Essays on trade and navigation in five parts / by Sir Francis Brewster, Kt.
         Brewster, Francis, Sir, d. 1704.
      
       
         
           1695
        
      
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             Essays on trade and navigation in five parts / by Sir Francis Brewster, Kt.
             Brewster, Francis, Sir, d. 1704.
          
           [2], xi, [2], 126, [2] p.
           
             Printed for Tho. Cockerill ...,
             London :
             1695.
          
           
             "The first part only was published"--DNB.
             Advertisements ([2] p.) at end.
             Reproduction of original in British Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Great Britain -- Commerce.
           Ireland -- Commerce.
           Great Britain -- Economic conditions -- 17th century.
        
      
    
     
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           ESSAYS
           ON
           TRADE
           AND
           Navigation
           .
        
         
           In
           FIVE
           PARTS
           .
        
         
           
             The
             First
             Part.
          
           
        
         
           By
           Sir
           FRANCIS
           BREWSTER
           ,
           Kt.
        
         
           LICENSED
           ,
           January
           3.
           1694
           
           /
           5
           ;
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           for
           
             Tho.
             Cockerill
          
           ,
           at
           the
           
             Three
             Legs
          
           in
           the
           Poultrey
           ,
           over-against
           the
           Stocks-Market
           .
           MDCXCV
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           
           THE
           PREFACE
           .
        
         
           I
           Know
           no
           Subject
           that
           hath
           been
           more
           writ
           on
           ,
           and
           worse
           handled
           ,
           than
           that
           of
           Trade
           ;
           nor
           is
           it
           to
           be
           wondred
           at
           ,
           since
           it
           is
           the
           misfortune
           of
           that
           Mystery
           not
           to
           be
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           Philosophers
           ,
           or
           men
           bred
           to
           the
           Liberal
           Sciences
           ;
           but
           such
           whose
           Education
           hath
           been
           more
           in
           the
           Cantore
           ,
           than
           Schools
           :
           And
           when
           men
           of
           finer
           Heads
           and
           Studies
           engage
           in
           it
           ,
           they
           commonly
           make
           Flights
           as
           far
           above
           the
           genuine
           Meaning
           and
           Nature
           of
           Trade
           ,
           as
           others
           that
           are
           better
           versed
           in
           it
           do
           cover
           and
           deface
           it
           with
           Incoherence
           and
           Lumber
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           also
           another
           Disadvantage
           that
           Treatises
           of
           Trade
           and
           Navigation
           lye
           under
           ,
           which
           other
           Studies
           and
           Employments
           are
           not
           liable
           unto
           ;
           and
           that
           is
           ,
           Trade
           being
           Universal
           in
           its
           Nature
           ,
           but
           Particular
           in
           the
           Practice
           ,
           one
           Merchant
           dealing
           for
           one
           part
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           a
           stranger
           to
           another
           ,
           yet
           if
           he
           writes
           of
           Trade
           ,
           cannot
           be
           confined
           unto
           his
           own
           Province
           ,
           for
           that
           would
           be
           too
           narrow
           for
           a
           Discourse
           of
           Trade
           ;
           and
           if
           he
           should
           keep
           within
           his
           Bounds
           ,
           he
           may
           not
           be
           a
           proper
           Judge
           of
           that
           where
           he
           is
           a
           Party
           ;
           and
           in
           discourse
           of
           his
           own
           Trade
           may
           interfere
           with
           that
           of
           his
           Neighbour
           ,
           either
           by
           being
           ignorant
           of
           another's
           ,
           or
           partial
           in
           his
           own
           concern
           :
           But
           it
           is
           not
           thus
           in
           
           other
           Professions
           ;
           The
           Divine
           is
           within
           his
           limits
           ,
           not
           intermixt
           with
           the
           Lawyer
           ,
           nor
           is
           He
           with
           the
           Physician
           ;
           yet
           each
           learned
           and
           qualified
           to
           expatiate
           on
           their
           own
           Studies
           ;
           and
           there
           being
           no
           part
           in
           any
           of
           the
           foregoing
           Arts
           practicable
           in
           matters
           of
           Trade
           ,
           it
           seems
           to
           me
           a
           prejudice
           to
           Commerce
           ,
           that
           so
           many
           trouble
           the
           world
           with
           their
           crude
           and
           undigested
           Notions
           in
           that
           which
           they
           understand
           not
           themselves
           ;
           nor
           can
           have
           any
           other
           effect
           ,
           but
           disturbing
           men
           that
           are
           in
           their
           own
           Track
           and
           beaten
           Road
           of
           Traffick
           ;
           which
           is
           better
           for
           the
           Nation
           to
           have
           followed
           ,
           than
           any
           particular
           Model
           of
           private
           men
           :
           And
           therefore
           I
           conceive
           a
           Council
           of
           Trade
           absolutely
           needful
           ,
           where
           every
           man's
           Observation
           may
           be
           brought
           under
           a
           thorough
           Scrutiny
           ,
           and
           out
           of
           all
           a
           Body
           of
           Trade
           composed
           .
        
         
           
             Having
             said
             this
             ,
             I
             may
             be
             thought
             to
             condemn
             my self
             in
             what
             I
             arraign
             in
             others
             ;
             nor
             do
             I
             undertake
             to
             be
             quit
             of
             all
             I
             blame
             in
             others
             ,
             my
             best
             defence
             being
             to
             claim
             the
             Privilege
             of
             being
             in
             the
          
           Crowd
           with
           the
           same
           Impunity
           others
           have
           allowed
           them
           ;
           and
           perhaps
           have
           something
           more
           to
           plead
           in
           my
           excuse
           than
           most
           men
           have
           ,
           my
           Education
           and
           Practice
           in
           Trade
           having
           been
           for
           Thirty
           Years
           at
           Home
           and
           Abroad
           in
           a
           Universal
           Trade
           .
           I
           know
           of
           but
           Four
           Trades
           that
           I
           have
           not
           some
           way
           been
           concern'd
           in
           ,
           the
           
             East-India
             ,
             Turk
             ,
             Muscovy
          
           ,
           and
           Green-land
           :
           And
           I
           must
           further
           say
           for
           my self
           ,
           That
           in
           all
           I
           here
           treat
           of
           ,
           it
           is
           with
           submission
           to
           better
           Judgments
           ,
           not
           asserting
           my
           opinion
           in
           opposition
           to
           any
           other
           ;
           tho
           I
           confess
           
           I
           cannot
           approve
           of
           many
           of
           those
           Prints
           on
           Trade
           which
           I
           have
           seen
           ,
           except
           what
           Sir
           
             Josiah
             Child
          
           hath
           with
           great
           Judgment
           and
           more
           Perspicuity
           set
           forth
           ,
           than
           any
           I
           ever
           saw
           .
        
         
           What
           I
           design
           by
           the
           following
           Discourse
           ,
           is
           not
           much
           more
           than
           an
           Introduction
           to
           the
           other
           Parts
           that
           shall
           succeed
           ;
           nor
           had
           this
           come
           forth
           alone
           ,
           but
           that
           I
           have
           seen
           some
           things
           lately
           publish'd
           ,
           that
           in
           my
           humble
           Opinion
           are
           no
           better
           than
           Libels
           on
           Trade
           ;
           and
           tho
           I
           affect
           not
           Controversies
           ,
           and
           therefore
           do
           not
           name
           them
           ,
           yet
           believe
           it
           may
           be
           useful
           to
           write
           another
           Sense
           on
           the
           same
           Things
           ;
           submitting
           both
           to
           the
           Censure
           of
           better
           Understandings
           .
        
         
           I
           think
           it
           a
           mortal
           Distemper
           in
           Trade
           (
           nor
           to
           be
           cured
           because
           in
           the
           first
           Concoction
           )
           ,
           That
           we
           have
           so
           few
           men
           of
           University-Learning
           conversant
           in
           true
           Mercantine
           Employments
           :
           If
           there
           were
           as
           much
           care
           to
           have
           men
           of
           the
           best
           Heads
           and
           Education
           in
           it
           ,
           as
           there
           is
           in
           the
           Laws
           ,
           the
           Nation
           would
           fetch
           more
           from
           Abroad
           ,
           and
           spend
           less
           in
           Law-Suits
           at
           Home
           .
           We
           have
           it
           reckoned
           up
           by
           the
           Infallible
           Author
           ,
           as
           the
           Glory
           of
           a
           City
           ,
           That
           her
           Merchants
           were
           Princes
           and
           Nobles
           ;
           their
           Business
           and
           Transactions
           in
           the
           world
           with
           such
           ,
           is
           more
           than
           belongs
           to
           any
           other
           Set
           of
           men
           :
           Would
           it
           not
           then
           be
           the
           Honour
           of
           a
           Nation
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Profit
           ,
           to
           have
           men
           of
           the
           best
           Sense
           and
           Learning
           in
           the
           Foreign
           Negoce
           of
           a
           Kingdom
           ?
           If
           such
           had
           been
           in
           the
           Trade
           of
           these
           Kingdoms
           ,
           it
           seems
           reasonable
           to
           believe
           we
           had
           not
           lost
           the
           most
           considerable
           Navigating
           Trade
           and
           Employment
           of
           our
           Seamen
           .
        
         
         
           It
           would
           be
           an
           astonishing
           Observation
           to
           men
           of
           any
           Countrey
           but
           our
           own
           ,
           to
           see
           more
           Heads
           employed
           in
           Westminster-Hall
           to
           divide
           the
           Gain
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           than
           there
           are
           Hands
           on
           the
           Exchange
           to
           gather
           it
           together
           .
           I
           have
           sometimes
           thought
           ,
           that
           if
           these
           Kingdoms
           lay
           not
           under
           the
           confusion
           and
           unintelligibleness
           of
           Understanding
           in
           Trade
           ,
           as
           the
           Builders
           of
           Babel
           did
           in
           Languages
           ,
           we
           might
           without
           the
           Sin
           of
           those
           arrogant
           Architects
           ,
           erect
           such
           Towers
           in
           Trade
           as
           might
           overtop
           the
           Universe
           in
           that
           Mystery
           .
           We
           see
           how
           all
           Arts
           and
           Sciences
           have
           been
           improved
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           within
           the
           compass
           of
           one
           Century
           ,
           but
           amongst
           them
           all
           ,
           the
           Merchants
           Part
           the
           least
           ;
           and
           the
           reason
           is
           plain
           ,
           men
           of
           small
           Learning
           and
           moderare
           Understanding
           ,
           are
           generally
           put
           in
           it
           :
           For
           tho
           there
           are
           some
           of
           excellent
           Parts
           and
           clean
           Heads
           among
           them
           ,
           yet
           the
           Major
           Part
           are
           not
           so
           polished
           :
           I
           speak
           not
           this
           to
           abate
           the
           Respect
           that
           I
           shall
           always
           think
           is
           due
           to
           the
           Profession
           ,
           and
           all
           men
           in
           it
           ;
           but
           we
           know
           it
           is
           the
           Vanity
           of
           the
           Nation
           :
           Scarce
           a
           Tradesman
           but
           if
           he
           have
           a
           Son
           that
           a
           Countrey
           Schoolmaster
           tells
           him
           would
           make
           a
           Scholar
           ,
           because
           he
           learns
           his
           Grammar
           well
           ,
           but
           immediately
           passes
           the
           approbation
           of
           his
           Kindred
           ,
           who
           judge
           it
           pity
           so
           hopeful
           a
           Youth
           should
           be
           lost
           in
           Trade
           ;
           the
           University
           is
           the
           only
           Soil
           fit
           for
           him
           to
           be
           planted
           in
           .
        
         
           By
           such
           disposition
           of
           the
           Youth
           of
           our
           Nation
           ,
           many
           a
           good
           Tradesman
           is
           lost
           ,
           and
           poor
           Scholars
           in
           every
           respect
           made
           ;
           and
           if
           this
           Humour
           prevail
           in
           Mechanicks
           ,
           and
           men
           of
           ordinary
           Quality
           ;
           much
           more
           ,
           and
           with
           better
           Pretensions
           ,
           it
           affects
           our
           Gentry
           ;
           to
           be
           sure
           the
           Eldest
           Son
           is
           above
           Trade
           ,
           
           and
           if
           the
           Younger
           be
           of
           a
           Quaint
           and
           Studious
           Temper
           ,
           they
           are
           thought
           fit
           for
           the
           Law
           ,
           not
           many
           for
           the
           Pulpit
           ,
           which
           I
           confess
           I
           likewise
           think
           a
           Mistake
           in
           our
           Gentry
           :
           Had
           we
           more
           of
           Them
           in
           the
           Clergy
           ,
           we
           should
           have
           fewer
           to
           despise
           ,
           that
           might
           be
           better
           Builders
           of
           Houses
           than
           of
           the
           Church
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           return
           to
           what
           I
           observe
           of
           the
           Improvement
           in
           all
           the
           Employments
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           I
           see
           none
           that
           have
           arrived
           to
           that
           vast
           Increase
           as
           those
           in
           the
           Law
           :
           This
           perhaps
           is
           accounted
           an
           evil
           ;
           but
           I
           will
           not
           quarrel
           with
           that
           Long-Robe
           ;
           I
           hope
           it
           will
           be
           no
           offence
           to
           wish
           them
           among
           us
           ,
           but
           not
           with
           their
           Bar-Gowns
           ;
           they
           would
           in
           my
           opinion
           look
           better
           in
           a
           Counting-house
           than
           in
           the
           Temple
           ;
           and
           had
           the
           Humour
           of
           our
           Ancestors
           run
           that
           way
           ,
           as
           much
           as
           it
           did
           for
           the
           Law
           ,
           there
           might
           have
           been
           as
           great
           an
           Enlargement
           in
           Maritime
           Traffick
           and
           Navigation
           ,
           as
           there
           is
           now
           of
           the
           Laws
           :
           I
           presume
           none
           will
           say
           ,
           that
           they
           began
           with
           equal
           Numbers
           ;
           Trade
           had
           the
           Primogeniture
           ,
           and
           set
           forth
           with
           the
           Employment
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           before
           there
           could
           be
           work
           for
           Lawyers
           ;
           and
           I
           believe
           those
           of
           best
           value
           amongst
           them
           do
           not
           think
           their
           Growth
           and
           Gain
           contributes
           to
           either
           in
           the
           Advantage
           of
           the
           Nation
           ;
           tho
           without
           the
           Profession
           there
           can
           be
           no
           securing
           Property
           ;
           but
           perhaps
           the
           Numbers
           make
           more
           work
           than
           there
           would
           be
           if
           they
           were
           less
           .
           Hamburgh
           ,
           tho
           a
           Place
           of
           great
           Trade
           ,
           allows
           but
           Two
           :
           And
           tho
           our
           Foreign
           Plantations
           are
           fill'd
           with
           men
           of
           no
           better
           Principles
           than
           they
           leave
           behind
           them
           ,
           yet
           they
           have
           few
           among
           them
           who
           raise
           their
           Fortunes
           by
           the
           Law
           ;
           for
           which
           no
           reason
           can
           
           be
           given
           ,
           but
           that
           there
           is
           not
           a
           Foundation
           and
           Nursery
           for
           that
           Profession
           to
           breed
           up
           Men
           of
           Learning
           and
           Ingenuity
           in
           .
        
         
           I
           have
           been
           the
           longer
           on
           this
           Subject
           ,
           because
           there
           seems
           to
           me
           an
           Expedient
           in
           this
           matter
           ;
           and
           that
           is
           ,
           To
           make
           such
           Provision
           for
           Noblemen
           and
           Gentlemens
           Children
           ,
           as
           may
           be
           equally
           reputable
           with
           the
           Inns
           of
           Court
           ,
           for
           young
           Gentlemen
           to
           come
           to
           from
           the
           Universities
           ,
           and
           with
           less
           Charge
           than
           their
           Expence
           in
           Seven
           Years
           studying
           the
           Law
           ,
           become
           expert
           in
           Trade
           .
        
         
           To
           be
           thus
           managed
           :
           In
           each
           Maritime
           City
           and
           considerable
           Port
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           to
           have
           a
           College
           built
           ,
           in
           which
           there
           may
           be
           some
           Persons
           of
           Experience
           in
           Trade
           ,
           to
           teach
           and
           direct
           in
           the
           Mystery
           of
           it
           ,
           to
           all
           Parts
           of
           the
           World
           :
           And
           that
           they
           may
           have
           the
           Practick
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Theory
           ,
           That
           every
           Person
           entring
           himself
           into
           the
           Society
           ,
           may
           be
           obliged
           to
           bring
           in
           a
           Thousand
           Pounds
           Stock
           ,
           which
           will
           make
           a
           Capital
           perhaps
           of
           20
           or
           
             30000
             l.
             Sterl
          
           .
           to
           Traffick
           with
           in
           Thirty
           Cities
           ,
           &c.
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           :
           They
           to
           be
           obliged
           to
           spend
           Five
           Years
           in
           this
           Society
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           end
           of
           that
           Term
           to
           receive
           the
           Principal
           they
           brought
           ,
           allowing
           the
           Casualty
           of
           Profit
           and
           Loss
           ,
           as
           it
           happens
           :
           Going
           thus
           out
           ,
           they
           will
           be
           entred
           in
           Trade
           ,
           and
           probably
           have
           a
           Fund
           to
           begin
           with
           ;
           and
           by
           this
           means
           Trade
           will
           fall
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           Gentlemen
           ,
           Persons
           of
           Learning
           and
           Consideration
           in
           the
           Nation
           ;
           and
           likewise
           preserve
           from
           misfortunes
           numbers
           that
           now
           miscarry
           in
           their
           Studies
           of
           the
           Law
           ,
           thorough
           Ill
           Conversation
           ,
           and
           having
           no
           Employments
           .
        
         
         
           To
           this
           Project
           (
           a
           Word
           now
           traduced
           to
           contempt
           ,
           tho
           in
           its
           self
           of
           good
           signification
           both
           for
           Peace
           and
           War
           )
           I
           foresee
           two
           Objections
           that
           will
           be
           made
           against
           it
           ;
           and
           they
           are
           these
           :
        
         
           First
           ,
           This
           will
           make
           too
           many
           Merchans
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           That
           this
           will
           leave
           no
           room
           for
           Younger
           Brothers
           ,
           that
           have
           nothing
           to
           prefer
           them
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           but
           a
           small
           Sum
           to
           put
           them
           Prentice
           to
           a
           Merchant
           ,
           by
           which
           they
           often
           raise
           their
           Fortunes
           in
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           To
           the
           First
           I
           answer
           ,
           That
           the
           evil
           of
           having
           too
           many
           Merchants
           ,
           is
           in
           the
           Numbers
           that
           are
           bred
           up
           from
           Apprentices
           ;
           many
           of
           which
           coming
           into
           Business
           without
           Funds
           ,
           strain
           their
           Credit
           ,
           which
           to
           keep
           above
           water
           they
           are
           forced
           to
           venture
           at
           all
           ways
           that
           have
           but
           a
           Probability
           of
           Success
           ,
           to
           keep
           themselves
           in
           Business
           ;
           and
           then
           to
           comply
           with
           their
           Credit
           often
           sell
           to
           loss
           ,
           which
           in
           the
           end
           brings
           them
           to
           Misfortune
           ,
           and
           that
           begets
           an
           Opinion
           that
           there
           are
           too
           many
           Traders
           ;
           whereas
           the
           true
           reason
           is
           the
           Want
           of
           Stock
           ,
           not
           Number
           of
           Merchants
           .
        
         
           The
           second
           Objection
           ,
           That
           this
           will
           hinder
           Merchants
           from
           taking
           Apprentices
           ,
           is
           in
           part
           answered
           in
           the
           first
           ,
           that
           their
           Number
           prejudice
           Trade
           :
           But
           there
           is
           a
           farther
           Consideration
           in
           this
           matter
           ,
           and
           that
           is
           ,
           Two
           sort
           of
           Youths
           stand
           Candidate
           for
           a
           Mercantine
           Education
           ,
           Gentlemen
           with
           a
           Capital
           ,
           others
           of
           less
           Quality
           with
           none
           .
           I
           think
           it
           will
           admit
           of
           no
           question
           which
           shall
           be
           preferr'd
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           other
           may
           be
           more
           profitably
           employ'd
           for
           the
           Nation
           and
           themselves
           ,
           in
           Trades
           that
           require
           more
           Labour
           and
           less
           Stock
           .
        
         
         
           But
           after
           all
           I
           have
           said
           ,
           my
           Wishes
           are
           greater
           than
           my
           Expectation
           ,
           to
           see
           Trade
           thus
           courted
           in
           a
           Kingdom
           that
           treats
           it
           as
           some
           do
           their
           Wives
           ,
           considering
           them
           no
           farther
           than
           to
           the
           Production
           of
           a
           Legitimate
           Posterity
           ,
           reserving
           their
           Caresses
           and
           Delights
           for
           a
           Miss
           ;
           so
           the
           Humour
           of
           this
           Age
           seems
           to
           incline
           ,
           whilst
           Foreign
           Commerce
           is
           neglected
           ,
           and
           mens
           Thoughts
           and
           Designs
           run
           after
           Offices
           and
           Employments
           in
           the
           State
           ;
           to
           pay
           which
           ,
           Spider-like
           ,
           the
           Nation
           spins
           out
           her
           Bowels
           to
           catch
           Flies
           ;
           and
           the
           Simile
           goes
           farther
           ,
           such
           Food
           turns
           into
           Poison
           ,
           where
           it
           feeds
           men
           faulty
           in
           their
           Morals
           ;
           and
           such
           too
           often
           supplant
           better
           men
           ,
           or
           find
           ways
           to
           be
           preferr'd
           before
           them
           :
           To
           say
           this
           ,
           will
           be
           no
           Offence
           to
           deserving
           men
           ;
           and
           for
           others
           ,
           I
           shall
           only
           desire
           them
           to
           snspend
           their
           Resentments
           until
           the
           Second
           Part
           comes
           forth
           ,
           and
           then
           they
           will
           have
           more
           reason
           ,
           because
           it
           will
           come
           in
           my
           way
           to
           be
           more
           particular
           ,
           when
           I
           come
           to
           speak
           of
           the
           Trade
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           in
           which
           there
           hath
           of
           late
           been
           such
           Notorious
           Demonstrations
           how
           Ill
           Men
           in
           Offices
           and
           Places
           of
           Trust
           may
           ruin
           and
           destroy
           a
           Kingdom
           ,
           as
           admits
           of
           no
           Defence
           .
           I
           have
           for
           this
           ,
           the
           Authority
           of
           Both
           Houses
           of
           Parliament
           in
           their
           Addresses
           to
           the
           King
           :
           And
           the
           Infallible
           Author
           tells
           us
           ,
           That
           
             he
             who
             saith
             to
             the
             wicked
             ,
             Thou
             art
             righteous
             ,
             the
             people
             will
             curse
             ,
             Nations
             shall
             abhor
             him
             .
          
        
         
           What
           I
           have
           said
           in
           the
           following
           Discourse
           ,
           relating
           to
           Trade
           and
           Navigation
           we
           have
           lost
           ,
           is
           not
           with
           prejudice
           to
           our
           Neighbours
           ,
           who
           by
           their
           Industry
           and
           better
           Conduct
           have
           gained
           what
           we
           by
           supine
           Negligence
           and
           destructive
           Impositions
           on
           
           Merchandise
           have
           lost
           ;
           nor
           do
           I
           think
           it
           Christian
           or
           Human
           by
           Club-Law
           to
           take
           that
           from
           another
           Nation
           which
           God
           hath
           made
           common
           for
           every
           Nation
           to
           participate
           of
           ,
           as
           they
           can
           entitle
           themselves
           by
           the
           most
           early
           and
           beneficial
           Methods
           in
           Commerce
           .
           The
           Dutch
           lye
           most
           in
           our
           way
           in
           this
           Controversy
           ;
           but
           the
           Sea
           is
           wide
           enough
           for
           us
           both
           if
           we
           agree
           ,
           but
           too
           narrow
           if
           we
           quarrel
           ,
           for
           then
           we
           shall
           be
           apt
           to
           jostle
           .
           How
           malicious
           it
           looks
           ,
           I
           will
           not
           say
           ,
           but
           to
           me
           it
           seems
           scandalous
           ,
           to
           quarrel
           with
           men
           for
           their
           Industry
           ;
           Envy
           is
           the
           Offspring
           of
           Ignorance
           and
           Sloth
           ,
           and
           is
           an
           evil
           quality
           in
           a
           people
           ,
           tho
           it
           carries
           them
           not
           so
           far
           as
           to
           do
           others
           hurt
           ,
           if
           it
           prevails
           with
           themselves
           to
           do
           nothing
           ;
           but
           as
           I
           am
           not
           for
           beating
           a
           Traveller
           for
           being
           better
           mounted
           than
           my self
           ,
           and
           so
           making
           his
           Journey
           easier
           and
           sooner
           than
           I
           can
           ,
           yet
           I
           should
           stop
           his
           Career
           if
           he
           broke
           through
           my
           Fence
           ,
           or
           grazed
           on
           my
           Ground
           ,
           or
           made
           it
           his
           Road.
           In
           some
           cases
           it
           is
           so
           with
           Trade
           and
           Navigation
           ;
           among
           others
           ,
           that
           of
           New-found-land
           is
           the
           Property
           of
           the
           Imperial
           Crown
           of
           England
           ;
           and
           the
           French
           have
           no
           more
           Right
           to
           fish
           there
           ,
           than
           in
           the
           River
           of
           Thames
           :
           This
           Nation
           was
           the
           first
           that
           ever
           threw
           a
           Hook
           and
           Line
           in
           those
           Seas
           ;
           and
           tho
           there
           is
           no
           Land-marks
           above
           Water
           for
           the
           Bank
           of
           New-found-land
           ,
           (
           it
           lying
           out
           of
           sight
           of
           the
           shore
           )
           yet
           there
           is
           under
           Water
           ,
           from
           the
           first
           Soundings
           ,
           and
           so
           far
           this
           Nation
           hath
           a
           Property
           ;
           and
           we
           may
           now
           ,
           if
           ever
           ,
           hope
           to
           have
           it
           asserted
           ,
           since
           we
           have
           a
           King
           who
           hath
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           that
           Towering
           Monarch
           who
           knew
           no
           Bounds
           before
           :
           And
           there
           seems
           good
           grounds
           to
           
           believe
           ,
           That
           if
           we
           are
           not
           wanting
           to
           Him
           who
           exposeth
           His
           Royal
           Person
           so
           far
           for
           us
           ,
           That
           the
           French
           King
           must
           soon
           retire
           into
           his
           own
           Limits
           .
           But
           upon
           Discourse
           of
           this
           nature
           I
           have
           been
           answered
           ,
           When
           it
           was
           so
           ,
           and
           the
           War
           over
           ,
           then
           ,
           and
           not
           before
           ,
           was
           a
           proper
           time
           to
           treat
           of
           Trade
           :
           I
           have
           mentioned
           something
           of
           this
           in
           the
           following
           Sheets
           ,
           and
           therefore
           shall
           say
           the
           less
           now
           ;
           yet
           cannot
           omit
           that
           which
           stares
           us
           in
           the
           face
           ,
           The
           Neglect
           of
           Trade
           in
           time
           of
           War
           drives
           many
           out
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           who
           will
           never
           return
           :
           It
           is
           observed
           so
           at
           this
           time
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           Thousands
           are
           come
           away
           since
           the
           Reduction
           of
           that
           unfortunate
           Kingdom
           ,
           that
           endured
           the
           whole
           brunt
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           and
           are
           not
           now
           in
           fear
           of
           the
           Irish
           ,
           but
           are
           reduced
           to
           Beggary
           by
           Idleness
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           Trade
           and
           Employment
           that
           they
           formerly
           had
           ;
           the
           consequence
           of
           which
           is
           easy
           to
           be
           read
           ,
           and
           how
           it
           will
           reach
           us
           at
           last
           ;
           but
           we
           are
           a
           People
           that
           neither
           Fire
           ,
           Sword
           ,
           Plague
           ,
           or
           Famine
           can
           work
           upon
           .
           He
           that
           silently
           laments
           ,
           doats
           ;
           and
           he
           that
           complains
           of
           our
           impendent
           Misfortunes
           ,
           is
           mad
           ;
           a
           Character
           now
           more
           in
           use
           than
           ever
           in
           this
           Nation
           ,
           and
           found
           very
           useful
           for
           covering
           some
           mens
           actions
           :
           I
           speak
           not
           this
           as
           having
           a
           Talent
           for
           ,
           or
           desire
           to
           be
           in
           Publick
           Employment
           ;
           I
           never
           was
           in
           any
           :
           That
           which
           I
           believe
           would
           satisfy
           all
           men
           of
           Trade
           and
           Commerce
           ,
           I
           am
           sure
           it
           would
           me
           ,
           is
           the
           Motion
           of
           a
           Parliament-Man
           of
           Leverpoole
           ,
           which
           we
           find
           in
           Story
           ;
           That
           a
           Bill
           being
           brought
           into
           the
           House
           which
           bore
           hard
           on
           the
           Commons
           ,
           in
           Trials
           for
           Life
           and
           Death
           of
           the
           Lords
           ,
           the
           honest
           man
           of
           Leverpoole
           stood
           up
           and
           said
           ,
           
             Since
             he
             saw
          
           
           
             the
             House
             were
             for
             passing
             that
             Bill
             ,
             he
             gave
             his
             Assent
             also
             ;
             provided
             there
             might
             be
             this
             Exception
             in
             the
             Act
             ,
             That
             no
             Lord
             should
             kill
             either
             him
             ,
             his
             Wife
          
           Joan
           ,
           Son
           Tom
           ,
           
             or
             any
             of
             the
             good
             Town
             of
          
           Leverpoole
           
             for
             which
             he
             served
          
           .
           So
           say
           I
           ,
           Since
           the
           Nation
           are
           contented
           that
           the
           Publick
           Treasure
           should
           be
           shared
           among
           Offices
           and
           Employments
           ,
           Merchants
           and
           Seamen
           ,
           &c.
           are
           content
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           in
           the
           Management
           will
           give
           Security
           and
           Encouragement
           for
           Trade
           ,
           which
           pays
           them
           all
           ;
           but
           they
           are
           not
           wise
           to
           themselves
           that
           let
           Trade
           run
           from
           them
           ,
           whilst
           they
           are
           warring
           to
           secure
           it
           ;
           our
           Neighbours
           do
           not
           so
           .
        
         
           Our
           improvidence
           in
           this
           matter
           is
           to
           our
           great
           Reproach
           ,
           since
           we
           are
           under
           the
           Blessing
           of
           such
           a
           Government
           as
           this
           Nation
           never
           had
           but
           once
           before
           :
           And
           it
           is
           not
           to
           be
           forgotten
           ,
           that
           in
           that
           Reign
           ,
           tho
           encompassed
           with
           Wars
           ,
           there
           was
           more
           done
           in
           the
           advancement
           ef
           Trade
           and
           Navigation
           than
           ever
           was
           done
           before
           :
           We
           have
           taken
           care
           to
           lose
           much
           of
           it
           since
           ;
           but
           we
           have
           now
           a
           King
           that
           denies
           us
           nothing
           we
           ask
           for
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Nation
           ;
           and
           where
           any
           thing
           is
           entire
           in
           himself
           (
           and
           it
           is
           well
           some
           things
           are
           so
           )
           we
           find
           it
           ,
           There
           never
           was
           Better
           or
           Greater
           Men
           in
           the
           Church
           and
           on
           the
           Bench
           ;
           which
           is
           sufficient
           demonstration
           ,
           that
           where
           we
           are
           unhappy
           ,
           it
           is
           by
           our
           own
           Recommendation
           and
           Parties
           .
           The
           Filth
           of
           the
           last
           Reign
           still
           sticks
           about
           us
           ;
           from
           which
           Time
           will
           ,
           I
           hope
           ,
           relieve
           the
           King
           and
           Us.
           
        
      
       
         
         
           
           
             THE
             CONTENTS
             .
          
           
             OF
             Trade
             in
             general
             ,
             
               Page
               1.
            
             
          
           
             Of
             Naturalizing
             and
             Encouraging
             Foreign
             Protestants
             ,
             7.
             
          
           
             Of
             Providing
             for
             Foreign
             Protestants
             ,
             11.
             
          
           
             Of
             the
             Manufactory
             and
             Dispose
             of
             Sheeps-Wool
             ,
             22.
             
          
           
             Of
             Free
             Ports
             ,
             29.
             
          
           
             Of
             Exports
             of
             Foreign
             Importations
             ,
             32.
             
          
           
             Of
             a
             Council
             of
             Trade
             ,
             37.
             
          
           
             Of
             Prohibiting
             Forreign
             Commodities
             ,
             41.
             
          
           
             Of
             Sumptuary
             Laws
             ,
             49.
             
          
           
             Of
             Working-Schools
             and
             Hospitals
             ,
             57.
             
          
           
             Reasons
             humbly
             offered
             for
             establishing
             by
             Charter
             Hospitals
             and
             Working-Schools
             ,
             65.
             
          
           
             Of
             the
             New-found-land
             Fishing
             ,
             68.
             
          
           
             Of
             Navigation
             and
             Seamen
             ,
             75.
             
          
           
             Of
             Building
             Ships
             ,
             84.
             
          
           
             Of
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             92.
             
          
           
             Of
             Banks
             and
             Lumbers
             ,
             109.
             
          
           
             Of
             Agriculture
             and
             Rural
             Employments
             ,
             116.
             
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
           
           
             
             ON
             Trade
             in
             General
             .
          
           
             THESE
             Kingdoms
             of
             
               Great
               Brittain
            
             and
             Ireland
             ,
             differ
             from
             most
             parts
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             in
             that
             of
             their
             Strength
             ,
             as
             they
             do
             in
             that
             of
             their
             Scituation
             ,
             and
             Aptness
             for
             Trade
             .
          
           
             Their
             Scituation
             gives
             them
             the
             Preferrance
             of
             the
             most
             Valuable
             Trade
             in
             the
             World
             ,
             which
             must
             pass
             their
             Doors
             before
             it
             comes
             to
             their
             Neighbours
             ;
             and
             as
             they
             are
             happy
             in
             their
             Scituation
             ,
             so
             are
             they
             as
             Superiour
             to
             other
             Countreys
             in
             their
             Native
             Growth
             and
             Production
             for
             Commerce
             ;
             as
             Rich
             Soyl
             is
             to
             that
             which
             is
             Barren
             ;
             these
             Kingdoms
             producing
             Trade
             as
             some
             Land
             doth
             Fruit
             ,
             without
             Art
             or
             Labour
             ,
             when
             other
             Countries
             like
             forced
             Ground
             raise
             their
             Trade
             by
             Assiduity
             in
             both
             :
             And
             such
             a
             People
             are
             more
             to
             be
             feared
             ,
             than
             those
             that
             abound
             with
             the
             Blessings
             of
             Nature
             ,
             but
             want
             that
             of
             Industry
             ;
             we
             need
             go
             no
             further
             than
             the
             Dutch
             and
             Spaniards
             for
             Demonstrarion
             .
          
           
             The
             Danger
             that
             hath
             been
             impendent
             over
             us
             for
             more
             than
             Thirty
             Years
             in
             this
             of
             our
             Trade
             ,
             is
             from
             the
             French
             ;
             and
             in
             Truth
             no
             Nation
             in
             the
             World
             can
             so
             well
             contest
             it
             with
             England
             as
             they
             
             can
             ;
             and
             therefore
             it
             seems
             reasonable
             to
             consider
             them
             in
             this
             as
             much
             as
             we
             do
             in
             that
             of
             their
             Armes
             ;
             and
             perhaps
             they
             may
             be
             found
             laying
             a
             Foundation
             in
             War
             to
             enlarge
             their
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             ,
             and
             we
             at
             the
             same
             time
             declining
             in
             both
             .
          
           
             That
             these
             Kingdoms
             cannot
             be
             safe
             under
             the
             Growth
             of
             France
             none
             will
             deny
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             is
             safer
             for
             England
             to
             meet
             them
             in
             Flanders
             than
             here
             ;
             but
             if
             the
             Advance
             Guards
             should
             be
             only
             consider'd
             ,
             and
             the
             Main
             Body
             neglected
             ,
             the
             consequence
             might
             be
             fear'd
             .
          
           
             
               Our
               Naval
               Force
               is
               thought
               the
               Main
               Body
               and
               Strength
               of
               the
               Nation
               :
            
             Now
             though
             large
             Supplies
             in
             Parliament
             are
             absolutely
             necessary
             for
             that
             use
             ,
             yet
             there
             is
             something
             else
             wanting
             to
             make
             us
             formidable
             at
             Sea
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             Marine
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             ,
             which
             like
             Food
             to
             the
             Body
             must
             be
             dayly
             renewed
             ,
             or
             else
             our
             Naval
             Strength
             will
             decay
             .
             
               And
               although
               perhaps
               it
               is
               not
               consider'd
               ,
               yet
               the
               want
               of
               Seamen
               for
               our
               Navigation
               and
               Trade
               in
               time
               of
               Naval
               War
               ,
               Impoverisheth
               the
               Nation
               more
               than
               the
               Charge
               of
               the
               War.
               
            
          
           
             There
             goes
             many
             Threads
             to
             make
             up
             the
             Webb
             of
             Trade
             ,
             too
             fine
             for
             every
             eye
             to
             see
             ;
             and
             among
             others
             the
             Cheap
             Navigating
             Ships
             is
             one
             :
             Now
             our
             want
             of
             Seamen
             obligeth
             Merchants
             to
             advance
             their
             Wages
             ,
             and
             that
             gives
             Advantage
             to
             our
             Neighbours
             in
             carrying
             Commodities
             cheaper
             to
             a
             Market
             than
             we
             can
             ,
             and
             consequently
             makes
             them
             the
             Carriers
             of
             our
             Produce
             and
             Manufactory
             ;
             which
             is
             the
             only
             certain
             Gain
             in
             Trade
             .
             Merchants
             often
             loose
             when
             a
             Ship
             Arrives
             safe
             in
             Port
             ,
             but
             Seamen
             have
             their
             full
             Wages
             .
          
           
           
             There
             is
             also
             another
             Prejudice
             and
             Loss
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             carrying
             Money
             out
             by
             Foreign
             Seamen
             that
             are
             imployed
             in
             our
             Merchant-Men
             ,
             ¼
             ▪
             being
             allowed
             by
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ;
             which
             might
             have
             been
             thought
             the
             only
             mistake
             in
             that
             Act
             ,
             if
             the
             Consideration
             of
             our
             not
             having
             sufficient
             for
             our
             Ships
             had
             not
             produced
             that
             Liberty
             .
          
           
             As
             Naval
             War
             abates
             the
             number
             of
             our
             Seamen
             ,
             so
             it
             increaseth
             those
             of
             the
             French
             ;
             for
             that
             they
             imploy
             more
             Seamen
             in
             their
             Privateers
             ,
             than
             they
             do
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             in
             Merchant-Men
             :
             And
             as
             this
             affects
             us
             in
             War
             ,
             so
             it
             may
             reasonably
             be
             fear'd
             it
             will
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             ;
             
               For
               having
               so
               many
               Seamen
               made
               to
               their
               hands
               ,
               will
               naturally
               put
               them
               upon
               inlarging
               their
               Navigation
               ;
               to
               which
               they
               will
               be
               the
               more
               incouraged
               by
               our
               want
               of
               Men
               to
               supply
               ours
               ,
               which
               they
               will
               soon
               fall
               into
               .
            
          
           
             And
             the
             Abating
             of
             our
             Marine
             Imployments
             hath
             a
             worse
             Consequence
             than
             the
             Loss
             of
             our
             Trade
             ;
             for
             that
             it
             seems
             the
             most
             effectual
             way
             to
             lay
             us
             open
             to
             the
             Invasion
             of
             the
             French
             ,
             which
             
               we
               are
               no
               longer
               secure
               from
               ,
               than
               whilst
               we
               Command
               the
               Sea
            
             ;
             And
             if
             we
             find
             the
             French
             alone
             able
             to
             contend
             with
             us
             and
             the
             Dutch
             United
             ,
             what
             might
             they
             not
             do
             if
             they
             should
             be
             assisted
             with
             other
             helps
             ,
             and
             we
             left
             single
             to
             oppose
             them
             ,
             
               There
               are
               more
               ways
               than
               one
               to
               bring
               such
               a
               Revolution
               in
            
             Europe
             :
             And
             therefore
             it
             seems
             of
             the
             greatest
             moment
             for
             this
             Nation
             ,
             to
             provide
             in
             their
             Naval
             Force
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             were
             left
             to
             their
             own
             defence
             against
             the
             Power
             of
             more
             than
             the
             French
             at
             Sea
             :
             It
             is
             ,
             no
             doubt
             ,
             the
             Interest
             of
             England
             
             to
             support
             the
             Dutch
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             hoped
             we
             shall
             never
             be
             divided
             .
             But
             that
             Kingdom
             is
             in
             an
             ill
             Condition
             that
             cannot
             secure
             its
             self
             without
             the
             Force
             of
             its
             Allies
          
           
             
               Such
               Reflections
               as
               these
               may
               not
               be
               improper
               in
               this
               Age
               ,
            
             They
             were
             thought
             necessary
             in
             the
             Reign
             of
             Queen
             Elizabeth
             ,
             when
             she
             question'd
             the
             French
             of
             Building
             a
             Ship
             of
             War
             but
             of
             Fourteen
             Guns
             .
          
           
             And
             since
             they
             are
             now
             above
             such
             Demands
             ,
             and
             that
             we
             cannot
             restrain
             them
             ,
             it
             seems
             necessary
             for
             us
             to
             increase
             our
             own
             ;
             and
             that
             is
             not
             possible
             to
             be
             done
             any
             other
             way
             than
             by
             Improving
             our
             Navigation
             ,
             and
             inlarging
             our
             Trade
             ,
             
               without
               which
               we
               may
               fight
               for
               the
               Sovereignty
               of
               the
               Sea
               until
               we
               have
               lost
               the
               use
               of
               it
               .
            
             If
             Account
             were
             taken
             of
             those
             several
             Trades
             that
             this
             Nation
             hath
             in
             a
             manner
             totally
             lost
             since
             the
             Reign
             of
             James
             the
             First
             ,
             it
             might
             open
             those
             Eyes
             that
             are
             alwayes
             shut
             to
             that
             which
             is
             the
             Strength
             and
             Riches
             of
             this
             Nation
             ,
             as
             Navigation
             is
             .
          
           
             There
             were
             many
             Thousand
             Seamen
             formerly
             imployed
             ,
             where
             for
             late
             years
             we
             have
             few
             or
             none
             ,
             as
             the
             Greenland
             ,
             and
             Muscovy
             Trade
             lost
             ;
             that
             of
             the
             North-Seas
             ,
             and
             Newfound-Land
             ,
             little
             better
             ;
             most
             of
             our
             Eastland-Trades
             managed
             by
             Foreign
             Ships
             ;
             and
             so
             the
             Trade
             of
             Ireland
             ;
             the
             neglect
             of
             which
             in
             that
             point
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             some
             others
             ,
             may
             be
             found
             when
             it
             is
             too
             late
             of
             pernicious
             Consequence
             to
             England
             .
          
           
             These
             are
             Trades
             we
             lost
             to
             the
             French
             ,
             and
             Northern
             Navigation
             ,
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             ;
             and
             this
             War
             hath
             brought
             on
             the
             Stage
             the
             Portugese
             ,
             a
             Nation
             we
             least
             fear'd
             ;
             yet
             under
             this
             cover
             ,
             we
             may
             very
             well
             loose
             great
             part
             of
             our
             Southern
             
             Trade
             .
             We
             formerly
             imployed
             our
             Ships
             in
             their
             Braziel
             and
             other
             Trades
             ,
             and
             now
             we
             are
             forced
             to
             imploy
             theirs
             ;
             not
             only
             because
             of
             their
             being
             Free
             Ships
             ,
             
               but
               also
               because
               we
               cannot
               get
               Seamen
               to
               Navigate
               our
               own
               Ships
               .
            
          
           
             By
             Accidents
             of
             War
             ,
             Trade
             often
             shifts
             from
             one
             Nation
             to
             another
             ,
             and
             some
             will
             stick
             behind
             after
             the
             War
             is
             ended
             ;
             for
             that
             Seamen
             and
             Merchants
             rest
             where
             they
             find
             most
             Incouragement
             ;
             and
             wherever
             they
             come
             they
             are
             made
             wellcom
             ,
             and
             when
             the
             benefit
             they
             bring
             to
             the
             Countrey
             they
             Trade
             in
             is
             observed
             ,
             they
             will
             not
             want
             Incouragement
             to
             stay
             there
             :
             There
             never
             was
             a
             fairer
             opportunity
             ,
             if
             the
             Portugueze
             make
             use
             of
             the
             Introduction
             this
             War
             hath
             given
             them
             ;
             to
             make
             Lisbon
             the
             Mart
             for
             Trade
             ,
             and
             Navigation
             in
             the
             Western
             and
             Levant
             Trade
             :
             It
             is
             a
             mistake
             to
             think
             that
             Navigation
             and
             Marine
             Imployments
             can
             have
             no
             growth
             where
             the
             Natives
             are
             not
             Numerous
             and
             Apt
             for
             the
             Sea.
             
          
           
             Trade
             is
             best
             Improved
             by
             good
             Laws
             ,
             and
             Incouragement
             for
             Strangers
             ;
             where
             such
             are
             together
             with
             a
             Scituation
             for
             Trade
             ,
             that
             place
             will
             be
             crowded
             ;
             and
             so
             would
             Lisbon
             and
             the
             
               Portugueze
               Ports
            
             if
             it
             were
             not
             for
             the
             Inquisition
             ;
             but
             it
             is
             believed
             the
             Rigour
             of
             that
             will
             be
             Abated
             now
             they
             have
             tasted
             the
             sweets
             of
             Trade
             .
             All
             these
             things
             make
             against
             us
             ,
             and
             though
             little
             consider'd
             ,
             bodes
             ill
             for
             these
             Kingdoms
             ;
             if
             some
             extraordinary
             ,
             and
             speedy
             Resolutions
             be
             not
             taken
             to
             regain
             our
             Navigation
             and
             Sea-Imployments
             ,
             this
             Nation
             will
             fall
             under
             some
             Foreign
             Power
             .
             It
             is
             easie
             to
             read
             our
             Destiny
             ,
             nor
             will
             it
             be
             like
             a
             Conquest
             on
             a
             Continent
             ;
             
               One
               Day
               at
               Sea
               may
            
             
             
               determine
               the
               Fate
               of
               these
               Kingdoms
            
             ;
             and
             if
             we
             have
             no
             Fund
             or
             Nursery
             for
             Seamen
             in
             Proportion
             to
             the
             French
             ,
             and
             others
             about
             us
             ,
             what
             can
             be
             expected
             .
          
           
             That
             which
             I
             humbly
             conceive
             the
             most
             visible
             Means
             to
             preserve
             these
             Kingdoms
             in
             their
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             ,
             and
             nothing
             but
             that
             can
             provide
             for
             their
             Naval
             Force
             ,
             
               is
               the
               setting
               up
               a
               National
               Bank
               :
            
             This
             now
             on
             foot
             is
             too
             little
             ,
             and
             yet
             too
             bigg
             ;
             the
             first
             because
             it
             promotes
             nothing
             of
             our
             Navigation
             ,
             but
             on
             the
             contrary
             may
             be
             fear'd
             to
             Destroy
             it
             ,
             by
             that
             Tax
             on
             Shipping
             ;
             but
             I
             have
             left
             my
             Bank
             ;
             which
             as
             I
             conceive
             too
             little
             for
             the
             reason
             I
             mention'd
             ,
             so
             I
             think
             it
             too
             big
             because
             it
             will
             Ingross
             the
             Money
             ,
             and
             consequently
             the
             Trade
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             into
             one
             City
             ;
             and
             will
             draw
             from
             all
             Parts
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             those
             little
             Sums
             that
             do
             now
             in
             great
             measure
             support
             the
             Manufactoryes
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             When
             there
             was
             no
             place
             where
             Money
             could
             be
             lodg'd
             at
             Interest
             for
             a
             Day
             ;
             it
             was
             easie
             for
             Industrious
             Men
             to
             borrow
             from
             their
             Neighbours
             ;
             and
             by
             that
             means
             our
             Manufactories
             were
             made
             Plenty
             and
             Cheap
             ;
             but
             now
             a
             little
             time
             will
             shew
             they
             can
             be
             neither
             :
             But
             of
             this
             I
             have
             writ
             my
             thoughts
             a
             part
             .
          
           
             The
             Bank
             that
             I
             conceive
             would
             be
             useful
             in
             this
             Nation
             ,
             must
             be
             of
             such
             Universal
             Extent
             ,
             that
             every
             Person
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             may
             be
             concern'd
             in
             it
             ,
             and
             that
             every
             corner
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             shall
             partake
             of
             the
             Streams
             that
             run
             from
             it
             :
             That
             out
             of
             this
             Bank
             there
             may
             be
             Provision
             for
             Ships
             and
             Seamen
             .
          
           
             That
             those
             Trades
             before-mentioned
             ,
             that
             we
             
             have
             lost
             may
             be
             retrieved
             ;
             and
             such
             Methods
             laid
             down
             as
             may
             incourage
             that
             Navigation
             which
             imploys
             most
             Seamen
             ,
             as
             the
             Fishing
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             To
             Establish
             this
             Bank
             will
             require
             great
             Consideration
             ,
             for
             that
             as
             it
             may
             be
             Constituted
             ,
             the
             Trade
             and
             Treasure
             of
             this
             Nation
             will
             be
             very
             much
             increas'd
             ;
             all
             the
             Poor
             and
             now
             Useless
             hands
             Imployed
             ,
             not
             a
             Beggar
             in
             the
             Streets
             :
             And
             since
             England
             wants
             nothing
             so
             much
             as
             People
             ,
             
               One
               way
               to
               supply
               that
               defect
               ,
               is
               to
               increase
               your
               work
               for
               them
               you
               have
               :
            
             And
             so
             one
             Man
             may
             be
             better
             than
             two
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             Riches
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             And
             the
             full
             Imployments
             of
             the
             Hands
             we
             have
             is
             the
             only
             way
             to
             get
             more
             ;
             but
             to
             invite
             Strangers
             into
             a
             Kingdom
             ,
             where
             
               the
               Taxes
               for
               the
               Poor
               amount
               to
               more
               than
               the
               Revenue
               of
               some
               of
               the
               Neighbouring
               Countreys
               ,
            
             shews
             we
             consider
             Trade
             as
             wise
             Men
             do
             Play
             ,
             for
             Diversion
             ,
             not
             Business
             ;
             and
             in
             that
             Delusion
             may
             be
             read
             the
             Ruine
             of
             these
             Nations
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               Of
               Naturalizing
               and
               Incouraging
            
             Foreign
             Protestants
             .
          
           
             IT
             is
             observed
             that
             though
             there
             is
             no
             part
             in
             the
             Universe
             so
             streightned
             ,
             and
             filled
             with
             Inhabitants
             as
             the
             
               Vnited
               Provinces
            
             ,
             yet
             there
             is
             no
             Government
             that
             gives
             such
             Incouragement
             to
             Invite
             in
             more
             :
             They
             make
             their
             Country
             as
             God
             hath
             the
             Air
             ,
             every
             Mans
             Property
             that
             Breathes
             in
             it
             ;
             and
             equally
             in
             the
             Power
             of
             a
             Man
             to
             be
             a
             
             Denison
             ,
             or
             a
             Tenant
             ,
             a
             Burger
             as
             a
             Parishioner
             ;
             the
             good
             Effect
             it
             hath
             in
             that
             Commonwealth
             needs
             no
             Illustration
             .
          
           
             It
             may
             be
             supposed
             this
             Provident
             Oeconomy
             happen'd
             in
             that
             State
             ,
             above
             any
             Government
             in
             Europe
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             their
             being
             of
             latter
             Date
             in
             their
             Establishment
             ,
             and
             so
             saw
             the
             mistakes
             of
             their
             Neighbours
             ;
             and
             on
             the
             other
             hand
             our
             Government
             deriving
             from
             Antiquated
             Laws
             ,
             and
             Prescriptions
             ,
             which
             according
             to
             the
             Experience
             of
             those
             times
             made
             Bullwarks
             against
             Strangers
             and
             Foreigners
             ;
             believing
             they
             could
             never
             be
             secure
             of
             what
             they
             had
             in
             possession
             ,
             or
             at
             Liberty
             to
             inlarge
             their
             Fortunes
             ,
             if
             Strangers
             were
             allow
             ▪
             d
             the
             Freedom
             of
             Natives
             :
             
               But
               in
               the
               Reign
               of
            
             Hen
             3.
             
               there
               was
               large
               Immunities
               given
               to
               the
            
             Easterlins
             ,
             then
             so
             called
             ,
             to
             settle
             Trade
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             which
             the
             Steel-Yard
             yet
             bears
             the
             Memory
             of
             ,
             but
             that
             was
             but
             a
             particular
             and
             limited
             thing
             ;
             the
             Old
             Laws
             and
             Prohibition
             of
             Naturalization
             still
             continued
             ,
             and
             by
             it
             this
             Kingdom
             deprived
             of
             such
             Numbers
             as
             might
             have
             in
             some
             proportion
             fill'd
             those
             wastes
             that
             this
             fruitful
             Island
             hath
             now
             in
             it
             ,
             for
             that
             it
             cannot
             be
             said
             to
             be
             one
             half
             Peopled
          
           
             There
             now
             seems
             a
             greater
             tendency
             in
             the
             Nation
             to
             remove
             those
             Bars
             that
             lie
             in
             the
             way
             of
             New-Comers
             by
             that
             Charitable
             Law
             for
             Liberty
             of
             Conscience
             ,
             and
             as
             we
             owe
             great
             part
             of
             our
             
               Woollen
               Manufactories
            
             to
             the
             Blessed
             Memory
             of
             Queen
             Elizabeth
             receiving
             in
             the
             Persecuted
             Protestants
             from
             Flanders
             ,
             whose
             Posterity
             are
             now
             become
             Natives
             ,
             so
             may
             we
             the
             Inlarging
             of
             our
             Navigation
             ,
             Fishing
             ,
             and
             Numbers
             of
             our
             Inhabitants
             
             to
             this
             Reign
             ,
             if
             Incouragement
             were
             given
             to
             Invite
             Protestants
             of
             all
             Nations
             to
             settle
             here
             with
             the
             same
             Security
             and
             Priviledge
             as
             Natives
             ▪
             I
             will
             not
             determine
             whither
             the
             Limitation
             of
             Offices
             and
             Imployments
             of
             Profit
             ,
             may
             not
             be
             necessary
             to
             such
             as
             are
             not
             born
             in
             that
             Kingdom
             ,
             but
             I
             think
             that
             would
             be
             no
             obstacle
             to
             such
             as
             are
             worth
             receiving
             for
             that
             Trade
             ,
             and
             purchasing
             in
             that
             Kingdom
             must
             be
             the
             business
             of
             those
             as
             are
             supposed
             to
             be
             invited
             in
             ,
             and
             there
             Posterity
             will
             be
             capable
             of
             Preferments
             in
             the
             Common-wealth
             ,
             and
             the
             fewer
             there
             is
             of
             such
             ,
             (
             I
             mean
             Places
             and
             Offices
             of
             Profit
             amongst
             us
             ,
             )
             the
             better
             ;
             we
             see
             it
             so
             in
             the
             
               Vnited
               Provinces
            
             ,
             where
             perchance
             there
             is
             not
             by
             Civil
             Imployments
             so
             many
             Men
             Inriched
             as
             we
             have
             in
             one
             Parish
             .
             Where
             there
             is
             most
             Trade
             there
             is
             fewest
             Offices
             .
          
           
             But
             to
             return
             to
             the
             Advantage
             of
             bringing
             in
             Foreigners
             ,
             I
             presume
             Men
             of
             Real
             Estates
             do
             believe
             that
             it
             will
             advance
             the
             Rates
             of
             Lands
             by
             a
             greater
             Consumption
             of
             the
             Native
             Product
             .
          
           
             And
             however
             some
             of
             our
             Artizans
             may
             mistake
             it
             ,
             yet
             the
             most
             considerable
             of
             them
             allow
             that
             the
             Increase
             of
             Hands
             in
             labour
             improves
             and
             increases
             Manufactory
             ,
             even
             in
             the
             very
             Expence
             of
             them
             that
             are
             added
             ;
             one
             Man
             that
             Works
             may
             have
             five
             or
             six
             that
             only
             Eats
             and
             Wears
             .
          
           
             And
             it
             is
             undeniable
             that
             if
             the
             Increase
             of
             hands
             abates
             the
             Price
             of
             Manufactoryes
             ,
             it
             will
             inlarge
             their
             Exports
             and
             Expence
             at
             home
             ;
             the
             Cheap
             making
             of
             Manufactories
             abroad
             is
             known
             to
             be
             the
             chief
             Cause
             of
             abating
             our
             Rent
             .
          
           
           
             The
             next
             Consideration
             is
             that
             of
             Seamen
             ,
             to
             Increase
             them
             by
             Foreigners
             admits
             of
             no
             Objection
             since
             we
             are
             forced
             to
             make
             use
             of
             them
             at
             dear
             Rates
             ,
             and
             they
             carry
             out
             our
             Money
             for
             their
             Wages
             .
             If
             Merchants
             will
             not
             complain
             at
             the
             bringing
             in
             and
             Naturalizing
             Foreign
             Seamen
             ,
             for
             the
             Reasons
             before
             ;
             so
             neither
             will
             our
             Seamen
             complain
             ,
             for
             that
             the
             Increase
             of
             them
             will
             ease
             ours
             from
             the
             Press
             ,
             when
             Foreigners
             are
             made
             as
             liable
             to
             it
             as
             they
             ;
             whereas
             now
             they
             do
             our
             Seamen
             a
             double
             Injury
             ,
             take
             their
             Imployment
             in
             Merchant-men
             ,
             and
             leave
             them
             no
             way
             of
             getting
             their
             Bread
             ,
             but
             by
             Sailing
             in
             Men
             of
             War.
             There
             remains
             then
             only
             to
             be
             question'd
             the
             Prejudice
             Foreign
             Merchants
             may
             do
             to
             ours
             ;
             for
             none
             deny
             but
             that
             they
             are
             an
             Advantage
             to
             all
             other
             Societies
             and
             Persons
             in
             the
             Nation
             by
             their
             Trade
             and
             Expence
             ;
             but
             to
             our
             Merchants
             ,
             some
             may
             say
             they
             are
             a
             hindrance
             ;
             though
             I
             do
             not
             think
             any
             Merchant
             ,
             that
             is
             truly
             so
             ,
             will
             say
             it
             ,
             they
             are
             not
             found
             so
             in
             Amsterdam
             ;
             but
             Merchants
             there
             are
             pleased
             with
             their
             Numbers
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             alwayes
             accounted
             a
             Misfortune
             ,
             even
             by
             them
             that
             slay
             ,
             to
             have
             Merchants
             quitt
             a
             Place
             .
          
           
             There
             might
             be
             much
             more
             said
             ,
             if
             it
             were
             wanting
             ,
             to
             shew
             ,
             That
             Naturalising
             Foreign
             Merchants
             can
             be
             no
             Prejudice
             to
             Natives
             ;
             but
             since
             it
             concerns
             Men
             of
             the
             best
             Sence
             and
             Knowledge
             in
             business
             ,
             it
             is
             but
             waste
             of
             Time
             :
             They
             know
             Foreign
             Merchants
             abate
             not
             their
             Trade
             for
             want
             of
             Naturalization
             ,
             but
             it
             is
             our
             advantage
             to
             have
             them
             brought
             under
             the
             Taxes
             and
             Offices
             of
             Charge
             in
             the
             Nation
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             to
             have
             their
             Estates
             fixed
             in
             it
             .
          
           
           
             Upon
             the
             whole
             I
             submit
             to
             better
             Judgment
             ,
             Whither
             the
             Treasure
             of
             the
             Nation
             in
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Men
             ,
             which
             I
             take
             to
             be
             of
             the
             greatest
             Value
             .
          
           
             The
             Wealth
             of
             the
             Nation
             by
             their
             Estates
             and
             their
             Support
             of
             the
             Government
             by
             bearing
             part
             of
             the
             charge
             of
             it
             ,
             will
             not
             be
             advanced
             by
             the
             bringing
             Foreign
             Protestants
             into
             all
             the
             Priviledges
             and
             Immunity
             of
             English
             Men
             ,
             which
             it
             in
             time
             will
             make
             so
             .
             If
             we
             reflect
             on
             the
             Numbers
             lost
             in
             five
             years
             past
             ,
             there
             may
             seem
             as
             much
             reason
             to
             recruit
             the
             Nation
             as
             the
             Army
             ▪
             Laws
             and
             Property
             hath
             always
             been
             the
             Language
             of
             our
             Nation
             ,
             and
             much
             talk
             of
             securing
             them
             ;
             this
             ought
             to
             be
             done
             ,
             but
             there
             is
             something
             of
             greater
             Value
             that
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             left
             undone
             ,
             which
             we
             hear
             not
             off
             ;
             and
             that
             is
             ,
             Provision
             for
             the
             Increase
             of
             Posterity
             ,
             and
             Wayes
             to
             Invite
             in
             present
             Supplies
             .
             If
             this
             came
             once
             under
             Consideration
             of
             Parliament
             ,
             I
             cannot
             but
             believe
             it
             would
             produce
             the
             best
             Statute
             this
             Nation
             ever
             saw
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               Of
               Providing
               for
            
             Foreign
             Protestants
             .
          
           
             AS
             I
             believe
             an
             Act
             of
             Naturalization
             would
             inlarge
             the
             Trade
             of
             this
             Nation
             ,
             so
             would
             the
             planting
             Foreign
             Protestants
             in
             Ireland
             :
             And
             it
             seems
             but
             reasonable
             that
             this
             Nation
             should
             make
             some
             Advantage
             by
             that
             sink
             of
             their
             Blood
             and
             Treasure
             ,
             which
             they
             never
             yet
             have
             done
             ,
             but
             every
             Forty
             Years
             at
             most
             are
             put
             to
             the
             Expence
             of
             a
             New
             War
             :
             It
             is
             astonishing
             to
             reflect
             
             on
             the
             Story
             of
             that
             Kingdom
             ;
             in
             which
             it
             is
             said
             there
             hath
             been
             above
             Fifteen
             Hundred
             Thousand
             English
             murdered
             in
             Fifty
             Two
             Rebellions
             :
             It
             would
             be
             but
             a
             reasonable
             and
             provident
             Consideration
             how
             to
             prevent
             such
             continual
             bleeding
             in
             that
             Kingdom
             for
             the
             future
             ;
             But
             Matters
             of
             State
             is
             not
             the
             design
             of
             this
             Discourse
             ;
             only
             where
             Trade
             must
             call
             to
             it
             for
             Aid
             ,
             as
             in
             this
             case
             it
             seems
             to
             do
             ,
             for
             the
             Government
             to
             give
             a
             hand
             to
             the
             planting
             that
             Kingdom
             ,
             by
             which
             it
             may
             be
             profitable
             to
             this
             ;
             and
             it
             can
             never
             be
             by
             lying
             waste
             ,
             or
             being
             kept
             poor
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             general
             Opinion
             amongst
             us
             ;
             and
             I
             fear
             one
             of
             our
             most
             pernitious
             Mistakes
             in
             Trade
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             point
             of
             our
             security
             ,
             we
             should
             allow
             some
             Thoughts
             and
             Value
             for
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Men
             ;
             and
             if
             we
             did
             so
             ,
             there
             would
             not
             be
             such
             continued
             Slaughter
             in
             that
             Kingdom
             without
             producing
             one
             good
             Statute
             to
             secure
             that
             Countrey
             ,
             as
             in
             reason
             it
             should
             be
             intirely
             to
             the
             obedience
             and
             disposition
             of
             this
             ;
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             Land
             of
             that
             Kingdom
             is
             ,
             or
             ought
             to
             be
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             our
             Brethren
             ,
             and
             they
             sure
             will
             not
             be
             unwilling
             to
             give
             us
             the
             priviledge
             of
             governing
             it
             ,
             especially
             when
             by
             it
             we
             preserve
             them
             ,
             as
             by
             sending
             Foreign
             Protestants
             among
             them
             we
             should
             do
             :
             In
             private
             management
             we
             should
             think
             him
             Lunatick
             that
             would
             pursue
             one
             Method
             a
             thousand
             times
             over
             ,
             though
             he
             had
             as
             constantly
             miscarried
             in
             it
             ;
             that
             seems
             the
             Case
             of
             Ireland
             ;
             it
             is
             vain
             to
             imagine
             that
             British
             ,
             so
             I
             think
             they
             call
             the
             English
             and
             Scotch
             of
             Ireland
             ,
             can
             ever
             ballance
             the
             Irish
             ;
             it
             is
             said
             ,
             the
             Irish
             are
             now
             above
             twenty
             to
             one
             at
             this
             time
             ,
             notwithstanding
             much
             more
             of
             the
             Irish
             perished
             in
             this
             last
             War
             ,
             than
             of
             the
             British
             .
          
           
           
             That
             then
             which
             I
             conceive
             would
             be
             the
             best
             management
             this
             Nation
             ever
             made
             of
             Ireland
             ,
             would
             be
             to
             dispose
             the
             Forfeitures
             of
             that
             Kingdom
             to
             Strangers
             of
             all
             sorts
             that
             are
             not
             of
             the
             Church
             of
             Rome
             ;
             and
             having
             made
             that
             exception
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             necessary
             to
             give
             my
             Reasons
             for
             it
             .
             My
             Principles
             (
             I
             must
             confess
             )
             are
             against
             Force
             in
             Religion
             ;
             but
             in
             this
             Case
             of
             Ireland
             there
             is
             a
             necessity
             to
             exclude
             as
             much
             as
             may
             be
             ,
             those
             that
             have
             any
             Relation
             or
             dependance
             on
             the
             Church
             ;
             because
             the
             Irish
             are
             a
             Bigotted
             People
             ,
             and
             own
             a
             Foreign
             Jurisdiction
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             Principle
             against
             the
             Government
             and
             Laws
             of
             the
             Land
             ;
             and
             where
             those
             of
             that
             Opinion
             are
             superiour
             in
             Number
             to
             them
             that
             are
             in
             the
             Interest
             of
             Government
             ,
             it
             seems
             absolutely
             Incumbent
             on
             the
             Government
             to
             provide
             against
             such
             Men
             as
             believe
             themselves
             under
             the
             most
             Sacred
             Tyes
             of
             Religion
             and
             Conscience
             ,
             to
             Obey
             and
             Promote
             the
             Edicts
             and
             Injunctions
             of
             a
             Foreign
             Prince
             ,
             for
             so
             the
             Pope
             is
             .
             But
             to
             return
             to
             that
             of
             bringing
             Protestants
             to
             Ireland
             ;
             I
             conceive
             there
             must
             be
             more
             than
             making
             them
             Denizons
             ,
             because
             at
             this
             time
             Ireland
             differs
             very
             little
             from
             a
             new
             Plantation
             ,
             and
             to
             Plant
             such
             ,
             there
             is
             always
             given
             larger
             Incouragement
             to
             New
             Comers
             ,
             than
             in
             Setled
             and
             Planted
             Countreys
             .
             If
             therefore
             such
             Methods
             were
             thought
             on
             ,
             as
             might
             make
             those
             that
             would
             settle
             in
             that
             Kingdom
             Freeholders
             of
             small
             Proportions
             of
             Lands
             at
             very
             easie
             Rents
             ,
             that
             might
             be
             a
             great
             Inducement
             to
             Foreigners
             to
             go
             and
             fill
             that
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             they
             would
             soon
             by
             intermixture
             in
             Marriages
             with
             the
             English
             and
             Scotch
             become
             British
             ;
             and
             so
             those
             of
             the
             Interest
             of
             England
             
             would
             be
             Superiour
             to
             that
             of
             the
             Irish
             and
             Interest
             of
             Rome
             ;
             and
             until
             it
             be
             so
             ,
             England
             can
             never
             be
             sure
             of
             Ireland
             .
             All
             that
             this
             Nation
             ever
             yet
             had
             by
             it
             ,
             was
             a
             breathing
             time
             of
             thirty
             or
             Forty
             Years
             ,
             and
             then
             had
             a
             new
             Conquest
             to
             make
             .
          
           
             But
             such
             a
             disposition
             as
             this
             would
             prevent
             Future
             Rebellions
             ,
             and
             also
             greatly
             Improve
             the
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             of
             this
             Kingdom
             ;
             For
             it
             is
             to
             be
             Noted
             ,
             that
             the
             Chief
             Consumption
             of
             Ireland
             is
             of
             the
             Product
             and
             Manufactory
             of
             this
             Kingdom
             :
             And
             by
             an
             Account
             I
             have
             seen
             ,
             Ireland
             takes
             off
             more
             from
             us
             than
             Virginia
             and
             
               New
               England
            
             ;
             and
             if
             we
             take
             it
             into
             our
             Care
             ,
             would
             Imploy
             more
             of
             our
             Ships
             ;
             but
             of
             that
             I
             intend
             in
             the
             second
             part
             of
             my
             Essayes
             to
             treat
             at
             large
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             shall
             here
             Insert
             Verbatim
             part
             of
             a
             Discourse
             I
             find
             in
             a
             Pamphlet
             ,
             Intituled
             ,
             
               The
               Linnen
               and
               Woollen
               Manufactories
            
             :
             A
             Discourse
             Printed
             in
             the
             Year
             1691
             :
             The
             whole
             was
             Rational
             ;
             but
             that
             which
             I
             think
             applicable
             to
             what
             I
             am
             now
             upon
             ,
             was
             as
             followeth
             :
             He
             begins
             the
             Paragraff
             thus
             ,
             as
             I
             said
             before
             ,
             
               Ireland
               is
               no
               more
               than
               one
               of
               our
               Foreign
               Plantations
               ,
               only
               I
               think
               it
               will
               be
               allowed
               the
               first
               Place
               ,
               and
               more
               than
               any
               other
               in
               nearness
               of
               Blood
               ;
               and
               that
               of
               our
               Nobles
               there
               being
               many
               Families
               in
               that
               Kingdom
               descended
               from
               the
               Antient
               Families
               of
               this
               ;
               and
               most
               of
               the
               Estates
               in
            
             Ireland
             
               held
               by
               the
               decent
               from
               our
               Brethren
               ,
               who
               purchas'd
               it
               with
               their
               Blood
               :
            
             These
             Reflections
             may
             prevail
             for
             our
             care
             of
             them
             ,
             at
             least
             to
             any
             Collony
             abroad
             ;
             and
             we
             never
             think
             it
             our
             prejudice
             to
             have
             them
             thrive
             ,
             nor
             would
             the
             growth
             of
             Ireland
             ,
             if
             rightly
             disposed
             
             or
             understood
             :
             And
             here
             give
             me
             leave
             to
             make
             a
             Digression
             ,
             if
             it
             may
             be
             call'd
             so
             ,
             but
             you
             may
             think
             it
             not
             Foreign
             to
             the
             Discourse
             .
          
           
             I
             find
             it
             generally
             believed
             that
             Ireland
             is
             as
             mischievous
             to
             our
             Trade
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             destructive
             to
             our
             Men
             and
             Treasure
             in
             time
             of
             War
             ;
             and
             though
             this
             Opinion
             never
             went
             far
             with
             me
             ,
             yet
             something
             I
             did
             doubt
             was
             in
             it
             ,
             until
             I
             met
             with
             something
             that
             gave
             plain
             Demonstration
             to
             the
             contrary
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             this
             :
          
           
             I
             fell
             into
             an
             intire
             acquaintance
             with
             a
             Gentleman
             of
             Ireland
             ,
             whose
             experience
             and
             long
             continuance
             in
             all
             the
             Foreign
             Trade
             of
             that
             Kingdom
             furnished
             him
             with
             Arguments
             I
             could
             not
             answer
             ,
             to
             prove
             that
             England
             was
             a
             great
             Gainer
             by
             the
             Trade
             of
             Ireland
             .
             When
             I
             could
             not
             confute
             him
             ,
             nor
             he
             prevail
             with
             me
             ;
             he
             told
             me
             he
             would
             shew
             me
             that
             which
             carried
             Authority
             with
             it
             ;
             and
             so
             he
             did
             ,
             being
             as
             he
             assur'd
             me
             ,
             the
             work
             of
             some
             years
             ,
             as
             he
             could
             spare
             time
             to
             compose
             it
             :
             The
             whole
             Discourse
             takes
             up
             many
             Sheets
             upon
             the
             Trade
             of
             Ireland
             to
             all
             parts
             ,
             and
             particular
             Remarks
             upon
             every
             Commodity
             Exported
             and
             Imported
             into
             that
             Kingdom
             ;
             and
             where
             ,
             and
             how
             it
             affects
             England
             .
             Some
             other
             things
             he
             reserv'd
             as
             Secrets
             from
             me
             ,
             as
             he
             doth
             the
             rest
             from
             others
             ;
             for
             it
             was
             never
             seen
             by
             any
             but
             one
             beside
             my self
             .
             Out
             of
             the
             whole
             ,
             he
             hath
             extracted
             an
             Account
             of
             the
             Exports
             and
             Imports
             for
             one
             year
             in
             a
             medium
             out
             of
             six
             ;
             and
             then
             distinguish'd
             what
             related
             to
             England
             ,
             by
             what
             Ships
             brought
             in
             and
             out
             ;
             then
             computed
             the
             Value
             of
             
             each
             Commodity
             ,
             and
             to
             what
             they
             were
             Improved
             ,
             being
             Manufactor'd
             in
             England
             ,
             and
             then
             what
             Money
             in
             Specie
             ,
             or
             Bills
             of
             Exchange
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             same
             ,
             was
             returned
             from
             Foreign
             Parts
             to
             England
             ,
             out
             of
             the
             Proceed
             of
             Goods
             sent
             from
             Ireland
             ;
             all
             which
             appear'd
             ,
             (
             being
             brought
             up
             to
             a
             Sum
             )
             that
             England
             Gained
             by
             Ireland
             Two
             Millions
             Sterling
             
               per
               Annum
            
             :
             It
             seem'd
             to
             me
             an
             Incredible
             thing
             ;
             but
             being
             (
             as
             he
             affirms
             )
             Matter
             of
             Fact
             ,
             for
             which
             he
             hath
             the
             account
             of
             the
             Customs
             ,
             it
             is
             not
             to
             be
             denyed
             ;
             the
             breviate
             is
             drawn
             in
             so
             plain
             and
             intelligible
             a
             Method
             ,
             as
             renders
             it
             easie
             to
             any
             Understanding
             ,
             and
             therefore
             to
             mine
             :
             I
             would
             fain
             have
             prevailed
             with
             him
             to
             Print
             the
             whole
             Matter
             ,
             but
             he
             thinks
             it
             may
             be
             made
             use
             of
             a
             better
             way
             ;
             and
             affirms
             that
             as
             great
             as
             this
             looks
             ,
             yet
             it
             might
             be
             improved
             to
             much
             more
             ,
             if
             the
             Trade
             of
             Ireland
             were
             dispos'd
             as
             it
             might
             be
             to
             the
             Advantage
             of
             England
             :
             But
             he
             said
             that
             Kingdom
             was
             in
             no
             Reign
             since
             the
             first
             Conquest
             of
             Ireland
             consulted
             in
             its
             Trade
             ,
             but
             left
             to
             its
             self
             ,
             or
             treated
             like
             an
             Enemy
             :
             All
             the
             use
             made
             of
             it
             was
             for
             Courtiers
             Men
             of
             Projection
             and
             Necessity
             to
             Traffick
             ,
             and
             dispose
             it
             into
             Grants
             ,
             Imployments
             ,
             and
             Offices
             and
             so
             made
             it
             rather
             a
             Forest
             for
             Game
             ,
             than
             a
             Plantation
             for
             Trade
             and
             Commerce
             ;
             and
             that
             which
             continued
             it
             so
             in
             the
             Reign
             of
             Charles
             the
             Second
             ,
             was
             the
             Jealousies
             and
             Mistakes
             of
             England
             ,
             believing
             it
             grew
             too
             fast
             ,
             and
             incroached
             on
             their
             Trade
             ,
             though
             it
             is
             demonstrable
             Ireland
             doth
             us
             no
             hurt
             ,
             but
             where
             we
             by
             our
             own
             Laws
             force
             it
             ;
             and
             that
             Act
             (
             pardon
             the
             expression
             )
             like
             Lunaticks
             ,
             that
             strive
             to
             suppress
             their
             Shadows
             for
             fear
             they
             should
             assault
             them
             .
          
           
           
             None
             will
             say
             ,
             England
             would
             be
             the
             worse
             if
             it
             were
             double
             the
             Acres
             it
             now
             is
             ;
             And
             though
             the
             Sea
             part
             us
             from
             Ireland
             ,
             may
             not
             Laws
             make
             us
             one
             in
             our
             Interest
             and
             Trade
             ;
             and
             so
             that
             Ireland
             may
             be
             more
             profitable
             to
             England
             in
             General
             ,
             than
             Wales
             ,
             or
             any
             County
             in
             England
             is
             to
             the
             whole
             in
             its
             proportion
             .
             There
             never
             was
             so
             fair
             an
             opportunity
             for
             Inriching
             this
             Nation
             by
             Ireland
             ,
             as
             now
             it
             is
             by
             Divine
             Providence
             once
             put
             a
             Blank
             in
             our
             hands
             ,
             in
             which
             His
             Majesty
             may
             stamp
             what
             he
             pleases
             :
             And
             we
             have
             reason
             to
             believe
             ,
             That
             He
             who
             ventures
             His
             Royal
             Person
             so
             freely
             for
             the
             Preservation
             of
             these
             Kingdoms
             ,
             will
             not
             deny
             us
             any
             thing
             that
             can
             contribute
             to
             our
             Growth
             in
             Trade
             and
             Treasure
             .
             One
             thing
             I
             must
             not
             omit
             ,
             which
             I
             had
             from
             this
             Gentleman
             of
             Ireland
             ,
             that
             to
             me
             seems
             valid
             for
             Confirmation
             of
             all
             he
             asserts
             ,
             That
             Ireland
             neither
             Interferes
             with
             ,
             nor
             gains
             on
             England
             ;
             for
             that
             in
             the
             last
             Twenty
             Years
             of
             Irelands
             greatest
             Prosperity
             ,
             not
             one
             Man
             in
             England
             purchased
             in
             Ireland
             ;
             but
             Numbers
             of
             Ireland
             have
             in
             that
             time
             purchased
             in
             England
             ,
             as
             they
             of
             that
             Kingdom
             ,
             I
             mean
             the
             English
             always
             do
             ,
             as
             they
             Increase
             their
             Fortunes
             .
             This
             being
             so
             ,
             Ireland
             is
             to
             England
             a
             Mine
             of
             Treasure
             ,
             and
             affects
             us
             ,
             though
             in
             a
             much
             larger
             Proportion
             ;
             as
             Hudson's
             -
             Bay
             ,
             whatever
             is
             gained
             in
             them
             ,
             terminates
             in
             England
             .
             Here
             I
             end
             with
             the
             Pamphlet
             ,
             of
             which
             I
             shall
             only
             say
             ,
             If
             the
             Matter
             of
             Fact
             be
             truly
             Related
             ,
             as
             by
             the
             Authority
             he
             gives
             ,
             we
             have
             reason
             to
             believe
             it
             is
             ,
             then
             there
             is
             plain
             Demonstration
             that
             Ireland
             hath
             been
             ,
             and
             may
             be
             made
             much
             more
             profitable
             to
             
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             then
             most
             of
             our
             Foreign
             Plantations
             :
             Of
             them
             we
             take
             great
             care
             ;
             and
             why
             not
             more
             of
             this
             ,
             since
             it
             lies
             so
             near
             ,
             and
             costs
             us
             so
             dear
             ,
             seems
             unaccountable
             :
             The
             truth
             is
             ,
             our
             Ancestours
             had
             never
             such
             a
             happy
             Juncture
             to
             do
             it
             ,
             as
             we
             have
             now
             to
             secure
             it
             :
             If
             therefore
             we
             lay
             not
             hold
             on
             the
             opportunity
             put
             into
             our
             hands
             ,
             we
             cannot
             answer
             it
             so
             well
             as
             they
             might
             .
          
           
             The
             Numbers
             of
             Refugees
             here
             ,
             and
             in
             other
             Countreys
             near
             us
             ,
             are
             Objects
             in
             this
             case
             ,
             both
             for
             our
             Charity
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             Advantage
             to
             our selves
             .
          
           
             There
             hath
             been
             for
             several
             Sessions
             of
             Parliament
             much
             talk
             of
             the
             Forfeitures
             of
             Ireland
             ;
             and
             that
             it
             was
             reasonable
             they
             should
             be
             Sold
             ,
             and
             made
             a
             Fund
             to
             raise
             Money
             towards
             the
             carrying
             on
             the
             present
             War
             ;
             which
             might
             be
             thought
             reasonable
             for
             us
             of
             England
             to
             press
             ,
             because
             it
             would
             ease
             us
             of
             so
             much
             in
             our
             Taxes
             :
             But
             why
             the
             Gentlemen
             of
             Ireland
             were
             so
             busie
             to
             promote
             it
             ,
             was
             at
             first
             to
             me
             a
             question
             ,
             and
             set
             me
             on
             the
             Inquiry
             ;
             and
             from
             some
             of
             themselves
             I
             had
             this
             answer
             ,
             That
             though
             they
             could
             not
             deny
             but
             the
             benefit
             of
             those
             Forfeitures
             were
             justly
             due
             to
             us
             of
             England
             ,
             yet
             the
             Justice
             of
             the
             thing
             was
             not
             all
             the
             motive
             they
             had
             to
             promote
             it
             ;
             but
             their
             own
             future
             security
             was
             at
             least
             as
             much
             consider'd
             by
             them
             ,
             for
             that
             they
             hoped
             the
             Sale
             of
             those
             Forfeited
             Lands
             would
             put
             them
             in
             Protestant
             hands
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             ,
             strengthen
             the
             British
             Interest
             in
             Ireland
             ,
             which
             could
             never
             be
             secure
             ,
             whilst
             the
             Irish
             held
             so
             great
             a
             proportion
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ;
             and
             that
             whilst
             the
             Land
             lay
             undisposed
             ,
             they
             fear'd
             the
             Irish
             would
             find
             wayes
             to
             be
             
             restor'd
             ,
             they
             having
             got
             enough
             by
             their
             Robberies
             and
             Plunder
             of
             the
             English
             to
             purchase
             them
             ,
             though
             they
             cost
             them
             Ten
             Years
             purchase
             :
             And
             that
             they
             were
             in
             fear
             also
             of
             the
             Irish
             buying
             from
             such
             as
             had
             great
             Grants
             of
             Forfeited
             Lands
             ;
             but
             if
             there
             was
             a
             Publick
             Sale
             ,
             they
             would
             come
             into
             so
             many
             hands
             ,
             that
             most
             of
             them
             would
             stick
             with
             the
             Purchaser
             ,
             and
             not
             come
             to
             the
             Irish
             .
             They
             further
             said
             ,
             It
             was
             not
             the
             Interest
             of
             England
             to
             let
             the
             Forfeitures
             come
             again
             into
             the
             Irish
             hands
             ;
             for
             that
             they
             never
             Improved
             ,
             nor
             Traded
             ,
             and
             so
             were
             no
             wayes
             profitable
             to
             England
             .
             If
             this
             apprehension
             of
             the
             Protestants
             be
             valid
             ,
             either
             to
             them
             ,
             or
             us
             ,
             it
             seems
             that
             a
             disposition
             of
             these
             Forfeitures
             of
             Ireland
             to
             Protestant
             Strangers
             would
             answer
             all
             objections
             ,
             and
             be
             a
             more
             certain
             way
             to
             keep
             such
             Lands
             of
             Ireland
             out
             of
             Irish
             hands
             ,
             then
             by
             selling
             them
             to
             the
             English
             ;
             for
             by
             that
             they
             would
             be
             to
             greater
             value
             in
             one
             Mans
             hand
             ,
             and
             the
             English
             would
             for
             advantage
             sell
             them
             to
             the
             Irish
             Proprietors
             ;
             for
             that
             few
             Purchasers
             would
             go
             to
             settle
             on
             their
             Lands
             ,
             nor
             could
             they
             find
             Tenants
             in
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             since
             there
             is
             so
             much
             Land
             waste
             ;
             but
             if
             Foreigners
             had
             it
             in
             small
             Proportions
             ,
             they
             would
             be
             able
             to
             manage
             it
             themselves
             ,
             and
             so
             keep
             it
             from
             returning
             to
             the
             Irish
             .
             I
             have
             been
             longer
             on
             this
             of
             the
             Forfeitures
             ,
             then
             perhaps
             will
             be
             thought
             proper
             ,
             since
             my
             Subject
             is
             Trade
             :
             But
             since
             it
             hath
             relation
             to
             the
             Improvement
             of
             Ireland
             in
             the
             way
             of
             Trade
             ,
             this
             Digression
             I
             hope
             will
             be
             excus'd
             .
          
           
             I
             return
             then
             to
             shew
             ,
             how
             the
             bringing
             in
             Refugees
             to
             Ireland
             will
             advance
             the
             Trade
             of
             England
             ,
             and
             that
             may
             appear
             in
             three
             particulars
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Increase
             of
             People
             in
             Ireland
             will
             occasion
             the
             Expence
             of
             Manufactories
             and
             Product
             of
             England
             ;
             for
             that
             they
             have
             from
             England
             ,
             or
             would
             ,
             if
             the
             Laws
             of
             that
             Kingdom
             in
             Relation
             to
             the
             Customs
             were
             duely
             executed
             ,
             most
             of
             the
             fine
             
               Draperies
               ,
               Silk
               ,
               Iron
               Manufactory
               ,
               Haberdashers-Wares
               ,
               Hats
               ,
               Sadlers
               Wares
               ,
               Tapes
               ,
               Pins
               ,
            
             and
             other
             small
             Manufactories
             .
          
           
             Also
             from
             England
             they
             have
             all
             the
             hopes
             ,
             white
             
               Salt
               ,
               Coals
               ,
               Brass
               Commodities
               ,
               Tobacco
               ,
               Sugars
               ,
            
             and
             Groceryes
             .
          
           
             They
             also
             Imploy
             ,
             or
             should
             so
             ,
             if
             due
             care
             was
             taken
             in
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             the
             Ships
             of
             England
             ;
             all
             which
             would
             be
             considerably
             advanced
             ,
             if
             that
             Kingdom
             were
             improved
             by
             Foreigners
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             Foreigners
             would
             Inlarge
             the
             Linnen
             Manufactory
             in
             Ireland
             ,
             to
             which
             no
             part
             of
             Europe
             is
             most
             proper
             :
             And
             there
             is
             already
             a
             beginning
             and
             aptness
             in
             the
             Irish
             to
             that
             Manufactory
             ;
             and
             however
             ,
             it
             is
             not
             the
             Interest
             of
             England
             ,
             that
             Ireland
             should
             grow
             in
             the
             
               Woollen
               Manufactory
            
             ;
             yet
             it
             is
             that
             ,
             that
             they
             should
             in
             the
             Linnen
             and
             Cordage
             :
             But
             of
             this
             I
             shall
             in
             the
             Second
             Part
             ,
             when
             I
             come
             to
             Discourse
             at
             large
             of
             the
             Trade
             of
             Ireland
             ,
             say
             more
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             The
             bringing
             Foreign
             Protestants
             into
             Ireland
             will
             Inlarge
             the
             Fishings
             there
             :
             Great
             part
             of
             which
             will
             be
             to
             the
             Advantage
             of
             England
             ,
             as
             would
             the
             General
             Improvement
             of
             Ireland
             be
             ,
             if
             it
             were
             dispos'd
             to
             such
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             as
             might
             be
             subservient
             and
             helpful
             to
             ours
             :
             But
             to
             make
             Laws
             with
             design
             to
             keep
             them
             Poor
             ,
             is
             not
             unlike
             him
             that
             set
             his
             own
             House
             on
             Fire
             ,
             
             that
             his
             Neighbours
             might
             be
             burnt
             ;
             keeping
             Ireland
             Poor
             ,
             and
             discouraging
             the
             Protestant
             Interest
             there
             ,
             puts
             that
             Kingdom
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             the
             Irish
             ,
             and
             that
             renders
             it
             not
             only
             unprofitable
             to
             England
             ,
             but
             dangerous
             the
             management
             of
             Ireland
             .
             Since
             the
             first
             Conquest
             will
             not
             be
             Credited
             in
             future
             Ages
             ,
             and
             although
             we
             must
             own
             ,
             of
             a
             Nation
             that
             hath
             the
             best
             Constitution
             in
             Government
             ,
             we
             have
             alwayes
             been
             unhappy
             in
             the
             Administration
             ;
             yet
             I
             think
             in
             nothing
             so
             much
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             Neglect
             of
             Trade
             ,
             and
             in
             that
             of
             Ireland
             ;
             which
             any
             Nation
             but
             we
             ,
             would
             make
             a
             Treasure
             of
             ;
             and
             we
             Imploy
             all
             our
             skill
             to
             make
             it
             an
             Aceldama
             :
             It
             hath
             been
             so
             to
             this
             poor
             Kingdom
             ;
             and
             if
             relation
             be
             true
             ,
             is
             in
             a
             ready
             way
             to
             be
             so
             again
             .
             They
             in
             whose
             Province
             it
             is
             ,
             will
             consider
             the
             Politick
             part
             ,
             my
             business
             is
             Trade
             ;
             and
             in
             that
             I
             will
             venture
             to
             say
             ,
             Ireland
             might
             be
             made
             more
             profitable
             to
             England
             than
             all
             the
             Foreign
             Plantations
             have
             ever
             yet
             been
             .
             I
             confess
             New-England
             ,
             and
             Newfound-Land
             may
             be
             made
             more
             than
             altogether
             ;
             but
             that
             which
             makes
             Ireland
             of
             more
             Consideration
             to
             England
             than
             all
             the
             rest
             ,
             is
             ,
             because
             without
             keeping
             that
             ,
             we
             can
             enjoy
             none
             of
             the
             rest
             .
             It
             is
             every
             days
             Refuge
             for
             our
             Merchant-Men
             ,
             and
             not
             to
             be
             forgotten
             ,
             how
             soon
             after
             this
             Reduction
             it
             saved
             our
             Smirna
             and
             Levant
             Fleet.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             
               Of
               the
               Manufactory
               and
               Dispose
               of
            
             Sheeps-Wooll
             .
          
           
             THIS
             is
             the
             great
             Staple
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             in
             truth
             ,
             of
             the
             World
             ;
             which
             by
             Divine
             Providence
             is
             so
             put
             into
             our
             hands
             ,
             as
             that
             without
             a
             turn
             in
             Nature
             ,
             we
             cannot
             totally
             loose
             it
             ;
             yet
             all
             that
             is
             possible
             for
             an
             unthinking
             People
             ,
             (
             as
             we
             are
             call'd
             abroad
             ,
             )
             we
             have
             done
             to
             the
             prejudice
             of
             those
             Commodities
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             we
             have
             transferr'd
             great
             part
             of
             our
             Woollen
             Manufactoryes
             to
             other
             Countreys
             ,
             to
             Germany
             ,
             and
             Venice
             our
             Coarse
             Draperies
             ,
             to
             Holland
             and
             France
             our
             fine
             and
             New
             Draperies
             ;
             and
             that
             which
             is
             remarkable
             ,
             is
             ,
             that
             we
             laid
             the
             foundation
             for
             loosing
             them
             ,
             the
             same
             way
             by
             which
             we
             first
             got
             them
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             by
             persecuting
             Men
             for
             their
             Religion
             .
             Abel's
             acceptable
             Sacrifice
             seems
             still
             to
             follow
             the
             Fleece
             :
             No
             Society
             of
             Men
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             are
             so
             generally
             affected
             with
             the
             strictest
             Injunctions
             of
             our
             Religion
             ,
             as
             our
             People
             bred
             up
             in
             the
             
               Woollen
               Manufactories
            
             ;
             and
             these
             Men
             first
             fell
             under
             the
             Rod
             after
             the
             Restauration
             ;
             an
             excellent
             Reform
             to
             drive
             Men
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             for
             having
             too
             much
             Religion
             ,
             but
             not
             question
             such
             as
             had
             none
             at
             all
             .
          
           
             This
             driving
             our
             Clothiers
             into
             Germany
             and
             Holland
             ,
             put
             them
             and
             their
             Friends
             upon
             Inventions
             to
             send
             our
             Wooll
             after
             them
             ;
             and
             in
             that
             their
             Friends
             that
             stay'd
             behind
             were
             ,
             and
             still
             are
             assisting
             them
             ,
             though
             to
             the
             prejudice
             of
             the
             Trades
             they
             are
             in
             themselves
             ;
             there
             being
             nothing
             
             that
             draws
             compassion
             more
             from
             one
             Man
             to
             another
             ,
             than
             seeing
             Men
             of
             honest
             and
             unblameable
             Conversation
             us'd
             worse
             than
             Thieves
             and
             Robbers
             for
             serving
             God
             according
             to
             their
             Conscience
             .
             This
             severity
             banish'd
             many
             thousands
             out
             of
             England
             soon
             after
             the
             Restauration
             of
             Charles
             the
             Second
             :
             One
             Tilham
             carried
             in
             the
             Year
             1665
             ,
             Three
             Thousand
             into
             the
             Prince
             Palatine
             of
             the
             Rhyne
             ,
             and
             divers
             others
             did
             the
             same
             into
             other
             parts
             ;
             insomuch
             ,
             that
             Account
             was
             taken
             of
             Twenty
             Thousand
             Sacks
             of
             Wooll
             carried
             into
             one
             Port
             of
             France
             in
             less
             than
             Two
             Years
             from
             England
             ,
             and
             more
             went
             from
             Ireland
             ;
             and
             besides
             ,
             the
             Quantities
             that
             went
             for
             Holland
             is
             Incredible
             :
             All
             this
             is
             evidently
             fallen
             upon
             the
             Nation
             by
             the
             fury
             of
             those
             that
             would
             make
             a
             Trade
             of
             Religion
             ,
             and
             banish
             those
             that
             had
             Religion
             with
             their
             Trades
             :
             But
             blessed
             be
             God
             we
             have
             now
             a
             King
             of
             a
             more
             comprehensive
             Perswasion
             ,
             and
             our
             Church
             better
             supply'd
             with
             Men
             of
             Learning
             and
             Charity
             ,
             which
             the
             Infallible
             Authour
             tells
             us
             ,
             is
             above
             all
             the
             Arts
             ,
             Sciences
             ,
             and
             Acts
             of
             Devotion
             whatsoever
             .
          
           
             Such
             Numbers
             of
             Men
             being
             gone
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             for
             want
             of
             that
             Liberty
             they
             may
             now
             injoy
             ,
             it
             is
             a
             wonder
             they
             do
             not
             return
             ;
             and
             a
             greater
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             not
             sent
             for
             ,
             and
             Invited
             back
             :
             We
             do
             not
             consider
             what
             the
             loss
             of
             a
             Man
             is
             in
             a
             Kingdom
             not
             half
             Peopled
             :
             We
             want
             nothing
             so
             much
             as
             Bodies
             of
             Men
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             said
             ,
             we
             have
             above
             Thirty
             Thousand
             in
             Foreign
             Countreys
             ,
             and
             they
             are
             not
             of
             the
             raff
             ,
             but
             sober
             ,
             Industrious
             People
             ;
             such
             as
             these
             should
             not
             be
             lost
             .
          
           
           
             But
             from
             the
             hands
             to
             Work
             Wooll
             ,
             I
             come
             to
             the
             Wooll
             it self
             ;
             how
             useful
             ,
             and
             in
             some
             cases
             of
             such
             absolute
             use
             in
             their
             Manufactories
             ,
             that
             they
             can
             make
             none
             of
             their
             best
             without
             our
             Wooll
             :
             This
             is
             no
             Secret
             ,
             nor
             the
             Severe
             Laws
             that
             are
             made
             to
             prevent
             Escapes
             of
             Wooll
             ,
             but
             none
             have
             proved
             effectual
             ;
             some
             of
             them
             being
             too
             easie
             ,
             and
             others
             severe
             to
             loss
             of
             Life
             to
             them
             all
             .
             I
             have
             seen
             a
             Proposal
             of
             a
             Gentleman
             that
             hath
             been
             a
             great
             Dealer
             in
             that
             Commodity
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             ,
             which
             he
             affirms
             would
             be
             Infallible
             to
             prevent
             Exports
             of
             Wooll
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             ,
             From
             England
             ,
             it
             seems
             probable
             enough
             ;
             but
             he
             is
             positive
             ,
             and
             reserves
             part
             of
             the
             Secret
             ;
             which
             he
             saith
             ,
             when
             told
             ,
             will
             make
             every
             one
             that
             hears
             it
             as
             positive
             as
             himself
             .
             I
             would
             have
             perswaded
             him
             to
             offer
             it
             to
             the
             House
             ,
             but
             he
             expects
             a
             great
             Gratification
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             thinks
             at
             this
             time
             will
             not
             be
             given
             ;
             though
             I
             am
             of
             another
             mind
             ,
             and
             believe
             he
             deserves
             more
             than
             he
             can
             either
             ask
             or
             expect
             ,
             if
             his
             Project
             takes
             .
             It
             is
             indeed
             to
             be
             lamented
             ,
             that
             solid
             Proposals
             for
             the
             Trade
             and
             Manufactory
             of
             the
             Nation
             should
             not
             meet
             with
             so
             much
             Incouragement
             as
             a
             Lottery
             ;
             but
             to
             the
             contrary
             should
             be
             suppressed
             :
             And
             I
             know
             a
             great
             Minister
             ,
             who
             once
             disputed
             on
             that
             with
             warmth
             against
             a
             care
             for
             Wooll
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             was
             a
             burthen
             to
             the
             Nation
             ;
             It
             may
             not
             be
             Foreign
             to
             this
             Discourse
             to
             give
             the
             heads
             of
             the
             Dispute
             ,
             which
             I
             the
             rather
             do
             ,
             that
             so
             it
             may
             shew
             the
             need
             there
             is
             for
             the
             Great
             Council
             of
             the
             Nation
             to
             take
             it
             under
             their
             Consideration
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Discourse
             rose
             on
             a
             Proposition
             that
             was
             brought
             to
             him
             ,
             for
             stopping
             a
             vast
             Quantity
             of
             Wooll
             that
             was
             then
             going
             to
             France
             ;
             it
             was
             brought
             him
             in
             Writing
             ,
             and
             demonstrated
             ,
             That
             that
             very
             Wooll
             was
             enough
             to
             work
             up
             all
             the
             Coarse
             Wooll
             of
             France
             for
             Seven
             Years
             ;
             and
             that
             the
             consequence
             would
             be
             the
             loss
             of
             great
             part
             of
             our
             Manufactories
             to
             Spain
             and
             Portugal
             .
          
           
             The
             Minister
             made
             little
             return
             to
             that
             ,
             but
             brought
             his
             Discourse
             to
             the
             great
             Loss
             it
             was
             to
             Men
             of
             Estates
             ;
             that
             there
             was
             not
             a
             way
             for
             Selling
             twice
             the
             Wooll
             that
             now
             they
             did
             ;
             That
             there
             was
             three
             Years
             Wooll
             then
             in
             England
             ,
             and
             what
             should
             Men
             do
             upon
             this
             Topick
             of
             the
             want
             of
             a
             Consumption
             for
             the
             Wooll
             of
             England
             ,
             the
             Gentleman
             laid
             down
             these
             Positions
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             That
             the
             War
             was
             one
             Reason
             of
             the
             Decay
             of
             the
             
               Woollen
               Manufactories
            
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             That
             the
             extraordinary
             Escapes
             of
             Wooll
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             ,
             put
             them
             upon
             making
             more
             
               Woollen
               Manufactories
            
             than
             ever
             they
             did
             before
             ,
             and
             that
             abated
             our
             Trade
             abroad
             .
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             That
             our
             Wooll
             going
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             made
             it
             so
             cheap
             at
             home
             ;
             This
             I
             remember
             put
             the
             Minister
             into
             a
             ●aughter
             ;
             and
             laying
             the
             two
             first
             aside
             ,
             he
             desir'd
             him
             to
             make
             out
             the
             last
             Position
             ,
             That
             the
             Escapes
             of
             Wooll
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             made
             the
             Wooll
             fall
             in
             Price
             :
             That
             the
             sending
             so
             great
             Quantities
             of
             Wooll
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             should
             fall
             the
             Price
             of
             that
             
             which
             was
             left
             ,
             was
             a
             Mistery
             he
             could
             not
             understand
             ,
             but
             seem'd
             to
             him
             ,
             the
             only
             way
             to
             make
             it
             rise
             :
             But
             the
             Gentleman
             undertook
             to
             make
             out
             his
             Assertion
             ,
             that
             every
             Pound
             of
             
               English
               Wooll
            
             worked
             up
             Three
             Pound
             of
             Foreign
             Wooll
             ;
             and
             that
             as
             much
             as
             they
             Manufactur'd
             ,
             so
             much
             was
             Abated
             in
             our
             Exports
             ;
             for
             that
             they
             made
             such
             Manufactoryes
             with
             our
             Wooll
             ,
             as
             they
             could
             not
             make
             without
             it
             ;
             and
             consequently
             by
             that
             means
             ,
             one
             pound
             of
             our
             Wooll
             with
             theirs
             ,
             made
             four
             times
             as
             much
             Cloaths
             and
             Stuffs
             as
             we
             could
             have
             made
             with
             it
             ,
             if
             we
             had
             kept
             it
             at
             home
             :
             From
             which
             he
             Inferred
             ,
             That
             if
             one
             fourth
             of
             the
             Wooll
             of
             England
             went
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             ,
             there
             would
             be
             as
             much
             Manufactoryes
             made
             Abroad
             for
             Foreign
             Markets
             ,
             as
             we
             could
             make
             ,
             if
             we
             had
             wrought
             all
             our
             own
             Wooll
             ;
             and
             so
             much
             being
             made
             Abroad
             ,
             we
             could
             not
             have
             use
             for
             half
             our
             own
             Wooll
             that
             was
             left
             :
             This
             he
             affirmed
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             there
             lay
             so
             much
             Wooll
             unwrought
             in
             England
             ;
             and
             he
             being
             brought
             for
             Proof
             of
             what
             he
             said
             ,
             That
             which
             was
             Matter
             of
             Fact
             I
             thought
             undeniable
             ,
             though
             it
             would
             not
             be
             allowed
             so
             by
             the
             Minister
             :
             The
             thing
             was
             this
             ,
             The
             Year
             after
             the
             Restauration
             ,
             there
             was
             a
             Gentleman
             that
             got
             a
             Grant
             from
             the
             King
             ,
             with
             a
             
               Non
               obstante
            
             to
             any
             Statute
             ,
             for
             Liberty
             to
             Export
             a
             certain
             Quantity
             of
             Wooll
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             from
             Ireland
             ;
             upon
             which
             ,
             some
             Merchants
             in
             London
             buying
             the
             Grant
             ,
             sent
             over
             to
             Ireland
             ,
             and
             bought
             most
             of
             the
             Wooll
             ,
             and
             sent
             it
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             ;
             this
             at
             first
             rais'd
             the
             Price
             of
             Wooll
             
             both
             there
             and
             in
             England
             ;
             but
             in
             so
             short
             a
             time
             as
             Five
             Moneths
             ,
             it
             fell
             Fifty
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             And
             though
             not
             one
             fourth
             of
             what
             formerly
             came
             from
             Ireland
             into
             England
             ,
             came
             then
             to
             England
             ,
             yet
             there
             was
             no
             Vent
             for
             the
             Wooll
             of
             England
             ;
             and
             in
             Ireland
             it
             fell
             from
             Seven
             Shillings
             to
             Three
             Shillings
             and
             Six
             Pence
             ,
             their
             Stone
             of
             Sixteen
             pounds
             all
             the
             time
             they
             shipped
             it
             for
             Foreign
             Parts
             .
             This
             he
             affirm'd
             he
             could
             prove
             by
             the
             Merchants
             Books
             that
             were
             concern
             d
             ,
             to
             be
             litterally
             true
             ;
             and
             that
             the
             Year
             after
             the
             Shipping
             for
             Foreign
             Parts
             was
             over
             ,
             that
             Wooll
             rise
             to
             its
             former
             Price
             both
             here
             and
             in
             Ireland
             .
             And
             he
             farther
             added
             ,
             that
             the
             great
             Quantities
             which
             by
             stealth
             go
             from
             England
             and
             Ireland
             ,
             makes
             Wooll
             in
             both
             Kingdoms
             fall
             in
             Price
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Quantities
             that
             are
             sent
             out
             .
             This
             part
             of
             the
             Dispute
             being
             over
             ,
             the
             next
             Question
             was
             ,
             Whither
             the
             Wooll
             of
             Ireland
             did
             not
             Abate
             the
             Price
             of
             the
             Wooll
             in
             England
             ,
             and
             hinder
             Sheep
             Masters
             from
             Inlarging
             their
             Flocks
             ,
             and
             consequently
             keep
             down
             the
             Rents
             of
             Land.
             This
             was
             answered
             in
             the
             Negative
             to
             all
             the
             three
             ,
             that
             it
             did
             not
             Abate
             the
             Price
             of
             
               English
               Wooll
            
             ,
             nor
             hinder
             the
             Increase
             of
             Sheep
             ,
             or
             Abate
             the
             Rents
             of
             Land
             :
             That
             the
             
               Irish
               Wooll
            
             coming
             into
             England
             helped
             the
             working
             up
             of
             some
             Wooll
             that
             could
             not
             be
             made
             the
             most
             of
             without
             it
             .
             That
             the
             Wooll
             of
             Ireland
             was
             a
             larger
             Staple
             than
             that
             of
             England
             ,
             and
             most
             proper
             for
             Bayes
             and
             Serges
             :
             That
             it
             was
             not
             the
             Wooll
             of
             Ireland
             that
             came
             to
             England
             that
             made
             the
             Price
             fall
             ,
             but
             it
             
             was
             that
             which
             went
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             that
             did
             the
             Mischief
             ;
             and
             for
             the
             reasons
             before
             given
             ,
             he
             concluded
             ,
             that
             if
             there
             went
             no
             Wooll
             from
             England
             or
             Ireland
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             ,
             all
             the
             Wooll
             of
             both
             Kingdoms
             would
             not
             be
             half
             enough
             to
             supply
             the
             Manufactories
             that
             England
             would
             have
             Markets
             for
             Abroad
             ;
             for
             that
             there
             is
             now
             made
             twice
             as
             much
             Manufactories
             with
             the
             help
             of
             our
             Wooll
             Abroad
             ,
             as
             is
             made
             in
             England
             ;
             so
             that
             if
             there
             were
             an
             effectual
             stop
             upon
             the
             Wooll
             of
             both
             Kingdoms
             ,
             the
             Flocks
             of
             both
             might
             be
             trebled
             ,
             and
             yet
             not
             be
             sufficient
             for
             the
             Manufactories
             England
             might
             vent
             .
             This
             in
             few
             words
             was
             the
             best
             account
             I
             ever
             heard
             of
             the
             Nature
             and
             Improvement
             of
             the
             Wooll
             of
             these
             Kingdoms
             ,
             and
             is
             such
             demonstration
             of
             the
             Mischief
             the
             Exports
             of
             Wooll
             doth
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             that
             I
             cannot
             but
             think
             him
             a
             worse
             Enemy
             to
             his
             Country
             than
             a
             Common
             Pyrate
             ;
             for
             that
             he
             robs
             but
             a
             small
             Number
             ,
             but
             he
             that
             sends
             out
             Wooll
             ,
             destroys
             Thousands
             ,
             weakens
             the
             Strength
             of
             the
             Nation
             both
             at
             Land
             and
             Sea
             ;
             and
             if
             we
             believe
             the
             Lord
             Coke's
             Assertion
             ,
             That
             Nine
             parts
             of
             the
             Trade
             of
             England
             comes
             from
             the
             Sheeps
             Back
             ,
             there
             cannot
             be
             enough
             done
             to
             secure
             it
             ;
             but
             it
             hath
             ever
             been
             the
             misfortune
             of
             our
             Nation
             ,
             neither
             to
             punish
             or
             reward
             Impunity
             in
             the
             first
             ,
             makes
             us
             abound
             in
             Criminals
             ;
             and
             the
             neglect
             in
             the
             latter
             makes
             us
             barren
             of
             great
             Actions
             for
             our
             Countrey
             ;
             I
             mean
             ,
             in
             that
             which
             makes
             a
             Nation
             Rich
             and
             Wise
             :
             Our
             Ancestours
             shewed
             more
             of
             their
             good
             will
             to
             it
             in
             the
             Dark
             of
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             ,
             than
             we
             do
             at
             Noon-day
             .
             I
             
             have
             often
             thought
             that
             it
             was
             possible
             for
             a
             Monarch
             of
             these
             Kingdoms
             to
             make
             all
             Europe
             Tributaries
             to
             him
             in
             Trade
             ,
             by
             a
             true
             Management
             of
             the
             Natureal
             and
             Artificial
             Product
             and
             Navigation
             of
             these
             Kingdoms
             ;
             without
             being
             oblig'd
             to
             any
             help
             ,
             but
             what
             ariseth
             from
             his
             own
             Dominions
             ,
             of
             which
             Wooll
             is
             the
             Chief
             .
          
        
         
           
             Of
             Free
             Ports
             .
          
           
             THere
             is
             nothing
             more
             talked
             of
             ,
             and
             yet
             in
             my
             Opinion
             less
             understood
             than
             the
             use
             of
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             .
          
           
             The
             great
             Success
             that
             of
             Leghorn
             hath
             met
             with
             ,
             giving
             the
             Name
             a
             greater
             Reputation
             in
             the
             World
             than
             perhaps
             the
             thing
             in
             it self
             deserves
             ,
             for
             that
             it
             seems
             the
             Effect
             of
             a
             bad
             cause
             ;
             and
             though
             it
             is
             a
             good
             Expedient
             that
             hath
             neither
             Natural
             or
             Artificial
             Provision
             for
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             ,
             yet
             it
             may
             be
             prejudicial
             to
             a
             Nation
             that
             hath
             both
             :
             To
             make
             this
             Intelligible
             ,
             give
             me
             leave
             to
             say
             something
             of
             the
             first
             Establishing
             Leghorn
             a
             Free
             Port
             ;
             because
             I
             take
             that
             in
             all
             its
             Circumstances
             to
             be
             the
             first
             Compleat
             President
             in
             Europe
             .
          
           
             The
             Grand
             Duke
             of
             Tuscany's
             Territories
             are
             not
             of
             Extent
             to
             produce
             Natural
             or
             Artificial
             Commodities
             for
             the
             Loading
             Ten
             Ships
             of
             Burthen
             a
             Year
             ;
             nor
             is
             his
             Countrey
             able
             to
             Consume
             ,
             except
             it
             be
             of
             Fish
             ,
             half
             the
             Loading
             of
             that
             Number
             ;
             and
             having
             not
             room
             for
             Trade
             of
             
             his
             own
             ,
             it
             was
             no
             doubt
             his
             Interest
             to
             Incourage
             that
             of
             Strangers
             ;
             which
             the
             Ignorance
             of
             all
             his
             Neighbours
             in
             Trade
             gave
             him
             opportunity
             to
             do
             :
             So
             stupid
             was
             the
             Genoees
             ,
             as
             to
             believe
             ,
             because
             they
             had
             then
             the
             Money-Trade
             and
             Navigation
             of
             the
             Levant
             ,
             that
             therefore
             they
             could
             set
             Laws
             and
             Bounds
             to
             other
             Nations
             ,
             and
             make
             them
             pay
             Customs
             as
             they
             saw
             fit
             ;
             this
             Exaction
             on
             Trade
             had
             the
             same
             effect
             as
             oppression
             in
             Government
             ,
             and
             drove
             Merchants
             to
             seek
             out
             better
             Entertainment
             ,
             and
             the
             Duke
             had
             early
             provided
             for
             all
             that
             would
             come
             .
          
           
             He
             was
             Despotick
             ,
             and
             wherever
             that
             is
             ,
             a
             general
             Excise
             raises
             the
             surest
             Revenue
             ;
             and
             Freedom
             of
             Importation
             advanceth
             it
             ,
             by
             the
             Expence
             of
             those
             that
             Commerce
             brings
             into
             the
             Country
             ;
             but
             these
             Reasons
             hold
             not
             in
             all
             places
             ,
             particularly
             in
             England
             :
             And
             though
             perchance
             no
             part
             of
             the
             World
             in
             general
             speaking
             ,
             is
             thought
             better
             placed
             for
             Free
             Ports
             ;
             and
             no
             doubt
             it
             is
             so
             ,
             if
             the
             Consideration
             be
             had
             on
             Foreigners
             ;
             but
             I
             cannot
             think
             it
             so
             ,
             for
             either
             King
             or
             People
             ▪
             I
             expect
             but
             few
             with
             me
             in
             this
             ,
             therefore
             must
             not
             pass
             it
             over
             without
             giving
             those
             Inducements
             that
             prevail
             with
             me
             to
             this
             belief
             :
             I
             begin
             with
             that
             relating
             to
             the
             Crown
             ,
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             will
             give
             opportunity
             for
             running
             Goods
             ,
             nor
             is
             it
             possible
             to
             prevent
             the
             Arts
             of
             Merchants
             when
             they
             have
             such
             a
             handle
             as
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             will
             give
             them
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             no
             one
             Kingdom
             ,
             not
             France
             it self
             ,
             that
             Consumes
             so
             much
             of
             Foreign
             Commodities
             as
             England
             ;
             the
             Duties
             on
             which
             are
             very
             considerable
             ;
             
             but
             if
             these
             Foreign
             Commodities
             were
             ●odg'd
             in
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             ,
             the
             Customs
             would
             sink
             ,
             and
             the
             Expence
             of
             them
             Increase
             ;
             which
             is
             a
             double
             Mischief
             ,
             the
             Loss
             of
             the
             Revenue
             on
             one
             hand
             ,
             wasting
             the
             Treasure
             of
             the
             Nation
             upon
             Foreign
             Commodities
             on
             the
             other
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             another
             Prejudice
             which
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             would
             bring
             to
             the
             Nation
             in
             general
             ;
             and
             that
             is
             ,
             they
             would
             lessen
             and
             discourage
             our
             own
             Navigation
             ,
             which
             by
             all
             means
             we
             have
             reason
             to
             promote
             .
          
           
             Now
             if
             there
             was
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             in
             England
             which
             lyes
             in
             the
             Center
             of
             the
             Trade
             of
             Europe
             ,
             all
             Nations
             would
             make
             our
             Harbours
             their
             Docks
             and
             Harbours
             for
             Wintering
             and
             Laying
             up
             their
             Ships
             ;
             and
             this
             they
             might
             do
             with
             Advantage
             ,
             by
             Selling
             part
             of
             their
             Cargoes
             ,
             which
             Variety
             and
             Choice
             will
             tempt
             so
             Luxurious
             and
             Expensive
             a
             People
             as
             we
             are
             to
             Consume
             ;
             and
             allowing
             that
             ,
             which
             perhaps
             will
             seldom
             be
             ,
             That
             they
             carry
             off
             our
             Commodities
             ,
             yet
             that
             is
             no
             Compensation
             for
             these
             Reasons
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             It
             is
             no
             Gain
             to
             the
             Nation
             to
             eat
             up
             their
             own
             Product
             ,
             as
             that
             would
             be
             ,
             if
             Foreign
             Commodities
             was
             spent
             in
             Return
             of
             our
             own
             .
          
           
             Then
             Foreign
             Ships
             carrying
             of
             the
             Product
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             will
             Abate
             the
             Imployment
             of
             our
             own
             Ships
             and
             Men
             ,
             and
             Insensibly
             Introduce
             them
             into
             our
             Carriage
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             certain
             Profit
             of
             Trade
             .
          
           
             And
             that
             which
             may
             not
             be
             less
             considerable
             than
             all
             before-mentioned
             ,
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             would
             make
             our
             Loss
             of
             the
             Northern
             and
             Sound
             Trade
             Irrecoverable
             ,
             
             by
             Transferring
             it
             unto
             the
             French
             and
             Portugueze
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             Dutch
             ;
             for
             that
             out
             of
             our
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             they
             will
             be
             supply'd
             with
             sorts
             of
             Commodities
             besides
             their
             own
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             Advantage
             the
             Dutch
             now
             have
             over
             us
             in
             that
             Trade
             .
          
           
             Upon
             the
             whole
             it
             appears
             to
             me
             ,
             That
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             would
             only
             be
             an
             Improvement
             for
             Foreigners
             in
             their
             Trade
             ,
             without
             the
             least
             Advantage
             to
             us
             ,
             not
             so
             much
             as
             the
             Increasing
             the
             Revenue
             ,
             as
             it
             doth
             where
             there
             is
             a
             General
             Excise
             ;
             which
             I
             think
             is
             an
             Inseparable
             Companion
             of
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             ,
             and
             they
             of
             Countreys
             that
             cannot
             of
             themselves
             make
             a
             Trade
             .
          
           
             I
             presume
             none
             believes
             the
             Dutch
             to
             be
             properly
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             ;
             or
             if
             they
             were
             ,
             Can
             they
             be
             a
             President
             for
             us
             ?
             Greatest
             part
             of
             their
             Consumption
             being
             in
             Germany
             and
             Flanders
             ,
             &c.
             which
             is
             within
             themselves
             ,
             and
             no
             other
             Nation
             can
             interfere
             with
             them
             .
          
           
             I
             have
             done
             with
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             ,
             and
             shall
             come
             in
             the
             next
             Chapter
             to
             that
             which
             I
             think
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             to
             Establish
             in
             room
             of
             them
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               Of
               Exports
               of
            
             Foreign
             Importations
             .
          
           
             HAving
             said
             so
             much
             against
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             ,
             which
             is
             with
             good
             reason
             ,
             accounted
             to
             be
             the
             only
             way
             those
             Countreys
             have
             to
             make
             a
             Trade
             that
             want
             Funds
             ,
             Men
             ,
             and
             Ships
             of
             their
             own
             .
          
           
           
             I
             now
             come
             to
             that
             which
             I
             conceive
             may
             supply
             the
             want
             of
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             in
             these
             Kingdoms
             ;
             and
             that
             is
             ,
             Liberty
             for
             Exports
             of
             such
             Commodities
             as
             have
             payd
             Customs
             Inwards
             :
             That
             I
             call
             Liberty
             ,
             is
             to
             have
             all
             the
             Duty
             repay'd
             upon
             such
             Exports
             .
          
           
             This
             at
             first
             sight
             may
             be
             thought
             making
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             a
             
               Free
               Port
            
             ,
             after
             I
             have
             been
             declaiming
             against
             having
             any
             ;
             I
             confess
             that
             I
             shall
             here
             propose
             ,
             will
             do
             the
             Work
             of
             a
             
               Free
               Port
            
             for
             the
             benefit
             of
             our
             own
             Trade
             ,
             but
             not
             for
             those
             that
             have
             too
             much
             Advantage
             of
             us
             already
             .
          
           
             That
             then
             I
             humbly
             offer
             in
             this
             matter
             is
             ,
             That
             whereas
             now
             there
             is
             by
             Law
             Repayments
             of
             part
             of
             Customs
             upon
             Exporting
             of
             Commodities
             that
             payd
             Inwards
             ;
             that
             for
             the
             future
             ,
             the
             whole
             Money
             payd
             Inwards
             be
             Repayd
             upon
             Exporting
             ,
             without
             any
             defaliation
             upon
             these
             Tearms
             following
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             That
             no
             Repayments
             shall
             be
             made
             ,
             but
             on
             such
             Goods
             as
             were
             Imported
             in
             English
             Ships
             and
             Men.
             
          
           
             2.
             
             That
             no
             Repayments
             be
             made
             ,
             but
             on
             such
             Goods
             as
             shall
             be
             Exported
             by
             English
             Ships
             and
             Men.
             
          
           
             3.
             
             That
             no
             Repayments
             be
             made
             ,
             but
             on
             such
             Goods
             that
             have
             been
             more
             than
             Twelve
             Moneths
             landed
          
           
             4.
             
             That
             no
             Repayments
             be
             made
             on
             any
             Goods
             damnified
             ,
             or
             decayed
             .
             With
             these
             Reservations
             ,
             I
             think
             it
             is
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Nation
             to
             admit
             
             any
             Foreigners
             the
             same
             Priviledge
             ,
             so
             that
             our
             own
             Ships
             have
             the
             Carriage
             in
             and
             out
             .
          
           
             To
             this
             I
             foresee
             the
             Common
             Custom-House-Objections
             ,
             What
             will
             become
             of
             the
             Kings
             Customs
             ?
             Merchants
             will
             find
             wayes
             to
             make
             their
             Exports
             pay
             for
             most
             of
             their
             Imports
             .
          
           
             To
             this
             I
             Answer
             ,
             No
             doubt
             there
             will
             be
             Arts
             used
             by
             some
             ;
             but
             it
             is
             as
             certain
             ,
             that
             ways
             may
             be
             laid
             down
             to
             prevent
             them
             ,
             and
             much
             easier
             on
             the
             Exports
             ,
             than
             was
             at
             first
             upon
             the
             Importation
             :
             Let
             that
             be
             well
             looked
             to
             ,
             and
             Frauds
             upon
             Exports
             cannot
             easily
             be
             Committed
             ;
             for
             the
             Trick
             will
             lye
             as
             it
             doth
             in
             some
             Cases
             at
             this
             time
             :
             The
             Merchant
             saves
             suppose
             one
             third
             of
             his
             Duty
             ,
             and
             then
             Ships
             out
             one
             third
             of
             what
             he
             payd
             Duty
             for
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             payes
             but
             half
             Dutyes
             ,
             two
             thirds
             being
             Sold
             ;
             and
             he
             paying
             Duty
             but
             for
             one
             ,
             and
             to
             drive
             this
             Trade
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             worth
             a
             Merchants
             while
             to
             Import
             ,
             with
             design
             at
             least
             ,
             one
             third
             more
             than
             he
             Intends
             to
             sell
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             :
             But
             though
             this
             is
             an
             Inconveniency
             ,
             and
             may
             be
             some
             Prejudice
             to
             the
             Revenue
             ,
             yet
             I
             do
             not
             think
             it
             is
             of
             that
             Value
             ,
             as
             to
             obstruct
             a
             much
             greater
             Advantage
             to
             the
             Publick
             :
             But
             it
             will
             be
             further
             objected
             ,
             that
             to
             Repay
             all
             the
             Duty
             payd
             Inwards
             upon
             the
             Exports
             ,
             is
             unreasonable
             ;
             something
             at
             least
             to
             defray
             the
             Charge
             of
             the
             Officers
             should
             be
             allow'd
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             allowed
             where
             there
             is
             the
             greatest
             Freedom
             :
             To
             this
             I
             Answer
             ,
             That
             the
             Design
             here
             is
             to
             Incourage
             our
             own
             Navigation
             ,
             and
             to
             retrieve
             our
             lost
             Trades
             in
             Russia
             and
             the
             
             Sound
             :
             To
             effect
             which
             ,
             there
             may
             perhaps
             be
             more
             Incouragement
             than
             this
             given
             .
             The
             Parliament
             upon
             other
             occasions
             have
             thought
             fit
             to
             give
             Money
             to
             Incourage
             the
             Exports
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             Corn
             :
             And
             though
             I
             shall
             not
             presume
             to
             direct
             ,
             yet
             perhaps
             there
             may
             be
             found
             necessity
             to
             do
             something
             of
             that
             Nature
             ,
             to
             lay
             hold
             of
             Trades
             we
             have
             lost
             :
             I
             have
             often
             thought
             there
             was
             the
             same
             reason
             for
             a
             Nation
             to
             lay
             out
             a
             Stock
             of
             Money
             to
             Introduce
             some
             Trades
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             for
             a
             particular
             Person
             ;
             and
             though
             that
             Objection
             which
             some
             make
             ,
             That
             Publick
             Funds
             are
             alwayes
             Imbezled
             ,
             be
             true
             ;
             and
             that
             no
             Private
             Person
             will
             receive
             any
             Return
             for
             what
             he
             pays
             towards
             a
             Publick
             Benefit
             ;
             Yet
             if
             the
             Money
             be
             Imployed
             in
             Manufactoryes
             ,
             or
             Navigation
             ,
             though
             the
             Original
             Money
             be
             sunk
             ,
             yet
             every
             Individual
             Man
             in
             the
             Nation
             is
             the
             better
             for
             it
             ,
             even
             to
             the
             Cobler
             in
             his
             Stall
             .
             I
             might
             Inlarge
             on
             the
             many
             Advantages
             these
             Repayments
             on
             Exports
             would
             bring
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             but
             I
             shall
             summ
             them
             all
             up
             in
             ,
          
           
             1.
             
             It
             will
             Increase
             the
             Customs
             ,
             if
             that
             be
             a
             Profit
             to
             the
             Nation
             in
             General
             ,
             which
             to
             me
             is
             a
             Question
             ;
             but
             however
             ,
             it
             is
             that
             which
             is
             acceptable
             to
             the
             Government
             ;
             and
             that
             a
             Liberty
             of
             Exporting
             ,
             without
             any
             Charge
             ,
             what
             Merchants
             cannot
             dispose
             of
             ,
             will
             certainly
             Incourage
             to
             greater
             Imports
             ,
             than
             when
             Men
             are
             liable
             to
             loose
             both
             Goods
             and
             Customs
             ,
             as
             now
             they
             in
             many
             Cases
             are
             .
          
           
           
             2.
             
             It
             will
             bring
             a
             very
             considerable
             Advance
             to
             our
             Ships
             and
             Seamen
             ;
             and
             in
             this
             there
             is
             more
             than
             at
             first
             sight
             appears
             .
          
           
             By
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             it
             is
             wisely
             provided
             ,
             That
             every
             Nation
             might
             Import
             into
             England
             the
             Commodities
             of
             their
             own
             Countrey
             in
             their
             own
             Ships
             :
             This
             Liberty
             was
             fair
             and
             equal
             Dealing
             in
             matter
             of
             Trade
             ;
             That
             every
             Countrey
             should
             have
             the
             Command
             of
             their
             own
             Trade
             ,
             and
             so
             gave
             no
             Offence
             ;
             nor
             could
             we
             advance
             our
             own
             Navigation
             by
             it
             more
             ,
             than
             what
             each
             Countrey
             had
             not
             Ships
             of
             their
             own
             to
             carry
             their
             Commodities
             ;
             but
             this
             Liberty
             of
             Foreigners
             bringing
             their
             Commodities
             to
             seek
             a
             Market
             ,
             and
             if
             they
             do
             not
             meet
             it
             ,
             may
             Ship
             out
             what
             they
             cannot
             sell
             ,
             and
             have
             all
             the
             Duty
             Repayd
             ,
             so
             it
             be
             Imported
             and
             Exported
             in
             English
             Ships
             ;
             this
             will
             put
             them
             upon
             Imploying
             our
             Ships
             ,
             that
             so
             they
             may
             be
             Intitled
             to
             make
             our
             Harbours
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             ,
             and
             it
             will
             be
             a
             very
             great
             Incouragement
             to
             them
             in
             their
             Trade
             ,
             and
             as
             great
             to
             us
             to
             have
             the
             Carriage
             there
             ,
             being
             more
             clear
             and
             certain
             Gain
             by
             the
             Navigation
             part
             of
             Trade
             ,
             than
             by
             the
             Merchantine
             part
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             These
             Bill
             Repayments
             upon
             Exports
             ,
             will
             not
             only
             supply
             us
             with
             all
             sorts
             of
             Foreign
             Commodities
             on
             easie
             Tearms
             to
             compleat
             Cargoes
             for
             the
             Northern
             Trades
             we
             have
             now
             lost
             ,
             but
             also
             be
             a
             means
             to
             Increase
             the
             Exports
             of
             our
             Woollen
             Manufactoryes
             ;
             of
             which
             we
             shall
             send
             Quantities
             abroad
             to
             places
             we
             cannot
             now
             ,
             for
             want
             of
             other
             Commodities
             ,
             to
             make
             up
             Cargoes
             for
             several
             Markets
             .
          
           
           
             Upon
             the
             whole
             ,
             I
             conceive
             this
             Freedom
             will
             ●n
             all
             respect
             the
             Benefit
             of
             
               Free
               Ports
            
             ,
             with
             this
             Advantage
             of
             terminating
             in
             the
             Increase
             of
             our
             Ships
             and
             Seamen
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               Of
               a
               Counsell
               of
            
             Trade
             .
          
           
             THIS
             hath
             been
             the
             common
             Theam
             of
             Men
             of
             all
             Understandings
             ,
             on
             which
             so
             much
             is
             said
             and
             writ
             ,
             that
             it
             looks
             like
             remonstrating
             against
             the
             Government
             ,
             to
             print
             more
             on
             that
             Subject
             ,
             since
             there
             seem'd
             not
             a
             tendency
             towards
             it
             :
             For
             this
             reason
             I
             thought
             to
             have
             passed
             ●t
             by
             ,
             but
             hearing
             such
             a
             thing
             is
             now
             under
             Consideration
             ,
             and
             having
             lately
             seen
             a
             Print
             Prescribing
             the
             Modus
             of
             a
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             ,
             I
             venture
             to
             put
             my
             Oar
             in
             the
             Boat
             ,
             though
             I
             cannot
             keep
             stroak
             with
             any
             I
             ever
             yet
             met
             in
             this
             matter
             ,
             differing
             both
             in
             the
             Men
             and
             Numbers
             of
             a
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             As
             to
             the
             Qualification
             of
             the
             Men
             that
             is
             generally
             thought
             proper
             ,
             some
             there
             be
             that
             would
             have
             a
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             compos'd
             of
             Men
             of
             all
             Qualities
             in
             Trade
             and
             Manufactoryes
             ,
             such
             as
             was
             in
             the
             Reign
             of
             K.
             James
             the
             First
             ,
             that
             sat
             in
             Haberdashers-Hall
             ,
             and
             were
             more
             like
             a
             Parliament
             than
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             .
          
           
             Others
             there
             are
             that
             are
             not
             for
             such
             a
             promiscuous
             multitude
             ,
             but
             yet
             would
             have
             a
             great
             Number
             of
             Merchants
             ,
             as
             believing
             them
             the
             best
             Judges
             of
             Trade
             ,
             and
             so
             I
             think
             them
             to
             be
             ;
             yet
             whilst
             they
             are
             in
             Trade
             ,
             not
             the
             properest
             Directors
             of
             it
             :
             Against
             both
             these
             Qualifications
             
             of
             Men
             for
             composing
             a
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             ,
             I
             submit
             these
             reasons
             :
          
           
             First
             ,
             That
             Mechanicks
             are
             generally
             Strangers
             to
             any
             Trades
             but
             their
             own
             ,
             and
             consequently
             can
             be
             no
             Judges
             and
             Advisers
             in
             other
             Mens
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             Bringing
             Artizans
             and
             Mechanicks
             into
             a
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             would
             raise
             Discontents
             thorough
             the
             Kingdom
             among
             them
             of
             differing
             Trades
             ;
             nothing
             being
             more
             Common
             than
             Men
             of
             one
             Trade
             to
             Interfere
             with
             another
             :
             And
             where
             any
             such
             Complaint
             shall
             come
             to
             the
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             ,
             as
             they
             being
             in
             it
             ,
             will
             Incourage
             them
             to
             bring
             ,
             they
             will
             be
             Judges
             of
             their
             own
             Complaints
             ;
             for
             that
             many
             Trades
             have
             dependance
             one
             upon
             another
             ,
             and
             so
             these
             Men
             will
             naturally
             have
             Parties
             ,
             as
             Interest
             leads
             them
             ;
             which
             they
             acquainting
             their
             Friends
             and
             Brethren
             of
             in
             their
             Respective
             Countreys
             ,
             will
             create
             Dissentions
             among
             Artizans
             ,
             who
             are
             good
             Judges
             among
             themselves
             in
             their
             respective
             Companies
             of
             one
             another
             in
             their
             own
             Trades
             ,
             but
             seldom
             determine
             Disputes
             in
             other
             Mens
             Trades
             ,
             but
             with
             a
             Club
             and
             broken
             Head
             :
             Now
             as
             for
             the
             foregoing
             Reasons
             ,
             I
             think
             Mechanicks
             not
             proper
             for
             a
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             ;
             so
             neither
             do
             I
             believe
             Merchants
             in
             Trade
             proper
             ;
             for
             though
             they
             are
             Superiour
             to
             understanding
             and
             Conversation
             with
             the
             former
             ,
             yet
             they
             are
             under
             the
             same
             Temptations
             and
             Difficulties
             of
             making
             Parties
             ,
             and
             Interfering
             with
             one
             another
             in
             their
             Trades
             ;
             and
             therefore
             not
             proper
             Judges
             whilst
             they
             are
             Parties
             ,
             though
             they
             may
             be
             the
             best
             when
             they
             
             are
             not
             .
             A
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             ,
             if
             rightly
             Established
             ,
             will
             be
             a
             Member
             in
             the
             Government
             ;
             and
             in
             such
             the
             Venetian
             Policy
             ,
             which
             seems
             a
             good
             Constitution
             ,
             allows
             none
             that
             are
             Merchants
             ,
             that
             hath
             not
             been
             at
             least
             Seven
             Years
             out
             of
             all
             Trade
             and
             Commerce
             :
             I
             have
             been
             Educated
             a
             Merchant
             ,
             and
             therefore
             cannot
             be
             thought
             to
             lessen
             the
             Profession
             ,
             though
             I
             believe
             no
             Man
             in
             the
             Actual
             Part
             and
             Converse
             of
             Trade
             can
             be
             equal
             and
             different
             in
             the
             Determination
             of
             Controverted
             Matters
             in
             Traffick
             :
             I
             have
             often
             had
             the
             like
             Reflections
             on
             our
             Publick
             Justice
             ,
             in
             which
             ,
             at
             this
             time
             ,
             I
             believe
             we
             are
             the
             most
             happy
             People
             in
             the
             World
             ,
             with
             Great
             and
             Just
             Men
             on
             the
             Bench
             ;
             yet
             there
             hath
             been
             times
             when
             they
             were
             fill'd
             with
             Men
             that
             smelt
             too
             much
             of
             Barr
             ;
             might
             it
             not
             then
             add
             to
             the
             Honour
             of
             that
             Robe
             ,
             if
             there
             was
             another
             step
             besides
             that
             from
             the
             Bar
             to
             the
             Bench
             ?
             But
             this
             is
             not
             my
             Province
             :
             I
             return
             to
             the
             Second
             Consideration
             ,
             that
             of
             the
             Number
             in
             which
             most
             agree
             ;
             one
             of
             a
             County
             ,
             and
             one
             of
             every
             City
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ;
             besides
             some
             of
             the
             Ministry
             :
             This
             would
             be
             a
             huddle
             in
             my
             Opinion
             of
             no
             signification
             ,
             unless
             they
             had
             Competent
             Salaryes
             :
             For
             Men
             would
             not
             loose
             their
             time
             ,
             and
             spend
             their
             Money
             for
             nothing
             ;
             and
             the
             Charge
             would
             be
             too
             great
             for
             the
             King
             to
             pay
             without
             a
             Fund
             given
             by
             Parliament
             ,
             so
             then
             I
             apprehend
             this
             large
             Committee
             is
             lodged
             here
             .
          
           
             It
             may
             now
             be
             expected
             that
             I
             should
             propose
             ,
             and
             that
             I
             think
             a
             better
             part
             than
             Controversies
             ,
             though
             as
             I
             alwayes
             use
             them
             where
             there
             is
             least
             
             offence
             ;
             for
             I
             do
             not
             pretend
             to
             more
             than
             giving
             my
             Opinion
             to
             be
             determined
             by
             better
             Judgments
             ,
             and
             so
             I
             shall
             offer
             my
             Thoughts
             ,
             how
             a
             Counsel
             of
             Trade
             may
             be
             Established
             for
             the
             benefit
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             The
             Number
             not
             to
             exceed
             Nine
             ;
             of
             which
             Three
             to
             be
             such
             as
             haue
             been
             bread
             Merchants
             formerly
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             most
             Universal
             Trades
             used
             in
             these
             Kingdoms
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Counsel
             to
             be
             compos'd
             of
             the
             Ministry
             ,
             Admiralty
             ,
             and
             Customs
             ;
             the
             whole
             Counsel
             to
             sit
             three
             times
             a
             Week
             ,
             and
             three
             of
             them
             every
             day
             ,
             to
             Receive
             ,
             Examine
             ,
             and
             Prepare
             Matters
             for
             the
             General
             Meeting
             .
          
           
             And
             because
             no
             Man
             will
             spend
             his
             time
             for
             nothing
             ;
             and
             time
             so
             dispos'd
             ,
             is
             generally
             valued
             as
             nothing
             ;
             that
             therefore
             such
             Sallaryes
             be
             given
             them
             ,
             as
             may
             pay
             for
             their
             whole
             time
             ,
             and
             give
             a
             Reputation
             to
             the
             Commission
             equal
             to
             the
             Great
             work
             to
             be
             done
             by
             it
             ;
             for
             so
             it
             is
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             rightly
             understood
             ;
             it
             is
             a
             wonder
             that
             in
             a
             Kingdom
             so
             Fruitful
             in
             Offices
             ,
             that
             which
             payes
             them
             all
             (
             as
             Trade
             doth
             )
             should
             be
             allowed
             none
             ;
             but
             it
             is
             an
             untoward
             .
             Reason
             that
             is
             given
             for
             it
             ,
             which
             therefore
             I
             omit
             ;
             and
             shall
             only
             say
             that
             by
             such
             Men
             set
             apart
             for
             the
             Care
             of
             Trade
             .
             France
             and
             Sweedland
             have
             to
             a
             Wonder
             Inlarged
             their
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             apparent
             ,
             that
             for
             want
             of
             such
             a
             Counsel
             ,
             we
             have
             lost
             great
             part
             of
             ours
             .
          
           
             The
             several
             Parts
             ,
             Uses
             ,
             and
             Manage
             ,
             I
             shall
             at
             large
             set
             forth
             in
             the
             Second
             Part.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             
               Of
               Prohibiting
            
             Foreign
             Commodities
             .
          
           
             IT
             is
             the
             Policy
             of
             all
             Civilized
             and
             Trading
             Countreys
             to
             make
             such
             Goods
             counterband
             as
             are
             thought
             Unnecessary
             and
             Expensive
             to
             the
             Inhabitants
             ,
             or
             hinder
             their
             own
             Manufactories
             or
             Native
             Growth
             ;
             but
             in
             doing
             this
             ,
             they
             sometimes
             bring
             a
             worse
             Mischief
             on
             themselves
             than
             that
             they
             design
             to
             remove
             ;
             for
             as
             soon
             as
             a
             Government
             find
             any
             of
             their
             Growth
             or
             Manufactory
             Prohibited
             by
             any
             other
             ,
             they
             return
             it
             with
             laying
             a
             greater
             Duty
             or
             Prohibition
             on
             some
             Commodity
             that
             Countrey
             supplyed
             them
             with
             before
             .
          
           
             To
             prevent
             this
             ,
             Consideration
             should
             be
             first
             had
             of
             all
             their
             Exports
             to
             that
             Countrey
             they
             Intend
             any
             Prohibition
             against
             ;
             and
             if
             they
             find
             that
             Countrey
             can
             any
             other
             wayes
             be
             supply'd
             with
             the
             same
             Commodities
             they
             us'd
             to
             send
             them
             ,
             then
             they
             should
             forbear
             any
             Prohibition
             ,
             because
             it
             is
             more
             prejudicial
             to
             lessen
             their
             own
             Product
             and
             Labour
             ,
             than
             to
             Consume
             that
             of
             their
             Neighbours
             ;
             for
             that
             time
             may
             abate
             ,
             but
             the
             loss
             of
             their
             own
             Trade
             and
             Manufactoryes
             may
             never
             be
             recovered
             ,
             if
             the
             place
             that
             us'd
             them
             be
             either
             fallen
             into
             a
             Trade
             with
             another
             People
             for
             that
             Commodity
             ,
             or
             the
             want
             of
             them
             brings
             them
             out
             of
             use
             ;
             and
             they
             are
             never
             retrieved
             :
             I
             think
             therefore
             ,
             Prohibition
             ought
             never
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             but
             on
             some
             extraordinary
             occasion
             ,
             or
             where
             there
             cannot
             be
             the
             like
             done
             
             to
             them
             :
             I
             will
             Instance
             but
             one
             for
             all
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             Flanders-Lace
             ;
             though
             this
             Prohibition
             be
             of
             Absolute
             Necessity
             ,
             because
             of
             of
             the
             great
             Value
             this
             Kingdom
             spends
             in
             that
             Commodity
             ;
             yet
             if
             a
             due
             Estimate
             was
             made
             of
             what
             this
             Extravagancy
             carryes
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             it
             would
             appear
             ,
             that
             the
             Prohibition
             is
             the
             Original
             and
             Present
             Cause
             of
             our
             Excess
             in
             that
             Commodity
             :
             There
             is
             indeed
             another
             accidental
             help
             to
             it
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             our
             Army
             in
             Flanders
             ,
             the
             continual
             Passing
             and
             Repassing
             of
             our
             Men
             gives
             opportunity
             of
             smugling
             the
             Duty
             ,
             and
             they
             also
             coming
             over
             with
             the
             Fashion
             about
             their
             Necks
             ,
             our
             Apish
             Humours
             soon
             follows
             it
             ;
             but
             yet
             the
             Prohibition
             is
             that
             which
             first
             Established
             the
             Fashion
             among
             onr
             Boas
             and
             Boasses
             ;
             for
             it
             is
             not
             Persons
             of
             the
             first
             Magnitude
             ,
             as
             in
             former
             Ages
             that
             now
             Introduce
             a
             Fashion
             ,
             but
             such
             who
             carry
             their
             Fortunes
             about
             them
             ,
             and
             are
             alwayes
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             their
             Estates
             ,
             these
             have
             no
             wayes
             to
             distinguish
             themselves
             ,
             but
             by
             despising
             our
             own
             Manufactory
             ,
             and
             the
             Nasty
             Dress
             ,
             as
             they
             term
             it
             ,
             of
             a
             Countrey
             Lady
             or
             a
             Citizen
             ;
             though
             the
             latter
             is
             too
             apt
             to
             follow
             them
             in
             Expence
             ;
             and
             because
             they
             can
             better
             pay
             for
             Extravagancies
             ,
             therefore
             they
             believe
             themselves
             equally
             Intituled
             to
             them
             :
             And
             thus
             the
             Vanity
             runs
             round
             to
             the
             great
             Loss
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             Now
             that
             which
             to
             me
             seems
             the
             most
             Effectual
             way
             to
             Prohibit
             a
             Commodity
             that
             the
             Nation
             finds
             so
             Injurious
             ,
             as
             to
             make
             a
             Law
             against
             ,
             as
             in
             this
             of
             Flanders-Lace
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             :
             For
             I
             name
             that
             Commodity
             ,
             because
             it
             stands
             most
             in
             
             the
             way
             :
             I
             say
             then
             ,
             to
             make
             that
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             Prohibition
             effectual
             ,
             would
             be
             ,
             to
             lay
             an
             Imposition
             on
             any
             that
             uses
             them
             :
             If
             that
             were
             done
             ,
             the
             Mischief
             would
             be
             at
             an
             end
             .
             But
             to
             make
             it
             forfeiture
             of
             them
             ,
             to
             bring
             them
             ,
             or
             placing
             a
             high
             Duty
             ,
             which
             some
             think
             the
             best
             Expedient
             ,
             is
             all
             Allurements
             ,
             and
             Perswasive
             to
             those
             whose
             Vanity
             ,
             and
             (
             in
             some
             cases
             )
             unhappy
             way
             of
             Living
             ,
             cannot
             be
             without
             them
             ,
             to
             Covet
             and
             Purchase
             them
             ,
             because
             they
             believe
             Difficulty
             ,
             and
             hazard
             the
             Merchant
             runs
             in
             bringing
             them
             ,
             will
             make
             them
             too
             dear
             for
             Common
             Wear
             :
             But
             to
             this
             it
             may
             be
             objected
             ,
             That
             in
             many
             Cases
             Prohibitions
             are
             made
             to
             the
             end
             some
             Commodity
             of
             our
             own
             of
             the
             same
             Nature
             might
             be
             used
             ;
             and
             then
             the
             laying
             a
             Duty
             on
             the
             Consumer
             would
             be
             Troublesome
             or
             Impracticable
             ,
             since
             perchance
             the
             Commodities
             might
             not
             be
             distinguish'd
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             in
             this
             of
             Flanders-Lace
             ;
             which
             cannot
             be
             distinguish'd
             ,
             but
             in
             some
             of
             the
             highest
             Prizes
             .
          
           
             This
             Objection
             must
             be
             allowed
             good
             in
             some
             cases
             ,
             and
             may
             be
             answer'd
             in
             others
             ;
             where
             it
             is
             the
             first
             placing
             a
             high
             Duty
             upon
             the
             Importation
             ,
             is
             a
             better
             way
             than
             an
             Absolute
             Prohibition
             ,
             but
             in
             the
             latter
             ,
             where
             it
             may
             be
             answer'd
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             case
             of
             Flanders-Lace
             ,
             that
             the
             Commodities
             cannot
             be
             distinguish'd
             ,
             there
             appears
             a
             difficulty
             ;
             and
             that
             will
             oblige
             the
             Government
             to
             some
             other
             Expedient
             ,
             and
             I
             see
             none
             ,
             but
             to
             consider
             whether
             a
             Total
             Abolishing
             the
             use
             of
             Lace
             may
             be
             enjoyn'd
             :
             And
             here
             two
             things
             are
             to
             be
             inquired
             into
             .
          
           
           
           
           
           
           
             1.
             
             Whether
             such
             a
             Law
             might
             not
             produce
             from
             those
             abroad
             some
             such
             effect
             on
             some
             of
             our
             Commodities
             ?
          
           
             2.
             
             Whether
             it
             will
             not
             be
             Injurious
             to
             our selves
             in
             turning
             a
             Number
             of
             our
             own
             People
             out
             of
             their
             Trades
             and
             way
             of
             Living
             ?
          
           
             To
             the
             first
             ,
             that
             of
             Provoking
             our
             Neighbours
             ,
             I
             think
             it
             can
             do
             us
             no
             hurt
             ,
             because
             there
             is
             no
             Trade
             in
             the
             World
             (
             as
             I
             take
             it
             )
             that
             we
             use
             ,
             which
             vends
             less
             of
             our
             Commodities
             than
             Flanders
             doth
             ;
             but
             such
             as
             they
             cannot
             be
             without
             ;
             so
             that
             if
             we
             did
             abate
             the
             use
             of
             more
             of
             their
             Product
             and
             Manufactoryes
             ,
             it
             were
             but
             just
             ,
             and
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             nor
             can
             they
             do
             us
             more
             hurt
             than
             they
             do
             .
             But
             to
             the
             second
             Objection
             ,
          
           
             2.
             
             That
             of
             hindring
             our
             own
             People
             ,
             that
             looks
             ill
             ;
             and
             therefore
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             I
             can
             ,
             shall
             answer
             it
             ;
             and
             to
             that
             end
             think
             it
             necessary
             to
             Inquire
             first
             ,
             into
             the
             hands
             that
             are
             Imployed
             in
             this
             Work
             ,
             and
             then
             whether
             they
             are
             capable
             of
             any
             other
             Imployment
             that
             they
             may
             get
             their
             Living
             by
             :
             For
             the
             first
             ,
             Those
             that
             make
             Lace
             ,
             are
             of
             the
             Female
             Sex
             ,
             Women
             and
             Children
             ;
             and
             such
             I
             think
             can
             turn
             their
             hands
             to
             another
             Work
             that
             would
             be
             profitable
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             save
             Money
             from
             going
             out
             ;
             whereas
             this
             of
             making
             Lace
             is
             the
             occasion
             of
             carrying
             Money
             out
             two
             wayes
             ;
             one
             for
             fine
             Thread
             to
             make
             it
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             by
             Importing
             
               Flanders
               Lace
            
             of
             greater
             Value
             ,
             and
             finer
             then
             can
             be
             made
             here
             .
          
           
           
             That
             which
             our
             People
             might
             be
             imployed
             in
             ,
             is
             spinning
             fine
             Thread
             ;
             which
             may
             be
             done
             ,
             though
             not
             the
             finest
             sort
             ,
             yet
             to
             Eight
             Shillings
             a
             pound
             ,
             which
             would
             hinder
             the
             Importation
             of
             many
             sorts
             of
             Thread
             to
             a
             considerable
             Value
             in
             the
             Year
             :
             This
             I
             presume
             cannot
             be
             denied
             ;
             but
             then
             it
             may
             be
             said
             ,
             this
             will
             require
             time
             to
             bring
             them
             that
             are
             bred
             up
             to
             other
             Work
             before
             they
             can
             Earn
             their
             Bread
             ;
             so
             that
             these
             People
             must
             be
             provided
             for
             ,
             until
             they
             are
             brought
             into
             the
             Methods
             of
             Spinning
             finer
             Thread
             than
             is
             now
             made
             for
             Linnen
             ;
             which
             in
             another
             place
             I
             shall
             shew
             is
             not
             for
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Nation
             to
             promote
             .
          
           
             The
             way
             then
             that
             I
             conceive
             Provision
             may
             be
             made
             to
             maintain
             these
             People
             for
             one
             year
             ,
             which
             will
             be
             time
             sufficient
             for
             their
             learning
             to
             Spin
             ,
             is
             to
             place
             a
             small
             Mulct
             by
             the
             Quarter
             on
             all
             such
             as
             wear
             any
             sort
             of
             
               Thread
               Lace
            
             ,
             and
             that
             there
             will
             be
             enough
             rais'd
             on
             such
             ,
             to
             me
             seems
             reasonable
             to
             believe
             ,
             because
             that
             the
             Poorer
             sort
             of
             People
             that
             now
             wear
             Lace
             ,
             to
             avoid
             the
             Tax
             ,
             will
             leave
             it
             off
             ;
             and
             that
             will
             make
             it
             look
             like
             a
             Discriminating
             Character
             of
             Poverty
             and
             Meanness
             in
             such
             as
             formerly
             wore
             it
             ,
             and
             upon
             this
             Tax
             to
             leave
             it
             off
             ;
             and
             those
             that
             have
             Points
             and
             Lace
             of
             Value
             ,
             will
             not
             for
             a
             small
             matter
             throw
             them
             away
             ,
             as
             they
             must
             do
             ,
             if
             they
             wear
             them
             not
             ;
             for
             that
             Year
             there
             will
             be
             Liberty
             :
             But
             supposing
             ,
             which
             there
             seems
             no
             reason
             to
             believe
             ,
             that
             there
             should
             be
             no
             Money
             rais
             ▪
             d
             this
             way
             ,
             is
             there
             not
             as
             much
             reason
             to
             find
             out
             some
             other
             way
             on
             the
             Excise
             
             or
             Customs
             for
             one
             Year
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             for
             Incouragement
             of
             the
             Exports
             of
             Corn
             ?
             The
             French
             King
             payes
             Money
             to
             Incourage
             the
             Exports
             of
             Provisions
             ,
             and
             some
             other
             things
             ;
             and
             there
             seems
             as
             much
             reason
             for
             this
             ,
             which
             hath
             a
             greater
             prospect
             of
             Improvement
             ,
             than
             what
             he
             aims
             at
             in
             Exports
             of
             Provisions
             ,
             which
             is
             neither
             proper
             ,
             nor
             possible
             for
             this
             Kingdom
             to
             do
             ,
             whilst
             Ireland
             is
             above
             Water
             ;
             nor
             if
             he
             had
             all
             that
             Export
             which
             Ireland
             had
             in
             the
             best
             Condition
             of
             that
             Countrey
             ,
             which
             was
             in
             the
             Reign
             of
             Charles
             the
             Second
             ,
             would
             it
             amount
             to
             that
             Yearly
             Value
             as
             our
             Vanity
             of
             Lace
             amounts
             to
             in
             the
             Imports
             from
             Flanders
             ?
          
           
             It
             is
             not
             possible
             to
             give
             a
             certain
             Estimate
             of
             it
             ,
             because
             it
             comes
             not
             through
             the
             Custom-House
             ;
             nor
             can
             there
             be
             a
             near
             Estimate
             by
             the
             Quantities
             Sold
             ,
             since
             there
             is
             such
             Numbers
             that
             bring
             it
             from
             Flanders
             and
             Holland
             ;
             not
             a
             Ship
             ,
             or
             scarce
             a
             Man
             ,
             but
             brings
             over
             some
             in
             his
             Pocket
             ,
             or
             about
             his
             Neck
             ;
             and
             there
             are
             those
             that
             tell
             us
             of
             some
             Thousands
             in
             the
             Year
             ,
             that
             do
             thus
             :
             But
             giving
             all
             this
             into
             the
             account
             ,
             I
             will
             only
             mention
             what
             I
             have
             pick't
             up
             from
             Observations
             made
             in
             
               Yarmouth
               ,
               Hull
               ,
               New-Castle
            
             ,
             and
             London
             :
             In
             Yarmouth
             it
             is
             said
             there
             are
             Five
             Persous
             that
             get
             near
             a
             Thousand
             Pounds
             a
             Year
             apiece
             by
             what
             they
             Import
             and
             sent
             to
             
               Norwich
               ▪
            
             from
             Hall
             as
             much
             ;
             at
             Newcastle
             more
             :
             In
             London
             it
             is
             said
             ,
             one
             Man
             hath
             in
             few
             Years
             got
             Forty
             Thousand
             Pounds
             ;
             and
             above
             Eight
             more
             that
             altogether
             get
             twice
             his
             Sum
             ;
             all
             these
             may
             make
             up
             at
             a
             Moderate
             Computation
             
             Forty
             Thousand
             Pounds
             
               per
               Annum
            
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             so
             much
             got
             by
             what
             they
             Import
             ,
             allowing
             the
             Total
             to
             arise
             by
             Twenty
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             gain
             ,
             which
             is
             an
             Extravagant
             Profit
             ,
             when
             Merchants
             deal
             for
             Five
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             Profit
             in
             other
             Commodities
             ;
             but
             allowing
             at
             Twenty
             ,
             the
             Import
             is
             Two
             Hundred
             Thousand
             Pounds
             
               per
               Annum
            
             ,
             besides
             smaller
             Men
             and
             Passengers
             ,
             which
             is
             believed
             to
             be
             as
             much
             :
             This
             is
             a
             Computation
             at
             random
             ,
             yet
             with
             as
             much
             probability
             as
             it
             can
             bear
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             whole
             ,
             cannot
             be
             less
             than
             Four
             Hundred
             Thousand
             Pounds
             
               per
               Annum
            
             ;
             they
             that
             see
             our
             Churches
             ,
             where
             perchance
             there
             may
             be
             of
             Men
             ,
             Women
             ,
             and
             Children
             ,
             Five
             Hundred
             in
             a
             Church
             ,
             that
             have
             less
             or
             more
             of
             this
             Finery
             about
             them
             ,
             will
             not
             think
             Four
             Hundred
             Thousand
             Pounds
             worth
             more
             than
             is
             wore
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             in
             a
             Day
             :
             Now
             though
             this
             be
             a
             guess
             ,
             yet
             what
             I
             bring
             against
             it
             in
             the
             Exports
             of
             Provisions
             from
             Ireland
             is
             a
             certainty
             from
             Account
             of
             the
             Entries
             at
             the
             Custom-House
             ;
             and
             there
             was
             never
             Shipped
             out
             in
             one
             Year
             to
             the
             Value
             of
             Three
             Hundred
             Thousand
             Pound
             Sterling
             :
             I
             mention
             this
             ,
             to
             shew
             how
             little
             we
             consider
             the
             Interest
             and
             Trade
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             how
             mistaken
             in
             our
             Account
             when
             we
             quarrel
             at
             a
             part
             of
             our selves
             ,
             for
             so
             we
             ought
             to
             make
             it
             ,
             for
             living
             on
             their
             Product
             ;
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             see
             not
             a
             far
             greater
             Value
             than
             all
             that
             poor
             Countrey
             produceth
             ,
             carried
             away
             in
             Specie
             from
             us
             by
             Foreigners
             ,
             so
             is
             this
             Commodity
             purchas'd
             ,
             or
             with
             Bills
             of
             Exchange
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             same
             thing
             ,
             and
             so
             allowed
             by
             all
             that
             understnad
             Trade
             .
          
           
           
             I
             have
             been
             the
             longer
             on
             this
             Commodity
             ,
             because
             I
             name
             it
             for
             all
             that
             come
             under
             the
             head
             of
             Prohibitions
             ;
             which
             I
             think
             not
             to
             be
             sufficiently
             consider'd
             or
             understood
             ,
             were
             it
             so
             ,
             but
             in
             this
             one
             triffle
             ;
             it
             deserves
             no
             better
             a
             Name
             ,
             if
             relation
             be
             had
             to
             the
             use
             of
             it
             :
             There
             is
             plain
             demonstration
             ,
             that
             what
             with
             the
             turn
             of
             our
             hands
             to
             a
             Commodity
             ,
             as
             we
             now
             Purchase
             with
             Money
             from
             abroad
             ,
             and
             with
             the
             preventing
             the
             Imports
             of
             Lace
             ,
             the
             whole
             would
             add
             more
             than
             Six
             Hundred
             Thousand
             Pounds
             
               per
               Annum
            
             so
             the
             Treasure
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             and
             this
             might
             in
             my
             humble
             Opinion
             be
             easier
             done
             ,
             than
             regulating
             the
             East-India-Company
             :
             I
             will
             not
             make
             comparisons
             as
             to
             the
             Gain
             ,
             but
             wish
             I
             knew
             any
             one
             Trade
             ,
             though
             that
             of
             the
             Foreign
             Plantations
             were
             one
             ,
             that
             brings
             in
             Six
             Hundred
             Thousand
             Pounds
             Sterling
             clear
             Gain
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             as
             this
             might
             do
             ,
             if
             the
             Old
             Proverb
             be
             allowed
             ,
             that
             a
             Penny
             sav'd
             ,
             is
             a
             Penny
             got
             .
          
           
             But
             that
             I
             might
             not
             lye
             under
             a
             Vulgar
             censure
             in
             this
             matter
             ,
             though
             I
             take
             it
             to
             be
             as
             much
             an
             Error
             (
             that
             Extravagancies
             in
             Cloaths
             is
             an
             Advantage
             to
             the
             Artizans
             ,
             Manufactoryes
             ,
             and
             Poor
             of
             the
             Nation
             )
             what
             is
             here
             propos'd
             doth
             not
             bar
             the
             Gayety
             and
             Expence
             of
             such
             as
             delight
             in
             fine
             Cloaths
             ,
             for
             that
             there
             may
             be
             other
             Inventions
             found
             out
             for
             Ornament
             as
             Costly
             as
             Lace
             :
             I
             remember
             when
             Band-strings
             were
             come
             to
             such
             Curiosity
             in
             Work
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             wore
             from
             Five
             Shillings
             to
             Five
             Pound
             a
             Pair
             ,
             and
             made
             in
             England
             ;
             and
             have
             my self
             ,
             when
             I
             could
             not
             write
             Man
             ,
             had
             Ribbons
             to
             one
             Suit
             to
             more
             
             than
             Fifteen
             Pounds
             Value
             :
             If
             these
             Extravagancies
             must
             be
             used
             ,
             were
             it
             not
             better
             to
             have
             them
             of
             our
             own
             Fabrick
             ,
             than
             from
             them
             that
             eat
             not
             our
             Bread
             ,
             nor
             wear
             our
             Wooll
             ,
             though
             they
             work
             too
             much
             of
             it
             ?
          
           
             I
             have
             done
             on
             this
             head
             ,
             when
             I
             say
             ,
             That
             as
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             the
             Nation
             makes
             Laws
             of
             Prohibition
             ,
             I
             wish
             there
             was
             effectual
             means
             to
             have
             them
             observ'd
             .
          
        
         
           
             Of
             Sumptuary
             Lawes
             .
          
           
             I
             Think
             Laws
             to
             Restrain
             Excess
             in
             Apparel
             and
             Food
             ,
             may
             properly
             be
             brought
             into
             a
             Treatise
             of
             Trade
             ;
             and
             that
             
               Sumptuary
               Lawes
            
             are
             ,
             or
             should
             be
             ,
             a
             Guide
             in
             it
             .
          
           
             That
             before
             I
             Engage
             in
             this
             Matter
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             Receiv'd
             Opinion
             to
             be
             removed
             ;
             and
             that
             is
             ,
             that
             Expence
             of
             the
             Labour
             and
             Product
             of
             a
             Countrey
             ,
             is
             the
             support
             of
             the
             Artizans
             ,
             and
             beings
             Riches
             to
             Men
             of
             Real
             Estates
             :
             If
             this
             was
             in
             Truth
             so
             ,
             then
             there
             is
             not
             only
             an
             end
             of
             
               Sumptuary
               Lawes
            
             ,
             but
             some
             other
             Statutes
             and
             Customs
             that
             yet
             hinder
             Abuses
             ,
             which
             perchance
             might
             otherwise
             grow
             amongst
             us
             as
             Artizans
             and
             Tradesmen
             wearing
             Swords
             ,
             that
             would
             Increase
             that
             Manufactory
             ;
             yet
             in
             well-Governed
             Places
             ,
             the
             Justices
             and
             Magistrates
             of
             Towns
             would
             bind
             to
             the
             good
             behaviour
             such
             as
             did
             ,
             if
             Servants
             and
             Apprentices
             were
             allowed
             
             playing
             at
             Cards
             and
             Dice
             ,
             it
             would
             occasion
             the
             Consumption
             of
             great
             Quantities
             ,
             and
             so
             Inlarge
             those
             Manufactories
             ;
             yet
             the
             Laws
             and
             Custom
             of
             the
             Nation
             Prohibits
             it
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             a
             Covenant
             in
             the
             Indentures
             of
             Apprentices
             to
             this
             day
             ,
             that
             they
             Forfeit
             their
             Indentures
             ,
             if
             they
             do
             use
             them
             in
             Play.
             
          
           
             If
             then
             there
             be
             reason
             for
             these
             smaller
             Expences
             ,
             there
             seems
             reason
             for
             Care
             in
             greater
             .
          
           
             How
             the
             Old
             
               Sumptuary
               Laws
            
             of
             the
             Nation
             comes
             to
             be
             out
             of
             use
             ,
             I
             could
             never
             understand
             ;
             nor
             can
             I
             think
             that
             it
             is
             that
             ,
             because
             they
             were
             found
             Injurious
             to
             our
             Tradesmen
             and
             Manufactoryes
             ,
             but
             rather
             the
             Vanity
             and
             Levity
             of
             the
             Nation
             in
             following
             the
             Modes
             of
             France
             ;
             which
             taking
             first
             in
             our
             Courts
             ,
             descended
             to
             Lower
             Ranks
             of
             People
             ;
             and
             Merchants
             and
             Tradesmen
             making
             a
             Gain
             by
             Curiosities
             in
             Apparel
             ,
             that
             soon
             begat
             a
             Party
             to
             support
             them
             ,
             until
             the
             Livelyhood
             of
             Numbers
             depended
             on
             the
             Manufactoryes
             of
             them
             :
             And
             that
             brings
             me
             to
             Inquire
             into
             the
             Opinion
             ,
             that
             it
             is
             a
             benefit
             of
             the
             Nation
             to
             be
             Expensive
             in
             Diet
             and
             Apparel
             .
          
           
             The
             Reason
             that
             is
             given
             for
             it
             is
             ,
             because
             it
             Imploys
             the
             Poor
             ,
             and
             supports
             the
             Farmer
             to
             pay
             greater
             Rents
             .
          
           
             To
             this
             I
             Answer
             ,
          
           
             First
             ,
             That
             whatever
             Artizans
             and
             Farmers
             get
             by
             Consumption
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             is
             no
             profit
             to
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
           
             No
             Private
             Gentleman
             is
             accounted
             Rich
             ,
             if
             he
             spends
             all
             his
             Rents
             in
             Cloaths
             and
             House-keeping
             ,
             though
             it
             be
             all
             layd
             out
             among
             his
             own
             Tenants
             ;
             but
             he
             is
             accounted
             Rich
             ,
             in
             that
             he
             saves
             over
             above
             his
             Expence
             :
             And
             it
             holds
             so
             in
             a
             Kingdom
             ,
             the
             Riches
             of
             a
             Countrey
             is
             accoun●ed
             and
             made
             out
             of
             nothing
             ,
             but
             their
             Exports
             that
             is
             common
             to
             every
             Understanding
             ,
             and
             needs
             no
             Explanation
             ;
             and
             being
             allowed
             ,
             what
             a
             Miserable
             People
             should
             we
             be
             ,
             if
             we
             supported
             the
             Common
             People
             by
             our
             home
             Consumption
             ;
             It
             would
             terminate
             in
             paying
             Rents
             ,
             as
             they
             do
             in
             Scotland
             ,
             in
             kind
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             as
             they
             call
             it
             ,
             Victual
             ,
             Corn
             ,
             &c.
             
             For
             if
             we
             spend
             all
             in
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             we
             shall
             have
             no
             Exports
             ,
             and
             consequently
             no
             Money
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             What
             is
             spent
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             lessens
             the
             Gain
             of
             the
             Artizan
             and
             Country-Man
             ,
             for
             that
             Exports
             would
             raise
             the
             Price
             of
             our
             Native
             Commodities
             ,
             by
             Increasing
             Chapmen
             ,
             and
             bringing
             Strangers
             and
             Trade
             into
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             We
             need
             not
             go
             farther
             than
             the
             
               Isle
               of
               Man
            
             for
             Demonstration
             ;
             Perchance
             those
             People
             Eat
             and
             Drink
             better
             ,
             Wear
             as
             Warm
             and
             Decent
             Cloths
             as
             our
             Yeomen
             in
             Kent
             ,
             and
             yet
             One
             Thousand
             of
             them
             make
             not
             so
             great
             a
             Purse
             as
             One
             of
             our
             Yeomen
             before-mentioned
             ;
             and
             the
             reason
             is
             ,
             because
             they
             live
             upon
             their
             own
             Product
             .
          
           
             If
             what
             is
             here
             said
             be
             sufficient
             to
             prove
             that
             the
             Nation
             is
             no
             Gainer
             by
             what
             is
             spent
             ,
             if
             we
             then
             come
             to
             that
             of
             
               Sumptuary
               Laws
            
             ,
             how
             the
             
             
             
             
             
             observance
             of
             them
             would
             Increase
             the
             Trade
             and
             Treasure
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             I
             begin
             with
             that
             of
             Apparel
             ,
             and
             that
             I
             must
             crave
             leave
             to
             differ
             with
             a
             Fam'd
             Author
             ,
             Montaigne
             ;
             who
             gave
             his
             Opinion
             on
             this
             Subject
             ,
             that
             it
             would
             be
             for
             the
             Profit
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             take
             off
             all
             from
             Wearing
             Rich
             Cloaths
             ,
             if
             the
             King
             and
             Court
             did
             not
             wear
             such
             ;
             though
             no
             doubt
             it
             would
             have
             that
             effect
             of
             taking
             off
             the
             People
             from
             Sumptuous
             Cloaths
             ,
             if
             the
             Court
             wore
             plain
             ,
             and
             so
             far
             do
             good
             as
             it
             reached
             the
             Common
             People
             ;
             yet
             it
             would
             have
             an
             ill
             consequence
             where
             it
             effected
             the
             Court
             and
             Nobility
             ,
             for
             that
             their
             Expence
             is
             a
             Gain
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             Incouragement
             to
             Industry
             :
             Not
             that
             I
             think
             it
             imploys
             the
             Poor
             more
             than
             they
             would
             be
             ,
             if
             they
             worked
             for
             Exportation
             ;
             but
             that
             I
             conceive
             in
             this
             matter
             ,
             is
             that
             Frugality
             in
             the
             Court
             and
             Nobility
             ,
             would
             bring
             all
             the
             Money
             of
             the
             Nation
             into
             their
             Coffers
             ;
             for
             they
             seldom
             Trade
             ;
             and
             so
             there
             would
             want
             Running
             Cash
             to
             drive
             the
             Trade
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             then
             there
             would
             need
             no
             Laws
             to
             restrain
             the
             middle
             People
             in
             their
             Cloths
             ,
             for
             they
             would
             soon
             come
             to
             Raggs
             :
             I
             think
             it
             therefore
             distructive
             to
             the
             Nation
             for
             Men
             of
             great
             Estates
             to
             be
             Parcimonious
             ,
             as
             I
             do
             for
             others
             to
             be
             Extravagant
             .
             Montaigne
             writ
             his
             Opinion
             as
             a
             Lord
             ,
             and
             I
             as
             a
             Commoner
             :
             If
             Lords
             lived
             as
             Commoners
             ,
             Commoners
             would
             never
             be
             Lords
             :
             And
             perhaps
             if
             there
             was
             no
             room
             for
             Ambition
             ,
             there
             might
             not
             be
             so
             much
             Industry
             .
          
           
           
             Having
             past
             the
             Throne
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             attend
             it
             ,
             among
             which
             I
             account
             Gentlemen
             of
             Real
             Estates
             ,
             I
             come
             to
             those
             which
             I
             think
             
               Sumptuary
               Laws
            
             should
             reach
             ,
             and
             they
             are
             Merchants
             ,
             Artizans
             and
             Countrey-Men
             .
             I
             leave
             out
             Divines
             and
             Lawyers
             ;
             the
             first
             lye
             under
             no
             Temptation
             ,
             the
             latter
             I
             hope
             they
             will
             pardon
             me
             ,
             if
             I
             say
             it
             is
             the
             best
             return
             they
             could
             make
             to
             disperse
             their
             great
             Gains
             among
             the
             Poor
             .
             But
             to
             return
             to
             those
             ,
             I
             think
             properly
             under
             
               Sumptuary
               Laws
            
             ,
             Merchants
             ,
             Tradesmen
             ,
             &c.
             
             And
             for
             them
             there
             seems
             a
             double
             reason
             ,
             one
             because
             they
             know
             how
             to
             Imploy
             their
             Money
             in
             Trade
             and
             Manufactoryes
             ;
             and
             therefore
             should
             as
             much
             as
             is
             practicable
             ,
             be
             kept
             from
             wasting
             their
             Stock
             on
             unnecessary
             Expences
             ;
             for
             that
             their
             Stock
             is
             the
             Seed
             Corn
             of
             Trade
             ;
             and
             all
             Men
             are
             careful
             that
             they
             want
             not
             Seed
             for
             their
             Ground
             ,
             because
             it
             is
             common
             ,
             therefore
             not
             regarded
             ;
             but
             it
             is
             certainly
             true
             ,
             that
             the
             endless
             Expence
             of
             our
             Artizans
             and
             Poor
             is
             the
             Greatest
             Cause
             of
             the
             Decay
             of
             our
             Manufactoryes
             :
             There
             is
             a
             Train
             of
             Mischiefs
             that
             attend
             one
             another
             in
             the
             Excess
             of
             People
             that
             depend
             on
             Labour
             ;
             Twenty
             Shillings
             may
             find
             Materials
             to
             keep
             a
             Family
             a
             Moneth
             at
             Work
             ;
             and
             the
             want
             of
             it
             not
             only
             hinders
             them
             ,
             but
             puts
             them
             upon
             farther
             Expence
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             Gaming
             or
             Debauchery
             .
          
           
             Shop-keepers
             arrive
             to
             a
             higher
             Excess
             before
             it
             Effects
             them
             ,
             but
             yet
             they
             are
             often
             dip'd
             before
             they
             see
             their
             Danger
             ;
             and
             so
             it
             is
             with
             Merchants
             that
             are
             a
             Degree
             above
             them
             ,
             usually
             so
             in
             every
             respect
             ,
             by
             means
             of
             their
             Education
             
             
             
             
             
             and
             Converse
             ;
             yet
             these
             Men
             are
             oftner
             undone
             by
             an
             Insensible
             way
             of
             Expence
             ,
             than
             by
             Losses
             at
             Sea
             ;
             no
             Men
             know
             how
             to
             live
             better
             than
             they
             ;
             I
             mean
             ,
             that
             we
             call
             fine
             Eating
             ,
             and
             good
             Equipage
             ;
             and
             there
             are
             those
             among
             our
             Merchants
             can
             afford
             it
             ;
             but
             then
             it
             is
             such
             as
             are
             come
             into
             Estates
             that
             were
             not
             got
             by
             Men
             that
             understood
             fine
             Living
             .
          
           
             I
             have
             often
             reflected
             on
             the
             Gain
             of
             Countrey-Farmers
             that
             may
             have
             a
             Free-hold
             of
             Forty
             or
             Fifty
             Pounds
             
               per
               Annum
            
             :
             These
             Men
             we
             see
             ,
             out
             of
             their
             small
             Income
             ,
             with
             their
             Industry
             in
             Rural
             Matters
             ,
             shall
             be
             able
             to
             give
             good
             Portions
             to
             their
             Children
             ,
             have
             Money
             alwayes
             at
             Command
             ;
             when
             a
             Merchant
             of
             Ten
             times
             his
             Fund
             and
             Appearance
             of
             Gain
             shall
             hardly
             be
             able
             to
             keep
             afloat
             ;
             and
             for
             this
             I
             can
             assign
             no
             Cause
             but
             the
             difference
             in
             Expence
             ;
             and
             yet
             the
             Merchant
             not
             accounted
             Extravagant
             ;
             but
             the
             difference
             lyes
             in
             this
             ,
             The
             Custom
             of
             the
             Countrey
             where
             the
             Countrey-Man
             lives
             is
             to
             wear
             plain
             warm
             Cloaths
             ;
             his
             Wife
             perhaps
             with
             good
             Searge
             ,
             himself
             with
             Kersey
             ;
             Twice
             or
             Thrice
             a
             Weak
             the
             Pot
             boyls
             ,
             and
             the
             Spit
             us'd
             on
             Sundays
             .
          
           
             The
             Merchant
             he
             lives
             in
             a
             City
             ,
             where
             Rich
             Cloaths
             ,
             Lace
             ,
             &c.
             is
             Common
             Wear
             ,
             and
             a
             Sett
             Table
             every
             day
             ,
             and
             to
             be
             but
             in
             the
             common
             Road
             with
             his
             Neighbours
             ,
             he
             spends
             Five
             times
             as
             much
             as
             the
             Countrey-man
             ;
             this
             at
             a
             moderate
             Computation
             amounts
             to
             a
             great
             Sum
             in
             Twenty
             or
             Thirty
             Years
             .
             I
             might
             Inlarge
             on
             this
             Subject
             ,
             but
             I
             submit
             to
             better
             Understandings
             
             what
             I
             have
             said
             ;
             and
             my
             Opinion
             that
             
               Sumptuary
               Laws
            
             duely
             Executed
             would
             Inrich
             and
             Strengthen
             these
             Kingdoms
             :
             We
             see
             it
             doth
             so
             among
             our
             Neighbours
             ,
             the
             Dutch
             and
             Hamburgers
             ;
             where
             you
             seldom
             hear
             of
             a
             middle
             sort
             of
             Dealer
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             never
             of
             a
             Handioraft
             Man
             to
             fail
             :
             It
             is
             certain
             they
             sell
             for
             less
             Profit
             than
             we
             do
             ;
             that
             they
             loose
             more
             in
             proportion
             at
             Sea
             than
             we
             do
             ,
             occasioned
             by
             the
             under-Manning
             their
             Ships
             :
             Yet
             notwithstanding
             these
             disadvantages
             ,
             their
             Merchants
             ,
             and
             all
             sorts
             of
             Tradesmen
             are
             much
             Richer
             than
             ours
             ;
             for
             which
             no
             reason
             can
             be
             given
             ,
             but
             their
             Frugal
             Living
             ,
             which
             to
             me
             is
             an
             undeniable
             Confutation
             of
             the
             Opinion
             ,
             that
             the
             larger
             our
             Expence
             in
             Cloaths
             and
             Food
             is
             ,
             the
             better
             our
             Artizans
             and
             Poor
             are
             maintained
             .
          
           
             The
             true
             way
             for
             Increasing
             the
             Riches
             of
             the
             Nation
             in
             General
             ,
             and
             the
             Artizan
             in
             Particular
             ,
             is
             to
             Imploy
             them
             in
             Commodities
             Exported
             ,
             not
             consumed
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             If
             what
             I
             have
             said
             gain
             any
             Acceptation
             ,
             the
             Modus
             for
             putting
             something
             in
             Practice
             like
             Sumptuary-Laws
             may
             be
             admitted
             ,
             and
             it
             shall
             be
             in
             few
             words
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             Negatively
             ,
             I
             do
             not
             think
             making
             Laws
             to
             Prohibit
             or
             Limit
             any
             sort
             of
             People
             in
             their
             Diet
             or
             Apparel
             practicable
             ,
             it
             would
             set
             the
             Nation
             in
             a
             Ferment
             ,
             and
             Heralds
             must
             become
             Judges
             of
             others
             Food
             and
             Rayment
             ;
             as
             Lawyers
             are
             of
             their
             Freeholds
             and
             Properties
             :
             Those
             were
             happy
             times
             ,
             when
             pulling
             off
             a
             Shoe
             was
             a
             good
             Conveyance
             ,
             and
             a
             Prince
             was
             his
             own
             
             Caterour
             ,
             His
             Lady
             the
             Cook
             :
             We
             have
             an
             Infallible
             Authour
             for
             it
             .
             But
             to
             return
             the
             Method
             for
             bringing
             what
             hath
             been
             discours'd
             on
             this
             Head
             into
             Practice
             ,
             I
             conceive
             may
             be
             to
             lay
             a
             Mulct
             by
             the
             Quarter
             on
             all
             Persons
             that
             are
             Artizans
             ,
             Handicrafts-Men
             ,
             Farmers
             ,
             Victuallers
             ,
             Inn
             Keepers
             ,
             that
             shall
             wear
             any
             Silk
             ,
             Gold
             ,
             or
             Silver
             :
             This
             would
             restrain
             the
             Extravagancy
             of
             such
             as
             Expence
             doth
             most
             hurt
             unto
             ;
             and
             be
             a
             means
             to
             Enable
             them
             to
             Enlarge
             their
             Trades
             and
             Manufactoryes
             :
             As
             I
             have
             said
             before
             ,
             their
             Money
             is
             the
             Seed
             of
             Trade
             ;
             and
             if
             we
             suppose
             there
             may
             be
             but
             Five
             Hundred
             Thousand
             such
             Families
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             that
             by
             Frugal
             Living
             they
             may
             lay
             up
             but
             Forty
             Shillings
             a
             Year
             of
             their
             needless
             Expence
             in
             Cloaths
             ,
             it
             would
             put
             a
             Million
             a
             Year
             more
             in
             the
             Trade
             and
             Manufactory
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             which
             besides
             other
             Advantages
             ,
             in
             Humane
             Probability
             might
             save
             Parishes
             from
             the
             Charge
             of
             many
             Poor
             :
             But
             of
             that
             the
             next
             Chapter
             will
             Treat
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Of
             Working-Schools
             and
             Hospitals
             .
          
           
             THere
             seems
             nothing
             that
             would
             be
             a
             more
             Universal
             Good
             ,
             than
             a
             Provision
             for
             the
             Infant
             Poor
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             whose
             Misfortunes
             seems
             not
             greater
             in
             their
             Being
             ,
             than
             in
             the
             Provision
             that
             is
             made
             for
             them
             by
             the
             Parishes
             where
             they
             were
             born
             .
             The
             common
             Practice
             in
             the
             dispose
             of
             them
             ,
             is
             to
             pay
             a
             Poor
             Woman
             by
             the
             Year
             for
             keeping
             a
             Child
             ;
             and
             as
             soon
             ,
             or
             before
             they
             are
             capable
             of
             the
             meanest
             Service
             ,
             they
             are
             turn'd
             off
             ,
             and
             seldom
             put
             to
             a
             Trade
             ;
             by
             which
             means
             ,
             as
             their
             Entrance
             into
             the
             World
             is
             a
             Charge
             to
             the
             Parish
             ,
             so
             is
             their
             going
             out
             in
             Old
             Age
             ,
             if
             they
             come
             not
             to
             a
             worse
             end
             ;
             it
             being
             observed
             that
             most
             of
             the
             Pilfering
             and
             Vagrant
             People
             that
             fill
             the
             Streets
             ,
             are
             such
             that
             are
             not
             bred
             to
             Trades
             in
             their
             Youth
             :
             This
             Evil
             ,
             like
             Original
             Sin
             ,
             comes
             into
             the
             World
             with
             these
             Miserable
             People
             :
             I
             mean
             ,
             when
             they
             are
             sent
             out
             of
             the
             Parish
             ,
             without
             Education
             ,
             in
             a
             habit
             of
             Idleness
             ,
             which
             produceth
             every
             day
             worse
             Conversation
             ,
             and
             less
             Shame
             .
          
           
             And
             if
             from
             these
             Slips
             comes
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             most
             Unfortunate
             Poor
             ,
             (
             such
             I
             mean
             as
             come
             to
             untimely
             ends
             ;
             )
             may
             not
             this
             then
             deserve
             the
             Consideration
             of
             the
             most
             Pious
             and
             Politique
             Heads
             in
             the
             Nation
             ?
             It
             is
             strange
             to
             see
             how
             provident
             we
             are
             to
             keep
             off
             little
             troubles
             when
             they
             are
             near
             ,
             and
             how
             careless
             we
             are
             of
             greater
             Mischiefs
             if
             they
             be
             at
             a
             distance
             ;
             We
             
             hunt
             a
             Strange
             Beggar
             out
             of
             our
             Parishes
             ;
             and
             if
             in
             time
             of
             Scarcity
             Numbers
             come
             into
             a
             City
             from
             the
             Country
             ,
             A
             Common-Council
             is
             call'd
             ,
             and
             their
             Grave
             Wisdom
             set
             at
             Work
             ,
             how
             to
             get
             rid
             of
             their
             New
             Comers
             ;
             and
             yet
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             perhaps
             ,
             that
             very
             City
             is
             breeding
             up
             a
             greater
             Number
             of
             Poor
             Children
             than
             they
             hunt
             out
             ,
             to
             Act
             the
             same
             part
             in
             the
             Common-Wealth
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             of
             Stealing
             ,
             Begging
             ,
             and
             Idleness
             ,
             as
             Mankind
             Naturally
             would
             do
             ,
             if
             Education
             Improved
             not
             Nature
             .
             The
             worst
             of
             Men
             would
             keep
             ,
             if
             they
             could
             ,
             that
             part
             of
             Primitive
             Innocence
             ,
             Eating
             without
             Labour
             ;
             and
             are
             True
             Believers
             of
             that
             part
             in
             Divine
             Writ
             ,
             That
             it
             is
             a
             Curse
             to
             eat
             their
             Bred
             by
             the
             Sweat
             of
             their
             Brow
             :
             There
             needs
             no
             other
             Evidence
             of
             this
             Truth
             ,
             than
             that
             of
             the
             
               O●●
               Bayly
            
             ,
             where
             Numbers
             are
             every
             Sessions
             of
             both
             Sexes
             made
             Victims
             for
             the
             Sins
             of
             the
             Parish
             where
             they
             were
             Born
             :
             Had
             they
             been
             bred
             up
             in
             Trades
             ,
             they
             might
             probably
             not
             come
             to
             Untimely
             Ends.
             There
             is
             no
             Nation
             I
             ever
             read
             of
             ,
             who
             by
             a
             Compulsary
             Law
             ,
             raiseth
             so
             much
             Money
             for
             the
             poor
             as
             England
             doth
             :
             That
             of
             Holland
             is
             Voluntary
             ,
             and
             turns
             to
             a
             Revenue
             to
             the
             Common-Wealth
             ,
             as
             they
             manage
             it
             ;
             but
             our
             Charity
             is
             become
             a
             Nusance
             ,
             and
             may
             be
             thought
             the
             greatest
             Mistake
             of
             that
             Blessed
             Reign
             ,
             in
             which
             that
             Law
             Passed
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             Idle
             and
             Improvident
             Mans
             Charter
             ;
             for
             if
             Shame
             or
             Fear
             of
             Punishment
             makes
             him
             Earn
             his
             Dayly
             Bread
             ,
             he
             will
             do
             no
             more
             ;
             his
             Children
             are
             the
             Charge
             of
             the
             Parish
             ,
             and
             his
             
             Old
             Age
             his
             Recess
             from
             Labour
             or
             Care
             ;
             he
             makes
             no
             Provision
             for
             it
             in
             the
             time
             of
             his
             Youth
             and
             Strength
             ,
             because
             he
             hath
             better
             Security
             for
             his
             Maintenance
             than
             Money
             of
             his
             own
             Laying
             up
             :
             But
             of
             this
             sort
             of
             Poor
             ,
             I
             design
             a
             Discourse
             in
             the
             Second
             Part
             of
             Essayes
             on
             Trade
             ,
             &c.
             
             I
             am
             now
             on
             that
             of
             Infant-Poor
             ;
             and
             besides
             ,
             that
             of
             the
             Parish
             there
             is
             another
             Provision
             ;
             which
             for
             as
             much
             as
             it
             takes
             up
             ,
             makes
             a
             fine
             Shew
             ;
             but
             yet
             in
             my
             Opinion
             that
             Charity
             might
             be
             better
             disposed
             ,
             than
             to
             keep
             Children
             till
             they
             are
             Thirteen
             or
             Fourteen
             Years
             of
             Age
             without
             any
             Labour
             ;
             and
             then
             often
             taken
             away
             by
             Gentlemen
             ,
             that
             perhaps
             keep
             them
             to
             wait
             on
             them
             ;
             or
             some
             other
             Imployment
             that
             is
             more
             proper
             for
             one
             that
             hath
             been
             by
             Misfortune
             fallen
             from
             a
             Competency
             ,
             and
             is
             too
             far
             grown
             to
             beg
             in
             a
             Manual
             Education
             :
             For
             this
             reason
             I
             think
             there
             should
             not
             be
             one
             taken
             out
             of
             an
             Hospital
             ,
             but
             to
             some
             Mechanick
             Art
             ,
             or
             Navigation
             .
             I
             know
             there
             are
             some
             that
             tell
             us
             ,
             It
             is
             pity
             ,
             where
             an
             Ingenious
             Boy
             shall
             be
             found
             ,
             but
             that
             he
             should
             be
             advanced
             according
             to
             his
             Genious
             in
             Learning
             .
             If
             our
             Nation
             did
             want
             such
             Men
             ,
             there
             might
             be
             some
             pretence
             for
             this
             Opinion
             ,
             though
             perhaps
             I
             should
             be
             still
             against
             it
             ;
             But
             when
             we
             see
             such
             Excess
             of
             Studients
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             not
             Preferment
             for
             them
             ;
             we
             have
             not
             to
             the
             Degree
             of
             Clerks
             for
             some
             ,
             that
             perhaps
             ,
             if
             they
             had
             according
             to
             their
             Learning
             and
             Parts
             might
             deserve
             Preferment
             in
             Church
             and
             State
             ;
             but
             the
             Stock
             is
             too
             many
             for
             the
             Pasture
             ,
             and
             that
             
             brings
             many
             Young
             Gentlemen
             to
             Misfortune
             ,
             who
             have
             been
             well
             Educated
             ,
             That
             being
             all
             their
             Fathers
             could
             give
             them
             ;
             and
             being
             born
             Gentlemen
             ,
             not
             so
             agreeable
             to
             set
             to
             Mechanical
             Labour
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             for
             the
             most
             Ingenious
             Boy
             an
             Hospital
             can
             produce
             ,
             his
             Original
             must
             be
             derived
             from
             thence
             :
             And
             so
             a
             Handicraft
             Trade
             cannot
             be
             too
             mean
             for
             him
             ;
             and
             if
             he
             be
             of
             Extraordinary
             Understanding
             ,
             let
             him
             lay
             it
             out
             in
             Curious
             Arts
             and
             Manufactoryes
             ;
             such
             would
             be
             of
             more
             use
             to
             the
             Nation
             ;
             and
             of
             such
             we
             cannot
             have
             too
             many
             :
             And
             if
             there
             were
             the
             same
             Conduct
             in
             the
             Great
             Community
             of
             a
             Nation
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             in
             Private
             Families
             :
             (
             And
             I
             see
             no
             reason
             why
             there
             may
             not
             )
             there
             would
             not
             be
             so
             many
             Thousands
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             sent
             out
             of
             their
             Hives
             without
             a
             Sting
             ,
             and
             so
             become
             Drones
             ,
             Living
             on
             the
             Labour
             of
             the
             Industrious
             Bee
             ,
             so
             I
             think
             them
             that
             are
             not
             bred
             up
             in
             some
             Imployment
             .
             Now
             to
             make
             a
             lasting
             Reformation
             in
             this
             thing
             ,
             I
             conceive
             it
             must
             be
             to
             begin
             at
             the
             Root
             ;
             Manure
             and
             Improve
             the
             first
             Sprouts
             as
             they
             come
             into
             the
             World
             :
             And
             that
             brings
             me
             to
             a
             Proposition
             that
             was
             brought
             to
             some
             of
             the
             greatest
             Ministers
             in
             Church
             and
             State
             ,
             where
             it
             met
             with
             so
             good
             a
             Reception
             ,
             that
             some
             of
             them
             were
             pleased
             to
             say
             ,
             That
             though
             they
             had
             for
             several
             Years
             been
             labouring
             for
             such
             a
             thing
             ,
             and
             had
             made
             some
             Progress
             in
             it
             ,
             yet
             they
             could
             never
             frame
             a
             Scheme
             ,
             but
             there
             was
             some
             objection
             to
             it
             ;
             but
             in
             this
             they
             saw
             none
             ;
             and
             therefore
             Resolved
             upon
             the
             Kings
             
             Return
             from
             Flanders
             ,
             to
             lay
             it
             before
             His
             Majesty
             .
             The
             Late
             Arch
             Bishop
             of
             Canterbury
             few
             Dayes
             before
             his
             Death
             expressed
             his
             Earnest
             Desires
             and
             Intentions
             to
             promote
             so
             good
             a
             Work
             ,
             as
             he
             was
             pleased
             to
             call
             it
             ,
             and
             said
             ,
             he
             would
             loose
             no
             time
             ,
             for
             fear
             it
             might
             be
             lost
             ,
             if
             he
             that
             was
             Master
             of
             it
             should
             die
             before
             it
             was
             Established
             ;
             there
             being
             some
             things
             reserved
             by
             the
             Proposer
             ,
             until
             he
             had
             Assurance
             of
             His
             Majesties
             Approbation
             .
             As
             far
             as
             I
             have
             Liberty
             to
             make
             it
             Publick
             ,
             I
             shall
             shall
             here
             set
             down
             the
             Proposition
             ;
             That
             so
             if
             better
             Heads
             can
             Correct
             or
             Improve
             it
             ,
             the
             Nation
             may
             have
             the
             Advantage
             ,
             by
             Inlarging
             a
             thing
             which
             may
             be
             of
             so
             Publick
             a
             Benefit
             .
          
           
             The
             Proposition
             was
             as
             followeth
             ,
          
           
             
               That
               a
               Charter
               be
               Granted
               to
               such
               as
               shall
               be
               willing
               to
               Erect
            
             Hospitals
             and
             Working-Schools
             
               through
               the
               Kingdom
               for
               Poor
               Children
               ,
               on
               the
               Terms
               following
               .
            
          
           
             1.
             
             That
             they
             shall
             be
             obliged
             to
             Receive
             from
             all
             the
             Parishes
             in
             England
             ,
             if
             the
             Parish
             think
             fit
             ,
             such
             Children
             as
             they
             have
             at
             the
             Charge
             of
             the
             Parish
             :
             The
             Parish
             paying
             Ten
             Pound
             ,
             and
             sending
             them
             with
             Two
             Suits
             of
             Cloaths
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             The
             Schools
             and
             Hospitals
             taking
             them
             in
             at
             Seven
             Years
             of
             Age
             ,
             and
             to
             teach
             them
             to
             Read
             and
             Write
             ;
             and
             Imploy
             them
             chiefly
             in
             the
             Linnen
             Manufactory
             and
             Cordage
             ;
             The
             Boys
             
             to
             be
             discharg'd
             at
             the
             Years
             of
             Twenty
             One
             ,
             and
             the
             Girls
             at
             Eighteen
             ;
             by
             which
             time
             they
             may
             be
             made
             perfect
             in
             the
             Art
             of
             Spinning
             and
             Weaving
             Linnen
             ;
             neither
             of
             which
             are
             improved
             to
             the
             height
             in
             this
             Nation
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             That
             forasmuch
             as
             it
             is
             hoped
             many
             Charitable
             and
             Well-disposed
             People
             will
             Extend
             their
             Bounty
             to
             the
             Poor
             this
             way
             ;
             if
             they
             might
             set
             out
             a
             Poor
             Child
             ,
             so
             as
             it
             may
             be
             put
             in
             a
             good
             way
             of
             Subsistance
             for
             its
             whole
             Life
             .
          
           
             4.
             
             That
             these
             Hospitals
             and
             Schools
             be
             obliged
             to
             take
             in
             from
             all
             Persons
             ,
             Children
             upon
             Reasonable
             Tearms
             .
          
           
             And
             forasmuch
             as
             it
             may
             be
             of
             a
             more
             Universal
             Benefit
             to
             the
             Kingdom
             to
             leave
             a
             Latitude
             to
             the
             Governours
             of
             these
             Working
             Schools
             ,
             to
             breed
             up
             such
             of
             the
             Boys
             as
             shall
             have
             a
             Genius
             to
             any
             other
             Mechanical
             Art
             ,
             that
             then
             they
             may
             be
             so
             Instructed
             .
          
           
             And
             also
             for
             the
             better
             Incouragement
             of
             Youth
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             may
             be
             the
             Children
             of
             Parents
             ,
             by
             Misfortune
             brought
             to
             Decay
             ,
             that
             they
             may
             be
             so
             at
             the
             Liberty
             of
             the
             Governours
             to
             dispose
             of
             ,
             as
             shall
             be
             found
             capable
             ,
             and
             desir'd
             by
             Merchants
             ,
             Navigators
             ,
             or
             others
             ,
             to
             take
             Apprentice
             ,
             and
             breed
             them
             up
             in
             some
             Trade
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             be
             for
             their
             Preferment
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             Desire
             of
             the
             Youth
             .
          
           
           
             5.
             
             That
             who'ere
             shall
             be
             put
             out
             to
             Apprentice
             ,
             shall
             not
             withstanding
             Receive
             the
             Sum
             paid
             with
             them
             ,
             when
             he
             comes
             to
             Age
             of
             Twenty
             One
             Years
             ,
             provided
             he
             faithfully
             serves
             his
             Time.
             
          
           
             6.
             
             That
             there
             be
             a
             Liberty
             for
             the
             Governours
             ,
             &c.
             to
             receive
             the
             Charity
             of
             all
             such
             as
             shall
             at
             any
             time
             Give
             ,
             or
             Bequeath
             Money
             or
             Land
             to
             this
             Good
             Work.
             
          
           
             7.
             
             That
             they
             may
             have
             Power
             to
             Purchase
             Lands
             in
             every
             County
             of
             England
             and
             Wales
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             a
             Fund
             for
             Payment
             of
             the
             Sum
             that
             was
             payd
             in
             with
             each
             Child
             to
             such
             as
             behave
             themselves
             well
             ,
             and
             go
             out
             at
             the
             Years
             before-mentioned
             .
          
           
             8.
             
             That
             these
             Schools
             shall
             be
             alwayes
             Free
             from
             any
             Tax
             ,
             either
             for
             their
             Land
             or
             Stock
             that
             must
             be
             Imployed
             in
             the
             Work.
             
          
           
             9.
             
             That
             there
             be
             in
             each
             Hospital
             a
             Minister
             to
             Instruct
             the
             Children
             ,
             and
             Officiate
             in
             Ecclesiastical
             Affairs
             .
          
           
             10.
             
             That
             for
             the
             better
             Government
             of
             these
             Hospitals
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             Intent
             that
             the
             Work
             proposed
             be
             duely
             pursu'd
             ,
             That
             all
             Bishops
             and
             Peers
             ,
             and
             Members
             of
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             in
             their
             Respective
             Countys
             for
             the
             time
             being
             ,
             and
             so
             for
             ever
             ,
             succeed
             Visitors
             of
             those
             
             Hospitals
             ;
             and
             that
             they
             may
             have
             Power
             upon
             just
             Complaint
             to
             Remove
             and
             Displace
             any
             Inferiour
             Officer
             or
             Overseers
             that
             shall
             misbehave
             themselves
             .
          
           
             11.
             
             To
             Compleat
             the
             whole
             Design
             ,
             and
             make
             these
             Hospitals
             and
             Schools
             the
             greatest
             Work
             of
             Charity
             and
             Universal
             Good
             that
             ever
             was
             bestowed
             on
             this
             Nation
             ,
             is
             to
             Establish
             a
             Fund
             for
             Stock
             and
             Portions
             of
             such
             as
             go
             out
             of
             these
             Hospitals
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             to
             pay
             as
             much
             as
             is
             paid
             in
             with
             the
             Child
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             shall
             be
             free
             to
             set
             up
             the
             Linnen
             Manufactory
             in
             any
             Corporation
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             This
             will
             require
             an
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             ,
             and
             the
             Fund
             for
             Portions
             and
             Stock
             may
             be
             Rais'd
             out
             of
             that
             which
             no
             one
             will
             Refuse
             ,
             nor
             yet
             shall
             any
             be
             obliged
             to
             pay
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Reasons
             humbly
             offered
             for
             Establishing
             by
             Charter
             ,
             Hospitals
             and
             Working-Schools
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             THey
             will
             ease
             the
             Nation
             of
             a
             Charge
             and
             Burthen
             :
             The
             Charge
             is
             upon
             the
             Parish
             in
             breeding
             up
             the
             Children
             ,
             and
             the
             Burthen
             is
             having
             Streets
             fill'd
             with
             Beggars
             in
             their
             Old
             Age
             ;
             for
             such
             usually
             are
             so
             ,
             that
             are
             bred
             to
             no
             Trades
             in
             their
             Youth
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             These
             Schools
             will
             add
             to
             the
             Nation
             in
             their
             Trade
             and
             Manufactories
             ,
             more
             than
             Twenty
             thousand
             Persons
             a
             Year
             ,
             allowing
             but
             Two
             out
             of
             a
             Parish
             ,
             with
             such
             as
             may
             be
             supposed
             will
             be
             put
             in
             by
             particular
             persons
             ,
             that
             may
             think
             a
             Child
             well
             disposed
             of
             ,
             for
             a
             small
             Sum
             to
             be
             taught
             a
             Trade
             ,
             and
             have
             a
             Stock
             at
             going
             out
             to
             set
             up
             with
             .
          
           
             They
             will
             not
             only
             add
             to
             the
             Nation
             so
             many
             as
             come
             from
             the
             Parishes
             ,
             but
             they
             will
             produce
             another
             Generation
             by
             Marriages
             :
             Whereas
             the
             Poor
             bred
             to
             no
             Employment
             ,
             seldom
             do
             more
             than
             waste
             away
             their
             Life
             in
             a
             single
             condition
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             These
             Hospitals
             and
             Schools
             breeding
             up
             Numbers
             in
             the
             Linnen-Manufactory
             ,
             will
             invite
             over
             Foreigners
             to
             settle
             in
             the
             same
             Employment
             ;
             for
             that
             it
             is
             a
             Maxim
             in
             Trade
             and
             Manufactory
             ,
             
               That
               where
               there
               are
               but
               few
               employ'd
               ,
               they
               will
               be
               found
               too
               many
               ;
               and
               where
               there
               are
               great
               numbers
               ,
               they
               may
               be
               thought
               too
               few
               .
            
          
           
             4.
             
             These
             Hospitals
             and
             Schools
             for
             Linnen
             will
             by
             themselves
             and
             their
             Increase
             settle
             such
             a
             Manufactory
             of
             Linnen
             as
             will
             not
             only
             
             prevent
             the
             great
             Sums
             of
             Money
             that
             go
             out
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             but
             also
             bring
             in
             Money
             for
             several
             sorts
             of
             Linnen
             ;
             they
             will
             soon
             arrive
             to
             that
             Perfection
             which
             can
             never
             be
             introduc'd
             by
             the
             Methods
             now
             taken
             .
          
           
             5.
             
             There
             seems
             not
             a
             more
             certain
             way
             for
             raising
             the
             Rents
             of
             Lands
             and
             Houses
             ,
             than
             advancing
             the
             Poor
             ,
             and
             increasing
             of
             People
             and
             Trade
             ;
             both
             which
             will
             certainly
             arise
             from
             these
             Schools
             and
             Hospitals
             .
          
           
             6.
             
             These
             Hospitals
             and
             Working-Schools
             will
             exceed
             not
             only
             all
             the
             Charitable
             Works
             of
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             but
             may
             be
             thought
             above
             any
             in
             Europe
             .
             Former
             Charities
             seldom
             exceed
             present
             Provision
             for
             the
             Poor
             ,
             and
             that
             only
             to
             keep
             them
             so
             ;
             but
             by
             this
             there
             will
             be
             raised
             of
             them
             which
             are
             now
             the
             Disease
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             a
             Useful
             and
             Industrious
             People
             :
             It
             is
             reasonable
             to
             believe
             they
             will
             be
             in
             their
             spreading
             forth
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             Examples
             of
             Sobriety
             and
             Industry
             ;
             for
             that
             they
             will
             be
             strangers
             to
             the
             common
             Vices
             of
             this
             Age
             ,
             and
             know
             nothing
             but
             what
             they
             are
             bred
             up
             to
             in
             their
             Schools
             .
          
           
             And
             that
             this
             Great
             Work
             may
             not
             miscarry
             ,
             as
             Publick
             Stocks
             and
             Manufactories
             always
             do
             ,
          
           
             It
             is
             humbly
             proposed
             ,
             That
             a
             Charter
             may
             be
             given
             to
             such
             as
             will
             undertake
             so
             good
             a
             Work
             ;
             and
             that
             they
             may
             have
             such
             Encouragement
             as
             may
             give
             them
             a
             Prospect
             of
             Advantage
             ,
             without
             which
             the
             Undertaking
             cannot
             succeed
             ;
             for
             that
             it
             is
             a
             mixt
             Undertaking
             ,
             a
             Manufactory
             and
             an
             Hospital
             ;
             the
             
             first
             to
             support
             the
             latter
             ,
             and
             that
             with
             such
             Benefit
             to
             the
             Nation
             as
             might
             be
             wish'd
             ,
             tho
             at
             the
             Purchase
             of
             a
             National
             Fund
             :
             But
             here
             is
             nothing
             desired
             for
             the
             Maintenance
             of
             all
             the
             Poor
             Children
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             for
             that
             the
             Ten
             Pounds
             to
             be
             paid
             by
             the
             Parish
             will
             not
             answer
             the
             Charge
             of
             Building
             and
             Furnishing
             the
             Houses
             ;
             and
             that
             for
             a
             Fund
             to
             raise
             so
             much
             apiece
             when
             they
             go
             out
             ,
             will
             not
             come
             to
             any
             Proportion
             of
             what
             must
             be
             paid
             in
             Fourteen
             Years
             .
             So
             that
             in
             truth
             the
             entire
             Success
             of
             this
             Affair
             rests
             on
             the
             Management
             and
             Stock
             of
             the
             Undertakers
             .
          
           
             Thus
             far
             went
             the
             Propositions
             and
             Reasons
             for
             it
             ,
             which
             to
             me
             appear'd
             without
             exception
             ,
             tho
             perhaps
             according
             to
             the
             unhappy
             humour
             of
             this
             Age
             some
             may
             be
             against
             it
             ,
             if
             there
             appears
             any
             Advantage
             to
             the
             Undertakers
             ;
             which
             is
             in
             my
             opinion
             a
             pernicious
             Principle
             ,
             that
             hath
             been
             no
             small
             prejudice
             to
             our
             Trade
             and
             Manufactories
             ,
             discourages
             Ingenuity
             ,
             and
             hath
             driven
             many
             profitable
             Inventions
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             into
             other
             Countries
             ,
             where
             they
             meet
             with
             better
             Entertainment
             :
             But
             of
             this
             I
             shall
             at
             large
             discourse
             in
             the
             Second
             Part
             ,
             and
             here
             only
             say
             ,
             That
             I
             conceive
             one
             of
             the
             greatest
             Mistakes
             in
             our
             Provision
             for
             the
             Poor
             ,
             is
             ,
             That
             they
             are
             not
             put
             under
             the
             Charge
             of
             some
             that
             may
             be
             Gainers
             by
             their
             Work.
             
          
           
             I
             never
             saw
             Publick
             Undertakings
             in
             Labour
             and
             Manufactory
             turn
             to
             any
             Advantage
             ;
             nor
             do
             I
             see
             any
             reason
             to
             expect
             it
             ,
             
             whilst
             it
             is
             so
             difficult
             for
             Private
             Undertakers
             to
             defend
             themselves
             against
             the
             Frauds
             of
             Artisans
             and
             Labourers
             in
             Employments
             their
             Masters
             are
             bred
             in
             ;
             and
             if
             it
             be
             so
             where
             men
             have
             both
             Understanding
             and
             Self-Interest
             united
             for
             their
             own
             Advantage
             ,
             the
             Success
             cannot
             reasonably
             be
             so
             great
             .
             Suppose
             Managers
             ever
             so
             honest
             ,
             there
             are
             some
             Difficulties
             that
             Publick
             Ministers
             lye
             under
             ,
             which
             men
             in
             their
             own
             Concerns
             are
             free
             from
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             Set
             Rules
             and
             Methods
             which
             they
             must
             observe
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             lose
             some
             Advantages
             which
             private
             men
             can
             take
             or
             leave
             ,
             as
             they
             find
             them
             for
             their
             purpose
             .
             But
             that
             which
             seems
             unanswerable
             in
             this
             Undertaking
             ,
             is
             ,
             That
             the
             Proposition
             is
             to
             breed
             up
             Children
             in
             Manufactories
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             ease
             the
             Nation
             of
             a
             Charge
             ,
             and
             replenish
             the
             Countrey
             with
             People
             ;
             and
             this
             cannot
             be
             done
             without
             great
             Expence
             of
             Money
             ,
             and
             Industry
             of
             the
             Undertakers
             .
          
           
             And
             why
             they
             should
             not
             have
             the
             Benefit
             of
             both
             ,
             since
             it
             is
             not
             at
             the
             Publick
             Charge
             ,
             none
             I
             believe
             can
             give
             a
             reason
             ,
             but
             those
             wise
             men
             that
             would
             have
             no
             good
             done
             that
             any
             man
             gets
             by
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               Of
               the
            
             New-found-land
             Fishing
             .
          
           
             THE
             Name
             of
             a
             Joint-Stock
             and
             Company
             in
             Trade
             ,
             is
             in
             general
             terms
             thought
             injurious
             to
             the
             several
             Interests
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             but
             in
             some
             Cases
             it
             is
             allowed
             by
             
             all
             ,
             That
             Companies
             are
             absolutely
             necessary
             ;
             and
             if
             in
             any
             ,
             it
             seems
             to
             be
             so
             for
             the
             Fishing
             of
             New-found-land
             ,
             which
             was
             once
             the
             most
             considerable
             Trade
             and
             Nursery
             for
             Seamen
             of
             this
             Nation
             .
          
           
             How
             it
             came
             to
             be
             lost
             by
             us
             ,
             and
             taken
             up
             by
             the
             French
             ,
             is
             visible
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             since
             the
             Restoration
             of
             
               Charles
               the
               Second
            
             ,
             in
             whose
             Reign
             it
             was
             complained
             of
             ,
             and
             Petitions
             from
             the
             West-Countrey-men
             to
             retrieve
             it
             ,
             and
             secure
             them
             from
             the
             growing
             Encroachments
             of
             the
             French
             ,
             daily
             made
             upon
             the
             Fishing
             of
             this
             Nation
             ;
             but
             no
             Care
             was
             taken
             ,
             the
             French
             Interest
             being
             then
             prevalent
             at
             Court.
             
          
           
             The
             Island
             of
             New-found-land
             is
             as
             much
             the
             Right
             of
             the
             Crown
             ,
             as
             any
             Foreign
             Plantation
             ;
             nor
             have
             the
             French
             the
             least
             pretence
             to
             it
             .
          
           
             But
             since
             they
             have
             got
             footing
             in
             it
             ,
             no
             Private
             Undertakers
             are
             able
             to
             contest
             it
             with
             them
             ;
             nor
             if
             the
             Government
             should
             dispossess
             them
             ,
             would
             Private
             Undertakers
             be
             able
             to
             secure
             and
             maintain
             the
             Place
             and
             Trade
             .
          
           
             The
             French
             have
             now
             Forts
             there
             ,
             and
             send
             such
             Numbers
             of
             Ships
             Yearly
             ,
             as
             is
             little
             less
             than
             a
             Warlike
             Effort
             added
             to
             their
             Trade
             ;
             and
             by
             the
             Fishing
             they
             have
             raised
             their
             Seamen
             ,
             and
             so
             became
             formidable
             at
             Sea
             ,
             all
             their
             other
             Navigation
             not
             employing
             one
             fourth
             of
             the
             Seamen
             their
             Fishing
             of
             New-found-land
             and
             Canady
             doth
             .
          
           
             And
             as
             the
             French
             have
             grown
             great
             in
             their
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             by
             this
             Fishing
             ,
             so
             hath
             
             England
             by
             the
             Loss
             of
             it
             abated
             in
             both
             ,
             to
             the
             weakning
             and
             Poverty
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             If
             the
             Strength
             and
             Security
             of
             this
             Nation
             lies
             in
             the
             Naval
             Force
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             thought
             that
             which
             makes
             and
             employs
             Seamen
             cannot
             be
             bought
             too
             dear
             ,
             but
             deserves
             the
             greatest
             Encouragement
             ;
             and
             then
             the
             Fishing
             of
             New-found-land
             would
             be
             as
             much
             consider'd
             ,
             and
             as
             well
             preserved
             from
             Foreign
             Encroachment
             as
             our
             other
             Plantations
             ,
             where
             none
             are
             admitted
             to
             Trade
             but
             the
             Subjects
             of
             England
             .
          
           
             It
             cannot
             be
             denied
             ,
             however
             some
             may
             apprehend
             ,
             but
             the
             Foreign
             Plantations
             add
             to
             the
             Strength
             and
             Treasure
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             even
             in
             that
             of
             People
             ,
             which
             is
             generally
             thought
             our
             Plantations
             abroad
             consume
             ;
             but
             if
             it
             were
             considered
             ,
             That
             by
             taking
             off
             one
             useless
             person
             ,
             for
             such
             generally
             go
             abroad
             ,
             we
             add
             Twenty
             Blacks
             in
             the
             Labour
             and
             Manufactories
             of
             this
             Nation
             ,
             that
             Mistake
             would
             be
             removed
             .
          
           
             But
             whatever
             the
             Advantages
             of
             our
             Foreign
             Plantations
             are
             to
             England
             ,
             this
             of
             New-found-land
             Fishing
             will
             be
             much
             more
             ,
             for
             that
             by
             it
             there
             will
             be
             Riches
             gain'd
             out
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             without
             the
             Expence
             of
             any
             Foreign
             Commodities
             ;
             but
             it
             is
             not
             so
             in
             the
             Foreign
             Plantations
             .
          
           
             By
             this
             Fishing
             there
             will
             be
             no
             person
             ,
             only
             some
             few
             to
             keep
             the
             Forts
             ,
             taken
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ;
             nor
             any
             fed
             or
             cloathed
             with
             the
             Product
             of
             other
             Parts
             ,
             but
             all
             they
             consume
             will
             be
             of
             the
             Growth
             and
             Manufactory
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
           
             And
             this
             Fishing
             of
             New-found-land
             will
             be
             supported
             entirely
             with
             the
             Product
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             which
             no
             other
             Trade
             is
             ;
             so
             will
             the
             Product
             of
             this
             Fishing
             bring
             in
             more
             Bullion
             than
             any
             other
             Trade
             can
             :
             Whereas
             the
             Product
             of
             our
             Foreign
             Plantations
             is
             greatest
             part
             consumed
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             that
             adds
             nothing
             to
             the
             Riches
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             And
             that
             which
             is
             not
             the
             least
             considerable
             in
             this
             Undertaking
             ,
             is
             ,
             That
             whereas
             in
             all
             our
             other
             Plantations
             abroad
             our
             men
             are
             employed
             in
             labour
             on
             shore
             ,
             and
             so
             of
             no
             use
             in
             time
             of
             Naval
             War
             ,
             this
             Plantation
             of
             New-found-land
             will
             be
             all
             Seamen
             ,
             and
             most
             of
             them
             at
             home
             once
             a
             year
             ,
             and
             may
             soon
             be
             to
             the
             Number
             of
             10000
             Men
             ;
             which
             may
             be
             thought
             a
             greater
             Strength
             to
             the
             Nation
             than
             a
             Land-Army
             of
             thrice
             the
             number
             ;
             with
             this
             advantage
             ,
             that
             Seamen
             are
             always
             readier
             for
             Service
             ,
             and
             yet
             of
             no
             Charge
             to
             the
             Government
             until
             they
             are
             in
             it
             .
          
           
             And
             to
             sum
             up
             all
             in
             that
             which
             is
             the
             Security
             as
             well
             as
             Treasure
             of
             England
             ,
             by
             this
             Fishing
             there
             may
             be
             added
             Thirty
             Sail
             of
             Men
             of
             War
             always
             ready
             for
             the
             Service
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             It
             may
             perhaps
             be
             expected
             ,
             That
             after
             telling
             what
             mighty
             things
             may
             be
             done
             by
             this
             Fishing
             ,
             I
             should
             lay
             down
             a
             Scheme
             how
             it
             may
             be
             made
             practicable
             :
             But
             as
             what
             I
             have
             here
             said
             is
             no
             more
             than
             Hints
             ,
             on
             which
             better
             Heads
             may
             enlarge
             ,
             so
             I
             must
             own
             my
             want
             of
             Assurance
             to
             prescribe
             Rules
             and
             Methods
             for
             so
             great
             an
             Undertaking
             ,
             especially
             
             at
             a
             Time
             when
             the
             Supreme
             Council
             of
             the
             Nation
             are
             sitting
             ,
             before
             whom
             I
             lay
             these
             Essays
             ,
             as
             Suppliants
             do
             their
             Petitions
             ,
             to
             be
             consider'd
             of
             .
             In
             that
             nature
             I
             shall
             also
             further
             submit
             some
             Particulars
             ,
             which
             I
             humbly
             conceive
             necessary
             for
             the
             Establishing
             this
             Fishery
             .
          
           
             I
             conceive
             that
             out
             of
             the
             National
             Bank
             before
             propos'd
             ,
             must
             arise
             a
             Fund
             for
             this
             Undertaking
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             to
             Build
             and
             Purchase
             a
             Hundred
             Sail
             of
             Ships
             ,
             from
             100
             to
             300
             Tun
             ,
             and
             to
             carry
             Guns
             according
             to
             their
             Burthen
             ,
             for
             every
             Ten
             Tun
             a
             Gun.
             
          
           
             That
             there
             be
             at
             the
             Company
             's
             Charge
             Ten
             Third
             Rates
             ,
             Ten
             Fourth
             Rates
             ,
             Five
             Fifth
             Rates
             ,
             and
             Five
             Sixth
             Rates
             ,
             Mann'd
             and
             Gunn'd
             as
             Ships
             of
             War.
             The
             Use
             of
             these
             Ships
             ,
             and
             Charge
             of
             maintaining
             them
             to
             the
             Advantage
             of
             the
             Company
             ,
             shall
             be
             made
             out
             ,
             if
             demanded
             .
          
           
             That
             tho
             these
             Ships
             shall
             be
             built
             by
             English
             Carpenters
             ,
             yet
             not
             by
             English
             Timber
             ;
             it
             being
             too
             evident
             that
             there
             will
             be
             want
             of
             that
             for
             the
             Navy
             .
          
           
             That
             there
             be
             Forts
             and
             Plantations
             established
             in
             New-found-land
             ,
             for
             Defence
             and
             Security
             of
             the
             Place
             .
          
           
             That
             no
             Spanish
             or
             French
             Salt
             be
             used
             in
             saving
             their
             Fish
             ,
             there
             being
             a
             way
             to
             save
             that
             Expence
             .
          
           
             The
             Design
             and
             Advantage
             of
             this
             Trade
             being
             singular
             from
             any
             Trade
             yet
             in
             this
             Nation
             ,
             That
             there
             shall
             be
             no
             Use
             or
             Consumption
             of
             any
             thing
             ,
             but
             the
             Product
             and
             Manufactory
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
           
             That
             in
             regard
             there
             will
             be
             20000
             Persons
             one
             way
             or
             other
             Employed
             in
             this
             Trade
             ,
             and
             considering
             the
             want
             of
             People
             already
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             ;
             That
             a
             Statute
             may
             be
             made
             to
             take
             out
             of
             Prisons
             such
             Persons
             as
             are
             kept
             for
             small
             Debts
             ,
             Fees
             ,
             &c.
             of
             which
             sort
             Thousands
             Perish
             in
             Goals
             .
          
           
             And
             that
             the
             same
             Provision
             be
             made
             for
             Criminals
             not
             guilty
             of
             Murther
             .
          
           
             A
             Shaved
             Head
             and
             a
             Chain
             would
             be
             a
             greater
             Terror
             than
             a
             Gallows
             ,
             and
             be
             a
             more
             lasting
             Example
             than
             the
             Execution
             of
             an
             Hour
             .
          
           
             It
             seems
             also
             a
             Punishment
             to
             the
             innocent
             for
             the
             nocent
             ,
             that
             a
             man
             should
             be
             lost
             to
             the
             Nation
             for
             an
             Offence
             done
             to
             a
             private
             Person
             ,
             and
             the
             Sufferer
             have
             no
             Reparation
             for
             what
             he
             hath
             lost
             ;
             whereas
             if
             the
             Offender
             were
             kept
             to
             Work
             during
             his
             Life
             ,
             some
             Reparation
             might
             be
             made
             to
             the
             Person
             Injured
             ,
             and
             a
             certain
             Gain
             made
             to
             the
             Nation
             by
             the
             Work
             of
             a
             man
             ;
             and
             this
             way
             of
             Punishing
             Felons
             would
             bring
             more
             to
             Punishment
             than
             Death
             doth
             ,
             for
             that
             many
             chuse
             rather
             to
             let
             Felons
             escape
             ,
             than
             Prosecute
             where
             their
             Life
             is
             in
             danger
             .
          
           
             That
             all
             such
             Offenders
             as
             are
             now
             Transported
             ,
             or
             have
             License
             to
             go
             for
             Foreign
             Parts
             from
             Ireland
             ,
             of
             the
             Irish
             Nation
             ,
             be
             sent
             to
             New-found-land
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             they
             would
             be
             made
             useful
             and
             of
             profit
             to
             this
             Nation
             ;
             whereas
             by
             their
             going
             to
             Foreign
             Parts
             they
             are
             enabled
             to
             do
             mischief
             ,
             and
             so
             it
             hath
             been
             found
             in
             all
             Rebellions
             of
             that
             People
             ,
             they
             
             returning
             back
             Experienced
             Commanders
             and
             Soldiers
             ,
             which
             hath
             not
             been
             the
             least
             encouragement
             to
             them
             in
             all
             their
             Rebellions
             .
          
           
             This
             Disposition
             of
             the
             faulty
             Irish
             ,
             will
             not
             only
             be
             a
             Gain
             to
             this
             Nation
             ,
             but
             also
             a
             Security
             in
             taking
             away
             one
             handle
             for
             future
             Rebellions
             ,
             and
             make
             them
             ,
             in
             some
             measure
             ,
             Hostages
             for
             their
             Brethren
             in
             Ireland
             .
          
           
             It
             may
             be
             thought
             a
             mistake
             in
             those
             who
             think
             it
             a
             good
             expedient
             to
             send
             the
             Irish
             to
             serve
             Foreign
             Princes
             ,
             rather
             than
             venture
             them
             at
             Home
             ;
             great
             part
             of
             the
             Common
             People
             are
             said
             to
             be
             Peaceable
             and
             easily
             led
             into
             Discipline
             ,
             and
             nothing
             but
             want
             forceth
             them
             to
             Disorder
             ;
             such
             are
             to
             be
             valued
             as
             a
             Stock
             in
             a
             Kingdom
             ,
             where
             the
             Country
             is
             almost
             waste
             for
             want
             of
             Inhabitants
             ;
             and
             for
             such
             as
             are
             faulty
             ,
             they
             being
             sent
             where
             Labourers
             are
             wanting
             ,
             and
             methods
             taken
             to
             keep
             them
             at
             work
             ,
             they
             will
             be
             of
             good
             use
             ;
             the
             Banishing
             of
             the
             Moors
             out
             of
             Spain
             is
             a
             lasting
             monument
             of
             ill
             Conduct
             ,
             sufficient
             to
             warn
             us
             of
             the
             like
             mistake
             ;
             if
             
               a
               living
               Dog
               be
               better
               than
               a
               dead
               Lyon
               ,
            
             it
             may
             be
             thought
             the
             worst
             of
             Men
             are
             better
             than
             none
             ;
             good
             Laws
             and
             Discipline
             may
             make
             Bad
             men
             useful
             in
             a
             Commonwealth
             ,
             but
             no
             Human
             Law
             can
             Create
             them
             .
             There
             are
             many
             other
             things
             that
             attend
             this
             Undertaking
             ,
             which
             in
             Time
             and
             Place
             may
             be
             offered
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Of
             Navigation
             and
             Seamen
             .
          
           
             I
             Find
             more
             difficulty
             to
             say
             any
             thing
             on
             this
             Subject
             ,
             than
             on
             any
             thing
             relating
             to
             Trade
             ;
             because
             it
             is
             a
             common
             Theme
             on
             which
             men
             of
             divers
             Understandings
             have
             Wrote
             ,
             and
             few
             conversant
             in
             Business
             ,
             but
             cry
             it
             up
             as
             the
             Diana
             of
             the
             England's
             
               Guardian
               Angel
            
             ,
             and
             needs
             no
             Advocate
             ;
             but
             yet
             though
             all
             agree
             in
             Adoration
             ,
             yet
             some
             differ
             in
             the
             form
             ,
             and
             others
             believe
             we
             are
             safe
             enough
             in
             the
             Possession
             of
             it
             ,
             when
             more
             fear
             we
             were
             never
             so
             near
             losing
             it
             ;
             among
             the
             Crowd
             I
             shall
             bring
             in
             my
             Observations
             ,
             and
             leave
             to
             better
             Judgments
             the
             determination
             .
          
           
             That
             our
             Shipping
             and
             Navigation
             hath
             been
             declining
             for
             many
             years
             ,
             is
             evident
             by
             the
             loss
             of
             that
             part
             of
             our
             Navigation
             which
             employed
             most
             of
             our
             Seamen
             ;
             so
             it
             appears
             if
             we
             look
             into
             the
             Account
             that
             was
             taken
             of
             all
             the
             Seamen
             and
             Ships
             in
             England
             in
             the
             year
             1615
             ;
             the
             Navigation
             of
             Europe
             was
             not
             then
             one
             third
             of
             what
             it
             is
             now
             ;
             the
             number
             of
             Seamen
             then
             taken
             ,
             that
             were
             employed
             in
             the
             Ships
             of
             Trade
             ,
             were
             but
             11000
             ,
             and
             of
             them
             3000
             in
             the
             Newcastle
             and
             Coal
             Trade
             ;
             1900
             in
             the
             
               Streights
               ,
               Portugal
            
             ,
             and
             Southern
             Trade
             ;
             800
             in
             the
             French
             Trade
             ;
             4400
             in
             the
             
               Greenland
               ,
               Iceland
            
             ,
             and
             New-found-land
             Fishing
             ;
             400
             in
             the
             Sound
             ;
             and
             500
             in
             the
             Muscovy
             Trade
             ;
             this
             is
             demonstration
             how
             we
             have
             declined
             the
             most
             laborious
             part
             of
             
             our
             Navigation
             ,
             since
             near
             one
             half
             of
             the
             employment
             of
             our
             Seamen
             in
             that
             Age
             ,
             were
             in
             those
             Trades
             and
             Navigation
             which
             we
             have
             now
             in
             a
             manner
             lost
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             the
             
               New-found-land
               ,
               Greenland
               ,
               Muscovy
            
             ,
             and
             the
             Sound
             ;
             this
             shews
             the
             want
             of
             a
             Council
             of
             Trade
             ,
             not
             only
             of
             Merchants
             ,
             but
             of
             the
             greatest
             Ministers
             of
             State.
             
          
           
             Had
             our
             Forefathers
             understood
             Foreign
             Trade
             as
             well
             as
             they
             did
             their
             Native
             ,
             it
             is
             probable
             they
             would
             have
             made
             as
             good
             Laws
             for
             the
             first
             ,
             as
             they
             did
             for
             the
             latter
             :
             They
             did
             consider
             and
             provide
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Experience
             of
             the
             Age
             allowed
             ,
             for
             the
             improvement
             of
             Trade
             and
             employment
             of
             the
             People
             ;
             we
             see
             what
             care
             they
             took
             against
             Monopolizers
             and
             Forestallers
             ,
             what
             exactness
             in
             Provision
             for
             the
             Poor
             ,
             the
             Assize
             of
             their
             Bread
             ;
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             care
             taken
             that
             they
             should
             not
             exact
             in
             their
             Wages
             ;
             what
             Penalties
             they
             laid
             on
             such
             as
             did
             vend
             or
             make
             defective
             Manufactories
             ;
             and
             had
             they
             known
             the
             much
             greater
             Mischiefs
             that
             attend
             the
             Foreign
             Trade
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             they
             would
             have
             provided
             against
             them
             .
          
           
             For
             as
             Merchants
             are
             above
             the
             Rank
             of
             of
             Artizans
             ,
             so
             is
             their
             Skill
             and
             opportunity
             to
             do
             good
             or
             harm
             in
             their
             Negotiations
             :
             There
             can
             be
             no
             Assize
             set
             upon
             their
             Commodities
             ,
             nor
             Essay
             to
             the
             Curiosity
             of
             the
             Indies
             ,
             or
             Luxury
             of
             the
             Levant
             ,
             but
             they
             may
             be
             Limited
             and
             Prescribed
             in
             their
             Trade
             ,
             and
             it
             seems
             of
             the
             greatest
             consequence
             that
             they
             should
             be
             so
             ;
             for
             they
             often
             gain
             by
             that
             
             which
             is
             the
             Nation
             's
             greatest
             Loss
             ;
             and
             not
             only
             Merchants
             ,
             but
             Seamen
             will
             chuse
             ,
             as
             all
             men
             naturally
             do
             ,
             that
             Employment
             which
             brings
             Profit
             with
             least
             Toil
             and
             Labour
             ;
             and
             that
             is
             one
             cause
             of
             the
             loss
             of
             the
             New-found-land
             Fishing
             ,
             and
             Northern
             Trades
             ;
             they
             were
             Laborious
             and
             of
             small
             Gain
             ;
             and
             therefore
             as
             soon
             as
             we
             found
             out
             the
             Southern
             ,
             and
             Plantation-Trades
             ,
             we
             left
             them
             ;
             and
             the
             French
             ,
             who
             followed
             us
             in
             Trade
             ,
             began
             where
             we
             left
             off
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             have
             made
             themselves
             so
             considerable
             at
             Sea
             ;
             and
             although
             their
             Navigation
             hath
             not
             hitherto
             been
             so
             profitable
             as
             ours
             to
             the
             Merchant
             ,
             yet
             is
             more
             considerable
             to
             their
             Monarchy
             ,
             than
             the
             Effeminate
             Navigation
             of
             the
             East
             and
             Southern
             Trades
             ;
             for
             that
             1000
             l.
             in
             the
             Northern
             and
             Fishing
             Trade
             employs
             more
             men
             than
             20000
             l.
             in
             the
             Eastern
             and
             Southern
             Trades
             .
             This
             consideration
             may
             be
             thought
             to
             affect
             England
             more
             than
             any
             part
             of
             the
             World
             ;
             for
             that
             we
             are
             nothing
             on
             Shore
             longer
             than
             we
             Command
             the
             Seas
             ;
             and
             our
             neglect
             and
             loss
             of
             the
             rougher
             part
             of
             the
             Navigation
             in
             the
             Fishing
             and
             Northern
             Trades
             ,
             abates
             near
             one
             half
             of
             the
             Seamen
             that
             might
             be
             Employed
             in
             these
             Kingdoms
             ;
             and
             nothing
             but
             the
             hand
             of
             the
             Government
             can
             retrieve
             this
             loss
             by
             encouraging
             the
             poorest
             part
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             though
             most
             considerable
             as
             to
             increase
             of
             Seamen
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             Strength
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             and
             this
             cannot
             be
             done
             but
             by
             such
             Banks
             as
             will
             Interest
             all
             the
             men
             of
             Estates
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             one
             way
             or
             other
             in
             the
             Navigation
             and
             Trade
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
           
             But
             of
             Banks
             I
             shall
             say
             something
             apart
             ,
             and
             therefore
             now
             return
             to
             that
             of
             our
             Navigation
             and
             Seamen
             ,
             in
             which
             ,
             I
             believe
             ,
             we
             cannot
             exceed
             ,
             though
             upon
             occasion
             of
             proposing
             a
             way
             to
             increase
             the
             number
             of
             Seamen
             it
             was
             said
             ,
             and
             for
             that
             reason
             rejected
             ,
             That
             the
             methods
             proposed
             would
             make
             too
             many
             Seamen
             ;
             that
             which
             then
             ,
             and
             still
             prevails
             with
             me
             to
             believe
             that
             we
             cannot
             have
             too
             many
             Seamen
             ,
             though
             that
             should
             happen
             which
             was
             objected
             ,
             and
             to
             me
             seems
             very
             remote
             ,
             that
             there
             would
             be
             want
             of
             Labouring
             men
             for
             Rural
             Employments
             ,
             is
             ,
             because
             that
             if
             we
             had
             more
             than
             our
             own
             Navigation
             could
             Employ
             ,
             yet
             they
             would
             not
             want
             Employment
             in
             Foreign
             Ships
             ,
             and
             what
             they
             get
             Abroad
             would
             be
             most
             of
             it
             brought
             Home
             ,
             as
             now
             what
             Foreign
             Seamen
             get
             here
             ,
             they
             carry
             Home
             into
             their
             own
             Country
             ,
             and
             our
             Englishmen
             are
             not
             so
             apt
             to
             quit
             their
             own
             Country
             as
             Foreigners
             are
             ,
             who
             change
             for
             the
             better
             ,
             and
             ours
             must
             for
             a
             worse
             ,
             if
             they
             did
             at
             all
             :
             But
             to
             answer
             what
             was
             said
             ,
             That
             we
             must
             hire
             Plowmen
             from
             Abroad
             ,
             if
             we
             take
             up
             our
             Countrymen
             for
             the
             Sea
             ;
             allowing
             the
             assertion
             (
             which
             perchance
             few
             will
             )
             yet
             I
             conceive
             it
             were
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Nation
             to
             make
             the
             change
             ,
             for
             that
             every
             Seaman
             Abroad
             might
             reasonably
             be
             supposed
             to
             return
             10
             
               l.
               Sterling
            
             of
             his
             Wages
             
               per
               Ann.
            
             into
             his
             own
             Country
             ;
             for
             home
             ,
             generally
             speaking
             ,
             they
             will
             come
             ,
             and
             the
             Plowmen
             we
             fetch
             from
             other
             Countries
             whatever
             they
             get
             must
             be
             spent
             where
             they
             Earn
             it
             ,
             their
             Wages
             
             being
             seldom
             more
             than
             Feeds
             and
             Cloaths
             them
             ,
             whereas
             a
             Seaman's
             is
             more
             than
             double
             ,
             for
             he
             spends
             nothing
             at
             Sea.
             
          
           
             If
             what
             I
             have
             said
             be
             allowed
             Answer
             sufficient
             to
             the
             Objection
             ,
             That
             we
             may
             have
             too
             many
             Seamen
             ,
             I
             shall
             proceed
             to
             shew
             ,
             that
             we
             now
             want
             at
             least
             as
             many
             more
             as
             we
             have
             .
             The
             measure
             I
             make
             for
             our
             Seamen
             is
             in
             Two
             particulars
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             is
             the
             Numbers
             we
             Employ
             in
             the
             Navy
             .
          
           
             The
             other
             is
             in
             those
             Employed
             in
             our
             Merchantmen
             .
          
           
             For
             the
             First
             ;
             It
             is
             too
             evident
             that
             there
             is
             great
             part
             in
             the
             Fleet
             are
             Land-men
             ,
             and
             others
             that
             have
             nothing
             more
             to
             nominate
             them
             Seamen
             ,
             than
             the
             Rowing
             in
             a
             Wherry
             ;
             and
             however
             shift
             is
             made
             with
             them
             ,
             yet
             I
             presume
             it
             would
             be
             more
             pleasing
             to
             any
             Commander
             to
             have
             Men
             that
             could
             Top
             and
             Yard
             ,
             and
             able
             to
             take
             his
             Trick
             at
             Helm
             ,
             and
             perchance
             there
             may
             not
             be
             above
             one
             half
             in
             most
             Ships
             .
          
           
             For
             Merchantmen
             there
             need
             no
             greater
             demonstration
             of
             their
             want
             ,
             than
             the
             lying
             of
             so
             many
             Ships
             by
             the
             Walls
             ,
             and
             such
             difficulty
             to
             keep
             men
             from
             Press
             that
             go
             to
             Sea
             ,
             and
             so
             many
             
               Portugal
               ,
               Genoese
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Free
             Ships
             Employed
             by
             our
             Merchants
             ;
             which
             is
             not
             only
             occasioned
             by
             the
             advantage
             of
             their
             being
             Free
             Ships
             ,
             but
             also
             by
             the
             want
             of
             Seamen
             to
             Sail
             our
             own
             Ships
             .
          
           
             Now
             there
             is
             a
             Third
             inducement
             for
             the
             increase
             of
             the
             Numbers
             of
             Seamen
             we
             want
             ,
             
             or
             at
             least
             Navigation
             and
             Trade
             to
             Employ
             them
             ,
             and
             in
             this
             we
             have
             different
             reasons
             from
             any
             part
             of
             Europe
             ;
             other
             Countries
             may
             encourage
             Seamen
             for
             their
             advantage
             in
             Traffick
             ,
             but
             we
             must
             enlarge
             and
             encourage
             Numbers
             for
             our
             Security
             ,
             and
             should
             seek
             out
             Places
             for
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             that
             might
             give
             constant
             Employment
             for
             as
             many
             Seamen
             as
             might
             at
             least
             Balance
             the
             Numbers
             of
             the
             French
             ,
             if
             we
             cannot
             arrive
             to
             that
             of
             the
             Dutch
             ;
             it
             will
             be
             no
             offence
             to
             walk
             with
             as
             good
             a
             Sword
             by
             my
             Side
             as
             my
             Neighbour
             .
          
           
             To
             clear
             this
             matter
             ,
             let
             us
             look
             into
             a
             Calculation
             that
             was
             as
             exactly
             made
             as
             private
             Correspondency
             with
             Merchants
             could
             do
             it
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             1687.
             of
             the
             Numbers
             of
             Seamen
             then
             in
             
               England
               ,
               France
            
             ,
             and
             Holland
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             thus
             :
          
           
             That
             in
             England
             there
             were
             not
             more
             than
             Forty
             thousand
             Able
             Foremast
             men
             ;
             in
             France
             more
             than
             Sixty
             thousand
             ;
             in
             the
             
               United
               Provinces
            
             more
             than
             One
             hundred
             and
             twenty
             thousand
             .
          
           
             If
             this
             compute
             be
             true
             ,
             as
             we
             may
             suppose
             it
             near
             the
             matter
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             thought
             there
             hath
             been
             no
             Consideration
             of
             late
             years
             of
             the
             most
             important
             Affair
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             therefore
             the
             more
             reason
             to
             mind
             it
             now
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             French
             were
             then
             Superiour
             to
             us
             in
             their
             Numbers
             of
             Seamen
             ,
             they
             are
             much
             more
             now
             ,
             for
             that
             Naval
             War
             increaseth
             their
             Numbers
             by
             Privateers
             ,
             and
             abates
             ours
             who
             depend
             only
             on
             Trade
             ,
             and
             that
             fails
             in
             time
             
             of
             War
             ;
             Privateers
             we
             have
             not
             many
             ,
             and
             those
             few
             we
             had
             ,
             it
             is
             said
             ,
             have
             met
             with
             great
             discouragements
             ,
             of
             which
             there
             are
             many
             Instances
             given
             ,
             which
             I
             dare
             not
             persume
             to
             mention
             ,
             since
             that
             matter
             hath
             been
             under
             the
             Consideration
             of
             the
             Parliament
             ;
             but
             the
             blame
             hath
             been
             laid
             on
             the
             Commissioners
             of
             the
             Prises
             ,
             who
             ,
             if
             we
             believe
             those
             concerned
             in
             Privateers
             ,
             and
             others
             conversant
             in
             Maritime
             Affairs
             ,
             are
             no
             great
             Masters
             in
             that
             of
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             .
             If
             then
             what
             is
             here
             said
             be
             tanto
             ,
             may
             it
             not
             deserve
             a
             thought
             how
             to
             enlarge
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             retrieve
             that
             part
             of
             the
             Navigation
             we
             have
             lost
             in
             the
             Trades
             beforementioned
             ,
             which
             if
             regained
             will
             Employ
             Twenty
             thousand
             Seamen
             ,
             and
             beside
             the
             Profit
             they
             may
             bring
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             would
             be
             a
             Sea-Militia
             for
             the
             security
             of
             these
             Kingdoms
             ,
             beyond
             any
             we
             can
             have
             on
             Land.
             
          
           
             And
             one
             man
             Employed
             at
             Sea
             adds
             more
             to
             the
             Treasure
             and
             Employments
             of
             the
             Poor
             ,
             than
             five
             on
             Shore
             ,
             besides
             replenishing
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             Seamen
             being
             like
             Decoy-Ducks
             ,
             going
             abroad
             in
             better
             circumstances
             than
             most
             People
             in
             other
             Parts
             of
             the
             World
             do
             ,
             invite
             others
             to
             return
             with
             them
             to
             a
             Place
             where
             they
             are
             better
             Fed
             and
             Cloathed
             than
             they
             are
             in
             their
             own
             Countries
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             reasonable
             to
             believe
             ,
             were
             our
             Laws
             for
             Naturalization
             and
             Freedom
             for
             Strangers
             but
             correspondent
             to
             the
             other
             advantages
             this
             Kingdom
             allows
             to
             any
             that
             are
             
             Industrious
             ,
             we
             should
             soon
             increase
             our
             Numbers
             .
          
           
             It
             now
             remains
             I
             should
             say
             something
             of
             ways
             and
             methods
             how
             to
             make
             Seamen
             ;
             for
             I
             think
             it
             presumption
             to
             propose
             encouragement
             for
             them
             we
             have
             ,
             since
             His
             Majesty
             hath
             been
             gracionsly
             pleased
             to
             recommend
             that
             to
             the
             Parliament
             .
          
           
             But
             how
             to
             encrease
             our
             Numbers
             may
             not
             be
             Offensive
             or
             Officious
             ,
             if
             Reflections
             on
             the
             Pains
             some
             have
             taken
             to
             publish
             their
             Prescriptions
             in
             that
             matter
             renders
             not
             this
             impertinent
             ;
             but
             it
             s
             not
             being
             so
             Voluminous
             may
             ,
             't
             is
             hoped
             ,
             prevail
             for
             its
             excuse
             .
          
           
             What
             I
             shall
             then
             offer
             is
             :
          
           
             First
             ;
             Agreeable
             to
             what
             I
             have
             said
             before
             ,
             that
             our
             lost
             Fishings
             and
             Northern
             Trade
             be
             resumed
             ,
             and
             that
             being
             National
             will
             have
             such
             encouragement
             as
             shall
             in
             some
             measure
             force
             men
             to
             come
             into
             it
             ,
             I
             mean
             by
             the
             advantage
             of
             Gain
             and
             Profit
             to
             Seamen
             ;
             for
             that
             no
             human
             Policy
             and
             Law
             can
             bring
             men
             into
             Arts
             with
             Success
             ,
             and
             the
             increase
             of
             them
             ,
             but
             by
             Gain
             ,
             and
             security
             of
             enjoying
             it
             ;
             and
             therefore
             I
             cannot
             understand
             how
             pulling
             men
             out
             of
             their
             dwellings
             to
             bring
             them
             into
             the
             Fleet
             can
             make
             Seamen
             ;
             I
             would
             gladly
             hear
             a
             reason
             why
             we
             may
             not
             with
             as
             much
             ease
             Man
             our
             Fleet
             without
             Force
             ,
             as
             the
             Dutch
             ?
             or
             whether
             ever
             they
             used
             such
             methods
             as
             these
             Gentlemen
             propose
             for
             getting
             Seamen
             ?
             It
             is
             true
             we
             cannot
             expect
             men
             to
             
             come
             in
             voluntary
             for
             the
             King's
             Pay
             ,
             whilst
             the
             scarcity
             of
             Seamen
             obligeth
             Merchants
             to
             give
             double
             the
             Wages
             of
             the
             King's
             Pay
             ;
             but
             if
             we
             had
             double
             the
             Seamen
             ,
             that
             would
             abate
             ;
             and
             the
             way
             to
             have
             them
             ,
             I
             conceive
             ,
             is
             to
             put
             in
             practice
             something
             like
             that
             proposed
             three
             years
             since
             ,
             which
             was
             ,
             That
             there
             should
             be
             publickly
             assurance
             given
             ,
             that
             whoever
             entred
             himself
             into
             Sea-service
             ,
             that
             was
             never
             at
             Sea
             before
             ,
             should
             be
             free
             from
             Press
             for
             Three
             years
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             there
             would
             be
             Numbers
             of
             lusty
             Young
             men
             that
             want
             Employment
             ,
             enter
             themselves
             in
             Merchant-men
             ;
             and
             Bind
             themselves
             to
             Masters
             of
             Ships
             ,
             who
             would
             soon
             make
             them
             Foremast-men
             for
             their
             own
             Profit
             :
             and
             more
             would
             come
             in
             time
             of
             War
             ,
             when
             they
             want
             Work
             at
             many
             Trades
             ,
             than
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             ;
             it
             being
             great
             encouragement
             for
             them
             to
             be
             secure
             from
             Press
             for
             Three
             years
             ,
             in
             which
             time
             they
             might
             hope
             for
             a
             Peace
             .
          
           
             Nor
             would
             this
             obstruct
             Manning
             the
             Fleet
             ,
             for
             that
             it
             exempts
             none
             that
             are
             now
             Seamen
             ,
             nor
             would
             be
             if
             this
             encouragement
             made
             them
             not
             so
             ;
             and
             this
             bringing
             in
             New
             Men
             would
             daily
             add
             to
             the
             Fleet
             ;
             for
             that
             as
             New
             Men
             increased
             ,
             those
             that
             were
             Seamen
             before
             Employed
             in
             Merchantmen
             ,
             might
             be
             spared
             out
             of
             Merchant
             Ships
             ,
             who
             with
             one
             fourth
             Foreigners
             ,
             as
             the
             Act
             allows
             ,
             and
             these
             New
             Men
             ,
             might
             with
             one
             third
             of
             Old
             Seamen
             be
             Navigated
             .
          
           
           
             And
             the
             way
             to
             prevent
             Collering
             Old
             Seamen
             under
             the
             notion
             of
             New
             ,
             is
             easie
             and
             infallible
             ,
             as
             was
             beyond
             Objection
             ,
             even
             to
             them
             that
             encouraged
             not
             this
             Proposal
             ,
             demonstrated
             .
          
           
             If
             this
             expedient
             be
             not
             approv'd
             ,
             it
             may
             perchance
             set
             better
             heads
             on
             more
             proper
             means
             ,
             for
             that
             there
             seems
             a
             necessity
             to
             provide
             for
             Trade
             against
             times
             of
             Peace
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             now
             for
             the
             Navy
             in
             time
             of
             War
             ;
             and
             in
             my
             humble
             Opinion
             ,
             there
             can
             be
             no
             encouragement
             so
             effectual
             to
             make
             Seamen
             ,
             as
             exemption
             from
             Men
             of
             War
             for
             some
             Time.
             
          
           
             Inventions
             to
             find
             out
             concealed
             Seamen
             ,
             seems
             to
             me
             an
             antidote
             against
             making
             New
             ;
             Force
             and
             Projects
             may
             be
             useful
             to
             make
             an
             ignorant
             servile
             People
             Slaves
             ,
             but
             can
             have
             no
             good
             effect
             with
             those
             that
             know
             better
             ,
             and
             will
             not
             be
             so
             ;
             there
             needs
             no
             trick
             to
             promote
             the
             true
             Interest
             of
             a
             Nation
             ,
             every
             man
             will
             run
             into
             it
             ;
             and
             he
             would
             be
             a
             States-man
             worthy
             of
             Honour
             that
             did
             advance
             the
             Interest
             of
             his
             Country
             above
             that
             of
             their
             Neighbours
             .
          
        
         
           
             Of
             Building
             Ships
             .
          
           
             HAving
             in
             few
             words
             ,
             for
             so
             they
             are
             if
             regard
             be
             had
             to
             the
             Subject
             ,
             done
             with
             Navigation
             and
             Seamen
             ,
             I
             come
             to
             that
             of
             Building
             Ships
             ;
             and
             some
             think
             we
             are
             in
             danger
             of
             wanting
             them
             for
             Merchantmen
             .
             
             For
             the
             Fleet
             none
             doubts
             but
             to
             an
             extremity
             we
             do
             ,
             and
             that
             lies
             before
             those
             who
             can
             only
             supply
             it
             ;
             but
             that
             we
             want
             Merchant
             Ships
             sufficient
             for
             our
             Trade
             ,
             I
             am
             afraid
             we
             don't
             ,
             I
             wish
             we
             did
             ;
             but
             whilst
             so
             many
             Ships
             lye
             by
             the
             Walls
             ,
             it
             is
             no
             great
             sign
             we
             do
             ;
             and
             this
             was
             our
             case
             before
             the
             War
             ,
             more
             than
             now
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             answered
             by
             the
             loss
             of
             our
             Ships
             this
             War
             ;
             but
             that
             seems
             not
             sufficient
             ,
             there
             being
             allowance
             for
             all
             ,
             and
             yet
             too
             plain
             that
             we
             want
             not
             Ships
             for
             the
             Trade
             of
             England
             if
             we
             had
             a
             Peace
             to
             morrow
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             misfortune
             that
             the
             Nation
             hath
             not
             so
             much
             Trade
             left
             them
             as
             to
             Employ
             one
             half
             the
             Seamen
             their
             Neighbours
             do
             ;
             and
             until
             we
             have
             at
             least
             always
             in
             Employment
             as
             many
             as
             the
             French
             ,
             there
             seems
             no
             security
             to
             these
             Kingdoms
             ;
             but
             it
             is
             hoped
             there
             will
             be
             ways
             found
             to
             Employ
             them
             ,
             as
             there
             soon
             will
             be
             when
             those
             Trades
             we
             have
             lost
             are
             retrieved
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             Great
             Councel
             of
             the
             Nation
             thinks
             it
             necessary
             ,
             no
             human
             Hand
             or
             Policy
             can
             hinder
             them
             ,
             either
             in
             that
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             Trade
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             taken
             in
             hand
             in
             time
             .
             What
             can
             withstand
             a
             People
             that
             outdoth
             all
             Kingdoms
             in
             Europe
             in
             Taxes
             ,
             without
             Complaints
             and
             Famine
             ,
             as
             they
             have
             in
             other
             Countries
             ?
             A
             Fifth
             part
             of
             one
             years
             Tax
             might
             be
             so
             laid
             out
             ,
             as
             to
             conquer
             and
             secure
             that
             we
             most
             want
             :
             But
             to
             come
             to
             the
             Proposition
             of
             Building
             Ships
             ,
             there
             are
             two
             difficulties
             started
             in
             this
             matter
             ;
             one
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Timber
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             is
             
             much
             wasted
             ,
             and
             cannot
             hold
             out
             long
             .
          
           
             The
             other
             is
             ,
             that
             Timber
             from
             Norway
             is
             not
             to
             be
             purchased
             by
             us
             at
             such
             easy
             rates
             as
             the
             Dutch
             have
             ,
             and
             consequently
             cannot
             Build
             so
             Cheap
             as
             they
             do
             ;
             now
             though
             there
             is
             truth
             in
             both
             these
             Objections
             ,
             yet
             are
             raised
             on
             another
             occasion
             ,
             that
             of
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ;
             yet
             I
             see
             no
             great
             weight
             in
             it
             as
             to
             the
             use
             they
             would
             make
             of
             it
             ,
             that
             is
             to
             shew
             the
             necessity
             for
             the
             Nation
             to
             buy
             Ships
             of
             the
             Dutch
             ;
             I
             confess
             to
             my
             Understanding
             the
             reasons
             they
             give
             ,
             turn
             upon
             them
             ;
             and
             were
             there
             nothing
             more
             but
             what
             they
             offer
             against
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             in
             that
             point
             ,
             it
             is
             enough
             to
             shew
             the
             good
             of
             that
             Act
             ;
             but
             of
             this
             I
             shall
             speak
             apart
             ,
             and
             return
             to
             the
             Building
             of
             Ships
             .
          
           
             That
             there
             is
             nothing
             of
             greater
             consequence
             to
             a
             people
             that
             live
             by
             Trade
             ,
             than
             to
             be
             makers
             of
             their
             own
             Tools
             by
             which
             they
             work
             ,
             none
             will
             deny
             ;
             now
             Shipping
             are
             the
             Tools
             and
             Utensils
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             to
             fetch
             them
             from
             abroad
             is
             to
             Trade
             by
             Licence
             ;
             whenever
             our
             Northern
             Neighbours
             please
             ,
             we
             must
             lye
             still
             ,
             or
             pay
             such
             rates
             as
             they
             please
             ,
             that
             shall
             be
             equal
             to
             a
             Tax
             on
             our
             Trade
             ;
             for
             this
             reason
             I
             conceive
             it
             worth
             a
             consideration
             how
             to
             find
             out
             an
             expedient
             ;
             and
             that
             ,
             with
             submission
             to
             better
             Judgments
             ,
             I
             shall
             propose
             ,
             is
             either
             or
             both
             of
             these
             ways
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             That
             the
             Act
             of
             Navagation
             ,
             for
             that
             part
             of
             it
             relating
             to
             Timber
             and
             Naval
             Stores
             ,
             be
             dispenced
             with
             for
             three
             years
             ,
             and
             that
             all
             
             Customs
             ,
             Port
             and
             Town
             Duties
             be
             taken
             off
             for
             that
             time
             on
             Timber
             ,
             &c.
             relating
             to
             Building
             and
             Fitting
             Ships
             to
             Sea
             ;
             this
             will
             tumble
             in
             Materials
             fast
             enough
             ,
             perchance
             to
             a
             glut
             ,
             if
             the
             following
             proposition
             be
             effectually
             pursued
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
          
           
             2.
             
             To
             give
             such
             Encouragement
             for
             raising
             Naval
             Commodities
             ,
             as
             Pitch
             ,
             Tar
             ,
             Hemp
             ,
             &c.
             in
             our
             Foreign
             Plantations
             ,
             as
             may
             advance
             that
             Trade
             to
             more
             than
             our
             own
             Consumption
             ;
             if
             this
             were
             done
             ,
             it
             would
             make
             the
             Northern
             Princes
             abate
             their
             Impositions
             they
             have
             lately
             laid
             on
             their
             Commodities
             ,
             and
             set
             them
             upon
             all
             ways
             of
             furnishing
             us
             so
             cheap
             ,
             as
             might
             render
             our
             attempts
             of
             raising
             them
             our selves
             unprofitable
             ;
             and
             let
             it
             succeed
             to
             their
             expectation
             or
             not
             ,
             the
             effect
             would
             be
             to
             our
             advantage
             ;
             and
             the
             success
             to
             either
             ,
             time
             will
             shew
             .
          
           
             The
             next
             thing
             then
             that
             is
             to
             be
             enquired
             into
             ,
             in
             this
             matter
             ,
             is
             ,
             How
             our
             Plantations
             stand
             as
             to
             the
             natural
             Product
             of
             these
             Commodities
             ,
             and
             how
             provided
             with
             hands
             to
             Manufacture
             them
             .
          
           
             As
             to
             the
             first
             ,
             I
             can
             say
             something
             upon
             my
             own
             Observations
             in
             America
             ,
             That
             
               New
               England
            
             is
             Superior
             to
             any
             of
             the
             Northern
             Crowns
             for
             Timber
             and
             Masts
             ,
             Pines
             and
             Firr
             ,
             to
             make
             Pitch
             and
             Tarr
             ,
             for
             Soil
             to
             raise
             Hemp
             ,
             and
             well
             enough
             for
             making
             Iron
             .
          
           
             But
             there
             seems
             some
             difficulties
             in
             the
             want
             of
             hands
             to
             work
             and
             supply
             ,
             that
             is
             the
             
             only
             Objection
             I
             see
             in
             this
             Affair
             ;
             and
             altho
             that
             hath
             been
             too
             great
             for
             particular
             men
             to
             undertake
             ,
             yet
             may
             not
             ,
             tho
             if
             undertook
             by
             a
             publick
             Fund
             ;
             which
             perchance
             upon
             a
             thorough
             consideration
             may
             be
             found
             necessary
             to
             be
             done
             upon
             some
             such
             Inducements
             as
             these
             .
          
           
             It
             would
             make
             
               New
               England
            
             ,
             of
             the
             most
             useless
             and
             unprofitable
             Plantation
             of
             this
             Nation
             ,
             the
             best
             and
             most
             advantageous
             to
             this
             Nation
             .
             I
             might
             enumerate
             many
             particulars
             ,
             but
             I
             presume
             this
             will
             come
             into
             hands
             that
             need
             no
             more
             than
             to
             put
             them
             in
             mind
             of
             the
             Place
             and
             Product
             .
          
           
             That
             
               New
               England
            
             lies
             better
             for
             a
             Market
             to
             
               Spain
               ,
               Portugal
            
             ,
             and
             the
             Levant
             ,
             than
             the
             Northern
             Crowns
             ,
             who
             now
             furnish
             that
             part
             of
             Europe
             with
             those
             Commodities
             
               New
               England
            
             can
             furnish
             .
          
           
             That
             establishing
             this
             Trade
             will
             Employ
             many
             Ship-Carpenters
             and
             Seamen
             ,
             which
             I
             cannot
             omit
             ,
             whereever
             it
             comes
             in
             my
             way
             ,
             to
             say
             ,
             is
             the
             Treasure
             and
             Strength
             of
             these
             Kingdoms
             .
          
           
             That
             this
             Trade
             will
             occasion
             the
             Consumption
             of
             more
             Woollen
             Manufactories
             than
             all
             our
             Foreign
             Plantations
             ,
             it
             being
             a
             Cold
             Climate
             ,
             and
             Men
             with
             hard
             Labour
             wear
             out
             much
             Cloaths
             .
          
           
             That
             there
             will
             be
             room
             and
             reason
             to
             give
             great
             encouragement
             for
             Foreigners
             to
             settle
             in
             this
             Plantation
             and
             Undertaking
             ,
             which
             next
             to
             our
             Seamen
             ,
             seems
             of
             moment
             to
             advance
             ,
             
             which
             even
             those
             that
             are
             against
             at
             home
             ,
             will
             not
             be
             when
             they
             are
             abroad
             .
          
           
             And
             to
             sum
             up
             all
             :
             As
             this
             Plantation
             may
             save
             the
             Nation
             the
             Expence
             they
             are
             now
             at
             in
             purchasing
             Naval
             Stores
             ,
             so
             it
             will
             bring
             in
             considerable
             returns
             in
             Bullion
             for
             what
             they
             send
             into
             the
             
               Levant
               ,
               Spain
            
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             And
             that
             this
             may
             not
             appear
             as
             a
             Chimera
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             That
             there
             hath
             been
             many
             years
             since
             several
             Ships
             loaden
             in
             New-England
             ,
             with
             Masts
             ,
             &c.
             for
             the
             Streights
             ;
             but
             for
             the
             Reasons
             before
             given
             ,
             (
             the
             want
             of
             Hands
             ,
             and
             Publick
             Encouragement
             )
             that
             Trade
             did
             not
             prosper
             .
             Merchants
             do
             not
             affect
             a
             Trade
             that
             takes
             up
             much
             Time
             and
             little
             Stock
             ,
             as
             the
             Lumber-Trade
             doth
             ,
             which
             is
             more
             profitable
             to
             the
             Ship
             and
             Men
             than
             the
             Merchant
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             a
             mistake
             in
             those
             that
             think
             Merchants
             are
             always
             Owners
             ;
             perhaps
             they
             have
             least
             share
             in
             the
             Ships
             of
             England
             .
             Having
             thus
             given
             some
             sew
             Hints
             ,
             for
             they
             are
             no
             more
             ,
             if
             compar'd
             with
             what
             is
             to
             be
             said
             on
             this
             Copious
             Subject
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             expected
             that
             I
             should
             say
             something
             of
             the
             Modus
             for
             setting
             up
             this
             Manufactory
             ,
             and
             building
             Ships
             in
             New-England
             :
             To
             set
             down
             an
             Exact
             Scheme
             ,
             would
             take
             up
             more
             Sheets
             than
             I
             design
             Lines
             in
             this
             Place
             ;
             but
             something
             I
             shall
             mention
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             To
             carry
             on
             this
             Work
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             necessary
             that
             extraordinary
             Privileges
             be
             given
             to
             Foreign
             Protestants
             that
             will
             inhabit
             there
             ,
             as
             having
             Land
             given
             them
             ,
             free
             Liberty
             of
             Conscience
             ,
             
             greater
             Wages
             than
             they
             can
             have
             in
             their
             own
             Countries
             ,
             Houses
             for
             some
             time
             Rent-free
             from
             all
             manner
             of
             Impositions
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             2.
             
             That
             such
             Encouragement
             be
             given
             ,
             as
             may
             invite
             the
             Natives
             to
             work
             :
             They
             are
             very
             ingenious
             and
             docible
             ,
             but
             naturally
             averse
             to
             Labour
             ;
             yet
             I
             have
             seen
             some
             of
             them
             take
             great
             pains
             in
             working
             Curiosities
             ;
             and
             that
             which
             induceth
             me
             to
             believe
             they
             would
             work
             if
             they
             were
             sure
             of
             good
             Wages
             ,
             is
             the
             great
             labour
             they
             take
             in
             making
             their
             Wampompeeg
             ,
             of
             which
             the
             most
             skilful
             and
             laborious
             amongst
             them
             cannot
             make
             above
             Two
             Shillings
             a
             day
             :
             Now
             if
             these
             men
             could
             have
             so
             much
             a
             day
             for
             any
             other
             work
             ,
             it
             is
             reasonable
             to
             believe
             they
             might
             be
             brought
             to
             it
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             they
             would
             be
             better
             cloath'd
             than
             those
             that
             are
             idle
             ,
             and
             that
             would
             tempt
             them
             in
             also
             .
             But
             to
             this
             may
             be
             objected
             ,
             That
             this
             dear
             Wages
             would
             make
             those
             Commodities
             dear
             :
             To
             which
             I
             answer
             ,
             That
             there
             is
             some
             works
             in
             Falling
             ,
             Floating
             ,
             and
             Drawing
             Timber
             ,
             that
             cannot
             be
             had
             cheaper
             ;
             and
             that
             there
             are
             no
             men
             will
             sooner
             learn
             the
             best
             labour
             than
             they
             ;
             and
             as
             the
             Countrey
             fills
             ,
             and
             the
             Indians
             are
             brought
             to
             work
             ,
             Wages
             will
             fall
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             There
             may
             be
             Negroes
             brought
             ,
             whose
             labour
             will
             come
             cheap
             ;
             and
             their
             very
             little
             Children
             will
             be
             very
             useful
             in
             peeling
             Hemp
             ,
             picking
             Oacum
             ,
             and
             other
             things
             about
             Pitch
             and
             Tar.
             
          
           
           
             This
             Undertaking
             being
             thoroughly
             managed
             ,
             will
             be
             such
             a
             Staple
             for
             Shipping
             and
             Naval
             Stores
             ,
             as
             no
             part
             of
             Europe
             can
             exceed
             ,
             and
             put
             these
             Kingdoms
             out
             of
             the
             Power
             of
             their
             Neighbours
             ,
             in
             that
             of
             their
             Naval
             Provisions
             ;
             and
             our
             Ships
             may
             be
             cheaper
             built
             than
             in
             any
             part
             of
             Europe
             ,
             with
             the
             advantage
             of
             preserving
             the
             Timber
             of
             England
             for
             the
             Royal
             Fleet.
             
          
           
             I
             have
             often
             wondred
             that
             such
             a
             disposition
             as
             this
             hath
             not
             been
             thought
             on
             for
             that
             unprofitable
             Plantation
             ,
             which
             now
             brings
             nothing
             to
             this
             Nation
             ,
             but
             to
             the
             contrary
             buries
             Numbers
             of
             Industrious
             People
             in
             a
             Wilderness
             ,
             that
             produceth
             nothing
             but
             Provisions
             to
             feed
             them
             ;
             and
             yet
             the
             most
             useful
             Commodities
             in
             it
             for
             the
             Nation
             ,
             being
             that
             which
             makes
             our
             Walls
             and
             Bulwarks
             .
             This
             neglect
             is
             such
             as
             was
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             in
             exporting
             our
             Wool
             ;
             which
             was
             consider'd
             by
             that
             Wise
             Prince
             Edward
             the
             Third
             ,
             who
             thereupon
             pass'd
             a
             Law
             for
             encouraging
             Foreign
             Clothiers
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             should
             settle
             in
             what
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             they
             pleas'd
             :
             A
             good
             President
             for
             giving
             all
             the
             Encouragement
             and
             Immunities
             imaginable
             ,
             to
             invite
             Foreign
             Carpenters
             and
             others
             into
             a
             Plantation
             ,
             that
             might
             raise
             such
             Commodities
             as
             are
             the
             Foundation
             of
             our
             Wealth
             and
             Security
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Of
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             .
          
           
             TO
             write
             upon
             this
             ,
             is
             to
             enter
             upon
             Controversy
             in
             Trade
             ,
             which
             I
             think
             doth
             as
             little
             good
             as
             that
             in
             Religion
             ,
             and
             is
             commonly
             undertook
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             started
             by
             those
             that
             have
             least
             share
             in
             the
             Practice
             .
             I
             have
             never
             been
             so
             attach'd
             to
             my
             own
             Understanding
             ,
             as
             to
             conclude
             those
             in
             the
             wrong
             that
             differ
             with
             me
             ;
             but
             I
             must
             own
             my self
             a
             great
             Votary
             to
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             believing
             it
             the
             Sea
             
               Magna
               Charta
            
             ,
             and
             the
             only
             Law
             that
             ever
             past
             in
             England
             for
             the
             securing
             our
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             ;
             and
             I
             had
             like
             to
             have
             said
             ,
             with
             it
             our
             Religion
             ,
             Laws
             ,
             and
             Properties
             too
             ;
             for
             that
             no
             men
             in
             the
             Government
             are
             more
             averse
             to
             Popery
             and
             Arbitrary
             Power
             than
             they
             are
             :
             And
             altho
             I
             believe
             we
             can
             never
             add
             too
             many
             to
             our
             Number
             on
             Shore
             ,
             yet
             perhaps
             it
             may
             be
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Nation
             to
             keep
             as
             many
             English
             in
             our
             Sea-Employments
             as
             we
             can
             ;
             for
             that
             they
             are
             in
             truth
             our
             Guards
             ;
             and
             tho
             when
             Naturaliz'd
             ,
             and
             Inhabitants
             ,
             Foreign
             Seamen
             may
             be
             useful
             ,
             yet
             so
             as
             that
             they
             may
             be
             but
             a
             small
             Proportion
             to
             the
             whole
             Number
             of
             Seamen
             in
             our
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             .
             It
             is
             observable
             ,
             that
             notwithstanding
             the
             States
             in
             Italy
             are
             inseparably
             united
             in
             their
             Force
             at
             Sea
             against
             the
             Turks
             ,
             yet
             they
             are
             so
             jealous
             of
             each
             others
             Growth
             in
             that
             Strength
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             oblig'd
             to
             each
             other
             not
             to
             exceed
             
             the
             Number
             of
             Galleys
             they
             are
             by
             Compact
             allowed
             to
             have
             .
             This
             provident
             care
             of
             theirs
             might
             put
             us
             in
             mind
             of
             our
             Neighbours
             ,
             and
             that
             we
             have
             no
             reason
             to
             declaim
             against
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             that
             doth
             only
             encourage
             our
             own
             Seamen
             ,
             and
             that
             we
             have
             reason
             to
             do
             ,
             since
             we
             have
             no
             Compact
             with
             those
             about
             us
             to
             restrain
             their
             Growth
             at
             Sea
             ,
             but
             every
             Government
             enlarge
             as
             much
             as
             they
             can
             .
          
           
             And
             whatever
             reason
             they
             have
             for
             it
             ,
             we
             have
             more
             both
             as
             to
             our
             Trade
             and
             Safety
             .
             One
             reason
             that
             is
             given
             why
             there
             are
             no
             Beggars
             in
             the
             
               United
               Provinces
            
             ,
             is
             because
             of
             the
             Multitude
             of
             Seamen
             ;
             none
             gives
             more
             Employment
             to
             the
             Poor
             than
             Seamen
             ,
             their
             own
             Consumption
             of
             the
             ordinary
             Manufactory
             ,
             besides
             the
             small
             Adventures
             of
             them
             they
             carry
             abroad
             ;
             but
             I
             think
             it
             needless
             to
             enter
             upon
             the
             Benefits
             we
             receive
             by
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ;
             we
             are
             in
             possession
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             therefore
             have
             only
             to
             answer
             the
             Charge
             laid
             against
             it
             ,
             and
             I
             take
             them
             all
             to
             be
             comprehended
             under
             Four
             Heads
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             That
             by
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             we
             have
             lost
             several
             Trades
             ,
             as
             the
             
               Muscovy
               ,
               Greenland
               ,
               Norway
            
             ,
             and
             in
             great
             measure
             the
             Trade
             into
             the
             Sound
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             That
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             hath
             raised
             the
             Wages
             of
             Seamen
             to
             the
             great
             Discouragement
             of
             all
             Merchants
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             That
             by
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             we
             have
             very
             much
             lessened
             the
             Building
             of
             Ships
             .
          
           
           
             4.
             
             That
             by
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             we
             have
             totally
             lost
             some
             Trades
             ,
             because
             they
             of
             that
             Countrey
             have
             no
             Shipping
             ,
             and
             Strangers
             of
             other
             Countries
             cannot
             bring
             their
             Commodities
             .
             These
             are
             the
             several
             Topicks
             upon
             which
             all
             is
             said
             that
             I
             can
             find
             against
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             .
             I
             shall
             begin
             with
             the
             first
             :
          
           
             That
             by
             it
             we
             have
             lost
             the
             Muscovy
             Trade
             .
             This
             is
             said
             ,
             but
             no
             Reason
             or
             Instance
             given
             to
             evince
             how
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             for
             some
             of
             the
             following
             ;
             and
             since
             they
             can
             give
             no
             reason
             ,
             I
             can
             find
             none
             our
             of
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ;
             but
             other
             Reasons
             there
             are
             how
             we
             come
             to
             lose
             that
             Trade
             .
          
           
             One
             is
             the
             heavy
             Customs
             plac'd
             on
             Commodities
             brought
             from
             Foreign
             Parts
             ,
             which
             is
             in
             consequence
             a
             Prohibition
             to
             their
             Exports
             from
             us
             to
             any
             other
             Countrey
             :
             The
             Dutch
             ,
             who
             court
             Trade
             as
             their
             Mistress
             ,
             lay
             their
             Customs
             so
             that
             they
             can
             export
             them
             again
             with
             little
             Charge
             ;
             and
             the
             Muscovite
             Trade
             requires
             variety
             of
             Commodities
             in
             a
             Cargo
             which
             we
             have
             not
             proper
             for
             that
             Countrey
             of
             our
             own
             Product
             ,
             and
             our
             Customs
             hinder
             shipping
             out
             any
             :
             This
             put
             that
             Trade
             with
             Advantage
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             the
             Dutch
             in
             the
             Reign
             of
             Charles
             .
             the
             First
             ,
             and
             they
             taking
             the
             Advantage
             of
             the
             Civil
             Wars
             in
             England
             ,
             represented
             us
             under
             such
             Characters
             to
             that
             Court
             ,
             that
             no
             English
             for
             some
             time
             durst
             appear
             there
             .
             These
             are
             the
             true
             Causes
             of
             our
             Lofs
             of
             the
             Mascovy
             Trade
             ▪
             not
             the
             
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             which
             was
             made
             some
             years
             after
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             further
             said
             ,
             By
             it
             we
             have
             lost
             the
             Greenland
             Trade
             ,
             but
             appears
             not
             by
             any
             thing
             that
             is
             offered
             ,
             but
             that
             the
             Dutch-built
             Ships
             are
             cheaper
             ,
             and
             sail'd
             with
             fewer
             men
             :
             It
             is
             true
             ,
             Dutch-built
             Ships
             are
             cheaper
             ,
             but
             as
             true
             that
             an
             English-built
             ship
             will
             last
             twice
             as
             long
             ▪
             So
             then
             I
             cannot
             find
             the
             odds
             ,
             but
             that
             the
             sailing
             with
             fewer
             Men
             is
             an
             Argument
             for
             the
             Greenland
             Trade
             ,
             shews
             their
             being
             Strangers
             to
             that
             Trade
             ,
             who
             bring
             it
             for
             a
             reason
             ,
             because
             the
             Greenland
             Fishing
             obligeth
             the
             Ships
             to
             carry
             Five
             times
             the
             number
             that
             would
             sail
             her
             ,
             to
             be
             employed
             in
             their
             Shalops
             when
             they
             come
             to
             the
             Fishing
             .
             So
             then
             there
             is
             no
             advantage
             by
             the
             Number
             of
             Seamen
             to
             sail
             a
             Ship
             to
             Greenland
             ,
             when
             they
             are
             forc'd
             to
             carry
             so
             many
             for
             their
             Fishing
             .
          
           
             But
             for
             discourse
             sake
             ,
             to
             see
             if
             any
             thing
             could
             be
             made
             of
             this
             Argument
             ,
             allowing
             it
             was
             as
             they
             mistake
             ,
             that
             a
             Dutch
             Ship
             and
             Men
             can
             fish
             cheaper
             than
             we
             ;
             yet
             where
             is
             the
             Argument
             ,
             That
             therefore
             Englishmen
             go
             not
             at
             all
             ?
             It
             is
             equally
             alike
             to
             the
             English
             ,
             whether
             they
             manage
             it
             dearer
             or
             no
             ;
             for
             they
             set
             their
             Rates
             accordingly
             ;
             since
             by
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             the
             Dutch
             nor
             any
             other
             Nation
             can
             bring
             into
             England
             the
             Product
             of
             that
             Fishing
             ,
             but
             upon
             paying
             double
             ,
             Aliens
             Duty
             .
             So
             that
             I
             can
             see
             nothing
             in
             this
             matter
             ;
             but
             believe
             we
             have
             lost
             that
             ,
             with
             other
             Northern
             Navigations
             ,
             by
             our
             Southern
             and
             Levant
             
             Trade
             ,
             being
             more
             pleasant
             and
             profitable
             Voyages
             for
             Seamen
             ,
             and
             so
             wanted
             Men
             for
             our
             less
             profitable
             Trade
             ;
             and
             we
             should
             for
             some
             other
             Trades
             we
             yet
             hold
             ▪
             as
             that
             of
             Virginia
             ,
             and
             the
             little
             we
             have
             left
             of
             the
             New-found-land
             Fishing
             ,
             if
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             did
             not
             secure
             them
             .
             There
             seem'd
             for
             these
             Reasons
             ,
             no
             doubt
             ,
             grounds
             for
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             to
             confine
             this
             Trade
             to
             our
             Ships
             and
             Seamen
             ,
             as
             much
             as
             they
             could
             ;
             otherwise
             it
             would
             certainly
             have
             fallen
             into
             Foreign
             hands
             :
             And
             according
             to
             my
             sense
             of
             Trade
             ,
             it
             were
             better
             for
             the
             Nation
             to
             have
             neither
             Whale
             ,
             nor
             Oyl
             ,
             nor
             Whalefin
             ,
             than
             to
             have
             them
             by
             Purchase
             from
             Foreigners
             .
          
           
             I
             make
             this
             distinction
             ,
             That
             there
             is
             no
             Gain
             to
             the
             Nation
             by
             what
             is
             consumed
             in
             it
             ;
             and
             neither
             of
             these
             Commodities
             are
             exported
             .
          
           
             The
             next
             Objection
             is
             ,
             The
             Loss
             of
             the
             Norway
             Trade
             ;
             and
             in
             this
             there
             is
             something
             ;
             but
             I
             cannot
             see
             so
             great
             a
             mischief
             in
             it
             ,
             as
             is
             represented
             ,
             but
             that
             which
             may
             be
             remedied
             by
             a
             dispensation
             for
             employing
             Dutch
             Ships
             in
             that
             Trade
             ,
             so
             they
             be
             sail'd
             by
             English
             men
             ;
             for
             that
             I
             conceive
             is
             the
             great
             design
             ,
             and
             of
             more
             value
             than
             all
             the
             rest
             in
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ;
             for
             that
             in
             most
             of
             our
             Trades
             ,
             English-built
             Ships
             are
             used
             ,
             and
             Dutch
             not
             proper
             ;
             so
             there
             needs
             no
             force
             when
             it
             is
             done
             of
             choice
             :
             But
             that
             which
             may
             put
             an
             end
             to
             this
             Exception
             in
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             and
             most
             of
             the
             Northern
             
             Trade
             is
             propos'd
             in
             the
             foregoing
             Essay
             of
             Building
             Ships
             .
          
           
             That
             which
             is
             objected
             of
             hindring
             our
             Trade
             in
             the
             Sound
             ,
             hath
             nothing
             in
             it
             ,
             when
             at
             the
             same
             time
             it
             appears
             ,
             that
             of
             Seven
             Ships
             a
             year
             sent
             there
             ,
             Five
             goes
             in
             there
             Ballast
             .
          
           
             That
             we
             have
             lost
             our
             Trade
             into
             the
             Sound
             ,
             is
             plain
             from
             the
             variety
             of
             Commodities
             the
             Dutch
             carry
             in
             one
             Ship
             ;
             and
             we
             commonly
             carry
             the
             Product
             of
             England
             ,
             which
             is
             one
             of
             our
             Mistakes
             in
             Trade
             ,
             that
             for
             fear
             of
             a
             small
             loss
             in
             the
             Customs
             ,
             we
             lose
             so
             considerable
             a
             Trade
             as
             we
             do
             in
             the
             Sound
             ,
             and
             Northern
             Kindoms
             :
             But
             of
             this
             ,
             something
             shall
             be
             said
             apart
             .
             And
             so
             I
             have
             done
             with
             the
             first
             Head
             in
             relation
             to
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             which
             better
             Judgments
             may
             determine
             ,
             but
             in
             mine
             there
             is
             nothing
             appears
             to
             the
             prejudice
             of
             the
             Act.
             
          
           
             The
             second
             Objection
             against
             the
             Act
             is
             ,
             That
             it
             hath
             raised
             Sea-mens
             Wages
             ,
             so
             that
             Merchants
             are
             now
             at
             the
             Mercy
             of
             Seamen
             ,
             who
             raise
             their
             Wages
             at
             pleasure
             ,
             and
             so
             impose
             upon
             Trade
             ,
             to
             the
             discouragement
             of
             Merchants
             :
             All
             this
             I
             know
             to
             be
             literally
             true
             ;
             and
             allowing
             the
             Matter
             of
             Fact
             ,
             we
             will
             see
             what
             Inferences
             are
             made
             from
             it
             :
             They
             that
             are
             against
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             bring
             it
             for
             demonstration
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             so
             ,
             That
             Seamen
             have
             since
             raised
             their
             Wages
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             a
             Prejudice
             to
             Trade
             :
             Now
             to
             make
             this
             matter
             clear
             to
             every
             Understanding
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             needful
             to
             shew
             ,
             that
             in
             this
             there
             is
             two
             
             handles
             ,
             both
             to
             be
             laid
             hold
             on
             in
             Argument
             ,
             one
             is
             the
             Profit
             of
             the
             Merchant
             ,
             the
             other
             is
             that
             of
             the
             Publick
             and
             National
             Interest
             .
          
           
             The
             Complaint
             lies
             thus
             ;
             Before
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             Merchants
             had
             Seamen
             at
             easy
             and
             low
             Wages
             ;
             this
             was
             their
             Gain
             ,
             and
             the
             Foreign
             Seamens
             Profit
             ,
             who
             carried
             their
             Wages
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             most
             commonly
             in
             Money
             .
          
           
             The
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             bars
             these
             Foreign
             Seamen
             from
             sailing
             entirely
             in
             our
             Ships
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             from
             being
             the
             whole
             Crew
             ;
             for
             one
             fourth
             of
             Foreign
             Seamen
             the
             Act
             allows
             ;
             which
             I
             think
             is
             the
             only
             mistake
             in
             that
             Statute
             ,
             to
             give
             Foreign
             Seamen
             any
             room
             in
             our
             Ships
             :
             But
             thus
             it
             stands
             ,
             By
             excluding
             Foreign
             Seamen
             ,
             ours
             have
             rais'd
             their
             Wages
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             a
             loss
             to
             the
             Merchants
             ,
             I
             mean
             it
             is
             said
             so
             ;
             but
             that
             is
             equally
             a
             mistake
             with
             the
             rest
             ;
             for
             Merchants
             will
             rate
             their
             Goods
             according
             to
             their
             Charge
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             the
             Consumer
             ,
             not
             Importer
             ,
             that
             pays
             it
             :
             But
             allowing
             the
             matter
             as
             it
             is
             said
             ,
             the
             Merchant
             he
             gets
             by
             having
             Foreign
             Seamen
             ,
             the
             Nation
             gets
             by
             employing
             our
             own
             Seamen
             ;
             which
             of
             those
             is
             to
             be
             encouraged
             ,
             I
             think
             can
             be
             no
             question
             among
             English-men
             .
          
           
             I
             confess
             ,
             amongst
             all
             the
             Arguments
             that
             I
             have
             heard
             made
             use
             of
             ,
             this
             of
             Seamen
             was
             most
             surprizing
             ,
             because
             I
             always
             thought
             it
             the
             greatest
             Authority
             ,
             and
             invincible
             Argument
             for
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             .
             It
             shews
             the
             Necessity
             for
             a
             Law
             to
             make
             Seamen
             ,
             
             when
             you
             have
             not
             Three
             fourths
             to
             sail
             your
             Merchant-men
             ;
             for
             as
             before
             is
             said
             ,
             the
             Act
             allows
             of
             making
             use
             of
             one
             fourth
             Foreigners
             ;
             and
             yet
             we
             see
             the
             Merchants
             complain
             for
             want
             of
             more
             .
             If
             these
             Gentlemen
             that
             are
             displeased
             with
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             would
             but
             consider
             the
             Condition
             of
             the
             Nation
             in
             all
             parts
             of
             its
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             ,
             I
             persuade
             my self
             they
             would
             be
             Advocates
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             for
             their
             Discourse
             shews
             them
             men
             of
             Ingenuity
             ,
             and
             well-affected
             to
             their
             Countrey
             ;
             and
             tho
             I
             will
             not
             pretend
             to
             convince
             them
             by
             dint
             of
             words
             ,
             yet
             I
             do
             not
             despair
             of
             doing
             it
             ,
             by
             laying
             before
             them
             the
             State
             of
             the
             Nation
             in
             this
             Particular
             ,
             when
             this
             Act
             was
             ,
             and
             was
             first
             thought
             on
             ,
             in
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Rump-Parliament
             ,
             thus
             ,
             as
             I
             find
             it
             by
             Story
             and
             Relation
             of
             some
             that
             were
             Merchants
             and
             Commanders
             at
             Sea
             in
             that
             time
             :
             The
             Rump-Parliament
             quarrelling
             with
             the
             Dutch
             ,
             took
             the
             opportunity
             of
             making
             Trade
             the
             chiefest
             pretence
             for
             it
             ,
             believing
             that
             would
             be
             Popular
             ,
             and
             affect
             England
             ;
             and
             the
             truth
             is
             ,
             there
             was
             ground
             enough
             for
             Quarrel
             in
             matters
             of
             Trade
             ;
             the
             Dutch
             grew
             very
             fast
             upon
             us
             all
             the
             Reign
             of
             Charles
             the
             First
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             a
             mistake
             to
             say
             that
             we
             lost
             our
             Trade
             into
             the
             Sound
             and
             Muscovy
             since
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ;
             for
             it
             was
             stealing
             from
             us
             the
             year
             1634
             ,
             and
             was
             in
             a
             manner
             quite
             lost
             by
             the
             year
             1652
             :
             But
             that
             which
             most
             affected
             ,
             and
             gave
             offence
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             was
             ,
             the
             Dutch
             had
             got
             such
             a
             Trade
             to
             our
             
             Plantations
             in
             the
             West-Indies
             ,
             that
             we
             could
             scarce
             get
             so
             much
             Sugars
             home
             ,
             as
             the
             Nation
             consum'd
             ;
             they
             supplied
             our
             Plantations
             with
             Wines
             and
             Brandies
             ,
             Linnen
             ,
             and
             almost
             every
             thing
             they
             spent
             in
             the
             Islands
             .
             This
             being
             so
             notorious
             ,
             the
             then
             Government
             thought
             upon
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             which
             had
             good
             effect
             in
             preserving
             that
             part
             of
             our
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             that
             was
             left
             ;
             and
             perhaps
             we
             owe
             at
             this
             day
             the
             Preservation
             of
             these
             Kingdoms
             to
             it
             ;
             for
             that
             upon
             the
             Restoration
             of
             Charles
             the
             Second
             ,
             had
             not
             this
             Act
             lain
             in
             the
             way
             ,
             there
             might
             not
             have
             been
             such
             course
             taken
             as
             there
             was
             in
             our
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             :
             The
             disposition
             of
             those
             times
             seem'd
             to
             tend
             another
             way
             ,
             for
             Pleasure
             more
             than
             Trade
             ;
             but
             this
             Act
             stood
             as
             a
             Centinel
             for
             the
             Traffick
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             put
             them
             in
             mind
             of
             other
             things
             .
          
           
             I
             have
             now
             brought
             this
             Act
             to
             the
             year
             1660.
             and
             let
             us
             see
             how
             the
             Trade
             of
             the
             Nation
             stood
             then
             .
          
           
             Upon
             the
             Restoration
             of
             Charles
             II.
             there
             was
             a
             Set
             of
             People
             in
             Trade
             ,
             that
             had
             been
             bred
             up
             in
             it
             in
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Parliament
             ,
             and
             these
             Men
             having
             the
             Money
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             Trade
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             in
             their
             hands
             ,
             were
             at
             that
             time
             easier
             heard
             than
             they
             have
             been
             since
             .
             They
             not
             knowing
             what
             force
             Foreign
             Money
             might
             have
             at
             Court
             ,
             thought
             themselves
             never
             safe
             until
             they
             got
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             confirm'd
             ;
             and
             being
             early
             in
             their
             Application
             ,
             they
             succeeded
             to
             their
             own
             Satisfaction
             ,
             
             with
             some
             Advantages
             more
             than
             was
             in
             the
             former
             Act.
             For
             it
             is
             to
             be
             observed
             ,
             That
             under
             Oliver's
             Government
             ,
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             had
             little
             force
             ;
             both
             the
             Government
             ,
             and
             the
             Merchants
             ,
             were
             willing
             to
             let
             it
             sleep
             ;
             for
             that
             during
             the
             War
             with
             Spain
             ,
             to
             avoid
             their
             Privateers
             ,
             which
             were
             so
             numerous
             ,
             that
             scarce
             a
             Ship
             could
             stir
             without
             a
             Convoy
             ,
             most
             of
             our
             Trade
             was
             managed
             in
             Dutch
             bottoms
             ,
             they
             being
             at
             Peace
             with
             Spain
             ;
             this
             Management
             had
             almost
             stifled
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             and
             Merchants
             finding
             their
             present
             Gain
             by
             the
             cheapness
             of
             Dutch-Sailing
             ,
             did
             not
             consider
             the
             future
             Consequence
             ,
             immediate
             Gain
             was
             what
             they
             minded
             :
             But
             upon
             the
             Restoration
             ,
             the
             same
             men
             that
             under
             the
             Usurp'd
             Government
             were
             content
             with
             the
             General
             Scramble
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             to
             come
             in
             for
             a
             Share
             ,
             were
             now
             for
             securing
             Trade
             to
             Posterity
             ,
             which
             they
             were
             careless
             of
             ,
             whilst
             they
             had
             no
             Foundation
             of
             Law
             or
             Government
             .
          
           
             I
             have
             been
             the
             larger
             in
             this
             Account
             ,
             because
             I
             find
             it
             generally
             believ'd
             ,
             That
             this
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             was
             originally
             brought
             forth
             in
             prejudice
             to
             the
             Dutch
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             same
             reason
             renew'd
             in
             the
             Reign
             of
             Charles
             the
             II.
             whereas
             in
             truth
             it
             was
             at
             first
             made
             with
             as
             much
             reason
             and
             necessity
             as
             our
             Laws
             against
             Exportation
             of
             Wooll
             ;
             for
             neither
             that
             nor
             any
             thing
             else
             can
             with
             reason
             be
             thought
             our
             own
             ,
             longer
             than
             our
             Ships
             and
             Seamen
             have
             
             the
             Guard
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             cannot
             have
             ,
             unless
             they
             have
             the
             Carriage
             ;
             and
             if
             that
             be
             allow'd
             ,
             which
             I
             submit
             ,
             then
             the
             Second
             Objection
             against
             this
             Act
             ,
             That
             it
             raises
             the
             Wages
             of
             Seamen
             ,
             will
             not
             be
             found
             material
             ,
             but
             rather
             be
             ,
             as
             indeed
             I
             think
             it
             ,
             the
             best
             Argument
             that
             can
             be
             given
             for
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ;
             if
             Seamen
             be
             our
             Guards
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             Labourers
             ;
             and
             Foreign
             Seamen
             by
             their
             cheap
             Sailing
             have
             so
             beaten
             out
             ours
             ,
             that
             we
             have
             not
             ¾
             to
             sail
             our
             Ships
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             ,
             sure
             it
             was
             time
             to
             consider
             of
             a
             way
             to
             increase
             and
             incourage
             our
             Seamen
             .
          
           
             The
             Third
             Objection
             made
             against
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             is
             ,
             That
             it
             hinders
             the
             Building
             of
             Ships
             ;
             this
             I
             confess
             would
             have
             weight
             in
             it
             ,
             if
             it
             were
             possible
             to
             be
             true
             ,
             which
             to
             me
             it
             doth
             not
             appear
             ,
             no
             more
             than
             because
             I
             cannot
             get
             brown
             Bread
             ,
             I
             will
             starve
             rather
             than
             eat
             white
             :
             Dutch
             Ships
             are
             cheaper
             ,
             and
             fail'd
             with
             fewer
             Men
             ,
             and
             consequently
             can
             bring
             Lumber
             for
             building
             Ships
             cheaper
             than
             Englishmen
             can
             ;
             and
             because
             we
             cannot
             fetch
             these
             Materials
             at
             so
             easy
             rates
             ,
             therefore
             we
             will
             be
             sullen
             ,
             and
             neither
             fetch
             nor
             buy
             of
             the
             Danes
             or
             Sweeds
             ,
             who
             by
             the
             way
             ,
             methinks
             ,
             should
             be
             able
             to
             bring
             their
             own
             Commodities
             as
             cheap
             as
             the
             Dutch
             ,
             and
             so
             leave
             off
             building
             Ships
             ,
             Trade
             ,
             and
             Navigation
             .
             This
             would
             be
             a
             surly
             dogged
             Humour
             indeed
             ,
             exceeding
             any
             thing
             in
             story
             ,
             that
             a
             Nation
             should
             make
             a
             Law
             that
             should
             be
             so
             
             injurious
             to
             their
             own
             Trade
             ,
             as
             that
             with
             one
             consent
             they
             would
             set
             down
             and
             Starve
             ;
             for
             so
             it
             must
             be
             ,
             if
             we
             build
             not
             Ships
             since
             we
             cannot
             use
             Foreigners
             ;
             it
             seems
             more
             reasonable
             to
             believe
             ,
             let
             the
             Charge
             be
             what
             it
             will
             ,
             Ships
             would
             be
             built
             the
             faster
             .
             For
             that
             ,
             in
             short
             ,
             then
             there
             would
             be
             no
             Trade
             ,
             nor
             will
             the
             raising
             price
             of
             Ships
             or
             Freight
             be
             a
             loss
             to
             Merchants
             or
             Owners
             ,
             because
             it
             will
             be
             charged
             on
             the
             Commodities
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             paid
             by
             the
             Consumers
             .
             But
             to
             make
             it
             yet
             more
             plain
             ,
             that
             after
             all
             this
             pretence
             ,
             there
             can
             be
             no
             prejudice
             either
             to
             the
             Merchant
             or
             Consumer
             by
             employing
             our
             own
             Ships
             ;
             We
             will
             examine
             further
             ,
             what
             Trade
             requires
             our
             own
             built
             Ships
             and
             Seamen
             ,
             and
             then
             how
             much
             our
             Ships
             will
             be
             the
             dearer
             ,
             by
             buying
             Naval
             Provisions
             from
             the
             Danes
             or
             Sweeds
             ,
             or
             by
             fetching
             them
             in
             our
             Ships
             ,
             than
             if
             we
             bought
             them
             from
             the
             Dutch
             ;
             for
             it
             is
             they
             that
             are
             pretended
             to
             bring
             Materials
             cheapest
             .
          
           
             For
             the
             first
             part
             of
             the
             Enquiry
             ,
             What
             Trade
             requires
             our
             own
             Ships
             and
             Men
             ?
          
           
             There
             remains
             then
             nothing
             but
             some
             part
             of
             the
             European
             Trade
             ,
             and
             greatest
             part
             of
             that
             before
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             was
             manag'd
             by
             our
             own
             Ships
             ;
             and
             all
             that
             Foreign
             Ships
             were
             employ'd
             in
             ,
             was
             the
             Northern
             Trade
             ;
             the
             consequence
             of
             which
             was
             ,
             the
             Dutch
             by
             degrees
             taking
             it
             all
             out
             of
             our
             hands
             .
          
           
           
             The
             second
             Inquiry
             is
             ,
             How
             much
             our
             Building
             will
             be
             dearer
             by
             the
             Sweeds
             and
             Danes
             ,
             and
             our
             own
             fetching
             of
             Materials
             ?
          
           
             I
             cannot
             find
             either
             by
             my
             own
             Experience
             ,
             (
             and
             I
             have
             traded
             considerably
             in
             all
             three
             )
             or
             any
             others
             ,
             That
             the
             Dutch
             could
             bring
             Timber
             ,
             &c.
             cheaper
             than
             the
             Danes
             or
             Sweeds
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             difference
             I
             could
             ever
             find
             betwixt
             our
             Ships
             and
             theirs
             ,
             was
             not
             above
             5
             s.
             in
             a
             Tun
             ,
             tho
             we
             loaded
             English-built
             Ships
             ;
             and
             how
             that
             affects
             our
             Building
             ,
             is
             easily
             computed
             ,
             when
             in
             building
             a
             Ship
             of
             200
             Tun
             ,
             all
             that
             is
             needful
             to
             import
             for
             her
             Building
             and
             Rigging
             ,
             will
             be
             little
             more
             than
             50
             Tun
             Stowidge
             ;
             for
             it
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             we
             use
             most
             of
             our
             own
             Timber
             and
             Plank
             for
             every
             part
             of
             the
             Ship
             ,
             but
             her
             Decks
             and
             finishing
             within
             board
             ,
             with
             some
             other
             slight
             Ornamental
             part
             of
             the
             Ship
             ;
             but
             this
             difference
             in
             the
             Carriage
             is
             so
             inconsiderable
             ,
             that
             it
             will
             not
             serve
             for
             a
             dispute
             .
             I
             shall
             therefore
             allow
             the
             difference
             of
             Freight
             to
             be
             10
             
               s.
               per
            
             Tun
             ,
             which
             no
             man
             that
             is
             conversant
             in
             that
             Trade
             will
             say
             ;
             and
             the
             Quantum
             to
             be
             double
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             100
             Tun
             ,
             which
             would
             make
             the
             difference
             50
             l.
             in
             Building
             a
             Ship
             ,
             that
             fitted
             to
             Sea
             might
             cost
             2000
             l.
             This
             being
             a
             large
             Calculation
             for
             them
             that
             bring
             in
             the
             Objection
             ,
             yet
             makes
             the
             difference
             so
             small
             ,
             that
             it
             is
             of
             little
             consideration
             among
             Private
             Men
             ,
             and
             will
             be
             of
             less
             to
             the
             Publick
             ,
             especially
             where
             our
             own
             Ships
             are
             employed
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             also
             to
             be
             remembred
             ,
             that
             we
             make
             not
             
             Building
             of
             a
             Ship
             as
             a
             Manufactory
             for
             Sale
             ,
             but
             for
             our
             own
             use
             ;
             and
             whether
             it
             would
             be
             more
             Profit
             for
             the
             Nation
             to
             Buy
             Ships
             ,
             though
             they
             could
             be
             had
             30
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             Cheaper
             than
             we
             could
             Build
             for
             ,
             I
             leave
             to
             Judgment
             :
             I
             know
             the
             common
             Topick
             ,
             Cheapness
             of
             Carriage
             will
             be
             brought
             ,
             as
             often
             it
             is
             ,
             where
             it
             is
             foreign
             to
             the
             thing
             controverted
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             here
             ;
             Dutch
             Ships
             being
             Cheaper
             Built
             then
             ours
             ,
             can
             afford
             Cheaper
             Freight
             than
             we
             ;
             and
             so
             we
             lose
             the
             profitable
             part
             of
             Trade
             ,
             as
             Carriage
             no
             doubt
             is
             :
             This
             at
             first
             sight
             looks
             formidable
             ,
             as
             if
             it
             would
             stand
             its
             ground
             ;
             but
             enquiring
             into
             the
             matter
             ,
             we
             shall
             find
             nothing
             in
             it
             ;
             I
             have
             before
             shewed
             that
             to
             more
             than
             three
             parts
             of
             the
             world
             ,
             our
             Ships
             are
             allowed
             ,
             more
             desirable
             than
             any
             Foreign
             Ships
             ,
             especially
             than
             such
             as
             are
             slight
             and
             cheaper
             Built
             ;
             so
             then
             there
             is
             three
             parts
             in
             four
             that
             we
             stand
             at
             least
             on
             the
             level
             with
             other
             Ships
             .
          
           
             That
             which
             remains
             is
             part
             of
             the
             European
             and
             Home-Trade
             ;
             let
             us
             see
             how
             we
             could
             get
             a
             share
             of
             that
             Carriage
             ,
             if
             we
             had
             as
             Cheap
             Sea-Waggens
             as
             our
             Neighbours
             ;
             for
             no
             better
             are
             most
             of
             the
             Ships
             us'd
             in
             the
             Lumber-Trade
             .
             For
             that
             part
             relating
             to
             the
             Dutch
             Importation
             into
             their
             Country
             and
             Rivers
             ,
             none
             will
             pretend
             unto
             ;
             and
             for
             that
             of
             the
             Northern
             Crowns
             ,
             I
             mean
             their
             Importations
             ,
             the
             Dutch
             will
             have
             the
             Advantage
             ,
             until
             we
             can
             perswade
             them
             to
             two
             things
             .
          
           
           
             First
             ,
             That
             they
             will
             Eat
             no
             Bread
             ,
             and
             then
             follow
             our
             example
             ,
             place
             such
             Duties
             on
             all
             Goods
             Imported
             into
             Holland
             ,
             that
             there
             may
             be
             no
             possibility
             of
             Shipping
             them
             out
             again
             ;
             until
             these
             two
             particulars
             happen
             ,
             we
             roul
             a
             stone
             up
             hill
             ,
             to
             imagine
             we
             can
             upon
             equal
             terms
             deal
             with
             them
             in
             the
             Northern
             Trade
             ;
             for
             that
             they
             can
             send
             Ships
             loaden
             with
             Commodities
             of
             all
             Countries
             ,
             where
             we
             must
             send
             them
             light
             ;
             and
             they
             can
             bring
             back
             Corn
             in
             Barter
             ,
             and
             returns
             for
             what
             they
             carry
             there
             ;
             but
             we
             have
             seldom
             need
             of
             Corn
             in
             this
             Northern
             Trade
             ;
             we
             can
             then
             at
             most
             aim
             at
             no
             more
             than
             Navigating
             our
             own
             expence
             in
             it
             ;
             so
             here
             is
             no
             Freight
             for
             us
             .
          
           
             We
             then
             come
             to
             the
             French
             Trade
             ;
             and
             they
             are
             wiser
             than
             to
             let
             any
             Carry
             for
             them
             ,
             but
             from
             them
             you
             may
             ;
             they
             wisely
             laid
             5
             
               s.
               per
            
             Tun
             upon
             Foreign
             Ships
             ,
             but
             none
             upon
             their
             own
             ,
             as
             we
             have
             done
             :
             All
             this
             being
             matter
             of
             Fact
             ,
             I
             cannot
             find
             if
             we
             had
             Ships
             as
             cheap
             as
             Eggshells
             ,
             where
             we
             should
             Employ
             one
             more
             on
             Freight
             to
             Foreigners
             than
             we
             do
             ,
             and
             they
             are
             very
             few
             to
             the
             Southward
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Levant
             ,
             in
             neither
             of
             which
             Cheap
             Sailing
             is
             in
             demand
             ,
             but
             Ships
             of
             Strength
             and
             Force
             ;
             and
             for
             that
             reason
             the
             English
             have
             been
             in
             most
             esteem
             there
             .
          
           
             I
             think
             there
             needs
             no
             more
             to
             answer
             the
             Objection
             ,
             that
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             hinders
             the
             Building
             of
             Ships
             ,
             or
             that
             we
             want
             slight
             Ships
             ,
             since
             we
             have
             little
             use
             for
             them
             ,
             and
             
             none
             at
             all
             if
             they
             any
             ways
             interfere
             with
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             .
          
           
             We
             now
             come
             to
             the
             last
             exception
             against
             the
             Act
             :
             That
             by
             it
             we
             have
             totally
             lost
             several
             Trades
             ;
             for
             that
             by
             the
             Act
             none
             but
             English-built
             Ships
             can
             Import
             the
             Commodities
             of
             any
             Foreign
             Country
             ,
             or
             the
             Ships
             and
             Men
             of
             that
             Country
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             they
             have
             none
             ;
             and
             we
             Trading
             not
             there
             at
             all
             ,
             the
             Trade
             is
             lost
             .
             This
             had
             I
             only
             heard
             in
             Discourse
             ,
             and
             not
             seen
             in
             Print
             ,
             I
             should
             not
             have
             mentioned
             it
             ,
             left
             it
             might
             have
             been
             thought
             a
             Wisp
             of
             Straw
             of
             my
             own
             lighting
             ;
             but
             I
             place
             it
             as
             I
             find
             it
             ;
             for
             I
             leave
             nothing
             out
             of
             all
             I
             could
             ever
             hear
             Objected
             against
             the
             Act
             ,
             and
             therefore
             bring
             in
             this
             ,
             though
             ,
             I
             think
             ,
             there
             needs
             no
             Answer
             more
             than
             to
             say
             ,
             There
             are
             no
             Ships
             to
             bring
             away
             the
             Product
             of
             a
             Country
             ,
             and
             we
             send
             none
             to
             fetch
             them
             ;
             it
             is
             a
             strange
             Indication
             that
             we
             have
             no
             use
             of
             their
             Commodities
             ,
             or
             our
             Ships
             are
             better
             employed
             ,
             and
             that
             we
             want
             Ships
             and
             Men
             for
             such
             poor
             Trades
             ,
             which
             nothing
             will
             force
             us
             to
             increase
             ,
             but
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ;
             it
             being
             a
             certain
             Maxim
             in
             Trade
             and
             Navigation
             ,
             
               That
               whilst
               there
               is
               room
               in
               the
               easie
               and
               most
               profitable
               Part
               ,
               none
               will
               run
               into
               the
               poor
               and
               more
               Laborious
               .
            
             And
             we
             not
             having
             Seamen
             enough
             to
             manage
             our
             profitable
             and
             easie
             Navigation
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             before
             mentioned
             ,
             is
             one
             reason
             of
             the
             decay
             of
             our
             rougher
             and
             poor
             Navigation
             ;
             which
             was
             wisely
             provided
             for
             in
             this
             Act
             ,
             
               That
               all
               Foreign
            
             
             
               Import
               ,
               of
               Fish
               ,
               Oyl
               ,
               Whale
               ,
               Finn
               ,
               &c.
               should
               pay
               double
               Allience
               Duty
               .
            
             This
             was
             intended
             to
             give
             us
             advantage
             above
             Foreigners
             ;
             and
             would
             ,
             no
             doubt
             ,
             be
             a
             good
             encouragement
             ,
             if
             we
             had
             our
             other
             Trades
             supplied
             ,
             to
             bring
             Seamen
             into
             the
             Fishing
             Trade
             ;
             but
             having
             lost
             the
             Trades
             for
             want
             of
             Ships
             and
             Seamen
             ,
             that
             therefore
             we
             should
             sit
             down
             with
             the
             loss
             ,
             and
             take
             no
             course
             to
             retrieve
             it
             ,
             because
             at
             first
             we
             cannot
             bring
             in
             these
             Commodities
             as
             Cheap
             as
             Foreigners
             can
             ,
             is
             with
             the
             Sloathful
             to
             say
             ,
             
               A
               Lyon
               is
               in
               the
               way
               .
            
          
           
             But
             we
             had
             ,
             when
             this
             Act
             was
             made
             ,
             better
             Resolutions
             ,
             and
             knew
             then
             ,
             and
             so
             may
             now
             ,
             That
             it
             is
             better
             for
             the
             Kingdom
             to
             Pay
             twenty
             Shillings
             to
             their
             own
             Men
             ,
             than
             Fifteen
             to
             Strangers
             ;
             and
             by
             doing
             that
             for
             a
             time
             ,
             we
             may
             regain
             those
             Trades
             ,
             and
             manage
             them
             on
             as
             good
             terms
             as
             any
             other
             .
          
           
             This
             I
             believe
             will
             be
             thought
             sufficient
             cause
             for
             the
             supporting
             the
             Act
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             for
             making
             it
             .
          
           
             I
             shall
             add
             no
             more
             ,
             but
             set
             down
             in
             few
             words
             the
             Tenor
             and
             Force
             of
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             ,
             and
             leave
             every
             man
             to
             his
             own
             Judgment
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             Act
             in
             the
             Preamble
             tells
             us
             ,
             the
             necessity
             for
             Increase
             of
             our
             Ships
             and
             Seamen
             .
          
           
             That
             for
             Encouragement
             to
             so
             good
             a
             Work
             ,
             that
             after
             a
             time
             limited
             ,
             no
             Foreign-built
             Ship
             ,
             or
             men
             ,
             shall
             Import
             any
             Commodities
             ,
             
             but
             of
             the
             Product
             of
             their
             own
             Country
             .
          
           
             The
             Consequence
             of
             which
             is
             ,
             That
             no
             other
             Nation
             should
             have
             the
             benefit
             of
             Carriage
             to
             us
             ,
             but
             each
             Country
             their
             own
             ;
             and
             if
             they
             could
             not
             do
             it
             so
             Cheap
             as
             we
             ,
             then
             our
             Ships
             would
             have
             the
             Carriage
             ,
             and
             not
             Foreigners
             ;
             by
             which
             our
             Ships
             and
             Seamen
             would
             be
             Increased
             .
          
           
             The
             other
             part
             of
             the
             Act
             is
             for
             encouraging
             our
             Fishing
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             by
             placing
             double
             Allience-duty
             upon
             all
             Fish
             ,
             Oyl
             ,
             &c.
             
             Caught
             and
             Imported
             by
             Foreigners
             .
          
           
             This
             sure
             cannot
             be
             a
             fault
             ,
             to
             give
             our
             own
             Men
             encouragement
             above
             Strangers
             ;
             since
             the
             Navigation
             and
             Trade
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             gives
             them
             better
             Livelihood
             than
             the
             Fishing
             would
             ;
             if
             Foreigners
             ,
             who
             live
             hardly
             ,
             might
             import
             Fish
             as
             free
             from
             Duty
             as
             they
             ,
             the
             consequence
             of
             which
             would
             be
             ,
             that
             we
             should
             lose
             the
             Fishing
             ,
             as
             we
             have
             some
             other
             Employments
             of
             our
             Seamen
             .
          
        
         
           
             Of
             Banks
             and
             Lumbers
             .
          
           
             PResuming
             the
             usefulness
             of
             Banks
             in
             England
             is
             not
             now
             controverted
             ,
             I
             submit
             to
             better
             Judgments
             how
             Banks
             and
             Lumbers
             may
             be
             set
             up
             in
             all
             Parts
             of
             this
             Kingdom
             for
             the
             Encouragement
             of
             the
             Manufactories
             and
             Navigation
             thereof
             .
             I
             conceive
             there
             is
             nothing
             so
             destructive
             to
             the
             Trade
             and
             Employments
             
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             as
             engrossing
             the
             Money
             and
             Business
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             in
             great
             and
             few
             hands
             ;
             that
             would
             bring
             the
             Kingdom
             into
             the
             Rickets
             ,
             draw
             all
             the
             Nourishment
             to
             the
             Head
             ,
             London
             would
             swell
             beyond
             its
             natural
             growth
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             parts
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             waste
             and
             dwindle
             to
             nothing
             .
          
           
             The
             Banks
             then
             that
             I
             should
             humbly
             Propose
             ,
             may
             be
             thus
             established
             ;
          
           
             1.
             
             That
             in
             every
             Shire
             there
             be
             a
             Bank
             erected
             by
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             That
             the
             Fund
             for
             these
             Banks
             be
             Land
             and
             Money
             :
             And
             because
             there
             may
             be
             no
             difficulty
             in
             point
             of
             Title
             of
             such
             Lands
             as
             shall
             be
             put
             in
             Bank
             ,
             that
             a
             Law
             may
             pass
             in
             Parliament
             ,
             That
             whoever
             is
             in
             quiet
             Possession
             of
             an
             Estate
             ,
             and
             shall
             place
             it
             in
             the
             Bank
             as
             part
             of
             the
             Original
             Fund
             ,
             that
             Land
             shall
             be
             perpetually
             in
             the
             Bank
             ,
             whatever
             Title
             may
             afterwards
             appear
             ;
             and
             shall
             only
             be
             transferr'd
             to
             him
             that
             shall
             recover
             the
             same
             :
             For
             it
             is
             to
             be
             understood
             ,
             that
             whoever
             puts
             Land
             in
             Bank
             ,
             is
             never
             to
             receive
             more
             out
             than
             his
             proportionable
             part
             of
             the
             Gain
             arising
             from
             the
             General
             Stock
             :
             So
             that
             Land
             remains
             the
             same
             ,
             whoever
             makes
             a
             Title
             to
             it
             .
          
           
             But
             for
             the
             better
             Credit
             of
             Land
             in
             the
             Bank
             ,
             a
             Proviso
             may
             be
             in
             the
             Act
             ,
             That
             no
             Title
             of
             Land
             put
             into
             the
             Bank
             shall
             be
             question'd
             after
             years
             :
             This
             will
             give
             a
             Reputation
             to
             any
             particular
             person's
             Title
             of
             
             Lands
             in
             the
             Bank
             ,
             if
             he
             should
             have
             occasion
             to
             sell
             his
             Interest
             ,
             which
             otherwise
             will
             not
             be
             of
             equal
             Value
             with
             those
             that
             put
             their
             Original
             Fund
             into
             the
             Bank
             in
             Money
             .
          
           
             The
             Fund
             of
             Banks
             being
             thus
             established
             by
             Land
             and
             Money
             in
             each
             County
             ,
             the
             next
             thing
             will
             be
             to
             appoint
             the
             Quantum
             ,
             and
             who
             shall
             come
             in
             ;
             for
             it
             is
             not
             to
             be
             doubted
             ,
             but
             there
             will
             be
             more
             than
             enough
             ,
             and
             every
             Shire
             will
             strive
             to
             bring
             in
             as
             much
             as
             they
             will
             be
             permitted
             .
          
           
             For
             the
             General
             Fund
             of
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             ,
             I
             suppose
             Four
             Millions
             may
             be
             sufficient
             to
             begin
             with
             ,
             half
             Land
             ,
             and
             half
             Money
             ;
             and
             for
             the
             particular
             Proportions
             of
             each
             Shire
             ,
             their
             Proportion
             in
             the
             Land-Tax
             may
             be
             a
             good
             Rule
             .
             The
             Manage
             of
             these
             Banks
             in
             each
             Shire
             may
             be
             by
             men
             chosen
             among
             themselves
             .
          
           
             That
             twice
             a
             year
             a
             General
             Meeting
             may
             be
             in
             London
             ,
             two
             being
             sent
             out
             of
             every
             Shire
             ,
             there
             to
             settle
             Accounts
             ,
             and
             make
             Dividends
             of
             the
             Profit
             ;
             which
             would
             be
             great
             satisfaction
             to
             all
             persons
             concerned
             ,
             and
             would
             quicken
             the
             Trade
             and
             Business
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             For
             the
             dispose
             ,
             putting
             out
             ,
             and
             receiving
             Money
             in
             Bank
             ,
             there
             can
             be
             no
             set
             Rules
             ,
             and
             therefore
             will
             depend
             upon
             the
             Accidents
             of
             War
             and
             Trade
             ;
             but
             some
             standing
             Rules
             may
             be
             thought
             on
             for
             the
             Rates
             of
             Exchange
             through
             the
             Kingdom
             ;
             upon
             which
             there
             will
             arise
             great
             part
             of
             the
             Gain
             ,
             and
             will
             be
             considerable
             in
             the
             Advantage
             and
             Ease
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             
             in
             quick
             circulating
             of
             the
             Money
             ,
             and
             the
             most
             effectual
             way
             for
             suppressing
             Highway-men
             ,
             for
             that
             no
             man
             need
             travel
             with
             more
             than
             Pocket-Money
             for
             his
             Expence
             ,
             when
             he
             may
             have
             Bank-Tickets
             to
             any
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             where
             he
             goes
             .
          
           
             There
             seems
             a
             difficulty
             ,
             Whether
             these
             Banks
             should
             pay
             any
             Interest-Money
             ,
             having
             so
             great
             a
             Fund
             ,
             with
             which
             ,
             and
             their
             Credit
             ,
             they
             may
             supply
             all
             the
             Wants
             and
             Employments
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             for
             that
             it
             will
             be
             impossible
             to
             hinder
             these
             Banks
             from
             having
             an
             Unlimited
             Credit
             ;
             so
             that
             perchance
             Two
             Millions
             of
             Ready
             Money
             may
             answer
             Ten
             Millions
             in
             the
             Currant
             Payment
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             for
             that
             few
             will
             take
             Money
             out
             ,
             but
             transfer
             from
             one
             account
             to
             another
             .
          
           
             And
             it
             is
             reasonable
             to
             suppose
             ,
             that
             most
             men
             will
             lodge
             their
             Money
             in
             Bank
             ,
             for
             the
             greatness
             of
             Security
             ,
             and
             saving
             the
             trouble
             and
             hazard
             of
             telling
             Money
             .
          
           
             For
             these
             Reasons
             it
             may
             be
             thought
             a
             Bank
             will
             pay
             no
             Interest
             ;
             and
             that
             may
             be
             injurious
             to
             the
             Nation
             in
             two
             respects
             :
             First
             ,
             It
             may
             necessitate
             many
             people
             to
             carry
             their
             Money
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             where
             they
             may
             make
             some
             Benefit
             by
             it
             ,
             when
             they
             are
             debarr'd
             from
             any
             Advantage
             at
             home
             .
             The
             other
             mischief
             it
             may
             do
             ,
             reaches
             Widows
             and
             Orphans
             ,
             whose
             Support
             often
             depends
             upon
             the
             Interest
             of
             their
             Money
             ;
             and
             if
             Banks
             pay
             none
             ,
             they
             will
             be
             able
             to
             set
             out
             at
             very
             low
             Interest
             ,
             more
             than
             the
             wants
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             will
             require
             .
          
           
           
             But
             that
             which
             I
             conceive
             may
             be
             an
             expedient
             in
             this
             case
             ,
             may
             be
             a
             Proviso
             in
             the
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             ,
             That
             these
             Banks
             shall
             set
             out
             no
             Money
             at
             Interest
             upon
             Real
             Estates
             ;
             by
             which
             means
             there
             will
             be
             room
             for
             private
             persons
             to
             set
             out
             Money
             upon
             Mortgages
             .
          
           
             These
             Banks
             being
             National
             ,
             may
             be
             so
             constituted
             as
             to
             retrieve
             that
             most
             considerable
             part
             of
             the
             Navigation
             of
             the
             Greenland
             and
             New-found-land
             Fishing
             :
             But
             because
             that
             may
             be
             discouraging
             to
             some
             persons
             that
             understand
             not
             Trade
             ,
             and
             only
             depend
             on
             their
             Money
             at
             Interest
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             necessary
             to
             shew
             ,
             That
             notwithstanding
             the
             Trade
             propos'd
             ,
             there
             shall
             be
             a
             certain
             Fund
             or
             Dividend
             of
             at
             least
             Five
             
               per
               cent
               .
               per
               Ann.
            
             besides
             the
             Profit
             of
             Trade
             ,
             and
             that
             may
             be
             done
             thus
             ;
             Supposing
             the
             Fund
             of
             Land
             to
             be
             valued
             at
             20
             years
             Purchase
             ,
             the
             Rent
             will
             be
             Five
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             for
             Two
             Millions
             ;
             then
             for
             the
             other
             Two
             Millions
             in
             Cash
             ,
             allowing
             but
             Five
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             more
             for
             the
             Gain
             of
             Exchange
             ,
             that
             compleats
             the
             Five
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             upon
             the
             whole
             Fund
             .
             This
             is
             a
             Certainty
             ,
             without
             reckoning
             any
             Advantage
             to
             be
             made
             by
             the
             Credit
             of
             the
             Bank
             ,
             and
             putting
             out
             Money
             to
             Interest
             .
          
           
             There
             will
             not
             be
             here
             room
             to
             mention
             the
             Modus
             or
             Advantages
             that
             will
             attend
             that
             most
             important
             Undertaking
             of
             the
             New-found-land
             Fishing
             :
             I
             shall
             only
             say
             ,
             it
             would
             employ
             all
             the
             loose
             and
             unprofitable
             hands
             in
             the
             Nation
             ;
             
             it
             would
             add
             Ten
             thousand
             Seamen
             to
             the
             Strength
             of
             it
             ;
             it
             would
             bring
             a
             Treasure
             into
             the
             Nation
             taken
             out
             of
             the
             Sea
             ;
             it
             would
             occasion
             the
             Consumption
             of
             great
             Quantities
             of
             Manufactories
             ;
             it
             would
             advance
             the
             Price
             ,
             and
             consume
             great
             Quantities
             of
             Provisions
             of
             this
             Kingdom
             ;
             for
             that
             New-found-land
             is
             no
             place
             for
             either
             Tillage
             or
             Cattel
             ,
             and
             we
             shall
             employ
             many
             Foreign
             Hands
             in
             that
             Trade
             .
          
           
             The
             Advantages
             that
             will
             arise
             to
             the
             Nation
             by
             these
             Banks
             ,
             need
             no
             explanation
             ,
             for
             that
             they
             are
             easy
             to
             every
             Understanding
             ;
             among
             the
             rest
             ,
             that
             of
             supplying
             the
             King
             with
             Money
             upon
             any
             Publick
             Funds
             ,
             as
             shall
             be
             appointed
             by
             Parliament
             ,
             is
             not
             the
             least
             .
          
           
             Lumbers
             for
             poor
             Artizans
             and
             others
             ,
             is
             an
             Appendix
             to
             Banks
             ,
             and
             may
             by
             Funds
             out
             of
             them
             in
             each
             County
             be
             supplied
             so
             ,
             as
             that
             the
             Poor
             may
             have
             Money
             to
             carry
             on
             their
             Trades
             and
             Employments
             on
             Pawns
             ,
             that
             may
             be
             so
             easy
             ,
             and
             with
             the
             advantage
             of
             selling
             in
             Publick
             Sales
             what
             they
             leave
             in
             Pledge
             ,
             and
             that
             what
             they
             borrow
             shall
             be
             of
             more
             advantage
             and
             ease
             to
             them
             than
             if
             the
             Money
             were
             lent
             them
             gratis
             ;
             and
             may
             be
             of
             great
             use
             in
             the
             improvement
             and
             enlarging
             the
             Manufactories
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             which
             are
             much
             discouraged
             by
             the
             necessities
             and
             hardships
             that
             are
             put
             on
             the
             poor
             for
             want
             of
             Sales
             ,
             which
             these
             Lumbers
             will
             supply
             ,
             and
             the
             best
             and
             readiest
             means
             for
             the
             poor
             to
             sell
             their
             Goods
             every
             Month
             ;
             whereas
             now
             they
             are
             
             often
             forced
             to
             sell
             their
             Labour
             to
             Shop-keepers
             at
             such
             rates
             ,
             as
             gives
             them
             little
             more
             than
             what
             their
             Materials
             cost
             them
             ;
             which
             hath
             the
             worse
             effect
             ,
             in
             that
             it
             encourages
             a
             set
             of
             Idle
             men
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             with
             folded
             Arms
             in
             a
             Shop
             ,
             to
             live
             upon
             the
             Ruins
             of
             Handicrafts-men
             ;
             their
             Numbers
             are
             increased
             even
             to
             a
             Nusance
             ,
             by
             their
             easy
             way
             of
             living
             on
             the
             Oppression
             of
             the
             Poor
             .
          
           
             If
             we
             took
             Presidents
             from
             abroad
             ,
             this
             evil
             would
             not
             have
             grown
             thus
             amongst
             us
             .
             It
             is
             observed
             ,
             That
             there
             is
             not
             so
             many
             Retailers
             in
             Amsterdam
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             in
             some
             Market-Towns
             in
             England
             ;
             and
             this
             evil
             is
             the
             more
             to
             be
             condemn'd
             ,
             since
             we
             want
             not
             a
             Statute
             to
             prevent
             it
             ;
             for
             in
             the
             5
             th
             .
             year
             of
             Queen
             Elizabeth
             a
             Statute
             pass'd
             ,
             That
             Artizans
             Sons
             should
             not
             be
             Apprentices
             to
             Shopkeepers
             :
             There
             was
             then
             none
             turn'd
             from
             Mechanical
             Arts
             to
             be
             Retailers
             ,
             as
             now
             there
             are
             Numbers
             that
             do
             ,
             and
             greatest
             part
             Quakers
             ,
             a
             People
             that
             for
             many
             reasons
             may
             be
             thought
             as
             unprofitable
             to
             the
             Nation
             as
             Jews
             ;
             and
             so
             I
             take
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             Retailers
             and
             Hawkers
             to
             be
             ;
             they
             ought
             as
             much
             to
             be
             restrained
             and
             kept
             to
             a
             Quantum
             ,
             as
             Hackney-Coachmen
             and
             Coffee-Houses
             ;
             for
             tho
             both
             ,
             if
             confin'd
             to
             Numbers
             ,
             are
             useful
             ,
             yet
             in
             their
             excess
             are
             Nurseries
             of
             Idleness
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             I
             am
             of
             opinion
             would
             have
             been
             provided
             against
             by
             our
             Ancestors
             ,
             had
             they
             sprung
             up
             in
             their
             days
             :
             But
             on
             this
             Subject
             ,
             among
             other
             Enormities
             ,
             I
             have
             writ
             at
             large
             in
             another
             Discourse
             ,
             
             which
             when
             the
             disposition
             of
             the
             Times
             will
             admit
             ,
             may
             come
             forth
             .
          
        
         
           
             Of
             Agriculture
             and
             Rural
             Imployments
             .
          
           
             BEfore
             I
             enter
             upon
             the
             Subject
             ,
             I
             must
             Apologize
             for
             my self
             ,
             that
             I
             am
             to
             the
             last
             degree
             ignorant
             of
             the
             Practick
             part
             of
             Husbandry
             ;
             the
             whole
             Course
             of
             my
             Life
             having
             been
             spent
             in
             Maritine-Towns
             ,
             or
             on
             the
             Sea.
             
          
           
             I
             beg
             pardon
             ,
             contrary
             to
             Custom
             ,
             before
             I
             commit
             the
             Error
             ,
             giving
             an
             instance
             of
             my
             ignorance
             in
             Country
             Matters
             ;
             which
             I
             should
             not
             trouble
             the
             Reader
             with
             ,
             if
             I
             did
             not
             think
             it
             divertive
             .
          
           
             It
             was
             in
             the
             32
             year
             of
             my
             Age
             ,
             that
             I
             first
             had
             a
             thought
             of
             Acres
             ;
             and
             being
             importun'd
             by
             Friends
             to
             fix
             something
             on
             the
             Land
             ,
             and
             not
             have
             all
             on
             the
             Sea
             ,
             I
             made
             a
             Purchase
             before
             I
             saw
             it
             ,
             for
             that
             I
             might
             do
             with
             as
             much
             Judgment
             ,
             as
             if
             had
             ;
             some
             time
             after
             I
             went
             to
             see
             the
             Purchase
             I
             had
             made
             ,
             and
             on
             the
             Road
             gave
             as
             much
             Diversion
             to
             my
             Friends
             ,
             in
             declaring
             my
             want
             of
             Understanding
             the
             Distinction
             and
             Names
             of
             every
             thing
             the
             Field
             produced
             ,
             as
             I
             did
             trouble
             to
             them
             to
             inform
             me
             ;
             tho
             it
             was
             near
             Harvest
             ,
             I
             knew
             not
             Barly
             from
             Wheat
             in
             the
             Ear
             ;
             and
             when
             I
             came
             to
             the
             Estate
             ,
             and
             riding
             thorow
             the
             Woods
             (
             of
             which
             there
             
             were
             great
             Quantities
             on
             the
             Land
             )
             ;
             I
             was
             yet
             more
             troublesome
             in
             asking
             the
             Names
             of
             Trees
             ,
             not
             being
             able
             to
             distinguish
             an
             Oak
             from
             an
             Ash
             ,
             or
             that
             from
             Wich-Hazel
             ,
             which
             made
             a
             merry
             Fellow
             ,
             a
             Ranger
             in
             the
             Woods
             ,
             say
             ,
             
               He
               had
               a
               Master
               he
               was
               sure
               would
               not
               question
               his
               Care
               or
               Honesty
               ,
               since
               he
               knew
               not
               a
               Tree
               from
               a
               Weed
               .
            
             After
             this
             Account
             of
             my self
             ,
             I
             hope
             to
             be
             excused
             ,
             if
             I
             mistake
             in
             any
             Point
             of
             Country
             and
             Land-Improvement
             ;
             nor
             shall
             I
             attempt
             to
             prescribe
             Rules
             ,
             or
             give
             my
             Opinion
             in
             these
             matters
             ,
             as
             I
             may
             venture
             to
             do
             in
             that
             of
             Trade
             ;
             and
             therefore
             as
             Rural
             Matters
             have
             relation
             to
             that
             ,
             so
             I
             shall
             here
             treat
             of
             the
             Plow
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Pruning-Hook
             ;
             the
             Field
             ,
             and
             the
             Orchard
             .
          
           
             How
             Land
             may
             be
             improved
             ,
             there
             cannot
             be
             a
             truer
             or
             greater
             President
             ,
             than
             that
             of
             the
             Land
             of
             Canaan
             ,
             a
             spot
             of
             Ground
             not
             so
             large
             ,
             as
             one
             third
             part
             of
             England
             ,
             yet
             maintained
             double
             the
             People
             England
             doth
             .
             That
             the
             Fertility
             of
             the
             Soil
             did
             not
             make
             the
             difference
             in
             their
             great
             increase
             above
             ours
             ,
             is
             observed
             by
             such
             as
             Travel
             there
             ;
             that
             at
             this
             time
             under
             the
             manage
             of
             the
             Lazy
             Turk
             ,
             that
             Land
             is
             much
             worse
             ,
             and
             brings
             forth
             less
             increase
             than
             ours
             .
             So
             then
             it
             is
             apparent
             ,
             Labour
             and
             Industry
             makes
             the
             difference
             .
             Now
             ,
             if
             the
             foregoing
             Computation
             be
             right
             ,
             that
             there
             were
             near
             double
             the
             People
             in
             that
             little
             Spot
             than
             there
             are
             in
             England
             ,
             (
             as
             there
             is
             reason
             to
             believe
             )
             for
             that
             in
             David's
             Reign
             the
             Number
             of
             Fighting-men
             was
             1510000
             ,
             
             besides
             the
             Two
             Tribes
             not
             brought
             into
             the
             Account
             ;
             this
             being
             allowed
             ,
             it
             will
             follow
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             not
             one
             Sixth
             part
             made
             of
             the
             Land
             of
             England
             ,
             as
             might
             be
             :
             But
             to
             this
             ,
             might
             be
             said
             ,
             the
             want
             of
             Hands
             is
             the
             cause
             of
             our
             scant
             Production
             ;
             and
             that
             nothing
             but
             Crouds
             forceth
             Labour
             ;
             this
             is
             true
             as
             to
             matter
             of
             fact
             ,
             but
             not
             so
             as
             to
             be
             without
             a
             Remedy
             :
             Nmbers
             of
             People
             make
             Laws
             for
             Industry
             out
             of
             necessity
             ,
             and
             good
             Laws
             may
             do
             the
             same
             with
             this
             Advantage
             ,
             that
             enlarging
             the
             Labour
             in
             Rural
             Affairs
             ,
             will
             produce
             more
             than
             is
             consumed
             in
             the
             Nation
             ;
             and
             that
             adds
             to
             the
             Treasure
             of
             it
             :
             Whereas
             Numbers
             of
             Hands
             that
             only
             work
             to
             feed
             themselves
             ,
             adds
             nothing
             to
             the
             Riches
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
             Now
             as
             Riches
             increase
             ,
             so
             will
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Men
             (
             which
             is
             indeed
             the
             best
             Treasure
             )
             ;
             we
             see
             this
             in
             the
             
               United
               Provinces
            
             ,
             where
             all
             Nations
             flock
             as
             Fowl
             where
             they
             find
             best
             feeding
             ;
             Money
             is
             so
             to
             Men
             ,
             and
             where
             that
             abounds
             ,
             Labour
             and
             Industry
             is
             encouraged
             ;
             but
             to
             sit
             down
             with
             an
             Opinion
             ,
             that
             England
             cannot
             be
             improved
             for
             want
             of
             People
             ,
             is
             too
             mean
             and
             abject
             for
             Englishmen
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             a
             visible
             Prospect
             how
             great
             Improvements
             may
             be
             made
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             by
             the
             Hands
             we
             have
             ;
             and
             if
             that
             were
             done
             ,
             we
             should
             soon
             have
             more
             .
          
           
             There
             are
             thousands
             of
             Persons
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             that
             beg
             ,
             who
             might
             be
             serviceable
             in
             many
             things
             relating
             to
             the
             Plow
             ;
             if
             lame
             
             in
             their
             Feet
             ,
             yet
             they
             may
             weed
             Corn
             ,
             that
             perchance
             now
             takes
             up
             the
             time
             of
             a
             lusty
             Man.
             
          
           
             A
             Blind
             man
             may
             carry
             Burthens
             in
             company
             with
             other
             ;
             a
             Man
             without
             Hands
             may
             look
             to
             Cattle
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             There
             are
             numbers
             of
             Men
             of
             no
             Employment
             ,
             that
             we
             have
             Laws
             that
             might
             oblige
             to
             Work
             ,
             and
             if
             they
             are
             not
             full
             enough
             to
             reach
             them
             ,
             they
             may
             be
             made
             to
             do
             it
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             also
             another
             Set
             of
             Men
             that
             are
             lost
             in
             the
             Nation
             under
             the
             Cover
             of
             being
             Serving-men
             and
             Footmen
             .
             Now
             this
             might
             be
             restrained
             ,
             and
             Men
             confined
             to
             the
             Numbers
             they
             keep
             according
             to
             their
             Quality
             ,
             which
             if
             done
             ,
             might
             add
             to
             the
             Plow
             ,
             and
             other
             Country
             Employments
             ,
             many
             thousands
             in
             this
             Nation
             .
          
           
             I
             differ
             with
             them
             ,
             who
             complain
             of
             our
             Gentries
             humour
             of
             taking
             
               French
               Valets
               de
               Chambres
            
             .
             I
             wish
             there
             were
             a
             Law
             that
             none
             but
             such
             should
             be
             taken
             into
             such
             Employments
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             that
             no
             Gentleman
             should
             have
             above
             one
             Englishman
             in
             his
             Family
             in
             Service
             ,
             as
             a
             Waiter
             or
             Foot-man
             ;
             this
             would
             drive
             Young
             men
             into
             the
             Country
             to
             Labour
             ,
             when
             they
             had
             no
             expectation
             of
             a
             Lazy
             Life
             and
             Maintenance
             ,
             as
             now
             they
             have
             .
          
           
             Tho
             this
             is
             a
             General
             Complaint
             thorow
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             of
             the
             want
             of
             Men
             for
             the
             Plow
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Wages
             of
             a
             Plow-man
             is
             
             risen
             from
             5
             to
             10
             
               l.
               per
               Annum
            
             ,
             no
             man
             will
             say
             ,
             it
             is
             because
             there
             are
             not
             Men
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             but
             it
             is
             because
             there
             are
             easier
             ways
             to
             get
             a
             Living
             ;
             tho
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             if
             those
             that
             chuse
             that
             idle
             Life
             of
             waiting
             on
             Gentlemen
             ,
             did
             but
             consider
             their
             hazard
             of
             begging
             their
             Bread
             in
             their
             Old
             Age
             ,
             or
             sooner
             ,
             if
             Sickness
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             Accident
             befal
             them
             :
             Whereas
             there
             are
             few
             instances
             of
             Labouring-men
             in
             the
             Country
             that
             come
             to
             such
             misfortunes
             ;
             many
             from
             the
             Plow
             or
             Orchard
             ,
             arrive
             to
             a
             decent
             Living
             and
             Competency
             ,
             but
             few
             from
             holding
             a
             Plate
             .
          
           
             I
             have
             often
             lamented
             the
             sight
             of
             Four
             or
             five
             lusty
             young
             Fellows
             hanging
             at
             the
             Tail
             of
             a
             Coach
             ,
             when
             they
             are
             wanted
             at
             the
             Plow
             ;
             and
             since
             it
             is
             not
             practicable
             to
             get
             Plow-men
             from
             France
             ,
             but
             is
             to
             get
             Foot-men
             and
             
               Valets
               de
               Chambres
            
             ,
             to
             me
             it
             would
             seem
             a
             good
             Law
             to
             prohibit
             Englishmen
             from
             such
             Employments
             ,
             and
             that
             would
             bring
             in
             French
             and
             other
             Foreigners
             enough
             to
             supply
             their
             places
             .
          
           
             Thus
             I
             have
             laid
             down
             my
             thoughts
             of
             adding
             hands
             to
             our
             Country
             Employments
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             improved
             by
             better
             Judgments
             .
             All
             I
             shall
             further
             say
             ,
             is
             ,
             That
             to
             me
             it
             seems
             plain
             ,
             that
             there
             might
             be
             40000
             Persons
             added
             to
             those
             we
             now
             have
             in
             Country
             Employments
             ,
             and
             they
             would
             so
             advance
             ,
             and
             enlarge
             Rural
             Production
             ,
             as
             would
             invite
             
             Numbers
             ,
             both
             at
             home
             and
             from
             abroad
             ,
             into
             the
             Country
             ,
             which
             hath
             been
             for
             some
             Ages
             so
             much
             neglected
             ;
             the
             humor
             of
             this
             Nation
             running
             too
             much
             after
             the
             French
             ,
             I
             mean
             those
             of
             them
             that
             come
             abroad
             ;
             for
             their
             Peasantry
             never
             do
             ;
             those
             we
             have
             from
             them
             are
             Artizans
             or
             Lacquies
             ,
             and
             such
             too
             many
             of
             our
             Nation
             affect
             to
             be
             ,
             and
             so
             quit
             their
             Country
             Employments
             ;
             I
             mean
             not
             by
             this
             ,
             any
             discouragement
             to
             Manufactories
             ,
             they
             cannot
             exceed
             ;
             but
             some
             have
             too
             many
             that
             attend
             them
             ,
             especially
             such
             as
             are
             consumed
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             which
             advanceth
             the
             Vanity
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             whilst
             the
             most
             solid
             Improvements
             and
             Employments
             of
             it
             are
             neglected
             for
             want
             of
             hands
             ;
             and
             if
             what
             is
             here
             proposed
             may
             produce
             and
             bring
             Numbers
             into
             Country
             Labours
             ,
             the
             next
             enquiry
             will
             be
             ,
             how
             to
             Employ
             them
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             make
             Plowing
             and
             Land-Improvements
             as
             much
             a
             Trade
             and
             Manufactory
             as
             other
             Manual
             Arts
             ;
             for
             that
             which
             hath
             always
             discouraged
             Tillage
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             hath
             been
             the
             practice
             of
             making
             Provision
             for
             no
             more
             than
             the
             Expence
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             whereas
             if
             such
             quantities
             of
             Grain
             was
             Sowed
             as
             might
             make
             it
             a
             Commodity
             for
             Exports
             ,
             that
             would
             soon
             invite
             Merchants
             to
             Exportation
             .
          
           
             The
             Statute
             which
             was
             made
             for
             encouragement
             of
             Tillage
             ,
             was
             for
             that
             part
             of
             allowance
             
             at
             the
             Custom-House
             of
             good
             use
             ;
             but
             something
             more
             must
             be
             done
             to
             make
             Corn
             a
             Commodity
             for
             Exportation
             ,
             and
             that
             must
             be
             to
             have
             quantities
             yearly
             Sowed
             beyond
             the
             Expence
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             that
             so
             Merchants
             may
             be
             sure
             of
             a
             constant
             Trade
             ,
             as
             they
             have
             in
             the
             Sound
             ;
             where
             the
             Country
             depend
             as
             much
             on
             their
             Harvest
             ,
             as
             France
             doth
             on
             its
             Vintage
             ;
             and
             Merchants
             being
             sure
             of
             a
             constant
             supply
             ,
             make
             Provision
             for
             the
             Trade
             ;
             whereas
             ours
             is
             only
             a
             chance
             Market
             ,
             when
             the
             Harvest
             proves
             beyond
             expectation
             ,
             and
             often
             failing
             ,
             puts
             us
             upon
             Importing
             Corn
             from
             other
             parts
             :
             This
             in
             a
             Country
             so
             natural
             for
             Grain
             ,
             and
             that
             lies
             so
             near
             Holland
             ,
             which
             fetcheth
             such
             quantities
             from
             abroad
             ,
             may
             be
             thought
             not
             the
             least
             of
             our
             mistakes
             in
             Trade
             and
             Commerce
             :
             To
             me
             ,
             I
             confess
             ,
             it
             seems
             a
             great
             neglect
             ,
             to
             see
             so
             many
             Acres
             set
             for
             Five
             or
             Ten
             Shillings
             an
             Acre
             ,
             and
             the
             Tenants
             scarce
             able
             to
             pay
             that
             ,
             which
             under
             Corn
             might
             yeild
             to
             the
             Farmer
             Five
             Pounds
             ;
             and
             though
             part
             of
             that
             goes
             in
             Labour
             ,
             yet
             the
             whole
             is
             so
             much
             added
             to
             the
             Treasure
             of
             the
             Nation
             ;
             and
             would
             be
             the
             greatest
             advantage
             to
             the
             Rent
             of
             Lands
             that
             ever
             was
             ,
             or
             can
             be
             by
             any
             other
             means
             raised
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             Now
             that
             what
             I
             here
             propose
             may
             appear
             practicable
             ,
             something
             shall
             be
             offer'd
             that
             ,
             I
             conceive
             may
             shew
             what
             I
             here
             set
             down
             to
             be
             more
             than
             meerly
             Notional
             .
          
           
           
             1.
             
             First
             then
             as
             to
             the
             Grain
             ,
             which
             is
             most
             in
             demand
             in
             Foreign
             Markets
             ,
             and
             they
             are
             Rye
             for
             Holland
             ,
             Horse-Beans
             for
             Bilboa
             ,
             and
             Barly
             for
             Portugal
             ;
             I
             mention
             not
             Wheat
             ,
             because
             that
             we
             have
             most
             of
             ,
             but
             the
             other
             three
             is
             least
             propagated
             in
             England
             ,
             though
             the
             most
             proper
             for
             Exportation
             ,
             and
             seems
             possible
             ,
             considering
             how
             much
             nearer
             we
             lye
             to
             a
             Market
             than
             Dantzick
             ,
             to
             be
             exported
             from
             England
             as
             Cheap
             as
             from
             any
             Part
             ;
             and
             as
             Quantities
             in
             other
             Commodities
             enables
             the
             Seller
             of
             them
             to
             abate
             in
             Price
             of
             what
             they
             can
             when
             they
             are
             scarce
             ;
             so
             it
             would
             be
             in
             this
             of
             Corn
             ;
             when
             a
             Farmer
             is
             more
             sure
             of
             a
             Market
             for
             Twenty
             Acres
             of
             Corn
             ,
             than
             he
             is
             now
             of
             Five
             ;
             he
             may
             abate
             of
             his
             Price
             ,
             and
             yet
             be
             a
             greater
             Gainer
             than
             when
             he
             hath
             but
             a
             little
             ,
             and
             a
             greater
             Price
             ;
             we
             account
             it
             so
             in
             all
             other
             Commodities
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             For
             Encouragement
             of
             making
             Corn
             an
             Export
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             be
             remembred
             ,
             That
             we
             send
             most
             of
             our
             Ships
             light
             to
             Bilboa
             and
             Lisbon
             ;
             so
             that
             will
             help
             our
             Navigation
             that
             loads
             our
             Ships
             ;
             then
             it
             is
             to
             be
             considered
             ,
             that
             our
             Exports
             to
             Lisbon
             ,
             do
             not
             answer
             our
             Imports
             from
             thence
             ,
             since
             we
             fetch
             so
             much
             Wine
             from
             Portugal
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             hoped
             since
             we
             have
             fallen
             into
             it
             ,
             we
             shall
             never
             exceed
             in
             French
             Wine
             :
             They
             neither
             can
             ,
             nor
             will
             take
             off
             our
             Commodities
             ;
             Corn
             they
             never
             did
             ,
             as
             Portugal
             will.
             
          
           
             The
             difficulty
             that
             appears
             to
             the
             introduction
             of
             this
             so
             profitable
             a
             disposition
             of
             the
             
             Lands
             of
             England
             ,
             is
             how
             to
             bring
             the
             Nation
             to
             it
             ;
             for
             all
             new
             things
             are
             hardly
             propagated
             .
          
           
             Three
             things
             I
             submit
             ,
             that
             to
             me
             seem
             of
             strength
             to
             bring
             the
             Nation
             into
             it
             :
             And
             they
             are
             these
             ,
          
           
             1.
             
             That
             a
             Statute
             be
             made
             to
             oblige
             all
             persons
             to
             a
             certain
             Proportion
             of
             Plowing
             ,
             according
             to
             what
             they
             keep
             in
             Grazing
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             That
             all
             Land
             under
             Tillage
             shall
             be
             free
             from
             any
             manner
             of
             Tax
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             That
             some
             ease
             may
             be
             given
             as
             to
             the
             Tythe
             for
             what
             is
             Exported
             ;
             it
             is
             a
             heavy
             load
             and
             discouragement
             ,
             one
             tenth
             for
             that
             which
             goes
             out
             ;
             care
             should
             be
             taken
             to
             make
             what
             goes
             out
             as
             Cheap
             as
             possible
             ,
             that
             so
             no
             other
             Country
             might
             Undersel
             us
             ;
             I
             would
             not
             be
             thought
             to
             lessen
             the
             Income
             of
             the
             Clergy
             ;
             to
             the
             contrary
             ,
             I
             think
             ,
             they
             ought
             to
             partake
             of
             all
             the
             Increase
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ;
             and
             what
             I
             here
             propose
             ,
             would
             be
             for
             their
             advantage
             ,
             by
             encouraging
             the
             greater
             Exports
             ;
             and
             ways
             might
             be
             found
             to
             give
             some
             encouragement
             from
             them
             to
             the
             Plow-man
             ,
             that
             might
             be
             easy
             to
             both
             .
             But
             to
             all
             that
             hath
             been
             said
             for
             encouragement
             of
             Tillage
             ,
             there
             appears
             a
             seeming
             Objection
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             ,
             We
             often
             see
             Corn
             so
             Cheap
             ,
             that
             the
             Farmers
             are
             broke
             by
             it
             ,
             and
             what
             would
             they
             do
             with
             double
             the
             Quantities
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             hoped
             this
             Law
             and
             Encouragement
             might
             produce
             ?
             This
             is
             partly
             answered
             before
             ,
             
             That
             the
             reason
             why
             we
             want
             a
             Market
             for
             our
             Corn
             ,
             is
             because
             we
             have
             not
             always
             Store
             ,
             and
             so
             Merchants
             make
             no
             Provision
             for
             the
             Trade
             ,
             nor
             will
             quit
             a
             place
             where
             they
             are
             sure
             of
             Supply
             ;
             so
             if
             once
             it
             were
             known
             that
             England
             set
             upon
             the
             Trade
             of
             Corn
             ,
             there
             would
             not
             be
             want
             of
             Buyers
             ;
             it
             is
             not
             to
             be
             imagined
             how
             soon
             the
             Plenty
             of
             a
             Commodity
             makes
             a
             Trade
             ;
             I
             remember
             when
             we
             imported
             quantities
             of
             Silk
             Stockins
             from
             the
             Levant
             ,
             but
             as
             soon
             as
             we
             had
             the
             Invention
             of
             Looms
             ,
             the
             stream
             turned
             ,
             and
             we
             send
             them
             there
             .
             Plenty
             makes
             Cheapness
             ,
             and
             that
             increaseth
             Trade
             .
          
           
             But
             there
             is
             another
             Answer
             to
             be
             given
             for
             the
             want
             of
             a
             Market
             for
             our
             Corn
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             ,
             We
             run
             most
             on
             Wheat
             ,
             and
             neglect
             those
             sorts
             before-mentioned
             ,
             which
             are
             most
             in
             demand
             abroad
             ,
             and
             of
             which
             we
             could
             never
             exceed
             ,
             but
             the
             more
             we
             provide
             ,
             the
             greater
             will
             the
             Price
             be
             ;
             for
             Quantities
             ,
             as
             is
             before
             said
             ,
             brings
             numbers
             of
             Buyers
             ;
             whereas
             where
             there
             are
             not
             Stores
             of
             a
             Commodity
             ,
             Buyers
             are
             but
             few
             ,
             and
             then
             they
             set
             the
             Market
             ,
             and
             have
             the
             Commodity
             at
             their
             own
             Rate
             .
          
           
             I
             shall
             end
             this
             First
             Part
             of
             my
             Essays
             as
             I
             began
             them
             ,
             Truth
             may
             be
             allowed
             repetition
             ;
             That
             as
             this
             Nation
             never
             more
             wanted
             Thoughts
             and
             Endeavours
             to
             enlarge
             and
             improve
             their
             Navigation
             and
             Commerce
             than
             now
             (
             having
             so
             Potent
             a
             Neighbour
             as
             the
             
             French
             that
             grow
             upon
             us
             )
             so
             ,
             Blessed
             be
             God
             ,
             England
             never
             had
             a
             greater
             Monarch
             that
             lays
             out
             himself
             to
             make
             us
             a
             great
             and
             flourishing
             People
             :
             If
             we
             are
             wanting
             to
             our selves
             ,
             it
             is
             our
             fault
             ,
             and
             will
             be
             our
             misfortune
             ;
             Measures
             for
             Trade
             must
             arise
             from
             the
             Subject
             ,
             Grants
             and
             Concessions
             from
             the
             King.
             
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           Books
           Printed
           for
           ,
           and
           Sold
           by
           
             Thomas
             Cockeril
          
           ,
           at
           the
           Three
           Leggs
           in
           the
           
             Poultrey
             ,
             London
          
           .
        
         
           THE
           Instrumentality
           of
           Faith
           ,
           Asserted
           ,
           Proved
           ,
           Explained
           ,
           Compared
           with
           ,
           and
           Preferred
           to
           a
           Conditional
           Relation
           thereof
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           Pardon
           and
           Happiness
           ,
           when
           seriously
           taken
           in
           a
           Legal
           or
           Foederal
           sence
           ,
           By
           
             W.
             Cross
          
           .
           M.
           A.
           
        
         
           Good
           Deeds
           done
           for
           God's
           House
           :
           A
           Sermon
           Preached
           on
           the
           occasion
           of
           the
           Death
           of
           Dr.
           
             Jeremiah
             Butt
          
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Physitians
           appointed
           for
           His
           Majesties
           Fleet.
           By
           
             Ed
             Veal
          
           .
        
         
           Infant-Baptism
           God's
           Ordinance
           :
           Or
           a
           clear
           proof
           ,
           that
           all
           the
           Children
           of
           believing
           parents
           are
           in
           the
           Covenant
           of
           Grace
           ,
           and
           have
           as
           much
           Right
           to
           Baptism
           ,
           the
           now
           Seal
           of
           the
           Covenant
           ,
           as
           the
           Infant-Seed
           of
           the
           Jews
           had
           to
           Circumsion
           ,
           the
           then
           Seal
           of
           the
           Covenant
           .
           By
           
             Michael
             Harrison
          
           .
        
         
           A
           Remedy
           against
           Trouble
           ,
           in
           a
           Discourse
           on
           John
           14.
           1.
           
           Wherein
           something
           is
           also
           briefly
           attempted
           ,
           for
           clearing
           the
           nature
           of
           Faith
           ;
           of
           Justification
           ;
           of
           the
           Covenant
           of
           Grace
           ,
           Assurance
           ,
           the
           Witness
           ,
           Seal
           and
           Earnest
           of
           the
           Spirit
           ;
           and
           Preparation
           for
           Conversion
           ,
           or
           the
           Necessity
           of
           Holiness
           .
           By
           
             Henry
             Lukin
          
           .
        
         
           A
           Discourse
           of
           Schism
           .
           By
           
             Edward
             Polhill
          
           Esq
           ;
           of
           Burwash
           in
           Sussex
           .
        
         
           
             Eutropii
             Historiae
             Romanae
             Breviarium
             ab
             urbe
             Conditum
             usque
             ad
             Valentianum
             &
             Valentem
             Augustos
             .
             Ex
             recensione
             &
             cum
             Notulis
             Tanquilli
             Fabri
             ut
             &
             Sexti
             Aurelii
             Victoris
             de
             Vires
             Illustribus
             .
             Liber
             in
             Usum
             Scholarum
             .
          
        
         
           
             Phaedri
             Augusti
             Caesaris
             Liberti
             Fabularum
             Aesopiarum
             ▪
             Libri
             Quinque
             .
             In
             usum
             Serenissimi
             Delphini
             .
             Notis
             Illustravit
             Petrus
             Danet
             .
          
        
         
           
             Geography
             Rectified
          
           ;
           or
           a
           Description
           of
           the
           World
           in
           all
           its
           Kingdoms
           ,
           Provinces
           ,
           Countreys
           ,
           Islands
           ,
           Cities
           ,
           Towns
           ,
           Seas
           ,
           Rivers
           ,
           Bayes
           ,
           Capes
           ,
           Names
           ,
           Inhabitants
           ,
           Scituations
           ,
           Histories
           ,
           Customs
           ,
           Commodities
           ,
           Government
           .
           Illustrated
           with
           about
           80
           Maps
           .
           Third
           Edition
           .
           By
           
             Robert
             Morden
          
           .
        
         
         
           Instructions
           about
           Heart-work
           ,
           what
           is
           to
           be
           done
           on
           God's
           Part
           and
           ours
           ,
           for
           the
           Cure
           and
           keeping
           of
           the
           Heart
           ,
           &c.
           By
           that
           Eminent
           Gospel-Minister
           ,
           Mr.
           
             Richard
             Alleyn
          
           .
           With
           a
           Preface
           by
           Dr.
           Annesley
           .
           The
           2d
           Edition
           .
        
         
           The
           Evidence
           of
           Things
           not
           seen
           :
           Or
           divers
           Spiritual
           and
           Philosophical
           Discourses
           ,
           concerning
           the
           state
           of
           Holy
           Men
           after
           Death
           .
           By
           that
           Eminently
           Learned
           Divine
           ,
           
             Moses
             Amyraldus
          
           .
           Translated
           out
           of
           the
           French
           Tongue
           ,
           by
           a
           Minister
           of
           the
           Church
           of
           England
           .
        
         
           Poems
           on
           several
           Occasions
           ,
           with
           a
           Pastoral
           :
           To
           which
           is
           added
           ,
           A
           Discourse
           of
           Life
           .
           By
           
             John
             ●utchin
          
           .
        
         
           A
           succinct
           and
           seasonable
           Discourse
           of
           the
           Occasions
           ,
           Causes
           ,
           Natures
           ,
           Rise
           ,
           Growth
           and
           Remedies
           of
           
             Mental
             Errors
          
           .
           To
           which
           is
           added
           ,
           (
           1.
           )
           An
           Answer
           to
           Mr.
           Cary
           against
           Infant-Baptism
           .
           (
           2.
           )
           An
           Answer
           to
           some
           Antinomian
           Errors
           .
           (
           3
           )
           A
           Sermon
           about
           Union
           .
           By
           
             John
             Flavel
          
           .
        
         
           Mr.
           Flavel's
           Remains
           ,
           being
           two
           Sermons
           .
           The
           one
           preached
           at
           Dartmouth
           in
           Devon
           ,
           on
           the
           day
           of
           the
           Coronation
           of
           Their
           Majesties
           .
           The
           latter
           intended
           to
           be
           Preached
           at
           a
           Meeting
           of
           the
           United
           Ministers
           of
           several
           Counties
           .
           With
           some
           Account
           of
           his
           Life
           .
        
         
           A
           Discourse
           of
           Regeneration
           ,
           Faith
           and
           Repentance
           ,
           Preached
           at
           the
           Merchants
           Lecture
           in
           Broad-street
           .
           By
           
             The
             Cole
          
           ,
           Minister
           of
           the
           Gospel
           .
        
         
           A
           Discourse
           of
           Christian
           Religion
           in
           sundry
           Points
           ,
           viz.
           Christ
           the
           Hope
           of
           Glory
           ;
           what
           it
           is
           to
           know
           God
           in
           Christ
           ;
           Christ
           the
           only
           Saviour
           ,
           the
           only
           Mediator
           ,
           Foundation
           of
           our
           Adoption
           ,
           &c.
           
           Preached
           at
           the
           Merchants
           Lecture
           .
           By
           
             Tho
             Cole
          
           .
        
         
           
             Geography
             Anatomized
          
           :
           Or
           a
           Compleat
           Geographical
           Grammar
           ;
           being
           a
           short
           and
           exact
           Analysis
           of
           the
           whole
           Body
           of
           Modern
           Geography
           ,
           after
           a
           new
           ,
           plain
           ,
           and
           easy
           method
           ,
           whereby
           any
           person
           may
           in
           a
           short
           time
           attain
           to
           the
           knowledge
           of
           that
           most
           noble
           and
           useful
           Science
           ,
           &c.
           
           To
           which
           is
           subjoined
           the
           present
           state
           of
           the
           European
           plantations
           in
           the
           East
           and
           West-Indies
           ,
           with
           a
           reasonable
           proposal
           for
           the
           propagation
           of
           the
           Gospel
           in
           all
           Pagan
           Countries
           .
           Illustrated
           with
           divers
           Maps
           .
           By
           
             Patrick
             Gordon
          
           ,
           M.
           A.