A Discourse concerning militia's and standing armies with relation to the past and present governments of Europe and of England in particular.
      
       
         
           1697
        
      
       Approx. 41 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 16 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images.
       
         Text Creation Partnership,
         Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :
         2009-03 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).
         A39782
         Wing F1294
         ESTC R5238
         11209913
         ocm 11209913
         46820
         
           
            This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of
             Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal
            . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
          
        
      
       
         Early English books online.
      
       
         (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A39782)
         Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 46820)
         Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1441:78)
      
       
         
           
             A Discourse concerning militia's and standing armies with relation to the past and present governments of Europe and of England in particular.
             Fletcher, Andrew, 1655-1716.
          
           30 p.
           
             [s.n.],
             London printed :
             1697.
          
           
             Attributed by Wing to Andrew Fletcher.
             Reproduction of the original in the Harvard University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford.
         Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors.
      
       
         EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO.
         EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org).
         The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source.
         Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data.
         Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so.
         Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor.
         The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines.
         Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements).
         
          Keying and markup guidelines are available at the
           Text Creation Partnership web site
          .
        
      
       
         
         
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           England and Wales. -- Army.
           Great Britain -- History, Military.
        
      
    
     
        2007-06 TCP
        Assigned for keying and markup
      
        2007-07 Apex CoVantage
        Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images
      
        2008-02 Elspeth Healey
        Sampled and proofread
      
        2008-02 Elspeth Healey
        Text and markup reviewed and edited
      
        2008-09 pfs
        Batch review (QC) and XML conversion
      
    
  
   
     
       
         
         
         
           A
           DISCOURSE
           Concerning
           MILITIA'S
           AND
           Standing
           Armies
           ,
           With
           relation
           to
           the
           Past
           and
           Present
           Governments
           of
           EVROPE
           ,
           AND
           OF
           ENGLAND
           in
           particular
           .
        
         
           
             Res
             est
             periculi
             plena
             ,
             summam
             Rei
             Publicae
             hominibus
             Mercenariis
             ,
             sine
             re
             ,
             sine
             spe
             ,
             quidvis
             ob
             pecuniam
             ausuris
             ,
             committere
             ;
             quorum
             profundam
             avaritiam
             incendat
             ad
             nova
             molienda
             occasio
             ,
             &
             fortuna
             secum
             fidem
             circumagat
             .
          
           
             Thuan.
             Hist
             .
          
        
         
           London
           ,
           Printed
           in
           the
           Year
           1697.
           
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           A
           DISCOURSE
           Concerning
           Militia's
           and
           
             Standing
             Armies
          
           .
        
         
           THERE
           is
           not
           perhaps
           in
           humane
           Affairs
           any
           thing
           so
           unaccountable
           as
           the
           Indignity
           and
           Cruelty
           with
           which
           the
           far
           greater
           part
           of
           Mankind
           suffer
           themselves
           to
           be
           used
           under
           pretence
           of
           Government
           .
           For
           some
           Men
           falsly
           perswading
           themselves
           that
           bad
           Governments
           are
           advantageous
           to
           them
           ,
           as
           most
           conducing
           to
           gratify
           their
           Ambition
           ,
           Avarice
           and
           Luxury
           ,
           set
           themselves
           with
           the
           utmost
           Art
           and
           Violence
           to
           procure
           their
           Establishment
           :
           and
           almost
           the
           whole
           World
           has
           been
           trampled
           under
           foot
           ,
           and
           subjected
           to
           Tyranny
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           understanding
           by
           what
           Methods
           they
           were
           brought
           into
           it
           .
           For
           tho
           Mankind
           take
           great
           Care
           and
           Pains
           to
           instruct
           themselves
           in
           other
           Arts
           and
           Sciences
           ,
           yet
           very
           few
           apply
           themselves
           to
           consider
           the
           Nature
           of
           Government
           ,
           an
           Enquiry
           so
           useful
           and
           necessary
           both
           
           to
           Magistrate
           and
           People
           .
           Nay
           ,
           in
           most
           Countries
           the
           Arts
           of
           State
           being
           altogether
           directed
           either
           to
           enslave
           the
           People
           ,
           or
           to
           keep
           them
           under
           Slavery
           ,
           it
           is
           become
           almost
           every
           where
           a
           Crime
           to
           reason
           about
           Matters
           of
           Government
           .
           But
           if
           Men
           would
           bestow
           a
           small
           part
           of
           the
           Time
           and
           Application
           which
           they
           throw
           away
           upon
           curious
           but
           useless
           Studies
           ,
           or
           endless
           Gaming
           ,
           in
           perusing
           those
           excellent
           Rules
           of
           Government
           which
           the
           Antients
           have
           left
           us
           ,
           they
           would
           be
           enabled
           to
           discover
           all
           such
           Abuses
           and
           Corruptions
           as
           tend
           to
           the
           Ruine
           of
           Publick
           Societies
           .
           'T
           is
           therefore
           very
           strange
           that
           they
           should
           think
           Study
           and
           Knowledg
           necessary
           in
           every
           thing
           they
           go
           about
           ,
           except
           in
           the
           noblest
           and
           most
           useful
           of
           all
           Applications
           ,
           The
           Art
           of
           Government
           .
        
         
           Now
           if
           any
           Man
           in
           compassion
           to
           the
           Miseries
           of
           a
           People
           should
           endeavour
           to
           disabuse
           them
           in
           any
           thing
           relating
           to
           Government
           ,
           he
           will
           certainly
           incur
           the
           Displeasure
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           be
           pursued
           by
           the
           Rage
           of
           those
           ,
           who
           think
           they
           find
           their
           Account
           in
           the
           Oppression
           of
           the
           World
           ;
           but
           will
           hardly
           succeed
           in
           his
           Endeavours
           to
           undeceive
           the
           Multitude
           .
           For
           the
           Generality
           of
           all
           Ranks
           of
           Men
           are
           cheated
           by
           Words
           and
           Names
           ;
           and
           provided
           the
           antient
           Terms
           and
           outward
           Forms
           of
           any
           Government
           be
           retained
           ,
           let
           the
           Nature
           of
           it
           be
           never
           so
           much
           altered
           ,
           they
           continue
           to
           dream
           that
           they
           shall
           still
           enjoy
           their
           former
           Liberty
           ,
           and
           are
           not
           to
           be
           awakned
           till
           it
           prove
           too
           late
           .
           Of
           this
           there
           are
           many
           remarkable
           Examples
           in
           History
           ;
           but
           that
           particular
           
           Instance
           which
           I
           have
           chosen
           to
           insist
           on
           ,
           as
           most
           sutable
           to
           my
           purpose
           ,
           is
           ,
           the
           Alteration
           of
           Government
           which
           happened
           in
           most
           Countries
           of
           Europe
           about
           the
           Year
           1500.
           
           And
           't
           is
           worth
           Observation
           ,
           that
           tho
           this
           Change
           was
           fatal
           to
           their
           Liberty
           ,
           yet
           it
           was
           not
           introduced
           by
           the
           Contrivance
           of
           ill-designing
           Men
           ;
           nor
           were
           the
           mischievous
           Consequences
           perceived
           ,
           unless
           by
           a
           few
           wise
           Men
           ,
           who
           ,
           if
           they
           saw
           it
           ,
           wanted
           Power
           to
           prevent
           it
           .
        
         
           Two
           hundred
           Years
           being
           already
           passed
           since
           this
           Alteration
           began
           ,
           Europe
           has
           felt
           the
           Effects
           of
           it
           by
           sad
           Experience
           ;
           and
           the
           true
           Causes
           of
           the
           Change
           are
           now
           become
           more
           visible
           .
        
         
           To
           lay
           open
           this
           Matter
           in
           its
           full
           Extent
           ,
           it
           will
           be
           necessary
           to
           look
           farther
           back
           ,
           and
           examin
           the
           Original
           and
           Constitution
           of
           those
           Governments
           that
           were
           established
           in
           Europe
           about
           the
           Year
           400
           ,
           and
           continued
           till
           this
           Alteration
           .
        
         
           When
           the
           Goths
           ,
           Vandals
           ,
           and
           other
           warlike
           Nations
           ,
           had
           at
           different
           Times
           ,
           and
           under
           different
           Leaders
           ,
           over-run
           the
           Western
           Parts
           of
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ,
           they
           introduced
           the
           following
           Form
           of
           Government
           into
           all
           the
           Nations
           they
           subdued
           .
           The
           General
           of
           the
           Army
           became
           King
           of
           the
           Conquered
           Country
           ;
           and
           the
           Conquest
           being
           absolute
           ,
           he
           divided
           the
           Lands
           amongst
           the
           Great
           Officers
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           afterwards
           called
           Barons
           ;
           who
           again
           parcelled
           out
           their
           several
           Territories
           in
           smaller
           Portions
           to
           the
           inferiour
           Souldiers
           that
           had
           followed
           them
           in
           the
           Wars
           ,
           and
           who
           then
           became
           their
           Vassals
           ,
           
           enjoying
           those
           Lands
           for
           Military
           Service
           .
           The
           King
           reserved
           to
           himself
           some
           Demeasnes
           for
           the
           Maintenance
           of
           his
           Court
           and
           Attendance
           .
           When
           this
           was
           done
           ,
           there
           was
           no
           longer
           any
           standing
           Army
           kept
           on
           foot
           ,
           but
           every
           Man
           went
           to
           live
           upon
           his
           own
           Lands
           ;
           and
           when
           the
           Defence
           of
           the
           Country
           required
           an
           Army
           ,
           the
           King
           summoned
           the
           Barons
           to
           his
           Standard
           ,
           who
           came
           attended
           with
           their
           Vassals
           .
           Thus
           were
           the
           Armies
           of
           Europe
           composed
           for
           about
           eleven
           hundred
           Years
           ;
           and
           this
           Constitution
           of
           Government
           put
           the
           Sword
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           Subject
           ,
           because
           the
           Vassals
           depended
           more
           immediately
           on
           the
           Barons
           ,
           than
           on
           the
           King
           ;
           which
           effectually
           secured
           the
           Freedom
           of
           those
           Governments
           .
           For
           the
           Barons
           could
           not
           make
           use
           of
           their
           Power
           to
           destroy
           those
           limited
           Monarchies
           ,
           without
           destroying
           their
           own
           Grandeur
           ;
           nor
           could
           the
           King
           invade
           their
           Privileges
           ,
           having
           no
           other
           Forces
           than
           the
           Vassals
           of
           his
           own
           Demeasnes
           to
           rely
           upon
           for
           his
           Support
           in
           such
           an
           Attempt
           .
        
         
           I
           lay
           no
           great
           stress
           on
           any
           other
           Limitations
           of
           those
           Monarchies
           ;
           nor
           do
           I
           think
           any
           so
           essential
           to
           the
           Liberties
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           as
           that
           which
           placed
           the
           Sword
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           Subject
           .
           But
           since
           in
           our
           time
           most
           Princes
           of
           Europe
           are
           in
           possession
           of
           the
           Sword
           ,
           by
           standing
           Mercenary
           Forces
           kept
           up
           in
           time
           of
           Peace
           ,
           and
           absolutely
           depending
           upon
           them
           ,
           I
           say
           that
           all
           such
           Governments
           are
           changed
           from
           Monarchies
           to
           Tyrannies
           .
           Nor
           can
           the
           Power
           of
           granting
           or
           refusing
           Money
           ,
           tho
           vested
           in
           the
           Subject
           ,
           be
           a
           sufficient
           Security
           for
           Liberty
           ,
           where
           a
           standing
           Mercenary
           
           Army
           is
           kept
           up
           in
           time
           of
           Peace
           :
           For
           he
           that
           is
           arm'd
           ,
           is
           always
           Master
           of
           the
           Purse
           of
           him
           that
           is
           unarm'd
           .
           And
           not
           only
           that
           Government
           is
           Tyrannical
           ,
           which
           is
           tyrannically
           exercised
           ;
           but
           all
           Governments
           are
           Tyrannical
           ,
           which
           have
           not
           in
           their
           Constitution
           a
           sufficient
           Security
           against
           the
           Arbitrary
           Power
           of
           the
           Prince
           .
        
         
           I
           do
           not
           deny
           that
           these
           limited
           Monarchies
           during
           the
           greatness
           of
           the
           Barons
           ,
           had
           some
           Defects
           :
           I
           know
           few
           Governments
           free
           from
           them
           .
           But
           after
           all
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           Balance
           that
           kept
           those
           Governments
           steady
           ,
           and
           an
           effectual
           Provision
           against
           the
           Encroachments
           of
           the
           Crown
           .
           I
           do
           less
           pretend
           that
           the
           present
           Governments
           can
           be
           restored
           to
           the
           Constitution
           before-mentioned
           .
           The
           following
           Discourse
           will
           show
           the
           impossibility
           of
           it
           .
           My
           Design
           is
           ,
           first
           of
           all
           to
           explain
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           past
           and
           present
           Governments
           of
           Europe
           ,
           and
           to
           disabuse
           those
           who
           think
           them
           the
           same
           ,
           because
           they
           are
           called
           by
           the
           same
           Names
           ;
           and
           who
           ignorantly
           clamour
           against
           such
           as
           would
           preserve
           that
           Liberty
           which
           is
           yet
           left
           .
        
         
           In
           order
           to
           this
           ,
           and
           for
           a
           further
           and
           clearer
           Illustration
           of
           the
           Matter
           ,
           I
           shall
           deduce
           from
           their
           Original
           the
           Causes
           ,
           Occasions
           ,
           and
           the
           Complication
           of
           those
           many
           unforeseen
           Accidents
           ,
           which
           falling
           out
           much
           about
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           produced
           so
           great
           a
           Change.
           And
           it
           will
           at
           first
           sight
           seem
           very
           strange
           ,
           when
           I
           shall
           name
           the
           Restoration
           of
           Learning
           ,
           the
           Invention
           of
           Printing
           ,
           of
           the
           Needle
           and
           of
           Gunpowder
           ,
           as
           the
           chief
           of
           
           them
           ;
           things
           in
           themselves
           so
           excellent
           ,
           and
           which
           ,
           the
           last
           only
           excepted
           ,
           might
           have
           proved
           of
           infinite
           Advantage
           to
           the
           World
           ,
           if
           their
           remote
           Influence
           upon
           Government
           had
           been
           obviated
           by
           sutable
           Remedies
           .
           Such
           odd
           Consequences
           ,
           and
           of
           such
           a
           different
           Nature
           ,
           accompany
           extraordinary
           Inventions
           of
           any
           kind
           .
        
         
           Constantinople
           being
           taken
           by
           Mahomet
           the
           Second
           ,
           in
           the
           Year
           1453
           ,
           many
           Learned
           Greeks
           fled
           over
           into
           Italy
           ;
           where
           the
           favourable
           reception
           they
           found
           from
           the
           Popes
           ,
           Princes
           ,
           and
           Republicks
           of
           that
           Country
           ,
           soon
           introduced
           amongst
           the
           better
           sort
           of
           Men
           ,
           the
           study
           of
           the
           Greek
           Tongue
           ,
           and
           the
           Antient
           Authors
           in
           that
           Language
           .
           About
           the
           same
           time
           likewise
           some
           Learned
           Men
           began
           to
           restore
           the
           Purity
           of
           the
           Latin
           Tongue
           .
           But
           that
           which
           most
           contributed
           to
           the
           Advancement
           of
           all
           kind
           of
           Learning
           ,
           and
           especially
           the
           study
           of
           the
           Antients
           ,
           was
           the
           Art
           of
           Printing
           ;
           which
           was
           brought
           to
           a
           great
           degree
           of
           Perfection
           a
           few
           Years
           after
           .
           By
           this
           means
           their
           Books
           became
           common
           ,
           and
           their
           Arts
           generally
           understood
           and
           admired
           .
           But
           as
           Mankind
           from
           a
           natural
           propension
           to
           Pleasure
           ,
           is
           always
           ready
           to
           chuse
           out
           of
           every
           thing
           what
           may
           most
           gratify
           their
           vicious
           Appetites
           ;
           so
           the
           Arts
           which
           the
           Italians
           first
           applied
           themselves
           to
           improve
           ,
           were
           principally
           those
           that
           had
           been
           subservient
           to
           the
           Luxury
           of
           the
           Antients
           in
           the
           most
           corrupt
           Ages
           ,
           of
           which
           they
           had
           many
           Monuments
           still
           remaining
           .
           Italy
           was
           presently
           filled
           with
           Architects
           ,
           Painters
           ▪
           and
           Sculptors
           ;
           and
           a
           prodigious
           Expence
           was
           made
           in
           Buildings
           ,
           
           Pictures
           and
           Statues
           .
           Thus
           the
           Italians
           began
           to
           come
           off
           from
           their
           frugal
           and
           military
           way
           of
           living
           ,
           and
           addicted
           themselves
           to
           the
           pursuit
           of
           refined
           and
           expensive
           Pleasures
           ,
           as
           much
           as
           the
           Wars
           of
           those
           times
           would
           permit
           .
           This
           Infection
           spread
           it self
           by
           degrees
           into
           the
           Neighbouring
           Nations
           .
           But
           these
           things
           alone
           had
           not
           been
           sufficient
           to
           work
           so
           great
           a
           Change
           in
           Government
           ,
           if
           a
           preceding
           Invention
           ,
           brought
           into
           common
           use
           about
           that
           time
           ,
           had
           not
           produced
           more
           new
           and
           extraordinary
           Effects
           than
           any
           had
           ever
           done
           before
           ;
           which
           probably
           may
           have
           many
           Consequences
           yet
           unforeseen
           ,
           and
           a
           farther
           Influence
           upon
           the
           Manners
           of
           Men
           ,
           as
           long
           as
           the
           World
           lasts
           :
           I
           mean
           ,
           the
           Invention
           of
           the
           Needle
           ,
           by
           the
           help
           of
           which
           Navigation
           was
           greatly
           improved
           ;
           a
           Passage
           opened
           by
           Sea
           to
           the
           East-Indies
           ,
           and
           a
           new
           World
           discovered
           .
           By
           this
           means
           the
           Luxury
           of
           Asia
           and
           America
           was
           added
           to
           that
           of
           the
           Antients
           ;
           and
           all
           Ages
           ,
           and
           all
           Countries
           concurred
           to
           sink
           Europe
           into
           an
           Abyss
           of
           Pleasures
           ;
           which
           were
           rendred
           the
           more
           expensive
           by
           a
           perpetual
           Change
           of
           the
           Fashions
           in
           Clothes
           ,
           Equipage
           and
           Furniture
           of
           Houses
           .
        
         
           These
           things
           brought
           a
           total
           Alteration
           in
           the
           way
           of
           living
           ,
           upon
           which
           all
           Government
           depends
           .
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           Knowledg
           being
           mightily
           increased
           ,
           and
           a
           great
           Curiosity
           and
           Nicety
           in
           every
           thing
           introduced
           ,
           Men
           imagined
           themselves
           to
           be
           gainers
           in
           all
           Points
           ,
           by
           changing
           from
           their
           frugal
           and
           military
           way
           of
           living
           ,
           which
           I
           must
           confess
           had
           some
           mixture
           of
           Rudeness
           and
           Ignorance
           in
           it
           ,
           tho
           not
           inseparable
           from
           it
           .
           But
           at
           
           the
           same
           time
           they
           did
           not
           consider
           the
           unspeakable
           Evils
           that
           are
           altogether
           inseparable
           from
           an
           expensive
           way
           of
           living
           .
        
         
           To
           touch
           upon
           all
           these
           ,
           tho
           slightly
           ,
           would
           carry
           me
           too
           far
           from
           my
           Subject
           ;
           I
           shall
           therefore
           content
           my self
           to
           apply
           what
           has
           been
           said
           ,
           to
           the
           immediate
           Design
           of
           this
           Discourse
           .
        
         
           The
           far
           greater
           share
           of
           all
           those
           Expences
           fell
           upon
           the
           Barons
           ;
           for
           they
           were
           the
           Persons
           most
           able
           to
           make
           them
           ,
           and
           their
           Dignity
           seemed
           to
           challenge
           whatever
           might
           distinguish
           them
           from
           other
           Men
           ,
           This
           plunged
           them
           on
           a
           sudden
           into
           so
           great
           Debts
           ,
           that
           if
           they
           did
           not
           sell
           ,
           or
           otherwise
           alienate
           their
           Lands
           ,
           they
           found
           themselves
           at
           least
           obliged
           to
           turn
           the
           military
           Service
           their
           Vassals
           owed
           them
           ,
           into
           Money
           ;
           partly
           by
           way
           of
           Rent
           ,
           and
           partly
           by
           way
           of
           Lease
           ,
           or
           Fine
           for
           paiment
           of
           their
           Creditors
           .
           And
           by
           this
           means
           the
           Vassal
           having
           his
           Lands
           no
           longer
           at
           so
           easy
           a
           Rate
           as
           before
           ,
           could
           no
           more
           be
           obliged
           to
           military
           Service
           ,
           and
           so
           became
           a
           Tenant
           .
           Thus
           the
           Armies
           ,
           which
           in
           preceding
           times
           had
           been
           always
           composed
           of
           such
           Men
           as
           these
           ,
           ceased
           of
           course
           ,
           and
           the
           Sword
           sell
           out
           of
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           Barons
           .
           But
           there
           being
           always
           a
           necessity
           to
           provide
           for
           the
           Defence
           of
           every
           Country
           ,
           Princes
           were
           afterwards
           allowed
           to
           raise
           Armies
           of
           Volunteers
           and
           Mercenaries
           .
           And
           great
           Sums
           were
           given
           by
           Diets
           and
           Parliaments
           for
           their
           Maintenance
           ,
           to
           be
           levied
           upon
           the
           People
           grown
           rich
           by
           Trade
           ,
           and
           dispirited
           for
           want
           of
           Military
           Exercise
           .
           
           Such
           Forces
           were
           at
           first
           only
           raised
           for
           present
           Exigencies
           ,
           and
           continued
           no
           longer
           on
           foot
           than
           the
           Occasions
           lasted
           .
           But
           Princes
           soon
           found
           Pretences
           to
           make
           them
           perpetual
           ,
           the
           chief
           of
           which
           was
           the
           garisoning
           Frontier
           Towns
           and
           Fortresses
           ,
           the
           Methods
           of
           War
           being
           altered
           to
           the
           tedious
           and
           chargeable
           way
           of
           Sieges
           ,
           principally
           by
           the
           Invention
           of
           Gunpowder
           .
           The
           Officers
           and
           Souldiers
           of
           these
           Mercenary
           Armies
           depending
           for
           their
           Subsistence
           and
           Preferment
           ,
           as
           immediately
           upon
           the
           Prince
           ,
           as
           the
           former
           Militia's
           did
           upon
           the
           Barons
           ,
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Sword
           was
           transferred
           from
           the
           Subject
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           War
           grew
           a
           constant
           Trade
           to
           live
           by
           .
           Nay
           ,
           many
           of
           the
           Barons
           themselves
           being
           reduced
           to
           Poverty
           by
           their
           expensive
           way
           of
           living
           ,
           took
           Commands
           in
           those
           Mercenary
           Troops
           ;
           and
           being
           still
           continued
           Hereditary
           Members
           of
           Diets
           ,
           and
           other
           Assemblies
           of
           State
           ,
           after
           the
           loss
           of
           their
           Vassals
           ,
           whom
           they
           formerly
           represented
           ,
           they
           were
           now
           the
           readiest
           of
           all
           others
           to
           load
           the
           People
           with
           heavy
           Taxes
           ,
           which
           were
           employed
           to
           increase
           the
           Prince's
           Military
           Power
           ,
           by
           Guards
           ,
           Armies
           ,
           and
           Citadels
           ,
           beyond
           Bounds
           or
           Remedy
           .
        
         
           I
           am
           not
           ignorant
           that
           before
           this
           Change
           ,
           Subsidies
           were
           often
           giv●●
           by
           Diets
           ,
           States
           and
           Parliaments
           for
           maintaining
           Wars
           ;
           but
           these
           were
           small
           ,
           and
           no
           way
           sufficient
           to
           subsist
           such
           numerous
           Armies
           as
           those
           of
           the
           Barons
           Militia
           .
        
         
         
           What
           I
           have
           said
           hitherto
           has
           been
           always
           with
           regard
           to
           one
           or
           other
           ,
           and
           often
           to
           most
           Countries
           in
           Europe
           .
           What
           follows
           will
           have
           a
           more
           particular
           regard
           to
           England
           ;
           where
           ,
           tho
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Barons
           be
           ceased
           ,
           yet
           no
           mercenary
           Troops
           are
           yet
           established
           .
           The
           Reason
           of
           which
           is
           ,
           that
           England
           had
           before
           this
           great
           Alteration
           lost
           all
           her
           Conquests
           in
           France
           ,
           the
           Town
           of
           Calais
           only
           excepted
           ;
           and
           that
           also
           was
           taken
           by
           the
           French
           ,
           before
           the
           Change
           was
           thorowly
           introduced
           .
           So
           that
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           had
           no
           Pretence
           to
           keep
           up
           Standing
           Forces
           ,
           either
           to
           defend
           Conquests
           abroad
           ,
           or
           to
           garison
           a
           Frontier
           towards
           France
           ,
           which
           was
           their
           formidable
           Enemy
           ,
           since
           the
           Sea
           was
           now
           become
           the
           only
           Frontier
           between
           those
           two
           Countries
           .
        
         
           Henry
           the
           Seventh
           seems
           to
           have
           perceived
           the
           Alteration
           before-mentioned
           more
           than
           any
           Prince
           of
           his
           time
           ,
           and
           obtained
           several
           Laws
           to
           favour
           and
           facilitate
           it
           .
           But
           the
           succeeding
           Princes
           were
           altogether
           improper
           to
           second
           him
           :
           For
           Henry
           the
           Eighth
           was
           an
           unthinking
           Prince
           .
           The
           Reigns
           of
           Edward
           the
           Sixth
           ,
           and
           Queen
           Mary
           ,
           were
           short
           ,
           and
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           loved
           her
           People
           too
           well
           to
           attempt
           it
           .
           King
           James
           the
           First
           was
           a
           Stranger
           ,
           and
           of
           no
           Interest
           abroad
           .
           King
           Charles
           the
           First
           did
           indeed
           endeavour
           to
           make
           himself
           Absolute
           ,
           tho
           somewhat
           preposterously
           ;
           for
           he
           attempted
           to
           seize
           the
           Purse
           ,
           before
           he
           was
           Master
           of
           the
           Sword.
           But
           very
           wise
           Men
           have
           been
           of
           Opinion
           ,
           that
           if
           he
           had
           been
           possessed
           of
           as
           numerous
           Troops
           as
           those
           which
           were
           
           afterwards
           raised
           ,
           and
           constantly
           kept
           up
           by
           King
           Charles
           the
           Second
           ,
           he
           might
           easily
           have
           succeeded
           in
           his
           Enterprize
           .
           For
           we
           see
           that
           in
           those
           Struggles
           which
           the
           Country
           Party
           had
           with
           King
           Charles
           the
           Second
           ,
           and
           in
           those
           Endeavours
           they
           used
           to
           bring
           about
           that
           Revolution
           which
           was
           afterwards
           compassed
           by
           a
           Foreign
           Power
           ,
           the
           chief
           and
           insuperable
           Difficulty
           they
           met
           with
           ,
           was
           from
           those
           Forces
           .
           And
           tho
           King
           James
           the
           Second
           had
           provoked
           the
           Nation
           to
           the
           last
           degree
           ,
           and
           made
           his
           own
           Game
           as
           hard
           as
           possible
           ,
           not
           only
           by
           invading
           our
           Civil
           Liberties
           ,
           but
           likewise
           by
           endeavouring
           to
           change
           the
           Established
           Religion
           for
           another
           which
           the
           People
           abhorred
           ,
           whereby
           he
           lost
           their
           Affections
           ,
           and
           even
           those
           of
           a
           great
           part
           of
           his
           Army
           ;
           yet
           notwithstanding
           all
           this
           Mismanagement
           ,
           England
           stood
           in
           need
           of
           a
           foreign
           Force
           to
           save
           it
           ;
           and
           how
           dangerous
           a
           Remedy
           that
           is
           ,
           the
           Histories
           of
           all
           Ages
           can
           witness
           .
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           this
           Circumstance
           was
           favourable
           to
           the
           Nation
           ,
           that
           a
           Prince
           who
           had
           married
           the
           next
           Heir
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           was
           at
           the
           Head
           of
           our
           Deliverance
           ;
           yet
           did
           it
           engage
           us
           in
           a
           long
           and
           expensive
           War.
           And
           now
           that
           we
           are
           much
           impoverished
           ,
           and
           by
           means
           of
           our
           former
           Riches
           and
           present
           Poverty
           ,
           fallen
           into
           all
           the
           Corruptions
           which
           those
           great
           Enemies
           of
           Vertue
           want
           ,
           and
           Excess
           of
           Riches
           can
           produce
           ;
           that
           there
           are
           such
           Numbers
           of
           Mercenary
           Forces
           on
           foot
           at
           home
           and
           abroad
           ;
           that
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           Officers
           have
           no
           other
           way
           to
           subsist
           ;
           that
           they
           are
           commanded
           by
           a
           wise
           
           and
           active
           King
           ,
           who
           has
           at
           his
           Disposal
           the
           formidable
           Land
           and
           Sea
           Forces
           of
           a
           Neighbouring
           Nation
           ,
           the
           great
           Rival
           of
           our
           Trade
           :
           A
           King
           ,
           who
           by
           Blood
           ,
           Relation
           ,
           other
           particular
           Ties
           ,
           and
           common
           Interest
           ,
           has
           the
           House
           of
           Austria
           ,
           most
           of
           the
           Princes
           of
           Germany
           ,
           and
           Potentates
           of
           the
           North
           ,
           for
           his
           Friends
           and
           Allies
           ;
           who
           can
           ,
           whatever
           Interest
           he
           join
           with
           ,
           do
           what
           he
           thinks
           fit
           in
           Europe
           :
           I
           say
           ,
           if
           a
           Mercenary
           Standing
           Army
           be
           kept
           up
           ,
           (
           the
           first
           of
           that
           kind
           ,
           except
           those
           of
           the
           Usurper
           Cromwel
           and
           the
           late
           King
           James
           ,
           that
           England
           has
           seen
           for
           thirteen
           hundred
           Years
           )
           I
           desire
           to
           know
           ,
           where
           the
           Security
           of
           the
           Liberties
           of
           England
           lies
           ,
           unless
           in
           the
           good
           Will
           and
           Pleasure
           of
           the
           King
           :
           I
           desire
           to
           know
           ,
           what
           real
           Security
           can
           be
           had
           against
           a
           Standing
           Army
           of
           Mercenaries
           ,
           backed
           by
           the
           Corruption
           of
           a
           Nation
           ,
           the
           Tendency
           of
           the
           way
           of
           Living
           ,
           the
           Genius
           of
           the
           Age
           ,
           and
           the
           Example
           of
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           Having
           shown
           the
           Difference
           between
           the
           past
           and
           present
           Government
           of
           England
           ,
           how
           precarious
           our
           Libert●●●
           are
           and
           how
           from
           having
           the
           best
           Security
           〈◊〉
           them
           we
           are
           in
           hazard
           of
           having
           none
           at
           al●…
           't
           is
           to
           be
           hoped
           that
           those
           who
           are
           for
           a
           Standing
           Army
           ,
           and
           losing
           no
           occasion
           of
           advancing
           and
           extending
           the
           Prerogative
           ,
           from
           a
           mistaken
           O●inion
           that
           they
           establish
           the
           antient
           Government
           of
           England
           ,
           will
           see
           what
           sort
           of
           Patriots
           they
           are
           .
        
         
         
           But
           we
           are
           told
           ,
           that
           only
           Standing
           Mercenary
           Forces
           can
           defend
           England
           from
           the
           perpetual
           Standing
           Armies
           of
           France
           .
           However
           frivolous
           this
           Assertion
           be
           ,
           as
           indeed
           no
           good
           Argument
           can
           be
           brought
           to
           support
           it
           ,
           either
           from
           Reason
           or
           Experience
           ;
           yet
           allowing
           it
           to
           be
           good
           ,
           what
           Security
           can
           the
           Nation
           have
           ,
           that
           these
           Standing
           Forces
           shall
           not
           at
           some
           time
           or
           other
           be
           made
           use
           of
           to
           suppress
           the
           Liberties
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           tho
           not
           in
           this
           King's
           time
           ,
           to
           whom
           we
           owe
           their
           Preservation
           ?
           For
           I
           hope
           there
           is
           no
           Man
           so
           weak
           to
           think
           ,
           that
           keeping
           up
           the
           Army
           for
           a
           Year
           ,
           or
           for
           any
           longer
           time
           than
           the
           Parliament
           shall
           have
           engaged
           the
           Publick
           Faith
           to
           make
           good
           all
           Deficiencies
           of
           Funds
           granted
           for
           their
           Maintenance
           ,
           is
           not
           the
           keeping
           them
           up
           for
           ever
           .
           'T
           is
           a
           pitiful
           shift
           in
           the
           Undertakers
           for
           a
           Standing
           Army
           ,
           to
           say
           ,
           We
           are
           not
           for
           a
           Standing
           Army
           ;
           We
           are
           ▪
           only
           for
           an
           Army
           from
           Year
           to
           Year
           ,
           or
           till
           the
           Militia
           be
           made
           useful
           .
           For
           England
           cannot
           be
           in
           any
           hazard
           from
           France
           ;
           at
           least
           ,
           till
           that
           Kingdom
           ,
           so
           much
           exhausted
           by
           War
           and
           Persecution
           ,
           shall
           have
           a
           breathing
           space
           to
           recover
           .
           Before
           that
           time
           our
           Militia
           will
           be
           in
           order
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           our
           Fleets
           .
           Besides
           ,
           no
           Prince
           ever
           surrendred
           so
           great
           Countries
           ,
           and
           so
           many
           strong
           Places
           ,
           I
           shall
           not
           say
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           make
           a
           new
           War
           ;
           but
           ,
           as
           these
           Men
           will
           have
           it
           ,
           to
           continue
           the
           same
           .
           The
           French
           King
           is
           old
           and
           diseased
           ,
           and
           was
           never
           willing
           to
           hazard
           much
           by
           any
           
           bold
           Attempt
           .
           If
           he
           ,
           or
           the
           Dauphin
           ,
           upon
           his
           Decease
           ,
           may
           be
           suspected
           of
           any
           farther
           Design
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           upon
           the
           Spanish
           Monarchy
           ,
           in
           case
           of
           the
           Death
           of
           that
           King.
           And
           if
           it
           be
           objected
           ,
           that
           we
           shall
           stand
           in
           need
           of
           an
           Army
           ,
           in
           such
           a
           Conjuncture
           ;
           I
           answer
           ,
           that
           our
           Part
           in
           that
           ,
           or
           in
           any
           other
           foreign
           War
           ,
           will
           be
           best
           managed
           by
           Sea
           ,
           as
           shall
           be
           shown
           hereafter
           .
        
         
           Let
           us
           then
           see
           if
           Mercenary
           Armies
           be
           not
           exactly
           calculated
           to
           enslave
           a
           Nation
           .
           Which
           I
           think
           may
           be
           easily
           proved
           ,
           if
           we
           consider
           that
           such
           Troops
           are
           generally
           composed
           of
           Men
           who
           make
           a
           Trade
           of
           War
           ,
           and
           having
           little
           or
           no
           Patrimony
           ,
           or
           spent
           what
           they
           once
           had
           ,
           enter
           into
           that
           Employment
           in
           hopes
           of
           its
           Continuance
           during
           Life
           ,
           not
           at
           all
           thinking
           how
           to
           make
           themselves
           capable
           of
           any
           other
           .
           By
           which
           means
           heavy
           and
           perpetual
           Taxes
           must
           be
           entail'd
           for
           ever
           upon
           the
           People
           for
           their
           Subsistence
           ;
           and
           since
           all
           their
           Relations
           stand
           engaged
           to
           support
           their
           Interest
           ,
           let
           all
           Men
           judg
           ,
           if
           this
           will
           not
           prove
           a
           very
           united
           and
           formidable
           Party
           in
           a
           Nation
           .
           But
           the
           Undertakers
           for
           a
           Standing
           Army
           will
           say
           ;
           Will
           you
           turn
           so
           many
           Gentlemen
           out
           to
           starve
           ,
           who
           have
           faithfully
           served
           the
           Government
           ?
           This
           Question
           I
           allow
           to
           be
           founded
           upon
           some
           Reason
           .
           For
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           acknowledged
           in
           Justice
           to
           our
           Army
           ,
           that
           on
           all
           Occasions
           ,
           and
           in
           all
           Actions
           ,
           both
           Officers
           and
           Souldiers
           have
           done
           their
           part
           .
           And
           therefore
           I
           think
           it
           may
           be
           reasonable
           ,
           
           that
           all
           Officers
           and
           Souldiers
           of
           above
           forty
           Years
           ,
           in
           consideration
           of
           their
           Unfitness
           to
           apply
           themselves
           at
           that
           Age
           to
           any
           other
           Employment
           ,
           should
           be
           recommended
           to
           the
           Bounty
           of
           the
           Parliament
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           Undertakers
           must
           pardon
           me
           if
           I
           tell
           them
           ,
           That
           no
           well-constituted
           Government
           ever
           suffered
           any
           such
           Men
           in
           it
           ,
           whose
           Interest
           leads
           them
           to
           imbroil
           the
           State
           in
           War
           ,
           and
           are
           an
           useless
           and
           insupportable
           Burden
           in
           time
           of
           Peace
           .
           Carthage
           ,
           after
           the
           first
           Roman
           War
           ,
           found
           how
           dangerous
           they
           were
           :
           And
           Holland
           ,
           in
           the
           Year
           1672
           ,
           how
           useless
           to
           defend
           them
           .
           If
           ever
           any
           Government
           stood
           in
           need
           of
           such
           a
           sort
           of
           Men
           ,
           't
           was
           that
           of
           antient
           Rome
           ,
           because
           they
           were
           engaged
           in
           perpetual
           War.
           The
           Argument
           can
           never
           be
           so
           strong
           in
           any
           other
           Case
           .
           But
           the
           Romans
           well
           knowing
           such
           Men
           and
           Liberty
           to
           be
           incompatible
           ,
           and
           yet
           ,
           being
           under
           a
           necessity
           of
           having
           Armies
           constantly
           on
           foot
           ,
           made
           frequent
           Changes
           of
           the
           Men
           that
           served
           in
           them
           ;
           who
           ,
           when
           they
           had
           been
           some
           time
           in
           the
           Army
           ,
           were
           permitted
           to
           return
           to
           their
           Possessions
           ,
           Trades
           ,
           or
           other
           Employments
           .
           And
           to
           show
           how
           true
           a
           Judgment
           that
           wise
           State
           made
           of
           this
           Matter
           ,
           it
           is
           sufficient
           to
           observe
           ,
           that
           those
           who
           subverted
           that
           Government
           ,
           the
           greatest
           that
           ever
           was
           amongst
           Men
           ,
           found
           themselves
           obliged
           to
           continue
           the
           same
           Souldiers
           always
           in
           constant
           Pay
           and
           Service
           .
        
         
         
           There
           is
           another
           thing
           which
           I
           would
           not
           mention
           if
           it
           were
           not
           absolutely
           necessary
           to
           my
           present
           purpose
           ;
           and
           that
           is
           ,
           the
           usual
           Manners
           of
           those
           who
           are
           engaged
           in
           Mercenary
           Armies
           .
           I
           speak
           now
           of
           Officers
           in
           other
           Parts
           of
           Europe
           ,
           and
           not
           of
           those
           in
           our
           Army
           ,
           allowing
           them
           to
           be
           the
           best
           ;
           and
           if
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           have
           it
           so
           ,
           quite
           different
           from
           all
           ●thers
           will
           not
           apply
           to
           them
           any
           part
           of
           what
           I
           shall
           say
           concerning
           the
           rest
           .
           They
           themselves
           best
           know
           how
           far
           any
           thing
           of
           th●●
           Nature
           may
           be
           applicable
           to
           them
           .
           I
           say
           th●●…
           most
           Princes
           of
           Europe
           having
           put
           themselve
           upon
           the
           foot
           of
           keeping
           up
           Forces
           ,
           rather
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           than
           well
           entertain'd
           ,
           can
           give
           but
           small
           Allowance
           to
           Officers
           ,
           whom
           ,
           notwithstanding
           ,
           they
           permit
           to
           live
           in
           all
           that
           Extravagancy
           which
           mutual
           Example
           and
           Emulation
           prompts
           them
           to
           .
           By
           which
           means
           the
           Officers
           become
           insensibly
           engaged
           in
           numberless
           Oppressions
           and
           Cruelties
           ,
           the
           Colonels
           against
           the
           Captains
           ,
           and
           the
           Captains
           against
           the
           inferior
           Souldiers
           .
           So
           that
           there
           is
           hardly
           any
           sort
           of
           Men
           who
           are
           less
           Men
           of
           Honour
           than
           the
           Officers
           of
           Mercenary
           Forces
           :
           and
           indeed
           Honour
           has
           now
           no
           other
           Signification
           amongst
           them
           than
           Courage
           .
           Besides
           ,
           most
           Men
           that
           enter
           into
           those
           Armies
           ,
           whether
           Officers
           or
           Souldiers
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           were
           obliged
           to
           show
           themselves
           new
           Creatures
           ,
           and
           perfectly
           regenerate
           ,
           if
           before
           they
           were
           modest
           or
           sober
           ,
           immediately
           turn
           themselves
           to
           all
           manner
           of
           Debauchery
           and
           Wickedness
           ,
           
           committing
           all
           kind
           of
           Injustice
           and
           Barbarity
           against
           poor
           and
           defenceless
           People
           .
           Now
           tho
           the
           natural
           Temper
           of
           our
           Men
           be
           more
           just
           and
           honest
           than
           that
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           or
           of
           any
           other
           People
           ,
           yet
           may
           it
           not
           be
           feared
           ,
           that
           such
           bad
           Manners
           may
           prove
           contagious
           ?
           And
           if
           such
           Manners
           do
           not
           fit
           Men
           to
           enslave
           a
           Nation
           ,
           Devils
           only
           must
           do
           it
           .
           On
           the
           other
           hand
           ,
           if
           it
           should
           happen
           that
           the
           Officers
           of
           a
           Standing
           Army
           in
           England
           should
           live
           with
           greate●…
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           and
           Modesty
           than
           was
           ever
           yet
           seen
           in
           that
           sort
           of
           Men
           ,
           it
           might
           very
           probably
           fall
           out
           ,
           that
           being
           quarter'd
           in
           all
           Parts
           of
           the
           Country
           ,
           they
           might
           be
           returned
           Members
           of
           Parliament
           for
           most
           of
           the
           Electing
           Boroughs
           ;
           and
           of
           what
           Consequence
           that
           would
           be
           ,
           I
           leave
           all
           Men
           to
           judg
           .
           So
           that
           whatever
           be
           the
           Conduct
           of
           a
           Mercenary
           Army
           ,
           we
           can
           never
           be
           secure
           as
           long
           as
           any
           such
           Force
           is
           kept
           up
           in
           England
           ;
           and
           I
           confess
           I
           do
           not
           see
           by
           what
           Rules
           of
           good
           Policy
           any
           Mercenary
           Forces
           have
           been
           connived
           at
           either
           in
           England
           or
           elsewhere
           .
           Sure
           ,
           't
           is
           allowing
           the
           Dispensing
           Power
           in
           the
           most
           essential
           Point
           of
           the
           Constitution
           .
        
         
           The
           Subjects
           formerly
           had
           a
           real
           Security
           for
           their
           Liberty
           ,
           by
           having
           the
           Sword
           in
           their
           own
           hands
           .
           That
           Security
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           greatest
           of
           all
           others
           ,
           is
           lost
           ;
           and
           not
           only
           〈◊〉
           ,
           but
           the
           Sword
           is
           put
           into
           the
           Hand
           of
           the
           King
           by
           his
           Power
           over
           the
           Militia
           .
           All
           this
           is
           not
           enough
           ;
           but
           we
           must
           have
           a
           Standing
           Army
           of
           Mercenaries
           ,
           who
           for
           the
           most
           part
           have
           no
           
           other
           way
           to
           subsist
           and
           consequently
           are
           capable
           to
           execute
           any
           Commands
           .
           And
           yet
           every
           Ma●…
           〈◊〉
           think
           his
           ●●●…erties
           as
           safe
           as
           ever
           ,
           under
           pain
           of
           being
           tho●●ht
           disaffected
           to
           the
           Monarchy
           .
           But
           sure
           it
           must
           not
           be
           the
           antient
           Limited
           and
           Legal
           Monarchy
           of
           England
           ,
           that
           these
           Gentlemen
           mea
           It
           must
           be
           a
           French
           Fashion
           of
           Monarchy
           ,
           where
           the
           King
           has
           Power
           to
           do
           what
           he
           pleases
           ,
           and
           the
           People
           no
           Security
           for
           any
           thing
           they
           possess
           .
           We
           have
           quitted
           our
           antient
           Security
           ,
           and
           put
           the
           Militia
           into
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           King.
           The
           only
           remaining
           Security
           we
           have
           is
           ,
           That
           no
           Standing
           Army
           was
           ever
           yet
           allowed
           in
           time
           of
           Peace
           ,
           the
           Parliament
           having
           so
           often
           and
           so
           expresly
           declared
           it
           to
           be
           contrary
           to
           Law.
           If
           a
           Standing
           Army
           be
           allow'd
           ,
           what
           Difference
           will
           there
           be
           between
           the
           Government
           we
           shall
           then
           live
           under
           ,
           and
           any
           kind
           of
           Government
           under
           a
           good
           Prince
           ?
           Of
           which
           there
           have
           been
           some
           in
           the
           most
           despotick
           Tyrannies
           .
           If
           this
           be
           a
           Limited
           and
           not
           an
           Absolute
           Monarchy
           ▪
           then
           ,
           as
           there
           are
           Conditions
           ,
           so
           there
           ought
           to
           be
           Securities
           on
           both
           sides
           .
           The
           Barons
           never
           pretended
           that
           their
           Militia's
           should
           be
           constantly
           on
           foot
           ,
           and
           together
           in
           Bodies
           ,
           in
           times
           of
           Peace
           .
           'T
           is
           evident
           that
           would
           have
           subverted
           the
           Constitution
           ,
           and
           made
           every
           one
           of
           them
           a
           Petty
           Tyrant
           .
           And
           't
           is
           as
           evident
           ,
           that
           Standing
           Forces
           are
           the
           fittest
           Instruments
           to
           make
           a
           Tyrant
           ,
           tho
           not
           of
           so
           gracious
           a
           Prince
           as
           we
           now
           live
           under
           ,
           yet
           ,
           to
           be
           
           sure
           ,
           of
           some
           of
           his
           Successors
           .
           Whoever
           is
           for
           making
           the
           King's
           Power
           too
           great
           or
           too
           little
           ,
           is
           an
           Enemy
           to
           the
           Monarchy
           .
           But
           to
           give
           him
           a
           Standing
           Army
           ,
           puts
           his
           Power
           beyond
           Controul
           ,
           and
           consequently
           makes
           him
           Absolute
           .
           If
           the
           People
           had
           any
           other
           real
           Security
           for
           their
           Liberty
           than
           that
           there
           be
           no
           Standing
           Army
           in
           time
           of
           Peace
           ,
           there
           might
           be
           some
           colour
           to
           demand
           it
           .
           But
           if
           that
           only
           remaining
           Security
           be
           taken
           away
           from
           the
           People
           ,
           we
           have
           destroyed
           the
           Monarchy
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           pretended
           ,
           we
           are
           in
           hazard
           of
           being
           invaded
           by
           a
           powerful
           Enemy
           ;
           Shall
           we
           therefore
           destroy
           our
           Constitution
           ?
           What
           is
           it
           then
           that
           we
           would
           defend
           ?
           Is
           it
           our
           Persons
           ,
           by
           the
           Ruine
           of
           our
           Constitution
           ?
           In
           what
           then
           shall
           we
           be
           Gainers
           ?
           In
           saving
           our
           Lives
           by
           the
           Loss
           of
           our
           Liberties
           ?
           If
           our
           Pleasures
           and
           Luxury
           make
           us
           live
           like
           Brutes
           ,
           it
           seems
           we
           must
           not
           pretend
           to
           reason
           any
           better
           than
           they
           .
           I
           would
           fain
           know
           ,
           if
           there
           be
           any
           other
           way
           of
           making
           a
           Prince
           Absolute
           ,
           than
           by
           allowing
           him
           a
           Standing
           Army
           :
           If
           by
           it
           all
           Princes
           have
           not
           been
           made
           Absolute
           ;
           If
           without
           it
           ,
           any
           .
           Whether
           our
           Enemies
           shall
           conquer
           us
           is
           uncertain
           .
           But
           whether
           a
           Standing
           Army
           will
           enslave
           as
           ,
           neither
           Reason
           nor
           Experience
           will
           suffer
           us
           to
           doubt
           .
           'T
           is
           therefore
           evident
           ,
           that
           no
           Pretence
           of
           Danger
           from
           abroad
           ,
           can
           be
           an
           Argument
           to
           keep
           up
           a
           Standing
           Army
           ,
           or
           any
           Mercenary
           Forces
           .
        
         
         
           Let
           us
           now
           consider
           whether
           we
           may
           not
           be
           able
           to
           defend
           our selves
           by
           a
           well-regulated
           Militia
           against
           any
           Foreign
           Force
           ,
           tho
           never
           so
           formidably
           ▪
           that
           the
           Nation
           may
           be
           free
           from
           the
           Fears
           of
           Invasion
           from
           abroad
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           from
           the
           Danger
           of
           Slavery
           at
           home
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           well
           known
           ,
           that
           after
           the
           Barons
           had
           lost
           the
           Military
           Service
           of
           their
           Vassals
           ,
           Militia's
           of
           some
           kind
           or
           other
           were
           established
           in
           most
           parts
           of
           Europe
           .
           But
           the
           prince
           having
           the
           Power
           of
           naming
           and
           preserring
           the
           Officers
           of
           these
           Militia's
           ,
           they
           could
           he
           no
           Balance
           in
           Government
           as
           the
           former
           were
           .
           And
           he
           that
           will
           consider
           what
           has
           been
           said
           in
           this
           Discourse
           ,
           will
           easily
           perceive
           that
           the
           essential
           Quality
           requisite
           to
           such
           a
           Militia
           ,
           as
           might
           fully
           answer
           the
           Ends
           of
           the
           former
           ,
           must
           be
           that
           the
           Officers
           should
           be
           named
           and
           preferr'd
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           they
           and
           the
           Souldiers
           paid
           ,
           by
           the
           People
           that
           set
           them
           out
           .
           So
           that
           if
           Princes
           look
           upon
           the
           present
           Militia's
           as
           not
           capable
           of
           defending
           a
           Nation
           against
           Foreign
           Armies
           ;
           the
           People
           have
           little
           reason
           to
           entrust
           them
           with
           the
           Defence
           of
           their
           Liberties
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           as
           well
           known
           that
           after
           the
           dissolution
           of
           that
           Antient
           Militia
           under
           the
           Barons
           ,
           which
           made
           this
           Nation
           so
           Great
           and
           Glorious
           ,
           tho
           ,
           by
           setting
           up
           Militia's
           generally
           through
           Europe
           ,
           the
           Sword
           came
           not
           into
           the
           Hands
           of
           the
           Commons
           ;
           which
           was
           the
           only
           thing
           could
           have
           continued
           
           the
           former
           Balance
           of
           Government
           ,
           but
           was
           every
           where
           put
           into
           the
           Hands
           of
           the
           King
           :
           nevertheless
           ambitious
           Princes
           ,
           who
           aimed
           at
           absolute
           Power
           ,
           thinking
           they
           could
           never
           use
           it
           effectually
           to
           that
           unless
           it
           were
           ●●●●ed
           by
           Mercenaries
           ,
           and
           ●…en
           that
           had
           no
           other
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           the
           Co●mon-we●●th
           then
           their
           〈◊〉
           have
           still
           endeavoured
           by
           all
           means
           to
           discredit
           Militia's
           ,
           and
           render
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           by
           never
           suffering
           them
           to
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           Right
           ,
           or
           so
           much
           as
           tolerable
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           and
           all
           to
           per●●●…
           the
           〈◊〉
           of
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           〈◊〉
           .
           And
           indeed
           they
           have
           succeeded
           too
           well
           in
           this
           Design
           :
           For
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           World
           has
           been
           fool'd
           into
           an
           opinion
           ,
           That
           a
           Militia
           cannot
           be
           made
           serviceable
           .
           I
           shall
           not
           say
           't
           was
           only
           Militia's
           could
           conquer
           the
           World
           ;
           and
           that
           Princes
           to
           have
           succeeded
           fully
           in
           the
           Design
           before-mentioned
           ,
           must
           have
           destroyed
           all
           the
           History
           and
           Memory
           of
           Antient
           Governments
           ,
           where
           the
           Accounts
           of
           so
           many
           excellent
           Models
           of
           Militia
           are
           yet
           extant
           .
           I
           know
           the
           Prejudice
           and
           Ignorance
           of
           the
           World
           concerning
           the
           Art
           of
           War
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           practised
           by
           the
           Antionts
           ;
           tho
           what
           remains
           of
           that
           Knowledg
           in
           their
           Writings
           be
           sufficient
           to
           give
           a
           mean
           Opinion
           of
           the
           Modern
           Discipline
           .
           For
           this
           Reason
           I
           shall
           examine
           ,
           by
           what
           has
           passed
           of
           late
           Years
           in
           this
           Nation
           ,
           whether
           Experience
           have
           convinced
           us
           ,
           that
           Officers
           bred
           in
           Foreign
           Wars
           ,
           be
           so
           far
           preserable
           to
           others
           who
           have
           been
           under
           no
           other
           Discipline
           than
           that
           of
           an
           
           ordinary
           and
           ill-regulated
           Militia
           ;
           and
           if
           the
           Commonalty
           of
           England
           at
           their
           first
           entrance
           upon
           Service
           ,
           be
           not
           as
           capable
           of
           a
           resolute
           Military
           Action
           ,
           as
           any
           standing
           Forces
           .
           The
           Battel
           of
           Naseby
           will
           fully
           resolve
           this
           Doubt
           ,
           which
           is
           generally
           thought
           to
           have
           been
           the
           deciding
           Action
           of
           the
           late
           Civil
           War.
           The
           Number
           of
           Forces
           was
           equal
           on
           both
           sides
           ;
           nor
           was
           there
           any
           Advantage
           in
           the
           Ground
           ,
           or
           extraordinary
           Accident
           that
           happened
           during
           the
           Fight
           ,
           which
           could
           be
           of
           considerable
           importance
           to
           either
           side
           .
           In
           the
           Army
           of
           the
           Parliament
           ,
           nine
           only
           of
           the
           Officers
           had
           served
           abroad
           ,
           and
           most
           of
           the
           Souldiers
           were
           Prentices
           drawn
           out
           of
           London
           but
           two
           months
           before
           .
           In
           the
           King's
           Army
           there
           was
           above
           a
           thousand
           Officers
           that
           had
           served
           in
           foreign
           Parts
           :
           Yet
           were
           they
           routed
           and
           broken
           by
           those
           new-raised
           Prentices
           ;
           who
           were
           observed
           to
           be
           obedient
           to
           Command
           ,
           and
           brave
           in
           Fight
           ;
           not
           only
           in
           that
           Action
           ,
           but
           on
           all
           Occasions
           during
           that
           active
           Campagn
           .
           The
           People
           of
           this
           Nation
           are
           not
           a
           dastardly
           Crew
           ,
           like
           those
           born
           in
           Misery
           under
           Oppression
           and
           Slavery
           ,
           who
           must
           have
           time
           to
           rub
           off
           that
           Fear
           ,
           Cowardice
           and
           Stupidity
           which
           they
           bring
           from
           home
           .
           And
           tho
           Officers
           seem
           to
           stand
           in
           more
           need
           of
           Experience
           than
           private
           Souldiers
           ,
           yet
           in
           that
           Battel
           it
           was
           seen
           ,
           that
           the
           Sobriety
           ,
           and
           Principle
           of
           the
           Officers
           on
           the
           one
           side
           ,
           prevailed
           over
           the
           Experience
           of
           those
           on
           the
           other
           .
        
         
         
           'T
           is
           well
           known
           that
           divers
           Regiments
           of
           our
           Army
           lately
           in
           Flanders
           have
           never
           been
           once
           in
           Action
           ,
           and
           not
           one
           half
           of
           them
           above
           thrice
           ,
           nor
           any
           of
           them
           five
           times
           during
           the
           whole
           War.
           O
           ,
           but
           they
           have
           been
           under
           Discipline
           ,
           and
           accustomed
           to
           obey
           !
           And
           so
           may
           Men
           in
           Militia's
           .
           We
           have
           had
           to
           do
           with
           an
           Enemy
           ,
           who
           ,
           tho
           abounding
           in
           Numbers
           of
           excellent
           Officers
           ,
           yet
           durst
           never
           fight
           us
           without
           a
           visible
           Advantage
           .
           Is
           that
           Enemy
           like
           to
           invade
           us
           ,
           when
           he
           must
           be
           unavoidably
           necessitated
           to
           put
           all
           to
           hazard
           in
           ten
           days
           ,
           or
           starve
           ,
           unless
           we
           will
           suppose
           we
           are
           to
           have
           no
           Fleet
           at
           all
           ?
        
         
           But
           to
           come
           to
           some
           of
           the
           Capital
           Errors
           committed
           by
           those
           that
           established
           the
           Modern
           Militia's
           ,
           besides
           what
           has
           been
           already
           mentioned
           ;
           One
           of
           the
           chief
           was
           ,
           the
           discontinuing
           to
           exercise
           the
           whole
           People
           ,
           for
           which
           there
           were
           many
           excellent
           and
           wholsome
           Laws
           in
           this
           Nation
           ,
           and
           almost
           every
           where
           else
           .
           Another
           Error
           was
           ,
           the
           taking
           Men
           without
           distinction
           ,
           and
           ,
           for
           the
           most
           part
           ,
           the
           Scum
           of
           the
           People
           into
           that
           small
           number
           which
           they
           listed
           and
           exercised
           .
           Whereas
           if
           a
           small
           number
           only
           was
           to
           be
           exercised
           ,
           no
           Man
           of
           Quality
           or
           Riches
           ought
           to
           be
           excused
           from
           that
           Duty
           .
           Thus
           it
           was
           ,
           that
           these
           Militia's
           fell
           into
           contempt
           ;
           and
           Men
           of
           Quality
           and
           Estates
           having
           Power
           to
           send
           any
           wretched
           Servant
           in
           their
           place
           ,
           became
           themselves
           abject
           and
           timorous
           ,
           
           by
           being
           disused
           to
           handle
           Arms
           ,
           'T
           is
           well
           observed
           by
           a
           Judicious
           Author
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           easier
           to
           exercise
           a
           greater
           Number
           than
           a
           less
           ;
           and
           consequently
           all
           that
           are
           able
           to
           bear
           Arms
           in
           a
           Nation
           ,
           than
           a
           small
           Number
           pickt
           out
           of
           a
           wide
           Country
           ;
           who
           must
           march
           far
           ,
           and
           be
           from
           home
           several
           days
           at
           each
           Exercise
           .
           And
           perhaps
           it
           might
           be
           found
           an
           unnecessary
           trouble
           and
           burden
           ,
           to
           have
           certain
           numbers
           of
           Men
           listed
           and
           formed
           into
           Bodies
           in
           time
           of
           Peace
           ,
           if
           the
           whole
           People
           were
           exercised
           ,
           and
           an
           easy
           Method
           laid
           down
           ,
           by
           which
           such
           numbers
           of
           Men
           as
           shall
           be
           thought
           convenient
           ,
           may
           always
           be
           drawn
           out
           ,
           even
           upon
           the
           most
           sudden
           Occasion
           .
           For
           by
           this
           means
           the
           Choice
           will
           be
           greater
           ,
           as
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           ,
           that
           so
           Trade
           ,
           Manufactures
           and
           Husbandry
           may
           be
           as
           little
           disturbed
           as
           possible
           ,
           since
           the
           Impediments
           of
           the
           several
           Conditions
           of
           Men
           are
           so
           many
           and
           so
           various
           .
        
         
           'T
           will
           be
           said
           ,
           That
           I
           insist
           much
           upon
           the
           Errors
           of
           the
           present
           Militia
           ,
           and
           do
           not
           propose
           a
           new
           Model
           by
           which
           they
           may
           be
           amended
           .
           I
           answer
           ,
           A
           Parliament
           only
           can
           do
           that
           .
           The
           People
           are
           to
           tell
           wherein
           they
           are
           agrieved
           ,
           and
           what
           is
           amiss
           :
           It
           belongs
           only
           to
           that
           Wise
           Council
           to
           apply
           sutable
           Remedies
           :
           Which
           cannot
           be
           difficult
           when
           the
           Causes
           of
           the
           Disease
           are
           discovered
           .
           And
           there
           are
           many
           Models
           of
           Militia
           ,
           both
           Antient
           and
           Modern
           ,
           from
           which
           divers
           useful
           things
           may
           be
           taken
           .
        
         
         
           Of
           the
           Fleet
           I
           shall
           say
           little
           ,
           having
           chiefly
           undertaken
           to
           speak
           of
           Militia's
           and
           standing
           Forces
           .
           But
           surely
           England
           cannot
           justly
           apprehend
           an
           Invasion
           ,
           if
           the
           Fleet
           alone
           were
           in
           such
           order
           as
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           .
           And
           it
           can
           never
           be
           the
           Interest
           of
           this
           Nation
           to
           take
           any
           other
           share
           in
           preserving
           the
           Balance
           of
           Europe
           ,
           than
           what
           may
           be
           performed
           by
           our
           Fleets
           .
           By
           which
           means
           our
           Money
           will
           be
           spent
           amongst
           our selves
           ,
           our
           Trade
           preserved
           to
           support
           the
           Charge
           of
           our
           Navy
           ;
           our
           Enemies
           totally
           driven
           out
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           and
           great
           numbers
           of
           their
           Forces
           diverted
           from
           opposing
           the
           Armies
           of
           our
           Allies
           abroad
           ,
           to
           the
           defence
           of
           their
           own
           Coasts
           .
        
         
           If
           this
           Method
           had
           been
           taken
           in
           the
           late
           War
           ,
           I
           presume
           it
           would
           have
           proved
           ,
           not
           only
           more
           advantagious
           to
           us
           ,
           but
           also
           more
           serviceable
           to
           our
           Allies
           than
           that
           which
           was
           followed
           .
           And
           't
           is
           in
           vain
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           at
           this
           rate
           we
           shall
           have
           no
           Allies
           at
           all
           :
           For
           the
           weaker
           Party
           on
           the
           Continent
           must
           be
           contented
           to
           accept
           our
           Assistance
           in
           the
           manner
           we
           think
           fit
           to
           give
           it
           ,
           or
           inevitably
           perish
           .
           But
           if
           we
           send
           Mercenary
           Forces
           beyond
           the
           Seas
           to
           join
           those
           of
           our
           Allies
           then
           ,
           at
           the
           end
           of
           every
           War
           ▪
           the
           present
           struggle
           will
           recur
           ,
           and
           at
           one
           time
           or
           other
           the
           Nation
           will
           be
           betrayed
           ,
           and
           a
           Standing
           
           Army
           established
           :
           So
           that
           nothing
           can
           save
           us
           from
           following
           the
           Fate
           of
           all
           the
           other
           Kingdoms
           in
           Europe
           ,
           but
           putting
           our
           Trust
           altogether
           in
           our
           Fleets
           and
           Militia's
           ,
           and
           having
           no
           other
           Forces
           than
           these
           .
           The
           Sea
           is
           the
           only
           Empire
           which
           can
           naturally
           belong
           to
           us
           .
           Conquest
           is
           not
           our
           Interest
           ,
           much
           less
           to
           consume
           our
           People
           and
           Treasure
           in
           conquering
           for
           others
           .
        
         
           To
           conclude
           ;
        
         
           If
           we
           seriously
           consider
           the
           happy
           Condition
           of
           this
           Nation
           ,
           who
           have
           lived
           for
           many
           Ages
           under
           the
           Blessings
           of
           Liberty
           ,
           we
           cannot
           but
           be
           affected
           with
           the
           most
           tender
           Compassion
           to
           think
           that
           a
           Country
           ,
           whose
           Fields
           are
           every
           where
           well
           cultivated
           and
           improved
           by
           the
           Industry
           of
           rich
           Husbandmen
           ;
           Her
           Rivers
           and
           Harbours
           filled
           with
           Ships
           ;
           Her
           Cities
           ,
           Towns
           ,
           and
           Villages
           ,
           enrich'd
           with
           Manufactures
           ;
           where
           Men
           possessing
           vast
           Estates
           ,
           are
           not
           hated
           and
           abhorred
           as
           in
           other
           Countries
           ,
           but
           deservedly
           blessed
           ,
           by
           the
           poorer
           sort
           of
           People
           ;
           whose
           Merchants
           live
           in
           as
           great
           Splendor
           as
           the
           Nobility
           of
           other
           Nations
           ,
           and
           whose
           Commonalty
           not
           only
           surpasses
           all
           those
           of
           that
           degree
           which
           the
           World
           can
           now
           boast
           of
           ,
           but
           also
           those
           of
           all
           former
           Ages
           ,
           in
           Courage
           ,
           Honesty
           ,
           good
           Sense
           ,
           Industry
           ,
           and
           Generosity
           of
           Temper
           ;
           in
           whose
           very
           Looks
           there
           are
           such
           visible
           
           Marks
           of
           a
           free
           and
           liberal
           Education
           ,
           which
           Advantages
           cannot
           be
           imputed
           to
           the
           Climate
           ,
           or
           to
           any
           other
           Cause
           ,
           but
           the
           Freedom
           of
           the
           Government
           under
           which
           they
           live
           :
           I
           say
           ,
           it
           cannot
           but
           make
           the
           Hearts
           of
           all
           honest
           Men
           bleed
           to
           think
           ,
           that
           in
           their
           days
           the
           Felicity
           of
           such
           a
           Country
           must
           come
           to
           a
           Period
           ,
           if
           the
           Parliament
           do
           not
           prevent
           it
           ,
           and
           his
           Majesty
           be
           not
           prevailed
           upon
           to
           lay
           aside
           the
           Thoughts
           of
           a
           Mercenary
           Army
           ,
           which
           tho
           it
           may
           seem
           a
           Security
           in
           his
           time
           ,
           yet
           by
           being
           continued
           ,
           as
           will
           inevitably
           come
           to
           pass
           ,
           must
           produce
           ,
           under
           his
           Successors
           ,
           those
           fatal
           Consequences
           that
           have
           always
           attended
           such
           Forces
           in
           the
           other
           Kingdoms
           of
           Europe
           ;
           Violation
           of
           Property
           ,
           Decay
           of
           Trade
           ,
           Oppression
           of
           the
           Country
           by
           heavy
           Taxes
           and
           Quarters
           ,
           the
           utmost
           Misery
           and
           Slavery
           of
           the
           poorer
           sort
           ,
           the
           Ruine
           of
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           by
           their
           Expences
           in
           Court
           and
           Army
           ,
           Deceit
           and
           Treachery
           in
           all
           Ranks
           of
           Men
           ,
           occasioned
           by
           Want
           and
           Necessity
           .
           Then
           shall
           we
           see
           our
           once
           happy
           Commonalty
           become
           base
           and
           abject
           ,
           by
           being
           continually
           exposed
           to
           the
           brutal
           Insolence
           of
           the
           Souldiers
           ,
           our
           Women
           debauch'd
           by
           their
           Lust
           ,
           ugly
           and
           nasty
           through
           Poverty
           ,
           and
           the
           want
           of
           things
           necessary
           to
           preserve
           their
           natural
           Beauty
           .
           Then
           shall
           we
           see
           that
           great
           City
           ,
           the
           Pride
           and
           Glory
           not
           only
           of
           our
           Island
           ,
           but
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           subjected
           to
           the
           excessive
           Impositions
           
           Paris
           now
           lies
           under
           ,
           and
           reduced
           to
           a
           Pedling
           Trade
           ,
           serving
           only
           to
           soment
           the
           Luxury
           of
           a
           Court.
           Then
           will
           England
           know
           what
           Obligations
           she
           has
           to
           those
           who
           are
           for
           Mercenary
           Armies
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .