkirsche, dörrells neue himbeerkirsche, doty, _double floured cherry_ (syn. of fleurs doubles), double glass, double natte, double yellow spanish, doublet, var. orig. by, douce de bardowick, _douce d'espagne_ (syn. of süsse spanische), _douce de palatinat_ (syn. of velser), dougall, dougall, james, var. introduced by, , ; var. orig. with, doulin bigarreau, dove bank, downer, downer, samuel, var. orig. by, _downer's late_ (syn. of downer), _downer's red heart_ (syn. of downer), downing, a. j., life of, ; quoted, , ; var. orig. by, downing, charles, life of, - ; var. orig. by, downing red creek, _downing's sämling_ (syn. of downing red cheek), downton, _downtoner molkenkirsche_ (syn. of downton), dresdener mai herzkirsche, drogan, var. orig. by, drogan white bigarreau, drogan yellow bigarreau, drogans schwarze knorpelkirsche, _drogan's weisse knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of drogan white bigarreau), drooping guigne, du comte egger, du nord nouvelle, duchesse d'angoulême, duchesse de palluau, dudley, paul, quoted, duhamel, quoted, , _duke cherry_ (syn. of may duke), duke cherries, characters of, duke of edinburgh, dumas, dunkelrothe knorpelkirsche, duraccia, dure noir grosse, _dure de sauvigny_ (syn. of sauvigny knorpelkirsche), _dutch weeping_ (syn. of dwarf siberian), _dwarf double flowering_ (syn. of fleurs doubles), dwarf siberian, dyehouse, dyehouse, var. orig. by, eagle, early amarella, early amber, early black bigarreau, early eugene, _early griotte_ (syn. of early richmond), _early guigne_ (syn. of flamentine), _early jaboulay_ (syn. of lyons), _early lamaurie_ (syn. of lamaurie), _early lyons_ (syn. of lyons), _early mathere_ (syn. of guigne précoce de mathère), early may, early may, early morello, early prolific, early purple, _early purple guigne_ (syn. of early purple), early red and yellow, early red bigarreau, early red guigne, early richmond, early rivers, _early white bigarreau_ (syn. of flamentine), _early white guigne_ (syn. of grosse guigne blanche), early york, ebenter cherry, _ecullyer knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau noir d'ecully), edouard seneclause, elfner kirsche, elizabeth, elkhorn, elliott, f. r., life of, ; quoted, , ; var. introduced by, _elliott's favorite_ (syn. of favorite), elton, emperor francis, empress eugenie, _englische schwarze kronherzkirsche_ (syn. of corone), englische weinkirsche, _englische weisse ganz frühe herzkirsche_ (syn. of englische weisse herzkirsche), englische weisse herzkirsche, english amber, english bearer, english gaskin, english morello, ; susceptibility of, to leaf spot, _english preserve_ (syn. of english bearer), enopa, _Épervier noir_ (syn. of black hawk), episcopale, eppers weichsel, _erfurt delicious_ (syn. of erfurter augustkirsche), erfurter augustkirsche, _esel kirsche_ (syn. of may duke), _espagne bigarrée_ (syn. of perlknorpelkirsche), etopa, eugène furst, _eugenie_ (syn. of empress eugenie) euprunus, sub-genus of prunus, everbearing, excellente douce tardive, eyami, ezaptan, faversham heart, favorite, fenno, j. h., var. orig. by, fenwith, george, quoted, festfleischige schwarze knorpelkirsche, flagg, flamentine, _flanders_ (syn. of early richmond), _flanders cluster_ (syn. of cluster), _flemish_ (syn. of large montmorency), ; (syn. of short-stem montmorency), flemish gean, _flemish coloured bigarreau_ (syn. of elton), fleurs doubles, fleurs semi-doubles, florence, _florence heart_ (syn. of florence), florianer kirsche, flynn, var. orig. with, folgerkirsche, folgers swolfe, forsyth, quoted, fouche morello, _four to the pound_ (syn. of tobacco-leaved), _französiche süssweichsel_ (syn. of cerise de soissons), _fraser's white tartarian_ (syn. of white tartarian), frauendorfer, _frauendorfer weichsel_ (syn. of frauendorfer), _french_ (syn. of early richmond), french amarelle, french weichsel, _frogmore bigarreau_ (syn. of frogmore early bigarreau), frogmore early bigarreau, frogmore early crown, _frogmore early prolific_ (syn. of frogmore early bigarreau), frogmore late bigarreau, frogmore morrelo, fromm, var. orig. by, fromm heart, _fromms schwarze herzkirsche_ (syn. of fromm heart), _frühe bernsteinkirsche_ (syn. of white heart), frühe bunte herzkirsche, _frühe englische kirsche aus löwen_ (syn. of löwener frühkirsche), frühe kurzstielige knorpelkirsche, _frühe lange weisse herzkirsche_ (syn. of frühe bunte herzkirsche), _frühe lemercier_ (syn. of lemercier), _frühe maiherzkirsche_ (syn. of baumann may), frühe maikirsche, frühe morello, _frühe natte aus samen_ (syn. of frühe von der natte), frühe sauerkirsche, _frühe schattenmorelle_ (syn. of shadow amarelle), _frühe schwarze herzkirsche_ (syn. of black guigne), ; (syn. of black heart), frühe schwarze knorpelkirsche, _frühe süssweichsel von der natt_ (syn. of frühe von der natte), frühe von der natte, _frühe zwergweichsel_ (syn. of early may), = = früher gobet, früheste bunte herzkirsche, _früheste bunte molkenkirsche_ (syn. of früheste bunte herzkirsche), früheste der mark, _frühkirsche_ (syn. of früheste bunte herzkirsche), _frühzeitige amarelle_ (syn. of early richmond), fürst schwarze septemberkirsche, _fürst's herzkirsche_ (syn. of eugène furst), _galopin_ (syn. of lutovka), galusha, gamdale, garcine, garcine, var. orig. by, gardiner, gardner, v. r., quoted, - _gascoigne_ (syn. of bleeding heart), _gascoigne's heart_ (syn. of bleeding heart), gaskins, gauchers knorpelkirsche, _géante de badacson_ (syn. of badacsony), _géante d'hedelfingen_ (syn. of hedelfingen), _gedoppelte amarelle mit halbgefüllter blüte_ (syn. of fleurs semi-doubles), geer, _gefülltblühende amarelle_ (syn. of fleurs doubles), _gefülltblühende süsskirsche_ (syn. of large double flowering), _gefüllter kirschbaume_ (syn. of fleurs semi-doubles), gelbe herzkirsche, gelbe wachskirsche, gemeine glaskirsche, _gemeine marmorkirsche_ (syn. of yellow spanish), _gemeine schwarze herzkirsche_ (syn. of grosse schwarze herzkirsche), _gemeine süssweichsel_ (syn. of griotte commune), genesee, george glass, gerarde, quoted, , , , , german, _german duke_ (syn. of german morello), _german_ (kraus) (syn. of german), german morello, germersdorf, _germersdorfer grosse kirsche_ (syn. of germersdorf), geschiltztblättrige süssweichsel, gestriefte herzkirsche, gewöhnliche muskatellerkirsche, giant, gibb, gifford, gilbert, r., var. orig. by, _glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte kramelkirsche_ (syn. of belle de rocmont), glasherzkirsche, _glaskirsche mit dickgefüllter blüthe_ (syn. of fleurs doubles), _glaskirsche mit halbgefüllter blüthe_ (syn. of fleurs semi-doubles), glaskirsche von der natte, _glas-molkenkirsche_ (syn. of glasherzkirsche), _glass_ (syn. of double glass), glasskirsche kurzstielige, gloire de france, _gobet à courte queue_ (syn. of short-stem montmorency), _gobet hâtif_ (syn. of früher gobet), golden knob, goldgelbe herzkirsche, goldsmith black heart, goodspeed, gormley, gormley, john, var. orig. with, gottorper, _gottorper marmorkirsche_ (syn. of gottorper), gould no. x, governor luce, _gov. shannon_ (syn. of shannon), _governor wood_ (syn. of wood), grafenburger frühkirsche, _graffion_ (syn. of yellow spanish), graham, grand, var. introduced by, grande ronde, great bearing, _great bigarreau_ (syn. of mezel), _great cornelian_ (syn. of double glass), great leafed, _great rose_ (syn. of fleurs doubles), grenner glas, gridley, gridley, samuel, var. orig. with, _griotte_ (syn. of griotte commune), griotte acher, _griotte d'allemagne_ (syn. of german morello), _griotte de bettenbourg_ (syn. of bettenburger weichsel), _griotte à bouquet_ (syn. of cluster), griotte de büttner, _griotte de chaux_ (syn. of german morello), griotte commune, _griotte à courte queue_ (syn. of imperial morello), _griotte double_ (syn. of griotte acher), griotte douce précoce, _griotte de frauendorf_ (syn. of frauendorfer), _griotte à gros fruit noir de piémont_ (syn. of griotte noire de piémont), _griotte à gros fruit rouge de piémont_ (syn. of griotte rouge de piémont), _griotte guigne_ (syn. of cerise guigne), _griotte impériale_ (syn. of imperial morello), _griotte kleparite_ (syn. of griotte de kleparow), griotte de kleparow, _griotte de léopold_ (syn. of leopoldskirsche), griotte lodigiana, griotte noire, griotte noire de piémont, _griotte noire des vosges_ (syn. of noire des vosges), griotte du nord améliorée, griotte à petit fruit, _griotte de portugal_ (syn. of arch duke), griotte précoce, _griotte précoce d'espagne_ (syn. of spanische frühweichsel), _griotte rouge foncé_ (syn. of braunrote weichsel), griotte rouge de piémont, griotte de schaarbeck, _griotte simple_ (syn. of griotte commune), griotte tardive d'annecy, _griotte tardive de büttner_ (syn. of büttner späte weichsel), griotte tardive de plombiéres, griotte de toscane, griotte de turquie, _griotte de wellington_ (syn. of wellington), griottier à feuilles cucullées, _griottier à feuilles de pêcher_ (syn. of willow-leaved), _griottier à feuilles de saule_ (syn. of willow-leaved), griottier à fruit aigre, griottier à longues feuilles, _griottier nain précoce_ (syn. of early may), _griottier weichselbaum_ (syn. of griotte commune), groll schwarze knorpelkirsche, _grolls bunte knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau groll), _gros bigarreau blanc_ (syn. of napoleon), _gros bigarreau coeur-de-poule_ (syn. of coeur de poule), _gros bigarreau noir_ (syn. of elkhorn), _gros bigarreau pourpré_ (syn. of bigarreau pourpré), gros bigarreau rond, _gros gobet_ (syn. of short-stem montmorency), gros guindoul hâtif, _gross blättrige molkenkirsche_ (syn. of tobacco-leaved), grosse blanche carrée, grosse bunte herzkirsche, _grosse bunte molkenkirsche_ (syn. of grosse bunte herzkirsche), _grosse cerise à ratafia_ (syn. of english morello), _grosse cerise des religieuses_ (syn. of grosse nonnenkirsche), _grosse cerise transparente_ (syn. of grosse glaskirsche), _grosse deutsche belzkirsche_ (syn. of german morello), _grosse dunkel braunrothe kramelkirsche_ (syn. of festfleischige schwarze knorpelkirsche), grosse friedrichskirsche, _grosse glänzende schwarze herzkirsche_ (syn. of guigne noir luisante), _grosse glas-herzkirsche_ (syn. of glasherzkirsche), grosse glaskirsche, _grosse glaskirsche von montmorency_ (syn. of large montmorency), grosse gomballoise, _grosse-griotte à vin_ (syn. of grosse weinkirsche), grosse guigne blanche, grosse guigne noire à court pédicelle, _grosse guigne noire luisante_ (syn. of guigne noir luisante), grosse höckerige marmorkirsche, _grosse lange lothkirsche_ (syn. of english morello), grosse mogulkirsche, grosse morelle, _grosse morelle double_ (syn. of grosse morelle), grosse nonnenkirsche, grosse picarde, grosse schwarze frühe herzkirsche, _grosse schwarze glanzkirsche_ (syn. of prinzenkirsche), grosse schwarze herzkirsche, _grosse schwarze knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of elkhorn), _grosse schwarze knorpelkirsche mit festem fleisch_ (syn. of festfleischige schwarze knorpelkirsche), _grosse schwarze ungarische herzkirsche_ (syn. of grosse ungarische kirsche), _grosse spanische weichsel_ (syn. of spanische glaskirsche), _grosse späte amarelle_ (syn. of grosse tardive), grosse späte schwarze knorpelkirsche, grosse süsse maiherzkirsche, _grosse süsse maikirsche_ (syn. of grosse süsse maiherzkirsche), grosse tardive, grosse transparente, grosse ungarische kirsche, grosse de verrirées, grosse de wagnellee, grosse weinkirsche, grosse weisse frühkirsche, _grosse weisse marmorkirsche_ (syn. of napoleon), _grosse wohltragende holländische morellè_ (syn. of wohltragende holländische kirsche), _grosser gobet_ (syn. of large montmorency), _grosser weisser glänzender herzkirschbaum_ (syn. of gelbe herzkirsche), groth braune knorpelkirsche, groth gelbe knorpelkirsche, _groth's wachskirsche_ (syn. of groth gelbe knorpelkirsche), grünstiel-kirsche, guben, _gubener bernsteinkirsche_ (syn. of ambrée de guben), _gubener schwarze knorpel_ (syn. of guben), gubens ehre, _guigne d'annonay_ (syn. of guigne la plus hâtive), guigne anglaise blanche précoce, guigne d'argovie, _guigne de bettenbourg_ (syn. of bettenburger herzkirsche), _guigne bigaudelle_ (syn. of black guigne), _guigne blanche_ (syn. of grosse guigne blanche), _guigne blanche de bordan_ (syn. of bigarreau bordan), guigne blanche précoce, _guigne blanche de winkler_ (syn. of guigne carnée winkler), guigne bonne alostoise, _guigne brune de liefeld_ (syn. of liefeld braune), guigne de buxeuil, guigne carnée winkler, guigne de chamblondes, guigne chamonale, guigne chavanne, _guigne choque_ (syn. of choque), _guigne coé_ (syn. of coe), _guigne à courte queue_ (syn. of guigne courte-queue d'oullins), guigne courte-queue d'oullins, _guigne downton_ (syn. of downton), _guigne early rivers_ (syn. of early rivers), guigne ecarlate, guigne de l'escalier, guigne de gland, _guigne à gros fruit blanc_ (syn. of grosse guigne blanche), _guigne à gros fruit noir hâtif_ (syn. of grosse schwarze frühe herzkirsche), _guigne grosse ambrée_ (syn. of gelbe herzkirsche), guigne grosse rouge hâtive, guigne grosse rouge tardive, guigne guindole, guigne hâtive d'elsdorf, _guigne-hâtive de schneider_ (syn. of schneider frühe herzkirsche), _guigne hâtive de werder_ (syn. of werder early black), _guigne jaune_ (syn. of gelbe herzkirsche), _guigne de kruger_ (syn. of krüger herzkirsche), _guigne lucien_ (syn. of lucien), _guigne ludwig_ (syn. of ludwig bigarreau), _guigne de mai_ (syn. of baumann may), guigne marbrée, _guigne marbrée précoce_ (syn. of guigne la plus hâtive), guigne marie besnard, _guigne marjolet_ (syn. of bigarreau marjolet), _guigne mûre de paris_ (syn. of späte maulbeerkirsche), guigne de nice, guigne noir luisante, _guigne noire ancienne_ (syn. of black heart), _guigne noire commune_ (syn. of black guigne), _guigne noire à gros fruit_ (syn. of black tartarian), guigne noire hâtive, _guigne noire hâtive à gros fruits_ (syn. of guigne noir luisante), guigne noire de monstreux, _guigne noire spitz_ (syn. of spitzens herzkirsche), guigne nouvelle espéce, guigne olive, _guigne panachée longue précoce_ (syn. of frühe bunte herzkirsche), _guigne panachée précoce_ (syn. of early amber), _guigne panachée très-précoce_ (syn. of früheste bunte herzkirsche), guigne petite blanche, guigne petite rouge, guigne la plus hâtive, guigne précoce leo d'ounons, _guigne précoce de mai_ (syn. of baumann may), guigne précoce de mathère, guigne précoce ponctuée, guigne de provence, guigne ramon oliva, _guigne reinette noire_ (syn. of guigne noir luisante), guigne rose hâtive, guigne rouge commune, _guigne rouge hâtive_ (syn. of bleeding heart), guigne rouge ponctuée, _guigne royale_ (syn. of bigarreau double royale), guigne de russie à fruit blanc, _guigne sucrée de léon leclerc_ (syn. of sucrée léon leclerc), _guigne de tarascon_ (syn. of tarascon kirsche), _guigne tardive de downer_ (syn. of downer), _guigne de tilgener_ (syn. of tilgner rothe herzkirsche), guigne très précoce, _guigne troprichtz_ (syn. of troprichters schwarze knorpelkirsche), guigne van der broek, guigne villeneuve, _guigne de winkler_ (syn. of guigne carnée winkler), _guignier à fruit noir_ (syn. of black heart), guignier à fruit noir et très-long pédoncule, _guignier à fruit rose hâtif_ (syn. of guigne rose hâtive), _guignier à fruit rouge tardif_ (syn. of hildesheim), _guignier à gros fruit noir_ (syn. of grosse schwarze herzkirsche), _guignier à gros fruit noir et court pédoncule_ (syn. of grosse guigne noire à court pédicelle), _guignier à gros fruit noir hâtif_ (syn. of guigne noire hâtive), _guignier à gros fruit noir luisant_ (syn. of guigne noir luisante), guignier à petit fruit noir, _guignier à rameaux pendans_ (syn. of drooping guigne), guindoux noir de faix, _guindoux du poitou_ (syn. of imperial morello), _guindoux de provence_ (syn. of cerise de prusse), gunsleber späte knorpelkirsche, _halbgefülltblühende amarelle_ (syn. of fleurs semi-doubles), halbgefülltblühende weichsel, halifax, hallock, hallock, nicholas, var. orig. with, hallowell, hamell kirsche, hamels arissen, _harrison's heart_ (syn. of napoleon), hartlib, hartlippe, hartz mountain, hâtive de balis, _hâtive de louvain_ (syn. of löwener frühkirsche), _hâtive de nattes_ (syn. of frühe von der natte), hâtive de prin, hâtive de st. jean, hâtive ou précoce, headley, healy, _heart-shaped griotte_ (syn. of heart-shaped weichsel), heart-shaped weichsel, hedelfingen, _hedelfingen risenkirsche_ (syn. of hedelfingen), hedwigs kirsche, heidelberger kirsche, heiges, heintzen (heintze's) frühe kirsche, _heintzen's (heintze's) schwarze knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau noir de heintzen), henneberger grafenkirsche, henrard, denis, var. orig. by, hensel early, _herrnhäuser neue ochsenherzkirsche_ (syn. of neue ochsenherzkirsche), _hertogs-kers_ (syn. of elkhorn), _herzförmige sauerkirsche_ (syn. of heart-shaped weichsel), _herzförmige süssweichsel_ (syn. of rothe herzkirsche), herzkirsche léona quesnel, _herzkirsche napoléon iii_ (syn. of bigarreau napoléon noir), herzkirsche trauben, herzkirsche wils frühe, _herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefüllter blüthe_ (syn. of large double flowering), herzkirschweichsel, herzog may, _herzogin von angouleme_ (syn. of duchesse d'angoulême), _herzogin von paluau_ (syn. of duchesse de palluau), _herzogskirsche_ (syn. of arch duke), hildesheim, _hildesheimer ganz späte knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of hildesheim), _hildesheimer späte knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of hildesheim), hiller, casper, var. introduced by, hoadley, _hochgenuss von erfurt_ (syn. of erfurter augustkirsche), hockenberg, hogg black gean, hogg red gean, hoke, _holland bigarreau_ (syn. of napoleon), _holland griotte_ (syn. of coularde), _holländische folgerkirsche_ (syn. of folgerkirsche), _holländische grosse kirsche coulard_ (syn. of coularde), _holländische grosse prinzessinkirsche_ (syn. of napoleon), _holländische grosse weichsel_ [or] _coulard_ (syn. of coularde), _höllandische kirsche_ (syn. of höllandische späte weichsel), höllandische späte weichsel, _höllandische süssweichsel_ (syn. of coularde), _höllandische weichsel_ (syn. of höllandische späte weichsel), _holländische weichselbaum mil sehr grosser frucht_ [or] _coulard_ (syn. of coularde), holman duke, holme late duke, holstein, homer, honey, honey dew, _honey heart_ (syn. of sparhawk), honeywood, hoppock, cornelius, var. orig. by, hoppock yellow, _hortense_ (syn. of reine hortense), hoshino, yugo, quoted, hoskins, hoskins, c. e., life of, ; var. orig. by, , , , , , , , , houblon, john, var. orig, with, hovey, hovey, c. m., var. orig. with, hoy, hubbard, _hungarian cherry of zwerts_ (syn. of hungarian gean), hungarian gean, hyde, t. & g., var. orig. with, hyde late black, hyde red heart, _hyde's seedling_ (syn. of hyde red heart), ida, _impératrice downton_ (syn. of downton), _imperial_ (syn. of imperial morello), imperial morello, incomparable en beauté, ingram, thomas, var. orig. by, , intorka, irwin, var. orig. by, jaboulay, var. orig. with, _jahns durchsichtige_ (syn, of transparent guigne), jaune de prusse, jean arendsen, jeffrey duke, _jeffrey's royal_ (syn. of jeffrey duke), jenkin black heart, jerusalem kirsche von der natte, jerusalemskirsche, _jockotos_ (syn. of jocosot), jocosot, joel keil kleine schwarze herzkirsche, _john tradescantes cherrie_ (syn. of elkhorn), josselyn, john, quoted, june amarelle, june duke, _june morello_ (syn. of june amarelle), _juniat amarelle_ (syn. of june amarelle), _junius amarelle_ (syn. of june amarelle), _justinische amarelle_ (syn. of justinische morello), justinische morello, _kaiser franz josef_ (syn. of emperor francis), _kaiserliche weichsel_ (syn. of imperial morello), kamdesa, kappenblättrige süssweichsel, _kapuziner knorpel_ (syn. of bigarreau de capucins), kassin, var. orig. by, kassin frühe herzkirsche, katie, kaufmann, kazan seedling, kelly, kennicott, _kentish_ (syn. of early richmond), ; (syn. of late kentish), _kentish bigarreau_ (syn. of white heart), kentish drier, kentish preserve, _kentish red_ (syn. of late kentish), keokuk, kesterter früh kirsche, king amarelle, king george the second, king morello, _king's cherry_ (syn. of king amarelle), kinsey, samuel, var. introduced by, kirchheimer, _kirchheimer weichsel_ (syn. of kirchheimer), _kirsch von planchoury_ (syn. of planchoury), kirsche von basel, _kirsche von bénardière_ (syn. of cerise de la besnardière), _kirsche von der natte_ (syn. of double natte), kirschwasser, manufacture of, kirtland, kirtland, b. b., var, orig. by, , kirtland, j. p., life of, ; var. introduced by, ; var. orig. by, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , kirtland morello, _kirtland's large morello_ (syn. of kirtland morello), _kirtland's mammoth_ (syn. of mammoth), _kirtland's mary_ (syn. of kirtland), kleindienst, var. orig. by, kleindienst braune knorpel, kleine amarelle, _kleine ambra_ (syn. of goldgelbe herzkirsche), _kleine ambra_, [or] _goldgelber herzkirschbaum_ (syn. of goldgelbe herzkirsche), kleine bunte frühkirsche, kleine bunte herzkirsche, _kleine bunte molkenkirsche_ (syn. of kleine bunte herzkirsche), kleine frühe amarelle, _kleine frühe rothe herzkirsche_ (syn. of guigne rose hâtive), _kleine glaskirsche von montmorency_ (syn. of montmorency), kleine natte, kleine nonnenkirsche, kleine schwarze frühe herzkirsche, kleine schwarze herzkirsche, kleine schwarze knorpelkirsche, kleine weisse frühkirsche, _kleine weisse frühkirsche_ (syn. of grosse guigne blanche), _kleine weisse perlkirsche_ (syn. of dankelmannskirsche), kleiner früher may herzkirschbaum, _kleparavoska_ (syn. of griotte de kleparow), _kleparower süssweichsel_ (syn. of griotte de kleparow), knapp, knapp, george, var. orig. with, _knevett's late bigarreau_ (syn. of florence), knight, knight, t. a., var. orig. by, , , , , knight late black, _knight's early black_ (syn. of knight), _knights frühe herzkirsche_ (syn. of knight), _knorpelkirsche von cleveland_ (syn. of cleveland), knudson, knudson, william o., var. orig. with, knyasnaia sjevera, koch späte schwarze knorpelkirsche, kochs ostheimer weichsel, _kochs verbesserte ostheimer weichsel_ (syn. of kochs ostheimer weichsel), koehne, species listed by, - koeper, kolaki, _königliche fleischkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau double royale), _königliche herzkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau double royale), _königliche süssweichsel_ (syn. of jeffrey duke), _königskirsche_ (syn. of royal duke), korkovanyer kirsche, koslov, _koslov bush morello_ (syn. of koslov), _koslov-morello_ (syn. of koslov), kostelnice, kostelniti, _kramelkirschenbaum mit gross gefüllter blüthe_ (syn. of large double flowering), _kratos knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of hildesheim), _kreiselkirsche_ (syn. of toupie), kriek van den broek, kritzendorfer einsiedekirsche, _kronberg black heart_ (syn. of kronberger kirsche), _kronberger herzkirsche_ (syn. of kronberger kirsche), kronberger kirsche, _kronkirsche_ (syn. of kronberger kirsche), kronprinz von hannover, krüger herzkirsche, _krügers herzkirsche zu frankfurt_ (syn. of krüger herzkirsche), _krügers schwarze herzkirsche_ (syn. of krüger herzkirsche), _krüger's schwarze knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau krüger), la nappe, lacure (large), lacure (small), ladé, var. orig. by, ladé late, lady of the lake, lady southampton, _lady southampton's yellow_ (syn. of lady southampton), laeder kirsebaer, lake, laker or loker bunte knorpelkirsche, lamaurie, lambert, lambert, j. h., var. orig. by, lampen schwarze knorpelkirsche, _lampers knorpel-kirsche_ (syn, of lampen schwarze knorpelkirsche), lancaster, _lange marmorkirsche_ (syn. of napoleon), langsurer brachtweichsel, _large black bigarreau of savoy_ (syn. of black bigarreau of savoy), large black gean, large double flowering, large griotte, large guindolle, large heart-shaped bigarreau, _large honey_ (syn. of honey), large late red bigarreau, large montmorency, _large morello_ (syn. of english morello), ; (syn. of kirtland morello), _large red bigarreau_ (syn. of red bigarreau), large spanish, larose, var. orig. by, , _larose_ (syn. of laroses glaskirsche), laroses glaskirsche, _late amber_ (syn. of cocklin favorite), _late amber gean_ (syn. of amber gean), late bigarreau, late black bigarreau, _late black bigarreau_ (syn. of guben), late duke, late gean, _late honey_ (syn. of honey), late kentish, late large black griotte, late purple guigne, _late red guigne_ (syn. of hildesheim), late richmond, late ripe, late white guigne, latham, _lauermannskirsche_ (syn. of napoleon), laura, lawrence, john, quoted, lawson, quoted, leather stocking, leclerc, léon, var. orig. with, leib, leitzkauer, _leitzkauer einmachweichsel_ (syn. of leitzkauer), lemercier, lemercier, var. orig. with, _léon leclercs herzkirsche_ (syn. of sucrée léon leclerc), léopold (ii), leopoldskirsche, leschken (leschke's) schwarze knorpel kirsche, _lesser rose_ (syn. of fleurs semi-doubles), lethe, _lewelling_ (syn. of republican), lewelling, henderson, life of, - lewelling, seth, life of, - ; var. orig. by, , , , liefeld braune, _liegel's süsse frühweichsel_ (syn. of griotte douce précoce), lieke, var. orig. with, , lieke bunte knorpelkirsche, ligier, var. orig. with, lincoln (i), lincoln (ii), lindley, lipp, _lipp late blood_ (syn. of lipp), litham, lithauer, little phil, logan, long finger, _long stem montmorency_ (syn. of montmorency), look no further, lord belhaven white heart, lothaunner erfurter, lothkirsche, loudon, quoted, louis philippe, louise, louisiana iron clad, _love apple_ (syn. of tomato), löwener frühkirsche, lowener frühweichsel, lucien, ludwig bigarreau, _ludwig's bunte herzkirsche_ (syn. of ludwig bigarreau), luigné, m. de, var. orig. with, lukeward, _lukeward's heart_ (syn. of lukeward), lundie guigne, lutovka, lyons, mcadow, mcadow, var. orig. by, macroach, macroach, james, var. orig. with, madame courtois, madame grégoire, madeleine, madison, _madison bigarreau_ (syn. of madison), _madison's bunte herzkirsche_ (syn. of madison), magann, magèse, magnifique, magnifique de daval, magog, mahaleb stock, comparison of, with mazzard stock, - ; history and value of, - _major francis_ (syn. of ox heart [of america]), mammoth, mammoth oxheart, _mammuthkirsche_ (syn. of mammoth), manger, manning, robert, var. orig. by, , , , _manning black bigarreau_ (syn. of manning late black), manning early black, manning early white heart, manning late black, manning mottled, maple heart, maquerlot, var. introduced by, maraschino, history and manufacture of, - marells royal, _marguerite_ (syn. of bender [of new york]), maria gaucher, marie de châteauneuf, marie thérèse, _marjolets knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau marjolet), markirsche, marsotte, mary, _mary_ (syn. of kirtland), mascall, leonard, quoted, master white heart, mastodon, matilda, matts, _may_ (syn. of early may), _may bigarreau_ (syn. of baumann may), _may cherry_ (syn. of may duke), may duke, _may duke, willow-leaved_ (syn. of willow-leaved), _mayer's kleine schwarze herzkirsche_ (syn. of kleine schwarze herzkirsche), mayo, mazarine, mazzard stock, comparison of, with mahaleb stock, - ; history and value of, - mednyansky, meininger späte knorpelkirsche, meissener weisse, mercer, _merise à fleur double_ (syn. of large double flowering), merise grosse rose oblongue, merise petite ronda, merisier fastigié, _merisziere_ (syn. of large double flowering), _merveille de september_ (syn. of hildesheim), meyer, e., var. introduced by, , mezel, michigan, mijurin, i. v., var. orig. by, miller, miller, david, var. introduced by, millet, minnesota, minnesota ostheim, minnie, _moduyansky_ (syn. of mednyansky), monkirsche rote, _monstreuse de mezel_ (syn. of mezel), monstrous duke, _monstrous heart_ (syn. of large heart-shaped bigarreau), _monstrueuse d'hedelfingen_ (syn. of hedelfingen), monstrueuse hennequine, montmorency, ; immunity of, to leaf spot, _montmorency_ (syn. of large montmorency), _montmorency de bourgueil_ (syn. of bourgueil), _montmorency ordinaire_ (syn. of montmorency), montmorency pleureur, montmorency de sauvigny, montmorency stark, montreuil, moorhouse, morella extra noir, morella wye, morelle von wilhelmshöhe, moreller langstilkede sode, morgan, j. a., var. introduced by, morisco, morocco, morten seedling, mosely, john, var. orig. by, mosler schwarze herzkirsche, _mottled bigarreau_ (syn. of manning mottled), moyer honey heart, mückelberger grosse, müller, hugo m., quoted, murdock, murdock, john r. and a., var. orig. by, , _murdocks' bigarreau_ (syn. of murdoch), _muscat de prague_ (syn. of pragische muskateller), _muscat des larmes_ (syn. of thränen muskatellerkirsche), nancy, naples, napoleon, _napoléon noir_ (syn. of bigarreau napoléon noir), _napolitaine_ (syn. of neapolitanische molkenkirsche), _natte hâtive de semis_ (syn. of frühe von der natte), ne plus ultra, _neapolitanische knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of naples), neapolitanische molkenkirsche, nebraska sweet, nelson kentish, _neue englische kirsche_ (syn. of neue englische weichsel), neue englische weichsel, neue ochsenherzkirsche, neumann schwarze knorpelkirsche, new century, _new frogmore morello_ (syn. of frogmore morrelo), _new large black bigarreau_ (syn. of black bigarreau of savoy), new royal, nienburger frühe bunte herzkirsche, noble, noire des vosges, _noire hâtive de cobourg_ (syn. of black guigne), nomblot, alfred, var. orig. by, nonpareil, norfolk, norma, northeast, _northern griotte_ (syn. of english morello), northwest, _nouvelle guigne des boeufs_ (syn. of neue ochsenherzkirsche), nouvelle royale, occident, ohio beauty, okiya, _oktober-knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau d'octobre), oliver, olivet, opata, oregon, orel, _orel no. _ (syn. of early morello), orel no. , _orel no. _ (syn. of orel sweet), orel sweet, orléan smith, orleans, osceola, ostheim, _ostheim_ (syn. of cerise de ostheim), ; (syn. of minnesota ostheim), ostheim (of morris), othello, _ounce_ (syn. of tobacco-leaved), owanka, ox heart, ox heart (of america), padus, genus of, padus cherries, distinguishing characters of, ; use of, _padus mahaleb_ (syn. of _p. mahaleb_), pandys glaskirsche, paramdam, parent, paretzer herzkirsche, pariser griotte, parisian guindoux, parkinson, john, quoted , , , , , , , paul, paul, e. v. d., var. orig. with, pauline de vigny, peach-blossomed, pease, pease, charles, var. orig. by, , , , pease, charles, sr., var. orig. with, , _pèlissiers knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau pélissier), perlkirsche, perlknorpelkirsche, _perlmarmorkirsche_ (syn. of perlknorpelkirsche), _petit bigarreau hâtif_ (syn. of kleine bunte frühkirsche), _petite bigarreau hâtif_ (syn. of flamentine), petite morelle, _pfälzer süssweichsel_ (syn. of velser), pfitzmann schwarze herzkirsche, _pie cherry_ (syn. of late kentish), pierce, amos, var. orig. with, pierce late, _pigeon heart bigarreau_ (syn. of belle de rocmont), _pigeon's heart_ (syn. of belle de rocmont), pink heart, planchoury, plattgedrückte schattenmorelle, plumstone, _plumstone morello_ (syn. of plumstone), _plymouth_ (syn. of plymouth rock), plymouth rock, podiebrad, _podiebrad bunte herzkirsche_ (syn. of podiebrad), _pohlnische kirsche_ (syn. of griotte de kleparow), pointed guigne, _poitou griotte_ (syn. of imperial morello), _polnische grosse weichsel_ (syn. of griotte de kleparow), _polnische weichsel_ (syn. of griotte de kleparow), polsted, polton gean, pomeranzen, _pomme-d'amour_ (syn. of tomato), pontiac, pope, portugal, _portugiesische griotte_ (syn. of arch duke), _portugiesischer griottier weichselbaum_ (syn. of arch duke), powhattan, pragische muskateller, _prague tardif_ (_muscadét de_) (syn. of velser), _précoce d'espagne_ (syn. of spanische frühkirsche), _précoce lemercier_ (syn. of duchesse de palluau), précoce de marest, _précoce de montreuil_ (syn. of early may), précoce de sabaret, president, prettyman, h. w., var. orig. by, pride of washington, priesche schwarze knorpelkirsche, prince, prince, william, quoted, - ; var. introduced by, , ; var. orig. by, , prince black heart, prince duke, prince englebert, _prince de hanovre_ (syn. of kronprinz von hannover), prince royal, _prince royal du hanovre_ (syn. of kronprinz von hannover), princess, _priner frühweichsel_ (syn. of hâtive de prin), prinzenkirsche, _prinzesskirsche_ (syn. of princess), prödlitzer elitekirsche, progress, _prolific cherry_ (syn. of cerisier très-fertile), proskauer knorpelkirsche, proudfoot, proudfoot, d., var. orig. by, _provencer süssweichsel_ (syn. of cerise de prusse), prunus, division of, ; genus, importance of, in horticulture, _prunus acida_, _prunus acida_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _prunus aestiva_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), × ? _prunus affinis_, _prunus ampla_, _prunus apetala_, ; (syn. of _p. maximowiczii_), _prunus apetala iwozana_ (syn. of _p. tschonoskii_), _prunus apetala typica_ (syn. of _p. nipponica_), _prunus austera_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _prunus autumnalis_, _prunus avium_, ; characters of, - ; comparison of, with _prunus cerasus_, ; distribution and habitat of, ; division of and how divided, ; geographic range of, - ; specific description of, - ; use of wood of, ; value of, as a stock, - _prunus avium_ × _prunus cerasus_, specific description of, _prunus avium decomana_, _prunus avium duracina_, _prunus avium regalis_, _prunus batalinii_, _prunus besseyi_, ; characters of, ; common names of, ; habitat of, ; hybridism of, with other species, ; specific description of, - ; use of, as a stock, - _prunus biloba_ (syn. of _p. herincquiana biloba_), _prunus brachypetala_, _prunus bracteata_ (syn. of _p. maximowiczii_), _prunus bungei_ (syn. of _p. humilis_), _prunus campanulata_, _prunus canescens_, _prunus carcharias_, _prunus caudata_, _prunus ceraseidos_ (syn. of _p. apetala_), ; (syn. of _p. nipponica_), ; (syn. of _p. tschonoskii_), _prunus ceraseidos kurilensis_ (syn. of _p. kurilensis_), _prunus cerasoides_, ; (syn. of _p. campanulata_), _prunus cerasoides tibetca_ (syn. of _p. majestica_), _prunus cerasus_, ; characters of, ; comparison of, with _prunus avium_, ; distribution of, ; division of and how divided, - ; geographic range of, ; probable parentage of, ; specific description of, - _prunus cerasus austera_, _prunus cerasus caproniana_, _prunus cerasus flore pleno_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), ; (syn. of _p. serrulata mucronata_), _prunus cerasus flore simplici_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus cerasus marasca_, _prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo_ (syn. of _p. pendula_), _prunus cinerascens_, _prunus clarofolia_, _prunus conadenia_, _prunus concinna_, _prunus conradinæ_, _prunus cuneata_, habitat of, ; specific description of, - _prunus cyclamina_, _prunus cyclamina biflora_, _prunus depressa_ (syn. of _p. pumila_), _prunus dictyoneura_, _prunus dielsiana_, _prunus dielsiana conferta_, _prunus dielsiana laxa_, _prunus diffusa_, _prunus discadenia_, _prunus donarium_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus virescens_), ; (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus droseracea_, _prunus dulcis_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _prunus duclouxii_, _prunus emarginata_, ; use of, _prunus formosana_ (syn. of _p. pogonostyla_), _prunus fruticosa_, ; use of, _prunus giraldiana_, _prunus glabra_, _prunus glandulifolia_, _prunus glandulosa_, _prunus glandulosa glabra_, _prunus glandulosa glabra alba_, _prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena_, _prunus glandulosa glabra rosea_, _prunus glandulosa purdomii_, _prunus glandulosa salicifoli_, _prunus glandulosa trichostyla_, _prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi_, _prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis_, _prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis_, _prunus glyptocarya_, _prunus gracilifolia_, _prunus griffithii_, _prunus helenæ_, _prunus henryi_, _prunus herincquiana_, ; (syn. of _p. pendula_), _prunus herincquiana ascendens_ (syn. of _p. subhirtella_), _prunus herincquiana biloba_, _prunus hirtifolia_, _prunus hirtipes_, _prunus hirtipes glabra_ (syn. of _p. glabra_), _prunus hortensis_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _prunus hosseusii_, _prunus humilis_, _prunus incana_, ; (syn. of _p. pumilla_), ; use of, _prunus incisa_, ; (syn. of _p. subhirtella_), _prunus incisa kurilensis_ (syn. of _p. kurilensis_), _prunus involucrata_, _prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis_ (syn. of _p. subhirtella fukubana_), _prunus itosakra pendula_ (syn. of _p. pendula_), _prunus itosakra subhirtella_ (syn. of _p. subhirtella_), _prunus itosakura_ (syn. of _p. pendula_), _prunus iwagiensis_, _prunus involucrata_, use of, _prunus jacquemontii_, ; use of, _prunus jamasakura_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus jamasakura borealis_ (syn. of _p. sargentii_), _prunus jamasakura elegans compta_ (syn. of _p. sargentii_), _prunus jamasakura elegans glabra_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia_ (syn. of _p. parvifolia_), _prunus jamasakura speciosa_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis_ (syn. of _p. serulata lannesiana_), _prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium_ (syn. of _p. serrulata hisakura_), _prunus japonica_, ; (syn. of _p. glandulosa glabra alba_, ; of _p. glandulosa glabra albiplena_, ; of _p. glandulosa trichostyla faberi_, ; of _p. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis_, ; of _p. japonica kerii_, ) _prunus japonica engleri_ (syn. of _p. japonica gracillima engleri_), _prunus japonica eujaponica_, _prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei_, _prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii_, _prunus japonica flor. simp._ (syn. of _p. glandulosa glabra rosea_), _prunus japonica flore albo pleno_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa glabra albiplena_), _prunus japonica flore pleno_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa glabra albiplena_), ; (syn. of _p. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis_), _prunus japonica glandulosa_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa glabra_), ; (syn. of _p. glandulosa glabra rosea_), _prunus japonica gracillima_, _prunus japonica gracillima engleri_, _prunus japonica gracillima minor_, _prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica_, _prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii_, _prunus japonica japonica_ (syn. of _p. japonica_), _prunus japonica kerii_, _prunus japonica multiplex_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa glabra albiplena_), _prunus japonica packangensis_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis_), _prunus japonica salicifolia_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa salicifoli_), _prunus japonica sphaerica_ (syn. of _p. japonica gracillima sphaerica_), _prunus japonica thunbergii_ (syn. of _p. japonica gracillima thunbergii_), _prunus japonica typica_ (syn. of _p. japonica_), _prunus japonica typica flore pleno_ (syn. of _p. japonica kerii_), _prunus japonica typica flore roseo_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa glabra rosea_), _prunus juliana_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _prunus kerii_ (syn. of _p. japonica kerii_), _prunus kurilensis_, _prunus latidentata_, _prunus leveilleana_, _prunus litigiosa_, _prunus litigiosa abbreviata_, _prunus lobulata_, _prunus macgregoriana_, _prunus macradenia_, _prunus mahaleb_, ; characters of, - ; habitat of, ; importance of, in horticulture and commerce, - ; specific description of, - ; value of, as a stock, - ; value of wood of, _prunus majestica_, _prunus malifolia_, _prunus malifolia rosthornii_, _prunus marasca_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _prunus maximowiczii_, _prunus maximowiczii adenophora_ (syn. of _p. tatsienensis adenophora_), _prunus maximowiczii aperta_, _prunus mesadenia_, _prunus microcarpa_, _prunus microlepis_, _prunus microlepis ternata_, _prunus micromeloides_, _prunus miqueliana_, ; (syn. of _p. nipponica_), ; (syn. of _p. pendula_), _prunus mollis_, _prunus mume crasseglandulosa_ (syn. of p. sargentii), _prunus nakii_, _prunus neglecta_, _prunus nigricans_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _prunus nikkoensis_, _prunus nipponica_, _prunus oxycarpa_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _prunus oxyodonta_, _prunus padus_, _prunus paniculata_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus sieboldii_), _prunus paracerasus_, _prunus parvifolia_, _prunus parvifolia aomoriensis_, _prunus paucifolia_, _prunus pendula_, _prunus pendula ascendens_ (syn. of _p. subhirtella_), _prunus pennsylvanica_, ; use of, as a stock, _prunus phyllopoda_, _prunus pilosiuscula_, _prunus pleiocerasus_, _prunus plena_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _prunus pleuroptera_, _prunus plurinervis_, _prunus podadenia_, _prunus pogonostyla_, _prunus pogonostyla globosa_, _prunus pogonostyla obovata_, _prunus polytricha_, _? prunus praecox_, _prunus prostrata_, _prunus pseudocerasus_, ; (syn. of _p. sargentii_), ; (syn. of _p. serrulata albida_), ; use of, ; use of as a stock, ; use of wood of, _prunus pseudocerasus benifugen_ (syn. of _p. serrulata hisakura_), _prunus pseudocerasus borealis_ (syn. of _p. sargentii_), _prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus sieboldii_), _prunus pseudocerasus hisakura_ (syn. of _p. serrulata hisakura_), _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso_ (syn. of _p. serrulata shidare-sakura_), _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi_ (syn. of _p. serrulata grandiflora_), _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido_ (syn. of _p. serrulata mucronata_), _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo_ (syn. of _p. serrulata hisakura_), _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo_ (syn. of _p. serrulata albida_), _prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo_ (syn. of _p. serrulata lannesiana_), _prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura x incisa_, _prunus pseudocerasus jamaskura glabra_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra præcox_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura præcox_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus pseudocerasus naden_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus sieboldii_), _prunus pseudocerasus "new red"_ (syn. of _p. serrulata hisakura_), _prunus pseudocerasus ochichima_ (syn. of _p. serrulata ochichima_), _prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia_ (syn. of _p. parvifolia_), _prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis_ (syn. of _p. sargentii_), _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora_ (syn. of _p. serrulata grandiflora_), _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida_ (syn. of _p. serrulata albida_), _prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus sieboldii_), _prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura_ (syn. of _p. serrulata shidare-sakura_), _prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen_ (syn. of _p. serrulata ochichima_), _prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii_, _prunus pseudocerasus spontanea_ (syn. of _p. sargentii_), _prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia_ (syn. of _p. parvifolia_), _prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus sieboldii_), _prunus pseudocerasus ukon_ (syn. of _p. serrulata grandifolia_), _prunus pseudocerasus virescens_, _prunus pseudocerasus watereri_, _prunus pseudocerasus yoshino_ (syn. of _p. serrulata albida_), _prunus puddum_ (syn. of _p. cerasoides_, ; of _p. majestica_, ; of _p. sargentii_, ; of _p. serrulata_), _prunus pulchella_, _prunus pumila_, ; characters of, - ; distribution of, ; specific description of, - ; use of, as a stock, _prunus pumila besseyi_ (syn. of _p. besseyi_), _prunus pumila cuneata_ (syn. of _p. cuneata_), _prunus rehderiana_, _prunus rosea_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _prunus rossiana_, _prunus rufa_, ; (syn. of _p. trichantha_), _prunus rufoides_, _prunus salicina_ (syn. of _p. humilis_), _prunus saltuum_, _prunus sargentii_, _prunus schneideriana_, _prunus scopulorum_, _prunus serotina_, value of wood of, _prunus serrula_, _prunus serrula tibetica_, _prunus serrulata_, _prunus serrulata_ cf. supra. (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus serrulata albida_, _prunus serrulata borealis_ (syn. of _p. sargentii_), _prunus serrulata flore pleno_ (syn. of _p. serrulata mucronata_), _prunus serrulata grandiflora_, _prunus serrulata hisakura_, _prunus serrulata kriegeri_, _prunus serrulata lannesiana_, _prunus serrulata mucronata_, _prunus serrulata ochichima_, _prunus serrulata serrulata albida_ (syn. of _p. serrulata albida_), _prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo_ (syn. of _p. serrulata ochichima_), _prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea_ (syn. of _p. serrulata_), _prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana_ (syn. of _p. serrulata lannesiana_), _prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus sieboldii_), _prunus serrulata serrulata viridifiora_ (syn. of _p. serrulata grandiflora_), _prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus watereri_), _prunus serrulata shidare-sakura_, _prunus serrulata veitchiana_, _prunus serrulata "w. kou"_ (syn. of _p. serrulata hisakura_), _prunus serrulata yashino_ (syn. of _p. serrulata albida_), _prunus setulosa_, _prunus sieboldii_ (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus_), ; (syn. of _p. pseudocerasus sieboldii_), _prunus silvatica_ (syn. of _p. cerasoides_), _prunus sinensis_ (syn. of _p. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis_), _prunus sontagiæ_, _prunus_ sp. zabel (syn. of _p. sargentii_), _prunus sprengeri_, _prunus stipulacea_, _prunus subhirtella_, _prunus subhirtella autumnalis_ (syn. of _p. autumnalis_), _prunus subhirtella fukubana_, _prunus subhirtella oblongifolia_ (syn. of _p. subhirtella_), _prunus subhirtella pendula_ (syn. of _p. pendula_), _prunus susquehanae_ (syn. of _p. pumila_), _prunus sylvestris_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _prunus szechuanica_, "_p. szechuanica_, var. ?" (syn. of _p. dielsiana_), "_p. szechuanica dielsiana_" (syn. of _p. dielsiana_), _prunus taiwaniana_, _prunus tatsienensis_, _prunus tatsienensis adenophora_, _prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula_ (syn. of _p. pilosiuscula_), _prunus tatsienensis stenadenia_, _prunus tenuiflora_, _prunus tomentosa_, ; characters of, ; habitat and distribution of, - ; specific description of, - _prunus tomentosa_, _? batalinii_ (syn. of _p. batalinii_), _prunus tomentosa breviflora_, _purnus tomentosa endotricha_, _prunus tomentosa graebneriana_, _prunus tomentosa heteromera_, _prunus tomentosa insularis_, _prunus tomentosa kashkarovii_, _prunus tomentosa souliei_, _prunus tomentosa spaethiana_, _prunus tomentosa trichocarpa_, _prunus tomentosa tsuluensis_, _prunus trichantha_, _prunus trichocarpa_ (syn. of _p. tomentosa trichocarpa_), _prunus trichostoma_, _prunus tschonoskii_, _prunus twymaniana_, _prunus varia_ (syn. of _p. avium_), _prunus variabilis_, _prunus veitchii_, _prunus venusta_, _prunus verrucosa_, _prunus virginiana_, _prunus vulgaris_ (syn. of _p. cerasus_), _prunus wildeniana_, _prunus yedoensis_, _prunus yunnanensis_, _prunus yunnanensis henryi_ (syn. of _p. henryi_), ; (syn. of _p. neglecta_), _prunus zappeyana_, _prunus zappeyana ? subsimplex,_ _prussian cherry_ (syn. of cerise de prusse), puhlmann frühe, _punctirte süsskirsche mil festem fleische_ (syn. of punktirte marmorkirsche), _punktirte knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of punktirte marmorkirsche), punktirte marmorkirsche, punktirte molkenkirsche, purity (i), purity (ii), _purple cherry_ (syn. of early purple), _purple guigne_ (syn. of early purple), _purpurrothe knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of red bigarreau), _pyramidenkirsche_ (syn. of jerusalemskirsche), _pyramidenweichsel_ (syn. of jerusalemskirsche), quaker, rainier french, _ratafia_ (syn. of brusseler braune), _ratafia griotte_ (syn. of english morello), raton, var. orig. with, red bigarreau, red canada, _red-flowered_ (syn. of fleurs semi-doubles), red guigne, _red heart_ (syn. of bleeding heart), red jacket, red muscatel, red oranien, _red pie cherry_ (syn. of late kentish), red rock, red russian, reichart, reid, john, quoted, reina hortense, reine-hortense hâtive, remington, _remington heart_ (syn. of remington), rentz morello, republican, resacks knorpelkirsche, richardson, richardson, j. r., var. orig. with, richardson, william p., var. orig. with, richardson late black, richter sämling, riga no. , riga no. , riley, quoted, rival, rivers, thomas, var. orig. by, , , , _river's early amber heart_ (syn. of early amber), rivers early heart, roberts, david, var. orig. with, _roberts' red_ (syn. of bowyer early heart), roberts red heart, rochaline, rock, rockland, rockport, rocky hill honey heart, rocky mountain, rocky mountain cherry, botanical name of, _rocmonter marmorkirsche_ (syn. of belle de rocmont), roe, romaine, ronald, _ronald's large black heart_ (syn. of black tartaran), röschers, var. orig. with, röschers kirsche, rose charmeux, rosenobel, _rosenrothe maikirsche_ (syn. of guigne rose hâtive), rostraver bigarreau, rothe glanzkirsche, rothe herzkirsche, _rothe maikirsche_ (syn. of may duke), rothe maiknorpelkirsche, rothe molkenkirsche, _rothe muskateller_ (syn. of cerise guigne), _rothe oranienkirsche_ (syn. of carnation), rothe soodkirsche, _rothe spanische marmorkirsche_ (syn. of belle de rocmont), rouaanse kirsche, _rouge de downing_ (syn. of downing red cheek), rouge pâle tardive, rouge des vosges, round sweet, royal american, _royal ann_ (syn. of napoleon), royal duke, royal hâtif, _royale_ (syn. of jeffrey duke), _royale d'angleterre_ (syn. of royal duke), _royale cherry duke_ (syn. of may duke), _royale hâtive_ (syn. of jeffrey duke), ; (syn. of may duke), _royale tardive_ (syn. of holman duke), rumsey, rumsey, j. s., var. orig. by, _rumsey's late morello_ (syn. of rumsey), runde marmorirte süsskirsche, rupert, rupp, rupp, solomon, var. orig. by, russian cherries, value of, for stocks, - russian morello, _russian _ (syn. of russian morello), russian seedlings nos. , , , , , , and , russie à fruit blanc, ryley black tartarian, sächsische frühe maikirsche, sacramento, saint-laurent, st. lucie cherry, _st. margaret's cherry_ (syn. of elkhorn), _st. walpurgiskirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau de walpurgis), sand cherry, botanical name of, ; use of, as a stock, sansoto, sapa, sappington, _sauer einmach and backkirsche_ (syn. of leitzkauer), sauerjotte, saure herzkirsche, sauvigny knorpelkirsche, scharlachkirsche, _schatten amarelle_ (syn. of shadow amarelle), _scheur-kers_ (syn. of black guigne), schleihahn sweet, schlössers schattenmorelle, schmehls, schmidt, schmidt, f., var. orig. by, , schmidt bigarreau no. , schmidt frühe herzkirsche, schneeberger kirsche, schneider frühe herzkirsche, schneider späte knorpelkirsche, _schöne agathe_ (syn. of hildesheim), _schöne audigeoise_ (syn. of belle audigeoise), _schöne aus sauvigny_ (syn. of montmorency de sauvigny), _schöne von ardêche_ (syn. of cerise de l'ardèche), schöne von brügge, _schöne von choisy_ (syn. of choisy), _schöne von couchey_ (syn. of belle de couchey), schöne von marienhohe, _schöne von montreuil_ (syn. of montreuil), _schöne von ribeaucourt_ (syn. of belle de ribeaucourt), _schöne von rocmont_ (syn. of belle de rocmont), _schreckens kirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau de schrecken), schröcks späte bunte knorpelkirsche, schwarzbraune knorpelkirsche, schwarze forellenkirsche, _schwarze knorpel von mezel_ (syn. of mezel), _schwarze maikirsche_ (syn. of schwarze maiweichsel), schwarze maiweichsel, _schwarze malvasierkirsche_ (syn. of schwarze oranienkirsche), schwarze muskateller, _schwarze oder späte herzkirsche_ (syn. of black spanish), schwarze oranienkirsche, schwarze soodkirsche, _schwarze spanische frühkirsche_ (syn. of spanische frühkirsche), _schwarze spanische knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of black spanish), _schwarze ungarische kirsche_ (syn. of ungarische weichsel), _schwarze weichsel mit halb gefüllter blüte_ (syn. of halbgefülltblühende weichsel), schwarzes taubenherz, _schwefelkirsche_ (syn. of dankelmannskirsche), sebril, seckbacher, _seckbacher knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of seckbacher), seederberger, select beauty, _semis de burr_ (syn. of burr), shadow amarelle, _shadow morello_ (syn. of shadow amarelle), shailer, shannon, _shannon morello_ (syn. of shannon), shelton, shelton, william, var. orig. by, shepler, louis, var. orig. with, _shippen_ (syn. of june duke), short-stem may, short-stem montmorency, _short stem montmorency_ (syn. of large montmorency), shubianka, sibrel, siebenfreund, var. introduced by, silver thorne, sklanka, skublics weichsel, sleinhaus, small black guigne, _small double flowering_ (syn. of fleurs doubles), small morello, smyech, daniel, var. orig. with, smidt yellow, _smith_ (syn. of schmidt), socsany, _soft sheld_ (syn. of soft-stone cherry), soft-stone cherry, _soodamarelle_ (syn. of rothe soodkirsche), sour cherry, adaptation of, to culture, ; comparison of, with the sweet cherry, ; environment of, - ; geographic range of, ; group name of, ; probable parentage of, souths breite herzkirsche, souvenir d'essonnes, spanische frühkirsche, spanische frühweichsel, spanische glaskirsche, _spanische herzkirsche_ (syn. of spanische frühkirsche), _spanish_ (syn. of yellow spanish), ; (syn. of black spanish), spanish griotte, sparhawk, sparhawk, edward, var. introduced by, _sparhawk's honey_ (syn. of sparhawk), spätblühende glaskirsche, späte amarelle, _späte amarelle_ (syn. of süsse amarelle), _späte braune spanische herzkirsche_ (syn. of braune spanische kirsche), _späte grosse königliche weichsel_ (syn. of jerusalemskirsche), _späte herzogenkirsche_ (syn. of late duke), _späte königliche weichsel_ (syn. of jerusalemskirsche), _späte maikirsche_ (syn. of seckbacher), _späte maulbeerherzkirsche_ (syn. of späte maulbeerkirsche), späte maulbeerkirsche, _späte morello_ (syn. of späte amarelle), späte rote knorpelkirsche, späte schwarze forellenkirsche, späte schwarze knorpelkirsche, späte schwarze spanische herzkirsche, speckkirsche, spitzens herzkirsche, srdcovka v skalka, stanapa, standard, starr prolific, _stäts blühender kirschbaum_ (syn. of toussaint), strass early black, strauss, strauss weichsel, _strauss weichsel_ (syn. of strauss), striker, striped-leaved, strong, j. f., var. orig. by, stuart, stuart, c. w., var. orig. by, sucrée léon leclerc, suda, suda, var. orig. with, _suda hardy_ (syn. of suda), _summer's honey_ (syn. of honey), summit, süsse amarelle, süsse frühherzkirsche, süsse frühweichsel, _süsse frühweichsel_ (syn. of griotte douce précoce), süsse maiherzkirsche, _süsse maiherzkirsche_ (syn. of baumann may), süsse spanische, süsskirsche mit gefurster blüthe, _süsskirschenbaum mit ganz gefüllter blüte_ (syn. of large double flowering), _süssweichsel von chaux_ (syn. of german morello), swedish, sweet cherry, adaptation of, to culture, ; comparison of, with the sour cherry, ; environment of, - ; geographic range of, - ; group name of, sweet montmorency, sweet morello, _tabors schwarze knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau noir de tabor), tarascon kirsche, tardive d'avignon, tardive de brederode, tardive noire d'espagne, tardive de peine, _tartarian_ (syn. of black tartarian), tecumseh, temple, terry, _terry early_ (syn. of terry), terry, h. a., var. introduced by, thacher, quoted, theophrastus, quoted, thirty day, thomas, quoted, thompson, thränen muskatellerkirsche, tilgner rothe herzkirsche, tilgner schwarze knorpelkirsche, timme, timme, var. introduced by, tobacco-leaved, toctonne précoce, tokeya, tomato, toronto, toupie, toussaint, townsend, townsend, w. p., var. orig. by, _tradescant_ (syn. of white bigarreau), tradescant, john, var. orig. with, _tradescant's black heart_ (syn. of elkhorn), transparent, _transparent de bettenburg_ (syn. of bettenburger glaskirsche), transparent guigne, _transparent de jahn_ (syn. of transparent guigne), _transparente d'espagne_ (syn. of spanische glaskirsche), transparente de meylan, transparente de rivers, transparente de siebenfreund, _trauben oder bouquet amarelle_ (syn. of cluster), _trauerknorpelkirsche_ (syn. of weeping black bigarreau), triomphe de fausin, _triumph of cumberland_ (syn. of cumberland), troprichters schwarze knorpelkirsche, _tros-kers_ (syn. of cluster), truchsess, var. orig. by, , truchsess schwarze herzkirsche, tubbs, türkine, _türkine_ (syn. of flamentine), turkirsche grosse, turner late, twyford, uellner, var. orig. with, uhlhorns trauerkirsche, _ulatis_ (syn. of california advance), _ungarische herzkirsche_ (syn. of grosse ungarische kirsche), _ungarische süssweichsel_ (syn. of royal duke), ungarische weichsel, urinall, utha, vail, henry, var. orig. with, _vail's august duke_ (syn. of august duke), van gaasbeck, van mons, var. orig. with, vanskike, varenne, var. orig. with, _varrenne, de_ (syn. of grosse nonnenkirsche), vaughn, velser, very large heart, vesta, _villeneuver herzkirsche_ (syn. of guigne villeneuve), villennes (syn. of cerise rouge pale), vilna sweet, violet, virginia may duke, vistula, vladimir, _von lade's späte knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of ladé late), voronezh no. , wabash, wachampa, _wachsknorpelkirsche_ (syn. of büttner gelbe knorpelkirsche), wagner, _wahre englische kirsche_ (syn. of late duke), walling, g. w., var. orig. by, _walpurgiskirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau de walpurgis), _walsh seedling_ (syn. of black bigarreau of savoy), _wanfrieder weichsel_ (syn. of velser), warner, warner, mathew g., var. orig. by, warren, var. orig. by, warren transparent, washington purple, waterhouse, waterhouse, warren, var. orig. by, waterloo, weber, r. h., var. orig. by, weeping, _weeping_ (syn. of dwarf siberian), _weeping or pendulous morello_ (syn. of weeping), weeping black bigarreau, weeping napoleon, _weichsel mit halbgefüllter blüthe_ (syn. of fleurs semi-doubles), _weichselbaum mit bündelförmigen früchten_ (syn. of cerisier très-fertile), _weichselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und röthlich marmorirte frucht_ (syn. of spätblühende glaskirsche), _weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefüllter blüthe_ (syn. of fleurs doubles), _weidenblättrige süssweichsel_ (syn. of willow-leaved), weis, roth und rosenfarbig marmorirte kramelkirsche, _weiss herzkirsche_ (syn. of grosse bunte herzkirsche), _weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse kramelkirsche_ (syn. of weisse rosenroth marmorirte herzkirsche), _weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse kramelkirsche_ (syn. of runde marmorirte süsskirsche), _weiss und rothe grosse herzkirsche_ (syn. of früheste bunte herzkirsche), weisse mandelkirsche, weisse rosenroth marmorirte herzkirsche, wellington, _wellington's weichsel_ (syn. of wellington), weltz, leo, var. introduced by, wendell, herman, var. orig. by, wendell mottled, wenzlecks bunte knorpelkirsche, werder early black, _werdersche schwarze allerfrüheste herzkirsche_ (syn. of werder early black), werder'sche bunte herzkirsche, western sand cherry, botanical name of, wheeler, wheeler, h. j., var. orig. with, white bigarreau, white bigarreau, white french, white french guigne, white gean, white heart, _white heart_ (syn. of grosse guigne blanche), white hungarian gean, white mazzard, _white oxheart_ (syn. of white bigarreau), white spanish, white tartarian, white transparent, wier, d. b., var. orig. by, , , , , wier no. , wier no. , wier no. , wier no. , wier no. , wier no. , wier no. , wier's seedlings, _wild morello_ (syn. of common morello), wild ross-shire, wilde bunte marmorkirsche, wilder, samson v. s., var. introduced by, _wilding von kronberg_ (syn. of kronberger kirsche), wilhelmine kleindienst, wilkinson, willamette, willis early, willow-leaved, _wincklers schwarze knorpelkirsche_ (syn. of winkler black), windsor, winkler, var. orig. by, winkler black, _winkler weisse herzkirsche_ (syn. of guigne carnée winkler), _winkler's schwarze herzkirsche_ (syn. of winkler black), winter, pastor, var. introduced by, winter schwarze, wirt, henry, var. orig. with, wohltragende holländische kirsche, wood, ; immunity of, to powdery mildew, wragg, yan, yellow glass, _yellow honey_ (syn. of honey), yellow spanish, young large black heart, youngken, josiah g., var. orig. by, yuksa, zahm, g. w., var. orig. with, _zeisbergische kirsche_ (syn. of bigarreau de zeisberg), zimmtkirsche, zweifarbige kirsche, _zweite grösser herzkirschweichsel_ (syn. of brusseler braune), zwitterkirsche, zzuckser schwarze knorpelkirsche, [transcribe's note: inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.] produced from scanned images of public domain material from the google print project.) transcriber's note: words which were in italics in the original book are surrounded by underlines (_italic_). words which were originally printed in small caps are in all caps. obvious misprints have been fixed. archaic and unusual words, spellings and styling have been maintained. details of the changes are in the detailed transcriber's notes at the end of the book. fruits of the hawaiian islands by gerrit parmile wilder (revised edition, including vol. , .) illustrated by one hundred and twenty-one half-tone plates with descriptions of same copyright december , december gerrit parmile wilder honolulu, t. h. published by the hawaiian gazette co., ltd. index preface persea gratissima, avocado, palta or alligator pear, plate i persea gratissima, avocado, plate ii persea gratissima, guatamala avocado, plate iii punica granatum, pomegranate, plate iv ficus carica (common var.), fig, plate v ficus carica, fig, plate vi ficus carica (white or lemon var.), fig, plate vii jambosa malaccensis, mountain apple or "ohia ai," plate viii jambosa sp., water apple, plate ix jambosa sp. (white var.), water apple, plate x jambosa sp. (red var.), water apple, plate xi eugenia jambos, rose apple, plate xii eugenia brasiliensis, brazilian plum or spanish cherry, plate xiii eugenia uniflora, french cherry, plate xiv eugenia sp., plate xv syzygium jambolana, java plum, plate xvi syzygium jambolana (small variety), java plum, plate xvii averrhoa carambola, plate xviii achras sapota, sapodilla or naseberry, plate xix casimiroa edulis, white sapodilla, plate xx prunus persica, peach, plate xxi chrysophyllum cainito (purple var.), star apple, plate xxii chrysophyllum cainito (white var.), star apple, plate xxiii chrysophyllum monopyrenum, plate xxiv mimusops elengi, plate xxv spondias dulcis, "wi," plate xxvi spondias lutea, hog plum, plate xxvii mammea americana, mammee apple, plate xxviii tamarindus indica, tamarind, plate xxix durio zibethinus, durion, plate xxx coffea arabica, arabian coffee, plate xxxi coffea liberica, liberian coffee, plate xxxii clausena wampi, wampi, plate xxxiii physalis peruviana, cape gooseberry or "poha," plate xxxiv carica papaya, papaya (fruit, female tree), plate xxxv carica papaya, papaya (fruit, male tree), plate xxxvi carica quercifolia, plate xxxvii citrus japonica (var. "hazara"), chinese orange, plate xxxviii citrus japonica, kumquat, plate xxxix citrus nobilis, mandarin orange, plate xl citrus medica limetta, lime, plate xli citrus medica limonum, lemon, plate xlii citrus medica (var. limonum), rough-skin lemon, plate xliii citrus aurantium sinense, waialua orange, plate xliv citrus aurantium, bahia or washington navel orange, plate xlv citrus decumana, pomelo or shaddock (pear-shaped var.), plate xlvi citrus decumana, pomelo or shaddock (round var.), plate xlvii artocarpus incisa, breadfruit (hawaiian var.) or "ulu," plate xlviii artocarpus incisa, breadfruit (samoan var.), plate xlix artocarpus incisa, breadfruit (tahitian var.), plate l artocarpus incisa, fertile breadfruit, plate li artocarpus integrifolia, jack fruit, plate lii anona muricata, sour sop, plate liii anona cherimolia, cherimoyer, plate liv anona reticulata, custard apple, plate lv anona squamosa, sugar apple or sweet sop, plate lvi psidium guayava pomiferum, common guava, plate lvii psidium guayava, sweet red guava, plate lviii psidium guayava, white lemon guava, plate lix psidium guayava pyriferum, "waiawi," plate lx psidium cattleyanum, strawberry guava, plate lxi psidium cattleyanum (var. lucidum), plate lxii psidium molle, plate lxiii mangifera indica, mango, plate lxiv mangifera indica, manini mango, plate lxv mangifera indica, no. mango, plate lxvi musa (var.), banana or "maia," plate lxvii morinda citrifolia, "noni," plate lxviii vaccinium reticulatum, "ohelo," plate lxix solanum pimpinellifolium, currant tomato, plate lxx solanum lycopersicum, grape tomato, plate lxx solanum nodiflorum, "popolo," plate lxxi aleurites moluccana, candlenut tree or "kukui nut," plate lxxii terminalia catappa, tropical almond or "kamani," plate lxxiii calophyllum inophyllum "kamani," plate lxxiv noronhia emarginata, plate lxxv castanea sativa, japanese chestnut, plate lxxvi inocarpus edulis, tahitian chestnut, plate lxxvii canarium commune, canary nut, plate lxxviii canarium commune, canary nut (round var.), plate lxxix macadamia ternifolia, queensland nut, plate lxxx macadamia sp., plate lxxxi aegle marmelos, bhel or bael fruit, plate lxxxii diospyros decandra, brown persimmon, plate lxxxiii lucuma rivicoa, plate lxxxiv eriobotrya japonica, loquat, plate lxxxv litchi chinensis, "lichee," plate lxxxvi euphoria longana, longan, plate lxxxvii morus nigra, mulberry, plate lxxxviii garcinia mangostana, mangosteen, plate lxxxix garcinia xanthochymus, plate xc bunchosia sp., plate xci malpighia glabra, barbados cherry, plate xcii theobroma cacao, cocoa or chocolate tree, plate xciii hibiscus sabdariffa, roselle, plate xciv monstera deliciosa, plate xcv anacardium occidentale, cashew nut, plate xcvi ziziphus jujuba, "jujube," plate xcvii phyllanthus emblica, plate xcviii phyllanthus distichus, otaheiti gooseberry, plate xcix olea europea, olive, plate c vitis labrusca, "isabella grape," plate ci pyrus sinensis, sand pear, plate cii passiflora quadrangularis, granadilla vine, plate ciii passiflora edulis, purple water lemon or "lilikoi," plate civ passiflora laurifolia, yellow water lemon, plate cv passiflora alata, plate cvi passiflora var. foetida, plate cvii cereus triangularis, night-blooming cereus, plate cviii kigelia pinnata, sausage tree, plate cix phoenix dactylifera, the date palm, plate cx phoenix dactylifera, date (red and yellow var.), plate cxi acrocomia sp., plate cxii cocos nucifera, cocoanut palm or "niu," plate cxiii cordia collococca, clammy cherry, plate cxiv flacourtia cataphracta, plate cxv atalantia buxifolia, plate cxvi bumelia sp., plate cxvii ochrosia elliptica, plate cxviii ananas sativus, pineapple, plate cxix opuntia tuna, prickly pear or "panini," plate cxx prosopis juliflora, algaroba or "kiawe," plate cxxi preface my original intention with regard to this work, was to publish it in a series of three volumes; and to that end, the first volume was presented to the public in . since that time, however, i have deemed it advisable, for various reasons, to incorporate all my data in one volume. i desire to acknowledge my indebtedness for help in my researches, to various works on horticulture, and to many of my personal friends who have given me valuable assistance. i trust that this work will prove of some interest, as i believe that it contains a fairly comprehensive list of both the indigenous and naturalized fruits of the hawaiian islands. gerrit parmile wilder. _g. p. w. collection._ plate i _persea gratissima._ avocado, palta or alligator pear. grown in the garden of gerrit wilder. [illustration: plate i.--_avocado._] _g. p. w. collection._ plate ii _persea gratissima._ avocado. this spreading evergreen tree is a native of tropical america. in the hawaiian islands, the first trees of its kind were said to have been planted in pauoa valley, oahu, by don marin. it attains a height of from to feet, and is adverse to drought. its leaves are elliptico-oblong, from to inches in length. the flowers are greenish-yellow and downy. the fruit, which ripens from june until november, is a round or pear-shaped drupe, covered with a thin, rather tough skin, which is either green or purple in color. the flesh is yellow, firm and marrow-like, and has a delicious nutty flavor. the seed-cavity is generally large, containing one round or oblong seed, covered by a thin, brown, parchment-like skin. the quality of the pear is judged, not only by its flavor, but by the presence or absence of strings or fibre in the meat, and also by the quantity of flesh as compared to the size of the seed. innumerable variations as to size, shape, and quality have been produced from seedlings--some of which may be seen in the accompanying illustration. the avocado is easily reproduced by budding and grafting, and the best varieties may be obtained in this manner. [illustration: plate ii.--_avocado._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate iii _persea gratissima._ guatamala avocado. this variety is a native of mexico, and although known as the guatamala avocado, it is more commonly to be found in the markets of the city of mexico. its leaves are purplish-green. the flowers, which appear in may and june, are like those of the preceding variety; and the drupe, which matures in the early part of the year, has a long stem. this fruit is round, from to inches in diameter, has a thick, tough, rough rind, which when ripe is a deep claret color, and the meat, which is a golden-yellow, is tinged with purple next to the rind, and is free from strings or fibres. there are but two trees of this variety bearing fruit in honolulu. they were propagated from seeds brought here in by admiral beardsley. these two trees are growing in private gardens. [illustration: plate iii.--_guatamala avocado._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate iv _punica granatum._ pomegranate. the name was derived from the word punicus, of carthage, near which city it is said to have been discovered; hence malumpunicum, apple of carthage, which was the early name of the pomegranate. it is a native of northern africa, and of southwestern asia, and is grown in the himalayas up to an elevation of feet. it is a deciduous shrub, which by careful training can be made to grow into a tree from to feet high. many shoots spring from the base of the tree, and should be cut away, as they draw the sap which should go to the fruit-bearing stems. the branches are slender, twiggy, nearly cylindrical, and somewhat thorny. the bark contains about per cent. tannin, and is used for dying the yellow morocco leather. the peel of the fruit serves also as a dye. there are several varieties of pomegranate growing in hawaii: the double-flowering variety is popular as an ornamental plant. all of the varieties are of easy culture, and are readily propagated by means of cuttings of the ripe wood. the leaves are lanceolate, glabrous, and a glossy-green with red veins. the flowers are axillary, solitary or in small clusters, and in color are a very showy rich orange-red. the fruit is about the size of an ordinary orange, has a persistent calyx, and is made up of many small compartments arranged in two series, one above the other. the crisp, sweet, watery pink pulp enveloping each seed is the edible portion of the pomegranate. [illustration: plate iv.--_pomegranate._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate v _ficus carica_ (common variety). fig. the fig is the most ancient, as well as one of the most valuable of all fruit trees. its name is nearly the same in all european languages. the tree is supposed to be a native of caria in asia minor. the intelligent cultivators of anatolia, by whom the smyrna figs are produced, adhere to the caprification process, used from time immemorial. in california, efforts have been made to test this process. in the hawaiian islands, the portuguese seem to be the most successful cultivators of the fig, and several varieties are to be found throughout the group. this common variety grows to a height of from to feet, is hardy, and can easily be propagated from cuttings. its leaves are alternate, to deeply lobed, and are shed during the fall months, at which season careful pruning will increase the following year's yield. the fruit is single, appearing from the axils of the leaves, on the new wood. it is a hollow, pear-shaped receptacle, containing many minute seeds, scattered throughout a soft, pinkish-white pulp. [illustration: plate v.--_fig._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate vi _ficus carica._ fig. some years ago, this variety of fig was to be found growing in large numbers at makawao, and in the kula district of maui. now, however, there are few, if any, trees remaining, as a destructive blight, together with the lack of proper attention, has caused their extermination. this variety is very prolific. the fruit is small, pear-shaped, and has a particularly sweet and delicious flavor. [illustration: plate vi.--_fig._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate vii _ficus carica_ (white or lemon variety). fig. this is a low-growing tree with compact foliage. the leaves are small, and the fruit is round-turbinate, about to ½ inches in diameter. the skin is very thin, is light-green in color, turning to a greenish-yellow when thoroughly ripe. the pulp is pink, very sweet, and when quite ripe is free from milky juice. this variety is also prolific, is easily dried, and on this account would find a ready sale in our markets. [illustration: plate vii.--_fig._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate viii _jambosa malaccensis._ mountain apple, "ohia ai." this tree is found on all the large islands of the polynesian groups, and in the malaysian archipelago. in the hawaiian islands it confines itself almost entirely to the moist, shady valleys, and thrives well, up to an elevation of feet. it is generally gregarious, and on the north side of east maui it forms a forest belt. it attains a height of from to feet. its dark, shiny, glabrous leaves are opposite, elliptico-oblong, and from to inches long, and from ½ to inches broad. the flowers are crimson, fluffy balls, appearing in march and april, on the naked branches and upper trunk of the tree. the fruit, which ripens from july until december, generally contains one seed, is obovate, about inches in diameter. the skin is so thin as to be barely perceptible, and the fruit is very easily bruised. in color, it is a deep, rich crimson, shading into pink and white; the pulp is firm, white, and juicy, with a very agreeable flavor. [illustration: plate viii.--_mountain apple._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate ix _jambosa sp._ (solomon island variety). water apple. this low-growing tree is very rare in the hawaiian islands. it was introduced here, from the solomon islands, by mr. a. jaeger. the foliage and crimson flowers resemble those of the _jambosa malaccensis_, but the drupe is not so highly colored, and is, in shape, much more elongated. specimens of this sweet, edible fruit have measured inches in length. [illustration: plate ix.--_water apple._ one fourth natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate x _jambosa sp._ (white variety). water apple. this tree is a native of the malay islands. the foliage is symmetrical, and its opposite, shiny leaves are broad, lanceolate, and obtusely-acuminate. the pure white flowers, which bloom from march until june, are about ½-inch in diameter, and are produced in bunches on the naked branches. the fruit, which is also produced in bunches, ripens in october. it is transversely oval in shape, about to ½ inches in diameter at its largest end. it contains from to seeds. even when quite ripe, the fruit remains pure white in color, and has a tart, insipid flavor. [illustration: plate x.--_water apple._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xi _jambosa sp._ (red variety). water apple. this low-growing tree with its bright evergreen foliage, is not common in hawaii. the flowers are small, deep crimson, and appear on the branches either singly or in bunches. the contrast between these brilliant flowers and the fresh green leaves makes a very beautiful sight when the tree is in full bloom. the fruit, which ripens in july, appears in clusters; it is the same shape as that of the preceding variety, but in color it is a bright scarlet. it contains from to seeds, which are somewhat difficult to germinate. the fruit is crisp, watery, and has a sub-acid flavor. [illustration: plate xi.--_water apple._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xii _eugenia jambos._ rose apple. this evergreen tree, which is a native of the west indies, is of medium size, reaching a height of from to feet. it grows well in hawaii, and is found at an elevation of feet. it is propagated from seed, as well as from cuttings of the ripe wood. the leaves are lanceolate, acuminate, thick and shiny. the large, fluffy flowers which appear from january until april, are produced freely, and are a beautiful creamy-white. the fruit is a somewhat compressed, globular shell, varying in size from to inches in diameter, and with a large cavity, containing generally one seed. this shell, which is the edible portion of the fruit, is a light creamy-yellow, with a tinge of pale-pink on one side; it requires from to ½ months to mature. it is firm, crisp, and has a delicious flavor, somewhat resembling an apricot, and with a rose odor. the season for the fruit varies according to the elevation, but generally ends about august or september. [illustration: plate xii.--_rose apple._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xiii _eugenia brasiliensis._ brazilian plum, or spanish cherry. this evergreen shrub, or low-growing tree, which in many countries is said to reach a height of but feet, in hawaii attains a height of feet; and although it thrives in comparatively high altitudes, it bears best below the -foot elevation, and requires considerable moisture. the bluntish, dark, shiny leaves, which are scale-like along the branches, are obovate, oblong, and about inches in length. the blossoming season varies according to the location; however, the tree generally has flowers and fruit from july until december. the fruit is the size of a cherry, is deep purple in color, and the persistent calyx is very prominent. the sweet pulp has a very agreeable flavor. probably the first plants of this variety were brought here by don marin, about a century ago. some fine trees may be found in pauoa and makiki valleys, and also in nuuanu, in the garden which formerly belonged to dr. hillebrand. [illustration: plate xiii.--_brazilian plum, or spanish cherry._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xiv _eugenia uniflora._ french cherry. this shrub is said to be a native of brazil. in hawaii, it is a common garden plant, sometimes reaching a height of feet. its glossy leaves are ovate-lanceolate, and its peduncles short. it has small, single, white fragrant flowers. the mature fruit, which resembles a cherry, is about inch in diameter, and is ribbed longitudinally. it has a delicious, spicy, acid flavor. there is generally one large, round, smooth seed. [illustration: plate xiv.--_french cherry._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xv _eugenia sp._ this is a small malayan tree which is rare in hawaii. it has regular, opposite, large, broad leaves; with the stems and branches four-sided. the purplish-white flowers are produced in clusters. the waxy light-green fruits, with a persistent calyx, resemble a small guava. these fruits have a very tough, pithy skin and pulp combined, which is edible, but too dry to be agreeable. the seed is large in proportion to the size of the fruit. [illustration: plate xv.--_eugenia sp._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xvi _syzygium jambolana._ java plum. this tall, hardy tree is a native of southern asia. in polynesia it grows well, up to an elevation of feet. it is a very common tree in the hawaiian islands. its leaves, which are from to inches long, and from to inches broad, are opposite, obtuse or shortly-acuminate. the flowers, which bloom in june, july and august, are white and quite fragrant, and are especially attractive to the honey-bee. the oblong fruit grows in large clusters, ripens from september until november, and varies in size from a cherry to a pigeon's egg. it is purplish-black in color, and is edible only when thoroughly ripe. it contains one large, oblong seed. [illustration: plate xvi.--_java plum._ one half size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xvii _syzygium jambolana_ (small variety). java plum. this tree, which is also very common in the hawaiian islands, is said to have been introduced by dr. hillebrand. it bears but one crop a year, will grow in any soil, and withstands dry weather. the foliage is smaller than that of the preceding variety; its leaves are narrower, and a lighter green in color. it blooms at about the same time of year, but its flowers are not as large, and appear in thick bunches. the purplish fruit ripens from september until december. [illustration: plate xvii.--_java plum._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xviii _averrhoa carambola._ this tree, which is said to have been named after averrhoes, an arabian physician, is a native of insular india, and is much cultivated in india and china. it is evergreen, with dense foliage, and grows to a height of from to feet. it is easily propagated from seeds, and fruits in about three years. in hawaii it bears one crop annually, the flowers appearing in july and the fruit in november and december. the leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate. the flowers, which are borne in clusters on the naked stems and branches, are minute, fragrant, and in color shading from a pale pink to a deep purplish-red. the fruit, varying in size from a hen's egg to an orange, is ovate, and has five acutely-angled longitudinal ribs. the fragrant, light-yellow skin is very thin, and the pulp is watery; it contains a number of flat, brown seeds. this fruit is of two varieties: the sweet, which may be eaten raw, and the acid which is delicious when preserved. a very appetizing pickle may be made from the half-ripe fruit of the acid variety. [illustration: plate xviii.--_averrhoa carambola._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xix _achras sapota._ sapodilla, or naseberry. this tree, which grows on almost all of the islands of the hawaiian group, is a fine evergreen, growing to a height of from to feet, and producing a fruit which is much prized in warm countries. the bark possesses tonic properties, and from the juice chewing-gum is made. its foliage is dense, and the shiny leaves are thick, lance-oblong, entire, and clustered at the ends of the branches. the flowers, which are small, whitish, and perfect, are borne on the rusty pubescent growths of the season. the fruit, of which there are two varieties, the round and the oblong, is about the size of a hen's egg. it has a rough skin, the color of a russet apple, beneath which is a firm, somewhat stringy, sweet pulp, having the flavor of an apricot. this pulp is divided into to compartments, and contains from to large, flat, smooth, black seeds. [illustration: plate xix.--_sapodilla, or naseberry._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xx _casimiroa edulis._ white sapota. this tree, which is a native of mexico, is said to have been named after cardinal casimiro gomez. the first tree of its kind in hawaii was planted in , at the government nursery, honolulu. the seed came from santa barbara, california, where there grows today, a tree more than eighty years old, and which still bears its fruit. it is a tall evergreen with irregular branches; its digitate leaves are dark and glossy. the trunk is ashen-grey, with warty excrescences. the fruit, which matures in april and may, is large, to inches in diameter; it is depressed-globular and somewhat ribbed, like a tomato; in color it is a light-green, turning to a dull yellow when ripe, and it has a very thin skin. the pulp is yellow, resembling that of an over-ripe, and has a melting, peach-like flavor. it contains from to large, oblong seeds, which are said to be deleterious. [illustration: plate xx.--_white sapota._ one fourth natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxi _prunus persica._ peach. the peach-tree is said by some authorities to be indigenous to persia, while by others it is claimed to be a native of china. it is a hardy tree, and has been known to bear fruit precociously even in the second year after planting. if allowed to do so, the peach will grow to a height of about feet; but it should be pruned annually, in order to secure a good crop. its leaves are lanceolate and coarsely serrate. the flowers are solitary, pink in color, and appear before the leaves. the fruit is soft and pubescent at maturity. the stone is deeply pitted and very hard. there are two well-marked varieties, the cling-stone and the free-stone. ulupalakua and makawao, maui, once had the reputation of growing finely-flavored seedling peaches; however, many of these trees have been injured by cattle, and others have been destroyed by root-fungus and insect pests. in several localities in hawaii good peaches have been grown from imported varieties. [illustration: plate xxi.--_peach._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxii _chrysophyllum cainito_ (purple variety). star apple. this tree is a native of the west indies, and although not common in hawaii, there are good specimens to be found in many gardens. it has large irregular spreading branches, grows to a height of from to feet, and has rather thick foliage. propagation is ordinarily effected by seeds, which germinate readily, when fresh. it can also be grown from cuttings of the ripe wood. the tree derives its name from the words "chrysos," gold, and "phyllon," a leaf; referring to the golden-russet color of the underside of the beautiful, glossy green leaves. the small flowers, which appear from june until october, are solitary at the nodes or in fascicles. the fruit, which ripens in april, is round, about inches in diameter, has a smooth, tough rind, about - th inch thick, which is a deep purple in color. a cross-section of the fruit shows the edible pulp with its numerous black seeds, and the star-shaped core, from which the fruit derives its common name of star apple. unless the fruit is thoroughly ripe, its milky juice is remarkably astringent. [illustration: plate xxii.--_star apple._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxiii _chrysophyllum cainito_ (white variety). star apple. this tree, which bears its fruit in from four to five years, has about the same characteristics as that of the preceding variety. the fruit is somewhat larger, and is not quite so sweet. in color it is pale green, shaded with purple. [illustration: plate xxiii.--_star apple._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxiv _chrysophyllum monopyrenum._ this small tree, which is indigenous to the west indies, is also a native of southern florida, and is to be found as an ornamental plant in many localities of tropical america. in jamaica it is called the "damson plum." its small, single, white flowers are highly perfumed. the fruit, which matures from august until december, is small, ovoid-oblong, and when ripe is purplish-black; when bruised it emits a white, sticky juice. it contains one large seed. specimens of this tree are to be found growing in the grounds of the queen's hospital and at the government nursery, honolulu. [illustration: plate xxiv.--_chrysophyllum monopyrenum._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxv _mimusops elengi._ this handsome evergreen tree, with its bright, glossy leaves, is very suitable for hedges and for windbreaks. it has alternate, elliptic leaves to ½ inches long. the small, solitary flowers, have many creamy-white petals, and are very fragrant; from them perfume is obtained by distillation. the yellow fruit is about the shape and size of a small olive, and contains a dry, mealy pulp which is edible, and the large, flat, brown seed yield an oil. [illustration: plate xxv.--_mimusops elengi._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxvi _spondias dulcis._ "wi." this deciduous tree is said to be a native of the society islands, and is common to the tropics of both hemispheres. it is a large, spreading and graceful tree, reaching a height of from to feet. its pinnate leaves are green and glossy; the leaflets are oval-oblong and opposite. the foliage is shed from december until april. the flowers are paniculate, small, and greenish-white. the fruit, which ripens from november until april, is a fleshy drupe, oval in shape, from to inches in diameter; it has a thin, smooth, golden-yellow skin, which has a rather sour disagreeable odor. the fleshy pulp is light yellow, is mellow when quite ripe, and has a sub-acid delicious flavor, compared by some to the pineapple. within this pulp is embedded a to loculed, bony endocarp, which contains generally one seed. this endocarp is covered with fibres which penetrate the pulp. the first wi tree in hawaii was planted at the residence of mr. john s. walker, nuuanu valley. [illustration: plate xxvi.--_spondias dulcis._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxvii _spondias lutea._ hog plum. this tree is distributed over tropical america, west africa and java, where it is commonly called the hog plum, and is used for fattening swine. in jamaica it grows well, up to an elevation of feet. it is a large, graceful tree, about feet high, with spreading branches, and it is particularly beautiful when in fruit. the pinnate leaves are a clear green, the leaflets are ovate-lanceolate, and the golden-yellow fruit hangs in clusters. it ripens in september and october. the fruit is ovoid, about inch long; it has a smooth skin, having a disagreeable odor. there is one large seed, which resembles the husk of a ground-nut. this fruit is cooling and aromatic. to my knowledge there are but two trees of this kind in bearing in the hawaiian islands, and these are growing in private grounds in honolulu. [illustration: plate xxvii.--_hog plum._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxviii _mammea americana._ mammee apple. the mammee apple, which grows well in hawaii, is a native of the west indies, and is a fruit much esteemed in tropical countries. in jamaica it thrives well, up to an elevation of feet. the tree attains a height of from to feet, and the wood, which is beautifully grained, is durable and well adapted to building purposes. its leaves are rigid and leathery. the round seeds, varying in number from to , germinate freely, and the young plants are easily raised. the fruit is from to inches in diameter, is brown or russet color, and has a yellow pulp, which is sweet and aromatic. the outer rind, as well as the pulp immediately surrounding the seeds, is very bitter. the fruit may be eaten raw, and is very delicious when preserved. [illustration: plate xxviii.--_mammee apple._ one fourth natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxix _tamarindus indica._ tamarind. the name is derived from tamar, arabic for date, and indus, indian; thus literally meaning indian date. it is a native of the indies, egypt and arabia. the tree is never leafless, and the foliage is graceful, pinnated and acacia like. it bears one crop a year, the season varying somewhat according to the location and elevation. it yields a handsome, hard and close-grained furniture wood, which is yellowish-white, with occasional red streaks in it; the heart-wood is dark brownish-purple. the pods are thick, linear, dark brown in color, and from to inches long. the seeds vary in number. the pulp surrounding the seeds has a pleasant acid flavor, and when made into syrup, forms the basis of a delicious, cooling beverage. this pulp is called the fruit, while the pod is spoken of as the shell. the tamarind is propagated from both seeds and cuttings, and is undoubtedly one of the noblest of our tropical trees. [illustration: plate xxix.--_tamarind._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxx _durio zibethinus._ durion. this fine tree attains a height of from to feet; it derives its name from the malay word "dury," a thorn, in reference to the prickly covering of the fruit. the leaves, which are a light, glossy green on the upper surface, are alternate, entire, elliptical and acute. the yellowish-white flowers are large. the fruit, which is either globular or oval, sometimes measures inches in length. it has a hard rind, covered with thorny warts or spines, and externally looks not unlike a breadfruit. when ripe, it is brownish-yellow, and, when opened at its lower end, shows five longitudinal sections or cells, each containing from to seeds about the size of a pigeon's egg. the edible pulp surrounding the seeds is firm and cream-colored. the durion is remarkable for its combination of an absolutely delicious flavor and an abominably offensive odor. to my knowledge there is but one tree in bearing in the hawaiian islands, and that is growing in private grounds at lihue, kauai. [illustration: plate xxx.--_durion._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxxi _coffea arabica._ arabian coffee. the coffee-tree is said to be a native of abyssinia. two species, the arabian and the liberian, are now cultivated throughout the tropics. the use of coffee was known in arabia long before it was introduced to europeans in the sixteenth century. the dutch were the first to introduce the plant to europe. the arabian coffee-tree is low-growing, and bears one crop annually; its leaves are elliptico-oblong, acuminate, generally from to inches long, and are thin and shiny. the white flowers appear in clusters, and are very fragrant. the berries are ovoid, fleshy, and bright red. in this berry are found the two seeds, which constitute the coffee of commerce. the coffee-tree was introduced into hawaii about , by a frenchman, who established a small plantation in manoa valley, oahu. the tree is now well naturalized in the woods of kona, hawaii, and elsewhere in the islands, and flourishes up to an elevation of from to feet. [illustration: plate xxxi.--_arabian coffee._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxxii _coffea liberica._ liberian coffee. this species is a tall grower, is highly ornamental in foliage, and is a rich bearer. its leaves are from to inches long. the white flowers come in dense clusters, and are more robust and productive than are those of the arabica. the berries are nearly spherical, and in color are a dull crimson. the pulp is large in proportion to the size of the seeds. although this variety has not become popular in hawaii, it is claimed that it will grow at a much lower elevation than will the arabica, and the flavor is said to be very fine. [illustration: plate xxxii.--_liberian coffee._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxxiii _clausena wampi._ wampi. this odorous tree is a native of china. it is a symmetrical evergreen with dense foliage. the light, mossy-green leaves are imparipinnate, the leaflets ovate-repand, and they are rough on the under surface. the flowers, which are borne in clusters, on the new wood, are small, yellow, and very fragrant. the fruit ripens from june until october; it is about the size of a gooseberry; the skin is yellowish-brown, shaded with green. the pulp is sub-acid with a balsamic fragrance. it contains one large seed about the size of a kernel of corn. there are two varieties, the sweet and the sour; both may be eaten raw, and are very highly prized by the chinese. i know of but two trees of this kind in the hawaiian islands; they are of the sour variety, and are growing in private gardens in honolulu. [illustration: plate xxxiii.--_wampi._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxxiv _physalis peruviana._ cape gooseberry--"poha." this shrub, or bush, is a native of brazil, but is naturalized in many warm countries. it stands partially erect, reaching a height of from ½ to feet. its pointed leaves, heart-shaped at the base, are very fuzzy. the open, bell-shaped flowers are yellow in color. the fruit, which is about the size of a cherry, is enclosed in a thin, yellow, paper-like husk, which is quite hairy. when ripe, the fruit is yellow, and has a delicious sub-acid pulp, filled with minute seeds. the poha may be eaten raw, but is much more acceptable when made into jam or jelly. the dried fruit is said to be a substitute for yeast. in hawaii, the poha thrives best in the cool elevations. [illustration: plate xxxiv.--_cape gooseberry._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxxv _carica papaya._ papaya (fruit, female tree). the papaya is a native of south america; it is found in florida, and in many parts of tropical america; it was early introduced into hawaii, grows and bears well in almost any locality. it is a small tree, with a hollow, branchless trunk; it is short-lived, and is suitable only to regions free from frost, and requires perfect drainage. there are two forms, the tall and the dwarf, but there are numerous variations as to shape and quality of the fruit. the soft green leaves, often measuring two feet across, are variously palmated, and have simple, long, hollow stems. the papaya is usually dioceous; the fruit-bearing tree is called the female; it is claimed that trees of both sexes should be planted near each other, in order to ensure a good yield. the female flowers, which appear from the axils of the leaves, are yellowish-white, single, or two or three together. the fruit of the papaya ripens successively. it is either round or oblong, and sometimes weighs eight pounds. the skin is thin, and is bright yellow when ripe. the firm, yellow pulp has a delicious flavor, and the milky juice contains a digestive principle similar to pepsin. the seed cavity is large, and is filled with many small seeds which are enveloped in a loose, mucous coat, with a brittle, pitted testa. when fresh these seeds germinate readily. [illustration: plate xxxv.--_papaya_ (_fruit, female tree_). one fourth natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxxvi _carica papaya._ papaya (fruit, male tree). the size, shape, foliage and general appearance of this tree is the same as that of the preceding variety. its flowers appear on long stems, are funnel-shape, and have five lobes. the male tree sometimes produces fruit, and it is of large size and fine quality. a good example may be seen in the accompanying illustration. i know of no method whereby one can, by any selection of seeds, produce with any degree of certainty, plants of either male or female variety. [illustration: plate xxxvi.--_papaya_ (_fruit, male tree_). one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxxvii _carica quercifolia._ this species of dwarf papaya is of recent introduction to hawaii. it has a soft, hollow trunk, and low, spreading branches. the leaves are deeply lobed, of a light green color on the upper side, and whitish-green underneath. flowers dioecious, yellowish-green, having five petals. fruit the size of a large olive, green, and ribbed with five white stripes, changing to yellow when ripe. the yellow pulp, containing numerous seeds, has a strong pesin flavor that is quite agreeable. [illustration: plate xxxvii.--_carica quercifolia._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxxviii _citrus japonica._ var. "hazara." chinese orange. this familiar and highly ornamental tree, commonly known as the chinese orange, was very early introduced to these islands. it is well named hazara (meaning thousand of fruit), as it is one of the most prolific of the citrus family, and both green and ripe fruit in great quantities may be found on the same tree at almost any season of the year. the tree is of medium size, and the small, shiny leaves have short petioles. it is generally thornless. the flowers are white and fragrant. the round fruit is a deep yellow, and its smooth skin is very loosely attached. the pulp is also a deep yellow and contains many seeds, and the sour juice is very plentiful. the tree is hardy and free from disease and scale. propagation is by seed. [illustration: plate xxxviii.--_chinese orange._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xxxix _citrus japonica._ kumquat. the kumquat is a native of cochin-china, and is also cultivated in japan, florida, and california. it is a low-growing bush or shrub, having smooth, angular branches, and in both the round and oval varieties the dark foliage is dense and beautiful. it is a very prolific bearer. its leaves are small, lanceolate, slightly serrate, pointed or blunt and wedge-shaped at the base. the small, white flowers come solitary or in clusters, the fruit varies in size from a large gooseberry to that of a pigeon's egg, and is either ovate, oblong, or spherical. it is to celled, has very little pulp, and contains many seeds. the pulp is somewhat sour, especially in the round varieties; and the smooth, thick, yellow rind is aromatic and sweet; the kumquat is generally preserved whole, and those prepared by the chinese are very delicious. this ornamental citrus tree is not often seen in our gardens, for it is subject to scale, and to the mealy bug, which destroy the flowers and stunt the fruit. the kumquat comes true to seed, and may also be propagated by grafting and budding. [illustration: plate xxxix.--_kumquat._ two thirds natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xl _citrus nobilis._ mandarin orange. this small tree or thornless shrub with its dense foliage is a native of cochin-china, and fine specimens of this tree, with its golden fruit in season, can be found in many gardens about honolulu, especially those of the chinese. its leaves are lanceolate, its petioles short. flowers are white and fragrant. the fruit is compressed-spherical, apex depressed, a ridge about the stem. the thin peel is greenish-yellow, baggy, and separates readily from the sections. pulp generally dry, sweet, juice scant, fruit containing many seeds. the characteristic odor of the leaves, twigs and fruit of all varieties of the mandarin orange is easily recognizable. [illustration: plate xl.--_mandarin orange._ two thirds natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xli _citrus medica limetta._ lime. this small tree or bush thrives in hawaii, and yields good crops. it requires a sandy, rocky soil, and does well in the shaded valleys. however, it is attacked by scale pests and root fungus, and many valuable trees are destroyed in this way. the dark green, shiny leaves are oval or elliptical, and emit an agreeable odor when bruised. the fragrant flowers are small, white, with an occasional tinge of pink. the fruit is small, varying in shape from round to elliptical. the light yellow skin is oily and very bitter, and the pulp is juicy and sour. the picture representing this fruit shows several varieties, forms and shapes: those on the left being the mexican type, those on the upper right the kusai lime, the latter much resembling a mandarin orange in shape, and has a loose skin, but the pulp is very juicy and exceedingly sour. this lime has become very popular in hawaii, grows readily from seed, and produces true. to mr. henry swinton is due the credit of introducing this variety in from kusai, or strong's island, micronesia. [illustration: plate xli.--_lime._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xlii _citrus medica limonum._ lemon. this is a spreading tree, having ovate-oblong, fragrant leaves with short petioles. the flowers are small and white. the medium-sized fruit is egg-shaped, ending in a nipple-like point. the thin, smooth skin is aromatic. the juicy pulp is rich in citric acid. many choice varieties of lemons have been introduced to hawaii, but they have not thrived particularly well, because of the scale and insect pests which so greedily attack them; eternal vigilance is necessary in order to get the fruit matured; some very fine specimens, however, have been grown in kona, at an elevation of feet. [illustration: plate xlii.--_lemon._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xliii _citrus medica var. limonum._ rough-skin lemon. this variety is very hardy, bears profusely, and requires much more water than does the orange. being a strong, vigorous grower, it forms an excellent stock upon which to graft the citrus varieties. the flower is white, with a reddish tint outside. the fruit is generally oval, and contains many seeds. the pale yellow skin is rough and warty. the pulp is coarse-grained and very juicy. it comes true to seed. [illustration: plate xliii.--_rough-skin lemon._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xliv _citrus aurantium sinense._ waialua orange. this tree, which grows to a height of from to feet, is cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical countries. its young branches are pale green, angular and glabrous. the leaves are oblong, ovate and pointed, and the petioles are narrowly winged. its flowers are white and very fragrant. this variety of orange, locally known as the waialua orange, has a bright yellow fruit, generally round, with a coarse, thick skin, very juicy pulp, and numerous seeds; and was introduced by vancouver and planted in hanalei valley, kauai. it is now widely disseminated throughout the group, and in kona, hawaii, grows exceptionally well. this orange is said to produce true to seed. [illustration: plate xliv.--_waialua orange._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xlv _citrus aurantium._ bahia, or washington navel orange. this variety was first introduced into the united states from brazil, and is now the most popular of all the oranges. it is cultivated extensively in california, in which state the first trees of its kind were planted; for this reason it is often called the riverside navel. the fruit is large, solid, and heavy. it is seedless, and has a prominent navel mark at the apex. the brilliant orange color of the skin is one of its characteristics. grafted and budded trees of this variety of orange may be found growing in many localities in the hawaiian islands, but the fruit is not as fine as it should be, as, with few exceptions, it has a tendency to become very dry and woody. [illustration: plate xlv.--_bahia, or washington navel orange._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xlvi _citrus decumana._ pomelo or shaddock (pear-shaped var.). this hardy tree, with its spreading branches, grows to a height of from to feet. it is extensively cultivated in india, and widely distributed over the malayan and polynesian islands. it was early introduced to the hawaiian islands, presumably by the chinese, who seem to be especially fond of the fruit, as it is always an important feature of their new year's decorations. the leaves are large, oval or ovate-oblong, obtuse, and frequently emarginate, and the petiole is broadly winged. the flowers are large and white. this pyriform variety, which is from to inches in diameter, often weighs to pounds. the pale-yellow rind is smooth, thick and very bitter, but can be made into a preserve. the pulp varies in color from pale yellow to red, and has a sub-acid, slightly bitter, flavor. [illustration: plate xlvi.--_pomelo or shaddock_ (_pear-shaped var._) one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xlvii _citrus decumana._ pomelo or shaddock (round var.) the fruit of this round variety is smaller than that of the preceding variety. the light-yellow rind is coarse, spongy, thick, and leathery. the cells of the pulp are coarse, dry, and have a bitter, sub-acid flavor. there are many large, wedge-shaped seeds. [illustration: plate xlvii.--_pomelo or shaddock_ (_round var._) one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xlviii _artocarpus incisa._ breadfruit (hawaiian var.) "ulu." the first breadfruit trees were brought from tahiti by the hawaiians who, landing at ewa, carried them across the mountain, and presented them to one of the chiefs of oahu, who lived at kualoa. there they were planted and thrived. at the present day this variety of the breadfruit, now called the hawaiian variety, is to be found growing wild throughout the islands. there are many varieties of this handsome tree, which grows to a height of from to feet. it thrives best in hot, moist places, and requires a great deal of water. its large ovate leaves are rough and deeply lobed. the male flower is a large yellow catkin. the fruit is formed from the female flowers, and is attached to the branches by large stems. in shape it is either round or oblong, varying in size from to inches in diameter. the thick, tough rind is, in some varieties muricated, and in others it is reticulated. in color it is green, changing to brownish when the fruit is ripe. the pulp is firm, mealy, and somewhat fibrous, and as an article of diet is much esteemed. propagation is by suckers, or by layers from the branches. [illustration: plate xlviii.--_breadfruit_ (_hawaiian var._)--"_ulu._" one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xlix _artocarpus incisa._ breadfruit (samoan var.) this variety was introduced to these islands by mr. james bicknell. its large, oval leaves are leathery and rough, and less deeply lobed than are those of the hawaiian variety. the round fruit has a characteristic raised ring where it is attached to the long stem. the yellowish-green rind is reticulated, and the orange-colored pulp is somewhat sticky when cooked, and is very sweet. this variety occasionally produces seed. [illustration: plate xlix.--_breadfruit_ (_samoan var._) one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate l _artocarpus incisa._ breadfruit (tahitian var.) this variety of tahitian breadfruit is found only in a few gardens in hawaii. its glossy green leaves are nearly entire. the oblong fruit has a deep yellow pulp, with very little fibre. [illustration: plate l.--_breadfruit_ (_tahitian var._) one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate li _artocarpus incisa._ fertile breadfruit. this seeding variety is rarely cultivated on account of its inferior fruit. the leaves are slightly lobed. the fruit is oblong with a short, thick stem, and is covered with short, hard projections. the fibrous pulp contains numerous large seeds, which are edible when cooked. [illustration: plate li.--_fertile breadfruit._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lii _artocarpus integrifolia._ jack fruit. this tree is a native of india and malay. and was introduced to hawaii by mr. david forbes of kukuihaele, hawaii. the jack fruit is a large, handsome tree, with leaves from to inches in length, which on the old growth are obovate-oblong and on the young branches are narrow. the oblong, irregular fruit, which varies in weight from to pounds, is borne on the trunk, as well as on the old branches. the green rind is covered with small hexagonal knobs. the pulp when ripe has all overpowering odor and is seldom eaten; but the oily seeds when roasted are edible, and are said to resemble chestnuts. on tantalus, oahu, the jack fruit thrives well, and has produced fair sized fruits. it is a tree that needs a great deal of moisture, and consequently is seldom grown on the low lands. [illustration: plate lii.--_jack fruit._ one fourth natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate liii _anona muricata._ sour sop. this small, hardy evergreen tree is very common in hawaii. its dark green, glabrous leaves are pointed, elliptical, and are shiny on the upper surface, but rusty beneath. the greenish-yellow flowers are usually solitary, and have a peculiar odor. the fruit is large, varying in weight from to pounds. in shape, it is either oblong or conical and blunt. the rough, dark green, shiny skin, which is irregular in thickness, is studded with fleshy spines. the soft, white, cotton-like pulp is divided into sections, each containing a shiny, black seed, about half an inch long. these are very readily propagated. [illustration: plate liii.--_sour sop._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate liv _anona cherimolia._ cherimoyer. the cherimoyer, a well-known fruit of the tropics, is said to be a native of peru. it is naturalized in central america, is hardy in the mildest coast regions of spain, and in jamaica is cultivated up to an elevation of nearly feet. it thrives on the florida keys, and is also grown to a limited extent in southern california. the tree grows to a height of from to feet; its branches are spreading, and the dark, shiny leaves are either ovate or oblong, and are sparsely hairy above and velvety beneath. the single petaled, velvety-green flowers are very fragrant. the fruit, which is about the size of a large orange, is heart-shaped and slightly flattened at the stem end. when ripe, the skin is a greyish-green, and is covered with slightly-raised semicircular markings. the white pulp, which is soft and rich, is divided into cells, each containing a black seed about the size of an ordinary bean. the cherimoyer comes true to seed and bears in about three years. it is one of the most delicious fruits, and its delicate, slightly-acid flavor is very characteristic. the cherimoyer was one of the earliest fruits introduced to these islands, and the best specimens of its kind are grown in kona and kau, hawaii, where it continues to propagate itself naturally from seed. [illustration: plate liv.--_cherimoyer._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lv _anona reticulata._ custard apple. this tree, which is not common in hawaii, is rather delicate, and grows to a height of from to feet. it is a native of the antilles, and is a very popular tree in the west indies. it thrives in southern california. its leaves, which are either lanceolate or oblong and pointed, are glabrous above and rough beneath. in color they are light green and rather brittle, when bruised they emit a very unpleasant odor. the flowers are three-petaled and are greenish or yellowish, with purple spots at the base. artificial pollination will induce the flowers to set and produce better crops. the heart-shaped fruit is from to inches in diameter. the skin is smooth, with small depressions; when ripe, it is a pinkish-yellow and shading to a russet. next to the skin the pulp is soft and creamy-yellow, while toward the center it is quite white. the flavor is sweet and delicious. there are numerous smooth, black seeds. this fruit, like its cousin the cherimoyer grows true to seed. [illustration: plate lv.--_custard apple._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lvi _anona squamosa._ sugar apple--sweet sop. this small tree is native of the west indies, from which country the plants found growing in many of our gardens in these islands were imported. the thin leaves are ovate-oblong, and are very slightly hairy on both sides. the greenish flowers are about an inch long. the fruit which is from to inches in diameter, is the shape of a pine cone; it is greenish-yellow when ripe, and each carpel forms a slight protuberance. the sweet, creamy-white pulp is very delicious. there are numerous small smooth, brownish-black seeds, which germinate readily, and the plants bear fruit in from two to four years. this variety of anona is sensitive to drought, and thrives well at the high elevations. [illustration: plate lvi.--_sugar apple_--_sweet sop._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lvii _psidium guayava pomiferum._ (common guava.) the guava is an extensive genus of low-growing evergreen trees, found chiefly in the west indies, south america, and china. they have become naturalized in hawaii, and may be found growing wild on waste lands and by the roadside. in some localities growing so rank as to become troublesome. the leaves are oval to oblong, usually acuminate, glabrous above and pubescent beneath, and have prominent veins. the fragrant, white, solitary flowers are axillary. the somewhat rough skin of the globose fruit is a brownish-yellow, and the firm, dark-pink pulp, in which is embedded numerous seeds, is generally acid and aromatic. this guava is the source of the famous guava jelly of commerce. [illustration: plate lvii.--_psidium guayava pomiferum_ (_common guava_). one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lviii _psidium guayava._ (sweet red guava.) this guava has the same general characteristics as the preceding variety. it is more frequently found in valleys and gulches than in the open. its red pulp is firm and sweet. [illustration: plate lviii.--_psidium guayava_ (_sweet red guava_).] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lix _psidium guayava._ (white lemon guava.) the lemon guava tree grows taller and somewhat more erect than the others. the pear-shaped fruit is large, often inches in length. it has a rough, greenish-white skin, and the white pulp is sweet. this is a cultivated variety, and is found growing in a few gardens in these islands. [illustration: plate lix.--_psidium guayava_ (_white lemon guava_). one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lx _psidium guayava pyriferum._ "waiawi." this handsome evergreen tree was an early introduced species, and now is very common about the islands. grows very symmetrically, and attains the height of to feet. leaves, small, lanceolate, shiny, the trunk and branches smooth. flowers white and very fragrant; fruit small, pear-shaped, pulp yellow and containing many seeds; this species is very prolific, but the fruit is inferior. [illustration: plate lx.--"_waiawi._" one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxi _psidium cattleyanum._ strawberry guava. one of the hardiest of the guavas, and said to be a native of brazil. the date of its introduction to hawaii is not recorded, and as hillebrand makes no mention of it, it is probably of recent importation. a shrubby tree to feet high. leaves opposite, obovate, small, leathery, dark-green, shiny. flowers white, fragrant. fruit spherical, about one inch in diameter, purple-reddish when ripe, soft, juicy pulp, which has an agreeable flavor, and containing many small seeds. this fruit is used for making jams and jellies, and bears a crop more or less during all the months of the year. [illustration: plate lxi.--_strawberry guava._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxii _psidium cattleyanum._ (var. _lucidum_.) this low-growing shrub is occasionally cultivated in these islands. it has opposite obovate leaves, and fragrant white flowers. the round fruit, which has a sweet, yellow pulp, is larger than the strawberry guava, and has a more delicate flavor. [illustration: plate lxii.--_psidium cattleyanum._ (var. _lucidum_.) one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxiii _psidium molle._ this species was introduced to hawaii by mr. a. jaeger; and a single specimen of its kind is now growing at the old plantation, honolulu. it is a low-growing, slender, willow-like tree of straggling growth. the opposite leaves are small, stiff and rough. the white flowers are fragrant. the small, round fruit is brownish-green, turning to a pale yellow when ripe. the white pulp is slightly acid, and contains many seeds. this guava is rather an inferior fruit. [illustration: plate lxiii.--_psidium molle._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxiv _mangifera indica._ mango. the mango, which is a native of south asia, is extensively cultivated throughout india, the islands of the west indies, and somewhat in florida. in hawaii it has become thoroughly naturalized, and is one of the most common trees; growing from the sea level up to about , feet. a hot, rather dry, climate, with well-drained soil suits it best. it is an evergreen, shady tree of quick growing habit, sometimes reaching a height of feet, and having a round, dense top. all parts of the mango tree have a resinous fragrance, that suggests turpentine. its thick, shiny leaves are from to inches in length. the greenish, scented flowers are borne in large terminal panicles; and these are followed three or four months later by the fruit, which is large and kidney-shaped, having a smooth, rather soft, pale-green skin, with tints of yellow and red. the large seed is nearly as long as the fruit, its shell is rough and fibrous, and the kernel is shaped like a bean. in the inferior varieties of mangoes the pulp is full of fibre and tastes strongly of turpentine. there are numerous varieties of the mango cultivated in hawaii; the fruit of which varies much in point of flavor, juiciness, as well as in the size and shape of the seed. within the past ten years improved varieties have been imported; notably the alphonse, cambodiana, pirie, and many others. these have thrived well and have borne delicious fruit; from them many grafts have been made and the finer grades of mangoes have been disseminated. propagation is effected by seed, by grafting or inarching, and by budding. the mango as a rule does not come true to seed; also seedlings take much longer to fruit than do the grafted trees. the illustration on the opposite page is that of the so-called common mango, which was brought to hawaii from mexico. [illustration: plate lxiv.--_mango._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxv _mangifera indica._ manini mango. this tree is supposed to be the first mango tree brought to the hawaiian islands. it was planted in the early part of the nineteenth century by don marin, whom the hawaiians familiarly called "manini." he brought to hawaii many useful trees and plants; among the number was this mango, which he planted in his vineyard, then known as "ka pa waina," and there it may be found today; a venerable tree standing about feet high, having a spread of over feet, and its trunk measuring feet in circumference. although a prolific bearer, its fruits, which are borne in large clusters, are small, and of an inferior quality, having a thick skin and a large, hairy seed. [illustration: plate lxv.--_manini mango._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxvi _mangifera indica._ no. mango. this mango, with its distinctive shape, is one of the few types that comes true to seed. the first and original tree, which was planted at the government nursery, honolulu, was brought from jamaica by joseph marsden, esq. this tree is a prolific bearer, and its seeds have been widely distributed throughout these islands. the fruit is large and regular in size, having a thick skin which is of a light-green color. the pulp is pale yellow, very juicy, and slightly acid. there is a very large, hairy seed. [illustration: plate lxvi.--_no. mango._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxvii _musa varieties._ banana--"maia." the banana, which has been cultivated from the most remote times, is a plant of great importance in tropical and sub-tropical climates, where its highly nutritious fruit is used as food. it is a large herbaceous, slightly shrubby, plant of very easy growth, having immense, gracefully-arching, undivided leaves. there are numerous varieties, the fruit of which differs in shape, color and flavor. as decorative plants in landscape gardening, few subjects equal the choice species of the banana; and on account of its utility, combined with its beauty, it is considered one of the most valuable of tropical products. propagation is by off-shoots or suckers. when a stalk is cut, the fruit of which has ripened, sprouts are put forth which in time bear fruit. the enormous flower stalk issues from the center of the crown of leaves, and curves over with its own weight. the flowers are arranged in a dense terminal panicle; they alternate with large, reddish scales, which drop off as the fruit stalk develops, and the finger-like fruits are in clusters. the hawaiians seem to have possessed the banana from the earliest times, and about fifty varieties were known to the older natives. however, since the year , the so-called chinese banana (_musa cavendishii_), which was at that time introduced from tahiti, has crowded out the native varieties, many of which are now extinct. the accompanying cut shows a few of the different forms and sizes of the banana grown in hawaii. [illustration: plate lxvii.--_banana_--"_maia._" one half natural size. moa largo popoulu red cuban lele chinese] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxviii _morinda citrifolia._ "noni." this species is found in nearly all the pacific islands. the date of its introduction to hawaii, however, is not recorded. it is a small tree which grows in the low lands. its shiny, oval leaves have short petioles. the white flowers are about inch in length. the fruit is whitish-yellow when mature, and when decaying it emits a very offensive odor. the seeds are interesting because they will float a great length of time in salt water, their buoyancy is caused by a distinct air cell. [illustration: plate lxviii.--"_noni._" one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxix _vaccinium reticulatum._ "ohelo." this is an erect dwarf shrub growing to a height of from one to two feet, having stiff, crowded branches with leaves varying in form, from oblong to obovate, and in color from green to green tinged with yellow and red. the white flowers are solitary, and come mostly in the axils of the true leaves. the globose fruit is a fleshy, shiny berry, much resembling the cranberry; in color it is yellow or pale rose, and is covered with a waxy bloom. the ohelo thrives best in the higher elevations, from to feet. it grows particularly well on the mountain slopes of hawaii and maui. it is an edible berry, and is the principal food of the rare hawaiian goose, now to be found in only a few localities. the ohelo has always been a favorite subject of hawaiian songs and legends, and was used as one of the offerings to the goddess pele. [illustration: plate lxix.--"_ohelo._" natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxx _solanum pimpinellifolium._ currant tomato. the first illustration on the opposite page is that of the currant tomato; an annual found growing wild in great profusion in the low lands of our valleys. it is of weak growth, very diffuse and twiggy, and scarcely pubescent. its obovate leaves are small with nearly entire leaflets, and very small secondary leaflets; the elongated racemes bear from to small, currant-like red berries, which are very sweet. _solanum lycopersicum._ grape tomato. the second illustration is that of the grape tomato, which has grayish-green leaves and slender, ascending stems. the leaves are pinnate with small, nearly entire leaflets; the main leaflets are notched or even lobed toward the base. the fruit is a bright red berry about half an inch in diameter, and is fresh and aromatic. [illustration: plate lxx.--_currant tomato._ _grape tomato._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxi _solanum nodiflorum._ "popolo." this glabrous, annual, growing from to feet in height, is common to most tropical countries, and in hawaii was probably of aboriginal introduction; as the hawaiians have many ways of using the fruits and the leaves, for medicinal purposes. this plant is found on waste land, in old pastures, and by the roadside. its ovate leaves are dark green. the whitish flowers are small, and the fruit is a small, shiny, black berry. [illustration: plate lxxi.--"_popolo._" natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxii _aleurites moluccana._ candlenut tree--"kukui nut." the kukui tree is easily recognizable from afar off by the pale hue of its foliage, which appears to be dusted over with flour. it is a handsome, soft wood, evergreen tree, growing to a height of from to feet, and is widely spread over tropical polynesia, and a great part of malaysia; and by all branches of the polynesian race it is called by the same name: kukui or tutui. the hawaiians tattooed their skins with a black dye which they prepared from the juice which is found in the fleshy covering of the green fruit. the leaves are alternate, to lobed, pubescent, and have long petioles. the yellowish-green flowers are in terminal clusters. the fruit is spherical, from to inches in diameter, and light-green in color, changing to a dull-brown when ripe. it contains one or more nuts, or seeds, which have a very hard, boney shell, the surface of which is uneven like the shell of a walnut. the kernels of this nut, when dried, were strung together, or bound on sticks, and served the natives for torches or candles: thus the english name of candlenut tree. the oil obtained from the nut was used by the hawaiians for burning in stone lamps. the kernel, when baked, pounded, and mixed with salt and chili peppers, makes a brown paste which is very appetizing. this is much esteemed by the hawaiians, who call it "inamona." [illustration: plate lxxii.--_candlenut tree_--"_kukui nut._" one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxiii _terminalia cattapa._ tropical almond. "kamani." this deciduous tree, generally called kamani by the hawaiians, with its spreading branches in horizontal whorls or layers, is one of the familiar and useful shade trees of these islands. leaves large, opposite, broadly obovate-obtuse, very short petioled, and turning brilliant shades of red and yellow during the autumn. flowers greenish-white on long spikes, upper ones staminate, the lower ones perfect. the almond-shaped fruit is a compressed hard, nut-like body to ½, inches long, with a thin outer covering which is sweet, and spongy. there is generally one, sometimes two, small, edible kernels found embedded in the hard body. these may be eaten raw, or roasted. [illustration: plate lxxiii.--_tropical almond_--"_kamani._" one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxiv _calophyllum inophyllum._ "kamani." this kamani is a large tropical tree, having shiny, leathery, evergreen foliage. its leaves are obovate, usually marginate, and its white flowers are very fragrant. the fruit, which generally comes in clusters, is round, about the size of a large walnut, and has a thin, leathery skin which covers a boney shell, inside of which is a corky substance surrounding the seed or kernel. this tree was an early introduction to these islands, and is commonly seen on our seacoasts. [illustration: plate lxxiv.--"_kamani._" one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxv _noronhia emarginata._ this tree is a native of madagascar and also of mauritius. a fine specimen may be seen at the government nursery, honolulu. it is a handsome evergreen with entire, cuneate, coriacious leaves, having short petioles. the yellowish flowers come in clusters, and are quite fragrant. the fruit is a one-celled drupe, almost round, and about an inch in diameter. it is purple when ripe, and has a tough skin. the sweet, edible pulp surrounds a very large seed. [illustration: plate lxxv.--_noronhia emarginata._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxvi _castanea sativa._ japanese chestnut. this is a close-headed tree of slender growth, attaining a height of from to feet. its leaves are smaller than those of other chestnuts, generally from to inches long, and are either rounded at the base or reduced to a long, bristle-like point. the monoecious flowers are arranged in long catkins. the small burs have a thin, papery lining, and short, widely-branching spines. the nuts are large and glossy, usually three in a bur. they are somewhat inferior in quality, but are palatable when cooked. to my knowledge there is but one tree of this variety growing in these islands, and it is to be found on the slopes of tantalus, where it was planted by the department of agriculture. [illustration: plate lxxvi.--_japanese chestnut._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxvii _inocarpus edulis._ tahitian chestnut. this tree, which is said to be a native of the moluccas, is an evergreen of very rapid growth. its straight trunk, with smooth, ashen-grey bark, its spreading branches, with their dense green foliage, make a very ornamental as well as useful tree. its leaves are alternate and simple. the small, fragrant, pale yellow flowers are very numerous. the drupe is obliquely oval, and about the size of a goose egg, containing a large kernel which is edible when roasted, but is not especially palatable. the only trees of this variety growing in hawaii are to be found at ahuimanu ranch, oahu, where they fruit regularly, and the seeds germinate after being in the ground some months. [illustration: plate lxxvii.--_tahitian chestnut._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxviii _canarium commune._ canary nut. this medium-sized nut-bearing tree is found growing in java, guam and the philippines, and from any one of those countries may have been introduced to hawaii. a fine specimen may be seen at the government nursery, honolulu. its leaves are alternate, odd pinnate. the small flowers come in terminal panicles. the fruit or nut is ellipsoidal. the thick skin, which is purple-colored when ripe, covers a hard, three-lobed stone, which differs from a pecan nut only in that it is sharp at each end. the kernel is small, sweet and edible. trees propagated from the mature nuts. [illustration: plate lxxviii.--_canary nut._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxix _canarium commune._ canary nut (round variety). few trees of this round variety are to be found in hawaii. its leaves are smaller than those of the preceding variety, and it is a very poor bearer. [illustration: plate lxxix.--_canary nut_ (_round var._) one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxx _macadamia ternifolia._ queensland nut. this sub-tropical australian tree sometimes grows to a height of feet, but in hawaii is of medium size. it is symmetrical and handsome, having dark green, shiny foliage, and long tassel-like white flowers. its glabrous leaves are sessile, oblong, lanceolate, serrate, with fine prickly teeth, and come in whorls of to , varying in length from a few inches to a foot. flowers small; fruit has a thick, very hard shell, which when ripe is a smooth, shiny brown. the kernel is white, crisp and sweet, and has the flavor of hazel nuts. it may be eaten either raw or roasted. the tree matures its fruit in the fall months, and is easily propagated from the fresh nuts. [illustration: plate lxxx.--_queensland nut._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxxi _macadamia sp._ this variety of the queensland nut has leaves and fruit larger than those of _macadamia ternifolia_. [illustration: plate lxxxi.--_macadamia sp._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxxii _aegle marmelos._ bhel or bael fruit. this small spinose tree is a native of tropical asia, and although not commonly grown in hawaii, specimens may be found in several gardens. it has alternate trifoliolate leaves, and flowers, which grow in clusters, are small and fragrant. the gourd-like fruit, with its hard shell, is from to inches in diameter, and is either round or pear-shaped, and although heavy and solid, it will float in water. the rind, when ripe, is a yellowish-brown color, and is studded with oil cells. the interior surface of the skin is lined with open-mouthed cells, which pour their gummy secretions into the interior of the carpel, filling it and bathing the seed. the pulp is sweet and aromatic, and is esteemed for making conserves, and also as a cooling drink. in india, the roots and leaves are used medicinally. bael gum is a sticky, astringent substance soluble in water. the fruit contains several large, flat, woolly seeds, which germinate readily, and the plant is also very easily propagated from root cuttings. [illustration: plate lxxxii.--_bhel or bael fruit._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxxiii _diospyros decandra._ brown persimmon. this is an evergreen tree rarely found in hawaii. it has alternate, irregular, long, narrow leaves, shiny dark-green on the upper side, a velvety light-green on the underside, and has a long petiole. the branches are brittle, light-green, smooth and shiny when young, and after the leaves shed become woody and inclined to dry back. the trunk and bark of the tree is covered with warty excresences. the solitary flowers are four-petaled. the edible fruit ripens in december, is round, depressed, about ½ inches in diameter, in color light-green dotted with numerous white spots. when quite ripe the thin skin turns to a shiny-brown. the soft chocolate colored pulp is sweet and contains from to large flat seeds. [illustration: plate lxxxiii.--_brown persimmon._ natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxxiv _lucuma rivicoa._ egg fruit. this small evergreen tree, which is a native of brazil, is found only in one or two gardens in honolulu. its leaves are elliptic-obovate, resembling those of the mango. the yellow flowers are single, the fruit is the size and shape of a hen's egg, and has the flavor of the yolk of an egg sweetened with sugar. it has from one to three large seeds, which are easily germinated. [illustration: plate lxxxiv.--_egg fruit._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxxv _eriobotrya japonica._ loquat. the loquat has been for many years a familiar fruit in our gardens, and is a native of china and japan. it is a low evergreen tree with thick foliage, and in congenial climates is a profuse bearer. its leaves are thick, oblong, and remotely toothed and grow near the ends of the branches. the white flowers grow in clusters, are very fragrant, and the fruit, which also ripens in clusters, about christmas time, is pear-shaped, and has an agreeable acid flavor. the seeds are large, and germinate readily. fine grafted and budded varieties have been introduced by local horticulturalists. [illustration: plate lxxxv.--_loquat._ one fourth natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxxvi _litchi chinensis._ "lichee." this tree, with its dense foliage, is a native of southern china. the first tree of this variety was brought to hawaii by mr. afong, and planted at his residence in nuuanu avenue, honolulu, in the year . the leaves are alternate, and abruptly pinnate; the oblong leaflets are not quite opposite. flowers pale green, small and regular, producing bunches of reddish-colored fruits, each about the size of a small walnut. they are covered with a parchment-like skin having many soft spines. the interior consists of a large seed covered with a whitish pulp of a sweetish acid flavor; this pulp when dried in the shell becomes somewhat shriveled, brownish in color, and very sweet. the fruiting season is in july, and as there are but few trees here that bear, high prices are obtained for this rare fruit, which is much prized by the chinese. fresh seeds will germinate, but it requires so many years for these seedlings to bear that grafted and budded plants are imported from china. [illustration: plate lxxxvi.--"_lichee._" one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxxvii _euphoria longana._ longan. this tree is a native of india and southern china. it produces its flowers and fruits at about the same time of year as does the litchi, which it somewhat resembles, although its fruits are somewhat smaller and less palatable. the tree grows to a height of about feet. it has large, alternate, pinnate leaves, and the oblong leaflets are not quite opposite; they are glossy on the upper surface, and a dusty-brown on the underside. the small flowers come in terminal panicles; and the fruit, which is borne in clusters, has a thin, brittle, somewhat rough shell. there is one large, smooth, hard seed; around which is a thin layer of sweetish, aromatic pulp. the best fruits raised here are those grown by the chinese. [illustration: plate lxxxvii.--_longan._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxxviii _morus nigra._ mulberry. this low-growing tree is a native of southwestern russia and persia. it has rough, dark-green leaves, usually not lobed. the thick, fleshy fruit is variable in size. the mulberry grows readily from cuttings. [illustration: plate lxxxviii.--_mulberry._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate lxxxix _garcinia mangostana._ mangosteen. this tree is a native of sumatra and of the islands of the eastern archipelago. it is of medium size, the stem rising to a height of about feet; and its branches coming out in regular order give the head of the tree the form of a parabola. the leaves are about inches long and inches broad at the middle; they are a beautiful green on the upper side and a delicate olive on the under side. the flowers resemble a single rose with dark-red petals. the fruit is round, about the size of a small orange, and has a characteristic persistent calyx. the shell is at first green, and when ripe changes to purplish-brown marked with yellow spots. the mangosteen is called the queen of fruits, and the tree upon which it is produced is most graceful and beautiful. those who have tasted this fruit in its perfection declare it to be indescribably delicious. the mangosteen must have a hot, moist, and fairly equable climate throughout the year. many mangosteen trees have been brought to hawaii, and have received intelligent care, but they have not thrived well; and have eventually died. only two have ever produced fruit; one in the garden of mr. francis gay of kauai, which bears its fruit annually, and the other tree at lahaina, maui, in the garden formerly the property of mr. harry turton. [illustration: plate lxxxix.--_mangosteen._ two thirds natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xc _garcinia xanthochymus._ this handsome tree is a native of india, and was first introduced to hawaii by mr. albert jaeger. it has long, narrow, leathery leaves of a bright, glossy green. the flowers, which have four petals, appear at the axil of the leaves, and the fruit, which is about the size of a small quince, has a smooth, thin skin, which is yellow when ripe. the firm pulp is golden yellow, very juicy, and sour, and the seeds are large. this variety is common in the islands, and has often been mistaken for the mangosteen. it ripens its fruit in october and november. this variety has been used to inarch the garcina mangostana upon. [illustration: plate xc.--_garcinia xanthochymus._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xci _bunchosia sp._ this tree was doubtless introduced to hawaii from south america. there are only two specimens of its kind growing in honolulu. its fruits are edible, but not especially palatable. it is a small tree having terete branches, and its opposite leaves are oblong-elliptical, dark-green above and a lighter, somewhat glossy-green beneath. the petioles are short. the axillary inflorescence comes in long, slender cymes, and the five-petaled flowers are yellow. when ripe, the obovate fruit is a purplish-yellow, having usually two seeds, and but one seed when abortive. [illustration: plate xci.--_bunchosia sp._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xcii _malpighia glabra._ barbados cherry. this small shrub is a native of the west indies. its dull-green leaves are opposite, ovate and glabrous, either entire or spiny-toothed. the rose-colored flowers are axillary and five-petaled. the bright red fruit is about the size of a cherry, and has a thin skin, and its acid pulp is used for jam and preserves. the seeds or stones are large, four-angled, and germinate readily; plants are also produced by cuttings. though not common in these islands, there are, however, a few specimens of this plant to be found in several of the private gardens of honolulu. [illustration: plate xcii.--_barbados cherry._ natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xciii _theobroma cacao._ chocolate, cocoa. in hawaii this tropical tree grows to a height of from to feet. it has large, pointed leaves, and the new growth is wine-colored. the flowers appear on the trunk and mature branches, and the fruit which follows is about to inches long, and is called the pod; inside of this pod are beans or seeds, from which the commercial product called cocoa is made, through a process of drying and curing. chocolate is the term used for the sweetened preparations of the roasted and ground beans, with a large proportion of the original fat retained. cocoa preparations are the same material in fine powder, sweetened and unsweetened, with a greater part of the fat extracted. cacao cultivation has never been successfully attempted in hawaii. however, a few isolated trees can be found at ahuimanu ranch, oahu, where they were planted by the catholic brothers as an experiment some years ago. [illustration: plate xciii.--_chocolate, cocoa._ one fourth natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xciv _hibiscus sabdariffa._ roselle. this bush or shrub is a showy annual growing to a height of from to feet. the stems are reddish, and the pale yellow flowers solitary. the leaves are palmate and of a light-green color. it is widely cultivated in the tropics, in florida, and in southern california; and also thrives in hawaii. the dark crimson calyces are very fleshy and make excellent jelly, which has somewhat the flavor of the cranberry. [illustration: plate xciv.--_roselle._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xcv _monstera deliciosa._ the monstera deliciosa, one of the grandest of arid plants, is a native of the mountainous regions of guatamala and brazil. it climbs to a height of or more feet, and its leaf stalks are often feet long. it obtains nourishment from the tree upon which it attaches itself. its leaves are huge and perforated. as the plant climbs, the stems emit aerial roots, many of which never reach the ground. the fruit which has the appearance of an elongated pine-cone, grows to a length of from to inches, and is about ½ inches in diameter. the rind is composed of plates which may be detached when the fruit is quite ripe. it is green in color until it ripens, when there appears a slight tinge of yellow. the creamy-white pulp has a most delicious flavor, somewhat resembling the banana, and also like the pineapple. it requires months to mature the fruit. propagation is by cuttings. [illustration: plate xcv.--_monstera deliciosa._ one fourth natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xcvi _anacardium occidentale._ cashew nut. this spreading tree is a native of the west indies; and although it is seen in several gardens of our islands, it is not common. the first tree of its kind was planted by mr. henry davis in his grounds at punahou. the tree grows to a height of from to feet. the light-green, leathery leaves are oval and rough, its pink flowers have a peculiar, strong fragrance. the fruit consists of two distinct parts; the heart-shaped nut or seed and the fleshy, pear-shaped receptacle to which it is attached. this receptacle is from to inches long, is either red or yellow, and is very juicy and astringent. the nut or seed is edible when roasted. it is much appreciated in the west indies. while being roasted the fumes are said to be poisonous. [illustration: plate xcvi.--_cashew nut._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xcvii _ziziphus jujuba._ "jujube." this tree, which grows to a height of from to feet, is a native of china, from which country it was probably introduced to these islands. its branches are usually prickly; the leaves, which are from to inches in length, are alternate, ovate to oblong, obtuse, and are dark green and glabrous above, and tawny and nearly white beneath. the flowers are axillary. the yellow fruit, which ripens in march, is about the size of a cherry. when eaten raw, it has a bitter flavor, but it makes an excellent preserve. [illustration: plate xcvii.--"_jujube._" one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xcviii _phyllanthus emblica._ there is but one tree of this species that has ever fruited in honolulu. it is to be found growing in the grounds of the royal mausoleum, nuuanu valley. it is of medium height, having a crooked trunk, and its thin, scattered branches grow irregularly. the numerous alternate leaves are pinnate, the obtuse leaflets growing close together, and are from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in length. its minute flowers are greenish-yellow. the round, six-striated fruit is smooth and fleshy, and three-fourths to one inch in diameter. the seeds are enclosed in three or more obovate cells, each cell containing two seeds. the pulp is hard and bitter, but when cooked makes an excellent preserve. [illustration: plate xcviii. _phyllanthus emblica._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate xcix _phyllanthus distichus._ otaheiti gooseberry. this is a low-growing tree having large pinnate leaves with acute, alternate leaflets, which are about one to two inches in length. its flowers grow on separate branches below the foliage. the fleshy, green fruit, which is borne in long clusters, is acid and astringent, but when made into preserves or pickles is palatable. the root and seeds have medicinal qualities. there is but one tree of this species in honolulu. it is growing in the garden of mr. wm. wolters. [illustration: plate xcix.--_otaheiti gooseberry._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate c _olea europea._ olive. the olive, which is a native of southwestern asia, is not a tree of any great height, but is very longlived, and yields prolifically. although not cultivated to any extent, the olive has been growing in hawaii for many years. however, it has fruited only in a few favorable localities, and nothing has ever been done to test its value commercially. the tree thrives best in a warm, dry atmosphere, where the soil is rich and well drained. long-continued droughts so detrimental to most plants will affect the olive but slightly. the tree requires judicious pruning immediately after the fruit is gathered, when the sap is comparatively at rest. the small, thick leaves are lanceolate, opposite, and usually entire; they are dull green above and silvery beneath. the small white flowers, which come in panicles, are usually imperfect. the fruit is a small, ellipsoid drupe, which is bluish-black when ripe. its oil is an important product. the olive may be propagated from seeds, cuttings, layers, suckers and pieces of the old stumps. the seeds require some time to germinate, and the growth of the young plant is slow. [illustration: plate c.--_olive._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate ci _vitis labrusca._ "isabella grape." this variety of grape was early introduced to these islands, and has become very popular. it is a hardy vine, variable in productiveness, and is practically the only grape grown in any quantity in hawaii. the leaves are of medium size, often roundish and thick; their upper surface is dark-green, the under surface is whitish-green. the isabella is an attractive blue-black grape, bearing in large, well-formed clusters, having a thick bloom. the muskiness of the thick skin is somewhat objectionable. [illustration: plate ci.--"_isabella grape._" one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cii _pyrus sinensis._ sand pear. this tree is a vigorous and clean grower, having strong, thick shoots, beautiful foliage, and very ornamental fruit. the dark-green leaves are broadly ovate, and long-pointed, with their margins thickly furnished with very sharp, almost bristle-like teeth. the large white flowers appear rather in advance of the leaves. the fruit is hard and rough, about ½ inches in diameter, with generally a depression about the stem. the flesh is tough and gritty, but is very delicious when baked. propagation is by cuttings. [illustration: plate cii.--_sand pear._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate ciii _passiflora quadrangularis._ granadilla vine. this tall, strong climber is a native of tropical america. its leaves are broadly ovate, and the strong stems are purplish in color. the large, interesting flowers are from to inches across. the sepals are linear and violet shaded, the petals are very narrow and lilac. the many rows of filaments in the crown are violet with bars of white below the middle, the inner and shorter set being deep violet. the oblong fruit attains a size from to inches in length, and in color is a pale, yellowish green. the succulent, edible pulp of its hollow center has an agreeable sub-acid flavor, and contains many flat seeds. this vine bears well where there are bees; artificial fertilization also increases the number of its fruits. [illustration: plate ciii.--_granadilla vine._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate civ _passiflora edulis._ purple water lemon. "lilikoi." this strong, woody vine is native of brazil, and is naturalized in most tropical countries. its first introduction to these islands was at lilikoi, district of makawao, maui, whence its native name. its serrate leaves are large and deeply three-lobed; the white flowers are tinted with purple. the fruit is oblong, globular, and when ripe is purple in color; its shell-like skin is thick and crisp. the orange-colored edible pulp is very fragrant, and is filled with small seeds, which germinate readily. [illustration: plate civ.--_purple water lemon_--"_lilikoi._" one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cv _passiflora laurifolia._ yellow water lemon. this strong-growing, glabrous vine, climbing by tendrils, is a native of tropical america. the date when it was introduced to hawaii, and by whom, is not known; but in the hilo and hamakua districts of hawaii this variety grows wild. its thick leaves are oval, oblong and entire, and have a short, sharp point. the flowers are about ½, inches across, are white, with red spots on them. the fruit is slightly oblong, inches in diameter, and very regular in size and shape. when ripe, it is yellow spotted with white. it has a medium-hard shell or skin, and the edible pulp is whitish-yellow, and contains many flat, black seeds. [illustration: plate cv.--_yellow water lemon._ one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cvi _passiflora alata._ this is a strong, vigorous vine, very suitable for arbors and trellises. it is not commonly found in hawaii; however, a very fine specimen of its kind is growing in dr. st. d. g. walter's garden in honolulu. the leaves are oval to ovate, the petioles having two glands. the fragrant purple flowers are about two inches in diameter. the ovoid-pointed fruit has a tough, leathery shell which, when green, is six-striated, with white stripes; when quite ripe the fruit is a dull orange-yellow. the numerous seeds are imbedded in the juicy, scented pulp, which is aromatic and delicious. propagation is by seed and by cuttings. [illustration: plate cvi.--_passiflora alata._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cvii _passiflora, var. foetida._ this strong and hardy vine grows well on arbors and trellises. its leaves are three-cleft, and have long petioles; and spiral tendrils spring from the axils. the single, pale-green flowers are surrounded by a green, lace-like covering. the fruit is nearly globular, and slightly pointed; it is about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and when ripe is a bright scarlet. [illustration: plate cvii. _passiflora, var. foetida._ two thirds natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cviii _cereus triangularis._ night-blooming cereus. although this plant with its wonderful nocturnal blossoms may be found growing almost everywhere in the islands, the best specimens of its kind may be seen on the stone walls of oahu college. the beautiful creamy flowers with their yellow centers are large, about a foot long, and when in full bloom about the same in diameter. the tube is covered with large, leaf-like green scales. the fruit, which is about ½ inches long and inches in diameter, is covered with persistent, large, fleshy scales which are scarlet colored when ripe, and the interior pulp is edible and refreshing. fruit, however, upon the night-blooming cereus in hawaii is rather rare, although a few fine specimens have matured. [illustration: plate cviii.--_night-blooming cereus._ two thirds natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cix _kigelia pinnata._ sausage tree. this medium-sized and very handsome shade tree is a native of tropical africa. it was probably introduced to hawaii by dr. hillebrand. a fine tree of this species is growing in mrs. foster's garden, nuuanu avenue. it has large pinnate leaves, and panicles of purple flowers. the peculiar rough, grey, oblong fruits hang from a long stem, and present an odd appearance. this tree and also one other of the same variety growing in the grounds of the queen's hospital, very rarely set their fruit. because of the difficulty of obtaining seeds, the sausage tree has not been widely distributed. [illustration: plate cix.--_sausage tree._ one fourth natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cx _phoenix dactylifera._ the date palm. the date, which is a native of north africa, arabia, and persia, is a noble palm, often growing to a height of from to feet. it is of remarkable longevity, and will continue to produce fruit even at the age of a hundred years. the neighborhood of the sea is considered unfavorable to their production, although they will luxuriate in saltish soil and bear well when brackish water is used. many varieties of dates exist, the fruit differing in shape, size and color. they will grow from seeds, although the superior varieties can be continued only from off-shoots of the root. these will commence to bear in five years. in asia, the growers of the commercial date find it necessary to pollinate artificially by hanging sprays of the male flowers in the branches of the fruit-bearing trees. there are no imported trees bearing in hawaii, and although there are many date trees in honolulu, artificial pollination would doubtless greatly increase the yield and the quality of the fruit. [illustration: plate cx.--_the date palm._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxi _phoenix dactylifera._ date (red and yellow variety). the accompanying cut shows fruit from two of the best date trees in honolulu, and it is curious to note that both of them were grown from seeds taken from packages of dried dates purchased from a local grocer. [illustration: plate cxi.--_date_ (_red and yellow var._) one third natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxii _acrocomia sp._ this interesting palm is seldom seen in hawaii; there being but two specimens of its kind that have produced fruit in honolulu. its stem is capitately thickened at the persistent bases of the armed petioles. the glaucous leaves are pari-pinnate with narrow, lanceolate, accuminate segments, having a prominent mid-rib. the inflorescence is simple and branching. the fruit is arranged similar to that of cocos, each about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, sub-globose with a pointed apex. when ripe, it is a bright yellow, and its juicy, edible pulp has the flavor of apricots. [illustration: plate cxii.--_acrocomia sp._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxiii _cocos nucifera._ cocoanut palm. "niu." the original home of this widely-diffused tree is not positively known. some writers say it is indigenous to the islands of the indian ocean; others show that in all probability it is of american origin. on account of its buoyant husk and impervious shell, it was enabled to drift across the oceans without losing its germinating power, and in this manner was widely dispersed. it is strictly a tropical plant, and grows naturally on the seashore, or in its immediate vicinity. it has pinnate leaves about to feet long, and the inflorescence first appears in a cylindrical sheath, which splits length-wise, exposing long sprays of male flowers, and near the base generally one female flower, which is much larger, and eventually develops into a fruit. the picture shows both forms of flowers, as well as a young nut, and also a mature cocoanut. propagation is by means of the nut alone, which must be thoroughly ripe before planting. the outer husk must be left on, germination taking place at the largest eye; sometimes two eyes may sprout, and twin trees grow from these. many varieties have been imported from islands of the pacific, ceylon, west indies, and central america. the cocoanut is not raised in hawaii for commercial purposes. [illustration: plate cxiii.--_cocoanut palm_--"_niu._" one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxiv _cordia collococca._ clammy cherry. this low tree, with its spreading branches, is a native of the west indies, and is rarely met with in these islands; there being but two trees of its kind known to me, one growing at the old plantation, honolulu, the other at honouliuli ranch, oahu. the whitish branches are very brittle. the leaves are obovate, oblong, glabrous above and shiny beneath. the subsessile flowers are whiteish-purple. the fruit, which is half inch in diameter, is bluntly pointed and smooth. the fleshy pulp is sticky, and adheres to the single seed. this plant may be grown from seeds and from cuttings. [illustration: plate cxiv.--_clammy cherry._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxv _flacourtia cataphracta._ this tree, which is a native of the malay islands and china, was introduced to hawaii by mr. albert jaeger. there is but one tree which has borne fruit; this is growing at the old plantation, honolulu, oahu. the tree, which is about feet high, has dense foliage; the leaves are small, oblong, lanceolate, glabrous, having short petioles. flowers very small, dioceous; the fruit about the size of a common grape, is purple when ripe, and has a pleasant sub-acid flavor. it contains a few flatish seeds. [illustration: plate cxv.--_flacourtia cataphracta._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxvi _atalantia buxifolia._ this small tree of dwarfish habit is from tropical asia. it is closely related to the orange, and has large thorns. its simple leaves are alternate, coriaceous, emarginate, and from to ½ inches in length. the petioles are short. the small, solitary flowers have five petals. the berry is globose and three-quarters of an inch in diameter. when ripe, it is a shiny black, and has a thick skin. the pulp has somewhat the flavor of a lime, and the seeds are generally to in number. the only specimens of this tree in hawaii are growing in the garden of mrs. foster; they, presumably, were introduced by dr. hillebrand, as these gardens formerly belonged to him. [illustration: plate cxvi.--_atalantia buxifolia._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxvii _bumelia sp._ this large shrub is a native of india. its alternate, entire, obovate leaves have short petioles; they are glabrous and are about to inches in length. the small flowers are light pink. the small, globose fruits grow in bunches; these are purple when ripe, but are not edible. the only tree of its kind in honolulu is growing in the grounds of the queen's hospital. [illustration: plate cxvii.--_bumelia sp._ natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxviii _ochrosia elliptica._ this plant grows in the pacific islands, malay peninsula, ceylon, and australia; and on account of its handsome scarlet fruit is cultivated as an ornament, as the fruit is not edible. the tree is a small evergreen, having alternate, glabrous, coriaceous leaves which are crowded at the ends of the stout branches. the small, white flowers have five petals. the fruit consists usually of two, rarely one, spreading scarlet drupes, each containing a large seed. the first specimen of its kind in hawaii was planted at the government nursery, honolulu, where it is still growing. [illustration: plate cxviii.--_ochrosia elliptica._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxix _ananas sativus._ pineapple. this variety of the pineapple plant was grown at an early date in these islands, and until the new and spineless forms were introduced was the only quality offered in the fruit markets. it is now cultivated but little, and is often found growing wild. the rosette at the head of the fleshy fruit has numerous thorny leaves. the fruit is much smaller than those of the thornless varieties, but it has a very sweet flavor. [illustration: plate cxix.--_pineapple._ one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxx _opuntia tuna._ prickly pear--"panini." this erect, wide-spreading plant was early introduced to these islands from mexico. it thrives well in arid lands, and in times of drought its succulent, fleshy leaves and juicy fruit are eaten by cattle. the plants, when old, become hard and woody, having many stout spines. the large flowers are reddish-yellow, and the obovate, truncate fruit is a purplish-red, having a thick fibrous skin, which is covered with fine bristles. the edible pulp is reddish-purple and contains numerous seeds. [illustration: plate cxx.--_prickly pear_--"_panini._" one half natural size.] _g. p. w. collection._ plate cxxi _prosopis juliflora._ algaroba--"kiawe." the kiawe deserves a special mention in this book, as it is, in my opinion, one of the most valuable and beautiful trees that grows in the hawaiian islands. perhaps on account of its very general dissemination, and because of the ease with which it spreads spontaneously, even in the driest districts, it has received less consideration than has been accorded to other plants more difficult of propagation. the kiawe is the foundation of all the beauty of our lowlands, and provides a delicate background for other plants. under favorable circumstances, it reaches to a height of feet. it has wide-spreading branches and delicate-green foliage. the flowers yield a delicious honey, and the seed-pods furnish a valuable fodder, and, finally, when the tree is cut down, its wood makes the very best of fuel. the algaroba is a native of central and south america. ordinarily it is a moderate-sized tree of quick and easy growth. its branches in most cases are covered with stout, cylindrical, axillary spines, and in other cases they are unarmed. the abruptly bi-pinnate leaves have from to pairs of linear leaflets about one-fourth to one inch in length. the small, pale-yellow flowers come in cylindrical spikes. the straight or sickle-shaped seed-pod is sweet, and is eaten by stock. propagation is by seed. the first algaroba tree of hawaii was brought to honolulu in by father bachelot, founder of the roman catholic mission in the islands. it was planted in the mission garden, where the venerable tree is standing today. [illustration: plate cxxi.--_algaroba_--"_kiawe._"] detailed transcriber's notes. general notes. the relative size of items noted in the captions of the plates relates to the original book, not to this document. scaling of the images in preparation of this e-book and the size and resolution of the media on which the e-book is read make general statements about the relative size of the pictured items impossible. the "index" was completely reworked so that it reflects the titles and captions within the body of the book. the original style was maintained. details of changes to the "index" are omitted. the page number indicates the plate, not the text preceding it. the text of the book varies from the original in that obvious misprints have been fixed. where the intent of the misprint was not obvious, it has been left in place and noted below. use of archaic and unusual words, spelling and styling has been maintained. inconsistent hyphenation has been retained. capitalization of botanical names is maintained as in the original. details of the changes follow. details of the changes. frequently used archaic spelling and styling which have been maintained: anona (annona), cocoanut (coconut), guatamala (guatemala) and nuuanu avenue (nuuanu avenue). others occur less frequently. both the spellings preceding and preceeding were used throughout the book. they have been standardized to preceding, as noted below. in the caption of plate iii, to match the text title--changed to: guatamala avocado (in original book: avocado). in the text with plate iv, changed to: elevation (in original book: elevtaion); and inserted period after the fruit-bearing stems. in the text with plate v, changed to: successful (in original book: ssuccessful). in the text with plate xi, changed to: preceding (in original book: preceeding). in the text with plate xvii, changed to: soil (in original book: sosil); and to: preceding (in original book: preceeding). in the text title with plate xx, changed to: edulis (in original book: eduiis). in the text with plate xxii, for clarity, changed to: - th (in original book: - ); and changed to: underside (in original book: under-side) for consistency with elsewhere in the book. in the text with plate xxiv, changed to: small (in original book: samll). in the text with plate xxxi, changed to: leaves (in original book: laves) and changed to: who (in original book: whos). in the text and captions associated with plates xxxv through xxxvii, the spellings papaya and papaia were both used. they have been standardized to papaya. in the caption of plate xxxvi, moved the period (".") outside the parentheses, to match chapter heading. in the text with plate xxxvii, the word pesin is probably a printing error, however it is unclear whether the intended word was resin or pepsin. the error has been left as in the original. in the text with plate xxxviii, changed to: generally (in original book: generaly). in the caption of plate xxxviii, italicized chinese orange for consistency with other caption formatting. in the text title and caption of plate xli, changed to: lime (in original book: limes) for consistency with rest of the book. in the title of the text with plate xlv, changed to: washington navel orange (in original book: washington navel). in the text with plate lvi, changed to: protuberance (in original book: portuberance). in the text title and caption of plate lviii, changed to: sweet red guava (in original book: sweet red). in the text with plate lviii, changed to: preceding (in original book: preceeding). in the title of the text with plate lxiv, changed to: lxiv (in original book: lxvi). in the text with plate lxiv, changed to: followed (in original book: folowed); and changed to: so-called (in original book: socalled) for consistency with elsewhere in the book. in the title of the text with plate lxvii, changed to: varieties (in original book: varities); and in the text, changed to: center (in original book: centre) for consistency with the elsewhere in the book. in the text with plate lxx, i suspect that to should have been to . in the text and caption of plate lxxii, changed to: candlenut (in original book: candle nut, candle-nut and candlenut) for consistency within this page. in the text with plate lxxix, changed to: preceding (in original book: preceeding). in the text with plate lxxxvi, changed to: consists (in original book: consistss). in the text with plate lxxxix, changed to: parabola (in original book: parobola). in the text with plate xci, changed to: yellow (in original book: yelow). in the text with plate xcv, changed to: delicious (in original book: declicious). in the title of the text with plate xcix, changed to: phyllanthus (in original book: phllanthus). in the title of the text with plate cii, changed to: sinensis (in original book: sinense). in the title of the text with plate ciii and in the caption: granadilla vine (in original book: grenadilla). in the text with plate ciii, changed to: climber (in original book: climer); and changed to: succulent (in original book: suculent). in the caption of plate cviii, changed to: night-blooming (in original book: night-blooming) for consistency in caption formatting. in the text with plate cx, changed to: considered (in original book: considereed); and changed to the archaic word: saltish (in original book: satlish). in the text with plate cxiii, changed to: american (in original book: ameriican). in the title of the text with plate cxiv, changed to: collococca (in original book: colloccoca). in the text with plate cxvii, changed to: honolulu (in original book: honolulue). in the text with plate cxviii, changed to: where it is (in original book: where is is). in the caption of plate cxix, for consistency changed to: pineapple (in original book: pine apple).