Historical relations, or, A discovery of the true causes why Ireland was never intirely subdu'd nor brought under obedience of the Crown of England until the beginning of the reign of King James of happy memory / by ... John Davis ...
         Davies, John, 1625-1693.
      
       
         
           1666
        
      
       Approx. 309 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 135 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images.
       
         Text Creation Partnership,
         Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :
         2007-10 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).
         A37237
         Wing D402
         ESTC R14019
         11914920
         ocm 11914920
         50943
         
           
            This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of
             Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal
            . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
          
        
      
       
         Early English books online.
      
       
         (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A37237)
         Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 50943)
         Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 813:12)
      
       
         
           
             Historical relations, or, A discovery of the true causes why Ireland was never intirely subdu'd nor brought under obedience of the Crown of England until the beginning of the reign of King James of happy memory / by ... John Davis ...
             Davies, John, 1625-1693.
          
           
             The third edition corrected and amended.
          
           [4], 225 p.
           
             Printed for Samuel Dancer ...,
             Dublin :
             1666.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in Cambridge University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford.
         Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors.
      
       
         EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO.
         EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org).
         The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source.
         Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data.
         Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so.
         Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor.
         The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines.
         Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements).
         
          Keying and markup guidelines are available at the
           Text Creation Partnership web site
          .
        
      
       
         
         
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           Ireland -- History -- 17th century.
        
      
    
     
        2005-06 TCP
        Assigned for keying and markup
      
        2006-01 SPi Global
        Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images
      
        2007-01 Ali Jakobson
        Sampled and proofread
      
        2007-01 Ali Jakobson
        Text and markup reviewed and edited
      
        2007-02 pfs
        Batch review (QC) and XML conversion
      
    
  
   
     
       
         
         
         
           HISTORICAL
           RELATIONS
           :
           OR
           ,
           A
           DISCOVERY
           Of
           the
           true
           causes
           why
           IRELAND
           Was
           never
           intirely
           Subdu'd
           nor
           brought
           under
           obedience
           OF
           THE
           CROWN
           OF
           ENGLAND
           .
        
         
           UNTIL
           The
           beginning
           of
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           James
           of
           happy
           memory
           .
        
         
           By
           Sir
           
             John
             Davis
          
           Knight
           .
        
         
           His
           Majesties
           Attorney
           General
           of
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           The
           third
           Edition
           corrected
           and
           amended
           .
        
         
           Dublin
           ,
           Printed
           for
           
             Samuel
             Dancer
          
           ,
           Bookseller
           in
           Castlestreet
           .
           1666.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           THE
           PRINTER
           TO
           THE
           READER
           .
        
         
           THE
           former
           Edition
           of
           this
           Book
           being
           rarely
           now
           to
           be
           got
           ,
           and
           much
           sought
           after
           by
           many
           ,
           for
           the
           worth
           thereof
           ,
           I
           procured
           from
           the
           Honourable
           Sir
           
             James
             Ware
          
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           former
           printed
           Books
           ,
           according
           to
           which
           I
           now
           publish
           this
           second
           Edition
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Author
           of
           the
           Work
           ,
           was
           Sir
           
             John
             Davis
          
           ,
           a
           Learned
           man
           ,
           and
           an
           excellent
           Orator
           ,
           who
           for
           his
           great
           Abilities
           ,
           was
           by
           King
           James
           first
           made
           His
           Solicitor
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           his
           Attorney-General
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           of
           Ireland
           :
           Which
           Place
           he
           discharged
           for
           divers
           years
           ,
           and
           having
           access
           to
           the
           Records
           ,
           from
           them
           ,
           for
           the
           most
           part
           ,
           as
           from
           the
           purest
           Fountains
           ,
           he
           gathered
           these
           his
           Observations
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           A
           DISCOVERY
           OF
           THE
           True
           causes
           why
           Ireland
           was
           never
           entirely
           subdued
           ,
           and
           brought
           under
           obedience
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           until
           the
           beginning
           of
           His
           Majesties
           happy
           Reign
           .
        
         
           DUring
           the
           time
           of
           my
           Service
           in
           IRELAND
           (
           which
           began
           in
           the
           first
           year
           of
           His
           Majesties
           Reign
           )
           I
           have
           visited
           also
           the
           Provinces
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           ,
           in
           sundry
           journeys
           and
           circuits
           .
           Wherein
           I
           have
           observed
           the
           good
           Temperature
           of
           the
           Ayre
           ;
           the
           Fruitfulness
           of
           
           the
           Soyl
           ;
           the
           pleasant
           and
           commodious
           seats
           for
           habitation
           ;
           the
           safe
           and
           large
           Ports
           and
           Havens
           lying
           open
           for
           Traffick
           ,
           into
           all
           the
           West
           parts
           of
           the
           World
           ;
           the
           long
           Inlets
           of
           many
           Navigable
           Rivers
           ,
           and
           so
           many
           great
           Lakes
           ,
           and
           fresh
           Ponds
           within
           the
           Land
           ;
           (
           as
           the
           like
           are
           not
           to
           be
           seen
           in
           any
           part
           of
           Europe
           )
           the
           rich
           Fishings
           ,
           and
           Wilde
           Fowl
           of
           all
           kinds
           ;
           and
           lastly
           ,
           the
           Bodies
           and
           Mindes
           of
           the
           people
           ,
           endued
           with
           extraordinary
           abilities
           of
           Nature
           .
        
         
           THe
           observation
           whereof
           ,
           hath
           bred
           in
           me
           some
           curiosity
           ,
           to
           consider
           ,
           what
           were
           the
           true
           causes
           ,
           why
           
             this
             Kingdom
          
           ,
           whereof
           our
           Kings
           of
           England
           have
           borne
           the
           Title
           of
           
             Soveraign
             Lords
          
           ,
           for
           the
           space
           of
           four
           hundred
           and
           odde
           years
           (
           a
           period
           of
           time
           wherein
           divers
           great
           Monarchies
           have
           risen
           from
           Barbarism
           to
           Civility
           ,
           and
           fallen
           again
           to
           ruine
           )
           was
           not
           in
           al
           that
           space
           of
           time
           ,
           thoroughly
           subdued
           and
           reduced
           to
           Obedience
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           although
           there
           hath
           been
           almost
           a
           continual
           War
           between
           the
           
           English
           and
           the
           Irish
           ;
           and
           why
           the
           manners
           of
           the
           meer
           Irish
           are
           so
           little
           altered
           since
           the
           days
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           as
           appeareth
           by
           the
           description
           made
           by
           
             Giraldus
             Cambrensis
          
           ,
           (
           who
           lived
           and
           wrote
           in
           that
           time
           )
           albeit
           ,
           there
           have
           been
           since
           that
           time
           ,
           so
           many
           
             English
             Colonies
          
           planted
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           as
           that
           ,
           if
           the
           people
           were
           numbered
           at
           this
           day
           by
           the
           poll
           ,
           such
           as
           are
           descended
           of
           English
           race
           ,
           would
           be
           found
           more
           in
           number
           than
           the
           ancient
           Natives
           .
        
         
           AND
           truly
           ,
           upon
           consideration
           of
           the
           conduct
           and
           passage
           of
           affairs
           in
           former
           times
           ,
           I
           find
           ,
           that
           the
           State
           of
           England
           ought
           to
           be
           cleared
           of
           an
           imputation
           ,
           which
           a
           vulgar
           errour
           hath
           cast
           upon
           it
           ,
           in
           one
           point
           ;
           namely
           ,
           That
           Ireland
           
             long
             since
             might
             have
             been
             subdued
             and
             reduced
             to
          
           Civility
           ,
           
             if
             some
             Statesmen
             in
             policy
             ,
             had
             not
             thought
             it
             more
             fit
             to
             continue
             that
             Realm
             in
             Barbarism
             .
          
           Doubtless
           ,
           this
           vulgar
           opinion
           (
           or
           report
           )
           hath
           no
           true
           ground
           ,
           but
           did
           first
           arise
           either
           out
           of
           Ignorance
           ,
           or
           out
           of
           Malice
           .
           For
           it
           will
           appear
           by
           
           that
           which
           shall
           hereafter
           be
           laid
           down
           in
           this
           Discourse
           ,
           that
           ever
           since
           
             Our
             Nation
          
           had
           any
           footing
           in
           this
           Land
           ,
           the
           State
           of
           England
           did
           earnestly
           desire
           ,
           and
           I
           did
           accordingly
           endeavour
           from
           time
           to
           time
           ,
           to
           perfect
           the
           Conquest
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           but
           that
           in
           every
           age
           there
           were
           found
           such
           impediments
           and
           defects
           in
           both
           Realms
           ,
           as
           caused
           almost
           an
           impossibility
           ,
           that
           things
           should
           have
           been
           otherwise
           than
           they
           were
           .
        
         
           
           THe
           Defects
           which
           hindred
           the
           Perfection
           of
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           were
           of
           two
           kindes
           ,
           and
           consisted
           ,
           first
           ,
           
             In
             the
             faint
             prosecution
             of
             the
             war
             ,
          
           and
           next
           ,
           
             In
             the
             looseness
             of
             the
             Civil
             Government
             .
          
           For
           ,
           the
           Husbandman
           must
           first
           break
           the
           Land
           ,
           before
           it
           be
           made
           capable
           of
           good
           seed
           :
           and
           when
           it
           is
           thoroughly
           broken
           and
           manured
           ,
           if
           we
           do
           not
           forthwith
           cast
           good
           seed
           into
           it
           ,
           it
           will
           grow
           wilde
           again
           ,
           and
           bear
           nothing
           but
           weeds
           .
           So
           a
           barbarous
           Country
           must
           be
           first
           broken
           by
           a
           war
           ,
           before
           it
           will
           be
           capable
           of
           good
           Government
           ;
           and
           when
           it
           is
           fully
           subdued
           
           and
           conquered
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           not
           well
           planted
           and
           governed
           after
           the
           Conquest
           ,
           it
           will
           eft
           soons
           return
           to
           the
           former
           Barbarism
           .
        
         
           TOuching
           the
           carriage
           of
           the
           
             Martial
             affairs
          
           ,
           
           from
           the
           seventeenth
           year
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           when
           the
           first
           overture
           was
           made
           for
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           (
           I
           mean
           ,
           the
           first
           after
           the
           Norman
           Conquest
           of
           England
           )
           until
           the
           nine
           and
           thirtieth
           year
           of
           Queen
           ELIZABETH
           ,
           when
           that
           )
           Royal
           Army
           was
           sent
           over
           to
           suppress
           Tirones
           Rebellion
           ,
           which
           made
           in
           the
           end
           an
           universal
           and
           absolute
           conquest
           of
           all
           the
           Irishrie
           :
           It
           is
           most
           certain
           ,
           that
           the
           English
           forces
           sent
           hither
           ,
           or
           raised
           here
           from
           time
           to
           time
           ,
           were
           ever
           too
           weak
           to
           subdue
           and
           master
           so
           many
           warlike
           Nations
           (
           or
           Septs
           )
           of
           the
           Irish
           ,
           as
           did
           possess
           this
           Island
           ;
           and
           besides
           their
           weakness
           ,
           they
           were
           
             Ill
             paid
          
           ,
           and
           
             worse
             Governed
          
           .
           And
           if
           at
           any
           time
           there
           came
           over
           an
           Army
           of
           competent
           strength
           and
           power
           ,
           it
           did
           rather
           terrifie
           ,
           than
           break
           and
           subdue
           this
           people
           ,
           
           being
           ever
           broken
           and
           dissolved
           by
           some
           one
           accident
           or
           other
           ,
           before
           the
           perfection
           of
           the
           Conquest
           .
        
         
           
           FOR
           ,
           that
           I
           call
           a
           
             Perfect
             Conquest
          
           of
           a
           Countrey
           ,
           which
           doth
           reduce
           all
           the
           people
           thereof
           to
           the
           Condition
           of
           Subjects
           :
           and
           those
           I
           call
           Subjects
           ,
           which
           are
           governed
           by
           the
           ordinary
           Laws
           and
           Magistrates
           of
           the
           Soveraign
           .
           For
           ,
           though
           the
           Prince
           doth
           bear
           the
           Title
           of
           
             Soveraign
             Lord
          
           of
           an
           entire
           Countrey
           ,
           (
           as
           our
           Kings
           did
           of
           all
           Ireland
           )
           yet
           if
           there
           be
           two
           third
           parts
           of
           that
           Countrey
           wherein
           he
           cannot
           punish
           Treasons
           ,
           Murthers
           ,
           or
           Thefts
           ,
           unless
           he
           send
           an
           Army
           to
           do
           it
           ;
           if
           the
           Jurisdiction
           of
           his
           ordinary
           Courts
           of
           Justice
           doth
           not
           extend
           into
           those
           parts
           to
           protect
           the
           people
           from
           wrong
           and
           Oppression
           ;
           if
           he
           have
           no
           certain
           Revenue
           ,
           no
           Escheates
           or
           Forfeitures
           out
           of
           the
           same
           ,
           I
           cannot
           justly
           say
           ,
           that
           such
           a
           Countrey
           is
           wholly
           conquered
           .
        
         
         
           FIrst
           then
           ,
           
           That
           we
           may
           judge
           and
           discern
           whether
           the
           English
           Forces
           in
           Ireland
           were
           at
           any
           time
           of
           sufficient
           strength
           ,
           to
           make
           a
           full
           and
           final
           Conquest
           of
           that
           Land
           ,
           let
           us
           see
           what
           extraordinary
           Armies
           have
           been
           transmitted
           out
           of
           England
           thither
           ,
           and
           what
           ordinary
           Forces
           have
           been
           maintained
           there
           ,
           and
           what
           service
           they
           have
           performed
           from
           time
           to
           time
           ,
           since
           the
           seventeenth
           year
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           .
        
         
           IN
           that
           year
           ,
           
           
             Mac
             Murugh
          
           Lord
           of
           Leinster
           ,
           being
           oppressed
           by
           the
           Lords
           of
           Meath
           and
           Connaught
           ,
           and
           expelled
           out
           of
           his
           Territory
           ,
           moved
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           to
           invade
           Ireland
           ,
           and
           made
           an
           overture
           unto
           him
           for
           the
           obtaining
           of
           the
           Soveraign
           Lordship
           thereof
           .
           The
           King
           refused
           to
           undertake
           the
           War
           himself
           ,
           to
           avoid
           the
           charge
           (
           as
           King
           Henry
           the
           seventh
           refused
           to
           undertake
           the
           discovery
           of
           the
           Indies
           for
           the
           same
           cause
           )
           but
           he
           gave
           license
           by
           His
           Letters
           Patents
           ,
           
           
           that
           such
           of
           his
           Subjects
           might
           pass
           over
           into
           Ireland
           ,
           as
           would
           at
           their
           own
           charge
           become
           adventurers
           in
           that
           enterprize
           .
        
         
           
           SO
           as
           the
           
             first
             attempt
             to
             conquer
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             was
             but
             an
             adventure
             of
             a
             few
             private
             Gentlemen
             .
             Fitz-Stephen
          
           and
           Fitz-Gerald
           first
           brake
           the
           ice
           ,
           with
           a
           party
           of
           three
           hundred
           ninety
           men
           .
           The
           Earl
           Strongbow
           followed
           them
           with
           twelve
           hundred
           more
           ,
           whose
           good
           success
           upon
           the
           Sea-coasts
           of
           Leinster
           and
           Mounster
           ,
           drew
           over
           the
           King
           in
           person
           the
           next
           year
           after
           ,
           
             cum
             quingentis
             Militibus
          
           ,
           
           as
           
             Giraldus
             Cambrensis
          
           reporteth
           ,
           who
           was
           present
           in
           Ireland
           at
           that
           time
           .
           Which
           ,
           if
           they
           were
           but
           five
           hundred
           Souldiers
           ,
           seemeth
           too
           small
           a
           train
           for
           so
           great
           a
           Prince
           .
           But
           admit
           they
           were
           five
           hundred
           Knights
           ,
           yet
           because
           in
           those
           days
           every
           Knight
           was
           not
           a
           Commander
           of
           a
           Regiment
           ,
           or
           Company
           ,
           
           but
           most
           of
           them
           served
           as
           private
           men
           ,
           (
           sometimes
           a
           hundred
           Knights
           under
           a
           Spear
           )
           as
           appeareth
           by
           the
           Lists
           of
           the
           ancient
           Armies
           ,
           we
           
           cannot
           conjecture
           his
           army
           to
           have
           been
           so
           great
           ,
           as
           might
           suffice
           to
           conquer
           all
           Ireland
           ,
           being
           divided
           into
           so
           many
           Principalities
           ,
           and
           having
           so
           many
           Hydraes
           heads
           ,
           as
           it
           had
           at
           that
           time
           .
        
         
           For
           albeit
           ,
           Tacitus
           in
           the
           life
           of
           Agricola
           doth
           report
           ,
           that
           Agricola
           having
           subdued
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           Great
           Brittain
           ,
           did
           signifie
           to
           the
           Senate
           of
           Rome
           ,
           that
           he
           thought
           Ireland
           might
           also
           be
           conquered
           with
           one
           Legion
           ,
           and
           a
           few
           aids
           :
           I
           make
           no
           doubt
           ,
           but
           that
           if
           he
           had
           attempted
           the
           conquest
           thereof
           with
           a
           far
           greater
           army
           ,
           he
           would
           have
           found
           himself
           deceived
           in
           this
           conjecture
           .
           
             For
             ,
             a
             Barbarous
             Country
             is
             not
             so
             easily
             conquered
             ,
             as
             a
             Civil
             ,
             whereof
             Caesar
             had
             experience
             in
             his
             Wars
             against
             the
          
           Gau●es
           ,
           Germanes
           ,
           and
           Britaines
           ,
           
             who
             were
             subdued
             to
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             ,
             with
             far
             greater
             difficulty
             ,
             than
             the
             rich
             Kingdoms
             of
          
           Asia
           .
           
             And
             again
             ,
             a
             Country
             possessed
             with
             many
             petty
             Lords
             and
             States
             ,
             is
             not
             so
             soon
             brought
             under
             entirely
             ,
             as
             an
             entire
             Kingdom
             Governed
             by
             one
             Prince
             or
             Monarch
             .
             
             And
             therefore
             ,
             the
             late
             King
             of
          
           Spain
           ,
           
             could
             sooner
             win
             the
             Kingdom
             of
          
           Portugal
           ,
           
             than
             reduce
             the
             States
             of
             the
          
           Low-Countries
           .
        
         
           
           BUt
           let
           us
           see
           the
           success
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           Second
           ,
           doubtless
           his
           expedition
           was
           such
           ,
           as
           he
           might
           have
           said
           with
           
             Caesar
             ,
             veni
             ,
             vidi
             ,
             vici
             .
          
           For
           ,
           upon
           his
           first
           arrival
           ,
           his
           very
           Presence
           without
           drawing
           his
           Sword
           ,
           prevailed
           so
           much
           ,
           as
           all
           the
           Petty-Kings
           ,
           or
           
             great
             Lords
          
           within
           
             Leinster
             ,
             Conaght
          
           ,
           and
           Mounster
           ,
           submitted
           themselves
           unto
           him
           ,
           promised
           to
           pay
           him
           tribute
           ,
           and
           acknowledged
           him
           their
           chief
           and
           Soveraign
           Lord.
           Besides
           ,
           the
           better
           to
           assure
           this
           inconstant
           Sea-Nymph
           ,
           who
           was
           so
           easily
           wonne
           ,
           the
           Pope
           would
           needs
           give
           her
           unto
           him
           with
           a
           Ring
           ,
           
             Conjugio
             jungam
             stabili
             ,
             propriamque
             dicabo
             .
          
           But
           as
           the
           Conquest
           was
           but
           slight
           and
           superficial
           ,
           so
           the
           
             Popes
             Donation
          
           ,
           and
           
             the
             Irish
             Submissions
             ,
             were
             but
             weak
             and
             fickle
             assurances
             .
          
           For
           as
           the
           Pope
           had
           no
           more
           Interest
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           than
           He
           which
           offered
           to
           
           Christ
           all
           the
           Kingdoms
           of
           the
           earth
           ;
           so
           the
           Irish
           pretend
           ,
           
             That
             by
             their
             Law
             ,
             a
             Tanist
             might
             do
             no
             act
             that
             might
             bind
             his
             successor
             .
          
           But
           this
           was
           the
           best
           assurance
           he
           could
           get
           from
           so
           many
           strong
           Nations
           of
           people
           ,
           with
           so
           weak
           a
           power
           :
           and
           yet
           he
           was
           so
           well
           pleased
           with
           this
           title
           of
           the
           
             Lordship
             of
             Ireland
          
           ,
           as
           he
           placed
           it
           in
           his
           
             Royal
             Stile
          
           ,
           before
           the
           Dutchies
           of
           Normandy
           and
           Aquitain
           .
           And
           so
           being
           advertised
           of
           some
           stirs
           raised
           by
           his
           unnatural
           Sons
           in
           England
           ,
           within
           five
           months
           after
           his
           first
           arrival
           ,
           he
           departed
           out
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           without
           striking
           one
           blow
           ,
           or
           building
           one
           Castle
           ,
           or
           planting
           one
           Garrison
           among
           the
           Irish
           ,
           neither
           left
           he
           behind
           him
           one
           true
           subject
           more
           than
           those
           he
           found
           there
           at
           his
           coming
           over
           ,
           which
           were
           only
           the
           
             English
             Adventurers
          
           spoken
           of
           before
           ,
           who
           had
           gained
           the
           Port
           Towns
           in
           Leinster
           and
           Mounster
           ,
           and
           possessed
           some
           scopes
           of
           Land
           thereunto
           adjoyning
           ,
           partly
           by
           Strongbow's
           alliance
           with
           the
           Lord
           of
           Leinster
           ,
           and
           partly
           ,
           by
           plain
           invasion
           and
           Conquest
           .
        
         
         
           And
           this
           is
           that
           Conquest
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           so
           much
           spoken
           of
           ,
           by
           so
           many
           Writers
           ,
           which
           ,
           though
           it
           were
           in
           no
           other
           manner
           than
           is
           before
           expressed
           ,
           yet
           is
           the
           entire
           Conquest
           of
           all
           Ireland
           ,
           attributed
           unto
           him
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           troth
           is
           ,
           the
           conquest
           of
           Ireland
           was
           made
           by
           peice
           and
           peice
           ,
           by
           slow
           steps
           and
           degrees
           ,
           and
           by
           several
           attempts
           ,
           in
           several
           ages
           .
           There
           were
           sundry
           revolutions
           ,
           as
           well
           of
           the
           English
           fortunes
           ,
           as
           of
           the
           Irish
           ;
           some-whiles
           one
           prevailing
           ,
           some-whiles
           the
           other
           ,
           and
           it
           was
           never
           brought
           to
           a
           full
           period
           ,
           till
           his
           Majesty
           that
           now
           is
           ,
           came
           to
           the
           Crown
           .
        
         
           As
           for
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           he
           was
           far
           from
           obtaining
           that
           Monarchy
           Royal
           ,
           and
           true
           Soveraignty
           which
           His
           Majesty
           (
           who
           now
           reigneth
           )
           hath
           over
           the
           Irish
           .
           For
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           did
           only
           promise
           to
           become
           Tributaries
           to
           King
           Henry
           the
           Second
           .
           And
           such
           as
           pay
           on●y
           Tribute
           ,
           though
           they
           be
           placed
           by
           Bodin
           ,
           
           in
           the
           first
           degree
           of
           Subjection
           ,
           are
           not
           properly
           
           Subjects
           but
           Soveraigns
           .
           For
           ,
           though
           they
           be
           less
           and
           inferiour
           unto
           the
           Prince
           to
           whom
           they
           pay
           Tribute
           ,
           yet
           they
           hold
           all
           other
           points
           of
           Soveraignty
           ;
           and
           having
           paid
           their
           Tribute
           ,
           which
           they
           promised
           ,
           to
           have
           their
           peace
           ,
           they
           are
           quit
           of
           all
           other
           duties
           ,
           as
           the
           same
           Bodin
           writeth
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           though
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           had
           the
           title
           of
           
             Soveraign
             Lord
          
           over
           the
           Irish
           ,
           yet
           did
           he
           not
           put
           those
           things
           in
           execution
           ,
           which
           are
           the
           true
           marks
           and
           differences
           of
           Soveraignty
           .
        
         
           FOr
           to
           give
           Laws
           unto
           a
           people
           ,
           
           to
           institute
           Magistrates
           and
           Officers
           over
           them
           ,
           to
           punish
           and
           pardon
           Malefactors
           ,
           to
           have
           the
           sole
           authority
           of
           making
           war
           and
           peace
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           are
           the
           true
           marks
           of
           Soveraignty
           ;
           which
           K.
           Henry
           the
           second
           had
           not
           in
           the
           Irish
           countries
           ,
           but
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           did
           still
           retain
           all
           these
           prerogatives
           to
           themselves
           .
        
         
           For
           they
           governed
           their
           people
           by
           the
           
             Brehon
             Law
          
           ,
           they
           made
           their
           own
           Magistrates
           and
           Officers
           ,
           they
           pardoned
           
           and
           punished
           all
           Malefactors
           within
           their
           several
           Countries
           ,
           they
           made
           war
           and
           peace
           one
           with
           another
           ,
           without
           controulment
           ,
           and
           this
           they
           did
           ,
           not
           only
           during
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           Second
           ,
           but
           afterwards
           in
           all
           times
           ,
           even
           until
           the
           Reign
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           :
           and
           it
           appeareth
           what
           manner
           of
           Subjects
           these
           Irish
           Lords
           were
           ,
           by
           the
           Concord
           made
           between
           King
           Henry
           the
           Second
           ,
           and
           Roderick
           ô
           Connor
           the
           Irish
           King
           of
           Conaght
           ,
           in
           the
           year
           1175.
           
           which
           is
           recorded
           by
           Hoveden
           in
           this
           form
           :
           
             Hic
             est
             finis
             &
             Concordia
             ,
             inter
             Dominum
             regem
             Angliae
             Henricum
             ,
             filium
             Imperatricis
             ,
             &
             Rodoricum
             Regem
             Conactae
             ,
             scilicet
             ,
             quod
             Rex
             Angliae
             concessit
             praedict
             '
             Roderico
             Ligeo
             homini
             suo
             ,
             ut
             sit
             Rex
             sub
             eo
             paratus
             ad
             servitium
             suum
             ,
             ut
             homo
             suus
             ,
          
           &c.
           
           And
           the
           Commission
           ,
           whereby
           King
           Henry
           the
           Second
           made
           
             William
             Fitz-Adelme
          
           his
           Lieutenant
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           hath
           this
           direction
           ;
           
             Archiepiscopis
             ,
             Episcopis
             ,
             Regibus
             ,
             Comitibus
             ,
             Baronibus
             ,
             &
             omnibus
             fidelibus
             suis
             in
             Hibernia
             ,
             Salutem
             .
          
           Whereby
           it
           is
           manifest
           ,
           that
           
           he
           gave
           those
           Irish
           Lords
           the
           Title
           and
           stile
           of
           Kings
           .
        
         
           King
           John
           likewise
           did
           grant
           divers
           Charters
           to
           the
           King
           of
           Conaght
           ,
           
           which
           remain
           in
           the
           Tower
           of
           London
           .
           And
           afterwards
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           Third
           ,
           we
           find
           in
           the
           Tower
           ,
           a
           grant
           made
           to
           the
           King
           of
           Thomond
           ,
           in
           these
           words
           .
           
             Rex
             Regi
          
           Tosmond
           
             salutem
             .
             Concessimus
             vobis
             terram
             Tosmond
             quam
             prius
             tenuistis
             ,
             per
             firmam
             centum
             &
             triginta
             marcarum
             ;
             Tenendum
             de
             nobis
             usque
             ad
             aetatem
             nostram
             .
          
           And
           in
           the
           pipe
           Rolls
           remaining
           in
           Bremighams
           Tower
           ,
           in
           the
           Castle
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           upon
           sundry
           Accompts
           of
           the
           Seneshall
           of
           Vlster
           (
           when
           that
           Earldom
           was
           in
           the
           Kings
           hands
           ,
           
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           minority
           of
           the
           Earl
           )
           the
           entry
           of
           all
           such
           charges
           as
           were
           made
           upon
           Oneale
           ,
           for
           Rent-Beeves
           ,
           or
           for
           aids
           towards
           the
           maintainance
           of
           the
           Kings
           wars
           ,
           
           are
           in
           this
           form
           .
           
             Oneal
             Regulus
          
           400.
           
             vaccas
             pro
             arreragio
             Reddit
             ;
             Oneal
             Regulus
             ,
          
           100.
           ●i
           .
           
             de
             Auxilio
             Domini
             Regis
             ad
             guerram
             suam
             in
             Wasconia
             sustinendam
             .
          
           And
           in
           one
           Roll
           the
           36.
           of
           Henry
           the
           third
           ,
           
             Oneal
             
             Rex
          
           ,
           100
           li.
           
             de
             auxilio
             Domini
             Regis
             ad
             guerram
             suam
             in
             Wallia
             sustinendam
             .
          
           Which
           seemed
           strange
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           the
           Kings
           civil
           Officer
           should
           give
           him
           that
           stile
           upon
           Record
           ,
           unless
           he
           meant
           it
           in
           that
           sense
           as
           Maximilian
           the
           Emperor
           did
           ,
           when
           speaking
           of
           his
           disobedient
           Subjects
           ;
           
             The
             Title
          
           (
           said
           he
           )
           
             of
             Rex
             Regum
             ,
             doth
             more
             properly
             belong
             to
             me
             ,
             than
             to
             any
             mortal
             Prince
             ,
             for
             all
             my
             Subjects
             do
             live
             as
             Kings
             ,
             they
             obey
             me
             in
             nothing
             ,
             but
             do
             what
             they
             list
             .
          
           And
           truly
           ,
           in
           that
           sense
           these
           Irish
           Lords
           might
           not
           unfitly
           be
           termed
           Kings
           .
           But
           to
           speak
           in
           proper
           terms
           ,
           we
           must
           say
           with
           the
           Latin
           Poet
           ,
           
             Qui
             rex
             est
             ,
             Regnum
             maxime
             non
             habeat
             .
          
           But
           touching
           these
           Irish
           Kings
           ,
           I
           will
           add
           this
           note
           out
           of
           an
           ancient
           Manuscript
           ,
           the
           black
           book
           of
           Christ-Church
           in
           
             Dublin
             ,
             Isti
             Reges
             non
             fuerunt
             ordinati
             solemnitate
             alicujus
             ordinis
             ,
             nec
             unctionis
             Sacramento
             ,
             nec
             jure
             haereditario
             ;
             vel
             aliqua
             proprietatis
             successione
             ,
             sed
             vi
             &
             armis
             quilibet
             Regnum
             suum
             obtinuit
             :
          
           and
           therefore
           they
           had
           no
           just
           cause
           to
           complain
           ,
           when
           a
           stronger
           King
           
           than
           themselves
           ,
           became
           a
           King
           and
           Lord
           over
           them
           .
           But
           let
           us
           return
           to
           our
           purpose
           ,
           and
           see
           the
           proceeding
           of
           the
           Martial
           affairs
           .
        
         
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           
           being
           returned
           into
           England
           ,
           gave
           the
           Lordship
           of
           Ireland
           unto
           the
           Lord
           John
           his
           youngest
           son
           ,
           sur-named
           before
           that
           time
           ,
           
             Sans
             Terre
          
           .
           And
           the
           Pope
           confirming
           that
           gift
           ,
           sent
           him
           a
           Crown
           of
           Pea-cocks
           ,
           feathers
           (
           as
           Pope
           Clement
           the
           eighth
           ,
           sent
           the
           Feather
           of
           a
           Phoenix
           (
           as
           he
           called
           it
           )
           to
           the
           Traitor
           Tirone
           .
           (
           This
           young
           Prince
           the
           Kings
           Son
           ,
           being
           but
           twelve
           years
           of
           age
           ,
           with
           a
           train
           of
           young
           Noblemen
           and
           Gentlemen
           ,
           to
           the
           number
           of
           300.
           but
           not
           with
           any
           main
           army
           ,
           came
           over
           to
           take
           possession
           of
           his
           new
           Patrimony
           ,
           and
           being
           arrived
           at
           Waterford
           ,
           divers
           Irish
           Lords
           (
           who
           had
           submitted
           themselves
           to
           his
           father
           )
           came
           to
           perform
           the
           like
           duty
           to
           him
           .
           But
           that
           youthful
           company
           using
           them
           with
           scorn
           ,
           because
           their
           demeanours
           were
           but
           rude
           and
           barbarous
           ,
           
           they
           went
           away
           much
           discontented
           ,
           and
           
           rraised
           a
           general
           rebellion
           against
           him
           .
           Whereby
           it
           was
           made
           manifest
           ,
           that
           the
           
             Submission
             of
             the
             Irish
             Lords
             ,
             and
             the
             Donation
             of
             the
             Pope
             ,
             were
             but
             slender
             and
             weak
             assurances
             for
             a
             Kingdom
             .
          
        
         
           Hereupon
           this
           young
           Lord
           was
           revoked
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             John
             de
             Courcy
          
           sent
           over
           ,
           not
           with
           the
           Kings
           Army
           ,
           but
           with
           a
           company
           of
           Voluntaries
           ,
           in
           number
           four
           hundred
           ,
           or
           thereabout
           .
           With
           these
           he
           attempted
           the
           conquest
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           in
           four
           or
           five
           encounters
           ,
           did
           so
           beat
           the
           Irishry
           of
           that
           Province
           ,
           
           as
           that
           he
           gained
           the
           Maritime
           Coasts
           thereof
           ,
           from
           the
           Boyne
           to
           the
           Bann
           ;
           and
           thereupon
           ,
           was
           made
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           .
           So
           as
           now
           the
           English
           had
           gotten
           good
           footing
           in
           all
           the
           Provinces
           of
           Ireland
           .
           In
           the
           first
           three
           Provinces
           of
           
             Leinster
             ,
             Mounster
          
           ,
           and
           Conaght
           ,
           part
           by
           the
           Sword
           ,
           and
           part
           by
           submission
           and
           alliance
           .
           And
           lastly
           ,
           in
           Vlster
           ,
           by
           the
           invasion
           and
           victories
           of
           Sir
           
             John
             de
             Courcy
          
           .
        
         
           From
           this
           time
           forward
           ,
           until
           the
           seventeenth
           year
           of
           King
           John
           (
           which
           was
           a
           space
           of
           more
           than
           30.
           years
           )
           
           there
           was
           no
           army
           transmitted
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           to
           finish
           the
           Conquest
           .
           Howbeit
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           the
           English
           Adventurers
           and
           Colonies
           already
           planted
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           did
           win
           much
           ground
           upon
           the
           Irish
           ;
           Namely
           ,
           the
           Earl
           Strongbow
           ,
           having
           married
           the
           Daughter
           of
           
             Mac
             Murrogh
          
           ,
           in
           Leinster
           ;
           the
           Lacies
           in
           Meth
           ;
           the
           Geraldines
           ,
           and
           other
           Adventurers
           in
           Mounster
           ,
           the
           
             Audleyes
             ,
             Gernons
             ,
             Clintons
             ,
             Russels
             ,
          
           and
           other
           Voluntaries
           of
           Sir
           
             John
             de
             Courcies
          
           retinue
           ,
           in
           Vlster
           ;
           and
           the
           Bourkes
           (
           planted
           by
           
             William
             Fitz-Adelme
             )
             in
             Conaght
          
           .
           Yet
           were
           the
           English
           reputed
           but
           Part-Owners
           of
           Ireland
           at
           this
           time
           ,
           as
           appeareth
           by
           the
           Commission
           of
           the
           Popes
           Legate
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Richard
           the
           first
           ,
           whereby
           he
           had
           power
           to
           exercise
           his
           Jurisdiction
           ,
           in
           
             Anglia
             ,
             Wallia
             ,
             ac
             illis
             Hiberniae
             partibus
             ,
          
           
           
             in
             quibus
          
           Johannes
           
             Moretonii
             Comes
             potestatem
             habet
             &
             dominium
             ,
          
           as
           it
           is
           recorded
           by
           
             Mat.
             Paris
          
           .
        
         
           King
           John
           ;
           in
           the
           twelfth
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           came
           over
           again
           into
           Ireland
           :
           the
           Stories
           of
           that
           time
           say
           ,
           with
           a
           
           great
           army
           ,
           but
           the
           certain
           numbers
           are
           not
           recorded
           :
           yet
           it
           is
           credible
           ,
           in
           regard
           of
           the
           troubles
           wherewith
           this
           King
           was
           distressed
           in
           England
           ,
           that
           this
           army
           was
           not
           of
           sufficient
           strength
           to
           make
           an
           entire
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           
           and
           if
           it
           had
           been
           of
           sufficient
           strength
           ,
           yet
           did
           not
           the
           King
           stay
           a
           sufficient
           time
           to
           perform
           so
           great
           an
           action
           ,
           for
           he
           came
           over
           in
           June
           ,
           and
           returned
           in
           September
           ,
           the
           same
           year
           .
           Howbeit
           in
           that
           time
           ,
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           for
           the
           most
           part
           ,
           submitted
           themselves
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           they
           had
           done
           before
           to
           his
           Father
           :
           which
           was
           but
           a
           mear
           mockery
           and
           imposture
           .
           For
           his
           back
           was
           no
           sooner
           turned
           ,
           but
           they
           returned
           to
           their
           former
           Rebellion
           :
           and
           yet
           this
           was
           reputed
           a
           
             second
             Conquest
          
           .
           And
           so
           this
           King
           giving
           order
           for
           the
           building
           of
           some
           Castles
           upon
           the
           Borders
           of
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           left
           behind
           him
           the
           
             Bishop
             of
             Norwich
          
           ,
           for
           the
           civil
           Government
           of
           the
           Land
           ;
           but
           he
           left
           no
           standing
           army
           to
           prosecute
           the
           conquest
           :
           only
           the
           English
           Colonies
           which
           were
           already
           planted
           ,
           were
           left
           to
           themselves
           to
           maintain
           
           what
           they
           had
           got
           ,
           and
           to
           gain
           more
           if
           they
           could
           .
        
         
           The
           personal
           presence
           of
           these
           two
           great
           Princes
           ,
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           and
           King
           John
           ,
           though
           they
           performed
           no
           great
           thing
           with
           their
           armies
           ,
           gave
           such
           countenance
           to
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           which
           encreased
           daily
           by
           the
           coming
           over
           of
           new
           Voluntaries
           and
           Adventurers
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           as
           that
           they
           enlarged
           their
           Territories
           very
           much
           .
           Howbeit
           after
           this
           time
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           ,
           either
           because
           they
           presumed
           that
           the
           English
           Colonies
           were
           strong
           enough
           to
           root
           out
           the
           Irish
           by
           degrees
           ,
           or
           else
           because
           they
           were
           diverted
           or
           disabled
           otherwise
           (
           as
           shall
           be
           declared
           hereafter
           )
           never
           sent
           over
           any
           Royal
           army
           ,
           or
           any
           numbers
           of
           men
           worthy
           to
           be
           called
           an
           army
           into
           Ireland
           ,
           untill
           the
           thirty
           sixth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           when
           Lionel
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           the
           Kings
           second
           Son
           ,
           having
           married
           the
           Daughter
           and
           Heir
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           was
           sent
           over
           with
           an
           extraordinary
           power
           in
           respect
           
           of
           the
           time
           (
           for
           the
           wars
           betwixt
           England
           and
           France
           ,
           were
           then
           in
           their
           heat
           )
           as
           well
           to
           recover
           his
           Earldom
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           which
           was
           then
           over-run
           and
           possest
           by
           the
           Irish
           ,
           as
           to
           reform
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           which
           were
           become
           strangely
           degenerate
           throughout
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           FOr
           though
           King
           Henry
           the
           Third
           ,
           gave
           the
           whole
           Land
           of
           Ireland
           to
           Edward
           the
           Prince
           ,
           
           his
           eldest
           Son
           ,
           and
           his
           Heirs
           ,
           
             Ita
             quod
             non
             Separetur
             a
             Corona
             Angliae
             .
          
           Whereupon
           it
           was
           styled
           the
           Land
           of
           the
           Lord
           Edward
           ,
           the
           Kings
           eldest
           Son
           :
           and
           all
           the
           Officers
           of
           the
           Land
           ,
           were
           called
           the
           Officers
           of
           Edward
           Lord
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           and
           though
           this
           Edward
           were
           one
           of
           the
           most
           active
           Princes
           that
           ever
           lived
           in
           England
           ,
           yet
           did
           he
           not
           either
           in
           the
           life
           time
           of
           his
           father
           ,
           or
           during
           his
           own
           Raign
           ,
           come
           over
           in
           person
           ,
           or
           transmit
           any
           army
           into
           Ireland
           ,
           but
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           he
           drew
           sundry
           aids
           and
           supplies
           of
           men
           
           out
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           to
           serve
           him
           in
           his
           wars
           in
           
             Scotland
             ,
             Wales
          
           ,
           and
           Gascoigne
           .
           And
           again
           ,
           though
           King
           Edward
           the
           Second
           sent
           over
           
             Piers
             Gaveston
          
           with
           a
           great
           retinue
           ,
           it
           was
           never
           intended
           he
           should
           perfect
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           for
           the
           King
           could
           not
           want
           his
           company
           so
           long
           a
           time
           ,
           as
           must
           have
           been
           spent
           in
           the
           finishing
           of
           so
           tedious
           a
           work
           .
        
         
           So
           then
           ,
           in
           all
           that
           space
           of
           time
           ,
           
           between
           the
           twelfth
           year
           of
           King
           John
           ,
           and
           the
           36.
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           Th●rd
           ,
           containing
           150.
           years
           ,
           or
           thereabouts
           ,
           although
           there
           were
           a
           continual
           bordering
           war
           between
           the
           English
           and
           the
           Irish
           ,
           there
           came
           no
           Royal
           Army
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           to
           make
           an
           end
           of
           the
           War.
           But
           the
           chief
           Governors
           of
           the
           Realm
           ,
           who
           were
           at
           first
           called
           
             Custodes
             Hiberniae
          
           ;
           and
           afterwards
           
             Lords
             Justices
          
           ,
           and
           the
           English
           Lords
           ,
           who
           had
           gotten
           so
           great
           possessions
           and
           Royalties
           ,
           as
           that
           they
           presumed
           to
           make
           war
           and
           peace
           without
           direction
           from
           the
           State
           ,
           did
           levy
           all
           their
           forces
           within
           the
           land
           .
           But
           
           those
           forces
           were
           
             weakly
             supplied
          
           ,
           and
           ill
           governed
           ,
           as
           I
           said
           before
           .
           Weakly
           supplyed
           with
           men
           and
           Mony
           ;
           and
           governed
           with
           the
           worst
           Discipline
           that
           ever
           was
           seen
           among
           men
           of
           war.
           And
           no
           marvel
           ,
           for
           it
           is
           an
           infallible
           rule
           ,
           that
           
             an
             army
             ill
             paid
             ,
             is
             ever
             unruly
             ,
             and
             ill
             governed
             .
          
           The
           standing
           forces
           here
           ,
           were
           seldom
           or
           never
           re-enforced
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           were
           either
           sent
           from
           thence
           ,
           or
           raised
           here
           ,
           did
           commonly
           do
           more
           hu●t
           and
           damage
           to
           the
           English
           Subjects
           ,
           than
           to
           the
           Irish
           enemies
           ,
           by
           their
           continual
           Sess
           and
           Extortion
           .
           Which
           mischief
           did
           arise
           ,
           by
           reason
           that
           little
           or
           no
           Treasure
           was
           sent
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           to
           pay
           the
           soldiers
           wages
           :
           Only
           the
           Kings
           revenue
           in
           Ireland
           was
           spent
           ,
           and
           wholly
           spent
           in
           the
           publick
           service
           ;
           and
           therefore
           ,
           
           in
           all
           the
           ancient
           Pipe-Rols
           in
           the
           times
           of
           Henry
           the
           Third
           ,
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           and
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           between
           the
           Receipts
           and
           allowances
           ,
           there
           is
           this
           
             entrie
             ;
             In
             Thesauro
             nihil
          
           .
           For
           the
           Officers
           of
           the
           State
           and
           the
           Army
           ,
           spent
           a●l
           ▪
           so
           ,
           as
           
           there
           was
           no
           surplusage
           of
           Treasure
           ,
           and
           yet
           that
           All
           was
           not
           sufficient
           .
           For
           in
           default
           of
           the
           Kings
           pay
           ,
           as
           well
           the
           ordinary
           Forces
           which
           stood
           continually
           ,
           as
           the
           extraordinary
           ,
           which
           were
           levied
           by
           the
           chief
           Governor
           ,
           upon
           journeys
           ,
           and
           general
           hoastings
           ,
           were
           for
           the
           most
           part
           laid
           upon
           the
           poor
           subject
           descended
           of
           English
           race
           ;
           howbeit
           this
           burthen
           was
           in
           some
           measure
           tolerable
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           third
           ,
           and
           King
           Edward
           the
           first
           ;
           but
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           
             Maurice
             fitz-Thomas
          
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           being
           chief
           Commander
           of
           the
           Army
           against
           the
           Scots
           ,
           began
           that
           wicked
           extortion
           of
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           ,
           and
           pay
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           He
           and
           his
           Army
           took
           Horse
           meat
           and
           Mans
           meat
           ,
           and
           money
           ,
           
           at
           their
           pleasure
           ,
           without
           any
           Ticket
           ,
           or
           other
           satisfaction
           .
           And
           this
           was
           after
           that
           time
           ,
           the
           general
           fault
           of
           all
           the
           Governors
           and
           Commanders
           of
           the
           Army
           in
           this
           Land.
           Onely
           the
           Golden
           saying
           of
           Sir
           
             Thomas
             Rookesby
          
           ,
           
           who
           was
           Justice
           in
           the
           thirtieth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           is
           recorded
           in
           all
           the
           Annales
           
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           
             That
             he
             would
             eat
             in
             wodden
             dishes
             ,
             but
             would
             pay
             for
             his
             meat
             Gold
             and
             Silver
             .
          
           Besides
           ,
           the
           English
           Colonies
           being
           dispersed
           in
           every
           Province
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           were
           enforced
           to
           keep
           continual
           guards
           upon
           the
           Borders
           and
           Marches
           round
           about
           them
           ;
           which
           Guards
           ,
           consisting
           of
           idle
           Souldiers
           ,
           were
           likewise
           imposed
           as
           a
           continual
           burthen
           upon
           the
           poor
           Engglish
           Freeholders
           ,
           whom
           they
           oppressed
           and
           impoverished
           in
           the
           same
           manner
           .
           
           And
           because
           the
           great
           English
           Lords
           and
           Captains
           had
           power
           to
           impose
           this
           charge
           ,
           when
           ,
           and
           where
           they
           pleased
           ,
           many
           of
           the
           poor
           Freeholders
           ,
           were
           glad
           to
           give
           unto
           those
           Lords
           ,
           a
           great
           part
           of
           their
           Lands
           ,
           to
           hold
           the
           rest
           free
           from
           that
           extortion
           :
           And
           many
           others
           ,
           not
           being
           able
           to
           endure
           that
           intolerable
           oppression
           ,
           did
           utterly
           quit
           their
           freeholds
           ,
           and
           returned
           into
           England
           .
           By
           this
           mean
           ,
           the
           English
           Colonies
           grew
           poor
           and
           weak
           ,
           though
           the
           English
           Lords
           grew
           rich
           and
           mighty
           :
           for
           they
           placed
           Irish
           Tenants
           upon
           the
           Lands
           relinquished
           by
           the
           English
           ;
           upon
           
           them
           they
           levied
           all
           Irish
           exactions
           ,
           with
           them
           they
           married
           ,
           and
           fostered
           ,
           and
           made
           Gossips
           ;
           so
           as
           within
           one
           age
           ,
           the
           English
           ,
           both
           Lords
           and
           Freeholders
           ,
           became
           degenerate
           and
           meer
           Irish
           in
           their
           Language
           ,
           in
           their
           apparel
           ,
           in
           their
           arms
           and
           manner
           of
           fight
           ,
           and
           all
           other
           Customes
           of
           life
           whatsoever
           .
        
         
           By
           this
           it
           appeareth
           ,
           why
           the
           extortion
           of
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           ,
           
           is
           called
           in
           the
           old
           Statutes
           of
           
             Ireland
             ,
             A
             damnable
             custom
          
           ;
           and
           the
           imposing
           and
           taking
           thereof
           ,
           made
           
             High
             Treason
          
           .
           And
           it
           is
           said
           in
           an
           ancient
           Discourse
           ,
           
             Of
             the
             Decay
             of
             Ireland
          
           ,
           that
           though
           it
           were
           first
           invented
           in
           Hell
           ,
           yet
           if
           it
           had
           been
           used
           and
           practised
           there
           ,
           as
           it
           hath
           been
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           it
           had
           long
           since
           destroyed
           the
           very
           Kingdom
           of
           Belzebub
           .
           In
           this
           manner
           was
           the
           War
           of
           Ireland
           carried
           ,
           before
           the
           coming
           over
           of
           Lionel
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           .
        
         
           This
           young
           Prince
           ,
           being
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           Lord
           of
           Conaght
           ,
           in
           right
           of
           his
           wife
           (
           who
           was
           daughter
           and
           Heir
           of
           the
           Lord
           
             William
             Bourk
          
           ,
           the
           
           last
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           of
           that
           Family
           ,
           slain
           by
           treachery
           at
           Knockefergus
           )
           was
           made
           the
           Kings
           Lieutenant
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           
           and
           sent
           over
           with
           an
           Army
           ,
           in
           the
           six
           and
           thirtieth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           .
           The
           Roll
           and
           List
           of
           which
           Army
           ,
           doth
           remain
           of
           Record
           in
           the
           Kings
           Remembrancers
           Office
           in
           England
           (
           in
           the
           press
           
             de
             Rebus
             tangentibus
             Hiberniam
          
           )
           and
           doth
           not
           contain
           above
           fifteen
           hundred
           men
           by
           the
           Poll
           ;
           which
           because
           it
           differs
           somewhat
           f●om
           the
           manner
           of
           this
           age
           ,
           both
           in
           respect
           of
           the
           Command
           ,
           and
           the
           Entertainment
           ,
           I
           think
           it
           not
           impertinent
           to
           take
           a
           brief
           view
           thereof
           .
        
         
           The
           Lord
           Lionel
           was
           General
           ,
           and
           under
           him
           Raulf
           Earl
           of
           
             Stafford
             ,
             James
          
           Earl
           of
           Ormond
           ,
           Sir
           
             John
             Carew
          
           Banneret
           ,
           Sir
           
             William
             Winsor
          
           ,
           and
           other
           Knights
           were
           Commanders
           .
        
         
           The
           entertainment
           of
           the
           General
           upon
           his
           first
           arrival
           ,
           was
           but
           six
           shillings
           eight
           pence
           
             per
             diem
          
           ,
           for
           himself
           ;
           for
           five
           Knights
           ,
           two
           shillings
           a
           piece
           ,
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           sixty
           four
           Esquires
           ,
           twelve
           pence
           a
           piece
           ,
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           70
           Archers
           ,
           
           six
           pence
           a
           piece
           ,
           
             per
             diem
          
           .
           But
           being
           shortly
           after
           created
           
             Duke
             of
             Clarence
          
           ,
           (
           which
           honour
           was
           conferred
           upon
           him
           being
           here
           in
           Ireland
           )
           his
           entertainment
           was
           raised
           to
           thirteen
           shillings
           four
           pence
           
             per
             diem
          
           ,
           for
           himself
           ,
           and
           for
           eight
           Knights
           ,
           two
           shillings
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ,
           with
           an
           encrease
           of
           the
           number
           of
           his
           Archers
           ,
           viz.
           three
           hundred
           and
           sixty
           Archers
           on
           horseback
           ,
           out
           of
           Lancashire
           ,
           at
           six
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           and
           twenty
           three
           Archers
           out
           of
           Wales
           ,
           at
           two
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           .
        
         
           The
           Earl
           of
           Staffords
           entertainment
           ,
           was
           for
           himself
           six
           shillings
           eight
           pence
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           a
           Banneret
           ,
           four
           shillings
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           seventeen
           Kn●ghts
           ,
           two
           shillings
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           seventy
           eight
           Esquires
           ,
           twelve
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           one
           hundred
           Archers
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           six
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           .
           Besides
           ,
           he
           had
           the
           command
           of
           four
           and
           twenty
           Archers
           out
           Staffordshire
           ,
           fourty
           Archers
           out
           of
           Worcestershire
           ,
           and
           six
           Archers
           out
           of
           Shropshire
           ,
           at
           four
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           .
        
         
           The
           entertainment
           of
           James
           Earl
           of
           
           Ormond
           ,
           was
           for
           himself
           four
           shillings
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           two
           Knights
           ,
           two
           shillings
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           seven
           and
           twenty
           Esquires
           twelve
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           twenty
           Hoblers
           armed
           (
           the
           Irish
           Horsemen
           were
           so
           called
           ,
           because
           they
           served
           on
           Hobbies
           )
           six
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ,
           and
           for
           twenty
           Hoblers
           not
           armed
           ,
           four
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           .
        
         
           The
           entertainment
           of
           Sir
           
             John
             Carew
          
           Banneret
           ,
           was
           for
           himself
           four
           shillings
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           one
           Knight
           ,
           two
           shillings
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           eight
           Esquires
           ,
           twelve
           pence
           a
           piece
           ,
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           ten
           Archers
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           six
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           .
        
         
           The
           entertainment
           of
           Sir
           
             William
             Winsore
          
           ,
           was
           for
           himself
           two
           shillings
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           two
           Knights
           ,
           two
           shillings
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           forty
           nine
           Squires
           twelve
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ;
           for
           six
           Archers
           on
           Horseback
           ,
           six
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           .
        
         
           The
           like
           entertainment
           rateably
           ,
           were
           allowed
           to
           divers
           Knights
           and
           Gentlemen
           upon
           that
           List
           ,
           for
           themselves
           ,
           and
           their
           several
           retinues
           ,
           
           whereof
           some
           were
           greater
           ,
           and
           some
           less
           ,
           as
           they
           themselves
           could
           raise
           them
           among
           their
           Tenents
           and
           Followers
           .
        
         
           FOr
           in
           ancient
           times
           ,
           
           the
           King
           himself
           did
           not
           levy
           his
           Armies
           by
           his
           own
           immediate
           Authority
           or
           Commission
           ,
           but
           the
           Lords
           and
           Captains
           did
           by
           Indenture
           Covenant
           with
           the
           King
           ,
           to
           serve
           him
           in
           his
           Wars
           with
           certain
           numbers
           of
           men
           ,
           for
           certain
           wages
           and
           entertainments
           ,
           which
           they
           raised
           in
           greater
           or
           less
           numbers
           ,
           as
           they
           had
           favour
           or
           power
           with
           the
           people
           .
           This
           course
           hath
           been
           changed
           in
           latter
           times
           upon
           good
           reason
           of
           State
           :
           
             For
             the
             Barons
             and
             Chief
             Gentlemen
             of
             the
             Realm
             ,
             having
             power
             to
             use
             the
             Kings
             Prerogative
             in
             that
             point
             ,
             became
             too
             popular
             ;
             whereby
             they
             were
             enabled
             to
             raise
             Forces
             even
             against
             the
             Crown
             it self
             ,
             which
             since
             the
             Statutes
             made
             for
             levying
             and
             mustering
             of
             Souldiers
             by
             the
             Kings
             special
             Commission
             ,
             t●ey
             cannot
             so
             easily
             perform
             ,
             if
             they
             should
             forget
             their
             duties
             .
          
        
         
         
           
           THis
           
             Lord
             Lieutenant
          
           ,
           with
           this
           small
           Army
           ,
           performed
           no
           great
           service
           ;
           and
           yet
           upon
           his
           coming
           over
           ,
           all
           men
           who
           had
           Land
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           were
           by
           Proclamation
           remanded
           back
           out
           of
           England
           thither
           ,
           and
           both
           the
           Clergy
           and
           Laity
           of
           this
           Land
           ,
           
           gave
           two
           years
           profits
           of
           all
           their
           Lands
           and
           Tythes
           ,
           towards
           the
           maintenance
           of
           the
           War
           here
           :
           onely
           he
           suppressed
           some
           Rebe●s
           in
           low
           Leinster
           ,
           and
           recovered
           the
           Maritime
           parts
           of
           his
           Earldome
           of
           Vlster
           .
           But
           his
           best
           service
           did
           consist
           in
           the
           well-governing
           of
           his
           Army
           ,
           and
           in
           holding
           that
           famous
           Parliament
           at
           Kilkenny
           ;
           wherein
           the
           extortion
           of
           the
           Souldier
           ,
           and
           the
           degenerate
           manners
           of
           the
           English
           (
           briefly
           spoken
           of
           before
           )
           were
           discovered
           ,
           and
           Laws
           made
           to
           reform
           the
           same
           :
           which
           shall
           be
           declared
           more
           at
           large
           hereafter
           .
        
         
           
           THe
           next
           Lieutenant
           ,
           transmitted
           with
           any
           Forces
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           was
           Sir
           
             William
             Winsore
          
           ;
           who
           in
           the
           47
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           undertook
           
           the
           Custody
           ,
           not
           the
           Conquest
           of
           this
           Land
           (
           for
           now
           the
           English
           made
           rather
           a
           Defensive
           than
           an
           Invasive
           war
           )
           and
           withal
           ,
           to
           defray
           the
           whole
           charge
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           for
           eleven
           thousand
           two
           hundred
           thirteen
           pounds
           ,
           six
           shillings
           and
           eight
           pence
           ,
           as
           appeareth
           by
           the
           Indenture
           between
           him
           and
           the
           King
           ,
           remaining
           of
           Record
           in
           the
           Tower
           of
           London
           .
           
           But
           it
           appeareth
           by
           that
           which
           Froissard
           reporteth
           ,
           that
           Sir
           
             William
             Winsore
          
           was
           so
           far
           from
           subduing
           the
           Irish
           ,
           as
           that
           himself
           reported
           ,
           
           That
           he
           could
           never
           have
           access
           to
           understand
           and
           know
           their
           Countries
           ,
           albeit
           he
           had
           spent
           more
           time
           in
           the
           service
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           than
           any
           Englishman
           then
           living
           .
        
         
           AND
           here
           I
           may
           well
           take
           occasion
           ,
           
           to
           shew
           the
           vanity
           of
           that
           which
           is
           reported
           in
           the
           Story
           of
           Walsingham
           ,
           touching
           the
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Crown
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           .
           For
           he
           setting
           forth
           the
           state
           of
           things
           there
           ,
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Richard
           the
           second
           ,
           writeth
           thus
           ,
           
           
             Cum
             Rex
             Angliae
             illusiris
          
           ,
           
           
             Edwardus
             tertius
             illic
             posuisset
             Bancum
             suum
             atque
             Judices
             ,
             cum
             Scaccario
             ,
             percepit
             inde
             ad
             Regalem
             Fis●um
             annuatim
             triginta
             millia
             librarum
             ;
             modò
             propter
             absentiam
             ligeorum
             ,
             &
             hostium
             potentiam
             ,
             nihil
             inde
             venit
             :
             sed
             Rex
             per
             annos
             singulos
             ,
             de
             suo
             Marsupio
             ,
             terrae
             defensoribus
             solvit
             Triginta
             millia
             marcarum
             ,
             ad
             regni
             sui
             dedecus
             &
             fisci
             gravissimum
             detrimentum
             .
          
        
         
           If
           this
           Writer
           had
           known
           ,
           that
           the
           Kings
           Courts
           had
           been
           established
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           more
           than
           a
           hundred
           years
           before
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           was
           born
           ,
           or
           had
           seen
           either
           the
           Parliament
           Rolls
           in
           England
           ,
           or
           the
           Records
           of
           the
           Receipts
           and
           Issues
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           he
           had
           not
           left
           this
           vain
           report
           to
           posterity
           .
           For
           both
           the
           Benches
           and
           the
           Exchequer
           were
           erected
           in
           the
           twelfth
           year
           of
           King
           John.
           
           And
           it
           is
           recorded
           in
           the
           Parliament
           Rolls
           of
           21
           of
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           remaining
           in
           the
           Tower
           ,
           that
           the
           Commons
           of
           England
           made
           petition
           that
           it
           might
           be
           enquired
           ,
           why
           the
           King
           received
           
             no
             benefit
          
           of
           his
           Land
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           considering
           he
           possessed
           
           more
           there
           ,
           than
           any
           of
           his
           Ancestors
           had
           before
           him
           .
           Now
           ,
           if
           the
           King
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           when
           there
           were
           no
           standing
           Forces
           maintained
           there
           ,
           had
           received
           Thirty
           thousand
           pound
           yearly
           at
           his
           Exchequer
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           he
           must
           needs
           have
           made
           profit
           by
           that
           Land
           ,
           considering
           that
           the
           whole
           charge
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           in
           the
           47
           year
           of
           Edward
           the
           third
           (
           when
           the
           King
           did
           pay
           an
           Army
           there
           )
           did
           amount
           to
           no
           more
           than
           Eleven
           thousand
           and
           two
           hundred
           pounds
           
             per
             annum
          
           ,
           
           as
           appeareth
           by
           the
           Contract
           of
           Sir
           
             William
             Winsore
          
           .
        
         
           Besides
           ,
           it
           is
           manifest
           by
           the
           Pipe-Rolls
           of
           that
           time
           ,
           whereof
           many
           are
           yet
           preserved
           in
           Breminghams
           Tower
           ;
           and
           are
           of
           better
           credit
           than
           any
           Monks
           story
           ,
           
           that
           during
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           the
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           both
           certain
           and
           casual
           ,
           did
           not
           rise
           unto
           Ten
           thousand
           pound
           
             per
             annum
          
           ,
           though
           the
           Medium
           be
           taken
           of
           the
           best
           seven
           years
           that
           are
           to
           be
           found
           in
           that
           Kings
           time
           .
           
           The
           like
           Fable
           hath
           Hollingshead
           
           touching
           the
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Earldom
           of
           Vlster
           ;
           which
           (
           saith
           he
           )
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Richard
           the
           second
           was
           thirty
           thousand
           Marks
           by
           the
           year
           ;
           whereas
           in
           truth
           ,
           though
           the
           Lordships
           of
           Conaght
           and
           Meath
           (
           which
           were
           then
           parcel
           of
           the
           inheritance
           of
           the
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           )
           be
           added
           to
           the
           accompt
           ,
           the
           Revenue
           of
           that
           Earldom
           came
           not
           to
           the
           third
           part
           of
           that
           he
           writeth
           .
           For
           the
           Accompt
           of
           the
           profits
           of
           Vlster
           yet
           remaining
           in
           Breminghams
           Tower
           ,
           made
           by
           
             William
             fitz-Warren
          
           ,
           
           Seneshal
           and
           Farmour
           of
           the
           Lands
           in
           Vlster
           ,
           seized
           into
           the
           Kings
           hands
           after
           the
           death
           of
           
             Walter
             de
             Burgo
          
           ,
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           from
           the
           fifth
           year
           of
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           until
           the
           eight
           year
           ,
           do
           amount
           but
           to
           nine
           hundred
           and
           odde
           pounds
           ,
           at
           what
           time
           the
           Irishry
           had
           not
           made
           so
           great
           an
           invasion
           upon
           the
           Earldome
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           as
           they
           had
           done
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Richard
           the
           second
           .
        
         
           As
           vain
           a
           thing
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           I
           have
           seen
           written
           in
           an
           ancient
           Manuscript
           ,
           touching
           the
           Customs
           of
           this
           Realm
           
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           that
           those
           duties
           in
           those
           days
           should
           yearly
           amount
           to
           Ten
           thousand
           Marks
           ,
           which
           by
           mine
           own
           search
           and
           view
           of
           the
           Records
           here
           ,
           I
           can
           justly
           control
           .
           For
           upon
           the
           late
           reducing
           of
           this
           ancient
           Inheritance
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           which
           had
           been
           detained
           in
           most
           of
           the
           Port-Towns
           of
           this
           Realm
           ,
           for
           the
           space
           of
           a
           hundred
           years
           and
           upwards
           ,
           I
           took
           some
           pains
           (
           according
           to
           the
           duty
           of
           my
           place
           )
           to
           visit
           all
           the
           Pipe-Rolls
           ,
           wherein
           the
           Accompts
           of
           Customs
           are
           contained
           ,
           and
           found
           those
           duties
           answered
           in
           every
           Port
           ,
           for
           two
           hundred
           and
           fifty
           years
           together
           ,
           but
           did
           not
           finde
           that
           at
           any
           time
           they
           did
           exceed
           a
           thousand
           pound
           
             per
             annum
          
           ;
           and
           no
           marvel
           ,
           for
           the
           subsidy
           of
           Pondage
           was
           not
           then
           known
           ,
           and
           the
           greatest
           profit
           did
           arise
           by
           the
           Cocquet
           of
           Hides
           ;
           for
           Wool
           ,
           and
           Wool-fels
           were
           ever
           of
           little
           value
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           But
           now
           again
           let
           us
           see
           how
           the
           Martial
           affairs
           proceeded
           in
           Ireland
           .
           Sir
           
             William
             Winsor
          
           continued
           his
           government
           
           till
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           keeping
           ,
           but
           not
           enlarging
           ,
           the
           English
           borders
           .
        
         
           
           IN
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Richard
           the
           second
           ,
           the
           State
           of
           England
           began
           to
           think
           of
           the
           recovery
           of
           Ireland
           :
           For
           then
           was
           the
           first
           Statute
           made
           against
           Absentes
           ,
           commanding
           all
           such
           as
           had
           Land
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           to
           return
           and
           reside
           thereupon
           ,
           upon
           pain
           to
           forfeit
           two
           third
           parts
           of
           the
           profit
           thereof
           .
           Again
           ,
           this
           King
           ,
           before
           himself
           intended
           to
           pass
           over
           ,
           committed
           the
           Government
           of
           this
           Realm
           to
           such
           great
           Lords
           successively
           ,
           as
           he
           did
           most
           love
           and
           favour
           :
           First
           ,
           to
           the
           Earl
           of
           Oxford
           ,
           and
           chief
           Minion
           ,
           whom
           he
           created
           Marquess
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           and
           Duke
           of
           Ireland
           :
           next
           to
           the
           Duke
           of
           Surry
           ,
           his
           half
           Brother
           :
           and
           lastly
           ,
           to
           the
           Lord
           Mortimer
           ,
           Earl
           of
           March
           and
           Vlster
           ,
           his
           Cosin
           and
           Heir
           apparent
           .
           
        
         
           Among
           the
           Patent
           Rolls
           in
           the
           Tower
           ,
           the
           ninth
           year
           of
           Richard
           the
           second
           ,
           we
           find
           five
           hundred
           men
           at
           Arms
           at
           twelve
           pence
           a
           piece
           
             per
             diem
          
           ,
           and
           a
           thousand
           
           Archers
           at
           six
           pence
           a
           piece
           ,
           
             per
             diem
          
           ,
           appointed
           for
           the
           Duke
           of
           
             Ireland
             ,
             Super
             Conquestu
             illius
             terrae
             per
             duos
             annos
             :
          
           For
           those
           are
           the
           words
           of
           that
           Record
           ;
           But
           for
           the
           other
           two
           Lieutenants
           ,
           I
           do
           not
           find
           the
           certain
           numbers
           ,
           whereof
           their
           Armies
           did
           consist
           .
           But
           certain
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           scarce
           able
           to
           defend
           the
           English
           borders
           ,
           much
           less
           to
           reduce
           the
           whole
           Island
           .
           For
           one
           of
           them
           ;
           namely
           ,
           the
           Earl
           of
           March
           ,
           was
           himself
           slain
           upon
           the
           borders
           of
           Meath
           ;
           for
           revenge
           of
           whose
           death
           ,
           the
           King
           himself
           made
           his
           second
           voyage
           into
           Ireland
           ,
           in
           the
           last
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           .
           For
           his
           first
           voyage
           in
           the
           eighteenth
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           (
           which
           was
           indeed
           a
           Voyage-Royal
           )
           was
           made
           upon
           another
           motive
           and
           occasion
           ,
           which
           was
           this
           ;
           
           Upon
           the
           vacancy
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           this
           King
           having
           married
           the
           King
           of
           Bohemiahs
           Daughter
           (
           whereby
           he
           had
           great
           alliance
           in
           Germany
           )
           did
           by
           his
           Ambassadors
           solicite
           the
           Princes
           Electors
           to
           choose
           him
           Emperor
           :
           
           but
           another
           being
           elected
           ,
           and
           his
           Ambassadors
           
           returned
           ,
           he
           would
           needs
           know
           of
           them
           the
           cause
           of
           his
           repulse
           in
           that
           Competition
           :
           They
           told
           him
           plainly
           ,
           that
           the
           Princes
           of
           Germany
           did
           not
           think
           him
           fit
           to
           Command
           the
           Empire
           ,
           who
           was
           neither
           able
           to
           hold
           that
           which
           his
           Ancestors
           had
           gained
           in
           France
           ,
           nor
           to
           rule
           his
           insolent
           Subjects
           in
           England
           ,
           nor
           to
           Master
           his
           Rebellious
           people
           of
           Ireland
           .
           This
           was
           enough
           to
           kindle
           in
           the
           heart
           of
           a
           young
           Prince
           ,
           a
           desire
           to
           perform
           some
           great
           enterprize
           .
           And
           therefore
           finding
           it
           no
           fit
           time
           to
           attempt
           France
           ,
           he
           resolved
           to
           finish
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           and
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           he
           levied
           a
           mighty
           Army
           ,
           consisting
           of
           four
           thousand
           men
           at
           Arms
           ,
           and
           thirty
           thousand
           Archers
           ,
           which
           was
           a
           sufficient
           power
           to
           have
           reduced
           the
           whole
           Island
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           first
           broken
           the
           Irish
           with
           a
           War
           ,
           and
           after
           established
           the
           English
           Laws
           among
           them
           ,
           and
           not
           have
           been
           satisfied
           with
           their
           light
           submissions
           onely
           ,
           wherewith
           ,
           in
           all
           ages
           they
           have
           mockt
           and
           abused
           the
           State
           of
           England
           .
           But
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           
           knowing
           this
           to
           be
           a
           sure
           pollicy
           to
           dissolve
           the
           forces
           ,
           which
           they
           were
           not
           able
           to
           resist
           (
           for
           their
           Ancestors
           had
           put
           the
           same
           trick
           and
           imposture
           upon
           King
           John
           ,
           and
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           )
           as
           soon
           as
           the
           King
           was
           arrived
           with
           his
           army
           ,
           which
           he
           brought
           over
           under
           S.
           Edwards
           Banner
           (
           whose
           name
           was
           had
           in
           great
           veneration
           amongst
           the
           Irish
           )
           they
           all
           made
           offer
           to
           submit
           themselves
           .
           
           Whereupon
           the
           Lord
           
             Thomas
             Mowbray
          
           ,
           Earl
           of
           Nottingham
           ,
           
           and
           Marshal
           of
           England
           ,
           was
           authorized
           by
           special
           Commission
           ,
           to
           receive
           the
           homages
           and
           Oaths
           of
           fidelity
           ,
           of
           all
           the
           Irishry
           of
           Leinster
           .
           And
           the
           King
           himself
           having
           received
           humble
           Letters
           from
           Oneal
           ,
           (
           wherein
           he
           stileth
           himself
           Prince
           of
           the
           Irishry
           in
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           yet
           acknowledgeth
           the
           King
           to
           be
           his
           Soveraign
           Lord
           ,
           
             &
             perpetuus
             Dominus
             Hiberniae
          
           )
           removed
           to
           Droghedah
           ,
           to
           accept
           the
           like
           submissions
           from
           the
           Irish
           of
           Vlster
           .
           The
           Men
           of
           Leinster
           ,
           namely
           ,
           
             Mac
             Murrogh
             ,
             O
             Byrne
             ,
             O
             Moore
             ,
             O
             Murrogh
             ,
             O
             Nolan
             ,
          
           and
           the
           chief
           of
           the
           Kinshelaghes
           ,
           in
           an
           humble
           and
           solemn
           
           manner
           did
           their
           homages
           ,
           and
           made
           their
           Oaths
           of
           fidelity
           to
           the
           Earl
           Marshal
           ,
           laying
           aside
           their
           girdles
           ,
           their
           skeins
           and
           their
           Caps
           ,
           and
           falling
           down
           at
           his
           feet
           upon
           their
           knees
           .
           Which
           when
           they
           had
           performed
           ,
           the
           Earl
           gave
           unto
           each
           of
           them
           ,
           
             Osculum
             pacis
          
           .
        
         
           Besides
           they
           were
           bound
           by
           several
           Indentures
           ,
           upon
           great
           pains
           to
           be
           paid
           to
           the
           Apostolick
           Chamber
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           continue
           loyal
           subjects
           ,
           but
           that
           by
           a
           certain
           day
           prefixed
           ,
           they
           and
           all
           their
           Sword-men
           ,
           should
           clearly
           relinquish
           and
           give
           up
           unto
           the
           King
           and
           his
           successors
           all
           their
           Lands
           and
           possessions
           which
           they
           held
           in
           Leinster
           ,
           and
           (
           taking
           with
           them
           only
           their
           moveable
           goods
           )
           should
           serve
           him
           in
           his
           wars
           against
           his
           other
           Rebels
           .
           In
           consideration
           whereof
           ;
           the
           King
           should
           give
           them
           pay
           and
           pensions
           during
           their
           lives
           ,
           and
           bestow
           the
           inheritance
           of
           all
           such
           Lands
           upon
           them
           ,
           as
           they
           shou●d
           recover
           from
           the
           Rebels
           ,
           in
           any
           other
           part
           of
           the
           Realm
           .
           And
           thereupon
           ,
           a
           pension
           of
           eighty
           Marks
           
             per
             annum
          
           ,
           was
           granted
           to
           
             Art
             '
             Mac
             Murrogh
          
           ,
           
           chief
           of
           the
           Kavanaghes
           ;
           the
           enroulment
           whereof
           ,
           I
           found
           in
           the
           White
           book
           of
           the
           Exchequer
           here
           .
           And
           this
           was
           the
           effect
           of
           the
           service
           performed
           by
           the
           Earl
           Marshal
           ,
           by
           vertue
           of
           his
           Commission
           .
           The
           King
           in
           like
           manner
           received
           the
           submissions
           of
           the
           Lords
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           namely
           ;
           
             O
             Neal
             ,
             O
             Hanlon
             ,
             Mac
             Donel
             ,
             Mac
             Mahon
             ,
          
           and
           others
           ;
           who
           with
           the
           like
           Humility
           and
           Ceremony
           ,
           did
           homage
           and
           fealty
           to
           the
           Kings
           own
           person
           ;
           the
           words
           of
           
             O
             Neales
          
           homage
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           recorded
           are
           not
           unfit
           ,
           to
           be
           remembred
           :
           
             Ego
             Nelanus
             Oneal
             Senior
             tam
             pro
             meipso
             ,
             quam
             pro
             filiis
             meis
             ,
             &
             tota
             Natione
             mea
             &
             Parentelis
             meis
             ,
             &
             pro
             omnibus
             subditis
             meis
             devenio
             Ligeus
             homo
             vester
             ,
          
           &c.
           
           And
           in
           the
           Indenture
           between
           him
           and
           the
           King
           ,
           he
           is
           not
           only
           bound
           to
           remain
           faithful
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           but
           to
           restore
           the
           Bonaght
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           to
           the
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           as
           of
           right
           belonging
           to
           that
           Earldom
           ,
           and
           usurped
           among
           other
           things
           by
           the
           Oneals
           .
        
         
           These
           Indentures
           and
           submissions
           ,
           with
           many
           other
           of
           the
           same
           kind
           ,
           
           (
           for
           there
           was
           not
           a
           Chieftain
           or
           head
           of
           an
           Irish
           sept
           ,
           but
           submitted
           himself
           in
           one
           form
           or
           other
           )
           the
           King
           himself
           caused
           to
           be
           inrolled
           and
           testified
           by
           a
           Notary
           publick
           ,
           and
           delivered
           the
           enrolments
           with
           his
           own
           hands
           to
           the
           Bishop
           of
           Salisbury
           ,
           then
           Lord
           Treasurer
           of
           England
           ,
           so
           as
           they
           have
           been
           preserved
           ,
           and
           are
           now
           to
           be
           found
           in
           the
           Office
           of
           the
           Kings
           Remembrance●
           there
           .
        
         
           With
           these
           humilities
           they
           satisfied
           the
           young
           King
           ,
           and
           by
           their
           bowing
           and
           bending
           ,
           avoided
           the
           present
           storm
           ,
           and
           so
           brake
           that
           Army
           ,
           which
           was
           prepared
           to
           break
           them
           .
           For
           the
           King
           having
           accepted
           their
           submissions
           ,
           received
           them
           in
           
             Osculo
             pacis
          
           ,
           feasted
           them
           ,
           and
           given
           the
           honor
           of
           Knighthood
           to
           divers
           of
           them
           ,
           did
           break
           up
           and
           dissolve
           his
           army
           ,
           and
           returned
           into
           England
           with
           much
           honor
           ,
           and
           small
           profit
           ,
           (
           saith
           Froissard
           .
           )
           For
           though
           he
           had
           spent
           a
           huge
           mass
           of
           Treasure
           in
           transporting
           his
           army
           ,
           by
           the
           countenance
           whereof
           he
           drew
           on
           their
           submissions
           ,
           yet
           did
           he
           not
           encrease
           his
           revenue
           
           thereby
           one
           sterling
           pound
           ,
           nor
           enlarged
           the
           English
           borders
           the
           bredth
           of
           one
           Acre
           of
           Land
           ;
           neither
           did
           he
           extend
           the
           Jurisdiction
           of
           his
           Courts
           of
           Justice
           one
           foot
           further
           than
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           wherein
           it
           was
           used
           and
           exercised
           before
           .
           Besides
           ,
           he
           was
           no
           sooner
           returned
           into
           England
           ,
           but
           those
           Irish
           Lords
           laid
           aside
           their
           masks
           of
           humility
           ,
           and
           scorning
           the
           weak
           forces
           which
           the
           King
           had
           left
           behind
           him
           ,
           began
           to
           infest
           the
           borders
           ;
           in
           defence
           whereof
           ,
           the
           Lord
           
             Roger
             Mortimer
          
           being
           then
           the
           Kings
           Lieutenant
           ,
           and
           Heir
           apparent
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           was
           slain
           ,
           as
           I
           said
           before
           .
           Whereupon
           the
           King
           being
           moved
           with
           a
           just
           appetite
           of
           revenge
           ,
           came
           over
           again
           in
           person
           ,
           in
           the
           22.
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           with
           as
           potent
           an
           army
           ,
           as
           he
           had
           done
           before
           ,
           with
           a
           full
           purpose
           to
           make
           a
           full
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           :
           he
           landed
           at
           Waterford
           ,
           and
           passing
           from
           thence
           to
           Dublin
           ,
           through
           the
           wast
           Countries
           of
           the
           
             Murroghes
             ,
             Kinshelaghes
             ,
             Cauanaghes
             ,
             Birnes
             ,
          
           and
           Tooles
           ,
           his
           great
           army
           was
           much
           distressed
           
           for
           want
           of
           victuals
           and
           carriages
           ,
           so
           as
           he
           performed
           no
           memorable
           thing
           in
           that
           journey
           ;
           only
           in
           the
           Cavanaghes
           Country
           ,
           he
           cut
           and
           cleared
           the
           paces
           ,
           and
           bestowed
           the
           honour
           of
           Knighthood
           upon
           the
           Lord
           Henry
           ,
           the
           Duke
           of
           Lancasters
           son
           ,
           who
           was
           afterwards
           King
           Henry
           the
           fifth
           ,
           and
           so
           came
           to
           Dublin
           ,
           
           where
           entring
           into
           Counsel
           how
           to
           proceed
           in
           the
           war
           ,
           he
           received
           news
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           of
           the
           arrival
           of
           the
           banished
           Duke
           of
           Lancaster
           at
           Ravenspurgh
           ,
           usurping
           the
           Regal
           authority
           ,
           and
           arresting
           and
           putting
           to
           death
           his
           principal
           Officers
           .
        
         
           This
           advertisement
           suddainly
           brake
           off
           the
           Kings
           purpose
           touching
           the
           prosecution
           of
           the
           war
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           and
           transported
           him
           into
           England
           ,
           where
           shortly
           after
           he
           ended
           both
           his
           Reign
           and
           his
           life
           .
           Since
           whose
           time
           ,
           until
           the
           39.
           year
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           there
           was
           never
           any
           Army
           sent
           ●ver
           of
           a
           Competent
           strength
           or
           power
           to
           subdue
           the
           Irish
           ,
           but
           the
           war
           was
           made
           by
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           only
           to
           defend
           their
           borders
           ;
           or
           if
           any
           forces
           
           were
           transmitted
           over
           ,
           they
           were
           sent
           only
           to
           suppress
           the
           rebellions
           of
           such
           as
           were
           descended
           of
           English
           race
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           enlarge
           our
           Dominion
           over
           the
           Irish
           .
        
         
           DUring
           the
           Raign
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           Fourth
           ,
           
           the
           Lord
           Thomas
           of
           Lancaster
           ,
           the
           Kings
           second
           Son
           ,
           
           was
           Lieutenant
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           who
           for
           the
           first
           eight
           years
           of
           that
           Kings
           Reign
           ,
           made
           the
           Lord
           Scroope
           ,
           and
           others
           his
           Deputies
           ,
           who
           only
           defended
           the
           Marches
           with
           forces
           levyed
           within
           the
           Land.
           In
           the
           eighth
           year
           that
           Prince
           came
           over
           in
           person
           with
           a
           smal
           retinue
           .
           So
           as
           wanting
           a
           sufficient
           power
           to
           attempt
           or
           perform
           any
           great
           service
           ,
           he
           returned
           within
           seven
           moneths
           after
           into
           England
           .
           Yet
           during
           his
           personal
           abode
           there
           ,
           he
           was
           hurt
           in
           his
           own
           person
           within
           one
           mile
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           upon
           an
           incounter
           with
           the
           Irish
           enemy
           .
           He
           took
           the
           submissions
           of
           
             O
             Birne
          
           of
           the
           Mountains
           ,
           
             Mac
             Mahon
          
           ,
           and
           
             O
             Rely
          
           ,
           
           by
           several
           Indentures
           ,
           wherein
           
             O
             Birne
          
           doth
           Covenant
           ,
           that
           the
           King
           shall
           
           quietly
           enjoy
           the
           Mannor
           of
           
             New-Castle
             ;
             Mac
             Mahon
          
           accepteth
           a
           State
           in
           the
           Ferny
           for
           life
           ,
           rendering
           ten
           pound
           a
           year
           ;
           and
           
             O
             Rely
          
           doth
           promise
           to
           perform
           such
           duties
           to
           the
           Earl
           of
           March
           and
           Vlster
           ,
           as
           were
           contained
           in
           an
           Indenture
           dated
           the
           18.
           of
           Richard
           the
           second
           .
        
         
           
           IN
           the
           time
           of
           K.
           Henry
           the
           fifth
           ,
           there
           came
           no
           forces
           out
           of
           England
           .
           
           Howbeit
           the
           Lord
           Furnival
           being
           the
           Kings
           Lieutenant
           ,
           made
           a
           martial
           circuit
           ,
           or
           journey
           ,
           round
           about
           the
           Marches
           and
           Borders
           of
           the
           pale
           ,
           
           and
           brought
           all
           the
           Irish
           to
           the
           Kings
           peace
           ,
           beginning
           with
           the
           
             Birnes
             ,
             Tooles
          
           ,
           and
           Cauanaghes
           on
           the
           South
           ,
           and
           so
           passing
           to
           the
           
             Moores
             ,
             O
             Connors
          
           ,
           and
           
             O
             Forals
          
           in
           the
           West
           ;
           and
           ending
           with
           the
           
             O
             Relies
             ,
             Mac
             Mahons
             ,
             O
             Neales
             ,
          
           and
           
             O
             Hanlons
          
           in
           the
           North.
           He
           had
           power
           to
           make
           them
           seek
           the
           Kings
           peace
           ,
           but
           not
           power
           to
           reduce
           them
           to
           the
           Obedience
           of
           Subjects
           :
           yet
           this
           was
           then
           held
           so
           great
           and
           worthy
           a
           service
           ,
           as
           that
           the
           Lords
           and
           chief
           Gentlemen
           
           of
           the
           Pale
           ,
           made
           certificate
           thereof
           in
           French
           unto
           the
           King
           ,
           being
           then
           in
           France
           :
           which
           I
           have
           seen
           Recorded
           in
           the
           
             White
             Booke
          
           ,
           of
           the
           Exchequer
           at
           Dublin
           .
           Howbeit
           his
           Army
           was
           so
           ill
           paid
           and
           governed
           ,
           as
           the
           English
           suffered
           more
           damage
           by
           the
           Sess
           of
           his
           Souldiers
           (
           for
           now
           that
           Monster
           (
           Coigne
           ,
           and
           Livery
           )
           which
           the
           Statute
           of
           Kilkenny
           had
           for
           a
           time
           abolished
           ,
           was
           risen
           again
           from
           hell
           )
           than
           they
           gained
           profit
           or
           security
           ,
           by
           abating
           the
           pride
           of
           their
           enemies
           for
           a
           time
           .
        
         
           DUring
           the
           minority
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           sixth
           ,
           
           and
           for
           the
           space
           of
           seven
           or
           eight
           years
           after
           ,
           the
           Lieutenants
           and
           Deputies
           made
           only
           a
           bordering
           war
           upon
           the
           Irish
           ,
           with
           small
           and
           scattered
           forces
           ;
           howbeit
           because
           there
           came
           no
           Treasure
           out
           of
           England
           to
           pay
           the
           Sou●dier
           ,
           the
           poor
           English
           Subject
           ,
           did
           bear
           the
           burthen
           of
           the
           men
           of
           war
           in
           every
           place
           ,
           and
           were
           thereby
           so
           weakned
           and
           impoverished
           ,
           as
           the
           State
           of
           things
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           stood
           very
           desperately
           .
        
         
         
           Whereupon
           ,
           the
           Cardinal
           of
           Winchester
           (
           who
           after
           the
           death
           of
           Humfrey
           Duke
           of
           Glocester
           ,
           did
           wholly
           sway
           the
           State
           of
           England
           )
           being
           desirous
           to
           place
           the
           Duke
           of
           Somerset
           ,
           in
           the
           Regency
           of
           France
           ,
           
           took
           occasion
           to
           remove
           Richard
           Duke
           of
           York
           from
           that
           Government
           ,
           and
           to
           send
           him
           into
           Ireland
           ,
           pretending
           that
           he
           was
           a
           most
           able
           and
           willing
           person
           ,
           to
           perform
           service
           there
           ,
           because
           he
           had
           a
           great
           inheritance
           of
           his
           own
           in
           Ireland
           ;
           namely
           ,
           the
           Earldom
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           the
           Lordships
           of
           Conaght
           and
           Meth
           ,
           by
           discent
           from
           Lionel
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           .
        
         
           We
           do
           not
           finde
           that
           this
           great
           Lord
           came
           over
           with
           any
           numbers
           of
           waged
           Souldiers
           ,
           but
           it
           appeareth
           upon
           what
           good
           terms
           he
           took
           that
           Government
           ,
           by
           the
           Covenants
           between
           the
           King
           and
           him
           ,
           which
           are
           recorded
           and
           confirmed
           by
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           
           and
           were
           to
           this
           effect
           .
        
         
         
           1.
           
           That
           he
           should
           be
           the
           Kings
           Lieutenant
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           for
           ten
           years
           .
        
         
           2.
           
           That
           to
           support
           the
           charge
           of
           that
           Country
           ,
           he
           should
           receive
           all
           the
           Kings
           Revenues
           there
           ,
           both
           certain
           and
           casual
           ,
           without
           accompt
           .
        
         
           3.
           
           That
           he
           should
           be
           supplyed
           also
           with
           treasure
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           in
           this
           manner
           ;
           he
           should
           have
           four
           thousand
           Marks
           for
           the
           first
           year
           ,
           whereof
           he
           should
           be
           imprested
           2000.
           li.
           before
           hand
           ;
           and
           for
           the
           other
           nine
           years
           ,
           he
           should
           receive
           2000.
           li.
           
             per
             annum
          
           .
        
         
           4.
           
           That
           he
           might
           Let
           to
           Ferm
           the
           Kings
           Lands
           ,
           and
           place
           and
           dis-place
           all
           Officers
           at
           his
           pleasure
           .
        
         
           5.
           
           That
           he
           might
           levy
           and
           wage
           what
           numbers
           of
           men
           ,
           he
           thought
           fit
           .
        
         
           6.
           
           That
           he
           might
           make
           a
           Deputy
           ,
           and
           return
           at
           his
           pleasure
           .
        
         
           We
           cannot
           presume
           that
           this
           Prince
           kept
           any
           great
           army
           on
           foot
           ,
           as
           well
           because
           his
           means
           out
           of
           England
           were
           so
           mean
           ,
           and
           those
           ill
           paid
           ,
           as
           appeareth
           by
           his
           passionate
           letter
           written
           to
           the
           Earl
           of
           Salisbury
           his
           Brother
           
           in
           Law
           ;
           
           the
           Copy
           whereof
           ,
           is
           Registred
           in
           the
           Story
           of
           this
           time
           :
           as
           also
           because
           the
           whole
           Land
           ,
           except
           the
           English
           Pale
           ,
           and
           some
           part
           of
           the
           Earldome
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           upon
           the
           Sea-Coasts
           ,
           were
           possest
           by
           the
           Irish
           .
           So
           as
           the
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           which
           he
           was
           to
           receive
           ,
           d●d
           amount
           to
           little
           .
           He
           kept
           the
           borders
           and
           Marches
           of
           the
           Pale
           with
           much
           adoe
           ;
           he
           held
           many
           Parliaments
           ,
           wherein
           sundry
           Laws
           were
           made
           ,
           for
           erecting
           of
           Castles
           in
           
             Louth
             ,
             Meath
          
           and
           Kildare
           ,
           to
           stop
           the
           incursions
           of
           the
           Irishry
           .
           And
           because
           the
           Souldiers
           for
           want
           of
           pay
           were
           sessed
           and
           laid
           upon
           the
           Subjects
           against
           their
           wills
           ;
           upon
           the
           prayer
           and
           importunity
           of
           the
           Commons
           ,
           this
           extortion
           was
           declared
           to
           be
           High-Treason
           .
           
           But
           to
           the
           end
           ,
           that
           some
           means
           might
           be
           raised
           to
           nourish
           some
           forces
           for
           defence
           of
           the
           Pale
           ,
           by
           another
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           ,
           every
           twenty
           pound
           Land
           was
           charged
           with
           the
           furnishing
           and
           maintenance
           of
           one
           Archer
           on
           horseback
           ,
        
         
           Besides
           ,
           the
           native
           subjects
           of
           Ireland
           
           seeing
           the
           Kingdom
           utterly
           ruined
           ,
           
           did
           pass
           in
           such
           numbers
           into
           England
           ,
           as
           one
           Law
           was
           made
           in
           England
           ,
           to
           transmit
           them
           back
           again
           ;
           and
           another
           Law
           made
           here
           to
           stop
           their
           passage
           in
           every
           Port
           and
           Creek
           .
           
           Yet
           afterwards
           ,
           the
           greatest
           parts
           of
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           of
           Meth
           ,
           past
           over
           into
           England
           ,
           and
           were
           slain
           with
           him
           at
           Wakefield
           in
           Yorkshire
           .
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           the
           State
           of
           England
           was
           so
           farr
           from
           sending
           an
           army
           to
           subdue
           the
           Irish
           at
           this
           time
           ,
           as
           among
           the
           Articles
           of
           grievances
           exhibited
           by
           the
           Duke
           of
           Yorke
           against
           King
           Henry
           the
           sixth
           ,
           this
           was
           one
           ;
           
           That
           divers
           Lords
           about
           the
           King
           ,
           had
           caused
           his
           Highness
           to
           write
           Letters
           unto
           some
           of
           his
           Irish
           enemies
           ;
           whereby
           they
           were
           encouraged
           to
           attempt
           the
           conquest
           of
           the
           said
           Land.
           Which
           Letters
           ,
           the
           same
           Irish
           enemies
           had
           sent
           unto
           the
           Duke
           ;
           marvailing
           greatly
           ,
           that
           such
           Letters
           should
           be
           sent
           unto
           them
           ,
           and
           speaking
           therein
           great
           shame
           of
           the
           Realm
           of
           England
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           when
           this
           great
           Lord
           
           was
           returned
           into
           England
           ,
           and
           making
           claim
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           began
           the
           War
           betwixt
           the
           two
           Houses
           ;
           It
           cannot
           he
           conceived
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           Kingdom
           fell
           into
           a
           worse
           and
           weaker
           estate
           .
        
         
           
           WHen
           Edward
           the
           fourth
           was
           setled
           in
           the
           Kingdome
           of
           England
           ,
           he
           made
           his
           Brother
           George
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           Lieutenant
           of
           Ireland
           .
           This
           Prince
           was
           born
           in
           the
           Castle
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           during
           the
           Government
           of
           his
           father
           the
           Duke
           of
           York
           ;
           yet
           did
           he
           never
           pass
           over
           into
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           to
           govern
           it
           in
           person
           ,
           though
           he
           held
           the
           Lieutenancy
           many
           years
           .
           But
           it
           is
           manifest
           ,
           that
           King
           Edward
           the
           fourth
           did
           not
           pay
           any
           Army
           in
           Ireland
           during
           his
           Reign
           ;
           but
           the
           Men
           of
           War
           did
           pay
           themselves
           by
           taking
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           upon
           the
           Country
           :
           
           which
           extortion
           grew
           so
           excesssive
           and
           intolerable
           ,
           
           as
           the
           Lord
           Tiptoft
           being
           Deputy
           to
           the
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           was
           enforced
           to
           execute
           the
           Law
           upon
           the
           greatest
           Earl
           in
           the
           
           Kingdom
           ;
           namely
           ,
           Desmond
           ;
           who
           lost
           his
           head
           at
           Droghedagh
           for
           this
           offence
           .
           Howbeit
           ,
           
           that
           the
           State
           might
           not
           seem
           utterly
           to
           neglect
           the
           defence
           of
           the
           Pale
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           fraternity
           of
           men
           at
           armes
           ,
           called
           
             the
             Brother-hood
             of
             St.
             George
          
           ,
           erected
           by
           Parliament
           ,
           the
           14.
           of
           Edward
           the
           fourth
           ,
           consisting
           of
           thirteen
           the
           most
           Noble
           and
           worthy
           persons
           within
           the
           four
           shires
           .
           
           Of
           the
           first
           foundation
           ,
           were
           Thomas
           Earl
           of
           Kildare
           ,
           Sir
           
             Rowland
             Eustace
          
           ,
           Lord
           of
           Port-lester
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             Robert
             Eustace
          
           for
           the
           County
           of
           
             Kildare
             ,
             Robert
          
           Lord
           of
           Howth
           ,
           the
           Mayor
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             Robert
             Dowdal
          
           ,
           for
           the
           County
           of
           Dublin
           ;
           the
           Viscount
           of
           
             Gormanston
             ,
             Edward
             Plunket
          
           ,
           Senesha
           I
           of
           
             Meth
             ;
             Alexander
             Plunket
          
           ,
           and
           
             Barnabe
             Barnewale
          
           ,
           for
           the
           County
           of
           Meth
           ,
           the
           Mayor
           of
           Droghedagh
           ,
           Sir
           
             Lawrence
             Taaffe
          
           ,
           and
           
             Richard
             Bellewe
          
           ,
           for
           the
           County
           of
           Lowth
           .
           These
           and
           their
           Successors
           ,
           were
           to
           meet
           yearly
           upon
           St.
           Georges
           day
           ;
           and
           to
           choose
           one
           of
           themselves
           to
           be
           Captain
           of
           that
           Brother-hood
           ,
           for
           the
           next
           year
           to
           
           come
           .
           Which
           Captain
           ,
           should
           have
           at
           his
           command
           ,
           120.
           
           Archers
           on
           horseback
           ,
           forty
           horsemen
           ,
           and
           forty
           Pages
           ,
           to
           suppress
           Out-laws
           and
           rebels
           .
           The
           wages
           of
           every
           Archer
           ,
           should
           be
           six
           pence
           ,
           
             Per
             diem
          
           ;
           and
           every
           Horseman
           ,
           five
           pence
           ,
           
             Per
             diem
          
           ;
           and
           four
           marks
           ,
           
             Per
             annum
          
           .
           And
           to
           pay
           these
           entertainments
           ,
           and
           to
           maintain
           this
           new
           fraternity
           ,
           there
           was
           granted
           unto
           them
           by
           the
           same
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           a
           subsidy
           of
           Poundage
           ,
           out
           of
           all
           Marchandizes
           exported
           or
           imported
           thoroughout
           the
           Realm
           (
           hydes
           ,
           and
           the
           goods
           of
           Free-men
           of
           Dublin
           and
           Droghedah
           only
           excepted
           .
           (
           These
           200.
           men
           were
           all
           the
           standing
           forces
           that
           were
           then
           maintained
           in
           Ireland
           .
           And
           as
           they
           were
           Natives
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           so
           the
           Kingdom
           it self
           did
           pay
           their
           wages
           without
           expecting
           any
           treasure
           out
           of
           England
           .
        
         
           
           BUt
           now
           the
           wars
           of
           Lancaster
           and
           York
           being
           ended
           ,
           and
           Henry
           the
           seventh
           being
           in
           the
           actual
           and
           peaceable
           possession
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           
           England
           ,
           let
           us
           see
           if
           this
           King
           did
           send
           over
           a
           Competent
           Army
           to
           make
           a
           perfect
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
           Assuredly
           ,
           if
           those
           two
           Idols
           or
           Counterfeits
           which
           were
           set
           up
           against
           him
           in
           the
           beginning
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           had
           not
           found
           footing
           and
           followers
           in
           this
           Land
           ,
           King
           Henry
           the
           seventh
           had
           sent
           neither
           Horse
           nor
           Foot
           hither
           ,
           but
           let
           the
           Pale
           to
           the
           Guard
           and
           defence
           of
           the
           Fraternity
           of
           
             Saint
             George
          
           ,
           which
           stood
           till
           the
           tenth
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           upon
           the
           erection
           of
           the
           first
           Idol
           ,
           
           which
           was
           Lambert
           the
           Priests
           Boy
           ,
           he
           transmitted
           no
           Forces
           ,
           but
           sent
           over
           Sir
           
             Richard
             Edgecomb
          
           ,
           with
           Commission
           to
           take
           an
           Oath
           of
           Allegiance
           of
           all
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           Gentry
           ,
           and
           Citizens
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ;
           which
           service
           he
           performed
           fully
           ,
           and
           made
           an
           exact
           return
           of
           his
           Commission
           to
           the
           King.
           And
           immediately
           after
           that
           ,
           the
           King
           sent
           for
           all
           the
           Lords
           of
           Parliament
           in
           this
           Realm
           ;
           
           who
           repairing
           to
           his
           presence
           ,
           were
           first
           in
           a
           Kingly
           manner
           reproved
           by
           him
           ;
           for
           among
           other
           things
           he
           told
           them
           ,
           that
           if
           their
           King
           
           were
           still
           absent
           from
           them
           ,
           they
           would
           at
           length
           Crown
           Apes
           ;
           but
           at
           last
           entertained
           them
           ,
           and
           dismissed
           them
           graciously
           .
           This
           course
           of
           clemency
           he
           held
           at
           first
           .
           But
           after
           ,
           when
           
             Perkin
             Warbeck
          
           ,
           who
           was
           set
           up
           ,
           and
           fo●lowed
           chiefly
           by
           the
           Giraldines
           in
           Leinster
           ,
           and
           Citizens
           of
           Cork
           in
           Munster
           ;
           to
           suppress
           this
           Counterfeit
           ,
           the
           King
           sent
           over
           Sir
           
             Edward
             Poynings
          
           ,
           
           with
           an
           Army
           (
           as
           the
           Histories
           call
           it
           )
           which
           did
           not
           consist
           of
           a
           thousand
           men
           by
           the
           Poll
           ;
           and
           yet
           it
           brought
           such
           terror
           with
           it
           ,
           as
           all
           the
           Adherents
           of
           
             Perkin
             Warbeck
          
           were
           scattered
           ,
           
           and
           retired
           for
           succour
           into
           the
           Irish
           Countreys
           :
           to
           the
           Marches
           whereof
           ,
           he
           marched
           with
           his
           weak
           Forces
           ,
           but
           eft-soons
           returned
           ,
           and
           held
           a
           Parliament
           .
           
           Wherein
           among
           many
           good
           Laws
           ,
           one
           Act
           was
           made
           ,
           That
           no
           Subject
           should
           make
           any
           War
           or
           Peace
           within
           the
           Land
           ,
           without
           the
           special
           Licence
           of
           the
           Kings
           Lieutenant
           or
           Deputy
           .
           A
           manifest
           argument
           ,
           that
           at
           that
           time
           the
           bordering
           Wars
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           were
           made
           altogether
           by
           Voluntaries
           ,
           upon
           their
           own
           head
           ,
           
           without
           any
           pay
           or
           entertainment
           ,
           and
           without
           any
           Order
           or
           Commission
           from
           the
           State.
           
           And
           though
           the
           Lords
           and
           Gentlemen
           of
           the
           Pale
           ,
           in
           the
           nineteenth
           of
           year
           of
           this
           Kings
           Reign
           ,
           joyned
           the
           famous
           Battel
           of
           Knocktow
           in
           Conaght
           ;
           
           wherein
           
             Mac
             William
          
           with
           four
           thousand
           of
           the
           Irish
           ,
           and
           degenerate
           Engglish
           were
           slain
           ;
           yet
           was
           not
           this
           journey
           made
           by
           Warrant
           from
           the
           King
           ,
           or
           upon
           his
           charge
           (
           as
           it
           is
           expressed
           in
           the
           Book
           of
           Howth
           )
           but
           onely
           upon
           a
           private
           quarrel
           of
           the
           Earl
           of
           Kildare
           :
           so
           loosly
           were
           the
           Martial
           affairs
           of
           Ireland
           carried
           ,
           during
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           seventh
           .
        
         
           IN
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           
           the
           Earl
           of
           Surrey
           ,
           Lord
           Admiral
           ,
           
           was
           made
           Lieutenant
           ;
           and
           though
           he
           were
           the
           greatest
           Captain
           of
           the
           English
           Nation
           then
           living
           ;
           yet
           brought
           he
           with
           him
           rather
           an
           honorable
           Guard
           for
           his
           person
           ,
           than
           a
           competent
           Army
           to
           recover
           Ireland
           .
           
           For
           he
           had
           in
           his
           Retinue
           ,
           two
           hundred
           tall
           Yeomen
           of
           the
           Kings
           Guard
           :
           But
           because
           he
           wanted
           
           means
           to
           perform
           any
           great
           action
           ,
           he
           made
           means
           to
           return
           the
           sooner
           :
           yet
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           he
           was
           not
           idle
           ,
           but
           passed
           the
           short
           time
           he
           spent
           here
           ,
           in
           holding
           a
           Parliament
           ,
           and
           divers
           journeys
           against
           the
           Rebels
           of
           Leinster
           ;
           insomuch
           as
           he
           was
           hurt
           in
           his
           own
           person
           ,
           upon
           the
           borders
           of
           Leix
           .
           After
           the
           revocation
           of
           this
           honourable
           personage
           ,
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           sent
           no
           Forces
           into
           Ireland
           ,
           till
           the
           Rebellion
           of
           the
           Giraldines
           ,
           which
           hapned
           in
           the
           seven
           and
           twentieth
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           .
           Then
           sent
           he
           over
           Sir
           
             William
             Skevington
          
           ,
           with
           five
           hundred
           men
           ,
           onely
           to
           quench
           that
           fire
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           enlarge
           the
           border
           ,
           or
           to
           rectifie
           the
           Government
           .
           This
           Deputy
           dyed
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           the
           service
           ,
           
           so
           as
           the
           Lord
           
             Leonard
             Gray
          
           was
           sent
           to
           finish
           it
           :
           Who
           arriving
           with
           a
           supply
           of
           two
           hundred
           men
           ,
           or
           thereabouts
           ,
           did
           so
           prosecute
           the
           Rebels
           ,
           as
           the
           Lord
           Garret
           their
           Chieftain
           ,
           and
           his
           five
           Uncles
           ,
           submitted
           themselves
           unto
           him
           ,
           and
           were
           by
           him
           transmitted
           into
           England
           .
        
         
           But
           this
           service
           being
           ended
           ,
           that
           
           active
           Nobleman
           with
           his
           little
           Army
           ,
           and
           some
           aids
           of
           the
           Pale
           ,
           did
           oftentimes
           repel
           
             O
             Neal
          
           ,
           and
           
             O
             Donel
          
           ,
           attempting
           the
           invasion
           of
           the
           Civil
           Shires
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           made
           that
           prosperous
           fight
           at
           Belahoo
           ,
           on
           the
           Confines
           of
           Meath
           ;
           
           the
           memory
           whereof
           ,
           is
           yet
           famous
           ,
           as
           that
           he
           defeated
           (
           well-nigh
           )
           all
           the
           power
           of
           the
           North
           ;
           
           and
           so
           quieted
           the
           border
           for
           many
           years
           .
        
         
           Hitherto
           then
           it
           is
           manifest
           ,
           that
           since
           the
           last
           transfretation
           of
           King
           Richard
           the
           second
           ,
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           never
           sent
           over
           ,
           either
           numbers
           of
           men
           ,
           or
           quantities
           of
           treasure
           ,
           sufficient
           to
           defend
           the
           small
           Territory
           of
           the
           Pale
           ,
           much
           less
           to
           reduce
           that
           which
           was
           lost
           ,
           or
           to
           finish
           the
           Conquest
           of
           the
           whole
           Island
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           Sir
           
             Anthony
             S.
             Leger
          
           ,
           
           was
           made
           chief
           Governor
           ,
           who
           performed
           great
           service
           in
           a
           Civil
           course
           ,
           
           as
           shall
           be
           expressed
           hereafter
           .
           But
           Sir
           
             Edward
             Bellingham
          
           ,
           who
           succeeded
           him
           ,
           proceeded
           in
           a
           Martial
           course
           against
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           and
           was
           the
           first
           Deputy
           ,
           from
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           till
           
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           sixth
           ,
           that
           extended
           the
           border
           beyond
           the
           limits
           of
           the
           English
           Pale
           ,
           by
           beating
           and
           breaking
           the
           Moors
           and
           Connors
           ,
           and
           building
           the
           Forts
           of
           Leix
           and
           Offaly
           .
           This
           service
           he
           performed
           with
           six
           hundred
           horse
           ;
           the
           monethly
           charge
           whereof
           ,
           did
           arise
           to
           seven
           hundred
           and
           seventy
           pound
           .
           And
           four
           hundred
           foot
           ,
           whose
           pay
           did
           amount
           to
           four
           hundred
           and
           forty
           six
           pound
           
             per
             mensem
          
           ;
           
           as
           appeareth
           upon
           the
           Treasurers
           Accompt
           ,
           remaining
           in
           the
           Office
           of
           the
           Kings
           Remembrancer
           in
           England
           .
           Yet
           were
           not
           these
           Countreys
           so
           fully
           recovered
           by
           this
           Deputy
           ,
           but
           that
           Thomas
           Earl
           of
           Sussex
           did
           put
           the
           last
           hand
           to
           this
           work
           ;
           
           and
           rooting
           out
           these
           two
           rebellious
           Septs
           ,
           planted
           English
           Colonies
           in
           their
           rooms
           ,
           which
           in
           all
           the
           tumultuous
           times
           since
           ,
           have
           kept
           their
           Habitations
           ,
           their
           Loyalty
           ,
           and
           Religion
           .
        
         
           
           And
           now
           are
           we
           come
           to
           the
           time
           of
           Queen
           ELIZABETH
           ,
           who
           sent
           over
           more
           men
           ,
           and
           spent
           more
           treasure
           to
           save
           and
           reduce
           the
           Land
           of
           
           Ireland
           ,
           than
           all
           her
           Progenitors
           since
           the
           Conquest
           .
        
         
           DUring
           her
           Reign
           ,
           
           there
           arose
           three
           notorious
           and
           main
           Rebellions
           ,
           which
           drew
           several
           Armies
           out
           of
           England
           .
           The
           first
           of
           
             Shane
             O
             Neal
          
           ;
           the
           second
           ,
           of
           Desmond
           ;
           the
           last
           of
           Tyrone
           ;
           (
           for
           the
           particular
           insurrections
           of
           the
           Viscount
           Baltinglass
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             Edmund
             Butler
          
           ;
           the
           Moors
           ;
           the
           Cavanaghes
           ;
           the
           Birnes
           ,
           and
           the
           Bourkes
           of
           Conaght
           ,
           were
           all
           suppressed
           by
           the
           standing
           Forces
           here
           .
           )
        
         
           To
           subdue
           
             Shane
             O
             Neal
          
           ,
           
           in
           the
           height
           of
           his
           Rebellion
           ,
           in
           the
           year
           ,
           1566.
           
           Captain
           Randal
           transported
           a
           Regiment
           of
           one
           thousand
           men
           into
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           planted
           a
           Garrison
           at
           Loughfo●le
           .
           Before
           the
           coming
           of
           which
           supply
           
             (
             viz.
          
           )
           in
           the
           year
           1565.
           the
           List
           of
           the
           standing
           Army
           of
           Horse
           and
           foot
           ,
           Eng●ish
           and
           Irish
           ,
           did
           not
           exceed
           the
           number
           of
           twelve
           hundred
           men
           ,
           as
           appeareth
           by
           the
           Treasurers
           Accompt
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           
           now
           remaining
           in
           the
           Exchequer
           of
           England
           .
           With
           these
           Forces
           did
           Sir
           
           
             Henry
             Sidney
          
           (
           then
           Lord
           Deputy
           )
           march
           into
           the
           farthest
           parts
           of
           Tirone
           ,
           and
           joyning
           with
           Captain
           Randal
           ,
           did
           much
           distress
           (
           but
           not
           fully
           defeat
           )
           
             O
             Neal
          
           ,
           who
           was
           afterwards
           slain
           upon
           a
           meer
           accident
           by
           the
           Scots
           ,
           and
           not
           by
           the
           Queens
           Army
           .
        
         
           
           TO
           prosecute
           the
           Wars
           in
           Munster
           ,
           against
           Desmond
           and
           his
           Adherents
           ,
           there
           were
           transmitted
           out
           of
           England
           at
           several
           times
           ,
           three
           or
           four
           thousand
           men
           ,
           which
           together
           ,
           with
           the
           standing
           Garrisons
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           supplies
           raised
           here
           ,
           made
           at
           one
           time
           ,
           an
           Army
           of
           six
           thousand
           and
           upwards
           :
           which
           with
           the
           Vertue
           and
           Valour
           of
           Arthur
           Lord
           Gray
           ,
           and
           others
           the
           Commanders
           ,
           did
           prove
           a
           sufficient
           power
           to
           extinguish
           that
           Rebellion
           .
           But
           that
           being
           done
           ,
           it
           was
           never
           intended
           that
           these
           Forces
           should
           stand
           ,
           
           till
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           were
           settled
           and
           reduced
           :
           onely
           ,
           that
           Army
           which
           was
           brought
           over
           by
           the
           Earl
           of
           Essex
           ,
           Lord
           Lieutenant
           and
           Governor
           General
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           in
           the
           nine
           and
           thirtieth
           year
           
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           to
           suppress
           the
           Rebellion
           of
           Tirone
           ,
           which
           was
           spread
           universally
           over
           the
           whole
           Realm
           ;
           That
           Army
           ,
           I
           say
           (
           the
           command
           whereof
           ,
           with
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           Realm
           ,
           was
           shortly
           after
           transferred
           to
           the
           command
           of
           the
           Lord
           Montjoy
           ,
           afterwards
           Earl
           of
           Devonshire
           ,
           who
           with
           singular
           wisdom
           ,
           valour
           ,
           and
           industry
           ,
           did
           prosecute
           and
           finish
           the
           War
           )
           did
           consist
           of
           such
           good
           men
           of
           War
           ,
           and
           of
           such
           numbers
           ,
           being
           well-nigh
           twenty
           thousand
           by
           the
           Poll
           ,
           and
           was
           so
           royally
           supplied
           and
           paid
           ,
           and
           continued
           in
           full
           strength
           so
           long
           a
           time
           ,
           as
           that
           it
           brake
           and
           absolutely
           subdued
           all
           the
           Lords
           and
           Chieftains
           of
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           and
           degenerate
           or
           rebellious
           English
           .
           Whereupon
           ,
           the
           multitude
           ,
           who
           ever
           loved
           to
           be
           followers
           of
           such
           as
           could
           master
           and
           defend
           them
           ,
           admiring
           the
           power
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           being
           bray'd
           (
           as
           it
           were
           )
           in
           a
           Morter
           ,
           with
           the
           
             Sword
             ,
             Famine
          
           ,
           and
           Pestilence
           altogether
           ,
           submitted
           themselves
           to
           the
           English
           Government
           ,
           received
           the
           Laws
           and
           Magistrates
           ,
           and
           most
           gladly
           embraced
           
           the
           Kings
           Pardon
           and
           Peace
           in
           all
           parts
           of
           the
           Realm
           ,
           with
           demonstration
           of
           joy
           and
           comfort
           ;
           which
           made
           indeed
           ,
           an
           entire
           ,
           perfect
           ,
           and
           final
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
           And
           though
           upon
           the
           finishing
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           this
           great
           Army
           was
           reduced
           to
           less
           numbers
           ,
           yet
           hath
           His
           Majestie
           in
           his
           Wisdom
           ,
           thought
           it
           fit
           ,
           still
           to
           maintain
           such
           competent
           Forces
           here
           ,
           as
           the
           Law
           may
           make
           her
           progress
           and
           Circuit
           about
           the
           Realm
           ,
           under
           the
           protection
           of
           the
           Sword
           (
           as
           Virgo
           ,
           the
           figure
           of
           Justice
           ,
           is
           by
           Leo
           in
           the
           Zodiack
           )
           until
           the
           people
           have
           perfectly
           learned
           the
           Lesson
           of
           Obedience
           ,
           and
           the
           Conquest
           be
           established
           in
           the
           hearts
           of
           all
           men
           .
        
         
           THus
           far
           have
           I
           endeavoured
           to
           make
           it
           manifest
           ,
           that
           from
           the
           first
           adventure
           and
           attempt
           of
           the
           English
           (
           to
           subdue
           and
           conquer
           Ireland
           )
           until
           the
           last
           War
           with
           Tyrone
           ,
           
           (
           which
           as
           it
           was
           Royally
           undertaken
           ,
           so
           it
           was
           really
           prosecuted
           to
           the
           end
           )
           there
           hath
           been
           four
           main
           defects
           in
           
           the
           carriage
           of
           the
           Martial
           Affairs
           here
           .
           First
           ,
           the
           Armies
           for
           the
           most
           part
           ,
           were
           too
           weak
           for
           a
           Conquest
           :
           Secondly
           ,
           when
           they
           were
           of
           a
           competent
           strength
           (
           as
           in
           both
           the
           journeys
           of
           Richard
           the
           second
           )
           they
           were
           too
           soon
           broken
           up
           and
           dissolved
           :
           Thirdly
           ,
           they
           were
           ill
           paid
           :
           And
           fourthly
           ,
           they
           were
           ill
           governed
           ,
           which
           is
           always
           a
           consequent
           of
           ill
           payment
           .
        
         
           BUt
           why
           was
           not
           this
           great
           work
           performed
           ,
           
           before
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeths
           Reign
           ,
           considering
           that
           many
           of
           the
           Kings
           her
           Progenitors
           ,
           were
           as
           great
           Captains
           as
           any
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           and
           had
           elsewhere
           larger
           Dominions
           and
           Territories
           ?
           First
           ,
           who
           can
           tell
           whether
           the
           Divine
           Wisdom
           ,
           to
           abate
           the
           glory
           of
           those
           Kings
           ,
           did
           not
           reserve
           this
           Work
           to
           be
           done
           by
           a
           Queen
           ,
           that
           it
           might
           rather
           appear
           to
           be
           his
           own
           immediate
           work
           ?
           And
           yet
           for
           her
           greater
           Honor
           ,
           made
           it
           the
           last
           of
           her
           great
           actions
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           to
           Crown
           all
           the
           rest
           ?
           And
           to
           the
           end
           ,
           that
           a
           secure
           peace
           
           might
           settle
           the
           Conquest
           ,
           and
           make
           it
           firm
           and
           perpetual
           to
           Posterity
           ;
           caused
           it
           to
           be
           made
           in
           that
           fulness
           of
           time
           ,
           when
           England
           and
           Scotland
           became
           to
           be
           united
           under
           one
           Imperial
           Crown
           ;
           and
           when
           the
           Monarchy
           of
           Great
           Britany
           was
           in
           League
           and
           Amity
           with
           all
           the
           World.
           Besides
           ,
           the
           Conquest
           at
           this
           time
           ,
           doth
           perhaps
           fulfil
           that
           prophesie
           ,
           wherein
           the
           four
           great
           Prophets
           of
           Ireland
           do
           concur
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           recorded
           by
           
             Giraldus
             Cambrensis
          
           ,
           to
           this
           effect
           ,
           That
           after
           the
           first
           Invasion
           of
           the
           English
           ,
           they
           should
           spend
           many
           ages
           ,
           in
           
             crebris
             conflictibus
          
           ,
           
           
             longoque
             certamine
             &
             multis
             caedibus
          
           .
           And
           that
           ,
           
             Omnes
             fere
             Anglici
             ab
             Hibernia
             turbabuntur
             :
             nihilominus
             orientalia
             maritima
             semper
             obtinebunt
             ;
             Sed
             vix
             paulo
             antè
             diem
             Judicii
             ;
             plenam
             Anglorum
             populo
             victoriam
             compromittunt
             ;
             Insula
             Hibernica
             de
             mari
             usque
             ad
             mare
             de
             toto
             subacta
             &
             incastellata
             .
          
           If
           S.
           Patrick
           and
           the
           rest
           did
           not
           utter
           this
           Prophesie
           ;
           certainly
           Giraldus
           is
           a
           Prophet
           ,
           who
           hath
           reported
           it
           .
           To
           this
           ,
           we
           may
           adde
           the
           Prophesie
           of
           Merlin
           ,
           spoken
           of
           also
           by
           
             Giraldus
             ,
             
             Sextus
             moenia
             Hiberniae
             subvertet
             ,
             &
             regiones
             in
             Regnum
             redigentur
             .
          
           Which
           is
           performed
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           James
           the
           sixth
           ;
           in
           that
           all
           the
           paces
           are
           cleared
           ,
           and
           places
           of
           fastness
           laid
           open
           ,
           which
           are
           the
           proper
           Walls
           and
           Castles
           of
           the
           Irish
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           of
           the
           British
           in
           the
           time
           of
           Agricola
           ;
           and
           withall
           ,
           the
           Irish
           Countreys
           being
           reduced
           into
           Counties
           ,
           make
           but
           one
           entire
           and
           undivided
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           leave
           these
           high
           and
           obscure
           causes
           ,
           the
           plain
           and
           manifest
           truth
           is
           ,
           that
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           in
           all
           ages
           ,
           had
           been
           powerful
           enough
           to
           make
           an
           absolute
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           if
           their
           whole
           power
           had
           been
           employed
           in
           that
           enterprize
           :
           but
           still
           there
           arose
           sundry
           occasions
           ,
           which
           divided
           and
           diverted
           their
           power
           some
           other
           way
           .
           
        
         
           Let
           us
           therefore
           take
           a
           brief
           view
           of
           the
           several
           impediments
           which
           arose
           in
           every
           Kings
           time
           ,
           since
           the
           first
           Overture
           of
           the
           Conquest
           ,
           whereby
           they
           were
           so
           employed
           and
           busied
           ,
           as
           they
           could
           not
           intend
           the
           final
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
        
         
         
           
           KIng
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           was
           no
           sooner
           returned
           out
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           but
           all
           his
           four
           Sons
           conspired
           with
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           rose
           in
           Arms
           ,
           and
           moved
           War
           against
           him
           ,
           both
           in
           France
           ,
           and
           in
           England
           .
        
         
           
           This
           unnatural
           Treason
           of
           his
           Sons
           ,
           did
           the
           King
           express
           in
           an
           Emblem
           painted
           in
           his
           Chamber
           at
           Winchester
           ,
           wherein
           was
           an
           Eagle
           ,
           with
           three
           Eglets
           tiring
           ●n
           her
           breast
           ;
           and
           the
           fourth
           pecking
           at
           one
           of
           her
           eyes
           .
           And
           the
           troth
           is
           ,
           these
           ungracious
           practises
           of
           his
           Sons
           ,
           did
           impeach
           his
           journey
           to
           the
           Holy-Land
           ,
           which
           he
           had
           once
           vowed
           ,
           vexed
           him
           all
           the
           days
           of
           his
           life
           ,
           and
           brought
           his
           gray
           hairs
           with
           sorrow
           to
           the
           grave
           .
           Besides
           ,
           this
           King
           having
           given
           the
           Lordship
           of
           Ireland
           to
           John
           his
           youngest
           Son
           ●
           his
           ingratitude
           afterwards
           made
           the
           King
           careless
           to
           settle
           him
           in
           the
           quiet
           and
           absolute
           possession
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
         
           RIchard
           the
           first
           ,
           
           which
           succeeded
           Henry
           the
           second
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           England
           ,
           had
           less
           reason
           to
           bend
           his
           power
           towards
           the
           Conquest
           of
           this
           Land
           ,
           which
           was
           given
           in
           perpetuity
           to
           the
           Lord
           John
           his
           Brother
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           went
           he
           in
           person
           to
           the
           Holy
           War
           ;
           by
           which
           journey
           ,
           and
           his
           Captivity
           in
           Austria
           ,
           and
           the
           heavy
           ransome
           that
           he
           paid
           for
           his
           liberty
           ,
           he
           was
           hindred
           ,
           and
           utterly
           disabled
           to
           pursue
           any
           so
           great
           an
           action
           as
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           And
           after
           his
           delivery
           and
           return
           ,
           hardly
           was
           he
           able
           to
           maintain
           a
           Frontier
           War
           in
           Normandy
           ,
           where
           by
           hard
           fortune
           he
           lost
           his
           life
           .
        
         
           KIng
           John
           his
           Brother
           ,
           
           had
           greatest
           reason
           to
           prosecute
           the
           War
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           because
           the
           Lordship
           thereof
           was
           the
           portion
           of
           his
           inheritance
           ,
           given
           unto
           him
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           called
           
             John
             Sans-Terre
          
           .
           Therefore
           ,
           he
           made
           two
           journeys
           thither
           ;
           one
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           Earl
           of
           Morton
           ,
           and
           very
           young
           ,
           about
           twelve
           years
           
           of
           age
           ;
           the
           other
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           King
           ,
           in
           the
           twelfth
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           .
           In
           the
           the
           first
           ,
           his
           own
           youth
           ,
           and
           his
           youthful
           company
           ,
           Roboams
           Counsellors
           ,
           made
           him
           hazard
           the
           loss
           of
           all
           that
           his
           Father
           had
           won
           .
           But
           in
           the
           latter
           ,
           he
           shewed
           a
           resolution
           to
           recover
           the
           entire
           Kingdom
           ,
           in
           taking
           the
           submissions
           of
           all
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           and
           settling
           the
           estates
           of
           the
           English
           ,
           and
           giving
           order
           for
           the
           building
           of
           many
           Castles
           and
           Forts
           ,
           whereof
           some
           remain
           until
           this
           day
           .
           But
           he
           came
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           by
           a
           defeasible
           Title
           ,
           so
           as
           he
           was
           never
           well
           settled
           in
           the
           hearts
           of
           the
           people
           ,
           which
           drew
           him
           the
           sooner
           back
           out
           of
           Ireland
           into
           England
           :
           where
           shortly
           after
           ,
           he
           fell
           into
           such
           trouble
           and
           distress
           ;
           The
           Clergy
           cursing
           him
           on
           the
           one
           side
           ;
           and
           the
           Barons
           Rebelling
           against
           him
           on
           the
           other
           ,
           as
           he
           became
           so
           far
           unable
           to
           return
           to
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           as
           besides
           the
           forfeiture
           of
           the
           Territories
           in
           France
           ,
           he
           did
           in
           a
           manner
           lose
           both
           the
           Kingdoms
           .
           For
           he
           surrendred
           both
           to
           the
           Pope
           ,
           and
           took
           them
           back
           
           again
           to
           hold
           in
           Fee-farm
           ;
           which
           brought
           him
           into
           such
           hatred
           at
           home
           ,
           and
           such
           contempt
           abroad
           ,
           as
           all
           his
           life
           time
           after
           ,
           he
           was
           possest
           rather
           with
           fear
           of
           loosing
           his
           head
           ,
           than
           with
           hope
           of
           reducing
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           DUring
           the
           infancy
           of
           Henry
           the
           third
           ,
           
           the
           Barons
           were
           troubled
           in
           expelling
           the
           French
           ,
           whom
           they
           had
           drawn
           in
           against
           King
           John.
           But
           this
           Prince
           was
           no
           sooner
           come
           to
           his
           majority
           ,
           but
           the
           Barons
           raised
           a
           long
           and
           cruel
           war
           against
           him
           .
        
         
           Into
           these
           troubled
           waters
           ,
           the
           Bishops
           of
           Rome
           did
           cast
           their
           Nets
           ,
           and
           drew
           away
           all
           the
           wealth
           of
           the
           realm
           by
           their
           provisions
           ,
           and
           infinite
           exactions
           ,
           whereby
           the
           Kingdom
           was
           so
           impoverished
           ,
           as
           the
           King
           was
           scarce
           able
           to
           feed
           his
           own
           houshold
           and
           train
           ,
           much
           less
           to
           nourish
           Armies
           for
           the
           conquest
           of
           Forraign
           Kingdoms
           .
           And
           albeit
           he
           had
           given
           this
           Land
           to
           the
           Lord
           Edward
           his
           eldest
           son
           ,
           yet
           could
           not
           that
           worthy
           Prince
           ever
           find
           means
           or
           
           opportunity
           to
           visit
           this
           Kingdom
           in
           person
           .
           For
           ,
           from
           the
           time
           he
           was
           able
           to
           bear
           armes
           ,
           he
           served
           continually
           against
           the
           Barons
           ,
           by
           whom
           he
           was
           taken
           prisoner
           at
           the
           battel
           of
           Lewes
           .
           And
           when
           that
           rebellion
           was
           appeased
           ,
           he
           made
           a
           journey
           to
           the
           Holy
           Land
           ,
           (
           an
           employment
           which
           in
           those
           dayes
           diverted
           all
           Christian
           Princes
           from
           performing
           any
           great
           actions
           in
           Europe
           )
           from
           whence
           he
           was
           returned
           ,
           when
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           descended
           upon
           him
           .
        
         
           
           THis
           King
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           who
           was
           a
           Prince
           adorned
           with
           all
           vertues
           ,
           did
           in
           the
           managing
           of
           his
           affairs
           ,
           shew
           himself
           a
           right
           good
           husband
           ,
           who
           being
           Owner
           of
           a
           Lordship
           ill
           husbanded
           ,
           doth
           first
           enclose
           and
           mannure
           his
           demeasnes
           near
           his
           principal
           house
           ,
           before
           he
           doth
           improve
           his
           wasts
           afar
           off
           .
           Therefore
           ,
           he
           began
           first
           to
           establish
           the
           Common-wealth
           of
           England
           ,
           by
           making
           many
           excellent
           Laws
           ,
           and
           instituting
           the
           form
           of
           publick
           Justice
           ,
           which
           remaineth
           to
           this
           day
           .
           Next
           ,
           
           he
           fully
           subdued
           and
           reduced
           the
           Dominion
           of
           Wales
           ;
           then
           by
           his
           power
           and
           authority
           he
           setled
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Scotland
           ;
           and
           lastly
           ,
           he
           sent
           a
           Royal
           army
           into
           Cascoigne
           ,
           to
           recover
           the
           Dutchy
           of
           Aquitain
           .
           These
           four
           great
           actions
           ,
           did
           take
           up
           all
           the
           raign
           of
           this
           Prince
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           we
           find
           not
           in
           any
           Record
           ,
           that
           this
           King
           transmitted
           any
           Forces
           into
           Ireland
           ;
           but
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           we
           find
           it
           recorded
           both
           in
           the
           Annals
           ,
           
           and
           in
           the
           Pipe-Rolls
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           that
           three
           several
           Armies
           were
           raised
           of
           the
           Kings
           subjects
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           
           and
           transported
           one
           into
           Scotland
           ,
           another
           into
           Wales
           ;
           and
           the
           third
           into
           Cascoigne
           ;
           and
           that
           several
           aids
           were
           levyed
           here
           ,
           for
           the
           setting
           forth
           of
           those
           armies
           .
        
         
           THe
           Son
           and
           Successor
           of
           this
           excellent
           Prince
           ,
           
           was
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           who
           much
           against
           his
           will
           sent
           one
           small
           army
           into
           Ireland
           ;
           not
           with
           a
           purpose
           to
           finish
           the
           Conquest
           ,
           but
           to
           guard
           the
           person
           of
           his
           Minion
           ,
           
             Piers
             Gaveston
          
           ,
           who
           being
           banished
           out
           of
           
           England
           ,
           was
           made
           Lieutenant
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           that
           so
           his
           exile
           might
           seem
           more
           honourable
           .
        
         
           He
           was
           no
           sooner
           arrived
           here
           ,
           but
           he
           made
           a
           journey
           into
           the
           Mountains
           of
           Dublin
           ;
           brake
           and
           subdued
           the
           Rebels
           there
           ;
           
           built
           New-Castle
           in
           the
           Birnes
           Country
           ,
           and
           repaired
           Castlekeuin
           ;
           and
           after
           passed
           up
           into
           Mounster
           and
           Thomond
           ,
           
           performing
           every
           where
           great
           service
           ,
           with
           much
           Vertue
           and
           Valour
           .
           But
           the
           King
           ,
           who
           could
           not
           live
           without
           him
           ,
           revokt
           him
           within
           less
           than
           a
           year
           .
           After
           which
           time
           the
           invasion
           of
           the
           Scots
           ,
           and
           Rebellion
           of
           the
           Barons
           ,
           did
           not
           only
           disable
           this
           King
           to
           be
           a
           Conqueror
           ,
           but
           deprived
           him
           both
           of
           his
           Kingdom
           and
           life
           .
           And
           when
           the
           Scottish
           nation
           had
           over-run
           all
           this
           land
           under
           the
           conduct
           of
           
             Edw.
             le
             Bruce
          
           (
           who
           stiled
           himself
           King
           of
           Ireland
           )
           England
           was
           not
           then
           able
           to
           send
           either
           men
           or
           mony
           to
           save
           this
           Kingdom
           .
           
           Only
           
             Roger
             de
             Mortimer
          
           then
           Justice
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           arrived
           at
           
             Youghall
             ,
             cum
          
           38.
           milit
           .
           saith
           Friar
           Clinn
           in
           his
           Annals
           .
        
         
           But
           
             Bremingham
             ,
             Verdon
             ,
             Stapleton
          
           ,
           
           and
           some
           other
           private
           Gentlemen
           ,
           rose
           out
           with
           the
           Commons
           of
           Meth
           and
           Vriel
           ,
           and
           at
           Fagher
           near
           Dondalke
           ,
           a
           fatal
           place
           to
           the
           enemies
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           overthrew
           a
           potent
           army
           of
           them
           .
           
             Et
             sic
          
           (
           saith
           the
           red
           Book
           of
           the
           Exchequer
           ,
           
           wherein
           the
           victory
           was
           briefly
           recorded
           )
           
             per
             manus
             communis
             populi
             ,
             &
             dextram
             dei
             deliberatur
             populus
             dei
             a
             servitute
             machinata
             &
             praecogitata
             .
          
        
         
           IN
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           
           the
           impediments
           of
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           are
           so
           notorious
           ,
           as
           I
           shall
           not
           need
           to
           express
           them
           ;
           to
           wit
           ,
           the
           war
           which
           the
           King
           had
           with
           the
           Realms
           of
           Scotland
           ,
           and
           of
           France
           ;
           but
           especially
           the
           Wars
           of
           France
           ,
           which
           were
           almost
           continual
           for
           the
           space
           of
           forty
           years
           .
           And
           indeed
           ,
           France
           was
           a
           fairer
           mark
           to
           shoot
           at
           ,
           than
           Ireland
           ,
           and
           could
           better
           reward
           the
           Conqueror
           .
           Besides
           ,
           it
           was
           an
           inheritance
           newly
           descended
           upon
           the
           King
           ;
           and
           therefore
           ,
           he
           had
           great
           reason
           to
           bend
           all
           his
           power
           ,
           and
           spend
           all
           his
           time
           and
           treasure
           in
           the
           recovery
           thereof
           .
           And
           this
           is
           the
           true
           
           cause
           why
           Edward
           the
           third
           sent
           no
           army
           into
           Ireland
           ,
           till
           the
           36.
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           when
           the
           Lord
           Lionel
           brought
           over
           a
           Regiment
           of
           1500.
           men
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           expressed
           :
           which
           that
           wise
           and
           warlick
           Prince
           did
           not
           transmit
           as
           a
           competent
           power
           ,
           to
           make
           a
           full
           conquest
           ,
           but
           as
           an
           honorable
           retinue
           for
           his
           son
           ;
           and
           withall
           ,
           to
           enable
           him
           to
           recover
           some
           part
           of
           his
           Earldom
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           which
           was
           then
           over-run
           with
           the
           Irish
           .
           But
           on
           the
           other
           part
           ,
           though
           the
           English
           Colonies
           were
           much
           degenerate
           in
           this
           Kings
           time
           ,
           and
           had
           lost
           a
           great
           part
           of
           their
           possessions
           ,
           yet
           lying
           at
           the
           siege
           of
           Callis
           ,
           he
           sent
           for
           a
           supply
           of
           men
           out
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           
           which
           were
           transported
           under
           the
           conduct
           of
           the
           Earl
           of
           Kildare
           ,
           and
           
             Fulco
             de
             l●
             Freyn
          
           ,
           in
           the
           year
           1347.
           
        
         
           
           AND
           now
           are
           we
           come
           again
           to
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Richard
           the
           second
           ;
           who
           for
           the
           first
           ten
           years
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           was
           a
           Minor
           ,
           and
           much
           disquieted
           with
           popular
           Commotions
           ;
           and
           after
           that
           ,
           was
           more
           troubled
           with
           the
           factions
           
           that
           arose
           between
           his
           Minions
           ,
           and
           the
           Princes
           of
           the
           blood
           .
           But
           at
           last
           ,
           he
           took
           a
           resolution
           to
           finish
           the
           Conquest
           of
           this
           Realm
           .
           And
           to
           that
           end
           he
           made
           two
           Royal
           voyages
           hither
           .
           Upon
           the
           first
           ,
           he
           was
           deluded
           by
           the
           faigned
           submissions
           of
           the
           Irish
           ;
           but
           upon
           the
           latter
           ,
           when
           he
           was
           fully
           bent
           to
           prosecute
           the
           war
           with
           effect
           ,
           he
           was
           diverted
           and
           drawn
           from
           hence
           by
           the
           return
           of
           the
           Duke
           of
           Lancaster
           ,
           into
           England
           ,
           and
           the
           general
           defection
           of
           the
           whole
           Realm
           .
        
         
           AS
           for
           Henry
           the
           Fourth
           ,
           
           he
           being
           an
           Intruder
           upon
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           was
           hindered
           from
           all
           Forraign
           actions
           ,
           by
           sundry
           Conspiracies
           and
           Rebellions
           at
           home
           ,
           moved
           by
           the
           house
           of
           Northumberland
           in
           the
           North
           ;
           by
           the
           Dukes
           of
           Surrey
           and
           Exceter
           in
           the
           South
           ;
           and
           by
           
             Owen
             Glendour
          
           in
           Wales
           ;
           so
           as
           he
           spent
           his
           short
           Raign
           in
           establishing
           and
           setling
           himself
           in
           the
           quiet
           possession
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           had
           neither
           leisure
           nor
           opportunity
           to
           undertake
           the
           final
           conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
           
           Much
           less
           could
           King
           Henry
           the
           fifth
           perform
           that
           work
           :
           
           for
           in
           the
           second
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           he
           transported
           an
           Army
           into
           France
           ,
           for
           the
           recovery
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           drew
           over
           to
           the
           siege
           of
           Harflew
           ,
           
           the
           Prior
           of
           Kilmaineham
           ,
           with
           1500.
           
           Irish
           .
           In
           which
           great
           action
           ,
           this
           victorious
           Prince
           ,
           spent
           the
           rest
           of
           his
           life
           .
        
         
           AND
           after
           his
           death
           ,
           the
           two
           Noble
           Princes
           his
           Brothers
           ,
           the
           Duke
           of
           Bedford
           and
           Glocester
           ,
           who
           during
           the
           minority
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           sixth
           ,
           
           had
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           Kingdoms
           of
           England
           and
           France
           ,
           did
           employ
           all
           their
           Counsels
           and
           endeavours
           to
           perfect
           the
           Conquest
           of
           France
           ,
           the
           greater
           part
           whereof
           being
           gained
           by
           Henry
           the
           fifth
           ,
           and
           retained
           by
           the
           Duke
           of
           Bedford
           ,
           was
           again
           lost
           by
           King
           Henry
           the
           sixth
           ;
           a
           manifest
           argument
           of
           his
           disability
           to
           finish
           the
           Conquest
           of
           this
           Land.
           But
           when
           the
           civil
           War
           between
           the
           two
           Houses
           was
           kindled
           ,
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           were
           so
           far
           from
           reducing
           all
           the
           Irish
           under
           their
           Obedience
           ,
           
           as
           they
           drew
           out
           of
           Ireland
           to
           strengthen
           their
           parties
           ,
           all
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           descended
           of
           English
           race
           ,
           which
           gave
           opportunity
           to
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           to
           invade
           the
           Lands
           of
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           and
           did
           hazard
           the
           Loss
           of
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           .
           For
           ,
           though
           the
           Duke
           of
           York
           did
           ,
           while
           he
           lived
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           carry
           himself
           respectively
           towards
           all
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           
           to
           win
           the
           general
           love
           of
           all
           ,
           bearing
           equal
           favour
           to
           the
           Giraldines
           and
           the
           Butlers
           (
           as
           appeared
           at
           the
           Christning
           of
           George
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           who
           was
           born
           in
           the
           Castle
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           where
           he
           made
           both
           the
           Earl
           of
           Kildare
           ,
           and
           the
           Earl
           of
           Ormonde
           his
           Gossips
           :
           )
           And
           having
           occasion
           divers
           times
           to
           pass
           into
           England
           ;
           he
           left
           the
           sword
           with
           Kildare
           at
           one
           time
           ,
           and
           with
           Ormonde
           at
           another
           :
           and
           when
           he
           lost
           his
           life
           at
           Wakefield
           ,
           there
           were
           slain
           with
           him
           divers
           of
           both
           those
           families
           .
           Yet
           afterwards
           ,
           th●se
           two
           Noble
           houses
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           did
           severally
           follow
           the
           two
           Royal
           houses
           of
           England
           ;
           the
           Giraldines
           adhering
           to
           the
           
           house
           of
           York
           ,
           and
           the
           Butlers
           to
           the
           house
           of
           Lancaster
           .
           
           Whereby
           it
           came
           to
           pass
           ,
           that
           not
           only
           the
           principal
           Gentlemen
           of
           both
           those
           Sur-names
           ,
           but
           all
           their
           friends
           and
           dependants
           did
           pass
           into
           England
           ,
           leaving
           their
           Lands
           and
           possessions
           to
           be
           over-run
           by
           the
           Irish
           .
           These
           impediments
           ,
           or
           rather
           impossibilities
           of
           finishing
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           did
           continue
           till
           the
           Wars
           of
           Lancaster
           and
           York
           were
           ended
           :
           which
           was
           about
           the
           twelfth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           fourth
           .
        
         
           Thus
           hitherto
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           were
           hindred
           from
           finishing
           this
           Conquest
           by
           great
           and
           apparent
           impediments
           :
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           by
           the
           rebellion
           of
           his
           Sons
           :
           King
           
             John
             ,
             Henry
          
           the
           third
           ,
           and
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           by
           the
           Barons
           Wars
           :
           Edward
           the
           first
           by
           his
           Wars
           in
           Wales
           and
           
             Scotland
             :
             Edward
          
           the
           third
           ,
           and
           Henry
           the
           fifth
           ,
           by
           the
           Wars
           of
           
             France
             :
             Richard
          
           the
           second
           ,
           Henry
           the
           fourth
           ,
           Henry
           the
           sixth
           ,
           and
           Edward
           the
           fourth
           ,
           by
           Domestick
           contention
           for
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           it self
           .
        
         
         
           BUT
           the
           fire
           of
           the
           civil
           war
           being
           utterly
           quenched
           ,
           
           and
           King
           Edward
           the
           fourth
           setled
           in
           the
           peaceable
           possession
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           what
           did
           then
           hinder
           that
           war●ick
           Prince
           from
           reducing
           of
           Ireland
           also
           ?
           First
           the
           whole
           Realm
           of
           England
           was
           miserably
           wasted
           ,
           depopulated
           and
           impoverished
           by
           the
           late
           civil
           dissentions
           ;
           yet
           as
           soon
           as
           it
           had
           recovered
           it self
           with
           a
           little
           peace
           and
           rest
           ,
           this
           King
           raised
           an
           Army
           and
           revived
           the
           Title
           of
           France
           again
           :
           howbeit
           this
           Army
           was
           no
           sooner
           transmitted
           and
           brought
           into
           the
           field
           ,
           but
           the
           two
           Kings
           also
           were
           brought
           to
           an
           interview
           .
           Whereupon
           ,
           partly
           by
           the
           fair
           and
           white
           promises
           of
           Lewis
           the
           11.
           and
           partly
           by
           the
           corruption
           of
           some
           of
           King
           Edwards
           Minions
           ,
           the
           English
           forces
           were
           broken
           and
           dismissed
           ,
           and
           King
           Edward
           returned
           into
           England
           ,
           where
           shortly
           after
           find●ng
           himself
           deluded
           and
           abused
           by
           the
           French
           ,
           he
           dyed
           with
           melancholy
           ,
           and
           vexation
           of
           spirit
           .
        
         
         
           
           I
           Omit
           to
           speak
           of
           Richard
           the
           Usurper
           ,
           who
           never
           got
           the
           quiet
           possession
           of
           England
           ,
           but
           was
           cast
           out
           by
           Henry
           the
           seventh
           within
           two
           years
           and
           a
           half
           ,
           after
           his
           Usurpation
           .
        
         
           
           AND
           for
           King
           Henry
           the
           seventh
           himself
           ,
           though
           he
           made
           that
           happy
           Union
           of
           the
           two
           houses
           ,
           yet
           for
           more
           than
           half
           the
           space
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           there
           were
           walking
           spirits
           of
           the
           house
           of
           Yorke
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           Ireland
           as
           in
           England
           ,
           which
           he
           could
           not
           conjure
           down
           ,
           without
           expence
           of
           some
           bloud
           and
           Treasure
           .
           But
           in
           his
           later
           times
           ,
           he
           did
           wholly
           study
           to
           improve
           the
           Revenues
           of
           the
           Crown
           in
           both
           Kingdomes
           ;
           with
           an
           intent
           to
           provide
           means
           for
           some
           great
           action
           which
           he
           intended
           :
           which
           doubtless
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           lived
           ,
           would
           rather
           have
           proved
           a
           journey
           into
           France
           ,
           than
           into
           Ireland
           ,
           because
           in
           the
           eyes
           of
           all
           men
           ,
           it
           was
           a
           fairer
           enterprize
           .
        
         
           
           THerefore
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           in
           the
           beginning
           of
           his
           raign
           ,
           made
           
           a
           Voyage
           Royal
           into
           France
           ;
           wherein
           he
           spent
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           that
           treasure
           ,
           which
           his
           Father
           had
           frugally
           reserved
           ;
           perhaps
           for
           the
           like
           purpose
           .
           In
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           he
           made
           the
           like
           journey
           ,
           being
           enricht
           with
           the
           Revenues
           of
           the
           Abby
           Lands
           .
           But
           in
           the
           middle
           time
           between
           these
           two
           attempts
           ,
           the
           great
           alteration
           which
           he
           made
           in
           the
           State
           Ecclesiastical
           ,
           caused
           him
           to
           stand
           upon
           his
           guard
           at
           home
           ;
           the
           Pope
           having
           sollicited
           all
           the
           Princes
           of
           Christendom
           to
           revenge
           his
           quarrel
           in
           that
           behalf
           .
           And
           thus
           was
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           detained
           and
           diverted
           from
           the
           absolute
           reducing
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           LAstly
           ,
           
           the
           infancy
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           sixth
           ,
           and
           the
           Coverture
           of
           Qu.
           Mary
           (
           which
           are
           both
           
             Non
             abilities
          
           in
           the
           Law
           )
           did
           in
           fact
           disable
           them
           to
           accomplish
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           SO
           as
           now
           this
           great
           work
           did
           remain
           to
           be
           performed
           by
           Queen
           
           ELIZABETH
           ;
           
           who
           though
           she
           were
           diverted
           by
           suppressing
           the
           open
           rebellion
           in
           the
           North
           ;
           by
           preventing
           divers
           secret
           Conspiracies
           against
           her
           person
           ;
           by
           giving
           aids
           to
           the
           French
           ,
           and
           States
           of
           the
           Low-Countries
           ;
           by
           maintaining
           a
           Naval
           war
           with
           Spain
           ,
           for
           many
           years
           together
           :
           yet
           the
           sundry
           rebellions
           ,
           joyned
           with
           forraign
           invasions
           upon
           this
           Island
           ,
           whereby
           it
           was
           in
           danger
           to
           be
           utterly
           lost
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           possessed
           by
           the
           Enemies
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           did
           quicken
           her
           Majesties
           care
           for
           the
           preservation
           thereof
           ;
           and
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           from
           time
           to
           time
           during
           her
           Reign
           ,
           she
           sent
           over
           such
           supplies
           of
           men
           and
           treasure
           ,
           as
           did
           suppress
           the
           Rebels
           ,
           and
           repell
           the
           invaders
           .
           Howbeit
           ,
           before
           the
           transmitting
           of
           the
           last
           great
           army
           ,
           the
           forces
           sent
           over
           by
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           were
           not
           of
           sufficient
           power
           to
           break
           and
           subdue
           a●l
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           and
           to
           reduce
           and
           reform
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           ;
           but
           when
           the
           general
           defection
           came
           ,
           which
           came
           not
           without
           a
           special
           providence
           for
           the
           final
           good
           
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           (
           though
           the
           second
           causes
           thereof
           ,
           were
           the
           faint
           prosecution
           of
           the
           War
           against
           Tyrone
           ;
           the
           practises
           of
           Priests
           and
           Jesuites
           ,
           and
           the
           expectation
           of
           the
           aids
           from
           Spain
           )
           Then
           the
           extream
           peril
           of
           loosing
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           the
           dishonour
           and
           danger
           that
           might
           thereby
           grow
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ;
           together
           with
           a
           just
           disdain
           conceived
           by
           that
           great
           minded
           Queen
           ,
           that
           so
           wicked
           and
           ungratefull
           a
           Rebell
           should
           prevail
           against
           Her
           ,
           who
           had
           ever
           been
           victorious
           against
           all
           her
           enemies
           ,
           did
           move
           ,
           and
           almost
           enforce
           her
           to
           send
           over
           that
           mighty
           army
           :
           and
           did
           withall
           enflame
           the
           hearts
           of
           the
           Subiects
           of
           England
           ,
           chearfully
           to
           contribute
           towards
           the
           maintaining
           thereof
           ,
           a
           Million
           of
           sterling
           pounds
           at
           least
           :
           which
           was
           done
           with
           a
           purpose
           only
           to
           Save
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           Gain
           a
           Kingdom
           ;
           To
           keep
           and
           retain
           that
           Soveraignty
           ,
           which
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           had
           in
           Ireland
           (
           such
           as
           it
           was
           )
           and
           not
           to
           recover
           a
           more
           absolute
           Dominion
           .
           
             But
             ,
             as
             it
             faileth
             out
             many
             times
             ,
             that
             when
             
             a
             house
             is
             on
             fire
             ,
             the
             Owner
             to
             save
             it
             from
             burning
             ,
             pulleth
             it
             down
             to
             the
             ground
             ;
             but
             that
             pulling
             down
             ,
             doth
             give
             occasion
             of
             building
             it
             up
             again
             in
             a
             better
             form
             :
          
           So
           these
           last
           Wars
           ,
           which
           to
           save
           the
           Kingdome
           did
           utterly
           break
           and
           destroy
           this
           people
           ,
           produced
           a
           better
           effect
           than
           was
           at
           first
           expected
           .
           For
           ,
           
             every
             Rebellion
             ,
             when
             it
             is
             supprest
             ,
             doth
             make
             the
             subject
             weaker
             and
             the
             Prince
             stronger
             .
          
           So
           ,
           this
           general
           revolt
           ,
           when
           it
           was
           overcome
           ,
           did
           produce
           a
           general
           Obedience
           and
           Reformation
           of
           all
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           which
           ever
           before
           had
           been
           disobedient
           and
           unreformed
           ;
           and
           thereupon
           ensued
           the
           final
           and
           full
           conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           And
           thus
           much
           may
           suffice
           to
           be
           spoken
           touching
           the
           defects
           in
           the
           martial
           affairs
           and
           the
           
             weak
             and
             faint
             prosecution
             of
             the
             war
          
           ;
           and
           of
           the
           several
           Impediments
           or
           employments
           ,
           which
           did
           hinder
           or
           divert
           every
           King
           of
           England
           successively
           ,
           from
           reducing
           Ireland
           to
           their
           absolute
           subjection
           .
        
         
         
           IT
           now
           remaineth
           ,
           
           that
           we
           shew
           
             the
             defects
             of
             the
             Civil
             Policy
             and
             Government
             ,
          
           which
           gave
           no
           less
           impediment
           to
           the
           perfection
           of
           this
           Conquest
           .
        
         
           THe
           first
           of
           that
           kind
           ,
           
           doth
           consist
           in
           this
           ,
           
             That
             the
             Crown
             of
             England
             did
             not
             from
             the
             beginning
             give
             Laws
             to
             the
             Irishry
          
           ;
           whereas
           to
           give
           Laws
           to
           a
           conquered
           people
           ,
           is
           the
           principal
           mark
           and
           effect
           of
           a
           perfect
           Conquest
           .
           For
           ,
           albeit
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           before
           his
           return
           out
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           
           held
           a
           Council
           or
           Parliament
           at
           
             Lissemore
             ;
             Vbi
             Leges
             Angliae
             ab
             omnibus
             sunt
             gratanter
             receptae
             ,
             &
             Juratoria
             Cautione
             praestita
             confirmatae
             ,
          
           as
           
             Matth.
             Paris
          
           writeth
           .
        
         
           And
           though
           King
           John
           in
           the
           twelfth
           year
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           
           did
           establish
           the
           English
           Laws
           and
           Customes
           here
           ,
           and
           placed
           Sheriffs
           and
           other
           Ministers
           to
           rule
           and
           govern
           the
           people
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           :
           and
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           
           
             Ipse
             duxit
             secum
             viros
             discretos
             &
             legis
             peritos
             ,
             quorum
             communi
             consilio
             scatuit
             &
             praecepit
             ,
             leges
             Anglicanas
             teneri
             in
             Hibernia
             ,
             
             &c.
          
           as
           we
           finde
           it
           recorded
           among
           the
           Patent
           Rolls
           in
           the
           Tower
           ,
           11
           Hen.
           3.
           m.
           3.
           
           Though
           likewise
           ,
           King
           Henry
           the
           third
           did
           grant
           and
           transmit
           the
           like
           Charter
           of
           Liberties
           to
           his
           Subjects
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           as
           himself
           and
           his
           Father
           had
           granted
           to
           the
           Subjects
           of
           England
           ,
           as
           appeareth
           by
           another
           Record
           in
           the
           Tower
           ,
           1
           Hen.
           3.
           
           Pat.
           m.
           13.
           
           And
           afterwards
           ,
           by
           a
           special
           Writ
           ,
           did
           command
           the
           Lord
           Justice
           of
           
             Ireland
             ,
             Quod
             convocatis
             Archiepiscopis
             ,
             Episcopis
             ,
             Comitibus
             ,
             Baronibus
             ,
             &c.
             
             Coram
             :
             eis
             legi
             faceret
             Chartam
             Regis
             Johannis
             ;
             quam
             ipse
             legi
             fecit
             &
             jurari
             à
             Magnatibus
             Hiberniae
             ,
             de
             legibus
             &
             Constitutionibus
             Angliae
             observandis
             ,
             &
             quod
             leges
             illas
             teneant
             &
             observent
             ,
          
           12
           Hen.
           3.
           
           
             Claus
             .
             m.
          
           8.
           
           And
           after
           that
           again
           ,
           the
           same
           King
           by
           Letters
           Patents
           under
           the
           Great
           Seal
           of
           England
           ,
           did
           confirm
           the
           Establishment
           of
           the
           English
           Laws
           made
           by
           King
           John
           ,
           in
           this
           form
           ,
           
             Quia
             pro
             Communi
             utilitate
             terrae
             Hiberniae
             ,
             ac
             unitate
             terrarum
             ,
             de
             Communi
             Consilio
             provisum
             sit
             ,
             quod
             omnes
             leges
             &
             consuetudines
             quae
             in
             regno
             Angliae
             tenentur
             ,
             in
             Hiberniâ
             teneantur
             ,
             &
             eadem
             
             terra
             ejusdem
             legibus
             subjaceat
             ,
             ac
             per
             easdem
             regatur
             ,
             sicut
             Johannes
             Rex
             ,
             cum
             illic
             esset
             ,
             Statuit
             &
             firmiter
             mandavit
             ;
             ideo
             volumus
             quod
             omnia
             brevia
             de
             Communi
             Jure
             ,
             quae
             currunt
             in
             Anglia
             ,
             similiter
             currant
             in
             Hibernia
             ,
             sub
             novo
             sigillo
             nostro
             ,
          
           
           
             &c.
             
             Teste
             meipso
             apud
             Woodstock
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           Which
           Confirmation
           is
           found
           among
           the
           Patent
           Rolls
           in
           the
           Tower
           ,
           Anno
           30.
           
           Hen.
           3.
           
           Notwithstanding
           ,
           it
           is
           evident
           by
           all
           the
           Records
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           that
           onely
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           and
           some
           fews
           Septs
           of
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           which
           were
           enfranchised
           by
           special
           Charters
           ,
           
           were
           admitted
           to
           the
           benefit
           and
           protection
           of
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           Irish
           generally
           ,
           were
           held
           and
           reputed
           Aliens
           ,
           or
           rather
           enemies
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ;
           insomuch
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           not
           onely
           disabled
           to
           bring
           any
           actions
           ,
           but
           they
           were
           so
           far
           out
           of
           the
           protection
           of
           the
           law
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           often
           adjudg'd
           no
           felony
           to
           kill
           a
           meer
           Irishman
           in
           the
           time
           of
           peace
           .
           
        
         
           That
           the
           meer
           Irish
           were
           reputed
           Aliens
           ,
           appeareth
           by
           sundry
           Records
           ;
           wherein
           Judgement
           is
           demanded
           ,
           if
           they
           shall
           be
           answered
           in
           Actions
           brought
           by
           
           them
           :
           and
           likewise
           ,
           by
           the
           Charters
           of
           Denization
           ,
           which
           in
           all
           ages
           were
           purchased
           by
           them
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           Common
           Plea
           Rolls
           of
           28
           Edward
           the
           third
           (
           which
           are
           yet
           preserved
           in
           Breminghams
           Tower
           )
           this
           Case
           is
           adjudged
           .
           
             Simon
             Neal
          
           brought
           an
           action
           of
           Trespass
           against
           
             William
             Newlagh
          
           for
           breaking
           his
           Close
           in
           Clandalkin
           ,
           
           in
           the
           County
           of
           Dublin
           ;
           the
           Defendant
           doth
           plead
           ,
           that
           the
           Plaintiff
           is
           
             Hibernicus
             ,
             &
             non
             de
             Quinque
             sanguinibus
          
           ;
           and
           demandeth
           Judgement
           ,
           if
           he
           shall
           be
           answered
           .
           The
           Plaintiff
           replieth
           ,
           
             Quod
             ipse
             est
             de
             quinque
             sanguinibus
             (
             viz
             ,
             )
             De
             les
             Oneiles
             de
             Vlton
             ,
             qui
             per
             Concessionem
             progenitorum
             Domini
             Regis
             ;
             Libertatibus
             Anglicis
             gaudere
             debent
             &
             utuntur
             ,
             &
             proliberis
             hominibus
             reputantur
             .
          
           The
           Defendant
           rejoyneth
           ,
           that
           the
           Plaintiff
           is
           not
           of
           the
           Oneals
           of
           
             Vlster
             ,
             Nec
             de
             quinque
             sanguinibus
             .
          
           And
           thereupon
           they
           are
           at
           issue
           .
           Which
           being
           found
           for
           the
           Plaintiff
           ,
           he
           had
           Judgement
           to
           recover
           his
           damages
           against
           the
           Defendant
           .
           By
           this
           Record
           it
           appeareth
           ,
           that
           five
           principal
           Bloods
           ,
           or
           Septs
           ,
           of
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           were
           
           by
           special
           grace
           enfranchised
           and
           enabled
           to
           take
           benefit
           of
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           ;
           And
           that
           the
           Nation
           of
           
             ô
             Neals
          
           in
           Vlster
           ,
           was
           one
           of
           the
           five
           .
           
           And
           in
           the
           like
           case
           ,
           3
           of
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           among
           the
           Plea-Rolls
           in
           Breminghams
           Tower
           :
           All
           the
           five
           Septs
           or
           Bloods
           ,
           
             Qui
             gaudeant
             lege
             Anglicana
             quoad
             brevia
             portanda
             ,
          
           are
           expressed
           ,
           namely
           ,
           
             Oneil
             de
             Vltonia
             ;
             O
             Molaghlin
             de
             Minia
             ;
             O
             Connoghor
             de
             Connacia
             ;
             O
             Brin
             de
             Thotmonia
             ;
             &
             Mac
             Murrogh
             de
             Lagenia
             :
          
           And
           yet
           I
           find
           ,
           that
           
             O
             Neal
          
           himself
           long
           after
           ,
           
             (
             viz.
          
           )
           in
           20
           Edw.
           4.
           upon
           his
           marriage
           with
           a
           Daughter
           of
           the
           house
           of
           Kildare
           (
           to
           satisfie
           the
           friends
           of
           the
           Lady
           )
           was
           made
           denizen
           by
           a
           special
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           ,
           20
           Edw.
           4.
           
           C.
           8.
           
        
         
           Again
           ,
           in
           the
           29
           of
           Edw
           ,
           1.
           
           before
           the
           Justices
           in
           Eire
           at
           
             Droghedah
             ,
             Thomas
             le
             Botteler
          
           brought
           an
           action
           of
           Detinue
           against
           
             Robert
             de
             Almain
          
           ,
           for
           certain
           goods
           .
           The
           Defendant
           pleadeth
           ,
           
             Quod
             non
             tenetur
             ei
             inde
             respondere
             ,
             eo
             quod
             est
             Hibernicus
             ,
             &
             non
             de
             libero
             sanguine
             .
             Et
             praedictus
             Thomas
             dicit
             ,
             quod
             Anglicus
             est
             ,
             &
             hoc
             petit
             quod
             inquiratur
             per
             patriam
             ,
             
             Ideo
             fiat
             inde
             Jurat
             .
             &c.
             Jurat
             .
             dicunt
             super
             Sacrament
             suum
             ,
             quod
             praedict
             Thomas
             Anglicus
             est
             ,
             ideo
             consideratum
             est
             quod
             recuperet
             ,
             &c.
             
          
        
         
           These
           two
           Records
           among
           many
           other
           ,
           do
           sufficiently
           shew
           ,
           that
           the
           Irish
           were
           disabled
           to
           bring
           any
           actions
           at
           the
           Common
           Law.
           Touching
           their
           Denizations
           ,
           they
           were
           common
           in
           every
           Kings
           Reign
           ,
           since
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           and
           were
           never
           out
           of
           use
           ,
           till
           His
           Majestie
           that
           now
           is
           ,
           came
           to
           the
           Crown
           .
        
         
           Among
           the
           Pleas
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           4.
           
           Edw.
           2.
           we
           finde
           a
           Confirmation
           made
           by
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           of
           a
           Charter
           of
           Denization
           granted
           by
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           to
           certain
           Oostmen
           ,
           or
           Easterlings
           ,
           who
           were
           Inhabitants
           of
           Waterford
           long
           before
           Henry
           the
           second
           attempted
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
           
           
             Edwardus
             Dei
             gratia
             ,
             &c.
             Justitiario
             suo
             Hiberniae
             Salutem
             :
             Quia
             per
             Inspectionem
             Chartae
             Dom.
             Hen.
             Reg.
             filii
             Imperatricis
             quondam
             Dom.
             Hiberniae
             proavi
             nostri
             nobis
             Constat
             ,
             quod
             Ostmanni
             de
             Waterford
             legem
             Anglicorum
             in
             Hibernia
             habere
             ,
             &
             secundum
             ipsam
             legam
             Judicari
             &
             deduci
             debènt
             :
             vobis
             
             mandamus
             quod
             Gillicrist
             Mac
             Gilmurrii
             ,
             Willielmum
             &
             Johannem
             Mac
             Gilmurrii
             &
             alios
             Ostmannos
             de
             civitate
             &
             Comitatu
             Waterford
             ,
             qui
             de
             predictis
             Ostmannis
             praedict
             .
             Dom.
             Henr.
             proavi
             nostri
             originem
             duxerunt
             ,
             legem
             Anglicorum
             in
             partibus
             illis
             juxta
             tenorem
             Chartae
             praedict
             .
             habere
             ,
             &
             eos
             secundum
             ipsam
             legem
             (
             quantum
             in
             nobis
             est
             ,
             deduci
             faciatis
             )
             donec
             aliud
             de
             Consilio
             nostro
             inde
             duxerimus
             ordinand
             .
             In
             cujus
             rei
             ,
             &c.
             Teste
             meipso
             apud
             Acton
             Burnell
             .
          
           15.
           
           
             Octobris
             anno
             regni
             nostri
             undecimo
          
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           
           among
           the
           Patent
           Rolls
           of
           1
           Edward
           the
           fourth
           ,
           remaining
           in
           the
           Chancery
           here
           ,
           we
           finde
           a
           Patent
           of
           Denization
           granted
           the
           13
           of
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           in
           these
           words
           ,
           
             Edwardus
             Dei
             gratia
             ,
             Rex
             Angliae
             ,
             Dom.
             Hiberniae
             ,
             Dux
             Aquitaniae
             ,
             &c.
             
             Omnibus
             Ballivis
             &
             fidelibus
             suis
             in
             Hibernia
             ,
             Salutem
             :
             Volentes
             Christophero
             filio
             Donaldi
             Hibernico
             gratiam
             sacere
             specialem
             ,
             concedimus
             pro
             nobis
             &
             haeredibus
             nostris
             ,
             quod
             idem
             Christopherus
             hanc
             habeat
             libertatem
             ,
             (
             viz.
             )
             Quod
             ipse
             de
             catero
             in
             Hibernia
             utatur
             legibus
             
             Anglicanis
             ,
             &
             prohibemus
             ne
             quisquam
             contra
             hanc
             concessionem
             nostram
             dictum
             Christopherum
             vexet
             in
             aliquo
             vel
             perturbet
             .
             In
             cujus
             rei
             Testimonium
             ,
             &c.
             Teste
             meipso
             apud
             Westm
             .
          
           27.
           
             die
             Junii
             ,
             anno
             regni
             nostri
             ,
          
           13.
           
        
         
           In
           the
           same
           Roll
           ,
           we
           finde
           another
           Charter
           of
           Denization
           ,
           granted
           in
           the
           first
           of
           Edward
           the
           fourth
           ,
           in
           a
           more
           larger
           and
           beneficial
           form
           .
           
             Edw.
             Dei
             gratia
          
           ,
           
           
             &c.
             Omnibus
             Ballivis
             ,
             &c.
             Salutem
             .
             Sciatis
             quod
             nos
             volentes
             Willielmum
             O
             Bolgir
             capellanum
             de
             Hibernica
             Natione
             existentem
             ,
             favore
             prosequi
             gratioso
             ,
             de
             gratia
             nostra
             speciali
             ,
             &c.
             
             Concessimus
             eidem
             Willielmo
             ,
             quod
             ipse
             liberi
             sit
             Status
             ,
             &
             liberae
             conditionis
             ,
             &
             ab
             omni
             servitute
             Hibernicâ
             liber
             &
             quietus
             ,
             &
             quod
             ipse
             legibus
             Anglicanis
             in
             omnibus
             &
             per
             omnia
             uti
             possit
             &
             gaudere
             ,
             eodem
             modo
             ,
             quo
             homines
             Anglici
             infra
             dictam
             terram
             eas
             habent
             ,
             &
             iis
             gaudent
             &
             utuntur
             ,
             quodque
             ipse
             respondeat
             ,
             &
             respondeatur
             ,
             in
             quibuscumque
             Curiis
             nostris
             :
             ac
             omnimod
             .
             terras
             ,
             tenementa
             ,
             redditus
             ,
             &
             servitia
             perquirere
             
             possit
             sibi
             &
             haere
             dibus
             suis
             imperpetuum
             ,
             &c.
             
          
        
         
           If
           I
           should
           collect
           out
           of
           the
           Records
           ,
           all
           the
           Charters
           of
           this
           kind
           ,
           I
           should
           make
           a
           Volume
           thereof
           ;
           but
           these
           may
           suffice
           to
           shew
           ,
           that
           the
           meer
           Irish
           were
           not
           reputed
           free
           Subjects
           ;
           nor
           admitted
           to
           the
           benefit
           of
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           ,
           until
           they
           had
           purchased
           Charters
           of
           Denization
           .
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           the
           meer
           Irish
           were
           not
           onely
           accounted
           Aliens
           ,
           but
           Enemies
           ;
           
           and
           altogether
           out
           of
           the
           Protection
           of
           the
           Law
           ;
           so
           as
           it
           was
           no
           capital
           Offence
           to
           kill
           them
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           manifest
           by
           many
           Records
           .
           At
           a
           Gaol-delivery
           at
           Waterford
           ,
           before
           
             John
             Wogan
          
           Lord
           Justice
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           the
           fourth
           of
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           we
           finde
           it
           recorded
           among
           the
           Pleas
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           that
           year
           ,
           
           
             Quod
             Robertus
             le
             Wayleys
             rectatus
             de
             morte
             Johannis
             filii
             Juor
             Mac
             Gillemory
             felonice
             per
             ipsum
             interfecti
             ,
             &c
             Venit
             &
             bene
             cognovit
             quod
             praedictum
             Johannem
             interfecit
             :
             dicit
             tamon
             quod
             peri●
             ejus
             interfectionem
             feloniam
             committere
             non
             potuit
             ,
             quia
             dicit
             ,
             quod
             praedictus
             
             Johannes
             fuit
             purus
             Hibernicus
             ,
             &
             non
             de
             libero
             sanguine
             ,
             &c.
             
             Et
             cum
             Dominus
             dicti
             Johannis
             (
             cujus
             Hibernicus
             idem
             Johannes
             suit
             )
             die
             quo
             interfectus
             fuit
             ,
             solutionem
             pro
             ipso
             Johanne
             Hibernico
             suo
             sic
             interfecto
             petere
             voluerit
             ,
             ipse
             Robertus
             paratus
             erat
             ad
             respondend
             '
             de
             solutione
             praedict
             prout
             Justitia
             suadebit
             .
             Et
             super
             hoc
             venit
             quidam
             Johannes
             le
             Poer
             ,
             &
             dicit
             pro
             Domino
             Rege
             ,
             quod
             praedict
             .
             Iohannes
             filius
             Iuor
             Mac
             Gillemory
             ,
             &
             antecessores
             sui
             de
             cognonime
             praedict
             .
             à
             tempore
             quo
             Dominus
             Henricus
             filius
             Imperatricis
             ,
             quondam
             Dominus
             Hiberniae
             ,
             Tritavus
             Domini
             Regis
             nunc
             ,
             fuit
             in
             Hibernia
             ,
             legem
             Anglicorum
             in
             Hibernia
             usque
             ad
             hunc
             diem
             haberc
             ,
             &
             secundum
             ipsam
             legem
             judicari
             &
             deduci
             debent
             .
          
           And
           so
           pleaded
           the
           Charter
           of
           Denization
           granted
           to
           the
           Oostmen
           recited
           before
           ;
           All
           which
           appeareth
           at
           large
           in
           the
           said
           Record
           :
           Wherein
           we
           may
           note
           ,
           that
           the
           killing
           of
           an
           Irish
           man
           ,
           was
           not
           punished
           by
           our
           Law
           ,
           as
           Man-slaughter
           ,
           which
           is
           Fellony
           ,
           and
           Capital
           ,
           (
           for
           our
           Law
           did
           neither
           protect
           his
           
           life
           ,
           nor
           revenge
           his
           death
           )
           but
           by
           a
           Fine
           or
           pecuniary
           punishment
           ,
           which
           is
           called
           an
           Erick
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Brehon
           ,
           or
           Irish
           Law.
           
        
         
           Again
           ,
           at
           a
           Gaol-delivery
           ,
           before
           the
           same
           Lord
           Justice
           at
           Limerick
           ,
           in
           the
           Roll
           of
           the
           same
           year
           ,
           we
           finde
           ,
           
           that
           
             Willielmus
             filius
             Rogeri
             rectatus
             de
             morre
             Rogeri
             de
             Canteton
             felonice
             per
             ipsum
             interfecti
             ,
             venit
             &
             dicit
             ,
             quod
             feloniam
             per
             interfectionem
             praedictam
             committere
             non
             potuit
             ,
             quia
             dicit
             quod
             praedict
             .
             Rogerus
             Hibernic
             .
             est
             ,
             &
             non
             de
             libero
             sanguine
             ;
             dicit
             etiam
             quod
             praedict
             .
             Rogerus
             fuit
             de
             Cognomine
             de
             Ohederiscal
             &
             non
             de
             cognonime
             de
             Cantetons
             ,
             &
             de
             hoc
             ponit
             se
             super
             patriam
             ,
             &c.
             
             Et
             Jurati
             dicunt
             super
             Sacram.
             suum
             ,
             quod
             praedictus
             Rogerus
             Hibernicus
             fuit
             &
             de
             cognonime
             de
             Ohederiscal
             &
             pro
             Hibernico
             habebatur
             tota
             vita
             sua
             :
             Ideo
             praedict
             .
             Willielmus
             quoad
             feloniam
             praedict
             .
             quietus
             .
             Sed
             quia
             praedictus
             Rogerus
             Ottederiscal
             fuit
             Hibernicus
             Domini
             Regis
             ,
             praedict
             .
             Willielmus
             recommittatur
             Gaolae
             ,
             quousque
             plegios
             invenerit
             de
             quinque
             marcis
             solvendis
             
             Domino
             Regi
             pro
             solutione
             praedicti
             Hibernici
             .
          
        
         
           But
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           if
           the
           Jury
           had
           found
           ,
           that
           the
           party
           slain
           had
           been
           of
           English
           race
           and
           Nation
           ,
           it
           had
           been
           adjudged
           Fellony
           ;
           as
           appeareth
           by
           a
           Record
           of
           29
           of
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           in
           the
           Crown-Office
           here
           .
           
             Coram
             Waltero
             Lenfant
             &
             sociis
             suis
             Justitiariis
             Itinerantibus
             apud
             Drogheda
             in
             Comitatu
             Louth
             .
          
           
           
             Johannes
             Laurens
             indictat
             .
             de
             morte
             Galfridi
             Douedal
             venit
             &
             non
             dedicit
             mortem
             praedictam
             :
             sed
             dicit
             quod
             praedict
             .
             Galfridus
             fuit
             Hibernicus
             ,
             &
             non
             de
             libero
             sanguine
             ,
             &
             d●
             bono
             &
             malo
             ponit
             se
             super
             patriam
             ,
             &c.
             
             Et
             Jurat
             .
             dicunt
             super
             Sacram.
             suum
             quod
             praedict
             .
             Galfridus
             Anglicus
             fuit
             ,
             &
             ideo
             praedict
             .
             Johannes
             culpabilis
             e●●
             de
             morte
             Galfridi
             praedict
             .
             Ideo
             suspend
             Catalla
          
           13.
           s.
           
             unde
             Hugo
             de
             Clinton
             Vic●
             com
             .
             respondet
             .
          
        
         
           Hence
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           in
           all
           the
           Parliament
           Rolls
           which
           are
           extant
           fro●
           the
           fortieth
           year
           of
           Edward
           the
           third
           when
           the
           Statutes
           of
           Kilkenny
           were
           enacted
           ,
           till
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Henry
           
           the
           eighth
           ,
           we
           finde
           the
           degenerate
           and
           disobedient
           English
           ,
           called
           Rebels
           ;
           but
           the
           Irish
           which
           were
           not
           in
           the
           Kings
           peace
           ,
           are
           called
           Enemies
           .
           
           
             Statute
             Kilkenny
             .
             c.
          
           1.10
           .
           and
           11.11
           Hen.
           4.
           c.
           24.10
           Hen.
           6.
           c.
           1.18.18
           Hen.
           6.
           c.
           4.5
           Edw.
           4.
           c.
           6.10
           Hen.
           7.
           c.
           17.
           
           All
           these
           Statutes
           speak
           of
           English
           Rebels
           ,
           and
           Irish
           Enemies
           ;
           as
           if
           the
           Irish
           had
           never
           been
           in
           condition
           of
           Subjects
           ,
           but
           always
           out
           of
           the
           Protection
           of
           the
           Law
           ;
           and
           were
           indeed
           in
           worse
           case
           than
           Aliens
           of
           any
           Forreign
           Realm
           that
           was
           in
           Amity
           with
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           .
           For
           ,
           by
           divers
           heavy
           Penal
           Laws
           ,
           the
           English
           were
           forbidden
           to
           marry
           ,
           to
           foster
           ,
           to
           make
           Gossips
           with
           the
           Irish
           ;
           or
           to
           have
           any
           trade
           or
           commerce
           in
           their
           Markets
           or
           Fairs
           ;
           nay
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           Law
           made
           no
           longer
           since
           ,
           than
           the
           28
           year
           of
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           
           that
           the
           English
           should
           not
           marry
           with
           any
           person
           of
           Irish
           blood
           ,
           though
           he
           had
           gotten
           a
           Charter
           of
           Denization
           ,
           unless
           he
           had
           done
           both
           Homage
           and
           Fealty
           to
           the
           King
           in
           the
           Chancery
           ,
           and
           were
           also
           
           bound
           by
           Recognizance
           with
           sureties
           ,
           to
           continue
           a
           Loyal
           Subject
           .
           Whereby
           it
           is
           manifest
           ,
           that
           such
           as
           had
           the
           Government
           of
           Ireland
           under
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           did
           intend
           to
           make
           a
           perpetual
           separation
           and
           enmity
           between
           the
           English
           and
           the
           Irish
           ;
           pretendng
           (
           no
           doubt
           )
           that
           the
           English
           should
           in
           the
           end
           root
           cut
           the
           Irish
           ;
           which
           the
           English
           not
           being
           able
           to
           do
           ,
           did
           cause
           a
           perpetual
           War
           between
           the
           Nations
           :
           which
           continued
           four
           hundred
           and
           odde
           years
           ,
           and
           would
           have
           lasted
           to
           the
           Worlds
           end
           ;
           if
           in
           the
           end
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeths
           Reign
           ,
           the
           Irishry
           had
           not
           been
           broken
           and
           conquered
           by
           the
           Sword
           :
           And
           since
           the
           beginning
           of
           his
           Majesties
           Reign
           ,
           had
           not
           been
           protected
           and
           governed
           by
           the
           Law.
           
        
         
           BUt
           perhaps
           ,
           the
           Irishry
           in
           former
           times
           did
           wilfully
           refuse
           to
           be
           subject
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           would
           not
           be
           partakers
           of
           the
           benefit
           thereof
           ,
           though
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           did
           desire
           ;
           and
           therefore
           ,
           they
           
           were
           reputed
           Aliens
           ,
           Out-laws
           ,
           
           and
           Enemies
           .
           Assuredly
           ,
           the
           contrary
           doth
           appear
           ,
           as
           well
           by
           the
           Charters
           of
           Denization
           purchased
           by
           the
           Irish
           in
           all
           ages
           ,
           as
           by
           a
           Petition
           preferred
           by
           them
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           Anno
           2
           Edward
           the
           third
           :
           desiring
           ,
           that
           an
           Act
           might
           pass
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           whereby
           all
           the
           Irishry
           might
           be
           inabled
           to
           use
           and
           enjoy
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           ,
           without
           purchasing
           of
           particular
           Denizations
           :
           
           Upon
           which
           Petition
           ,
           the
           King
           directed
           a
           special
           Writ
           to
           the
           Lord
           Justice
           ;
           which
           is
           found
           amongst
           the
           Close-Rolls
           in
           the
           Tower
           of
           London
           ,
           in
           this
           form
           ;
           
             Rex
             dilecto
             &
             fideli
             suo
             Johanni
             Darcile
             Mepieu
             Justic
             .
             suo
             Hiberniae
             ,
             Salutem
             .
             Ex
             parte
             quorundam
             hominum
             de
             Hibernia
             nobis
             extitit
             supplicatum
             ,
             ut
             per
             Statutum
             inde
             faciendum
             concedere
             velimus
             ,
             quod
             omnes
             Hibernici
             qui
             voluerint
             ,
             legibus
             utatur
             Anglicanis
             :
             ita
             quod
             necesse
             non
             habeant
             super
             hoc
             Chartas
             alienas
             à
             nobis
             impetrare
             :
             nos
             igitur
             Certiorari
             volentes
             si
             sine
             alieno
             praejudicio
             praemissis
             annuere
             valeamus
             ,
             vobis
             mandamus
             quod
             voluntatem
             magnatum
             
             terrae
             illius
             in
             proximo
             Parliamento
             nostro
             ibidem
             tenendo
             super
             hoc
             cum
             diligentia
             perscrutari
             facias
             :
             &
             de
             eo
             quod
             inde
             inveneritis
             una
             cum
             Consilio
             &
             advisamento
             nobis
             certificetis
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           Whereby
           I
           collect
           ,
           that
           the
           great
           Lords
           of
           Ireland
           had
           informed
           the
           King
           ,
           that
           the
           Irishry
           might
           not
           be
           naturalized
           ,
           without
           damage
           and
           prejudice
           either
           to
           themselves
           ,
           or
           to
           the
           Crown
           .
        
         
           But
           I
           am
           well
           assured
           ,
           that
           the
           Irishry
           did
           desire
           to
           be
           admitted
           to
           the
           benefit
           of
           the
           Law
           ,
           not
           onely
           in
           this
           Petition
           exhibited
           to
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ;
           but
           by
           all
           their
           submissions
           made
           to
           King
           Richard
           the
           second
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           Lord
           Thomas
           of
           Lancaster
           before
           the
           Wars
           of
           the
           two
           Houses
           ;
           and
           afterwards
           to
           the
           Lord
           
             Leonard
             Grey
          
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             Anthony
             Saint-Leger
          
           ,
           
           when
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           began
           to
           reform
           this
           Kingdom
           .
           In
           particular
           ,
           the
           Birns
           of
           the
           Mountains
           ,
           in
           the
           34
           of
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           desire
           that
           their
           Countrey
           might
           be
           made
           Shire-ground
           ,
           and
           called
           the
           County
           of
           Wicklow
           :
           And
           in
           the
           23
           of
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           
             O
             Donnel
          
           doth
           Covenant
           
           with
           Sir
           
             William
             Skeffington
             ,
             Quod
             si
             Dominus
             Rex
             velit
             reformare
             Hiberniam
             ,
          
           (
           whereof
           it
           should
           seem
           he
           made
           some
           doubt
           )
           that
           he
           and
           his
           people
           would
           gladly
           be
           governed
           by
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           .
           Only
           that
           ungrateful
           Traytor
           Tirone
           ,
           though
           he
           had
           no
           colour
           or
           shadow
           of
           Title
           to
           that
           great
           Lordship
           ,
           but
           only
           by
           grant
           from
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           (
           for
           by
           the
           Irish
           Law
           he
           had
           been
           ranked
           with
           the
           meanest
           of
           his
           Sept
           )
           yet
           in
           one
           of
           his
           Capitulations
           with
           the
           State
           ,
           he
           required
           that
           no
           Sheriff
           might
           have
           Jurisdiction
           within
           Tyrone
           ;
           and
           consequently
           that
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           might
           not
           be
           executed
           there
           :
           Which
           request
           ,
           was
           never
           before
           made
           by
           
             O
             Neale
          
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Lord
           of
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           when
           they
           submitted
           themselves
           :
           but
           contrariwise
           they
           were
           humble
           sutors
           to
           have
           the
           benefit
           and
           protection
           of
           the
           English
           Laws
           .
           
        
         
           THis
           then
           I
           note
           as
           a
           great
           defect
           in
           the
           civil
           policy
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           in
           that
           for
           the
           space
           of
           three
           hundred
           and
           
           fifty
           years
           at
           least
           after
           the
           Conquest
           first
           attempted
           ,
           the
           English
           laws
           were
           not
           communicated
           to
           the
           Irish
           ,
           nor
           the
           benefit
           and
           protection
           thereof
           allowed
           unto
           them
           ,
           though
           they
           earnestly
           desired
           and
           sought
           the
           same
           .
           For
           ,
           as
           long
           as
           they
           were
           out
           of
           the
           protection
           of
           the
           Law
           ;
           so
           as
           every
           English-man
           might
           oppress
           ,
           spoil
           ,
           and
           kill
           them
           without
           controulment
           ,
           how
           was
           it
           possible
           they
           should
           be
           other
           than
           Out-laws
           and
           Enemies
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ?
           If
           the
           King
           would
           not
           admit
           them
           to
           the
           condition
           of
           Subjects
           ,
           how
           could
           they
           learn
           to
           acknowledge
           and
           obey
           him
           as
           their
           Soveraign
           ?
           When
           they
           might
           not
           converse
           or
           Commerce
           with
           any
           Civil
           Men
           ,
           nor
           enter
           into
           any
           Town
           or
           City
           without
           peril
           of
           their
           Lives
           ;
           whither
           should
           they
           flye
           but
           into
           the
           Woods
           and
           Mountains
           ,
           and
           there
           live
           in
           a
           wilde
           and
           barbarous
           manner
           ?
           If
           the
           English
           Magistrates
           would
           not
           rule
           them
           by
           the
           Law
           ,
           which
           doth
           punish
           Treason
           ,
           and
           Murder
           ,
           and
           Theft
           with
           death
           ;
           but
           leave
           them
           to
           be
           ruled
           by
           their
           own
           Lords
           and
           Laws
           ,
           why
           should
           
           they
           not
           embrace
           their
           own
           Brehon
           Law
           ,
           which
           punisheth
           no
           offence
           ,
           but
           with
           a
           Fine
           or
           Ericke
           ?
           If
           the
           Irish
           be
           not
           permitted
           to
           purchase
           Estates
           of
           Free-holds
           or
           Inheritance
           ,
           which
           might
           descend
           to
           their
           Children
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           course
           of
           our
           Common
           Law
           ,
           must
           they
           not
           continue
           their
           custom
           of
           Tanistrie
           ?
           which
           makes
           all
           their
           possessions
           uncertain
           ,
           and
           brings
           Confusion
           ,
           Barbarism
           ,
           and
           Incivility
           ?
           In
           a
           word
           ,
           if
           the
           English
           would
           neither
           in
           peace
           Govern
           them
           by
           the
           Law
           ,
           nor
           could
           in
           war
           root
           them
           out
           by
           the
           sword
           ;
           must
           they
           not
           needs
           be
           pricks
           in
           their
           eyes
           ,
           and
           thorns
           in
           their
           sides
           ,
           till
           the
           worlds
           end
           ?
           and
           so
           the
           Conquest
           never
           be
           brought
           to
           perfection
           .
        
         
           BUT
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ;
           
           If
           from
           the
           beginning
           ,
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           had
           been
           established
           ,
           and
           the
           Brehon
           or
           Irish
           Law
           utterly
           abolished
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           ,
           as
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ;
           If
           there
           had
           been
           no
           difference
           made
           between
           the
           Nations
           in
           point
           of
           Justice
           and
           protection
           ,
           but
           all
           
           had
           been
           governed
           by
           one
           Equal
           ,
           Just
           ,
           and
           Honourable
           Law
           ,
           as
           Dido
           speaketh
           in
           
             Virgil
             ;
             Tros
             ,
             Tyriusvè
             mihi
             nullo
             discrimine
             habetur
             .
          
           If
           upon
           the
           first
           submission
           made
           by
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           to
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ;
           
           
             Quem
             in
             Regem
             &
             Dominum
             receperunt
             ,
          
           saith
           
             Matth.
             Paris
          
           ;
           or
           upon
           the
           second
           submission
           made
           to
           King
           John
           ,
           when
           ,
           
             Plusquam
             viginti
             Reguli
             maximo
             timore
             perterriti
             homagium
             ei
             &
             fidelitatem
             fecerunt
             ,
          
           as
           the
           same
           Author
           writeth
           ;
           or
           upon
           the
           third
           general
           submission
           made
           to
           King
           Richard
           the
           second
           ;
           when
           they
           did
           not
           only
           do
           Homage
           and
           fealty
           ,
           but
           bound
           themselves
           by
           Indentures
           and
           Oaths
           (
           as
           is
           before
           expressed
           )
           to
           become
           and
           continue
           loyal
           subjects
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ;
           If
           any
           of
           these
           three
           Kings
           ,
           who
           came
           each
           of
           them
           twice
           in
           person
           into
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           had
           upon
           these
           submissions
           of
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           received
           them
           all
           ,
           both
           Lords
           and
           Tenants
           into
           their
           immediate
           protection
           ,
           divided
           their
           several
           Countries
           into
           Counties
           ;
           made
           Sheriffs
           ,
           Coroners
           ,
           and
           Wardens
           of
           the
           peace
           
           therein
           :
           sent
           Justices
           Itinerants
           half
           yearly
           into
           every
           part
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           punish
           Malefactors
           ,
           as
           to
           hear
           and
           determine
           causes
           between
           party
           and
           party
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           course
           of
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           ;
           taken
           surrenders
           of
           their
           Lands
           and
           Territories
           ,
           and
           granted
           Estates
           unto
           them
           ,
           to
           hold
           by
           English
           Tenures
           ;
           granted
           them
           Markers
           ,
           Fairs
           ,
           and
           other
           Franchises
           ,
           and
           erected
           Corporate
           Towns
           among
           them
           ;
           (
           all
           which
           ,
           hath
           been
           performed
           since
           his
           Majesty
           came
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           )
           assuredly
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           had
           long
           since
           been
           reformed
           and
           reduced
           to
           Peace
           ,
           Plenty
           ,
           and
           Civility
           ,
           which
           are
           the
           effects
           of
           Laws
           and
           good
           Government
           :
           they
           had
           builded
           Houses
           ,
           planted
           Orchards
           and
           Gardens
           ,
           erected
           Town-ships
           ,
           and
           made
           provision
           for
           their
           posterities
           ;
           there
           had
           been
           a
           perfect
           Union
           betwixt
           the
           Nations
           ,
           and
           consequently
           ,
           a
           perfect
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
           For
           the
           Conquest
           is
           never
           perfect
           ,
           till
           the
           war
           be
           at
           an
           end
           ;
           and
           the
           war
           is
           not
           at
           an
           end
           till
           their
           be
           peace
           and
           unity
           ;
           and
           there
           
           can
           never
           be
           Unity
           and
           Concord
           in
           any
           one
           Kingdom
           ,
           but
           where
           there
           is
           but
           one
           King
           ,
           one
           Allegiance
           ,
           and
           one
           Law.
           
        
         
           
           TRue
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           King
           John
           made
           twelve
           shires
           in
           Leinster
           and
           Mounster
           :
           namely
           ,
           
             Dublin
             ,
             Kildare
             ,
             Meth
             ,
             Vriel
             ,
             Catherlogh
             ,
             Kilkenny
             ,
             Wexford
             ,
             Waterford
             ,
             Corke
             ,
             Limerick
             ,
             Kerrie
             ,
          
           and
           Tipperary
           .
           Yet
           these
           Counties
           did
           stretch
           no
           farther
           than
           the
           Lands
           of
           the
           English
           Colonies
           did
           extend
           .
           In
           them
           only
           ,
           were
           the
           English
           Laws
           published
           and
           put
           in
           Execution
           ;
           and
           in
           them
           only
           did
           the
           Itinerant
           Judges
           make
           their
           circuits
           and
           visitations
           of
           Justice
           ,
           and
           not
           in
           the
           Countries
           possessed
           by
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           which
           contained
           two
           third
           parts
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           at
           least
           .
           And
           therefore
           King
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           before
           the
           Court
           of
           Parliament
           was
           established
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           did
           transmit
           the
           Statutes
           of
           England
           in
           this
           form
           :
           
             Dominus
             Rex
             mandavit
             Breve
             suum
             in
             haec
             verba
             :
          
           
           
             Edwardus
             Dei
             gratia
             ,
             Rex
             Angliae
             ,
             Dominus
             Hiberniae
             ,
          
           &c.
           
             Cancellario
             
             suo
             Hiberniae
             ,
             Salutem
             .
             Quaedam
             statuta
             per
             nos
             de
             assensu
             Praelatorum
             ,
             Comitum
             ,
             Baronum
             &
             Communitat
             .
             regni
             nostri
             nuper
             apud
             Lincolne
             ,
             &
             quaedam
             alia
             statuta
             postmodum
             apud
             Eborum
             facta
             ,
             quae
             in
             dicta
             terra
             nostra
             Hiberniae
             ad
             Communem
             utilitatem
             populi
             nostri
             ejusdem
             terrae
             observari
             volumus
             ,
             vobis
             mittimus
             sub
             sigillo
             nostro
             ,
             mandantes
             quod
             statuta
             illa
             in
             dicta
             Cancellaria
             nostra
             Custodiri
             ,
             ac
             in
             rotulis
             ejusdem
             Cancellariae
             irrotulari
             ,
             &
             ad
             singulas
             placeas
             nostras
             in
             terra
             nostra
             Hiberniae
             ,
             &
             singulos
             Commitatus
             ejusdem
             terrae
             mitti
             faciatis
             ministris
             nostris
             placearum
             illarum
             ,
             &
             Vicecomitibus
             dictorum
             Comitatum
             :
             mandantes
             ,
             quod
             statuta
             illa
             coram
             ipsis
             publicari
             &
             ea
             in
             omnibus
             &
             singulis
             Articulis
             suis
             observari
             firmiter
             faciatis
             .
             Testè
             meipso
             apud
             Nottingham
             ,
          
           &c.
           
           By
           which
           Writ
           ,
           and
           by
           all
           the
           Pipe-Rolls
           of
           that
           time
           it
           is
           manifest
           ,
           that
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           were
           published
           and
           put
           in
           execution
           only
           in
           the
           Counties
           ,
           which
           were
           then
           made
           and
           limited
           ,
           and
           not
           in
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           ,
           which
           were
           neglected
           and
           
           left
           wilde
           ;
           and
           have
           but
           of
           late
           years
           been
           divided
           in
           one
           and
           twenty
           Counties
           more
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           true
           it
           is
           that
           by
           the
           Statute
           of
           Kilkenny
           ,
           enacted
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           in
           the
           fortieth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           Third
           ,
           the
           Brehon
           Law
           was
           condemned
           and
           abolished
           ,
           and
           the
           use
           and
           practice
           thereof
           made
           High-Treason
           .
           But
           this
           Law
           extended
           to
           the
           English
           only
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           the
           Irish
           :
           For
           the
           Law
           is
           penned
           in
           this
           form
           :
           Item
           ,
           
             Forasmuch
             as
             the
             diversity
             of
             Government
             by
             divers
             Laws
             in
             one
             Land
             ,
          
           
           
             doth
             make
             diversity
             of
             ligeance
             and
             debates
             between
             the
             people
             ,
             It
             is
             accorded
             and
             established
             ,
             that
             hereafter
             no
             English
             man
             have
             debate
             with
             another
             English
             man
             ,
             but
             according
             to
             the
             course
             of
             the
             Common
             Law
             ;
             And
             that
             no
             English
             man
             be
             ruled
             in
             the
             definition
             of
             their
             debates
             ,
             by
             the
             March-Law
             ,
             or
             the
             Brehon
             Law
             ,
             which
             by
             reason
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             named
             a
             Law
             ,
             but
             an
             evil
             Custom
             ;
             but
             that
             they
             be
             ruled
             as
             right
             is
             ,
             by
             the
             common
             Law
             of
             the
             Land
             ,
             as
             the
             Lieges
             of
             our
             Soveraign
             Lord
             the
             King
             ;
             And
             if
             any
             do
             to
             the
             contrary
             
             and
             thereof
             be
             attainted
             ,
             that
             he
             be
             taken
             and
             imprisoned
             and
             judged
             as
             a
             Traytor
             :
             And
             that
             hereafter
             there
             be
             no
             diversity
             of
             ligeance
             between
             the
             English
             born
             in
          
           Ireland
           ,
           
             and
             the
             English
             born
             in
          
           England
           ,
           
             but
             that
             all
             be
             called
             and
             reputed
             English
             ,
             and
             the
             Lieges
             of
             our
             Soveraign
             Lord
             the
             KING
             ,
          
           &c.
           
           This
           Law
           ,
           was
           made
           only
           to
           reform
           the
           degenerate
           English
           ,
           but
           there
           was
           no
           care
           taken
           for
           the
           reformation
           of
           the
           meer
           Irish
           ;
           no
           Ordinance
           ,
           no
           provision
           made
           for
           the
           abolishing
           of
           their
           barbarous
           Customs
           and
           manners
           .
           Insomuch
           as
           the
           Law
           then
           made
           for
           Apparel
           ,
           and
           riding
           in
           Saddles
           ,
           after
           the
           English
           fashion
           ,
           is
           penal
           only
           to
           English
           men
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           the
           Irish
           .
           But
           the
           Roman
           State
           ,
           which
           conquered
           so
           many
           Nations
           both
           barbarous
           and
           Civil
           ;
           
           and
           therefore
           knew
           by
           experience
           ,
           the
           best
           and
           readiest
           way
           of
           making
           a
           perfect
           and
           absolute
           conquest
           ,
           refused
           not
           to
           communicate
           their
           Laws
           to
           the
           rude
           and
           barbarous
           people
           ,
           whom
           they
           had
           Conquered
           ;
           neither
           did
           they
           put
           them
           out
           of
           their
           protection
           ,
           after
           they
           had
           once
           submitted
           themselves
           .
           But
           contrariwise
           ,
           
           it
           is
           said
           of
           
             Julius
             Caesar
             :
             Quâ
             ,
             vicit
             ,
             victos
             protegit
             ,
             ille
             manu
             .
          
           And
           again
           ,
           of
           another
           Emperor
           :
        
         
           
             Fecisti
             patriam
             diversis
             gentibus
             unam
             ,
          
           
             Profuit
             invitis
             te
             dominante
             capi
             ;
          
           
             Dumque
             offers
             victis
             proprii
             consortia
             juris
             ,
          
           
             Vrbem
             fecisti
             ,
             quod
             priùs
             orbis
             erat
             ,
          
        
         
           And
           of
           Rome
           it self
           ;
           
             
               Haec
               est
               ,
               in
               gremium
               vict
               os
               quae
               sola
               recepit
               ,
            
             
               Humanumque
               genus
               communi
               nomine
               fovit
               ,
            
             
               Matris
               ,
               non
               dominae
               ,
               ritu
               ;
               Civesque
               vocavit
               ,
            
             
               Quos
               domuit
               ,
               nexusque
               pio
               longinqua
               revinxit
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           Therefore
           (
           as
           Tacitus
           writeth
           )
           
             Julius
             Agricola
          
           the
           Romane
           General
           in
           Brittany
           ,
           used
           this
           policy
           to
           make
           a
           perfect
           Conquest
           of
           our
           Ancestours
           ,
           the
           ancient
           Brittains
           ;
           They
           were
           (
           saith
           he
           )
           rude
           ,
           and
           dispersed
           ;
           and
           therefore
           prone
           upon
           every
           occasion
           to
           make
           war
           ,
           but
           to
           induce
           them
           by
           pleasure
           to
           quietness
           and
           rest
           ,
           he
           exhorted
           them
           in
           private
           ,
           and
           gave
           them
           helps
           in
           common
           ,
           
           to
           build
           Temples
           ,
           Houses
           ,
           and
           places
           of
           publick
           resort
           .
           The
           Noblemens
           Sons
           ,
           he
           took
           and
           instructed
           in
           the
           Liberal
           Sciences
           ,
           &c.
           preferring
           the
           wits
           of
           the
           Brittains
           ,
           before
           the
           Students
           of
           France
           ;
           as
           being
           now
           curious
           to
           attain
           the
           Eloquence
           of
           the
           Romane
           Language
           ,
           whereas
           they
           lately
           rejected
           that
           speech
           .
           After
           that
           ,
           the
           Roman
           Attire
           grew
           to
           be
           in
           account
           ,
           and
           the
           Gown
           to
           be
           in
           use
           among
           them
           ;
           and
           so
           by
           little
           and
           little
           they
           proceeded
           to
           curiosity
           and
           delicacies
           in
           Buildings
           and
           furniture
           of
           Houshould
           ;
           in
           Bathes
           ,
           and
           exquisite
           Banquets
           ;
           and
           so
           being
           come
           to
           the
           heighth
           of
           Civility
           ,
           they
           were
           thereby
           brought
           to
           an
           absolute
           subjection
           .
        
         
           LIkewise
           ,
           our
           Norman
           Conqueror
           ,
           
           though
           he
           oppressed
           the
           English
           Nobility
           very
           sore
           ,
           and
           gave
           away
           to
           his
           servitors
           ,
           the
           Lands
           and
           possessions
           of
           such
           ,
           as
           did
           oppose
           his
           first
           invasion
           ,
           though
           he
           caused
           all
           his
           Acts
           of
           Counsel
           to
           be
           published
           in
           French
           ;
           and
           some
           legal
           proceedings
           and
           pleadings
           
           to
           be
           framed
           and
           used
           in
           the
           same
           tongue
           ,
           as
           a
           mark
           and
           badge
           of
           a
           conquest
           ;
           yet
           he
           governed
           All
           ,
           both
           English
           and
           Normans
           ,
           by
           one
           and
           the
           same
           Law
           ;
           which
           was
           the
           ancient
           common
           Law
           of
           England
           ,
           long
           before
           the
           Conquest
           .
           Neither
           did
           he
           deny
           any
           English
           Man
           (
           that
           submitted
           himself
           unto
           him
           :
           )
           The
           benefit
           of
           that
           Law
           though
           it
           were
           against
           a
           Norman
           of
           the
           best
           rank
           ,
           and
           in
           greatest
           favour
           (
           as
           appeared
           in
           the
           notable
           Controversie
           between
           Warren
           the
           Norman
           ,
           and
           Sherburne
           of
           Sherburne
           Castle
           in
           Norfolke
           ;
           
           for
           the
           Conqueror
           had
           given
           that
           Castle
           to
           Warren
           ;
           yet
           when
           the
           Inheritors
           thereof
           ,
           had
           alledged
           before
           the
           King
           ,
           that
           he
           never
           boar
           Armes
           against
           him
           ;
           that
           he
           was
           his
           subject
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           other
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           did
           inherit
           and
           hold
           his
           Lands
           ,
           by
           the
           rules
           of
           that
           Law
           ,
           which
           the
           King
           had
           established
           among
           all
           his
           Subjects
           ;
           The
           King
           gave
           judgment
           against
           Warren
           ,
           and
           commanded
           that
           Sherborne
           should
           hold
           his
           land
           in
           peace
           .
           By
           this
           means
           ,
           himself
           obtained
           a
           
           peaceable
           possession
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           within
           few
           years
           ;
           whereas
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           cast
           all
           the
           English
           out
           of
           his
           protection
           ,
           and
           held
           them
           as
           Aliens
           and
           Enemies
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           the
           Normans
           (
           perhaps
           )
           might
           have
           spent
           as
           much
           time
           in
           the
           Conquest
           of
           England
           ,
           as
           the
           English
           have
           spent
           in
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           THe
           like
           prudent
           course
           hath
           been
           observed
           in
           reducing
           of
           Wales
           ;
           
           which
           was
           performed
           partly
           by
           King
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           and
           altogether
           finished
           by
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           .
           For
           we
           find
           by
           the
           Statute
           of
           Rutland
           ,
           made
           the
           12.
           of
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           when
           the
           Welshmen
           had
           submitted
           themselves
           ,
           
             De
             alto
             &
             Basso
          
           ,
           to
           that
           King
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           reject
           and
           cast
           them
           off
           ,
           as
           Out-lawes
           and
           Enemies
           ,
           but
           caused
           their
           Laws
           and
           customs
           to
           be
           examined
           ,
           which
           were
           in
           many
           points
           agreeable
           to
           the
           Irish
           or
           Brehon
           Law.
           
             Quibus
             diligenter
             auditis
             &
             plenius
             intellectis
             ,
             quasdam
             illarum
          
           (
           saith
           the
           King
           in
           that
           Ordinance
           )
           
             Consilio
             procerum
             delevimus
             ;
             quasdam
             
             permissimus
             ;
             quasdam
             correximus
             ;
             ac
             etiam
             quasdam
             alias
             adjiciendas
             &
             faciend
             .
             decrevimus
          
           ;
           and
           so
           established
           a
           Common-wealth
           among
           them
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           form
           of
           the
           English
           Government
           .
           After
           this
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           sundry
           insurrections
           of
           the
           Barons
           ;
           the
           Wars
           in
           France
           ;
           and
           the
           dissention
           between
           the
           houses
           of
           Yorke
           and
           Lancaster
           ,
           the
           State
           of
           England
           ,
           neglected
           or
           omitted
           the
           execution
           of
           this
           Statute
           of
           Rutland
           ;
           so
           as
           a
           great
           part
           of
           Wales
           grew
           wilde
           and
           barbarous
           again
           .
           And
           therefore
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           by
           the
           Statutes
           of
           27.
           and
           32.
           of
           his
           raign
           ,
           did
           revive
           and
           recontinue
           that
           Noble
           work
           begun
           by
           King
           Edward
           the
           first
           ;
           and
           brought
           it
           indeed
           to
           full
           perfection
           ;
           For
           he
           united
           the
           Dominion
           of
           Wales
           ,
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           divided
           it
           into
           Shires
           ,
           and
           erected
           in
           every
           Shire
           ,
           one
           Burrough
           ,
           as
           in
           England
           ;
           and
           enabled
           them
           to
           send
           Knights
           and
           Burgesses
           to
           the
           Parliament
           ;
           established
           a
           Court
           of
           Presidency
           ,
           and
           orda●ned
           that
           Justices
           of
           Assise
           ,
           and
           Gaol-delivery
           ,
           should
           make
           
           their
           half
           year
           circuits
           there
           ,
           as
           in
           England
           ;
           made
           all
           the
           Laws
           and
           Statutes
           of
           England
           ,
           in
           force
           there
           ;
           and
           among
           other
           Welsh
           Customs
           ,
           abolished
           that
           of
           Gavel-kinde
           :
           whereby
           the
           Heirs-Females
           were
           utterly
           excluded
           ,
           and
           the
           Bastards
           did
           inherit
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           Legitimate
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           very
           Irish
           Gavel-kinde
           .
           By
           means
           whereof
           ;
           that
           entire
           Country
           in
           a
           short
           time
           was
           securely
           setled
           in
           peace
           and
           Obedience
           ,
           and
           hath
           attained
           to
           that
           Civility
           of
           Manners
           ,
           and
           plenty
           of
           all
           things
           ,
           as
           now
           we
           find
           it
           not
           inferiour
           ,
           to
           the
           best
           parts
           of
           England
           .
        
         
           I
           will
           therefore
           knit
           up
           this
           point
           with
           these
           conclusions
           ;
           First
           ,
           that
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           ,
           which
           in
           former
           Ages
           attempted
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           being
           ill
           advised
           and
           counselled
           by
           the
           great
           men
           here
           ,
           did
           not
           upon
           the
           submissions
           of
           the
           Irish
           ,
           communicate
           their
           Laws
           unto
           them
           ,
           nor
           admit
           them
           to
           the
           state
           and
           condition
           of
           Free-subjects
           :
           Secondly
           ,
           that
           for
           the
           space
           of
           200.
           years
           at
           ●east
           ,
           after
           the
           first
           arrival
           of
           Henry
           the
           second
           
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           the
           Irish
           would
           gladly
           have
           embraced
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           did
           earnestly
           desire
           the
           benefit
           and
           protection
           thereof
           ;
           which
           being
           denyed
           them
           ,
           did
           of
           necessity
           cause
           a
           continual
           ,
           bordering
           war
           between
           the
           English
           and
           the
           Irish
           .
           And
           lastly
           ,
           if
           according
           to
           the
           examples
           before
           recited
           ,
           they
           had
           reduced
           as
           well
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           ,
           as
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           under
           one
           form
           of
           civil
           government
           (
           as
           now
           they
           are
           ,
           )
           the
           Meers
           and
           Bounds
           of
           the
           Marches
           and
           Borders
           ,
           had
           been
           long
           since
           worne
           out
           and
           forgotten
           ,
           
           (
           for
           it
           is
           not
           fit
           ,
           as
           Cambrensis
           writeth
           )
           that
           a
           King
           of
           an
           Island
           should
           have
           any
           Marches
           or
           Borders
           ,
           (
           but
           the
           four
           Seas
           )
           both
           Nations
           had
           been
           incorporated
           and
           united
           ;
           Ireland
           had
           been
           entirely
           Conquered
           ,
           Planted
           ,
           and
           Improved
           ;
           and
           returned
           a
           rich
           Revenue
           to
           the
           Cr●wn
           of
           England
           .
           
        
         
           THE
           next
           error
           in
           the
           Civil
           pollicy
           which
           hindered
           the
           perfection
           of
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           did
           consist
           
           in
           the
           Distribution
           of
           the
           Lands
           and
           Possessions
           which
           were
           won
           and
           conquered
           from
           the
           Irish
           .
           For
           ,
           the
           
             Scopes
             of
             Land
          
           which
           were
           granted
           to
           the
           first
           Adventures
           ,
           
             were
             too
             large
          
           ;
           and
           the
           Liberties
           and
           Royalties
           ,
           which
           they
           obtained
           therein
           ,
           
             were
             too
             great
             for
             Subjects
          
           :
           though
           it
           stood
           with
           reason
           that
           they
           should
           be
           rewarded
           liberally
           out
           of
           the
           fruits
           of
           their
           own
           Labours
           ,
           since
           they
           did
           
             Militare
             propriis
             stipendiis
          
           ,
           and
           received
           no
           pay
           from
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           .
           Notwithstanding
           there
           ensued
           divers
           inconveniences
           ,
           that
           gave
           great
           impediment
           to
           the
           Conquest
           .
        
         
           FIrst
           ,
           
           the
           Earl
           Strongbow
           was
           entituled
           to
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           of
           Leinster
           ;
           partly
           by
           Invasion
           ,
           and
           partly
           by
           Marriage
           ;
           albeit
           ,
           he
           surrendred
           the
           same
           entirely
           to
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           his
           Soveraign
           ;
           for
           that
           with
           his
           license
           he
           came
           over
           ;
           and
           with
           the
           Ayd
           of
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           he
           had
           gained
           that
           great
           inheritance
           ;
           yet
           did
           the
           King
           regrant
           back
           again
           to
           him
           and
           his
           Heirs
           all
           that
           Province
           ,
           reserving
           onely
           the
           City
           of
           
           Dublin
           ,
           
           and
           the
           Cantreds
           next
           adjoyning
           ,
           with
           the
           Maritime
           Towns
           ,
           and
           principal
           Forts
           and
           Castles
           .
           Next
           ,
           the
           same
           King
           granted
           to
           
             Robert
             Fitz-Stephen
          
           ,
           and
           
             Miles
             Cogan
          
           ,
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           of
           Cork
           ,
           
           from
           Lismore
           to
           the
           Sea.
           To
           
             Phillip
             Bruce
          
           ,
           he
           gave
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           of
           Limerick
           ,
           with
           the
           Donation
           of
           Bishopwricks
           ,
           and
           Abbies
           (
           except
           the
           City
           ,
           and
           one
           Cantred
           of
           land
           adjoyning
           .
           )
           
           To
           Sir
           
             Hugh
             de
             Lacy
          
           ,
           all
           Meath
           .
           To
           Sir
           
             John
             de
             Courcy
          
           ,
           all
           Vlster
           .
           To
           
             William
             Burke
             Fitz-Adelm
          
           ,
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           Conaght
           .
           In
           like
           manner
           ,
           Sir
           
             Thomas
             de
             Clare
          
           ,
           obtained
           a
           grant
           of
           all
           Thomond
           ;
           and
           
             Otho
             de
             Grandison
          
           of
           all
           Tipperary
           ;
           and
           
             Robert
             le
             Poer
          
           ,
           of
           the
           Territory
           of
           Waterford
           ,
           (
           the
           City
           it self
           ,
           and
           the
           Cantred
           of
           the
           Oastmen
           only
           excepted
           .
           )
           And
           thus
           was
           all
           Ireland
           Cantonized
           among
           ten
           persons
           of
           the
           English
           Nation
           ;
           and
           though
           they
           had
           not
           gained
           the
           possession
           of
           one
           third
           part
           of
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           ,
           yet
           in
           Title
           they
           were
           Owners
           and
           Lords
           of
           all
           ,
           so
           as
           nothing
           was
           left
           to
           be
           granted
           to
           the
           Natives
           .
           And
           therefore
           
           we
           do
           not
           find
           in
           any
           Record
           or
           story
           for
           the
           space
           of
           three
           hundred
           years
           ,
           after
           these
           Adventurers
           first
           arived
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           
           that
           any
           Irish
           Lord
           obtained
           a
           grant
           of
           his
           Country
           from
           the
           Crown
           ,
           but
           onely
           the
           King
           of
           Thomond
           ,
           who
           had
           a
           grant
           but
           during
           King
           Henry
           the
           third
           his
           Minority
           :
           and
           
             Rotherick
             O
             Connor
          
           ,
           King
           of
           Conaght
           ,
           to
           whom
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           
           before
           this
           distribution
           made
           ,
           did
           grant
           (
           as
           is
           before
           declared
           .
           )
           
             Vt
             sit
             Rex
             sub
             eo
          
           ;
           and
           moreover
           ,
           
             Vt
             teneat
             terram
             suam
             Conactiae
             it
             a
             bene
             &
             in
             pace
             ,
             sicut
             tenuit
             antequam
             Dominus
             Rex
             intravit
             Hiberniam
             .
          
           And
           whose
           Successor
           ,
           
           in
           the
           24
           of
           Henry
           the
           third
           ,
           when
           the
           Bourkes
           had
           made
           a
           strong
           Plantation
           there
           ,
           and
           had
           well-nigh
           expelled
           him
           out
           of
           his
           Territory
           ,
           he
           came
           over
           into
           England
           ,
           (
           as
           Matth.
           
           Paris
           writeth
           )
           and
           made
           complaint
           to
           King
           Henry
           the
           third
           of
           this
           Invasion
           made
           by
           the
           Bourkes
           upon
           his
           Land
           ,
           insisting
           upon
           the
           grants
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           and
           King
           John
           ;
           and
           affirming
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           duely
           paid
           an
           yearly
           tribute
           of
           five
           thousand
           marks
           for
           his
           
           Kingdom
           .
           Whereupon
           ,
           the
           King
           called
           unto
           him
           the
           Lord
           
             Maurice
             fitz-Girald
          
           ,
           who
           was
           then
           Lord
           Justice
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           and
           President
           in
           the
           Court
           ;
           and
           commanded
           him
           that
           he
           should
           root
           out
           that
           unjust
           plantation
           ,
           which
           Hubert
           Earl
           of
           Kent
           had
           in
           the
           time
           of
           his
           greatness
           ,
           planted
           in
           those
           parts
           ;
           and
           wrote
           withal
           to
           the
           great
           men
           of
           Ireland
           to
           remove
           the
           Bourks
           ,
           and
           to
           establish
           the
           King
           of
           Conaght
           in
           the
           quiet
           possession
           of
           his
           Kingdom
           .
           Howbeit
           ,
           I
           do
           not
           read
           ,
           that
           the
           King
           of
           Englands
           commandment
           or
           direction
           in
           this
           behalf
           was
           ever
           put
           in
           execution
           .
           For
           ,
           the
           troth
           is
           ;
           
           
             Richard
             de
             Burgo
          
           had
           obtained
           a
           grant
           of
           all
           Conaght
           ,
           after
           the
           death
           of
           the
           King
           of
           Conaght
           ,
           then
           living
           .
           For
           which
           he
           gave
           a
           thousand
           pound
           ,
           as
           the
           Record
           in
           the
           Tower
           reciteth
           ,
           the
           third
           of
           Henry
           the
           third
           ,
           claus
           .
           2.
           
           And
           besides
           ,
           our
           great
           English
           Lords
           could
           not
           endure
           that
           any
           Kings
           should
           Reign
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           but
           themselves
           ;
           nay
           ,
           they
           could
           hardly
           endure
           that
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           it self
           ,
           should
           have
           any
           Jurisdiction
           or
           Power
           over
           them
           .
           
           For
           many
           of
           these
           Lords
           ,
           
           to
           whom
           our
           Kings
           had
           granted
           these
           petty
           Kingdoms
           ,
           did
           by
           vertue
           and
           colour
           of
           these
           Grants
           ,
           claim
           and
           exercise
           
             Jura
             Regalia
          
           within
           their
           Territories
           ;
           insomuch
           ,
           as
           there
           were
           no
           less
           than
           eight
           Counties
           Palatines
           in
           Ireland
           at
           one
           time
           .
        
         
           For
           
             William
             Marshal
          
           ,
           Earl
           of
           Pembroke
           ,
           who
           married
           the
           Daughter
           and
           Heir
           of
           Strongbow
           ,
           being
           Lord
           of
           all
           Leinster
           ,
           had
           Royal
           Jurisdiction
           thoroughout
           all
           that
           Province
           .
           
           This
           great
           Lord
           had
           five
           sons
           ,
           and
           five
           daughters
           ;
           every
           of
           his
           sons
           enjoyed
           that
           Seigniory
           successively
           ,
           and
           yet
           all
           dyed
           without
           issue
           .
           Then
           this
           great
           Lordship
           was
           broken
           and
           divided
           ,
           and
           partition
           made
           between
           the
           five
           daughters
           ,
           who
           were
           married
           into
           the
           Noblest
           Houses
           of
           England
           .
           The
           County
           of
           Catherlough
           was
           allotted
           to
           the
           eldest
           ;
           
           Wexford
           to
           the
           sec●nd
           ;
           Kilkenny
           to
           the
           third
           ;
           Kildare
           to
           the
           fourth
           ;
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           Leix
           ,
           now
           called
           the
           
             Queens
             County
          
           ,
           to
           the
           fifth
           :
           In
           every
           of
           these
           portions
           ,
           the
           Ceparceners
           severally
           exercised
           the
           same
           Jurisdiction
           Royal
           ,
           
           which
           the
           Earl
           Marshal
           and
           his
           Sons
           had
           used
           in
           the
           whole
           Province
           .
           
           Whereby
           it
           came
           to
           pass
           ,
           that
           there
           were
           five
           County
           Palatines
           erected
           in
           Leinster
           .
           Then
           had
           the
           Lord
           of
           Meath
           the
           same
           Royal
           liberty
           in
           all
           that
           Territory
           ;
           the
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           in
           all
           that
           Province
           ;
           
           and
           the
           Lord
           of
           Desmond
           and
           Kerry
           within
           that
           County
           .
           All
           these
           appear
           upon
           Record
           ,
           and
           were
           all
           as
           ancient
           as
           the
           time
           of
           King
           John
           ;
           
           onely
           the
           liberty
           of
           Tipperary
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           onely
           Liberty
           that
           remaineth
           at
           this
           day
           ,
           was
           granted
           to
           
             James
             Butler
          
           the
           first
           Earl
           of
           Ormond
           ,
           in
           the
           third
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           .
        
         
           These
           absolute
           Palatines
           made
           Barons
           and
           Knights
           ,
           did
           exercise
           high
           Justice
           in
           all
           points
           within
           their
           Territories
           ,
           erected
           Courts
           for
           Criminal
           and
           Civil
           Causes
           ,
           
           and
           for
           their
           own
           Revenues
           ;
           in
           the
           same
           form
           ,
           as
           the
           Kings
           Courts
           were
           established
           at
           Dublin
           ;
           made
           their
           own
           Judges
           ,
           Seneshals
           ,
           Sheriffs
           ,
           Coroners
           ,
           and
           Escheators
           ;
           so
           as
           the
           Kings
           Writ
           did
           not
           run
           in
           these
           Counties
           (
           which
           took
           up
           more
           
           than
           two
           parts
           of
           the
           English
           Colonies
           )
           but
           onely
           in
           the
           Church
           Lands
           lying
           within
           the
           same
           ,
           which
           were
           called
           the
           Cross
           ,
           wherein
           the
           King
           made
           a
           Sheriff
           :
           And
           so
           ,
           in
           each
           of
           these
           Counties
           Palatines
           ,
           there
           were
           two
           Sheriffs
           ;
           One
           ,
           of
           the
           Liberty
           ;
           and
           another
           of
           the
           Cross
           :
           As
           in
           Meath
           we
           find
           a
           Sheriff
           of
           the
           Liberty
           ,
           and
           a
           Sheriff
           of
           the
           Cross
           :
           And
           so
           in
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           so
           in
           Wexford
           :
           And
           so
           at
           this
           day
           ,
           the
           Earl
           of
           Ormond
           maketh
           a
           Sheriff
           of
           the
           Liberty
           ,
           and
           the
           King
           a
           Sheriff
           of
           the
           Cross
           of
           Tipperary
           .
           Hereby
           it
           is
           manifest
           ,
           how
           much
           the
           Kings
           Jurisdiction
           was
           restrained
           ,
           and
           the
           power
           of
           these
           Lords
           enlarged
           by
           these
           High
           Priviledges
           .
           And
           it
           doth
           further
           appear
           ,
           by
           one
           Article
           among
           others
           ,
           preferred
           to
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           touching
           the
           Reformation
           of
           the
           state
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           which
           we
           find
           in
           the
           Tower
           ,
           in
           these
           words
           ,
           
             Item
             les
             Francheses
             grantes
             in
             Ireland
             ,
             que
             sont
             Roialles
             ,
             telles
             come
             Duresme
             &
             Cestre
             ,
             vous
             oustont
             cybien
             de
             les
             profits
             ,
             Come
             de
             graunde
             partie
             de
             Obeisance
             des
             persons
             enfrancheses
             ;
             &
             en
             
             quescum
             frenchese
             est
             Chancellerie
             ,
             Chequer
             &
             conusans
             de
             pleas
             ,
             cybien
             de
             la
             Coronne
             ,
             Come
             autres
             communes
             ,
             &
             grantont
             auxi
             Charters
             de
             pardon
             ;
             &
             sont
             sovent
             per
             ley
             et
             reasonable
             cause
             seisses
             en
             vostre
             main
             ,
             a
             grand
             profit
             de
             vous
             ;
             &
             leigerment
             restitues
             per
             maundement
             hors
             de
             Englettere
             ,
             a
             damage
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           Unto
           which
           Article
           ,
           the
           King
           made
           answer
           ,
           
             Le
             Roy
             voet
             que
             les
             franchese
             que
             sont
             et
             serront
             per
             juste
             cause
             prises
             en
             sa
             main
             ,
             ne
             soent
             my
             restitues
             ,
             auant
             que
             le
             Roy
             soit
             certifie
             de
             la
             cause
             de
             la
             prise
             de
             acelles
             ,
          
           26
           Ed.
           3.
           
             claus
             .
             m.
          
           1.
           
           Again
           ,
           these
           great
           Undertakers
           ,
           were
           not
           tied
           to
           any
           form
           of
           Plantation
           ,
           but
           all
           was
           left
           to
           their
           discretion
           and
           pleasure
           .
           And
           although
           they
           builded
           Castles
           ,
           and
           made
           Free-holders
           ,
           yet
           were
           there
           no
           Tenures
           or
           Services
           reserved
           to
           the
           Crown
           ;
           but
           the
           Lords
           drew
           all
           the
           respect
           and
           dependancy
           of
           the
           common
           people
           ,
           unto
           Themselves
           .
           Now
           let
           us
           see
           what
           inconveniences
           did
           arise
           by
           these
           large
           and
           ample
           Grants
           of
           Lands
           and
           Liberties
           ,
           to
           the
           first
           Adventurers
           in
           the
           Conquest
           .
        
         
         
           ASsuredly
           by
           these
           Grants
           of
           whole
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           petty
           Kingdoms
           ,
           
           those
           few
           English
           Lords
           pretended
           to
           be
           Proprietors
           of
           all
           the
           Land
           ,
           so
           as
           there
           was
           no
           possibility
           left
           of
           settling
           the
           Natives
           in
           their
           Possessions
           ,
           and
           by
           consequence
           the
           conquest
           became
           impossible
           ,
           without
           the
           utter
           extirpation
           of
           all
           the
           Irish
           ;
           which
           these
           English
           Lords
           were
           not
           able
           to
           do
           ,
           nor
           perhaps
           willing
           ,
           if
           they
           had
           been
           able
           .
           Notwithstanding
           ,
           because
           they
           did
           still
           hope
           to
           become
           Lords
           of
           those
           Lands
           which
           were
           possessed
           by
           the
           Irish
           ,
           whereunto
           they
           pretended
           Title
           by
           their
           large
           Grants
           ;
           and
           because
           they
           did
           fear
           ,
           that
           if
           the
           Irish
           were
           received
           into
           the
           Kings
           protection
           ,
           and
           made
           Liege-men
           and
           Free-Subjects
           ,
           the
           State
           of
           England
           would
           establish
           them
           in
           their
           Possessions
           by
           Grants
           from
           the
           Crown
           ;
           reduce
           their
           Countreys
           into
           Counties
           ,
           ennoble
           some
           of
           them
           ;
           and
           enfranchise
           all
           ,
           and
           make
           them
           amesueable
           to
           the
           Law
           ,
           which
           would
           have
           abridged
           and
           cut
           off
           a
           
           great
           part
           of
           that
           greatness
           which
           they
           had
           promised
           unto
           themselves
           :
           they
           perswaded
           the
           King
           of
           England
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           unfit
           to
           communicate
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           unto
           them
           ;
           that
           it
           was
           the
           best
           policy
           to
           hold
           them
           as
           Aliens
           and
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           to
           prosecute
           them
           with
           a
           continual
           War.
           
           Hereby
           they
           obtained
           another
           Royal
           Prerogative
           and
           Power
           :
           which
           was
           ,
           to
           make
           War
           and
           Peace
           at
           their
           pleasure
           ,
           in
           every
           part
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           .
           Which
           gave
           them
           an
           absolute
           command
           over
           the
           bodies
           ,
           lands
           ,
           and
           goods
           of
           the
           English
           Subjects
           here
           .
           And
           besides
           ,
           the
           Irish
           inhabiting
           the
           lands
           fully
           conquered
           and
           reduced
           ,
           being
           in
           condition
           of
           Slaves
           and
           Villains
           ,
           did
           render
           a
           greater
           Profit
           and
           Revenue
           ,
           than
           if
           they
           had
           been
           made
           the
           Kings
           Free-Subjects
           .
        
         
           And
           for
           these
           two
           causes
           last
           expressed
           ,
           they
           were
           not
           willing
           to
           root
           out
           all
           the
           Irishry
           .
           We
           may
           not
           therefore
           marvel
           ,
           that
           when
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           upon
           the
           Petition
           of
           the
           Irish
           (
           as
           is
           before
           remembred
           )
           was
           desirous
           
           to
           be
           certified
           ,
           
             De
             voluntate
             magnatum
             suorum
             in
             proximo
             Parliamento
             in
             Hibernia
             tenend
             .
             si
             sine
             alieno
             praejudicio
             concedere
             possit
             ,
             quod
             per
             statut
             .
             inde
             fact
             .
             Hibernici
             utantur
             legibus
             Anglicanis
             ,
             sive
             Chartis
             Regiis
             inde
             Impetrandis
             ,
          
           that
           there
           was
           never
           any
           Statute
           made
           to
           that
           effect
           .
           For
           the
           troth
           is
           ,
           that
           those
           great
           English
           Lords
           did
           to
           the
           uttermost
           of
           their
           power
           ,
           cross
           and
           withstand
           the
           enfranchisement
           of
           the
           Irish
           ,
           for
           the
           causes
           before
           expressed
           ;
           Wherein
           I
           must
           still
           clear
           and
           acquit
           the
           Crown
           and
           State
           of
           England
           ,
           of
           negligence
           or
           ill
           policy
           ,
           and
           lay
           the
           fault
           upon
           the
           Pride
           ,
           Covetousness
           ,
           and
           ill
           counsel
           of
           the
           English
           planted
           here
           ,
           which
           in
           all
           former
           ages
           have
           been
           the
           chief
           impediments
           of
           the
           final
           conquest
           of
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           AGain
           ,
           those
           large
           scopes
           of
           Land
           ,
           
           and
           great
           Liberties
           ,
           with
           the
           absolute
           power
           to
           make
           War
           and
           Peace
           ,
           did
           raise
           the
           English
           Lords
           to
           that
           height
           of
           Pride
           and
           Ambition
           ,
           as
           that
           they
           could
           not
           endure
           one
           another
           ,
           
           but
           grew
           to
           a
           mortal
           War
           and
           Dissention
           among
           themselves
           :
           as
           appeareth
           by
           all
           the
           Records
           and
           Stories
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           .
           First
           ,
           in
           the
           year
           ,
           1204.
           the
           Lacies
           of
           Meath
           ,
           made
           War
           upon
           Sir
           
             John
             Courcy
          
           ;
           who
           having
           taken
           him
           by
           treachery
           ,
           sent
           him
           prisoner
           into
           England
           .
           
           In
           the
           year
           ,
           1210.
           
           King
           John
           coming
           over
           in
           person
           ,
           expelled
           the
           Lacies
           out
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           for
           their
           Tyrannie
           and
           oppression
           of
           the
           English
           :
           howbeit
           ,
           upon
           payment
           of
           great
           Fines
           ▪
           they
           were
           afterward
           restored
           .
           In
           the
           year
           ,
           1228.
           that
           family
           being
           risen
           to
           a
           greater
           heighth
           (
           for
           
             Hugh
             de
             Lacy
          
           the
           younger
           ,
           was
           created
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           after
           the
           death
           of
           Courcy
           without
           issue
           )
           there
           arose
           dissention
           and
           War
           between
           that
           house
           ,
           and
           
             William
             Marshal
          
           Lord
           of
           Leinster
           ;
           whereby
           all
           Meath
           was
           destroyed
           and
           laid
           waste
           .
           In
           the
           year
           ,
           1264.
           
           Sir
           
             Walter
             Bourke
          
           having
           married
           the
           Daughter
           and
           Heir
           of
           Lacy
           ,
           whereby
           he
           was
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           in
           right
           of
           his
           Wife
           ,
           had
           mortal
           debate
           with
           
             Maurice
             Fitz-Morice
          
           the
           Geraldine
           ,
           for
           certain
           
           Lands
           in
           Conaght
           .
           So
           as
           all
           Ireland
           was
           full
           of
           Wars
           between
           the
           Bourkes
           and
           the
           Geraldines
           (
           say
           our
           Annals
           .
           )
           Wherein
           
             Maurice
             Fitz-Morice
          
           grew
           so
           insolent
           ,
           as
           that
           upon
           a
           meeting
           at
           Thistledermot
           ,
           he
           took
           the
           Lord
           Justice
           himself
           ,
           Sir
           
             Richard
             Capel
          
           ,
           Prisoner
           ,
           with
           divers
           Lords
           of
           Munster
           being
           then
           in
           his
           Company
           .
           In
           the
           year
           ,
           1288.
           
           
             Richard
             Bourke
          
           ,
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           (
           commonly
           called
           the
           Red
           Earl
           )
           pretending
           title
           to
           the
           Lordship
           of
           Meath
           ,
           made
           war
           upon
           Sir
           
             Theobald
             de
             Verdun
          
           ,
           and
           besieged
           him
           in
           the
           Castle
           of
           Athlone
           .
           Again
           ,
           in
           the
           year
           ,
           1292.
           
           
             John
             Fitz-Thomas
          
           the
           Geraldine
           ,
           having
           by
           contention
           with
           the
           Lord
           Vesci
           ,
           gotten
           a
           goodly
           inheritance
           in
           Kildare
           ,
           grew
           to
           that
           heighth
           of
           imagination
           (
           saith
           the
           story
           )
           as
           he
           fell
           into
           difference
           with
           divers
           great
           Noblemen
           ;
           and
           among
           many
           others
           ,
           with
           Richard
           the
           Red
           Earl
           ,
           whom
           he
           took
           Prisoner
           ,
           
           and
           detained
           him
           in
           Castle-Ley
           ;
           and
           by
           that
           dissention
           ,
           the
           English
           on
           the
           one
           side
           ,
           and
           the
           Irish
           on
           the
           other
           ,
           did
           waste
           and
           destroy
           all
           the
           Countrey
           .
        
         
         
           After
           ,
           in
           the
           year
           ,
           1311.
           the
           same
           Red
           Earl
           (
           coming
           to
           besiege
           Bonratty
           in
           Thomond
           ,
           
           which
           was
           then
           held
           by
           Sir
           
             Richard
             de
             Clare
          
           as
           his
           inheritance
           )
           was
           again
           taken
           prisoner
           ;
           And
           all
           his
           Army
           (
           consisting
           for
           the
           most
           part
           of
           English
           )
           overthrown
           and
           cut
           in
           pieces
           ,
           by
           Sir
           
             Richard
             de
             Clare
          
           .
           And
           after
           this
           again
           ,
           in
           the
           year
           ,
           1327.
           most
           of
           the
           great
           Houses
           were
           banded
           one
           against
           another
           ,
           
             (
             viz.
          
           )
           The
           
             Giraldines
             ,
             Butlers
          
           ,
           and
           Breminghams
           ,
           on
           the
           one
           side
           ,
           and
           the
           Bourks
           and
           Poers
           on
           the
           other
           .
           The
           ground
           of
           the
           quarrel
           being
           none
           other
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           Lord
           
             Arnold
             Poer
          
           ,
           had
           called
           the
           Earl
           of
           Kildare
           Rimer
           :
           But
           this
           quarrel
           was
           prosecuted
           with
           such
           malice
           and
           violence
           ,
           as
           the
           Counties
           of
           Waterford
           and
           Kilkenny
           were
           destroyed
           with
           fire
           and
           sword
           ,
           till
           a
           Parliament
           was
           called
           of
           purpose
           ,
           to
           quiet
           this
           dissention
           .
        
         
           Shortly
           after
           ,
           the
           Lord
           
             John
             Bremingham
          
           ,
           who
           was
           not
           long
           before
           made
           Earl
           of
           Louth
           ,
           for
           that
           noble
           service
           which
           he
           performed
           upon
           the
           Scots
           ,
           between
           ●undalk
           and
           the
           Faher
           ,
           was
           
           so
           extremely
           envied
           by
           the
           
             Gernons
             ,
             Verdons
          
           ,
           and
           others
           of
           the
           ancient
           Colony
           ,
           planted
           in
           the
           County
           of
           Louth
           ,
           as
           that
           in
           the
           year
           ,
           1329.
           they
           did
           most
           wickedly
           betray
           and
           murther
           that
           Earl
           ,
           with
           divers
           principal
           Gentlemen
           of
           his
           name
           and
           family
           ;
           using
           the
           same
           speech
           that
           the
           Rebellious
           Jews
           are
           said
           to
           use
           in
           the
           Gospel
           :
           
             Nolumus
             hunc
             regnare
             super
             nos
             .
          
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           the
           Geraldines
           and
           the
           Butlers
           being
           become
           the
           most
           potent
           families
           in
           the
           Kingdom
           (
           for
           the
           great
           Lordship
           of
           Leinster
           was
           divided
           among
           Coparceners
           ,
           whose
           Heirs
           for
           the
           most
           part
           lived
           in
           England
           ;
           and
           the
           Earldom
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           with
           the
           Lordship
           of
           Meath
           ,
           by
           the
           match
           of
           Lionel
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           at
           last
           discended
           upon
           the
           Crowne
           )
           had
           almost
           a
           continuall
           warre
           one
           with
           another
           .
           
           In
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           sixt
           (
           saith
           Baron
           Finglas
           in
           his
           Discourse
           of
           the
           Decay
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           )
           in
           a
           sight
           betweene
           the
           Earles
           of
           Ormond
           and
           Desmond
           ,
           almost
           
           all
           the
           Townes-men
           of
           Kilkenny
           were
           slaine
           .
           And
           as
           they
           followed
           contrary
           parties
           during
           the
           Warres
           of
           Yorke
           and
           Lancaster
           ,
           so
           after
           that
           civil
           dissention
           ended
           in
           England
           ,
           these
           Houses
           in
           Ireland
           continued
           their
           opposition
           and
           feud
           still
           ,
           even
           till
           the
           time
           of
           K.
           Henry
           the
           eight
           ;
           when
           by
           the
           Marriage
           of
           
             Margaret
             Fitz-Girald
          
           to
           the
           Earl
           of
           Ossory
           ,
           the
           houses
           of
           Kildare
           and
           Ormond
           were
           reconciled
           ,
           and
           have
           continued
           in
           amity
           ever
           since
           .
        
         
           Thus
           these
           great
           Estates
           and
           Royalties
           granted
           to
           the
           English
           Lords
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           begate
           Pride
           ;
           and
           Pride
           ,
           begat
           Contention
           among
           themselves
           ,
           which
           brought
           forth
           divers
           mischiefs
           ,
           that
           did
           not
           onely
           disable
           the
           English
           to
           finish
           the
           conquest
           of
           all
           Ireland
           ,
           but
           did
           endanger
           the
           loss
           of
           what
           was
           already
           gained
           ;
           And
           of
           Conquerors
           ,
           made
           them
           Slaves
           to
           that
           Nation
           which
           they
           did
           intend
           to
           Conquer
           .
           For
           ,
           whensoever
           one
           English
           Lord
           had
           vanquished
           another
           ,
           the
           Irish
           waited
           and
           took
           the
           opportunity
           ,
           and
           fell
           upon
           that
           Countrey
           which
           had
           received
           
           the
           blow
           ;
           and
           so
           daily
           recovered
           some
           part
           of
           the
           Lands
           ,
           which
           were
           possessed
           by
           the
           English
           Colonies
           .
        
         
           Besides
           ,
           the
           English
           Lords
           to
           strengthen
           their
           parties
           ,
           did
           ally
           themselves
           with
           the
           Irish
           ,
           and
           drew
           them
           in
           ,
           
           to
           dwell
           among
           them
           ,
           gave
           their
           Children
           to
           be
           fostered
           by
           them
           ;
           and
           having
           no
           other
           means
           to
           pay
           or
           reward
           them
           ,
           suffered
           them
           to
           take
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           upon
           the
           English
           Free-holders
           ;
           
           which
           Oppression
           was
           so
           intollerable
           ,
           as
           that
           the
           better
           sort
           were
           enforced
           to
           quit
           their
           Free-holds
           and
           flye
           into
           England
           ;
           and
           never
           returned
           ,
           though
           many
           Laws
           were
           made
           in
           both
           Realms
           ,
           to
           remand
           them
           back
           again
           :
           and
           the
           rest
           which
           remained
           ,
           became
           degenerate
           and
           meer
           Irish
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           declared
           .
           And
           the
           English
           Lords
           finding
           the
           Irish
           exactions
           to
           be
           more
           profitable
           than
           the
           English
           Rents
           and
           services
           ;
           and
           loving
           the
           Irish
           Tyranny
           ,
           which
           was
           tyed
           to
           no
           Rules
           of
           Law
           or
           Honour
           ,
           better
           than
           a
           just
           and
           lawful
           Seigniory
           ,
           did
           reject
           and
           cast
           off
           the
           English
           Law
           and
           Government
           ,
           received
           the
           Irish
           
           Laws
           and
           Customs
           ,
           took
           Irish
           Surnames
           ,
           as
           
             Mac
             William
          
           ,
           
           
             Mac
             Pheris
             ,
             Mac
             Yoris
          
           ,
           refused
           to
           come
           to
           the
           Parliaments
           which
           were
           summoned
           by
           the
           King
           of
           Englands
           Authority
           ,
           and
           scorned
           to
           obey
           those
           English
           Knights
           which
           were
           sent
           to
           command
           and
           govern
           this
           Kingdom
           ;
           Namely
           ,
           Sir
           
             Richard
             Capel
          
           ,
           Sir
           
             John
             Morris
          
           ,
           Sir
           
             John
             Darcy
          
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             Raphe
             Vfford
          
           .
           And
           when
           Sir
           
             Anthony
             Lucy
          
           ,
           a
           man
           of
           great
           Authority
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           was
           sent
           over
           to
           reform
           the
           notorious
           abuses
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           
           the
           King
           doubting
           that
           he
           should
           not
           be
           obeyed
           ,
           directed
           a
           special
           Writ
           or
           Mandate
           to
           the
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Nobility
           to
           assist
           him
           .
           And
           afterwards
           ,
           the
           same
           King
           (
           upon
           good
           advise
           and
           Counsel
           )
           resumed
           those
           excessive
           Grants
           of
           Lands
           and
           Liberties
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           by
           a
           special
           ordinance
           made
           in
           England
           ,
           which
           remaineth
           of
           Record
           in
           the
           Tower
           ,
           in
           this
           form
           :
           
             Quia
             plures
             excessivoe
             donationes
             terrarum
             &
             libertatum
             in
             Hibernia
             ad
             subdolam
             machinationem
             petentium
             factae
             sunt
             ,
          
           &c.
           
           
           
             Rex
             delusorias
             hujusmodi
             machinationes
             volens
             elidere
             ,
          
           
           
             de
             consilio
             peritorum
             sibi
             assistentium
             ,
             omnes
             donationes
             Terrarum
             &
             libertatum
             praedict
             .
             duxit
             revocandas
             ,
             quousque
             de
             meritis
             donatoriorum
             &
             causis
             ac
             qualitatibus
             donationum
             melius
             fuerit
             informat
             .
             &
             ideo
             mandatum
             est
             Justiciario
             Hiberniae
             quod
             seisiri
             faciat
             ,
          
           &c.
           
           Howbeit
           ,
           there
           followed
           upon
           this
           resumption
           ,
           such
           a
           division
           and
           faction
           between
           the
           English
           of
           Birth
           ,
           and
           the
           English
           of
           blood
           and
           race
           ,
           as
           they
           summoned
           and
           held
           several
           Parliaments
           apart
           one
           from
           the
           other
           .
           Whereupon
           ,
           there
           had
           risen
           a
           general
           war
           betwixt
           them
           ,
           to
           the
           utter
           extinguishing
           of
           the
           English
           Name
           and
           Nation
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           if
           the
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           
           who
           was
           head
           of
           the
           faction
           against
           the
           English
           of
           Birth
           ,
           had
           not
           been
           sent
           into
           England
           ,
           and
           detained
           there
           for
           a
           time
           :
           yet
           afterwards
           ,
           these
           liberties
           being
           restored
           by
           direction
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           the
           26.
           of
           Edward
           the
           third
           complaint
           was
           made
           to
           the
           King
           of
           the
           easie
           restitution
           ;
           whereunto
           the
           King
           made
           answer
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           expressed
           :
           
           so
           as
           we
           may
           conclude
           this
           point
           with
           that
           which
           we
           find
           in
           the
           A●nals
           ,
           published
           by
           Master
           
             Camden
             :
             H●bernici
             debellati
             &
             consumpti
             fuissent
             nisi
             seditio
             Anglicorum
             impedivisse●
          
           Whereunto
           I
           may
           add
           this
           note
           ,
           that
           though
           some
           are
           of
           opinion
           ,
           that
           Grants
           of
           extraordinary
           Honours
           and
           Liberties
           made
           by
           a
           King
           to
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           do
           no
           more
           diminish
           his
           greatness
           ,
           than
           when
           one
           Torch
           lightet●
           another
           ;
           for
           it
           hath
           no
           less
           light
           ,
           that
           it
           had
           before
           ,
           
             Quis
             vetat
             apposito
             lumen
             de
             lumine
             sumi
             ?
          
           Yet
           many
           time●
           inconveniences
           do
           arise
           thereupon
           and
           those
           Princes
           have
           held
           up
           their
           Soveraignty
           best
           ,
           
           which
           have
           been
           sparing
           in
           those
           Grants
           .
           And
           truly
           as
           these
           Grants
           of
           little
           Kingdoms
           ,
           and
           great
           Royalties
           ,
           to
           a
           few
           private
           persons
           ,
           did
           produce
           the
           mischiefs
           spoken
           of
           before
           :
           So
           the
           true
           cause
           of
           the
           making
           of
           these
           Grants
           ,
           did
           proceed
           from
           this
           ;
           That
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           being
           otherwise
           employed
           and
           diverted
           ,
           did
           not
           make
           the
           Conquest
           of
           
             Ireland
             ,
             their
             own
             work
          
           ,
           and
           
           undertake
           it
           not
           royally
           at
           their
           own
           charge
           ;
           but
           as
           it
           was
           first
           begun
           by
           particular
           Adventurers
           ,
           so
           they
           left
           the
           prosecution
           thereof
           ,
           to
           them
           ,
           and
           other
           voluntaries
           ,
           who
           came
           to
           seek
           their
           fortunes
           in
           Ireland
           ;
           wherein
           if
           they
           could
           prevail
           ,
           they
           thought
           that
           in
           reason
           and
           honour
           they
           could
           do
           no
           less
           ,
           than
           make
           them
           proprietors
           of
           such
           scopes
           of
           Land
           as
           they
           could
           conquer
           ,
           people
           ,
           and
           plant
           at
           their
           own
           charge
           ,
           reserving
           only
           the
           Soveraign
           Lordship
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           
             England
             .
             But
             if
             the
             Lyon
             had
             gone
             to
             hunt
             himself
             ,
             the
             shares
             of
             the
             Inferiour
             Beasts
             had
             not
             been
             so
             great
             :
          
           If
           the
           invasion
           had
           been
           made
           by
           an
           army
           transmitted
           ,
           furnished
           ,
           and
           supplyed
           only
           at
           the
           Kings
           charges
           ,
           and
           wholly
           paid
           with
           the
           Kings
           Treasure
           ,
           as
           the
           Armies
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           and
           King
           James
           have
           been
           ;
           as
           the
           conquest
           had
           been
           sooner
           atchieved
           ,
           so
           the
           serviters
           had
           been
           contented
           with
           lesser
           proportions
           .
        
         
           For
           ,
           when
           
             Scipio
             ,
             Pompey
             ,
             Caesar
          
           ,
           and
           other
           Generals
           of
           the
           Roman
           Armies
           ,
           as
           Subjects
           and
           Servants
           of
           that
           
           State
           ,
           
           and
           with
           the
           publick
           charge
           had
           conquered
           many
           Kingdoms
           and
           Commonweals
           ,
           we
           find
           them
           rewarded
           with
           Honourable
           Offices
           and
           Triumphes
           at
           their
           return
           ;
           and
           not
           made
           Lords
           and
           proprietors
           of
           whole
           Provinces
           and
           Kingdoms
           ,
           which
           they
           had
           subdued
           ,
           
           to
           the
           Empire
           of
           Rome
           .
           Likewise
           when
           the
           Duke
           of
           Normandy
           had
           conquered
           England
           ,
           which
           he
           made
           his
           own
           work
           ,
           and
           performed
           it
           in
           his
           own
           person
           ,
           he
           distributed
           sundry
           Lordships
           and
           Mannors
           unto
           his
           followers
           ,
           but
           gave
           not
           away
           whole
           Shires
           and
           Countreys
           in
           demeasne
           to
           any
           of
           his
           servitors
           ,
           whom
           he
           most
           desired
           to
           advance
           .
           
           Only
           ,
           he
           made
           
             Hugh
             Lupus
          
           County
           Palatine
           of
           Chester
           ,
           and
           gave
           that
           Earldom
           to
           him
           and
           his
           Heirs
           ,
           to
           hold
           the
           same
           ,
           
             Ita
             liberè
             ad
             gladium
             ,
             sicut
             Rex
             tenebat
             Angliam
             ad
             Coronam
             .
          
           Whereby
           that
           Earldom
           indeed
           had
           a
           royal
           Jurisdiction
           and
           Seigniory
           ,
           though
           the
           Lands
           of
           that
           County
           in
           demeasne
           ,
           were
           possessed
           for
           the
           most
           part
           by
           the
           ancient
           Inheritors
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           from
           the
           time
           of
           the
           Norman
           
           Conquest
           ,
           
           till
           the
           raign
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           many
           of
           our
           English
           Lords
           ,
           made
           war
           upon
           the
           Welshmen
           at
           their
           own
           charge
           ;
           the
           Lands
           which
           they
           gained
           they
           held
           to
           their
           own
           use
           ,
           were
           called
           
             Lords
             Marchers
          
           ,
           and
           had
           Royal
           Liberties
           within
           their
           Lordships
           .
           Howbeit
           ,
           these
           particular
           Adventurers
           ,
           could
           never
           make
           a
           perfect
           Conquest
           of
           Wales
           .
        
         
           But
           when
           King
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           came
           in
           person
           with
           his
           army
           thither
           ,
           kept
           his
           residence
           and
           Court
           there
           ;
           made
           the
           reducing
           of
           Wales
           ,
           an
           enterprize
           of
           his
           own
           ;
           he
           finished
           that
           work
           in
           a
           year
           or
           two
           ,
           whereof
           the
           
             Lords
             Marchers
          
           had
           not
           performed
           a
           third
           part
           ,
           with
           their
           continual
           bordering
           war
           ,
           for
           two
           hundred
           years
           before
           .
           And
           withall
           we
           may
           observe
           ,
           that
           though
           this
           King
           had
           now
           the
           Dominion
           of
           Wales
           in
           
             Jure
             proprietatis
          
           ,
           as
           the
           Statute
           of
           Rutland
           affirmeth
           ;
           which
           before
           was
           subject
           unto
           him
           ,
           but
           in
           
             Jure
             feodali
          
           :
           And
           though
           he
           had
           lost
           divers
           principal
           Knights
           and
           Noblemen
           in
           that
           war
           ,
           yet
           did
           he
           not
           reward
           his
           servitors
           
           with
           whole
           Countries
           or
           Counties
           ,
           but
           with
           particular
           Mannors
           and
           Lordships
           :
           as
           to
           
             Henry
             Lacy
          
           Earl
           of
           Lincolne
           ,
           he
           gave
           the
           Lordship
           of
           Denbigh
           ;
           and
           to
           
             Reignold
             Gray
          
           ,
           the
           Lordship
           of
           Ruthen
           ,
           and
           so
           to
           others
           .
           And
           if
           the
           like
           course
           had
           been
           used
           in
           the
           winning
           and
           distributing
           the
           lands
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           that
           Island
           had
           been
           fully
           conquered
           before
           the
           continent
           of
           Wales
           had
           been
           reduced
           .
           But
           the
           troth
           is
           ,
           when
           Private
           men
           attempt
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Countries
           at
           their
           own
           charge
           ,
           commonly
           their
           enterprizes
           do
           perish
           without
           success
           :
           as
           when
           ,
           in
           the
           time
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           Sir
           
             Thomas
             Smith
          
           ,
           undertook
           to
           recover
           the
           Ardes
           :
           and
           Chatterton
           ,
           to
           reconquer
           then
           Fues
           and
           Orier
           .
           The
           one
           lost
           his
           Son
           ;
           and
           the
           other
           ,
           Himself
           ;
           and
           both
           their
           Adventures
           came
           to
           nothing
           .
           And
           as
           for
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ,
           it
           hath
           had
           the
           like
           fortune
           in
           the
           Conquest
           of
           this
           land
           ,
           as
           some
           purchasers
           have
           ;
           who
           desire
           to
           buy
           land
           at
           too
           easie
           a
           Rate
           :
           they
           finde
           those
           cheap
           purchases
           so
           full
           of
           trouble
           ,
           as
           they
           spend
           
           twice
           as
           much
           as
           the
           Land
           is
           worth
           ,
           before
           they
           get
           the
           quiet
           possession
           thereof
           .
        
         
           And
           as
           the
           best
           pollicy
           was
           not
           observed
           in
           the
           distribution
           of
           the
           conquered
           Lands
           ;
           so
           as
           I
           conceive
           ,
           that
           the
           first
           Adventurers
           ,
           intending
           to
           make
           a
           full
           Conquest
           of
           the
           Irish
           ,
           were
           deceived
           in
           the
           choise
           of
           the
           
             fittest
             places
             for
             their
             plantation
          
           .
           For
           they
           sate
           down
           ,
           and
           erected
           their
           Castles
           and
           Habitations
           in
           the
           
             Plains
             and
             open
             Countries
          
           ;
           where
           they
           found
           most
           fruitful
           and
           profitable
           Lands
           ,
           and
           turned
           the
           Irish
           into
           the
           
             Woods
             and
             Mountains
          
           :
           Which
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           proper
           places
           for
           Out-Laws
           and
           Thieves
           ,
           so
           were
           they
           their
           Natural
           Castles
           and
           Fortifications
           ;
           thither
           they
           drave
           their
           preys
           and
           stealths
           :
           there
           they
           lurkt
           ,
           and
           lay
           in
           wait
           to
           do
           mischief
           .
           These
           fast
           places
           they
           kept
           unknown
           ,
           by
           making
           the
           wayes
           and
           Entries
           thereunto
           impassible
           ;
           there
           they
           kept
           their
           Creaghts
           or
           Heardes
           of
           Cattle
           ,
           living
           by
           the
           milke
           of
           the
           Cow
           ,
           without
           Husbandry
           or
           Tillage
           ;
           there
           they
           encreased
           
           and
           multiplied
           unto
           infinite
           numbers
           by
           promiscuous
           generation
           among
           themselves
           ;
           there
           they
           made
           their
           Assemblies
           and
           Conspiracies
           without
           discovery
           :
           But
           they
           discovered
           the
           weakness
           of
           the
           English
           dwelling
           in
           the
           open
           plains
           ;
           and
           thereupon
           made
           their
           sallies
           and
           retreats
           with
           great
           advantage
           .
           Whereas
           ,
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           if
           the
           English
           had
           builded
           their
           Castles
           and
           Towns
           in
           those
           places
           of
           fastness
           ,
           and
           had
           driven
           the
           Irish
           into
           the
           Plains
           and
           open
           Countries
           ,
           where
           they
           might
           have
           had
           an
           eye
           and
           observation
           upon
           them
           ,
           the
           Irish
           had
           been
           easily
           kept
           in
           Order
           ,
           and
           in
           short
           time
           reclaimed
           from
           their
           wildeness
           ;
           there
           they
           would
           have
           used
           Tillage
           ,
           dwelt
           together
           in
           Town-ships
           ,
           and
           learned
           Mechanical
           Arts
           and
           Sciences
           .
           The
           woods
           had
           been
           wasted
           with
           the
           English
           Habitations
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           about
           the
           Forts
           of
           Mariborough
           and
           Philipston
           ,
           which
           were
           built
           in
           the
           fastest
           places
           in
           Leinster
           ,
           and
           the
           wayes
           and
           passages
           throughout
           Ireland
           ,
           would
           have
           been
           as
           clear
           and
           
           open
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           in
           England
           at
           this
           day
           .
        
         
           AGain
           ,
           if
           King
           Henry
           the
           Second
           ,
           
           who
           is
           said
           to
           be
           the
           King
           that
           Conquered
           this
           Land
           ,
           had
           made
           Forrests
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           as
           he
           did
           enlarge
           the
           Forrests
           in
           England
           (
           for
           it
           appeareth
           by
           
             Charta
             de
             Foresta
          
           ,
           that
           he
           afforrested
           many
           woods
           and
           wasts
           ,
           to
           the
           grievance
           of
           the
           Subject
           ,
           which
           by
           that
           Law
           were
           disaforrested
           ,
           )
           or
           if
           those
           English
           Lords
           ,
           amongst
           whom
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           was
           divided
           ,
           had
           been
           good
           Hunters
           ,
           and
           had
           reduced
           the
           Mountains
           ,
           Boggs
           ,
           and
           Woods
           within
           the
           limits
           of
           Forrests
           ,
           Chases
           ,
           and
           Parks
           ;
           assuredly
           ,
           the
           very
           Forrest
           Law
           ,
           and
           the
           Law
           
             de
             Malefactoribus
             in
             parcis
          
           ,
           would
           in
           time
           have
           driven
           them
           into
           the
           Plains
           and
           Countries
           inhabited
           and
           manured
           ,
           and
           have
           made
           them
           yield
           up
           their
           fast
           places
           to
           those
           wilde
           Beasts
           ,
           which
           were
           indeed
           less
           hurtful
           and
           wilde
           than
           they
           .
           But
           it
           seemeth
           strange
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           all
           the
           Records
           of
           this
           
           Kingdom
           ,
           I
           seldom
           find
           any
           mention
           made
           of
           a
           Forrest
           ;
           and
           never
           of
           any
           Parke
           or
           Free-warren
           ;
           considering
           the
           great
           plenty
           both
           of
           Vert
           and
           Venison
           within
           this
           Land
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           chief
           of
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           are
           descended
           of
           English
           race
           ;
           and
           yet
           at
           this
           day
           ,
           there
           is
           but
           one
           Parke
           stored
           with
           Deer
           in
           all
           this
           Kingdom
           :
           which
           is
           a
           Parke
           of
           the
           Earl
           of
           Ormonds
           ,
           neer
           Kilkenny
           .
           It
           is
           then
           manifest
           ,
           by
           that
           which
           is
           before
           expressed
           ;
           that
           the
           not
           communicating
           of
           the
           English
           laws
           to
           the
           Irish
           ;
           the
           over
           large
           Grants
           of
           Lands
           and
           Liberties
           to
           the
           English
           ;
           the
           plantation
           made
           by
           the
           English
           in
           the
           Plains
           and
           open
           Countries
           ,
           leaving
           the
           Woods
           and
           Mountains
           to
           the
           Irish
           ,
           were
           great
           Defects
           in
           the
           Civil
           pollicy
           ,
           and
           hindered
           the
           perfection
           of
           the
           Conquest
           very
           much
           .
           Howbeit
           ,
           notwithstanding
           these
           Defects
           and
           Errours
           ,
           the
           English
           Colonies
           stood
           and
           maintained
           themselves
           in
           a
           reasonable
           good
           estate
           ,
           as
           long
           as
           they
           retained
           their
           own
           ancient
           Laws
           and
           customs
           ,
           according
           to
           
           that
           of
           Ennius
           :
           
           
             Moribus
             antiquis
             res
             stat
             .
             Romana
             virisque
             .
          
           But
           when
           the
           civil
           Government
           grew
           so
           weak
           and
           so
           loose
           ,
           as
           that
           the
           English
           Lords
           would
           not
           suffer
           the
           English
           laws
           to
           be
           put
           in
           execution
           within
           their
           Territories
           and
           Seigniories
           ,
           but
           in
           place
           thereof
           ,
           both
           they
           and
           their
           people
           ,
           embraced
           the
           Irish
           customs
           :
           Then
           the
           estate
           of
           things
           ,
           
             like
             a
             Game
             at
             Irish
          
           ,
           was
           so
           turned
           about
           ,
           as
           the
           English
           ,
           which
           hoped
           to
           make
           a
           perfect
           Conquest
           of
           the
           Irish
           ,
           were
           by
           them
           perfectly
           and
           absolutely
           conquered
           ;
           because
           
             Victi
             victoribus
             leges
             dedere
             .
             A
             just
             punishment
             to
             our
             Nation
             ,
             that
             would
             not
             give
             Laws
             to
             the
             Irish
             ,
             when
             they
             might
             :
             and
             therefore
             now
             the
             Irish
             gave
             Laws
             to
             them
             .
          
           Therefore
           ,
           this
           Defect
           and
           failing
           of
           the
           English
           Justice
           ,
           in
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ;
           and
           the
           inducing
           of
           the
           Irish
           customs
           in
           lieu
           thereof
           ,
           was
           the
           main
           impediment
           that
           did
           arrest
           and
           stop
           the
           course
           of
           the
           Conquest
           ;
           and
           was
           the
           only
           mean
           that
           enabled
           the
           Irishry
           to
           recover
           their
           strength
           again
           .
        
         
         
           
           FOr
           ,
           if
           we
           consider
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           Irish
           Customs
           ,
           we
           shall
           find
           that
           the
           people
           ,
           which
           doth
           use
           them
           ,
           must
           of
           necessity
           be
           Rebels
           to
           all
           good
           Government
           ,
           destroy
           the
           commonwealth
           wherein
           they
           live
           ,
           and
           bring
           Barbarisme
           and
           desolation
           upon
           the
           richest
           and
           most
           fruitfull
           Land
           of
           the
           World.
           
           For
           ,
           whereas
           by
           the
           just
           and
           Honourable
           Law
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           Laws
           of
           all
           other
           well-governed
           Kingdoms
           and
           Commonweals
           ,
           Murder
           ,
           Man-slaughter
           ,
           Rape
           ,
           Robbery
           ,
           and
           Theft
           ,
           are
           punished
           with
           death
           ;
           By
           the
           Irish
           Custom
           ,
           or
           Brehon
           Law
           ,
           the
           highest
           of
           these
           offences
           was
           punished
           only
           by
           Fine
           ,
           which
           they
           called
           an
           Ericke
           .
           Therefore
           ,
           when
           Sir
           
             William
             Fitz-Williams
          
           ,
           (
           being
           Lord
           Deputy
           ,
           
           )
           told
           Maguyre
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           to
           send
           a
           Sheriff
           into
           Fermannagh
           ,
           being
           lately
           before
           made
           a
           County
           ;
           your
           Sheriff
           (
           sa●d
           Maguyre
           )
           shall
           be
           welcome
           to
           me
           ,
           but
           let
           me
           know
           his
           Ericke
           ,
           or
           
             the
             price
             of
             his
             head
          
           afore
           hand
           ;
           that
           if
           my
           people
           cut
           it
           off
           ,
           I
           may
           cut
           the
           Ericke
           upon
           the
           Countrey
           .
           As
           for
           
           Oppression
           ,
           Exto●tion
           ,
           and
           other
           trespasses
           ,
           the
           weaker
           had
           never
           any
           remedy
           against
           the
           stronger
           :
           whereby
           it
           came
           to
           pass
           ,
           that
           no
           man
           could
           enjoy
           his
           Life
           ,
           his
           Wife
           ,
           his
           Lands
           or
           Goods
           in
           safety
           ,
           if
           a
           mightier
           man
           than
           himself
           had
           an
           appetite
           to
           take
           the
           same
           from
           him
           .
           Wherein
           they
           were
           little
           better
           than
           Cannibal
           ,
           who
           do
           hunt
           one
           another
           ;
           and
           he
           that
           hath
           most
           strength
           and
           swiftness
           ,
           doth
           eat
           and
           devour
           all
           his
           fellowes
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           in
           England
           ,
           and
           all
           well
           ordered
           Common-wea●s
           ,
           Men
           have
           certain
           estates
           in
           their
           Lands
           and
           possessions
           ,
           and
           their
           inheritances
           descend
           from
           Father
           to
           Son
           ,
           wh●ch
           doth
           give
           them
           encouragement
           to
           build
           ,
           and
           to
           plant
           ,
           and
           to
           improve
           their
           Lands
           ,
           and
           to
           make
           them
           better
           for
           their
           posterities
           .
           But
           by
           the
           Irish
           Custom
           of
           Tanistry
           ,
           
           the
           Chieftanes
           of
           every
           Country
           ,
           and
           the
           chief
           of
           every
           Sept
           ,
           had
           no
           longer
           estate
           than
           for
           life
           in
           their
           Cheefe●ies
           ,
           the
           inheritance
           whereof
           ,
           did
           ●est
           in
           no
           man.
           And
           these
           Cheeferies
           ,
           though
           they
           
           had
           some
           portions
           of
           Lands
           allotted
           unto
           them
           ,
           did
           consist
           chiefly
           in
           cuttings
           and
           Cosheries
           ,
           and
           other
           Irish
           exactions
           ,
           whereby
           they
           did
           spoile
           and
           impoverish
           the
           people
           at
           their
           pleasure
           .
           And
           when
           their
           Chieftanes
           were
           dead
           ,
           their
           Sons
           or
           next
           heirs
           did
           not
           succeed
           them
           ,
           but
           their
           Tanistes
           ,
           who
           were
           Elective
           ,
           and
           purchased
           their
           elections
           by
           strong
           hand
           ;
           And
           by
           the
           Irish
           Custom
           of
           Gavel-kinde
           ,
           
           the
           inferiour
           Tennanties
           were
           partible
           amongst
           all
           the
           Males
           of
           the
           Sept
           ,
           both
           Bastards
           and
           Legitimate
           :
           and
           after
           partition
           made
           ,
           if
           any
           one
           of
           the
           Sept
           had
           dyed
           ,
           his
           portion
           was
           not
           divided
           among
           his
           Sons
           ,
           but
           the
           chief
           of
           the
           sept
           ,
           made
           a
           new
           partition
           of
           all
           the
           Lands
           belonging
           to
           that
           Sept
           ,
           and
           gave
           every
           one
           his
           part
           according
           to
           his
           antiquity
           .
        
         
           
           THese
           two
           Irish
           Customs
           made
           all
           their
           possessions
           uncertain
           ,
           being
           shuffled
           ,
           and
           changed
           ,
           and
           removed
           so
           often
           from
           one
           to
           another
           ,
           by
           new
           elections
           and
           partitions
           ;
           which
           uncertainty
           
           of
           estates
           ,
           hath
           been
           the
           true
           cause
           of
           such
           Desolation
           and
           Barbarism
           in
           this
           Land
           ,
           as
           the
           like
           was
           never
           seen
           in
           any
           Countrey
           ,
           that
           professed
           the
           name
           of
           Christ
           .
           For
           though
           the
           Irishry
           be
           a
           Nation
           of
           great
           Antiquity
           ,
           and
           wanted
           neither
           wit
           nor
           valour
           ;
           and
           though
           they
           had
           received
           the
           Christian
           Faith
           ,
           above
           1200
           years
           since
           ;
           and
           were
           lovers
           of
           Musick
           ,
           Poetry
           ,
           and
           all
           kinde
           of
           Learning
           ;
           and
           possessed
           a
           Land
           abounding
           with
           all
           things
           necessary
           for
           the
           civil
           life
           of
           man
           ;
           yet
           (
           which
           is
           strange
           to
           be
           related
           )
           they
           did
           never
           build
           any
           houses
           of
           brick
           or
           stone
           (
           some
           few
           poor
           Religious
           Houses
           excepted
           )
           before
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           Lords
           of
           this
           Island
           for
           many
           hundred
           years
           before
           ,
           and
           since
           the
           Conquest
           attempted
           by
           the
           English
           :
           Albeit
           ,
           when
           they
           saw
           us
           build
           Castles
           upon
           their
           borders
           ,
           they
           have
           onely
           in
           imitation
           of
           us
           ,
           erected
           some
           few
           piles
           for
           the
           Captains
           of
           the
           Countrey
           :
           yet
           I
           dare
           boldly
           say
           ,
           that
           never
           any
           particular
           person
           ,
           either
           before
           or
           since
           ,
           did
           build
           
           any
           stone
           or
           brick
           house
           for
           his
           private
           habitation
           ;
           but
           such
           as
           have
           lately
           obtained
           estates
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           course
           of
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           .
           Neither
           did
           any
           of
           them
           in
           all
           this
           time
           ,
           plant
           any
           Ga●dens
           or
           Orchards
           ,
           inclose
           or
           improve
           their
           Lands
           ,
           live
           together
           in
           sett●ed
           Vi●lages
           or
           Towns
           ,
           nor
           made
           any
           provision
           for
           posterity
           ;
           which
           be●ng
           against
           all
           common
           sense
           and
           reason
           ,
           must
           needs
           be
           imputed
           to
           those
           unreasonable
           Customs
           ,
           which
           made
           their
           estates
           so
           uncertain
           and
           transitory
           in
           their
           possessions
           .
        
         
           For
           ,
           who
           would
           plant
           or
           improve
           ,
           or
           build
           upon
           that
           Land
           ,
           which
           a
           stranger
           ,
           whom
           he
           knew
           not
           ,
           shou●d
           possess
           after
           his
           death
           ?
           For
           that
           (
           as
           Salomon
           noteth
           )
           is
           one
           of
           the
           strangest
           vanities
           under
           the
           Sun.
           And
           th●s
           is
           the
           true
           reason
           why
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Ir●sh
           Countreys
           are
           found
           so
           waste
           and
           desolate
           at
           this
           day
           ;
           and
           so
           would
           they
           continue
           till
           the
           worlds
           end
           ,
           if
           these
           customs
           were
           not
           abolished
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           that
           Irish
           custom
           of
           Gavil-kinde
           ,
           
           did
           breed
           another
           mischief
           ;
           for
           thereby
           ,
           every
           man
           ,
           being
           born
           to
           Land
           ,
           as
           well
           Bastard
           ,
           as
           Legitimate
           ,
           they
           all
           held
           themselves
           to
           be
           Gentlemen
           .
           And
           though
           their
           portions
           were
           never
           so
           small
           ,
           and
           themselves
           never
           so
           poor
           
             (
             For
             Gavel-kinde
             must
             needs
             in
             the
             and
             make
             a
             poor
             Gentility
             )
          
           yet
           did
           they
           scorn
           to
           descend
           to
           H●sbandry
           or
           Merchandize
           ,
           or
           to
           learn
           any
           Mechanical
           Art
           or
           Science
           .
           And
           this
           is
           the
           true
           cause
           why
           there
           were
           never
           any
           Corporate
           Towns
           erected
           in
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           .
           As
           for
           the
           Maritime
           Cities
           and
           Towns
           ,
           most
           certain
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           built
           and
           peopled
           by
           the
           Oostmen
           or
           Easterlings
           :
           for
           the
           Natives
           of
           Ireland
           never
           performed
           so
           good
           a
           work
           ,
           as
           to
           build
           a
           City
           .
           Besides
           ,
           these
           poor
           Gentlemen
           were
           so
           affected
           unto
           their
           small
           portions
           of
           Land
           ,
           as
           they
           rather
           chose
           to
           live
           at
           home
           by
           Theft
           ,
           Extortion
           ,
           and
           Coshering
           ,
           than
           to
           seek
           any
           better
           fortunes
           abroad
           :
           which
           encreased
           their
           Septs
           or
           Sirnames
           into
           such
           numbers
           ,
           as
           the●e
           are
           not
           to
           be
           found
           in
           any
           Kingdom
           of
           Europe
           ,
           so
           many
           Gentlemen
           of
           
           one
           Blood
           ,
           Family
           ,
           and
           Sirname
           ,
           as
           there
           are
           of
           the
           Oneals
           in
           Vlster
           ;
           of
           the
           Bourks
           ,
           in
           Conaght
           ;
           of
           the
           Geraldine●
           and
           Butlers
           ,
           in
           Munster
           and
           Leinster
           .
           And
           the
           like
           may
           be
           said
           of
           the
           inferior
           Bloods
           and
           Families
           ;
           whereby
           it
           came
           to
           pass
           in
           times
           of
           Trouble
           and
           Dissention
           ,
           that
           they
           made
           great
           parties
           and
           factions
           ,
           adhering
           one
           to
           another
           ,
           with
           much
           constancy
           ;
           because
           they
           were
           tied
           together
           ,
           
             Vinculo
             sanguinis
          
           ;
           whereas
           Rebels
           and
           Malefactors
           ,
           which
           are
           tied
           to
           their
           Leaders
           by
           no
           band
           ,
           either
           of
           Duty
           or
           blood
           ,
           do
           more
           easily
           break
           and
           fall
           off
           one
           from
           another
           .
           And
           besides
           ,
           their
           co-habitation
           in
           one
           Countrey
           or
           Territory
           ,
           gave
           them
           opportunity
           suddenly
           to
           assemble
           ,
           and
           conspire
           ,
           and
           rise
           in
           multitudes
           against
           the
           Crown
           .
           And
           even
           now
           ,
           in
           the
           time
           of
           peace
           ,
           we
           finde
           this
           inconvenience
           ,
           that
           there
           can
           hardly
           be
           an
           indifferent
           trial
           had
           between
           the
           King
           and
           the
           Subject
           ,
           or
           between
           party
           and
           party
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           this
           general
           Kindred
           and
           Consanguinity
           .
        
         
         
           BUT
           the
           most
           wicked
           and
           michievous
           custom
           of
           all
           others
           ,
           
           was
           that
           of
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           ,
           often
           before
           mentioned
           ;
           which
           consisted
           in
           taking
           of
           
             Mans-meat
             ,
             Horse-meat
          
           ,
           and
           Money
           ,
           of
           all
           the
           inhabitants
           of
           the
           Countrey
           ,
           at
           the
           will
           and
           pleasure
           of
           the
           Souldier
           ,
           who
           as
           the
           phrase
           of
           Scripture
           is
           ,
           
             Did
             eat
             up
             the
             people
             as
             it
             were
             bread
          
           ;
           for
           that
           he
           had
           no
           other
           entertainment
           .
           This
           Extortion
           was
           originally
           Irish
           ,
           for
           they
           used
           to
           lay
           Bonaght
           upon
           their
           people
           ,
           and
           never
           gave
           their
           Souldier
           any
           other
           pay
           .
           
           But
           when
           the
           English
           had
           learned
           it
           ,
           they
           used
           it
           with
           more
           insolency
           ,
           and
           made
           it
           more
           intollerable
           ;
           for
           this
           oppression
           was
           not
           temporary
           ,
           or
           limited
           either
           to
           place
           or
           time
           ;
           but
           because
           there
           was
           every
           where
           a
           continual
           War
           ,
           either
           Offensive
           ,
           or
           Defensive
           ;
           and
           every
           Lord
           of
           a
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           every
           Marcher
           made
           War
           and
           Peace
           at
           his
           pleasure
           ,
           it
           became
           universal
           and
           perpetual
           ;
           and
           was
           indeed
           the
           most
           heavy
           oppression
           ,
           that
           ever
           was
           used
           in
           any
           Christian
           ,
           or
           Heathen
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           Kingdom
           .
           And
           thefore
           
             Vox
             Oppressorum
          
           ,
           this
           crying
           sin
           ,
           did
           draw
           down
           as
           great
           ,
           or
           greater
           plagues
           upon
           Ireland
           ,
           than
           the
           oppression
           of
           the
           Israelites
           did
           draw
           upon
           the
           Land
           of
           Egypt
           .
           For
           the
           plagues
           of
           Egypt
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           grievous
           ,
           were
           but
           of
           a
           short
           continuance
           .
           But
           the
           plagues
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           lasted
           four
           hundred
           years
           together
           .
           This
           Extortion
           of
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           ,
           did
           produce
           two
           notorious
           effects
           .
           First
           ,
           it
           made
           the
           Land
           waste
           ;
           Next
           ,
           it
           made
           the
           people
           idle
           .
           For
           ,
           
           when
           the
           Husbandman
           had
           laboured
           all
           the
           year
           ,
           the
           Souldier
           in
           one
           night
           ,
           did
           consume
           the
           fruits
           of
           all
           his
           labour
           ,
           
             Longique
             perit
             labor
             irritu●
             anni
          
           .
           Had
           he
           reason
           then
           to
           manure
           the
           Land
           for
           the
           next
           year
           ?
           Or
           rather
           might
           he
           not
           complain
           as
           the
           Shepherd
           in
           Virgil
           :
           
             
               Impius
               haec
               tam
               culta
               novalia
               miles
               habebit
               ?
            
             
               Barbarus
               has
               segetes
               ?
               En
               quo
               discordia
               cives
            
             
               Perduxit
               miseros
               ?
               En
               queis
               consevimus
               agros
               ?
            
          
        
         
         
           AND
           hereupon
           of
           necessity
           came
           depopulation
           ,
           banishment
           ,
           and
           extirpation
           of
           the
           better
           sort
           of
           Subjects
           :
           and
           such
           as
           remained
           ,
           became
           idle
           ,
           and
           looke●s
           on
           ,
           expecting
           the
           event
           of
           those
           miseries
           and
           ev●l
           times
           :
           So
           as
           this
           extream
           Extortion
           and
           Oppression
           ,
           hath
           been
           the
           true
           cause
           of
           the
           idleness
           of
           this
           Irish
           Nation
           ;
           
           and
           that
           rather
           the
           vulgar
           sort
           have
           chosen
           to
           be
           Beggars
           in
           Forreign
           Countreys
           ,
           than
           to
           manure
           their
           own
           fruitful
           Land
           at
           home
           .
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           
           this
           oppression
           did
           of
           force
           and
           necessity
           make
           the
           Irish
           a
           crafty
           people
           :
           for
           such
           as
           are
           oppressed
           and
           live
           in
           slavery
           ,
           are
           ever
           put
           to
           their
           shifts
           ;
           
             Ingenium
             mala
             saepe
             movent
          
           ;
           And
           therefore
           ,
           in
           the
           o●d
           Comedies
           of
           Plantus
           and
           Terence
           ,
           the
           Bondslave
           doth
           always
           act
           the
           cunning
           and
           crafty
           part
           .
           Besides
           ,
           all
           the
           common
           people
           have
           a
           whining
           tune
           or
           Accent
           in
           their
           speech
           ,
           
           as
           if
           they
           did
           still
           smart
           or
           suffer
           some
           oppression
           .
           And
           this
           idleness
           ,
           together
           with
           fear
           of
           imminent
           mischiefs
           ,
           
           which
           did
           continually
           hang
           over
           their
           heads
           ,
           have
           been
           the
           cause
           ,
           that
           the
           Irish
           were
           ever
           the
           most
           inquisitive
           people
           after
           news
           ,
           of
           any
           Nation
           in
           the
           World.
           As
           S.
           Paul
           himself
           made
           observation
           upon
           the
           people
           of
           Athens
           ;
           that
           they
           were
           an
           idle
           people
           ,
           and
           did
           nothing
           but
           learn
           and
           tell
           news
           .
           And
           because
           these
           News-carriers
           ,
           did
           by
           their
           false
           intelligence
           ,
           many
           times
           raise
           troubles
           and
           rebellions
           in
           this
           Realm
           ,
           the
           Statute
           of
           Kilkenny
           ,
           doth
           punish
           News-tellers
           )
           by
           the
           name
           of
           Skelaghes
           )
           with
           fine
           and
           ransome
           .
        
         
           This
           Extortion
           of
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           ,
           was
           taken
           for
           the
           maintenance
           of
           their
           men
           of
           War
           ;
           but
           their
           Irish
           exactions
           extorted
           by
           the
           Chieftains
           and
           Tanists
           ,
           by
           colour
           of
           their
           barbarous
           Seignory
           ,
           were
           almost
           as
           grievous
           a
           burthen
           as
           the
           other
           ;
           
           namely
           Cosherings
           ,
           which
           were
           visitations
           and
           progresses
           made
           by
           the
           Lord
           and
           his
           followers
           ,
           among
           his
           Tenants
           :
           wherein
           he
           did
           eat
           them
           (
           as
           the
           English
           Proverb
           is
           )
           
             Out
             of
             House
             and
             home
          
           .
           
           Sessings
           of
           the
           Kern
           ,
           of
           his
           family
           ,
           called
           Kernety
           ,
           of
           his
           Horses
           
           and
           Horse-boys
           ;
           of
           his
           Dogs
           and
           Dog-boys
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           :
           And
           lastly
           ,
           Cuttings
           ,
           
           Tallages
           ,
           or
           Spendings
           ,
           high
           or
           low
           ,
           at
           his
           pleasure
           ;
           all
           which
           ,
           made
           the
           Lord
           an
           absolute
           Tyrant
           ,
           and
           the
           Tennant
           a
           very
           Slave
           and
           Villain
           ;
           and
           in
           one
           respect
           more
           miserable
           than
           Bond-slaves
           .
           
             For
             commonly
             the
             Bondslave
             is
             fed
             by
             his
             Lord
             ,
             but
             here
             the
             Lord
             was
             fed
             by
             his
             Bondslave
             .
          
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           there
           were
           two
           other
           Customs
           proper
           and
           peculiar
           to
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           which
           being
           the
           cause
           of
           many
           strong
           Combinations
           and
           Factions
           ,
           do
           tend
           to
           the
           utter
           ruine
           of
           a
           Commonwealth
           :
           The
           one
           ,
           was
           Fostering
           ;
           the
           other
           ,
           Gossipred
           ;
           both
           which
           have
           ever
           been
           of
           greater
           estimation
           among
           this
           people
           ,
           than
           with
           any
           other
           Nation
           in
           the
           Christian
           World.
           For
           Fostering
           ,
           I
           did
           never
           hear
           or
           read
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           in
           that
           use
           or
           reputation
           in
           any
           other
           Countrey
           ,
           Barbarous
           or
           Civil
           ,
           as
           it
           hath
           been
           ,
           and
           yet
           is
           ,
           in
           Ireland
           :
           where
           they
           put
           away
           all
           their
           children
           to
           Fosterers
           :
           the
           potent
           and
           rich
           men
           Sellings
           ;
           the
           meaneri
           sort
           Buying
           ,
           the
           alterage
           
           of
           their
           Children
           ;
           and
           the
           reason
           is
           ,
           because
           in
           the
           opinion
           of
           this
           people
           ,
           Fostering
           hath
           always
           been
           a
           stronger
           alliance
           than
           Blood
           ;
           and
           the
           Foster-Children
           do
           love
           ,
           and
           are
           beloved
           of
           their
           Foster-Fathers
           ,
           and
           their
           Sept
           ,
           more
           than
           of
           their
           own
           natural
           Parents
           and
           Kindred
           ;
           and
           do
           participate
           of
           their
           means
           more
           frankly
           ,
           and
           do
           adhere
           unto
           them
           in
           all
           Fortunes
           ,
           with
           more
           affection
           and
           constancy
           .
           And
           though
           Tully
           in
           his
           Book
           of
           Friendship
           doth
           observe
           ,
           that
           children
           of
           Princes
           being
           sometimes
           in
           cases
           of
           necessity
           ,
           for
           saving
           of
           their
           lives
           delivered
           to
           Shepherds
           to
           be
           nourished
           and
           bred
           up
           ,
           when
           they
           have
           been
           restored
           to
           their
           great
           fortunes
           ,
           have
           still
           retained
           their
           love
           and
           affection
           to
           their
           Fosterers
           ,
           whom
           for
           many
           years
           they
           took
           to
           be
           their
           Parents
           :
           yet
           this
           was
           a
           rare
           case
           ,
           and
           few
           examples
           are
           to
           be
           found
           thereof
           .
        
         
           But
           such
           a
           general
           custom
           in
           a
           Kingdom
           ,
           in
           giving
           and
           taking
           children
           to
           Foster
           ,
           making
           such
           a
           firm
           alliance
           as
           it
           doth
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           was
           never
           
           seen
           or
           heard
           of
           ,
           in
           any
           other
           Countrey
           of
           the
           World
           besides
           .
        
         
           THE
           like
           may
           be
           said
           of
           Gossipred
           ,
           
           or
           Compaternity
           ,
           which
           though
           by
           the
           Canon
           Law
           ,
           it
           be
           a
           Spiritual
           affinity
           ,
           and
           a
           Juror
           that
           was
           Goship
           to
           either
           of
           the
           parties
           ,
           might
           in
           former
           times
           have
           been
           challenged
           ,
           as
           not
           indifferent
           by
           our
           Law
           ,
           yet
           there
           was
           no
           Nation
           under
           the
           Sun
           ,
           that
           ever
           made
           so
           Religious
           account
           thereof
           ,
           as
           the
           Irish
           .
        
         
           Now
           these
           two
           Customs
           ,
           which
           of
           themselves
           are
           indifferent
           in
           other
           Kingdoms
           ,
           became
           exceeding
           evil
           and
           full
           of
           mischief
           in
           this
           Realm
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           inconveniences
           which
           followed
           thereupon
           .
           For
           ,
           they
           made
           (
           as
           I
           said
           before
           )
           strong
           parties
           and
           factions
           ,
           whereby
           the
           great
           men
           were
           enabled
           to
           oppress
           their
           Inferiors
           ▪
           and
           to
           oppose
           their
           Equals
           :
           and
           their
           followers
           were
           born
           out
           and
           countenanced
           in
           all
           their
           lewd
           and
           wicked
           actions
           :
           For
           Fosterers
           and
           Gossips
           by
           the
           common
           custom
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           
           were
           to
           maintain
           one
           another
           in
           all
           causes
           lawful
           ,
           and
           unlawful
           ;
           which
           as
           it
           is
           a
           Combination
           and
           Confederacy
           punishable
           in
           all
           well-govern
           Commonweals
           ,
           so
           was
           it
           not
           one
           of
           the
           least
           causes
           of
           the
           common
           misery
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           I
           omit
           their
           common
           repudiation
           of
           their
           Wives
           ;
           their
           promiscuous
           generation
           of
           Children
           ;
           their
           neglect
           of
           lawful
           Matrimony
           ;
           their
           uncleanness
           in
           Apparel
           ,
           Diet
           ,
           and
           Lodging
           ;
           and
           their
           contempt
           and
           scorn
           of
           all
           things
           necessary
           for
           the
           civil
           life
           of
           man.
           
        
         
           
           These
           were
           the
           Irish
           Customs
           ,
           which
           the
           English
           Colonies
           did
           embrace
           and
           use
           ,
           after
           they
           had
           rejected
           the
           Civil
           and
           Honorable
           Laws
           and
           Customs
           of
           England
           ,
           whereby
           they
           became
           Degenerate
           and
           Metamorphosed
           like
           Nebuchadnezzar
           :
           who
           although
           he
           had
           the
           face
           of
           a
           man
           ,
           had
           the
           heart
           of
           a
           beast
           ;
           or
           like
           those
           who
           had
           drunk
           of
           Circes
           Cup
           ,
           and
           were
           turned
           into
           very
           Beasts
           ;
           and
           yet
           took
           such
           pleasure
           in
           their
           beastly
           manner
           
           of
           life
           ,
           as
           they
           would
           not
           return
           to
           their
           shape
           of
           men
           again
           :
           Insomuch
           ,
           as
           within
           less
           time
           than
           the
           age
           of
           a
           man
           ,
           they
           had
           no
           marks
           or
           differences
           left
           amongst
           them
           of
           that
           Noble
           Nation
           ,
           from
           which
           they
           were
           descended
           .
           For
           ,
           as
           they
           did
           not
           onely
           forget
           the
           English
           Language
           ,
           and
           scorn
           the
           use
           thereof
           ,
           but
           grew
           to
           be
           ashamed
           of
           their
           very
           English
           Names
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           Noble
           and
           of
           great
           Antiquity
           ;
           and
           took
           Irish
           Sirnames
           and
           Nick-names
           .
           Namely
           ,
           the
           two
           most
           potent
           Families
           of
           the
           Bourks
           in
           Conaght
           (
           after
           the
           House
           of
           the
           Red
           Earl
           failed
           of
           Heirs
           males
           )
           called
           their
           Chiefs
           ,
           
             Mac
             William
             Fighter
          
           ,
           and
           
             Mac
             William
             Oughter
          
           .
           In
           the
           same
           Province
           ,
           
             Bremingham
             ,
             Baron
          
           of
           Athenrie
           ,
           called
           himself
           
             Mac
             Yoris
             .
             Dexecester
          
           or
           De'exon
           ,
           was
           called
           
             Mac
             Jordan
             .
             Mangle
          
           ,
           or
           
             de
             Angulo
          
           ,
           took
           the
           name
           of
           
             Mac
             Costelo
          
           .
           Of
           the
           Inferior
           families
           of
           the
           Bourkes
           ,
           one
           was
           called
           
             Mac
             Hubbard
          
           ,
           another
           
             Mac
             David
          
           .
           In
           Munster
           ,
           of
           the
           great
           Families
           of
           the
           Geraldines
           planted
           there
           ;
           one
           was
           called
           
             Mac
             Morice
          
           ,
           
           chief
           of
           the
           House
           of
           Lixnaw
           ;
           and
           another
           ,
           
             Mac
             Gibbon
          
           ,
           who
           was
           also
           called
           the
           
             White
             Knight
          
           .
           The
           chief
           of
           the
           Baron
           of
           Dunboynes
           house
           ,
           who
           is
           a
           branch
           of
           the
           House
           of
           Ormond
           ,
           took
           the
           Sirnames
           of
           
             Mac
             Pheris
             .
             Condon
          
           of
           the
           County
           of
           Waterford
           ,
           was
           called
           
             Mac
             Maioge
          
           and
           the
           Arch-deacon
           of
           the
           County
           of
           
             Kilkenny
             ,
             Mac
             Odo
          
           .
           And
           this
           they
           did
           in
           contempt
           and
           hatred
           of
           the
           English
           Name
           and
           Nation
           ;
           whereof
           these
           degenerate
           families
           became
           more
           mortal
           enemies
           ,
           than
           the
           meer
           Irish
           .
           And
           whereas
           the
           State
           and
           Government
           being
           grown
           weak
           by
           their
           defection
           ,
           did
           to
           reduce
           them
           to
           Obedience
           ,
           grant
           them
           many
           Protections
           and
           Pardons
           
             (
             The
             cheapness
             whereof
             ,
             in
             all
             ages
             ,
             hath
             brought
             great
             dishonor
             and
             damage
             to
             this
             Commonweal
             )
          
           they
           grew
           so
           ungrateful
           and
           unnatural
           ,
           as
           in
           the
           end
           they
           scorned
           that
           g●ace
           and
           favour
           ,
           because
           the
           acceptance
           thereof
           ,
           did
           argue
           them
           to
           be
           s●bjects
           ,
           and
           they
           desired
           rather
           to
           be
           accounted
           Enemies
           ,
           than
           Rebels
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           .
        
         
         
           Hereupon
           was
           that
           old
           Verse
           made
           ,
           
           which
           I
           finde
           written
           in
           the
           White
           Book
           of
           the
           Exchequer
           ,
           in
           a
           hand
           as
           ancient
           as
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           .
        
         
           
             By
             granting
             Charters
             of
             peas
             ,
          
           
             To
             false
             English
             withouten
             les
             ,
          
           
             This
             Land
             shall
             be
             mich
             undoo
             .
          
           
             But
             Gossipred
             ,
             and
             alterage
             ,
          
           
             And
             leesing
             of
             our
             Languge
             ,
          
           
             Have
             mickely
             holp
             theretoo
             .
          
        
         
           And
           therefore
           ,
           in
           a
           Close
           Roll
           in
           the
           Tower
           ,
           bearing
           this
           title
           ,
           
             Articuli
             in
             Hibernia
             observandi
          
           :
           we
           finde
           these
           two
           Articles
           among
           others
           .
           1.
           
           
           
             Justiciarius
             Hiberniae
             non
             concedat
             perdonationes
             de
             morte
             hominis
             ,
             nec
             de
             Roberiis
             ,
             seu
             incendiis
             ,
             &
             quod
             de
             caetero
             certificet
             dominum
             regem
             de
             nominibus
             petentium
             .
          
           2.
           
           
             Item
             ,
             Quod
             nec
             Justiciarius
             nec
             aliquis
             Magnas
             Hiberniae
             concedat
             protectiones
             alicui
             contra
             pacem
             Regis
             existent
             .
             &c.
          
           But
           now
           it
           is
           fit
           to
           look
           back
           and
           consider
           when
           the
           old
           English
           Colonies
           became
           so
           degenerate
           ;
           and
           in
           what
           
           age
           they
           fell
           away
           into
           that
           Irish
           Barbarism
           ,
           rejecting
           the
           English
           Laws
           and
           Customes
           .
           
           Assuredly
           ,
           by
           comparing
           the
           ancient
           Annales
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           with
           the
           Records
           remaining
           here
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           Tower
           of
           London
           ,
           I
           do
           finde
           that
           this
           general
           defection
           ,
           fell
           out
           in
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           .
           And
           all
           this
           great
           Innovation
           ,
           grew
           within
           the
           space
           of
           thirty
           years
           :
           within
           the
           compass
           of
           which
           time
           ,
           there
           fell
           out
           divers
           mischievous
           accidents
           ,
           whereby
           the
           whole
           kingdom
           was
           in
           a
           manner
           lost
           .
           
           For
           first
           ,
           
             Edward
             de
             Bruce
          
           invaded
           Ireland
           with
           the
           Scottish
           Army
           ,
           and
           prevailed
           so
           far
           ,
           as
           that
           he
           possessed
           the
           Maritime
           parts
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           marched
           up
           to
           the
           walls
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           spoiled
           the
           English
           Pale
           ,
           passed
           thorough
           Leinster
           and
           Munster
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           Limerick
           ,
           and
           was
           Master
           of
           the
           field
           in
           every
           part
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           This
           hapned
           in
           the
           tenth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           at
           what
           time
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           was
           weaker
           ,
           and
           
           suffered
           more
           dishonour
           in
           both
           Kingdoms
           ,
           than
           it
           did
           at
           any
           time
           since
           the
           Norman
           Conquest
           .
           
           Then
           did
           the
           State
           of
           England
           send
           over
           
             John
             de
             Hotham
          
           to
           be
           Treasurer
           here
           ,
           with
           commission
           to
           call
           the
           great
           Lords
           of
           Ireland
           together
           ;
           and
           to
           take
           of
           them
           an
           Oath
           of
           Association
           ,
           that
           they
           should
           loyally
           joyn
           together
           in
           life
           and
           death
           to
           preserve
           the
           right
           of
           the
           King
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           to
           expel
           the
           common
           enemy
           .
           But
           this
           Treasurer
           brought
           neither
           men
           ,
           nor
           mony
           ,
           to
           perform
           this
           service
           .
        
         
           At
           that
           time
           ,
           though
           
             Richard
             Bourk
          
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           (
           commonly
           called
           the
           Red
           Earl
           )
           were
           of
           greater
           power
           than
           any
           other
           Subject
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           yet
           was
           he
           so
           far
           stricken
           in
           years
           ,
           as
           that
           he
           was
           unable
           to
           manage
           the
           martial
           affairs
           ,
           as
           he
           had
           done
           during
           all
           the
           raign
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           first
           :
           having
           been
           General
           of
           the
           Irish
           forces
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           Wars
           of
           
             Scotland
             ,
             Wales
          
           ,
           and
           Gascoign
           .
           
           And
           therefore
           ,
           
             Maurice
             Fitz-Thomas
          
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           being
           then
           the
           most
           active
           Noble
           man
           in
           this
           Realm
           ,
           took
           upon
           him
           
           the
           chief
           command
           in
           this
           War
           :
           for
           the
           support
           whereof
           ,
           the
           Revenue
           of
           this
           Land
           was
           farr
           too
           short
           ,
           and
           yet
           no
           supply
           of
           Treasure
           was
           sent
           out
           of
           England
           .
        
         
           Then
           was
           there
           no
           means
           to
           maintain
           the
           Army
           ,
           
           but
           by
           Sessing
           the
           Soldiers
           upon
           the
           Subject
           ,
           as
           the
           Irish
           were
           wont
           to
           impose
           their
           Bonaught
           .
           Whereupon
           ,
           grew
           that
           wicked
           Extortion
           of
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           spoken
           of
           before
           ,
           which
           in
           short
           time
           banished
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           Free-holders
           out
           of
           the
           County
           of
           
             Kerry
             ,
             Limerirk
             ,
             Corke
          
           ,
           and
           Waterford
           ;
           Into
           whose
           possessions
           ,
           Desmond
           and
           his
           Kinsemen
           ,
           Allies
           ,
           and
           Followers
           ,
           which
           were
           then
           more
           Irish
           than
           English
           ,
           did
           enter
           and
           appropriate
           these
           Lands
           unto
           themselves
           ,
           Desmond
           himself
           taking
           what
           scopes
           he
           best
           liked
           for
           his
           demeasnes
           in
           every
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           reserving
           an
           Irish
           Seigniory
           out
           of
           the
           rest
           .
           And
           here
           ,
           that
           I
           may
           verifie
           and
           maintain
           by
           matter
           of
           Record
           ,
           that
           which
           is
           before
           delivered
           touching
           the
           Nature
           of
           this
           wicked
           Extortion
           ,
           called
           Coigne
           and
           
           Livery
           ;
           and
           the
           manifold
           mischiefs
           it
           did
           produce
           ,
           I
           think
           it
           fit
           and
           pertinent
           to
           insert
           the
           preamble
           of
           the
           Statute
           of
           10.
           of
           Henry
           seventh
           ,
           c.
           4.
           not
           printed
           ,
           but
           recorded
           in
           Parliament
           Rols
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           in
           these
           words
           :
           
             At
             the
             request
             and
             supplication
             of
             the
             Commons
             of
             this
             Land
             of
          
           Ireland
           ,
           
             that
             where
             of
             long
             time
             there
             hath
             been
             used
             and
             exacted
             by
             the
             Lords
             and
             Gentlemen
             of
             this
             Land
             ,
             many
             and
             divers
             damnable
             customs
             and
             usages
             ,
             which
             been
             called
             Coigne
             and
             Livery
             ,
             and
             Pay
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             Horse
             meat
             and
             Mans
             meat
             ,
             for
             the
             finding
             of
             their
             Horsemen
             and
             Foot-men
             ;
             and
             over
             that
             ,
          
           4.
           
             d.
             or
          
           6.
           
             d.
             daily
             to
             every
             of
             them
             to
             be
             had
             and
             paid
             of
             the
             poor
             Earth
             Tillers
             ,
             and
             Tenants
             ,
             inhabitants
             of
             the
             said
             Land
             ,
             without
             any
             thing
             doing
             or
             paying
             therefore
             .
             Besides
             ,
             many
             Murders
             ,
             Robberies
             Rapes
             ,
             and
             other
             manifold
             extortions
             and
             oppressions
             by
             the
             said
             Horsemen
             and
             Footmen
             ,
             daily
             and
             nightly
             committed
             and
             done
             ;
             which
             been
             the
             principal
             causes
             of
             the
             desolation
             and
             destruction
             of
             the
             said
             Land
             ,
             and
             hath
             brought
             the
             same
             into
             ruine
             and
             Decay
             ,
             so
             as
             the
             
             most
             part
             of
             the
             English
             Free-holders
             and
             Tenants
             of
             this
             Land
             been
             departed
             out
             thereof
             ,
             some
             into
             the
             Realm
             of
          
           England
           ,
           
             and
             other
             some
             to
             other
             strange
             Lands
             ;
             whereupon
             the
             foresaid
             Lords
             and
             Gentlemen
             of
             this
             Land
             ,
             have
             intruded
             into
             the
             said
             Free-holders
             and
             Tenants
             inheritances
             ;
             and
             the
             same
             keepeth
             and
             occupieth
             as
             their
             own
             inheritances
             ;
             and
             setten
             under
             them
             in
             the
             same
             Land
             the
             Kings
             Irish
             Enemies
             ,
             to
             the
             diminishing
             of
             Holy
             Churches
             Rites
             ,
             the
             disherison
             of
             the
             King
             ,
             and
             his
             obedient
             Subjects
             ,
             and
             the
             utter
             ruine
             and
             desolation
             of
             the
             Land.
             For
             reformation
             whereof
             ,
             be
             it
             enacted
             ,
             That
             the
             King
             shall
             receive
             a
             Subsidy
             of
          
           26.
           s.
           8.
           
             d.
             out
             of
             every
          
           120.
           
             acres
             of
             arable
             land
             manured
          
           ,
           &c.
           
           But
           to
           return
           to
           
             Thomas
             Fitz-Maurice
          
           of
           Desmond
           ;
           By
           this
           extortion
           of
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           ,
           he
           suddainly
           grew
           from
           a
           mean
           ,
           to
           a
           mighty
           estate
           ;
           insomuch
           as
           the
           
             Baron
             Finglas
          
           in
           his
           discourse
           of
           the
           decay
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           affirmeth
           ;
           that
           his
           ancient
           inheritance
           being
           not
           one
           thousand
           marks
           yearly
           ,
           he
           became
           able
           to
           dispend
           every
           way
           ,
           
           ten
           thousand
           pounds
           ,
           
             per
             annum
          
           .
        
         
           These
           possessions
           being
           thus
           unlawfully
           gotten
           ,
           could
           not
           be
           maintained
           by
           the
           just
           and
           honourable
           Law
           of
           England
           ,
           which
           would
           have
           restored
           the
           true
           Owners
           to
           their
           Land
           again
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           this
           Great
           man
           found
           no
           means
           to
           continue
           and
           uphold
           his
           ill-purchased
           greatness
           ,
           but
           by
           rejecting
           the
           English
           Law
           and
           Government
           ,
           and
           assuming
           in
           lieu
           thereof
           ,
           the
           barbarous
           customs
           of
           the
           Irish
           .
           And
           hereupon
           ,
           followed
           the
           defection
           of
           those
           four
           shires
           ,
           containing
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           Munster
           ,
           from
           the
           obedience
           of
           the
           Law.
           
        
         
           In
           like
           manner
           (
           saith
           Baron
           Finglas
           )
           the
           Lord
           of
           Tipperary
           (
           perceiving
           how
           well
           the
           house
           of
           Desmond
           had
           thrived
           by
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           ,
           and
           other
           Irish
           exactions
           )
           began
           to
           hold
           the
           like
           course
           in
           the
           Counties
           of
           Tipperary
           and
           Kilkenny
           ;
           whereby
           he
           got
           great
           scopes
           of
           Land
           ,
           especially
           in
           Ormond
           ;
           and
           raised
           many
           Irish
           exactions
           upon
           the
           English
           Free-holders
           there
           ;
           which
           made
           him
           so
           potent
           and
           absolute
           among
           
           them
           ,
           as
           at
           that
           time
           they
           knew
           no
           other
           Law
           ,
           than
           the
           will
           of
           their
           Lord.
           Besides
           ,
           finding
           ,
           that
           the
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           excluded
           the
           ordinary
           Ministers
           of
           Justice
           ,
           under
           colour
           of
           a
           Royal
           liberty
           ,
           which
           he
           claimed
           in
           the
           Counties
           of
           
             Kerry
             ,
             Corke
          
           ,
           and
           Waterford
           ,
           by
           a
           grant
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           first
           ,
           (
           as
           appeareth
           in
           a
           
             Quo
             warranto
          
           ,
           brought
           against
           him
           ,
           Anno
           12.
           
           Edw.
           1.
           )
           the
           Record
           whereof
           ,
           remaineth
           in
           Breminghams
           Tower
           ,
           among
           the
           common
           Plea-Rolls
           there
           .
        
         
           This
           Lord
           also
           ,
           in
           the
           third
           of
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           obtained
           a
           Grant
           of
           the
           like
           liberty
           in
           the
           County
           of
           Tipperary
           ,
           whereby
           he
           got
           the
           Law
           into
           his
           own
           hands
           ,
           and
           shut
           out
           the
           Common
           Law
           and
           Justice
           of
           the
           Realm
           .
        
         
           And
           thus
           we
           see
           that
           all
           Munster
           fell
           away
           from
           the
           English
           law
           and
           Government
           ,
           in
           the
           end
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           his
           raign
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           raign
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           .
           Again
           ,
           about
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           (
           viz.
           )
           in
           the
           20.
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           when
           the
           State
           of
           England
           
           was
           well-ny
           ruined
           by
           the
           Rebellion
           of
           the
           Barons
           ,
           and
           the
           Government
           of
           Ireland
           utterly
           neglected
           ,
           there
           arose
           in
           Leinster
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Cavanaghes
           ,
           
           named
           
             Donald
             Mac
             Art
          
           ,
           who
           named
           himself
           
             Mac
             Murrogh
          
           ,
           King
           of
           Leinster
           ,
           and
           possessed
           himself
           of
           the
           County
           of
           Catherlogh
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           County
           of
           Wexford
           .
           And
           shortly
           after
           
             Lisagh
             O
             Moore
          
           ,
           called
           himself
           
             O
             Moore
          
           ,
           took
           eight
           Castles
           in
           one
           Evening
           ,
           destroyed
           Duamase
           the
           principal
           house
           of
           the
           L.
           Mortimer
           in
           Leix
           ,
           recovered
           that
           whole
           Country
           ,
           
             De
             servo
             Dominus
             ,
             de
             subjecto
             princeps
             effectus
             ,
          
           saith
           Friar
           Clynn
           in
           his
           Annalls
           .
        
         
           Besides
           the
           Earl
           of
           Kildare
           ,
           imitating
           his
           Cosin
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           did
           not
           omit
           to
           make
           the
           like
           use
           of
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           in
           Kildare
           ,
           and
           the
           West
           part
           of
           Meath
           ,
           which
           brought
           the
           like
           Barbarisme
           into
           those
           parts
           .
           And
           thus
           a
           great
           part
           of
           Leinster
           was
           lost
           ,
           and
           fell
           away
           from
           the
           Obedience
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           near
           about
           the
           time
           before
           expressed
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           in
           the
           seventh
           year
           of
           
           King
           Edward
           the
           Third
           ,
           the
           Lord
           
             William
             Bourke
          
           ,
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           Lord
           of
           Conaght
           ,
           
           was
           treacherously
           murdered
           by
           his
           own
           Squires
           at
           Knockfergus
           ,
           leaving
           behinde
           him
           ,
           
             Vnicam
             &
             unius
             anni
             filiam
          
           (
           saith
           Friar
           Clinne
           .
           )
           Immediately
           upon
           the
           murder
           committed
           ,
           
           the
           Countess
           with
           her
           young
           daughter
           fled
           into
           England
           ;
           so
           as
           the
           Government
           of
           that
           Country
           ,
           was
           wholly
           neglected
           ,
           until
           ,
           that
           young
           Lady
           being
           married
           to
           Lionel
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           that
           Prince
           came
           over
           with
           an
           Army
           ,
           to
           recover
           his
           Wives
           inheritance
           ,
           and
           so
           reform
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           Anno
           36.
           of
           Edward
           the
           third
           .
           But
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           what
           became
           of
           that
           great
           inheritance
           both
           in
           Vlster
           and
           Conaght
           ?
           Assuredly
           ,
           
           in
           Vlster
           ,
           the
           Sept
           of
           
             Hugh
             Bog
             O
             Neal
          
           ,
           then
           possessing
           Glaucoukeyn
           and
           Killeightra
           in
           Tyrone
           ,
           took
           the
           opportunity
           ;
           and
           passing
           over
           the
           Banne
           ,
           
           did
           first
           expel
           the
           English
           out
           of
           the
           Barony
           of
           Tuscard
           ,
           which
           is
           now
           called
           the
           Rout
           ;
           and
           likewise
           ,
           out
           of
           the
           Glynnes
           and
           other
           Lands
           up
           as
           far
           as
           Knockfergus
           ,
           which
           Countrey
           
           or
           extent
           of
           Land
           ,
           is
           at
           this
           day
           called
           ,
           the
           lower
           
             Clan
             Hugh-Boy
          
           .
           And
           shortly
           after
           that
           ,
           they
           came
           up
           into
           the
           great
           Ardes
           ;
           which
           the
           Latin
           writers
           call
           ,
           
             Altitudines
             Vltoniae
          
           ,
           and
           was
           then
           the
           inheritance
           of
           the
           Savages
           ;
           by
           whom
           ,
           they
           were
           valiantly
           resisted
           for
           divers
           years
           :
           but
           at
           last
           :
           for
           want
           of
           Castles
           and
           fortifications
           (
           for
           the
           saying
           of
           
             Henry
             Savage
          
           mentioned
           in
           every
           Story
           ,
           is
           very
           memorable
           ;
           That
           a
           Castle
           of
           Bones
           ,
           was
           better
           than
           a
           Castle
           of
           Stones
           .
           )
           the
           English
           were
           over-run
           by
           the
           multitude
           of
           the
           Irishry
           :
           
           So
           as
           about
           the
           thirtieth
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           some
           few
           years
           before
           the
           arrival
           of
           the
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           the
           Savages
           were
           utterly
           driven
           out
           of
           the
           Great
           Ardes
           ,
           into
           a
           little
           nook
           of
           Land
           near
           the
           River
           of
           Strangford
           ;
           where
           they
           now
           possess
           a
           little
           Territory
           ,
           called
           the
           little
           Ardes
           ;
           and
           their
           greater
           patrimony
           took
           the
           name
           of
           the
           upper
           
             Clan
             Hugh-Boy
          
           ,
           from
           the
           Sept
           of
           
             Hugh
             Boy
             O
             Neale
          
           ,
           who
           became
           Invaders
           thereof
           .
        
         
         
           
           FOr
           Conaght
           ,
           some
           younger
           branches
           of
           the
           Family
           of
           the
           Bourkes
           ,
           being
           planted
           there
           by
           the
           Red
           Earl
           and
           his
           Ancestors
           ,
           seeing
           their
           chief
           to
           be
           cut
           off
           ,
           and
           dead
           without
           Heir-male
           ,
           and
           no
           man
           left
           to
           govern
           or
           protect
           that
           Province
           ,
           intruded
           presently
           into
           all
           the
           Earls
           Lands
           ,
           which
           ought
           to
           have
           been
           seized
           into
           the
           Kings
           hands
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           minority
           of
           the
           heir
           .
           And
           within
           a
           short
           space
           ,
           two
           of
           the
           most
           potent
           among
           them
           ,
           divided
           that
           great
           Seigniory
           betwixt
           them
           the
           one
           taking
           the
           name
           of
           
             Mac
             William
             Oughtier
          
           ;
           
           and
           the
           other
           of
           
             Mac
             William
             Fighter
          
           ;
           as
           if
           the
           Lord
           
             William
             Bourke
          
           the
           last
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           had
           left
           two
           Sons
           of
           one
           name
           behind
           him
           to
           inherit
           that
           Lordship
           in
           course
           of
           Gavel-kind
           .
           But
           they
           well
           knew
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           but
           Intruders
           upon
           the
           Kings
           possession
           during
           the
           minority
           of
           the
           heir
           ;
           they
           knew
           those
           Lands
           were
           the
           rightfull
           inheritance
           of
           that
           young
           Lady
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           that
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           would
           speedily
           evict
           them
           out
           of
           their
           possession
           ;
           and
           
           therefore
           ,
           they
           held
           it
           the
           best
           pollicy
           to
           cast
           off
           the
           yoak
           of
           English
           Law
           ,
           and
           to
           become
           meer
           Irish
           :
           and
           according
           to
           their
           example
           ,
           drew
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           English
           in
           that
           Province
           ,
           to
           do
           the
           like
           ;
           so
           as
           from
           thenceforth
           they
           suffered
           their
           possessions
           to
           run
           in
           course
           of
           Tanistry
           and
           Gavel-kinde
           .
           They
           changed
           their
           names
           ,
           language
           ,
           and
           apparel
           ,
           and
           all
           their
           civil
           manners
           and
           Customs
           of
           living
           .
           Lastly
           ,
           about
           the
           25.
           
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           Sir
           
             Richard
             de
             Clare
          
           was
           slain
           in
           Thomond
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           English
           Colonies
           there
           utterly
           supplanted
           .
        
         
           Thus
           in
           that
           space
           of
           time
           ,
           which
           was
           between
           the
           tenth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           second
           ,
           and
           the
           30.
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           (
           I
           speak
           within
           compass
           )
           by
           the
           concurrence
           of
           the
           mischiefs
           before
           recited
           ,
           all
           the
           old
           English
           Colonies
           in
           
             Munster
             ,
             Conaght
          
           ,
           and
           Vlster
           ;
           and
           more
           than
           a
           third
           part
           of
           Leinster
           ,
           became
           degenerate
           ,
           and
           fell
           away
           from
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ;
           so
           as
           only
           the
           four
           shires
           of
           the
           English
           Pale
           ,
           remained
           under
           the
           
           Obedience
           of
           the
           Law
           ;
           and
           yet
           the
           Borders
           and
           Marches
           thereof
           ,
           were
           grown
           unruly
           ,
           and
           out
           of
           order
           too
           ,
           being
           subject
           to
           Black-Rents
           and
           Tribute
           of
           the
           Irish
           ;
           
           which
           was
           a
           greater
           defection
           ,
           than
           when
           ten
           of
           twelve
           Tribes
           departed
           ,
           and
           fell
           away
           from
           Kings
           of
           Juda.
           
        
         
           But
           was
           not
           the
           State
           of
           England
           sensible
           of
           this
           loss
           and
           dishonour
           ?
           Did
           they
           not
           endeavour
           to
           recover
           the
           Land
           that
           was
           lost
           ,
           and
           to
           reduce
           the
           Subjects
           to
           their
           Obedience
           ?
        
         
           Truly
           King
           Edward
           the
           Second
           ,
           by
           the
           incursions
           of
           the
           Scottish
           Nation
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           insurrection
           of
           his
           Barons
           ,
           who
           raised
           his
           Wife
           and
           his
           Son
           against
           him
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           end
           deposed
           him
           ,
           was
           diverted
           and
           utterly
           disabled
           to
           reform
           the
           disorders
           of
           Ireland
           .
           
           But
           as
           soon
           as
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           was
           transferred
           to
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           though
           he
           were
           yet
           in
           his
           minority
           ,
           the
           State
           there
           began
           to
           look
           into
           the
           desperate
           estate
           of
           things
           here
           .
           And
           finding
           such
           a
           general
           defection
           ,
           Letters
           were
           sent
           from
           the
           
           King
           ,
           to
           the
           great
           men
           and
           Prelates
           ,
           
           requiring
           them
           particularly
           to
           swear
           feal●y
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           .
        
         
           Shortly
           after
           ,
           Sir
           
             Anthony
             Lucy
          
           ,
           a
           Person
           of
           great
           authority
           in
           England
           in
           those
           dayes
           ,
           was
           sent
           over
           to
           work
           a
           reformation
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           by
           a
           severe
           course
           ;
           and
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           the
           King
           wrote
           expresly
           to
           the
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           others
           of
           the
           Nobility
           to
           assist
           him
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           remembred
           ;
           presently
           upon
           his
           arrival
           ,
           he
           arrested
           
             Maurice
             Fitz-Thomas
          
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           ;
           and
           Sir
           
             William
             Bremingham
          
           ,
           and
           committed
           them
           prisoners
           to
           the
           Castle
           of
           Dublin
           :
           
           where
           Sir
           
             William
             Bremingham
          
           was
           executed
           for
           Treason
           ,
           though
           the
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           were
           left
           to
           Mainprize
           ,
           upon
           condition
           ,
           he
           should
           appear
           before
           the
           King
           by
           a
           certain
           day
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           to
           continue
           loyal
           .
        
         
           AFter
           this
           ,
           the
           King
           being
           advertised
           ,
           that
           the
           over-large
           Grants
           of
           Lands
           and
           Liberties
           ,
           made
           to
           the
           Lords
           of
           English
           blood
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           
           made
           them
           so
           insolent
           ,
           as
           they
           scorned
           to
           obey
           the
           Law
           ,
           and
           the
           Magistrate
           ,
           did
           absolutely
           resume
           all
           such
           Grants
           ,
           
           as
           is
           before
           declared
           .
           But
           the
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           above
           all
           men
           ,
           found
           himself
           grieved
           with
           this
           resumption
           ,
           or
           Repeal
           of
           Liberties
           ;
           and
           declared
           his
           dislike
           and
           discontentment
           :
           insomuch
           ,
           as
           he
           did
           not
           only
           refuse
           to
           come
           to
           a
           Parliament
           at
           Dublin
           ,
           summoned
           by
           Sir
           
             William
             Morris
          
           ,
           Deputy
           to
           the
           Lord
           
             John
             Darcy
          
           the
           Kings
           Lieutenant
           :
           But
           (
           as
           we
           have
           said
           before
           )
           he
           raised
           such
           dissention
           between
           the
           English
           of
           blood
           ,
           and
           the
           English
           of
           birth
           ,
           as
           the
           like
           was
           never
           seen
           ,
           from
           the
           time
           of
           the
           first
           planting
           of
           our
           Nation
           in
           Ireland
           .
           And
           in
           this
           factious
           and
           seditious
           humour
           ,
           he
           drew
           the
           Earl
           of
           Kildare
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           nobility
           ,
           
           with
           the
           Citizens
           and
           Burgesses
           of
           the
           principal
           Towns
           ,
           to
           hold
           a
           several
           Parliament
           by
           themselves
           ,
           at
           Kilkenny
           ;
           where
           they
           framed
           certain
           Articles
           against
           the
           Deputy
           ,
           and
           transmitted
           the
           same
           into
           England
           to
           the
           King.
           
        
         
         
           Hereupon
           ,
           Sir
           
             Raphe
             Vfford
          
           ,
           
           who
           had
           lately
           before
           married
           the
           Countess
           of
           Vlster
           ;
           a
           man
           of
           courage
           and
           severity
           ,
           was
           made
           Lord
           Justice
           :
           who
           forthwith
           calling
           a
           Parliament
           ,
           sent
           a
           special
           Commandment
           to
           the
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           to
           appear
           in
           that
           great
           Councel
           ;
           but
           the
           Earl
           wilfully
           refused
           to
           come
           .
           Whereupon
           ,
           the
           Lord
           Justice
           raised
           the
           Kings
           Standard
           ,
           
           and
           marching
           with
           an
           Army
           into
           Munster
           ,
           seized
           into
           the
           Kings
           hands
           ,
           all
           the
           possessions
           of
           the
           Earl
           ,
           took
           and
           executed
           his
           principal
           followers
           ,
           Sir
           
             Eustace
             le
             Poer
          
           ,
           Sir
           
             William
             Graunt
          
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             John
             Cotterell
          
           ;
           enforced
           the
           Earl
           himself
           to
           fly
           and
           lurk
           ,
           till
           26.
           
           Noblemen
           and
           Knights
           ,
           became
           Mainpernors
           for
           his
           appearance
           at
           a
           certain
           day
           prefixed
           :
           But
           he
           making
           default
           the
           second
           time
           ,
           the
           uttermost
           advantage
           was
           taken
           against
           his
           sureties
           .
           Besides
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           this
           Lord
           Justice
           caused
           the
           Earl
           of
           Kildare
           to
           be
           arrested
           and
           committed
           to
           the
           Castle
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           indited
           and
           imprisoned
           many
           other
           disobedient
           Subjects
           ,
           called
           
           in
           and
           cancelled
           such
           Charters
           asw
           ere
           lately
           before
           resumed
           ;
           and
           proceeded
           every
           way
           so
           roundly
           and
           severely
           ,
           as
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           which
           were
           wont
           ,
           to
           suffer
           no
           controulment
           ,
           did
           much
           distaste
           him
           ;
           and
           the
           Commons
           ,
           who
           in
           this
           Land
           have
           ever
           been
           more
           devoted
           to
           their
           immediate
           Lords
           here
           ,
           whom
           they
           saw
           every
           day
           ,
           than
           unto
           their
           Soveraign
           Lord
           and
           King
           ,
           whom
           they
           never
           saw
           ;
           spake
           ill
           of
           this
           Governor
           ,
           as
           of
           a
           rigorous
           and
           cruel
           man
           ,
           though
           in
           troth
           he
           were
           a
           singular
           good
           Justicer
           ;
           and
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           not
           dyed
           in
           the
           second
           year
           of
           his
           Government
           ,
           was
           the
           likeliest
           person
           of
           that
           Age
           ,
           
           to
           have
           reformed
           and
           reduced
           the
           degenerate
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           to
           their
           natural
           obedience
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           .
        
         
           THus
           much
           then
           then
           we
           may
           observe
           by
           the
           way
           ,
           that
           
             Maurice
             Fitz-Thomas
          
           ,
           the
           first
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           was
           the
           first
           English
           Lord
           that
           imposed
           Coign
           and
           Livery
           upon
           the
           Kings
           Subjects
           ;
           and
           the
           first
           that
           raised
           his
           Estate
           to
           
           immoderate
           greatness
           ,
           by
           that
           wicked
           Extortion
           and
           Oppression
           ;
           that
           he
           was
           the
           first
           that
           rejected
           the
           English
           Laws
           and
           Government
           ,
           and
           drew
           others
           by
           his
           example
           to
           do
           the
           like
           ;
           that
           he
           was
           the
           first
           Peer
           of
           Ireland
           that
           refused
           to
           come
           to
           the
           Parliament
           summoned
           by
           the
           Kings
           Authority
           ;
           that
           he
           was
           the
           first
           that
           made
           a
           division
           and
           distinction
           between
           the
           English
           of
           blood
           ,
           and
           the
           English
           of
           birth
           .
        
         
           AND
           as
           this
           Earl
           was
           the
           onely
           Author
           ,
           
           and
           first
           Actor
           of
           these
           mischiefs
           ,
           which
           gave
           the
           greatest
           impediment
           to
           the
           full
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           So
           it
           is
           to
           be
           noted
           ,
           that
           albeit
           others
           of
           his
           rank
           afterwards
           offended
           in
           the
           same
           kinde
           ;
           whereby
           their
           Houses
           were
           many
           times
           in
           danger
           of
           ruine
           ,
           yet
           was
           there
           not
           ever
           any
           Noble
           house
           of
           English
           race
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           utterly
           destroyed
           and
           finally
           rooted
           out
           by
           the
           hand
           of
           Justice
           ,
           but
           the
           house
           of
           Desmond
           onely
           ;
           nor
           any
           Peer
           of
           this
           Realm
           ever
           put
           to
           death
           (
           though
           
           divers
           have
           been
           attainted
           )
           but
           
             Tho
             :
             Fitz-James
          
           the
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           onely
           ,
           and
           onely
           for
           those
           wicked
           customs
           brought
           in
           by
           the
           first
           Earl
           ,
           and
           practised
           by
           his
           posterity
           ,
           though
           by
           several
           Laws
           they
           were
           made
           High-Treason
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           though
           in
           the
           7
           of
           Edward
           the
           4.
           during
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           Lord
           Tiptoft
           ,
           Earl
           of
           Worcester
           ,
           both
           the
           Earls
           of
           Desmond
           and
           Kildare
           were
           attainted
           by
           Parliament
           at
           Droghedah
           ,
           for
           alliance
           and
           fostering
           with
           the
           Irish
           ;
           and
           for
           taking
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           of
           the
           Kings
           Subjects
           ,
           yet
           was
           Desmond
           onely
           put
           to
           death
           ;
           for
           the
           Earl
           of
           Kildare
           received
           his
           pardon
           .
           And
           albeit
           the
           son
           of
           this
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           who
           lost
           his
           head
           at
           Droghedah
           ,
           were
           restored
           to
           the
           Earldom
           ;
           
           yet
           could
           not
           the
           Kings
           grace
           regenerate
           obedience
           in
           that
           degenerate
           house
           ,
           but
           it
           grew
           rather
           more
           wilde
           and
           barbarous
           than
           before
           .
           For
           from
           thenceforth
           they
           reclaimed
           a
           strange
           priviledge
           ,
           
             That
             the
             Earls
             of
          
           Desmond
           
             should
             never
             come
             to
             any
             Parliament
             or
             Grand
             Council
             ,
             or
             within
             any
             walled
             Town
             ,
             but
             at
             their
             will
             and
             pleasure
             .
          
           
           Which
           pretended
           Priviledge
           ,
           James
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           the
           Father
           of
           Girald
           the
           last
           Earl
           ,
           renounced
           and
           surrendred
           by
           his
           Deed
           ,
           in
           the
           Chancery
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           in
           the
           32
           of
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           .
           At
           what
           time
           ,
           among
           the
           meer
           Irishry
           ,
           he
           submitted
           himself
           to
           Sir
           
             Anthony
             Saint-Leger
          
           ,
           then
           Lord
           Deputy
           ;
           took
           an
           Oath
           of
           Allegiace
           ,
           Covenanted
           that
           he
           would
           suffer
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           to
           be
           executed
           in
           his
           Countrey
           ;
           and
           assist
           the
           Kings
           Judges
           in
           their
           Circuits
           :
           and
           if
           any
           Subsidies
           should
           be
           granted
           by
           Parliament
           ,
           he
           would
           permit
           the
           same
           to
           be
           levied
           upon
           his
           Tenents
           and
           followers
           .
           Which
           Covenants
           ,
           are
           as
           strange
           as
           the
           priviledge
           it self
           ,
           spoken
           of
           before
           .
           But
           that
           which
           I
           conceive
           most
           worthy
           of
           Observation
           ,
           upon
           the
           fortunes
           of
           the
           house
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           is
           this
           ;
           that
           as
           
             Maurice
             Fitz-Thomas
          
           ,
           the
           first
           Earl
           ,
           did
           first
           raise
           the
           greatness
           of
           that
           house
           ,
           by
           Irish
           exactions
           and
           oppressions
           ;
           so
           Girald
           the
           last
           Earl
           ,
           did
           at
           last
           ruine
           and
           reduce
           it
           to
           nothing
           ,
           by
           using
           the
           like
           extortions
           .
           For
           certain
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           the
           first
           occasion
           of
           his
           Rebellion
           ,
           grew
           
           from
           hence
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           attempted
           to
           charge
           the
           Decies
           in
           the
           County
           of
           Waterford
           ,
           with
           Coigne
           and
           Livery
           ,
           Black
           Rents
           and
           Coshe●ies
           ,
           after
           the
           Irish
           manner
           ,
           he
           was
           resisted
           by
           the
           Earl
           of
           Ormond
           ,
           and
           upon
           an
           encounter
           ,
           overthrown
           and
           taken
           prisoner
           ;
           which
           made
           his
           heart
           so
           unquiet
           ,
           as
           it
           easily
           conceived
           Treason
           against
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           brought
           forth
           actual
           and
           open
           Rebellion
           ,
           wherein
           he
           perished
           himself
           ,
           and
           made
           a
           final
           extinguishment
           of
           his
           house
           and
           honor
           .
           Oppression
           and
           extortion
           did
           maintain
           the
           greatness
           :
           and
           oppression
           and
           extortion
           ,
           did
           extinguish
           the
           greatness
           of
           that
           house
           .
           Which
           may
           well
           be
           exprest
           ,
           by
           the
           old
           Emblem
           of
           a
           Torch
           turned
           downwards
           ,
           with
           this
           word
           ,
           
             Quod
             me
             alit
             ,
             extinguit
          
           .
        
         
           NOw
           let
           us
           return
           to
           the
           course
           of
           Reformation
           ,
           held
           and
           pursued
           here
           ,
           after
           the
           death
           of
           Sir
           
             Raphe
             Vfford
          
           ,
           which
           hapned
           in
           the
           twentieth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           3.
           
           After
           which
           time
           ,
           a●be●t
           all
           the
           power
           and
           Council
           of
           England
           was
           converted
           towards
           the
           
           conquest
           of
           France
           ,
           yet
           was
           not
           the
           work
           of
           Reformation
           altogether
           discontinued
           .
           For
           ,
           in
           the
           25
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           Sir
           
             Thomas
             Rookeby
          
           ,
           another
           worthy
           Governor
           (
           whom
           I
           have
           once
           before
           named
           )
           held
           a
           Parliament
           at
           Kilkenny
           ,
           wherein
           many
           excellent
           Laws
           were
           propounded
           and
           enacted
           for
           the
           reducing
           of
           the
           English
           Colonies
           to
           their
           obedience
           ;
           which
           Laws
           we
           finde
           enrolled
           in
           the
           Remembrancers
           Office
           here
           ;
           and
           differ
           not
           much
           in
           substance
           ,
           from
           those
           other
           Statutes
           of
           Kilkenny
           ,
           
           which
           not
           long
           after
           (
           during
           the
           Government
           of
           Lionel
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           )
           were
           not
           onely
           enacted
           ,
           but
           put
           in
           execution
           .
           This
           noble
           Prince
           having
           married
           the
           Daughter
           and
           Heir
           of
           Vlster
           ;
           and
           being
           likewise
           a
           Coparcener
           of
           the
           County
           of
           Kilkenny
           ,
           in
           the
           36
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           came
           over
           the
           Kings
           Lieutenant
           ,
           attended
           with
           a
           good
           Retinue
           of
           Martial
           men
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           remembred
           ,
           and
           a
           grave
           and
           honorable
           Council
           ,
           as
           well
           for
           peace
           ,
           as
           for
           war.
           But
           because
           this
           Army
           was
           not
           of
           a
           competent
           strength
           
           to
           break
           and
           subdue
           all
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           although
           he
           quieted
           the
           borders
           of
           the
           English
           Pale
           ,
           and
           held
           all
           Ireland
           in
           awe
           with
           his
           name
           and
           presence
           .
           The
           principal
           service
           that
           he
           intended
           ,
           was
           to
           reform
           the
           degenerate
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           and
           to
           reduce
           them
           to
           obedience
           of
           the
           English
           Law
           ,
           and
           Magistrate
           .
           To
           that
           end
           ,
           in
           the
           fortieth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           he
           held
           that
           famous
           Parliament
           at
           Kilkenny
           ;
           wherein
           many
           notable
           Laws
           were
           enacted
           ,
           which
           do
           shew
           and
           lay
           open
           
             (
             For
             the
             Law
             doth
             best
             discover
             enormities
             )
          
           how
           much
           the
           English
           Colonies
           were
           corrupted
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           and
           do
           infallibly
           prove
           that
           which
           is
           laid
           down
           before
           ;
           That
           they
           were
           wholly
           degenerate
           ,
           and
           faln
           away
           from
           their
           obedience
           .
           For
           first
           ,
           it
           appeareth
           by
           the
           Preamble
           of
           these
           Laws
           ,
           that
           the
           English
           of
           this
           Realm
           ,
           before
           the
           coming
           over
           of
           Lionel
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           were
           at
           that
           time
           become
           meer
           Irish
           in
           their
           Language
           ,
           Names
           ,
           Apparel
           ,
           and
           all
           their
           manner
           of
           living
           ,
           and
           had
           rejected
           the
           English
           Laws
           ,
           and
           submitted
           themselves
           to
           the
           Irish
           ,
           with
           whom
           
           they
           had
           many
           Marriages
           and
           Alliances
           ,
           
           which
           tended
           to
           the
           utter
           ruine
           and
           destruction
           of
           the
           Commom-wealth
           .
           Therefore
           alliance
           by
           Marriage
           ,
           
             Nurture
             of
             Infants
          
           ,
           
           and
           
             Gossipred
             with
             the
             Irish
          
           ,
           are
           by
           this
           Statute
           made
           High-Treason
           .
           Again
           ,
           
           if
           any
           man
           of
           English
           race
           ,
           should
           use
           any
           Irish
           Name
           ,
           Irish
           Language
           ,
           or
           Irish
           Apparel
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           guise
           or
           fashion
           of
           the
           Irish
           ;
           if
           he
           had
           Lands
           or
           Tenements
           ,
           the
           same
           should
           be
           seized
           ,
           till
           he
           had
           given
           security
           to
           the
           Chancery
           ,
           to
           conform
           himself
           in
           all
           points
           to
           the
           English
           manner
           of
           living
           .
           And
           if
           he
           had
           no
           Lands
           ,
           his
           body
           was
           to
           be
           taken
           and
           imprisoned
           ,
           till
           he
           found
           Sureties
           ,
           as
           aforesaid
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           it
           was
           established
           and
           commanded
           ,
           
           that
           the
           English
           in
           all
           their
           Controversies
           ,
           should
           be
           ruled
           and
           governed
           by
           the
           Common
           Law
           of
           England
           :
           and
           if
           any
           did
           submit
           himself
           to
           the
           Brehon
           Law
           ,
           or
           March
           Law
           ,
           he
           should
           be
           adjudged
           a
           Traytor
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           
           because
           the
           English
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           made
           War
           and
           Peace
           with
           the
           
           bordering
           Enemy
           at
           their
           pleasure
           ;
           they
           were
           expresly
           prohibited
           to
           levy
           War
           upon
           the
           Irish
           ,
           without
           special
           Warrant
           and
           Direction
           from
           the
           State.
           
        
         
           
           Again
           ,
           it
           was
           made
           paenal
           to
           the
           English
           ,
           to
           permit
           the
           Irish
           to
           Creaght
           or
           graze
           upon
           their
           Lands
           :
           
           to
           present
           them
           to
           Ecclesiastical
           Benefices
           ;
           
           to
           receive
           them
           into
           any
           Monasteries
           ,
           or
           Religious
           Houses
           ,
           or
           to
           entertain
           any
           of
           their
           Minstrels
           ,
           Rimers
           ,
           or
           News-tellers
           :
           to
           impose
           or
           sess
           any
           Horse
           or
           Foot
           upon
           the
           English
           subjects
           against
           their
           wills
           ,
           
           was
           made
           felony
           .
           
           And
           because
           the
           great
           Liberties
           or
           Franchises
           spoken
           of
           before
           ,
           were
           become
           Sanctuaries
           for
           all
           Malefactors
           ,
           express
           power
           was
           given
           to
           the
           Kings
           Sheriffs
           ,
           to
           enter
           into
           all
           Franchises
           ,
           and
           there
           to
           apprehend
           all
           Felons
           and
           Traytors
           .
           
           And
           lastly
           ,
           because
           the
           great
           Lords
           ,
           when
           they
           levied
           Forces
           for
           the
           Publike
           Service
           ,
           did
           lay
           unequal
           burthens
           upon
           the
           Gentlemen
           and
           Freeholders
           ,
           it
           was
           ordained
           ,
           that
           four
           Wardens
           of
           the
           Peace
           in
           every
           County
           ,
           should
           set
           down
           and
           appoint
           what
           Men
           
           and
           Armor
           every
           man
           should
           bear
           ,
           according
           to
           his
           Freehold
           ,
           or
           other
           ability
           of
           esate
           .
        
         
           THese
           ,
           and
           other
           Laws
           ,
           
           tending
           to
           a
           general
           reformation
           ,
           were
           enacted
           in
           that
           Parliament
           .
           And
           the
           Execution
           of
           these
           Laws
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           
             Presence
             of
             the
             Kings
             Son
          
           ,
           made
           a
           notable
           alteration
           in
           the
           State
           and
           Manners
           of
           this
           people
           ,
           within
           the
           space
           of
           seven
           years
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           term
           of
           this
           Princes
           Lieutenancy
           .
        
         
           For
           all
           the
           Discourses
           that
           I
           have
           seen
           of
           the
           Decay
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           do
           agree
           in
           this
           ,
           that
           the
           presence
           of
           the
           Lord
           Lionel
           ,
           and
           these
           Statutes
           of
           Kilkenny
           ,
           did
           restore
           the
           English
           Government
           ,
           in
           the
           degenerate
           Colonies
           ,
           for
           divers
           years
           .
           And
           the
           Statute
           of
           the
           tenth
           of
           Henry
           the
           seventh
           ,
           
           which
           reviveth
           and
           confirmeth
           the
           Statutes
           of
           Kilkenny
           ,
           doth
           confirm
           as
           much
           .
           For
           it
           declareth
           ,
           that
           
             as
             long
             as
             these
             Laws
             were
             put
             in
             ●ure
             and
             execution
             ,
             this
             Land
             continued
             in
             prosperity
             and
             honor
             :
             and
             since
             they
             were
             not
             executed
             ,
             the
             Subjects
             rebelled
             and
             digressed
             
             from
             their
             Allegeance
             ,
             and
             the
             Land
             fell
             to
             ruine
             and
             desolation
             .
          
           And
           withal
           ,
           we
           finde
           the
           effect
           of
           these
           Laws
           in
           the
           Pipe-Rolls
           ,
           and
           Plea-Ro●ls
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           :
           For
           ,
           from
           the
           36
           of
           Edw.
           3.
           when
           this
           Prince
           entred
           into
           his
           Government
           ,
           till
           the
           beginning
           of
           Richard
           the
           second
           his
           Reign
           ,
           we
           finde
           the
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Crown
           both
           certain
           and
           casual
           in
           
             Vlster
             ,
             Munster
          
           ,
           and
           Conaght
           ,
           accounted
           for
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           Kings
           Writ
           did
           run
           ▪
           and
           the
           Common
           Law
           was
           executed
           in
           every
           of
           these
           Provinces
           .
           
           I
           joyn
           with
           these
           Laws
           ,
           the
           personal
           presence
           of
           the
           Kings
           Son
           ,
           as
           a
           concurrent
           cause
           of
           this
           Reformation
           :
           
             Because
             the
             people
             of
             this
             Land
             ,
             both
             English
             and
             Irish
             ,
             out
             of
             a
             natural
             pride
             ,
             did
             ever
             love
             and
             desire
             to
             be
             governed
             by
             great
             persons
             .
          
           
           And
           therefore
           ,
           I
           may
           here
           justly
           take
           occasion
           to
           note
           ,
           that
           first
           the
           absence
           of
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           ;
           and
           next
           ,
           the
           absence
           of
           those
           great
           Lords
           ,
           who
           were
           inheritors
           of
           those
           mighty
           Seigniories
           of
           
             Leinster
             ,
             Vlster
             ,
             Conaght●
          
           ,
           and
           Meath
           ,
           have
           been
           main
           causes
           why
           this
           Kingdom
           was
           not
           reduced
           in
           so
           many
           ages
           .
        
         
         
           TOuching
           the
           absence
           of
           our
           Kings
           ,
           
           three
           of
           them
           onely
           since
           the
           Norman
           Conquest
           ,
           have
           made
           Royal
           journeys
           into
           this
           Land
           ;
           namely
           ,
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ,
           King
           John
           ,
           and
           King
           Richard
           the
           second
           .
           And
           yet
           they
           no
           sooner
           arrived
           here
           ,
           but
           that
           all
           the
           Irishry
           (
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           but
           one
           man
           )
           submitted
           themselves
           ;
           took
           Oathes
           of
           fidelity
           ,
           and
           gave
           pledges
           and
           hostages
           to
           continue
           loyal
           .
           And
           ,
           if
           any
           of
           those
           Kings
           had
           continued
           here
           in
           person
           a
           competent
           time
           ,
           till
           they
           had
           settled
           both
           English
           and
           Irish
           in
           their
           several
           possessions
           ,
           and
           had
           set
           the
           Law
           in
           a
           due
           course
           throughout
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           these
           times
           wherein
           we
           live
           ,
           had
           not
           gained
           the
           honor
           of
           the
           final
           conquest
           and
           reducing
           of
           Ireland
           .
           For
           the
           King
           (
           saith
           Salomon
           )
           
             dissipat
             omne
             malum
             intuitu
             suo
          
           .
           But
           when
           Moses
           was
           absent
           in
           the
           Mount
           ,
           the
           people
           committed
           Idolatry
           :
           and
           when
           there
           was
           no
           King
           in
           Israel
           ,
           every
           man
           did
           what
           seemed
           best
           in
           his
           own
           eyes
           .
        
         
           And
           therefore
           ,
           when
           Alexander
           had
           conquered
           the
           East
           part
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           
           and
           demanded
           of
           one
           what
           was
           the
           fitest
           place
           for
           the
           seat
           of
           his
           Empire
           ,
           he
           brought
           and
           laid
           a
           dry
           hide
           before
           him
           ,
           and
           desired
           him
           to
           set
           his
           foot
           on
           the
           one
           side
           thereof
           ;
           which
           being
           done
           ,
           all
           the
           other
           parts
           of
           the
           hide
           did
           rise
           up
           :
           but
           when
           he
           did
           set
           his
           foot
           in
           the
           middle
           of
           the
           hide
           ,
           all
           the
           other
           parts
           lay
           flat
           and
           even
           :
           Which
           was
           a
           lively
           demonstration
           ,
           that
           if
           a
           Prince
           keep
           his
           residence
           in
           the
           border
           of
           his
           Dominions
           ,
           the
           remote
           parts
           will
           easily
           rise
           and
           rebel
           against
           him
           :
           But
           if
           he
           make
           the
           Centre
           thereof
           his
           Seat
           ,
           he
           shall
           easily
           keep
           them
           in
           peace
           and
           obedience
           .
        
         
           
           TOuching
           the
           absence
           of
           the
           great
           Lords
           :
           All
           Writers
           do
           impute
           the
           decay
           and
           loss
           of
           Leinster
           ,
           to
           the
           absence
           of
           these
           English
           Lords
           ,
           who
           married
           the
           five
           Daughters
           of
           
             William
             Marshal
          
           Earl
           of
           Pembroke
           ,
           
           (
           to
           whom
           that
           great
           Seigniory
           descended
           )
           when
           his
           five
           Sons
           ,
           who
           inherited
           the
           same
           successively
           ;
           and
           during
           their
           times
           ,
           held
           the
           same
           in
           peace
           and
           obedidence
           to
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           ,
           were
           all
           dead
           without
           issue
           :
           
           which
           hapned
           about
           the
           fortieth
           year
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           third
           :
           for
           the
           eldest
           being
           married
           to
           
             Hugh
             Bigot
          
           Earl
           of
           Norfolk
           ,
           who
           in
           right
           of
           his
           wife
           ,
           had
           the
           Marshalship
           of
           England
           ;
           The
           second
           ,
           to
           
             Warren
             de
             Mountchensey
          
           ,
           whose
           sole
           Daughter
           and
           Heir
           was
           match
           to
           
             William
             de
             Valentia
          
           half
           Brother
           to
           King
           Henry
           the
           third
           ,
           who
           by
           that
           match
           ,
           was
           made
           Earl
           of
           Pembroke
           ;
           the
           third
           ,
           to
           
             Gilbert
             de
             Clare
          
           ,
           Earl
           of
           Gloucester
           ;
           The
           fourth
           ,
           to
           
             William
             Ferrers
          
           ,
           Earl
           of
           Darby
           ;
           The
           fifth
           ,
           to
           
             William
             de
             Bruce
          
           ,
           Lord
           of
           Brecknock
           :
           These
           great
           Lords
           ,
           having
           greater
           inheritances
           in
           their
           own
           right
           in
           England
           ,
           than
           they
           had
           in
           Ireland
           in
           right
           of
           their
           Wives
           (
           and
           yet
           each
           of
           the
           Coparceners
           ,
           had
           an
           entire
           County
           allotted
           for
           her
           purparty
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           declared
           )
           could
           not
           be
           drawn
           to
           make
           their
           personal
           residence
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ;
           but
           managed
           their
           Estates
           here
           ,
           by
           their
           Seneschals
           and
           Servants
           .
           And
           to
           defend
           their
           Territories
           against
           the
           bordering
           Irish
           ;
           they
           entertained
           some
           of
           the
           Natives
           ,
           who
           pretended
           a
           perpetual
           Title
           to
           those
           great
           Lordships
           .
           
           For
           the
           Irish
           after
           a
           thousand
           conquests
           and
           Attainders
           by
           our
           Law
           ,
           would
           in
           those
           days
           pretend
           title
           still
           ,
           because
           by
           the
           Irish
           Law
           no
           man
           could
           forfeit
           his
           Land.
           These
           natives
           taking
           the
           opportunity
           in
           weak
           and
           desperate
           times
           ,
           usurped
           those
           Seigniories
           ;
           and
           so
           
             Donald
             mac
             Art
             Cavanagh
          
           ,
           
           being
           entertained
           by
           the
           Earl
           of
           Nolfork
           ,
           made
           himself
           Lord
           of
           the
           County
           of
           Catherlough
           :
           And
           
             Lisagh
             O
             Moor
          
           ,
           being
           trusted
           by
           the
           Lord
           Mortimer
           ,
           who
           married
           the
           Daughter
           and
           Heir
           of
           the
           Lord
           Bruce
           ,
           made
           himself
           Lord
           of
           the
           lands
           in
           Leix
           ,
           in
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           seconds
           Reign
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           declared
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           the
           decay
           and
           loss
           of
           Vlster
           and
           Connaught
           ,
           is
           attributed
           to
           this
           ;
           that
           the
           Lord
           
             William
             Bourk
          
           ,
           the
           last
           Earl
           of
           that
           name
           ,
           died
           without
           issue
           male
           ;
           whose
           Ancestors
           ,
           namely
           ,
           the
           Red
           Earl
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             Hugh
             de
             Lacy
          
           ,
           before
           him
           ,
           being
           personally
           resident
           ,
           held
           up
           their
           greatness
           there
           ;
           and
           kept
           the
           English
           in
           peace
           ,
           and
           the
           Irish
           in
           awe
           :
           But
           when
           those
           Provinces
           descended
           upon
           an
           
             Heir
             Female
          
           ,
           and
           an
           Infant
           ,
           
           the
           Irish
           over-ran
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           the
           younger
           branches
           of
           the
           Bourkes
           ,
           usurped
           Connaught
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           
           the
           Ordinance
           made
           in
           England
           ,
           the
           third
           of
           Richard
           the
           second
           ,
           against
           such
           as
           were
           absent
           from
           their
           Lands
           in
           Ireland
           ;
           and
           gave
           two
           third
           parts
           of
           the
           profits
           thereof
           unto
           the
           King
           ,
           until
           they
           returned
           ,
           or
           placed
           a
           sufficient
           number
           of
           men
           to
           defend
           the
           same
           ,
           was
           grounded
           upon
           good
           reason
           of
           State
           :
           which
           Ordinance
           was
           put
           in
           execution
           for
           many
           years
           after
           ,
           as
           appeareth
           by
           sundry
           seizures
           made
           thereupon
           ,
           in
           the
           time
           of
           K.
           Richard
           the
           second
           ,
           Henry
           the
           fourth
           ,
           Henry
           the
           fifth
           ,
           &
           Henry
           the
           sixth
           ,
           whereof
           there
           remain
           Records
           in
           the
           Remembrancers
           Office
           here
           .
           Among
           the
           rest
           ,
           
           the
           Duke
           of
           Norfolk
           himself
           was
           not
           spared
           ,
           but
           was
           impleaded
           upon
           this
           Ordinance
           ,
           for
           two
           parts
           of
           the
           profits
           of
           Dorburies
           Island
           ,
           and
           other
           Lands
           in
           the
           County
           of
           Wexford
           ,
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           sixth
           .
           And
           afterwards
           ,
           upon
           the
           same
           reason
           of
           State
           ,
           all
           the
           lands
           of
           the
           house
           of
           Norfolk
           ,
           of
           the
           Earl
           of
           Shrewsbury
           ,
           the
           Lord
           Barkley
           and
           others
           ,
           who
           having
           
           lands
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           kept
           their
           continual
           residence
           in
           England
           )
           were
           entirely
           resumed
           by
           the
           Act
           of
           Absentees
           ,
           
           made
           in
           the
           28
           year
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           eigth
           .
        
         
           But
           now
           again
           ,
           let
           us
           look
           back
           and
           see
           ,
           how
           long
           the
           effect
           of
           that
           Reformation
           did
           continue
           ,
           which
           was
           begun
           by
           Lionel
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           in
           the
           fortieth
           year
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           and
           what
           courses
           have
           been
           held
           ,
           to
           reduce
           and
           reform
           this
           people
           by
           other
           Lieutenants
           and
           Governors
           since
           that
           time
           .
        
         
           The
           English
           Colonies
           being
           in
           some
           good
           measure
           reformed
           by
           the
           Statutes
           of
           Kilkenny
           ,
           did
           not
           utterly
           fall
           away
           into
           Barbarism
           again
           ,
           till
           the
           Wars
           of
           the
           two
           Houses
           had
           almost
           destroyed
           both
           these
           Kingdoms
           ;
           for
           in
           that
           miserable
           time
           ,
           the
           Irish
           found
           opportunity
           ,
           without
           opposition
           ,
           to
           banish
           the
           English
           Law
           and
           Government
           ,
           out
           of
           all
           the
           Provinces
           ,
           and
           to
           confine
           it
           onely
           to
           the
           English
           Pale
           :
           Howbeit
           ,
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           between
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           Duke
           of
           Clarence
           ,
           and
           the
           beginning
           of
           those
           Civil
           Wars
           of
           York
           and
           Lancaster
           ,
           we
           
           find
           that
           the
           State
           of
           England
           did
           sundry
           times
           resolve
           to
           proceed
           in
           this
           work
           of
           reformation
           .
        
         
           For
           first
           ,
           King
           Richard
           2.
           
           sent
           over
           Sir
           
             Nicholas
             Dagworth
          
           ,
           to
           survey
           the
           possessions
           of
           the
           Crown
           ;
           and
           to
           call
           to
           accompt
           the
           Officers
           of
           the
           revenue
           ;
           Next
           to
           (
           draw
           his
           English
           Subjects
           to
           manure
           and
           defend
           their
           lands
           in
           Ireland
           )
           he
           made
           that
           Ordinance
           against
           Absentees
           ,
           spoken
           of
           before
           .
           Again
           ,
           he
           shewed
           an
           excellent
           example
           of
           Justice
           ,
           upon
           Sir
           
             Philip
             Courtney
          
           ,
           being
           his
           Lieutenant
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           ,
           when
           he
           caused
           him
           to
           be
           arrested
           by
           special
           Commissioners
           ,
           upon
           complaint
           made
           of
           sundry
           grievous
           oppressions
           and
           wrongs
           ,
           which
           during
           his
           Government
           ,
           he
           had
           done
           unto
           that
           people
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           
           the
           Parliament
           of
           England
           did
           resolve
           ,
           that
           Thomas
           Duke
           of
           Glocester
           the
           Kings
           Uncle
           ,
           should
           be
           imployed
           in
           the
           reformation
           and
           reducing
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           :
           the
           Fame
           whereof
           ,
           was
           no
           sooner
           bruted
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           but
           all
           the
           Irishry
           were
           ready
           to
           submit
           themselves
           before
           his
           coming
           :
           so
           much
           the
           
           very
           Name
           of
           a
           great
           personage
           ,
           specially
           of
           a
           Prince
           of
           the
           blood
           ,
           did
           ever
           prevail
           with
           this
           people
           .
           But
           the
           King
           and
           his
           Minions
           ,
           who
           were
           ever
           jealous
           of
           this
           Duke
           of
           Glocester
           ,
           would
           not
           suffer
           him
           to
           have
           the
           honour
           of
           that
           service
           .
           But
           the
           King
           himself
           thought
           it
           a
           work
           worthy
           of
           his
           own
           presence
           and
           pains
           :
           and
           thereupon
           ,
           Himself
           in
           person
           ,
           made
           those
           two
           royal
           journeys
           mentioned
           before
           :
           At
           what
           time
           ,
           he
           received
           the
           submissions
           of
           all
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           and
           Captains
           ,
           who
           bound
           themselves
           both
           by
           Indenture
           and
           oath
           to
           become
           and
           continue
           his
           Loyal
           Subjects
           .
           And
           withall
           ,
           laid
           a
           particular
           project
           ,
           for
           a
           civil
           plantation
           of
           the
           Mountains
           and
           Maritime
           Counties
           ,
           between
           Dublin
           and
           Wexford
           ;
           by
           removing
           all
           the
           Irish
           Septs
           from
           thence
           ,
           as
           appeareth
           by
           the
           covenants
           between
           the
           Earl
           Marshal
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           those
           Irish
           Septs
           :
           which
           are
           before
           remembred
           ,
           and
           are
           yet
           preserved
           ,
           and
           remain
           of
           Record
           in
           the
           Kings
           Remembrancers
           Office
           at
           Westminster
           .
           Lastly
           ,
           this
           King
           being
           present
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           took
           special
           care
           to
           supply
           
           and
           furnish
           the
           Courts
           of
           Justice
           with
           able
           and
           sufficient
           Judges
           ;
           And
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           he
           made
           that
           Grave
           and
           Learned
           Judge
           ,
           Sir
           
             William
             Hankeford
          
           ,
           Chief
           Justice
           of
           the
           Kings
           Bench
           here
           (
           who
           afterwards
           for
           his
           service
           in
           this
           Realm
           ,
           was
           made
           chief
           Justice
           of
           the
           Kings
           Bench
           in
           England
           ,
           by
           King
           Henry
           4.
           
           )
           and
           did
           withall
           ,
           associate
           unto
           him
           ,
           
             William
             Sturmy
          
           ,
           a
           well
           Learned
           man
           in
           the
           law
           ;
           who
           likewise
           came
           out
           of
           England
           with
           the
           King
           ,
           that
           the
           legal
           proceedings
           ,
           which
           were
           out
           of
           order
           too
           (
           as
           all
           other
           things
           in
           that
           Realm
           were
           )
           might
           be
           amended
           ,
           and
           made
           formal
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           course
           and
           Presidents
           of
           England
           .
           But
           all
           the
           good
           purposes
           and
           projects
           of
           this
           King
           ,
           were
           interrupted
           and
           utterly
           defeated
           ,
           by
           his
           suddain
           departure
           out
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           and
           unhappy
           deposition
           from
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           .
        
         
           HOwbeit
           ,
           King
           Henry
           the
           fourth
           ,
           
           intending
           likewise
           to
           prosecute
           this
           Noble
           work
           in
           the
           third
           year
           of
           his
           raign
           ,
           made
           the
           Lord
           Thomas
           
           of
           Lancaster
           ,
           his
           second
           son
           ,
           Lieutenant
           of
           Ireland
           :
           Who
           came
           over
           in
           person
           ,
           and
           accepted
           again
           the
           submissions
           of
           divers
           Irish
           Lords
           and
           Captains
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           remembred
           ;
           and
           held
           also
           a
           Parliament
           ,
           wherein
           he
           gave
           new
           life
           to
           the
           Statutes
           of
           Kilkenny
           ,
           and
           made
           other
           good
           Laws
           tending
           to
           the
           Reformation
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           .
           But
           the
           troubles
           raised
           against
           the
           King
           his
           Father
           in
           England
           ,
           drew
           him
           home
           again
           so
           soon
           ,
           as
           that
           seed
           of
           reformation
           ,
           took
           no
           root
           at
           all
           ,
           neither
           had
           his
           service
           in
           that
           kind
           ,
           any
           good
           effect
           or
           success
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           ,
           the
           State
           of
           England
           had
           no
           leisure
           to
           think
           of
           a
           general
           reformation
           in
           this
           Realm
           ,
           till
           the
           civil
           dissentions
           of
           England
           were
           appeased
           ,
           and
           the
           peace
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           setled
           ,
           by
           King
           Henry
           the
           seventh
           .
        
         
           For
           ,
           albeit
           ,
           in
           the
           time
           of
           King
           Henry
           6.
           
           Richard
           Duke
           of
           York
           a
           Prince
           of
           the
           blood
           ;
           of
           great
           wisdom
           and
           valour
           ,
           and
           heir
           to
           a
           third
           part
           of
           Kingdom
           at
           least
           ,
           being
           Earl
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           Lord
           of
           Conaght
           and
           Meath
           ,
           was
           
           sent
           the
           Kings
           Lieutenanr
           into
           Ireland
           ,
           to
           recover
           and
           reform
           that
           Realm
           where
           he
           was
           resident
           in
           person
           for
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           ten
           years
           ,
           yet
           the
           troth
           is
           ,
           he
           aimed
           at
           another
           mark
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           he
           thought
           it
           no
           pollicy
           to
           distast
           either
           the
           English
           or
           Irish
           ,
           by
           a
           course
           of
           Reformation
           ,
           but
           sought
           by
           all
           means
           to
           please
           them
           ,
           and
           by
           popular
           courses
           to
           steal
           away
           their
           hearts
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           ,
           he
           might
           strengthen
           his
           party
           ,
           when
           he
           should
           set
           on
           foot
           his
           Title
           (
           as
           is
           before
           declared
           .
           )
           Which
           pollicy
           of
           his
           took
           such
           effect
           ,
           as
           that
           he
           drew
           over
           with
           him
           into
           England
           ,
           the
           Flower
           of
           all
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           especially
           of
           Vlster
           and
           Meath
           ,
           whereof
           many
           Noblemen
           and
           Gentlemen
           were
           slain
           with
           him
           at
           Wakefield
           (
           as
           is
           likewise
           before
           remembred
           .
           )
           And
           after
           his
           death
           ,
           when
           the
           wars
           between
           the
           Houses
           were
           in
           their
           heat
           ,
           almost
           all
           the
           good
           English
           blood
           ,
           which
           was
           left
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           was
           spent
           in
           those
           civil
           dissentions
           :
           so
           as
           the
           Irish
           became
           victorious
           
           over
           all
           ,
           
             without
             blood
             or
             sweat
          
           .
           Only
           ,
           that
           little
           Canton
           of
           Land
           ,
           called
           the
           English
           Pale
           ,
           containing
           four
           small
           Shires
           ,
           did
           maintain
           a
           bordering
           was
           with
           the
           Irish
           ,
           and
           retain
           the
           forme
           of
           English
           Government
           .
        
         
           But
           out
           of
           that
           little
           Precinct
           ,
           there
           were
           no
           Lords
           ,
           Knights
           ,
           or
           Burgesses
           ,
           summoned
           to
           the
           Parliament
           ,
           neither
           did
           the
           Kings
           Writ
           run
           in
           any
           other
           part
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           :
           and
           yet
           upon
           the
           Marches
           and
           Borders
           ,
           which
           at
           that
           time
           were
           grown
           so
           large
           ,
           as
           they
           took
           up
           half
           Dublin
           ,
           half
           Meath
           ,
           and
           a
           third
           part
           of
           Kildare
           and
           Lowth
           ;
           there
           was
           no
           law
           in
           use
           ,
           but
           the
           March-Law
           ,
           which
           in
           the
           Statutes
           of
           Kilkenny
           ,
           is
           said
           to
           be
           no
           law
           ,
           but
           a
           leud
           Custom
           .
        
         
           So
           as
           upon
           the
           end
           of
           these
           civil
           wars
           in
           England
           ,
           the
           English
           Law
           and
           Government
           was
           well
           nigh
           banisht
           out
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           
           so
           as
           no
           foot-step
           or
           print
           was
           left
           ,
           of
           any
           former
           Reformation
           .
        
         
           THen
           did
           King
           Henry
           7.
           send
           over
           Sir
           
             Edward
             Poynings
          
           to
           be
           his
           Deputy
           ,
           a
           right
           worthy
           servitor
           both
           in
           
           war
           and
           peace
           .
           The
           principal
           end
           of
           his
           employment
           ,
           was
           to
           expel
           
             Perkin
             Warbecke
          
           out
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ;
           but
           that
           service
           being
           performed
           ,
           that
           worthy
           Deputy
           finding
           nothing
           but
           a
           common
           misery
           ,
           took
           the
           best
           course
           he
           possibly
           could
           ,
           to
           establish
           a
           Common-wealth
           in
           Ireland
           :
           and
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           he
           held
           a
           Parliament
           no
           less
           famous
           ,
           than
           that
           of
           Kilkenny
           ;
           and
           more
           available
           for
           the
           reformation
           of
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           .
           For
           whereas
           all
           wise
           men
           did
           ever
           concur
           in
           opinion
           ,
           that
           the
           readiest
           way
           to
           reform
           Ireland
           ,
           is
           to
           settle
           a
           form
           of
           Civil
           Government
           there
           ,
           conformable
           to
           that
           of
           England
           :
           To
           bring
           this
           to
           pass
           ,
           Sir
           
             Edward
             Poynings
          
           did
           pass
           an
           Act
           ,
           whereby
           all
           the
           Statutes
           made
           in
           England
           before
           that
           time
           ,
           were
           enacted
           ,
           established
           ,
           and
           made
           of
           force
           in
           Ireland
           .
           Neither
           did
           he
           only
           respect
           the
           time
           past
           ,
           but
           provided
           also
           for
           the
           time
           to
           come
           .
           For
           he
           caused
           another
           Law
           to
           be
           made
           ,
           that
           no
           Act
           should
           be
           propounded
           in
           any
           Parliament
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           but
           such
           as
           should
           be
           first
           
           transmitted
           into
           England
           ,
           
           and
           approved
           by
           the
           King
           and
           Council
           there
           ,
           as
           good
           and
           expedient
           for
           that
           Land
           ,
           and
           so
           returned
           back
           again
           ,
           under
           the
           Great
           Seal
           of
           England
           .
           This
           Act
           ,
           though
           it
           seem
           
             Prima
             facie
          
           to
           restrain
           the
           liberty
           of
           the
           Subjects
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           yet
           was
           it
           made
           at
           the
           Prayer
           of
           the
           Commons
           ,
           upon
           just
           and
           important
           cause
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           Governors
           of
           that
           Realm
           ,
           specially
           such
           as
           were
           of
           that
           Country
           Birth
           ,
           had
           laid
           many
           oppressions
           upon
           the
           Commons
           :
           and
           amongst
           the
           rest
           ,
           they
           had
           imposed
           Laws
           upon
           them
           ,
           nor
           tending
           to
           the
           general
           good
           ,
           but
           to
           serve
           private
           turns
           ,
           and
           to
           strengthen
           their
           particular
           factions
           .
           This
           moved
           them
           to
           refer
           all
           Laws
           that
           were
           to
           be
           passed
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           to
           be
           considered
           ,
           corrected
           and
           allowed
           ,
           first
           by
           the
           State
           of
           England
           ,
           which
           had
           alwayes
           been
           tender
           and
           carefull
           of
           the
           good
           of
           this
           people
           ,
           and
           had
           long
           since
           made
           them
           a
           Civil
           ,
           Rich
           ,
           and
           Happy
           Nation
           ,
           if
           their
           own
           Lords
           and
           Governors
           there
           ,
           had
           not
           sent
           bad
           intelligence
           into
           England
           .
           
           Besides
           this
           ,
           he
           took
           special
           order
           ,
           that
           the
           summons
           of
           Parliament
           should
           go
           into
           all
           the
           shires
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           and
           not
           to
           the
           four
           shires
           onely
           ;
           and
           for
           that
           cause
           specially
           ,
           he
           caused
           all
           the
           Acts
           of
           a
           Parliament
           ,
           lately
           before
           holden
           by
           the
           Viscount
           of
           Gormanston
           to
           be
           repealed
           and
           made
           void
           .
           Moreover
           ,
           that
           the
           Parliaments
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           might
           want
           no
           decent
           or
           honorable
           form
           that
           was
           used
           in
           England
           ,
           he
           caused
           a
           particular
           Act
           to
           pass
           ,
           that
           the
           Lords
           of
           Ireland
           should
           appear
           in
           the
           like
           Parliament
           Robes
           ,
           as
           the
           English
           Lords
           are
           wont
           to
           wear
           in
           the
           
             Parliaments
             of
             England
          
           .
           Having
           thus
           established
           all
           the
           Statutes
           of
           England
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           and
           set
           in
           order
           the
           great
           Council
           of
           that
           Realm
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           omit
           to
           pass
           other
           Laws
           ,
           as
           well
           for
           the
           encrease
           of
           the
           Kings
           Revenue
           ,
           as
           the
           preservation
           of
           the
           publick
           peace
           .
        
         
           To
           advance
           the
           profits
           of
           the
           Crown
           ;
           First
           he
           obtained
           a
           Subsidy
           of
           26
           shillings
           eight
           pence
           out
           of
           every
           six
           score
           acres
           manured
           ,
           payable
           yearly
           for
           five
           years
           .
           Next
           ,
           he
           resumed
           all
           the
           Crownland
           which
           had
           been
           aliened
           (
           for
           the
           most
           
           part
           )
           by
           
             Richard
             Duke
             of
             York
          
           :
           and
           lastly
           ,
           he
           procured
           a
           Subsidy
           of
           Pondage
           ,
           out
           of
           all
           Merchandizes
           imported
           and
           exported
           ,
           to
           be
           granted
           to
           the
           Crown
           in
           perpetuity
           .
        
         
           To
           preserve
           the
           publick
           peace
           ,
           he
           revived
           the
           Statutes
           of
           Kilkenny
           .
           He
           made
           wilful
           Murther
           High-treason
           ;
           he
           caused
           the
           Marchers
           to
           book
           their
           men
           for
           whom
           they
           should
           answer
           ;
           and
           restrained
           the
           making
           War
           or
           Peace
           ,
           without
           special
           Commission
           from
           the
           State.
           
        
         
           These
           Laws
           ,
           and
           others
           as
           important
           as
           these
           ,
           for
           the
           making
           of
           a
           Common-wealth
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           were
           made
           in
           the
           Government
           of
           Sir
           
             Edward
             Poynings
          
           .
           But
           these
           Laws
           did
           not
           spread
           their
           Vertue
           beyond
           the
           English
           Pale
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           made
           generally
           for
           the
           whole
           Kingdom
           .
           For
           the
           Provinces
           without
           the
           Pale
           ,
           which
           during
           the
           War
           of
           York
           and
           Lancaster
           ,
           had
           wholly
           cast
           off
           the
           the
           English
           Government
           ,
           were
           not
           apt
           to
           receive
           this
           seed
           of
           Reformation
           ,
           because
           they
           were
           not
           first
           broken
           and
           mastered
           again
           with
           the
           sword
           .
           Besides
           ,
           the
           Irish
           Countreys
           ,
           which
           contained
           
           two
           third
           parts
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           were
           not
           reduced
           to
           Shire-ground
           ,
           so
           as
           in
           them
           the
           Laws
           of
           England
           could
           not
           possibly
           be
           put
           in
           execution
           .
           Therefore
           these
           good
           Laws
           and
           provisions
           made
           by
           Sir
           
             Edward
             Poynings
          
           ,
           were
           like
           good
           Lessons
           set
           for
           a
           Lute
           ,
           that
           is
           broken
           and
           out
           of
           tune
           ;
           of
           which
           Lessons
           ,
           little
           use
           can
           be
           made
           ,
           till
           the
           Lute
           be
           made
           fit
           to
           be
           plaid
           upon
           .
        
         
           And
           that
           the
           execution
           of
           all
           these
           Laws
           ,
           had
           no
           greater
           latitude
           than
           the
           Pale
           ,
           is
           manifest
           by
           the
           Statute
           of
           the
           thirteenth
           of
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           cap.
           3.
           which
           reciteth
           ,
           that
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           the
           Kings
           Laws
           were
           obeyed
           and
           executed
           in
           the
           four
           shires
           onely
           ;
           and
           yet
           then
           was
           the
           
             Earl
             of
             Surrey
             Lieutenant
             of
             Ireland
             ,
          
           a
           Governor
           much
           feared
           of
           the
           Kings
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           exceedingly
           honored
           and
           beloved
           of
           the
           Kings
           subjects
           .
           And
           the
           Instructions
           given
           by
           the
           state
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           
           to
           
             John
             Allen
          
           Master
           of
           the
           Rolls
           ,
           employed
           into
           England
           neer
           about
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           do
           declare
           as
           much
           ;
           wherein
           among
           other
           things
           ,
           he
           is
           required
           to
           advertise
           the
           King
           ,
           that
           
           his
           Land
           of
           Ireland
           was
           so
           much
           decayed
           ,
           as
           that
           the
           Kings
           Laws
           were
           not
           obeyed
           twenty
           miles
           in
           compass
           :
           Whereupon
           ,
           grew
           that
           By-word
           used
           by
           the
           Irish
           ,
           (
           viz.
           )
           
             That
             they
             dwelt
             By-west
             the
             Law
             ,
             which
             dwelt
             beyond
             the
             River
             of
             the
             Barrow
             ,
          
           which
           is
           within
           thirty
           miles
           of
           Dublin
           .
           The
           same
           is
           testified
           by
           Baron
           Finglas
           ,
           in
           his
           
             Discourse
             of
             the
             decay
             of
             Ireland
             ,
          
           which
           he
           wrote
           about
           the
           twentieth
           year
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           .
           And
           thus
           we
           see
           the
           effect
           of
           the
           Reformation
           which
           was
           intended
           by
           Sir
           
             Edward
             Poynings
          
           .
        
         
           
           THE
           next
           Attempt
           of
           Reformation
           ,
           was
           made
           in
           28
           year
           of
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           by
           the
           Lord
           
             Leonard
             Gray
          
           ,
           who
           was
           created
           Viscount
           of
           Grane
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           held
           a
           Parliament
           ,
           wherein
           many
           excellent
           Laws
           were
           made
           .
           But
           to
           prepare
           the
           mindes
           of
           the
           people
           to
           obey
           these
           Laws
           ,
           he
           began
           first
           with
           a
           Martial
           course
           :
           For
           being
           sent
           over
           to
           suppress
           the
           Rebellion
           of
           the
           Giraldines
           ,
           (
           which
           he
           performed
           in
           few
           moneths
           )
           he
           afterwards
           made
           a
           victorious
           
           Circuit
           round
           about
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           
           beginning
           in
           Offaly
           ,
           against
           
             O
             Connor
          
           ,
           who
           had
           aided
           the
           Giraldines
           in
           their
           Rebellion
           ;
           and
           from
           thence
           passing
           along
           through
           all
           the
           Irish
           Countreys
           in
           Leinster
           ,
           and
           so
           into
           Munster
           ,
           where
           he
           took
           pledges
           of
           the
           degenerate
           Earl
           of
           Desmond
           ,
           and
           thence
           into
           Conaght
           ,
           and
           thence
           into
           Vlster
           ;
           and
           then
           concluded
           this
           Warlike
           Progress
           with
           the
           Battel
           of
           Belahoo
           ,
           in
           the
           borders
           of
           Meath
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           remembred
           .
           
        
         
           The
           principal
           Septs
           of
           the
           Irishry
           being
           all
           terrified
           ,
           and
           most
           of
           them
           broken
           in
           this
           journey
           ,
           many
           of
           their
           chief
           Lords
           upon
           this
           Deputies
           return
           came
           to
           Dublin
           ,
           and
           made
           their
           submissions
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ;
           namely
           ,
           the
           
             O
             Neals
          
           ,
           and
           
             O
             Relies
          
           of
           
             Vlster
             ,
             Mac
             Murrogh
             ,
             O
             Birn
             ,
          
           and
           
             O
             Carrol
          
           of
           Leinster
           ,
           and
           the
           Bourks
           of
           Conaght
           .
        
         
           This
           preparation
           being
           made
           ,
           he
           first
           propounded
           and
           passed
           in
           Parliament
           these
           Laws
           ,
           which
           made
           the
           great
           alteration
           in
           the
           State
           Ecclesiastical
           ;
           namely
           ,
           the
           Act
           which
           declared
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           to
           be
           supreme
           head
           of
           the
           Church
           
           of
           Ireland
           .
           The
           Act
           prohibiting
           Appeals
           to
           the
           Church
           of
           Rome
           :
           the
           Act
           for
           first-fruits
           ,
           and
           twentieth
           part
           to
           be
           paid
           to
           the
           King
           :
           the
           Act
           for
           Faculties
           and
           Dispensations
           :
           And
           lastly
           ,
           the
           Act
           that
           did
           utterly
           abolish
           the
           usurped
           authority
           of
           the
           Pope
           .
           Next
           ,
           for
           the
           encrease
           of
           the
           Kings
           Revenue
           ;
           by
           one
           Act
           ,
           he
           suppressed
           sundry
           Abbies
           and
           Religious
           Houses
           ;
           and
           by
           another
           Act
           ,
           resumed
           the
           Lands
           of
           the
           Absentees
           ,
           (
           as
           is
           before
           remembred
           .
           )
        
         
           And
           for
           the
           Civil
           Government
           ,
           a
           special
           Statute
           was
           made
           ,
           to
           abolish
           the
           Black-rents
           and
           Tributes
           ,
           exacted
           by
           the
           Irish
           ,
           upon
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ;
           and
           another
           Law
           enacted
           ,
           that
           the
           English
           Apparel
           ,
           Language
           ,
           and
           manner
           of
           living
           ,
           should
           be
           used
           by
           all
           such
           ,
           as
           would
           acknowledge
           themselves
           the
           Kings
           Subjects
           .
           This
           Parliament
           being
           ended
           ,
           the
           Lord
           
             Leonard
             Gray
          
           ,
           w●s
           suddenly
           revokt
           ,
           and
           put
           to
           death
           in
           England
           ,
           so
           as
           he
           lived
           not
           to
           finish
           the
           work
           of
           Reformation
           ,
           wh●ch
           he
           had
           begun
           :
           which
           notwithstanding
           was
           we●l
           pursued
           by
           his
           Successor
           ,
           
           Sir
           
             Anthony
             Saint
             Leger
          
           ;
           
           unto
           whom
           ,
           all
           the
           Lords
           and
           Chieftains
           of
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           degenerate
           English
           throughout
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           made
           their
           several
           submissions
           by
           Indenture
           (
           which
           was
           the
           fourth
           general
           submission
           of
           the
           Irish
           ,
           made
           since
           the
           first
           attempt
           of
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           )
           whereof
           the
           first
           was
           made
           to
           King
           Henry
           the
           second
           ;
           the
           second
           to
           King
           John
           ;
           the
           third
           to
           K.
           Richard
           the
           second
           ,
           and
           his
           last
           to
           Sir
           
             Anthony
             Saint
             Leger
          
           ,
           in
           33
           H.
           8.
           
        
         
           IN
           these
           Indentures
           of
           Submission
           ,
           
           all
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           do
           acknowledge
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           to
           be
           their
           Soveraign
           Lord
           and
           King
           ,
           and
           desire
           to
           be
           accepted
           of
           him
           as
           Subjects
           .
           They
           confess
           the
           Kings
           Supremacy
           in
           all
           causes
           and
           do
           utterly
           renounce
           the
           Popes
           Jurisdiction
           ,
           which
           I
           conceive
           to
           be
           worth
           the
           noting
           ,
           because
           ,
           
           
             when
             the
             Irish
             had
             once
             resolved
             to
             obey
             the
             King
             ,
             they
             made
             no
             scruple
             to
             renounce
             the
             Pope
             .
          
           And
           this
           was
           not
           onely
           done
           by
           the
           meer
           Irish
           ,
           but
           the
           chief
           of
           the
           degenerate
           English
           Families
           did
           perform
           the
           
           same
           :
           as
           
             Desmond
             ,
             Barry
          
           ,
           and
           Roche
           ,
           in
           Munster
           ;
           and
           the
           Bourks
           ,
           which
           b●re
           the
           title
           of
           
             Mac
             William
          
           ,
           in
           Conaght
           .
        
         
           These
           Submissions
           being
           thus
           taken
           ,
           the
           Lord
           Deputy
           and
           Council
           for
           the
           present
           Government
           of
           those
           Irish
           Countreys
           ,
           made
           certain
           Ordinances
           of
           State
           ,
           not
           agreeable
           altogether
           with
           the
           Rules
           of
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           ;
           the
           reason
           whereof
           ,
           is
           exprest
           in
           the
           Preamble
           of
           those
           Ordinances
           ;
           
           
             Quia
             nondum
             sic
             sapiunt
             leges
             &
             Jura
             ,
             ut
             secundum
             ea
             jam
             immediate
             vivere
             &
             regi
             possint
          
           :
           The
           chief
           points
           or
           Articles
           of
           which
           Orders
           registred
           in
           the
           Council
           Book
           are
           these
           :
           That
           King
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           should
           be
           accepted
           ,
           reputed
           ,
           and
           named
           King
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           by
           all
           the
           Inhabitants
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           that
           all
           Archbishops
           and
           Bishops
           should
           be
           permitted
           to
           exercise
           their
           Jurisdiction
           in
           every
           Diocess
           throughout
           the
           Land
           :
           that
           Tythes
           should
           be
           duely
           set
           out
           ,
           and
           paid
           :
           that
           Children
           should
           not
           be
           admitted
           to
           Benefices
           ;
           that
           for
           every
           Man-s●aughter
           ,
           and
           theft
           above
           fourteen
           pence
           ,
           committed
           in
           the
           Irish
           Countrys
           ,
           
           the
           offendor
           should
           pay
           a
           fine
           of
           forty
           pound
           ,
           twenty
           pound
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           twenty
           pound
           to
           the
           Captain
           of
           the
           Countrey
           ;
           and
           for
           every
           theft
           under
           fourteen
           pence
           ,
           a
           fine
           of
           five
           marks
           should
           be
           paid
           ,
           forty
           six
           shilling
           eight
           pence
           to
           the
           Captain
           ,
           &
           twenty
           shillings
           to
           the
           Tanister
           :
           that
           Horsemen
           &
           Kearn
           should
           not
           be
           imposed
           upon
           the
           common
           people
           ,
           to
           be
           fed
           &
           maintained
           by
           them
           :
           that
           the
           Master
           should
           answer
           for
           his
           servants
           ,
           and
           the
           Father
           for
           his
           children
           .
           That
           Cuttings
           should
           not
           be
           made
           by
           the
           Lord
           upon
           his
           Tenants
           ,
           to
           maintain
           war
           with
           his
           neighbours
           ,
           but
           onely
           to
           bear
           his
           necessary
           expences
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           These
           Ordinances
           of
           State
           being
           made
           and
           published
           ,
           there
           were
           nominated
           and
           appointed
           in
           every
           Province
           ,
           certain
           Orderers
           or
           Arbitrators
           ,
           who
           instead
           of
           these
           Irish
           Brehons
           ,
           should
           hear
           and
           determine
           all
           their
           Controversies
           .
           In
           Conaght
           ,
           the
           Archbishop
           of
           Tuam
           ,
           the
           Bishop
           of
           Clonfert
           ,
           Captain
           Wakeley
           ,
           &
           Captain
           Ovington
           .
           In
           Munster
           ,
           the
           Bishop
           of
           Waterford
           ,
           the
           Bishop
           of
           Cork
           and
           Ross
           ,
           the
           Mayor
           of
           Cork
           ,
           
           and
           Mayor
           of
           Youghal
           .
           In
           Vlster
           ,
           the
           Archbishop
           of
           Ardmagh
           ,
           and
           the
           Lord
           of
           Lowth
           .
           And
           if
           any
           difference
           did
           arise
           which
           they
           could
           not
           end
           ,
           either
           for
           the
           difficulty
           of
           the
           cause
           ,
           or
           for
           the
           obstinacy
           of
           the
           parties
           ,
           they
           were
           to
           certifie
           the
           Lord
           Deputy
           &
           Council
           ,
           who
           would
           decide
           the
           matter
           by
           their
           Authority
           .
        
         
           Hereupon
           ,
           the
           Irish
           Captains
           of
           lesser
           Territories
           ,
           which
           had
           ever
           been
           oppressed
           by
           the
           greater
           and
           mightier
           ;
           some
           ,
           with
           risings
           out
           ,
           others
           ,
           with
           Bonaght
           ,
           and
           others
           ,
           with
           Cuttings
           ,
           and
           spendings
           at
           pleasure
           ,
           did
           appeal
           for
           Justice
           to
           the
           Lord
           Deputy
           ;
           who
           upon
           hearing
           their
           complaints
           ,
           did
           always
           order
           ,
           that
           they
           should
           all
           immediately
           depend
           upon
           the
           King
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           weaker
           should
           have
           no
           dependancy
           upon
           the
           stronger
           .
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           he
           prevailed
           so
           much
           with
           the
           greatest
           of
           them
           ;
           namely
           ,
           
             O
             Neal
             ,
             O
             Brien
          
           ,
           and
           
             Mac
             William
          
           ,
           as
           that
           they
           willingly
           did
           pass
           into
           England
           ,
           and
           presented
           themselves
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           who
           thereupon
           was
           pleased
           to
           advance
           them
           to
           the
           degree
           and
           honor
           of
           Earls
           ,
           and
           
           to
           grant
           unto
           them
           their
           several
           Countreys
           ,
           by
           Letters-patents
           .
           Besides
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           learn
           Obedience
           and
           Civility
           of
           manners
           ,
           by
           often
           repairing
           unto
           the
           State
           ,
           the
           King
           upon
           the
           motion
           of
           the
           same
           Deputy
           ,
           gave
           each
           of
           them
           a
           house
           and
           lands
           neer
           Dublin
           ,
           for
           the
           entertainment
           of
           their
           several
           trains
           .
        
         
           This
           course
           ,
           did
           this
           Governor
           take
           to
           reform
           the
           Irishry
           ;
           but
           withal
           ,
           he
           did
           not
           omit
           to
           advance
           both
           the
           honor
           and
           profit
           of
           the
           King.
           For
           in
           the
           Parliament
           which
           he
           held
           the
           33
           of
           Hen.
           the
           eighth
           ,
           he
           caused
           an
           Act
           to
           pass
           ,
           which
           gave
           unto
           K.
           Henry
           the
           eighth
           ,
           his
           Heirs
           and
           Successors
           ,
           the
           Name
           ,
           Stile
           ,
           and
           Title
           of
           King
           of
           Ireland
           ;
           whereas
           before
           that
           time
           ,
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           were
           stiled
           but
           Lords
           of
           Ireland
           :
           albeit
           indeed
           ,
           they
           were
           absolute
           Monarchs
           thereof
           ,
           and
           had
           in
           right
           all
           Royal
           and
           Imperial
           Jurisdiction
           and
           power
           there
           ,
           as
           they
           had
           in
           the
           Realm
           of
           England
           .
           And
           yet
           because
           in
           the
           vulgar
           conceit
           the
           name
           of
           King
           ,
           is
           higher
           than
           the
           name
           of
           Lord
           ;
           Assuredly
           ,
           the
           assuming
           of
           this
           Title
           ,
           hath
           not
           a
           little
           raised
           
           the
           Soveraignty
           of
           the
           King
           of
           England
           in
           the
           mindes
           of
           this
           people
           :
           lastly
           ,
           this
           Deputy
           brought
           a
           great
           augmentation
           to
           the
           Kings
           Revenue
           ,
           by
           dissolving
           of
           all
           the
           Monasteries
           and
           Religious
           Houses
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           which
           was
           done
           in
           the
           same
           Parliament
           :
           and
           afterward
           ,
           by
           procuring
           Min
           and
           Cavendish
           ,
           two
           skilful
           Auditors
           ,
           to
           be
           sent
           over
           out
           of
           England
           .
           Who
           took
           an
           exact
           survey
           of
           all
           the
           possessions
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           brought
           many
           things
           into
           charge
           ,
           which
           had
           been
           concealed
           and
           substracted
           for
           many
           years
           before
           .
           And
           thus
           far
           did
           Sir
           
             Anthony
             Saint
             Leger
          
           proceed
           in
           the
           course
           of
           Reformation
           ;
           which
           though
           it
           were
           a
           good
           beginning
           ,
           yet
           was
           it
           far
           from
           reducing
           Ireland
           to
           the
           perfect
           obedience
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           .
           For
           all
           this
           while
           ,
           the
           Provinces
           of
           Conaght
           and
           Vlster
           ,
           and
           a
           good
           part
           of
           Leinster
           ,
           were
           not
           reduced
           to
           Shire-ground
           .
           And
           though
           Munster
           were
           anciently
           divided
           into
           Counties
           ,
           the
           people
           were
           so
           degenerate
           ,
           as
           no
           Justice
           of
           Assize
           durst
           execute
           his
           Commission
           amongst
           them
           .
           None
           of
           the
           
           Irish
           Lords
           or
           Tenants
           were
           setled
           in
           their
           possessions
           ,
           by
           any
           Grant
           or
           Confirmation
           from
           the
           Crown
           ,
           except
           the
           three
           great
           Earls
           before
           named
           ;
           who
           notwithstanding
           ,
           did
           govern
           their
           Tenants
           and
           Followers
           ,
           by
           the
           Irish
           or
           Brehon
           Law
           ;
           so
           as
           no
           treason
           ,
           murther
           ,
           rape
           ,
           or
           theft
           ,
           committed
           in
           those
           Countries
           ,
           was
           inquired
           of
           ,
           or
           punisht
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           no
           Escheat
           ,
           Forfeiture
           ,
           or
           Fine
           ;
           no
           Revenue
           (
           certain
           or
           casual
           )
           did
           accrew
           to
           the
           Crown
           out
           of
           those
           Provinces
           .
        
         
           The
           next
           worthy
           Governor
           that
           endeavoured
           to
           advance
           this
           Reformation
           ,
           
           was
           Thomas
           Earl
           of
           Sussex
           ;
           who
           having
           throughly
           broken
           and
           subdued
           the
           two
           most
           rebellious
           and
           powerful
           Irish
           Septs
           in
           Leinster
           ;
           namely
           ,
           the
           Moores
           and
           
             O
             Connors
          
           ,
           possessing
           the
           Territories
           of
           Leix
           and
           Offaly
           ,
           did
           by
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           ,
           3.
           and
           4.
           
           Phil.
           and
           Mariae
           ,
           reduce
           those
           Countries
           into
           two
           several
           Counties
           ;
           naming
           the
           one
           ,
           the
           Kings
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           ,
           the
           Queens
           County
           ;
           which
           were
           the
           first
           two
           Counties
           that
           had
           been
           made
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           since
           
           the
           twelfth
           year
           of
           King
           John
           ;
           at
           what
           time
           the
           Territories
           then
           possessed
           by
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           were
           reduced
           into
           twelve
           Shires
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           expressed
           .
        
         
           This
           Noble
           Earl
           ,
           having
           thus
           extended
           the
           Jurisdiction
           of
           the
           English
           Law
           into
           two
           Counties
           more
           ,
           was
           not
           satisfied
           with
           that
           addition
           ,
           but
           took
           a
           resolution
           to
           divide
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           un-reduced
           ,
           into
           several
           Shires
           ;
           and
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           he
           caused
           an
           Act
           to
           pass
           in
           the
           same
           Parliament
           ,
           authorising
           the
           Lord
           Chancellor
           ,
           from
           time
           to
           time
           ,
           to
           award
           Commissions
           to
           such
           Persons
           ,
           as
           the
           Lord
           Deputy
           should
           nominate
           and
           appoint
           ,
           to
           view
           and
           perambulate
           those
           Irish
           Territories
           ;
           and
           thereupon
           ,
           to
           divide
           and
           limit
           the
           same
           into
           such
           and
           so
           many
           several
           Counties
           as
           they
           should
           think
           meet
           ;
           which
           being
           certified
           to
           the
           Lord
           Deputy
           ,
           and
           approved
           by
           him
           ,
           should
           be
           returned
           and
           enrolled
           in
           the
           Chancery
           ,
           and
           from
           thenceforth
           be
           of
           like
           force
           and
           effect
           ,
           as
           if
           it
           were
           done
           by
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           .
        
         
           Thus
           did
           the
           Earl
           of
           Sussex
           lay
           open
           
           a
           passage
           for
           the
           Civil
           Government
           into
           the
           unreformed
           parts
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           but
           himself
           proceeded
           no
           further
           than
           is
           before
           delared
           .
        
         
           HOwbeit
           afterwards
           ,
           
           during
           the
           Raign
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           Sir
           
             Henry
             Sidney
          
           ,
           (
           who
           hath
           left
           behind
           him
           many
           Monuments
           of
           a
           good
           Governour
           in
           this
           Land
           )
           did
           not
           only
           pursue
           that
           course
           which
           the
           Earl
           of
           Sussex
           began
           ,
           in
           reducing
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           into
           Shires
           ,
           and
           placing
           therein
           Sheriffs
           ,
           and
           other
           Ministers
           of
           the
           Law
           ;
           (
           for
           first
           he
           made
           the
           Annaly
           a
           Territory
           in
           Leinster
           ,
           possessed
           by
           the
           Sept
           of
           Offerralles
           ,
           one
           entire
           Shire
           by
           it self
           ,
           and
           called
           it
           the
           County
           of
           Longford
           ;
           and
           after
           that
           he
           divided
           the
           whole
           Province
           of
           Conaght
           into
           six
           Counties
           more
           ;
           namely
           ,
           Clare
           (
           which
           containeth
           all
           Thomond
           )
           
             Gallaway
             ,
             Sligo
             ,
             Mayo
             ,
             Roscomon
             ,
          
           and
           Leytrim
           :
           )
           But
           he
           also
           had
           caused
           divers
           good
           Laws
           to
           be
           made
           ,
           and
           performed
           sundry
           other
           services
           ,
           tending
           greatly
           to
           the
           reformation
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           .
           For
           first
           ,
           to
           diminish
           
           the
           greatness
           of
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           ,
           and
           to
           take
           from
           them
           the
           dependancy
           of
           the
           Common
           people
           ,
           in
           the
           Parliament
           which
           he
           held
           11.
           
           Eliz.
           He
           did
           abolish
           their
           pretended
           and
           usurped
           Captain-ships
           ,
           and
           all
           exactions
           ,
           and
           extortions
           incident
           thereunto
           .
           Next
           ,
           to
           settle
           their
           Seigniories
           and
           possessions
           in
           a
           course
           of
           inheritance
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           course
           of
           the
           Common
           law
           ,
           he
           caused
           an
           Act
           to
           pass
           ,
           whereby
           the
           Lord
           Deputy
           was
           authorised
           to
           accept
           their
           Surrenders
           ,
           and
           to
           regrant
           estates
           unto
           them
           ,
           to
           hold
           of
           the
           Crown
           by
           English
           tenures
           and
           services
           .
           Again
           ,
           because
           the
           inferiour
           sort
           were
           loose
           and
           poor
           ,
           and
           not
           amesuable
           to
           the
           law
           ;
           he
           provided
           by
           another
           Act
           ,
           that
           five
           of
           the
           best
           and
           eldest
           persons
           of
           every
           Sept
           ,
           should
           bring
           in
           all
           the
           idle
           persons
           of
           their
           surname
           ,
           to
           be
           justified
           by
           the
           law
           .
           Moreover
           ,
           to
           give
           a
           civil
           education
           to
           the
           Youth
           of
           this
           Land
           in
           the
           time
           to
           come
           ,
           provision
           was
           made
           by
           another
           Law
           ,
           that
           there
           should
           be
           one
           Free
           schoole
           ,
           at
           least
           ,
           erected
           in
           every
           Diocess
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           .
           And
           lastly
           ,
           to
           inure
           and
           acquaint
           
           the
           people
           of
           Munster
           and
           Conaght
           ,
           with
           the
           English
           Government
           again
           (
           which
           had
           not
           been
           in
           use
           among
           them
           ,
           for
           the
           space
           of
           200.
           years
           before
           :
           )
           he
           instituted
           two
           Presidency
           Courts
           in
           those
           two
           Provinces
           ,
           placing
           Sir
           
             Edward
             Fitton
          
           in
           Conaght
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             John
             Perrot
          
           in
           Munster
           .
        
         
           To
           augment
           the
           Kings
           Revenue
           in
           the
           same
           Parliament
           ,
           upon
           the
           attainder
           of
           
             Shane
             O
             Neale
          
           ,
           he
           resumed
           and
           vested
           in
           the
           Crown
           ,
           more
           than
           half
           the
           Provinne
           of
           Vlster
           :
           He
           raised
           the
           customs
           upon
           the
           principal
           commodities
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           :
           He
           reformed
           the
           abuses
           of
           the
           Exchequer
           ,
           by
           many
           good
           orders
           and
           instructions
           sent
           out
           of
           England
           ;
           and
           lastly
           ,
           he
           established
           the
           composition
           of
           the
           Pale
           ,
           in
           lieu
           of
           Purveyance
           and
           Sess
           of
           Souldiers
           .
        
         
           These
           were
           good
           proceedings
           in
           the
           work
           of
           Reformation
           ,
           but
           there
           were
           many
           defects
           and
           omissions
           withall
           ;
           for
           though
           he
           reduced
           all
           Conaght
           into
           Counties
           ,
           he
           never
           sent
           any
           Justices
           of
           Assize
           to
           visit
           that
           Province
           ,
           but
           placed
           Commissioners
           there
           ,
           who
           
           
           
           
           
           governed
           it
           only
           in
           
             a
             course
             of
             discretion
          
           ;
           part
           Martial
           ,
           and
           part
           Civil
           .
           Again
           ,
           in
           the
           Law
           that
           doth
           abolish
           the
           Irish
           Captain-ships
           ,
           he
           gave
           way
           for
           the
           reviving
           thereof
           again
           ,
           by
           excepting
           such
           ,
           as
           should
           be
           granted
           by
           Letters
           Patents
           from
           the
           Crown
           ;
           which
           exception
           did
           indeed
           take
           away
           the
           force
           of
           that
           law
           .
           For
           no
           Governor
           during
           Queen
           Elizabeths
           Reign
           ,
           did
           refuse
           to
           grant
           any
           of
           those
           Captain-ships
           ,
           to
           any
           pretended
           Irish
           Lord
           ,
           who
           would
           Desire
           ,
           and
           with
           his
           thankfulness
           Deserve
           the
           same
           .
           And
           again
           ,
           though
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           Vlster
           were
           vested
           by
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           ,
           in
           the
           actual
           and
           real
           possession
           of
           the
           Crown
           ;
           yet
           was
           there
           never
           any
           seisure
           made
           thereof
           ,
           nor
           any
           part
           thereof
           brought
           into
           charge
           ,
           but
           the
           Irish
           were
           permitted
           to
           take
           all
           the
           profits
           ,
           without
           rendering
           any
           duty
           or
           acknowledgement
           for
           the
           same
           ;
           and
           though
           the
           Name
           of
           
             O
             Neale
          
           were
           damned
           by
           that
           Act
           ,
           and
           the
           assuming
           thereof
           made
           High-Treason
           ;
           yet
           after
           that
           ,
           was
           
             Tirlagh
             Leynnagh
          
           suffered
           to
           bear
           that
           Title
           ,
           and
           to
           intrude
           upon
           
           the
           possessions
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           yet
           was
           often
           entertained
           by
           the
           State
           with
           favour
           .
           Neither
           were
           these
           lands
           resumed
           ,
           by
           the
           Act
           of
           II
           of
           Elizabeth
           neglected
           only
           (
           for
           the
           Abbyes
           and
           religious
           Houses
           in
           
             Tyrone
             ,
             Tirconnell
          
           ,
           and
           Fermanagh
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           dissolved
           in
           the
           33.
           of
           Henry
           8.
           were
           never
           surveyed
           nor
           reduced
           into
           charge
           ,
           but
           were
           continualy
           possest
           by
           the
           religious
           persons
           )
           untill
           His
           Majesty
           that
           now
           is
           ,
           came
           to
           the
           Crown
           :
           and
           that
           which
           is
           more
           strange
           ,
           the
           Donations
           of
           Bishopricks
           ,
           being
           a
           flower
           of
           the
           Crown
           (
           which
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           did
           ever
           retain
           in
           all
           their
           Dominions
           ,
           when
           the
           Popes
           usurped
           Authority
           was
           at
           the
           highest
           .
           )
           There
           were
           three
           Bishopricks
           in
           Vlster
           ;
           namely
           ,
           
             Derry
             ,
             Rapho
          
           ,
           and
           Clogher
           ,
           which
           neither
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           nor
           any
           of
           her
           Progenitors
           did
           ever
           bestow
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           the
           undoubted
           Patrons
           thereof
           .
           So
           as
           King
           James
           was
           the
           first
           King
           of
           England
           that
           did
           ever
           supply
           these
           Sees
           with
           Bishops
           ,
           which
           is
           an
           argument
           either
           of
           great
           negligence
           ,
           or
           of
           great
           weakness
           in
           
           the
           State
           and
           Governors
           of
           those
           times
           .
           And
           thus
           far
           proceeded
           Sir
           
             Henry
             Sidney
          
           .
        
         
           
           AFter
           him
           ,
           Sir
           
             John
             Perrot
          
           ,
           who
           held
           the
           last
           Parliament
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           did
           advance
           the
           Reformation
           in
           three
           principal
           points
           .
           First
           ,
           in
           establishing
           the
           great
           composition
           of
           Conaght
           ,
           in
           which
           service
           the
           wisdom
           and
           industry
           of
           Sir
           
             Richard
             Bingham
          
           did
           concur
           with
           him
           :
           next
           ,
           in
           reducing
           the
           unreformed
           parts
           of
           Vlster
           into
           seven
           shires
           ;
           namely
           ,
           
             Adrmagh
             ,
             Monahan
             Tirone
             ,
             Colerain
             ,
             Donagall
             ,
             Fermannagh
             ,
          
           and
           Cavan
           ;
           though
           in
           his
           time
           the
           law
           was
           never
           executed
           in
           these
           new
           Counties
           by
           any
           Sheriffs
           or
           Justices
           of
           Assize
           ,
           but
           the
           people
           left
           to
           be
           ruled
           still
           by
           their
           own
           barbarous
           Lords
           and
           laws
           :
           And
           lastly
           ,
           by
           vesting
           in
           the
           Crown
           ,
           the
           Lands
           of
           Desmond
           and
           his
           Adherents
           in
           Munster
           ,
           and
           planting
           the
           same
           with
           English
           ,
           though
           that
           plantation
           were
           imperfect
           in
           many
           points
           .
        
         
         
           AFter
           Sir
           
             John
             Perrot
          
           ,
           
           Sir
           
             William
             Fitz-Williams
          
           did
           good
           service
           in
           two
           other
           points
           .
           First
           ,
           in
           raising
           a
           composition
           in
           Munster
           ;
           and
           then
           ,
           in
           setling
           the
           possessions
           both
           of
           the
           Lords
           and
           Tenants
           in
           Monahan
           ,
           which
           was
           one
           of
           the
           last
           Acts
           of
           State
           ,
           tending
           to
           the
           reformation
           of
           the
           civil
           Government
           that
           was
           performed
           in
           the
           raign
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           .
        
         
           Thus
           we
           see
           ,
           by
           what
           degrees
           ,
           and
           what
           pollicy
           and
           success
           the
           Governors
           of
           this
           Land
           from
           time
           to
           time
           ,
           since
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           raign
           of
           King
           Edward
           the
           third
           ,
           have
           endeavoured
           to
           reform
           and
           reduce
           this
           people
           to
           the
           perfect
           obedience
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           ;
           And
           we
           finde
           ,
           that
           before
           the
           Civil
           Wars
           of
           Yorke
           and
           Lancaster
           ,
           they
           did
           chiefly
           endeavour
           to
           bring
           back
           the
           degenerate
           English
           Colonies
           to
           their
           Duty
           and
           Allegiance
           ,
           not
           respecting
           the
           meer
           Irish
           ,
           whom
           they
           reputed
           as
           Aliens
           or
           Enemies
           of
           the
           Crown
           .
           But
           after
           King
           Henry
           7.
           had
           united
           the
           Roses
           ,
           they
           laboured
           to
           reduce
           both
           English
           and
           Irish
           together
           ▪
           
           which
           work
           ,
           to
           what
           pass
           and
           perfection
           it
           was
           brought
           in
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           Qu.
           Elizabeths
           raign
           ,
           hath
           been
           before
           declared
           .
        
         
           Whereof
           sometimes
           when
           I
           do
           consider
           ,
           I
           do
           in
           mine
           own
           conceit
           compare
           these
           later
           Governors
           ,
           who
           went
           about
           to
           reform
           the
           Civil
           Affairs
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           unto
           some
           of
           the
           Kings
           of
           Israel
           ,
           of
           whom
           it
           is
           said
           ;
           That
           they
           were
           good
           Kings
           ,
           but
           they
           did
           not
           cut
           down
           the
           Groves
           and
           High
           places
           ,
           but
           suffered
           the
           people
           still
           to
           burn
           Incense
           ,
           and
           commit
           Idolatry
           in
           them
           :
           so
           Sir
           
             Anthony
             Saint-Leger
          
           ,
           the
           Earl
           of
           Sussex
           ,
           Sir
           
             Henry
             Sidney
          
           ,
           and
           Sir
           
             John
             Perrot
          
           ,
           were
           good
           Governors
           ,
           but
           they
           did
           not
           abolish
           the
           Irish
           Customs
           ,
           nor
           execute
           the
           Law
           in
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           ,
           but
           suffered
           the
           people
           to
           worship
           their
           barbarous
           Lords
           ,
           and
           to
           remain
           utterly
           ignorant
           of
           their
           Duties
           to
           God
           and
           the
           King.
           
        
         
           AND
           now
           I
           am
           come
           to
           the
           happy
           Reign
           of
           my
           most
           Gracious
           Lord
           and
           Master
           K.
           James
           ;
           in
           whose
           time
           ,
           as
           
           
             there
             hath
             been
             a
             concurrence
             of
             many
             great
             Felicities
             :
          
           
           so
           this
           among
           others
           may
           be
           numbred
           in
           the
           first
           rank
           ;
           that
           all
           the
           Defects
           in
           the
           ●overnment
           of
           Ireland
           spoken
           of
           before
           ,
           have
           been
           fully
           supplyed
           in
           the
           first
           nine
           years
           of
           his
           raign
           .
           In
           which
           time
           ,
           there
           hath
           been
           more
           done
           in
           the
           work
           and
           reformation
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ;
           than
           in
           the
           440.
           years
           which
           are
           past
           since
           the
           Conquest
           was
           first
           attempted
           .
        
         
           Howbeit
           ,
           I
           have
           no
           purpose
           in
           this
           Discourse
           ,
           to
           set
           forth
           at
           large
           all
           the
           proceedings
           of
           the
           State
           here
           in
           reforming
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           since
           his
           Majesty
           came
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           for
           the
           parts
           and
           passages
           thereof
           are
           so
           many
           ,
           as
           to
           express
           them
           fully
           ,
           would
           require
           a
           several
           Treatise
           .
           Besides
           ,
           I
           for
           my
           part
           ,
           since
           I
           have
           not
           flattered
           the
           former
           times
           ,
           but
           have
           plainly
           laid
           open
           the
           negligence
           and
           errors
           of
           every
           Age
           that
           is
           past
           ,
           would
           not
           willingly
           seem
           to
           flatter
           the
           present
           ,
           by
           amplifying
           the
           diligence
           and
           true
           Judgment
           of
           those
           Servitors
           ,
           that
           have
           laboured
           in
           this
           Vineyard
           since
           
           the
           beginning
           of
           his
           Majesties
           happy
           raign
           .
        
         
           I
           shall
           therefore
           summarily
           ,
           without
           any
           amplification
           at
           all
           ,
           shew
           in
           what
           manner
           ,
           and
           by
           what
           degrees
           ,
           all
           the
           defects
           ,
           which
           I
           have
           noted
           before
           in
           the
           Government
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           have
           been
           supplyed
           since
           his
           Majesties
           happy
           Raign
           began
           ;
           and
           so
           conclude
           these
           observations
           concerning
           the
           State
           of
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           
           FIrst
           then
           ,
           touching
           the
           Martial
           affairs
           ,
           I
           shall
           need
           to
           say
           little
           ,
           in
           regard
           that
           the
           War
           which
           finished
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           was
           ended
           almost
           in
           the
           instant
           ,
           when
           the
           Crown
           descended
           upon
           his
           Majesty
           ;
           and
           so
           there
           remained
           no
           occasion
           to
           amend
           the
           former
           errors
           committed
           in
           the
           prosecution
           of
           the
           War.
           Howbeit
           ,
           sit
           hence
           his
           Majesty
           hath
           still
           maintained
           an
           Army
           here
           ,
           as
           well
           
             For
             a
             Seminary
             of
             Martial
             men
          
           ;
           as
           to
           
             Give
             strength
             and
             countenance
             to
             the
             civil
             Magistrate
          
           ;
           I
           may
           justly
           observe
           ,
           that
           this
           army
           hath
           not
           been
           fed
           with
           Coign
           and
           Livery
           ,
           
           or
           Sess
           (
           with
           which
           Extortions
           the
           Souldier
           hath
           been
           nourished
           in
           the
           times
           of
           former
           Princes
           )
           but
           hath
           
             been
             as
             justly
             and
             royally
             paid
             ,
             as
             ever
             Prince
             in
             the
             world
             did
             pay
             his
             men
             of
             war.
          
           Besides
           ,
           when
           there
           did
           arise
           an
           occasion
           of
           employment
           for
           this
           Army
           against
           the
           Rebel
           Odoghertie
           ;
           neither
           did
           his
           Majestie
           delay
           the
           re-inforcing
           thereof
           ,
           but
           instantly
           sent
           supplies
           out
           of
           England
           and
           Scotland
           ;
           neither
           did
           the
           Martial
           men
           dally
           or
           prosecute
           the
           Service
           faintly
           ,
           but
           
             Did
             forthwith
             quench
             that
             fire
             ,
             whereby
             themselves
             would
             have
             been
             the
             warmer
             ,
          
           the
           longer
           it
           had
           continued
           ,
           as
           well
           by
           the
           encrease
           of
           their
           entertainment
           ,
           as
           by
           booties
           and
           spoil
           of
           the
           Countrey
           .
           And
           thus
           much
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           note
           ,
           touching
           the
           amendment
           of
           the
           Errours
           in
           the
           Martial
           affairs
           .
        
         
           SEcondly
           ,
           
           For
           the
           supply
           of
           the
           Defects
           in
           the
           Civil
           Government
           ,
           these
           courses
           have
           been
           pursued
           since
           His
           Majesties
           prosperous
           Reign
           began
           .
        
         
         
           First
           ,
           
           albeit
           upon
           the
           end
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           whereby
           Tyrones
           universal
           Rebellion
           was
           supprest
           ,
           the
           mindes
           of
           the
           people
           were
           broken
           and
           prepared
           to
           Obedience
           of
           the
           law
           ;
           yet
           the
           State
           upon
           good
           reason
           ,
           did
           conceive
           ,
           that
           the
           publick
           peace
           could
           not
           be
           settled
           ,
           till
           the
           hearts
           of
           the
           people
           were
           also
           quieted
           ,
           by
           securing
           them
           from
           the
           danger
           of
           the
           Law
           ,
           which
           the
           most
           part
           of
           them
           had
           incurred
           one
           way
           or
           other
           ,
           in
           that
           great
           and
           general
           confusion
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           ,
           first
           by
           a
           general
           Act
           of
           State
           ,
           called
           the
           
             Act
             of
             oblivion
          
           ,
           published
           by
           Proclamation
           under
           the
           Great-Seal
           ;
           All
           offences
           against
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           all
           particular
           Trespasses
           between
           Subject
           and
           Subject
           ,
           done
           at
           any
           time
           before
           His
           Majesties
           Reign
           ,
           were
           (
           to
           all
           such
           as
           would
           come
           in
           to
           the
           Justices
           of
           Assize
           by
           a
           certain
           day
           ,
           and
           claim
           the
           benefit
           of
           this
           Act
           )
           pardoned
           ,
           remitted
           ,
           and
           utterly
           extinguished
           ,
           never
           to
           be
           revived
           or
           called
           in
           question
           .
           And
           by
           the
           same
           Proclamation
           ,
           all
           the
           Irishry
           (
           who
           for
           the
           most
           
           part
           ,
           in
           former
           times
           ,
           were
           left
           under
           the
           tyrannie
           of
           their
           Lords
           and
           Chieftains
           ,
           and
           had
           no
           defence
           or
           Justice
           from
           the
           Crown
           )
           were
           received
           into
           his
           Majesties
           
             immediate
             protection
          
           .
           This
           bred
           such
           comfort
           and
           security
           in
           the
           hearts
           of
           all
           men
           as
           there
           upon
           ensued
           ,
           the
           calmest
           ,
           and
           most
           universal
           peace
           ,
           that
           ever
           was
           seen
           in
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           The
           publick
           peace
           being
           thus
           established
           ,
           
           the
           State
           proceeded
           next
           to
           establish
           the
           publick
           Justice
           in
           every
           part
           of
           the
           Realm
           .
           And
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           Sir
           
             George
             Cary
          
           (
           who
           was
           a
           prudent
           Governor
           ,
           and
           a
           just
           ,
           and
           made
           a
           fair
           entry
           into
           the
           right
           way
           of
           reforming
           this
           Kingdom
           )
           did
           in
           the
           first
           year
           of
           His
           Majesties
           Reign
           ,
           make
           the
           first
           Sheriffs
           that
           ever
           were
           made
           in
           Tyrone
           and
           Tirconnel
           ;
           and
           shortly
           after
           ,
           sent
           Sir
           
             Edmund
             Pelham
          
           Chief
           Baron
           ,
           and
           my self
           thither
           ,
           the
           first
           Justices
           of
           Assize
           that
           ever
           sat
           in
           those
           Countreys
           :
           and
           in
           that
           Circuit
           ,
           we
           visited
           all
           the
           shires
           of
           that
           Provinces
           besides
           ;
           which
           Visitation
           ,
           though
           it
           were
           somewhat
           distasteful
           to
           
           
           
           
           
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           ,
           was
           sweet
           and
           most
           welcome
           to
           the
           common
           people
           ;
           who
           ,
           albeit
           they
           were
           rude
           and
           barbarous
           ,
           yet
           they
           quickly
           apprehended
           the
           difference
           between
           the
           Tyrannie
           and
           Oppression
           under
           which
           they
           lived
           before
           ,
           and
           the
           just
           Government
           and
           Protection
           which
           we
           promised
           unto
           them
           for
           the
           time
           to
           come
           .
        
         
           The
           Law
           having
           made
           her
           Progress
           into
           Vlster
           with
           so
           good
           success
           ,
           Sir
           
             Arthur
             Chichester
          
           (
           who
           with
           singular
           Industry
           ,
           Wisdom
           ,
           and
           Courage
           ,
           hath
           now
           for
           the
           space
           of
           seven
           years
           and
           more
           ,
           prosecuted
           the
           great
           work
           of
           Reformation
           ,
           and
           brought
           it
           well-neer
           to
           an
           absolute
           perfection
           )
           did
           in
           the
           first
           year
           of
           his
           Government
           ,
           establish
           two
           other
           New
           Circuits
           for
           Justices
           of
           Assize
           ;
           the
           one
           in
           Conaght
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           in
           Munster
           .
           I
           call
           them
           New
           Circuits
           ,
           for
           that
           ,
           although
           it
           be
           manifest
           by
           many
           Records
           ,
           that
           
             Justices
             Itinerant
          
           have
           in
           former
           times
           been
           sent
           into
           all
           the
           shires
           of
           Munster
           ,
           and
           some
           part
           of
           Conaght
           ;
           yet
           certain
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           in
           two
           hundred
           years
           before
           (
           I
           speak
           much
           within
           
           compass
           )
           no
           such
           Commission
           had
           been
           executed
           in
           either
           of
           these
           two
           Provinces
           .
           But
           now
           ,
           the
           whole
           Realm
           being
           divided
           into
           Shires
           ,
           and
           every
           bordering
           Territory
           ,
           whereof
           any
           doubt
           was
           made
           in
           what
           County
           the
           same
           should
           lie
           ,
           being
           added
           or
           reduced
           to
           a
           County
           certain
           (
           among
           the
           rest
           ,
           the
           Mountains
           and
           Glyns
           on
           the
           South
           side
           of
           Dublin
           ,
           were
           lately
           made
           a
           Shire
           by
           it self
           ,
           and
           called
           the
           County
           of
           Wicklow
           ;
           whereby
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           which
           were
           wont
           to
           be
           Thorns
           in
           the
           side
           of
           the
           Pale
           ,
           are
           become
           civil
           and
           quiet
           Neighbours
           thereof
           ,
           )
           the
           streams
           of
           the
           Publick
           Justice
           were
           derived
           into
           every
           part
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           and
           the
           benefit
           and
           protection
           of
           the
           Law
           of
           England
           communicated
           to
           all
           ,
           as
           well
           Irish
           as
           English
           ,
           without
           distinction
           or
           respect
           of
           persons
           ;
           by
           reason
           whereof
           ,
           the
           work
           of
           deriving
           the
           publick
           Justice
           ,
           grew
           so
           great
           ,
           as
           that
           there
           was
           
             Magna
             messis
             ,
             sed
             Operarii
             pauci
             .
          
           And
           therefore
           ,
           the
           number
           of
           the
           Judges
           in
           every
           Bench
           was
           increased
           ,
           which
           do
           now
           every
           half
           year
           (
           like
           good
           Planets
           in
           
           their
           several
           Sphaeres
           or
           Circles
           )
           carry
           the
           ●ight
           and
           influence
           of
           Justice
           ,
           round
           about
           the
           Kingdom
           ;
           whereas
           the
           Circuits
           in
           former
           times
           ,
           went
           but
           round
           about
           the
           Pale
           ,
           like
           the
           Circuit
           of
           the
           Cinosura
           about
           the
           Pole.
           
        
         
           Quae
           cursu
           interiore
           brevi
           convertitur
           orbe
           .
        
         
           UPon
           these
           Visitations
           of
           Justice
           ,
           whereby
           the
           iust
           and
           honourable
           Law
           of
           England
           was
           imparted
           and
           communicated
           to
           all
           the
           Irishry
           ,
           
           there
           followed
           these
           excellent
           good
           effects
           :
        
         
           First
           ,
           the
           common
           people
           were
           taught
           by
           the
           Justices
           of
           Assize
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           free
           Subjects
           to
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           not
           Slaves
           and
           Vassals
           to
           their
           pretended
           Lords
           :
           That
           the
           
             Cuttings
             ,
             Cosheries
             ,
             Sessings
          
           ,
           and
           other
           Extortions
           of
           their
           Lords
           ,
           were
           unlawful
           ,
           and
           that
           they
           should
           not
           any
           more
           submit
           themselves
           thereunto
           ,
           since
           they
           were
           now
           under
           the
           protection
           of
           so
           just
           and
           mighty
           a
           Prince
           ,
           as
           both
           would
           and
           could
           protect
           them
           from
           all
           wrongs
           and
           oppressions
           :
           They
           gave
           a
           willing
           
           ear
           unto
           these
           Lessons
           ;
           and
           thereupon
           ,
           the
           greatness
           and
           power
           of
           those
           Irish
           Lords
           over
           the
           people
           ,
           suddenly
           fell
           and
           vanished
           ,
           when
           their
           Oppressions
           and
           Extortions
           were
           taken
           away
           ,
           which
           did
           maintain
           their
           greatness
           :
           Insomuch
           ,
           as
           divers
           of
           them
           ,
           who
           formerly
           made
           themselves
           Owners
           of
           all
           (
           by
           Force
           ;
           )
           were
           now
           by
           the
           Law
           reduced
           to
           this
           point
           ;
           That
           wanting
           means
           to
           defray
           their
           ordinary
           charges
           ,
           they
           resorted
           ordinarily
           to
           the
           Lord
           Deputy
           ,
           and
           made
           Petition
           ,
           that
           by
           License
           and
           Warrant
           of
           the
           State
           ,
           they
           might
           take
           some
           aid
           and
           contribution
           from
           their
           people
           ;
           as
           well
           to
           discharge
           their
           former
           debts
           ,
           as
           for
           competent
           maintenance
           in
           time
           to
           come
           :
           But
           some
           of
           them
           being
           impatient
           of
           this
           diminution
           ,
           fled
           out
           of
           the
           Realm
           to
           forreign
           Countreys
           .
           Whereupon
           ,
           we
           may
           well
           observe
           ,
           That
           ,
           
             as
             Extortion
             did
             banish
             the
             old
             English
             Free-holder
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             live
             but
             under
             the
             Law
             ;
             So
             the
             Law
             did
             banish
             the
             Irish
             Lord
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             live
             but
             by
             Extortion
             .
          
        
         
           Again
           ,
           these
           Circuits
           of
           Justice
           (
           did
           
           (
           upon
           the
           end
           of
           the
           War
           )
           more
           terrifie
           the
           loose
           and
           idle
           persons
           ,
           than
           the
           execution
           of
           the
           Martial
           Law
           ,
           though
           it
           were
           more
           quick
           and
           sudden
           :
           and
           in
           a
           short
           time
           after
           ,
           did
           so
           clear
           the
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Thieves
           ,
           and
           other
           Capital
           Offendors
           ,
           as
           I
           dare
           affirm
           ,
           that
           for
           the
           space
           of
           five
           years
           last
           past
           ,
           there
           have
           not
           been
           found
           so
           many
           Malefactors
           worthy
           of
           death
           in
           all
           the
           six
           Circuits
           of
           this
           Realm
           (
           which
           is
           now
           divided
           into
           thirty
           two
           shires
           at
           large
           )
           as
           in
           one
           Circuit
           of
           six
           shires
           ;
           namely
           ,
           the
           Western
           Circuit
           in
           England
           ;
           for
           the
           truth
           is
           ,
           that
           in
           time
           of
           Peace
           ,
           the
           Irish
           are
           more
           fearful
           to
           offend
           the
           Law
           ,
           than
           the
           English
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Nation
           whatsoever
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           whereas
           the
           greatest
           advantage
           that
           the
           Irish
           had
           of
           us
           in
           all
           their
           Rebellions
           ,
           was
           ,
           
             Our
             Ignorance
             of
             their
             Countreys
             ,
             their
             Persons
             ,
             and
             their
             Actions
          
           :
           Since
           the
           Law
           and
           her
           Ministers
           have
           had
           a
           passage
           among
           them
           ,
           all
           their
           places
           of
           Fastness
           have
           been
           discovered
           and
           laid
           open
           ;
           all
           their
           paces
           cleared
           ;
           and
           notice
           taken
           of
           every
           
           person
           that
           is
           able
           to
           do
           either
           good
           or
           hurt
           .
           It
           is
           known
           ,
           not
           onely
           how
           they
           live
           ,
           and
           what
           they
           do
           ,
           but
           it
           is
           foreseen
           what
           they
           purpose
           or
           intend
           to
           do
           :
           Insomuch
           ,
           as
           Tyrone
           hath
           been
           heard
           to
           complain
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           so
           many
           eyes
           watching
           over
           him
           ,
           as
           he
           could
           not
           drink
           a
           full
           Carouse
           of
           Sack
           ,
           but
           the
           State
           was
           advertized
           thereof
           ,
           within
           few
           hours
           after
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           those
           allowances
           which
           I
           finde
           in
           the
           ancient
           Pipe
           Rolls
           ,
           
             Pro
             guidagio
             ,
             &
             spiagio
          
           ,
           may
           be
           well
           spared
           at
           this
           day
           .
           For
           the
           Under-Sheriffs
           and
           Bailiffs
           errant
           are
           better
           Guides
           and
           Spies
           in
           the
           time
           of
           Peace
           ,
           than
           any
           were
           found
           in
           the
           time
           of
           War.
           
        
         
           Moreover
           ,
           these
           Civil
           Assemblies
           at
           Assizes
           and
           Sessions
           ,
           have
           reclaimed
           the
           Irish
           from
           their
           Wildness
           ,
           caused
           them
           to
           cut
           off
           their
           Glibs
           and
           long
           Hair
           ;
           to
           convert
           their
           Mantles
           into
           Cloaks
           ;
           to
           conform
           themselves
           to
           the
           manner
           of
           England
           in
           all
           their
           behaviour
           and
           outward
           forms
           .
           And
           because
           they
           finde
           a
           great
           inconvenience
           in
           moving
           their
           suits
           by
           an
           Interpreter
           ;
           
           they
           do
           for
           the
           most
           part
           send
           their
           Children
           to
           Schools
           ,
           especially
           to
           learn
           the
           English
           Language
           :
           so
           as
           we
           may
           conceive
           and
           hope
           ,
           that
           the
           next
           generation
           ,
           will
           in
           tongue
           and
           heart
           ,
           and
           every
           way
           else
           ,
           become
           English
           ;
           so
           as
           there
           will
           be
           no
           difference
           or
           distinction
           ,
           but
           the
           Irish
           Sea
           betwixt
           us
           .
           And
           thus
           we
           see
           a
           good
           conversion
           ,
           and
           the
           
             Irish
             Game
             turned
             again
          
           .
        
         
           For
           heretofore
           ,
           the
           neglect
           of
           the
           Law
           ,
           made
           the
           English
           degenerate
           ,
           and
           become
           Irish
           ;
           and
           now
           ,
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           the
           execution
           of
           the
           Law
           ,
           doth
           make
           the
           Irish
           grow
           civil
           ,
           and
           become
           English
           .
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           these
           general
           Sessions
           now
           ,
           do
           teach
           the
           people
           more
           obedience
           ,
           and
           keep
           them
           more
           in
           awe
           ,
           than
           did
           the
           general
           Hostings
           in
           former
           times
           .
           These
           Progresses
           of
           the
           Law
           ,
           renew
           and
           confirm
           the
           Conquest
           of
           Ireland
           every
           half
           year
           ,
           and
           supply
           the
           defect
           of
           the
           Kings
           absence
           in
           every
           part
           of
           the
           Realm
           ;
           In
           that
           every
           Judge
           sitting
           in
           the
           Seat
           of
           Justice
           ,
           doth
           represent
           the
           person
           of
           the
           King
           himself
           .
        
         
         
           These
           effects
           ,
           hath
           the
           establishment
           of
           the
           Publick
           Peace
           and
           Justice
           produced
           ,
           since
           his
           Majesties
           happy
           Reign
           began
           .
        
         
           Howbeit
           ,
           
           it
           was
           impossible
           to
           make
           a
           Common-Weal
           in
           Ireland
           ,
           without
           performing
           another
           service
           ;
           which
           was
           ,
           the
           setling
           of
           all
           the
           Estates
           and
           Possessions
           ,
           as
           well
           of
           Irish
           ,
           as
           English
           ,
           thoroughout
           the
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           For
           ,
           although
           that
           in
           the
           twelfth
           year
           of
           Queen
           ELIZABETH
           ,
           a
           special
           Law
           ,
           was
           made
           ,
           which
           did
           enable
           the
           Lord
           Deputy
           to
           take
           Surrenders
           ,
           and
           regrant
           Estates
           unto
           the
           Irishry
           (
           upon
           signification
           of
           Her
           Majesties
           pleasure
           in
           that
           behalf
           ;
           )
           yet
           were
           there
           but
           few
           of
           the
           Irish
           Lords
           that
           made
           offer
           to
           surrender
           during
           her
           Reign
           ;
           and
           they
           which
           made
           Surrenders
           of
           entire
           Countreys
           ,
           obtained
           Grants
           of
           the
           whole
           again
           to
           themselves
           onely
           ,
           and
           to
           no
           other
           ,
           and
           all
           in
           Demesn
           .
           In
           passing
           of
           which
           Grants
           ,
           there
           was
           no
           care
           taken
           of
           the
           Inferiour
           Septs
           of
           people
           ,
           inhabiting
           and
           possessing
           
           
           
           
           
           these
           Countreys
           under
           them
           ,
           but
           they
           held
           their
           several
           portions
           in
           course
           of
           Tanistry
           and
           Gavelkinde
           ,
           and
           yielded
           the
           same
           Irish
           Duties
           or
           Exactions
           ,
           as
           they
           did
           before
           :
           So
           that
           upon
           every
           such
           Surrender
           and
           Grant
           ,
           there
           was
           but
           one
           Free-holder
           made
           in
           a
           whole
           Countrey
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           Lord
           himself
           ;
           all
           the
           rest
           were
           but
           Tenants
           at
           Will
           ,
           or
           rather
           Tenants
           in
           Villenage
           ,
           and
           were
           neither
           fit
           to
           be
           sworn
           in
           Juries
           ,
           nor
           to
           perform
           any
           Publick
           service
           :
           And
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           uncertainty
           of
           their
           Estates
           did
           utterly
           neglect
           to
           build
           ,
           or
           to
           plant
           ,
           or
           to
           improve
           the
           Land.
           And
           therefore
           ,
           although
           the
           Lord
           were
           become
           the
           Kings
           Tenant
           ,
           his
           Countrey
           was
           no
           whit
           reformed
           thereby
           ,
           but
           remained
           in
           the
           former
           Barbarism
           and
           Desolation
           .
        
         
           Again
           ,
           in
           the
           same
           Queens
           time
           ,
           there
           were
           many
           Irish
           Lords
           ,
           which
           did
           not
           surrender
           ,
           yet
           obtained
           Letters-Patents
           of
           the
           Captain-ships
           of
           their
           Countreys
           ,
           and
           of
           all
           Lands
           and
           duties
           belonging
           to
           those
           Captainships
           :
           
           For
           the
           Statute
           which
           doth
           condemn
           and
           abolish
           these
           Captain-ries
           ,
           usurped
           by
           the
           Irish
           ,
           doth
           give
           power
           to
           the
           Lord
           Deputy
           to
           grant
           the
           same
           by
           Letters
           Patents
           .
           Howbeit
           ,
           these
           Irish
           Captains
           ,
           and
           likewise
           the
           English
           ,
           which
           were
           made
           Seneschalles
           of
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           ,
           did
           by
           colour
           of
           these
           grants
           ,
           and
           under
           pretence
           of
           Government
           ,
           claim
           an
           Irish
           Seigniory
           ,
           and
           exercise
           plain
           tyranny
           over
           the
           Common
           people
           .
           And
           this
           was
           the
           fruit
           that
           did
           arise
           of
           the
           Letters
           Patents
           ,
           granted
           of
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           in
           the
           time
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           where
           before
           they
           did
           extort
           and
           oppress
           the
           people
           ,
           only
           by
           colour
           of
           a
           lewd
           and
           barbarous
           custom
           ;
           they
           did
           afterwards
           use
           the
           same
           Extortions
           and
           oppressions
           by
           warrant
           ,
           under
           the
           great
           Seal
           of
           the
           Realm
           .
        
         
           But
           now
           ,
           
           since
           his
           Majesty
           came
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           two
           special
           Commissions
           have
           been
           sent
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           for
           the
           setling
           and
           quieting
           of
           all
           the
           possessions
           in
           Ireland
           ;
           The
           one
           ,
           for
           accepting
           Surrenders
           of
           the
           Irish
           and
           degenerate
           English
           ,
           and
           for
           regranting
           Estates
           
           unto
           them
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           course
           of
           the
           common
           Law
           ;
           The
           other
           ,
           for
           strengthening
           of
           defective
           Titles
           .
           In
           the
           Execution
           of
           which
           Commissions
           ,
           there
           hath
           ever
           been
           had
           a
           special
           care
           ,
           to
           settle
           and
           secure
           the
           under-Tenants
           ;
           to
           the
           end
           ,
           there
           might
           be
           a
           repose
           and
           establishment
           of
           every
           Subjects
           Estate
           ;
           Lord
           and
           Tenant
           ,
           Free-holder
           and
           Farmer
           ,
           thoroughout
           the
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           Upon
           Surrenders
           ,
           this
           course
           hath
           been
           held
           from
           the
           beginning
           ;
           when
           an
           Irish
           Lord
           doth
           offer
           to
           surrender
           his
           Country
           ,
           his
           surrender
           is
           not
           immediately
           accepted
           ,
           but
           a
           Commission
           is
           first
           awarded
           ,
           to
           enquire
           of
           three
           speciall
           points
           .
           First
           ,
           of
           the
           quantity
           and
           limits
           of
           the
           Land
           whereof
           he
           is
           reputed
           owner
           .
           Next
           ,
           how
           much
           himself
           doth
           hold
           in
           demeasne
           ,
           and
           how
           much
           is
           possest
           by
           his
           Tenants
           and
           Followers
           .
           And
           thirdly
           ,
           what
           customs
           ,
           Duties
           ,
           and
           services
           ,
           he
           doth
           yearly
           receive
           out
           of
           those
           lands
           .
           This
           Inquisition
           being
           made
           and
           returned
           ,
           the
           Lands
           which
           are
           found
           to
           be
           the
           Lords
           proper
           possessions
           in
           demeasne
           ,
           are
           drawn
           into
           a
           Particular
           ;
           
           and
           his
           Irish
           duties
           ;
           as
           
             Cosherings
             ,
             Sessings
             ,
             Rents
             of
             Butter
             and
             Oatmeal
             ,
          
           and
           the
           like
           ;
           are
           reasonably
           valued
           and
           reduced
           into
           certain
           
             sums
             of
             mony
          
           ,
           to
           be
           paid
           yearly
           in
           lieu
           thereof
           .
           This
           being
           done
           ,
           the
           surrender
           is
           accepted
           ;
           and
           thereupon
           a
           grant
           passed
           ,
           not
           of
           the
           whole
           Country
           ,
           as
           was
           used
           in
           former
           times
           ,
           but
           of
           those
           Lands
           only
           ,
           which
           are
           found
           in
           the
           Lords
           possession
           ,
           and
           of
           those
           certain
           sums
           of
           Mony
           ,
           as
           Rents
           issuing
           out
           of
           the
           rest
           .
           But
           the
           Lands
           which
           are
           found
           to
           be
           possest
           by
           the
           Tenants
           ,
           are
           left
           unto
           them
           ,
           respectively
           charged
           with
           these
           certain
           Rents
           only
           ,
           in
           lieu
           of
           all
           uncertain
           Irish
           exactions
           .
        
         
           In
           like
           manner
           ,
           upon
           all
           grants
           ,
           which
           have
           past
           by
           vertue
           of
           the
           commission
           ,
           for
           defective
           Titles
           ,
           the
           Commissioners
           have
           taken
           special
           caution
           ,
           for
           preservation
           of
           the
           Estates
           of
           all
           particular
           Tenants
           .
           
        
         
           And
           as
           for
           Grants
           of
           Captain-ships
           or
           Seneschal-ships
           ,
           in
           the
           Irish
           Countries
           ;
           albeit
           ,
           this
           Deputy
           had
           as
           much
           power
           and
           authority
           to
           grant
           the
           same
           ,
           as
           any
           
           other
           Governors
           had
           before
           him
           ;
           and
           might
           have
           raised
           as
           much
           profit
           by
           bestowing
           the
           same
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           respected
           his
           private
           ,
           more
           than
           the
           publick
           good
           ;
           yet
           hath
           he
           been
           so
           far
           from
           passing
           any
           such
           in
           all
           his
           time
           ,
           as
           he
           hath
           endeavoured
           to
           resume
           all
           the
           Grants
           of
           that
           kind
           ,
           that
           have
           been
           made
           by
           his
           Predecessors
           ;
           to
           the
           end
           ,
           the
           inferiour
           Subjects
           of
           the
           Realm
           ,
           should
           make
           their
           only
           and
           immediate
           dependency
           upon
           the
           Crown
           .
           And
           thus
           we
           see
           ,
           how
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           possessions
           ,
           (
           as
           well
           of
           the
           Irish
           as
           of
           the
           English
           )
           in
           
             Leinster
             ,
             Conaght
          
           ,
           and
           Munster
           ,
           are
           setled
           and
           secured
           since
           his
           Majesty
           came
           to
           the
           Crown
           :
           whereby
           the
           hearts
           of
           the
           people
           are
           also
           setled
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           live
           in
           peace
           ,
           but
           raised
           and
           encouraged
           to
           build
           ,
           to
           p●ant
           ,
           to
           give
           better
           education
           to
           their
           children
           ,
           and
           to
           improve
           the
           commodities
           of
           their
           Lands
           ;
           whereby
           the
           yearly
           value
           thereof
           ,
           is
           already
           encreased
           ,
           double
           of
           that
           it
           was
           within
           these
           few
           years
           ,
           and
           is
           like
           daily
           to
           rise
           higher
           ,
           till
           it
           amount
           to
           the
           price
           of
           our
           Land
           in
           England
           .
        
         
         
           LAstly
           ,
           
           the
           possessions
           of
           the
           Irishry
           in
           the
           Province
           of
           Vlster
           ,
           though
           it
           were
           the
           most
           rude
           and
           unreformed
           part
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           and
           the
           Seat
           and
           Nest
           of
           the
           last
           great
           Rebellion
           ,
           are
           now
           better
           disposed
           and
           established
           ,
           than
           any
           the
           Lands
           in
           the
           other
           Provinces
           ,
           which
           have
           been
           past
           and
           setled
           upon
           Surrenders
           .
           For
           ,
           as
           the
           occasion
           of
           the
           disposing
           of
           those
           Lands
           ,
           did
           not
           happen
           without
           the
           special
           providence
           and
           finger
           of
           God
           ,
           which
           did
           cast
           out
           those
           wicked
           and
           ungrateful
           Traitors
           ,
           who
           were
           the
           only
           enemies
           of
           the
           reformation
           of
           Ireland
           :
           so
           the
           distribution
           and
           plantation
           thereof
           ,
           hath
           been
           projected
           and
           prosecuted
           ,
           by
           the
           special
           direction
           and
           care
           of
           the
           King
           himself
           ;
           wherein
           his
           Majesty
           hath
           corrected
           the
           errors
           before
           spoken
           of
           ,
           committed
           by
           King
           Henry
           2.
           and
           K.
           John
           ,
           in
           distributing
           and
           planting
           the
           first
           conquered
           Lands
           .
           For
           ,
           although
           there
           were
           six
           whole
           Shires
           to
           be
           disposed
           ,
           His
           Majesty
           gave
           not
           an
           entire
           Country
           ,
           or
           County
           ,
           to
           any
           particular
           person
           ;
           much
           less
           did
           he
           grant
           
           
             Jura
             Regalia
          
           ,
           or
           any
           extraordinary
           Liberties
           .
           For
           the
           best
           
             Brittish
             undertaker
          
           ,
           had
           but
           a
           proportion
           of
           3000.
           
           Acres
           for
           himself
           ,
           with
           power
           to
           create
           a
           Mannor
           ,
           and
           hold
           a
           Court
           Baron
           :
           Albeit
           ,
           many
           of
           these
           undertakers
           ,
           were
           of
           as
           great
           birth
           and
           quality
           ,
           as
           the
           best
           Adventurers
           in
           the
           first
           conquest
           .
           Again
           ,
           his
           Majesty
           did
           not
           utterly
           exclude
           the
           Natives
           out
           of
           this
           plantation
           ,
           with
           a
           purpose
           to
           root
           them
           ou●
           ,
           as
           the
           Irish
           were
           excluded
           out
           of
           the
           first
           English
           Colonies
           ;
           but
           made
           mixt
           plantation
           of
           
             Brittish
             and
             Irish
          
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           grow
           up
           together
           in
           one
           Nation
           :
           Only
           ,
           the
           Irish
           were
           in
           some
           places
           transplanted
           from
           the
           Woods
           and
           Mountains
           ,
           into
           the
           Plains
           and
           open
           countries
           ,
           that
           being
           removed
           (
           like
           wild
           fruit-trees
           )
           they
           might
           grow
           the
           milder
           ,
           and
           bear
           the
           better
           and
           sweeter
           fruit
           .
           And
           this
           truly
           ,
           is
           the
           Master-piece
           ,
           and
           most
           excellent
           part
           of
           the
           work
           of
           Reformation
           ,
           and
           is
           worthy
           indeed
           of
           His
           Majesties
           royal
           pains
           .
           For
           when
           this
           plantation
           hath
           taken
           root
           ,
           and
           been
           fixt
           and
           setled
           but
           a
           few
           years
           ,
           with
           the
           favour
           and
           blessing
           
           of
           God
           (
           for
           the
           Son
           of
           God
           himself
           hath
           said
           in
           the
           Gospel
           ,
           
             Omnis
             plantatio
             ,
             quam
             non
             plantavit
             pater
             meus
             ,
             eradicabitur
          
           )
           it
           will
           secure
           the
           peace
           of
           Ireland
           ,
           assure
           it
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           for
           ever
           ;
           and
           finally
           ,
           make
           it
           a
           civil
           ,
           and
           a
           Rich
           ,
           a
           Mighty
           ,
           and
           a
           Flourishing
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           I
           omit
           to
           speak
           of
           the
           increase
           of
           the
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           both
           certain
           and
           casual
           ,
           which
           is
           raised
           to
           a
           double
           proportion
           (
           at
           lest
           )
           above
           that
           it
           was
           ,
           by
           deriving
           the
           publick
           Justice
           into
           all
           parts
           of
           the
           Realm
           ;
           by
           setling
           all
           the
           possessions
           ,
           of
           both
           of
           the
           Irish
           and
           English
           ,
           by
           re-establishing
           the
           compositions
           ;
           by
           restoring
           and
           resuming
           the
           customs
           ;
           by
           reviving
           the
           Tenures
           in
           Capite
           ,
           and
           Knights-service
           ;
           and
           reducing
           many
           other
           things
           into
           charge
           ,
           which
           by
           the
           confusion
           and
           negligence
           of
           former
           times
           ,
           became
           concealed
           and
           subtracted
           from
           the
           Crown
           .
           I
           forbear
           likewise
           to
           speak
           of
           the
           due
           and
           ready
           bringing
           in
           of
           the
           Revenue
           ,
           which
           is
           brought
           to
           pass
           by
           the
           well
           ordering
           of
           the
           Court
           of
           Exchequer
           ,
           and
           the
           authority
           and
           pains
           
           of
           the
           Commissioners
           for
           Accompts
           .
        
         
           I
           might
           also
           add
           hereunto
           ,
           the
           encouragement
           that
           hath
           been
           given
           to
           the
           Maritime
           Towns
           and
           Citties
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           increase
           their
           Trade
           of
           Merchandize
           ,
           as
           to
           cherish
           Mechanical
           Arts
           and
           Sciences
           ;
           in
           that
           all
           their
           Charters
           have
           been
           renewed
           ,
           and
           their
           Liberties
           more
           inlarged
           by
           His
           Majesty
           ,
           than
           by
           any
           of
           his
           Progenitors
           since
           the
           Conquest
           .
           As
           likewise
           ,
           the
           care
           and
           course
           that
           hath
           been
           taken
           ,
           to
           make
           Civil
           Commerce
           and
           entercourse
           between
           the
           Subjects
           ;
           newly
           reformed
           and
           brought
           under
           Obedience
           ,
           by
           granting
           Markets
           and
           Fairs
           to
           be
           holden
           in
           their
           Countries
           ,
           and
           by
           erecting
           of
           corporate
           Towns
           among
           them
           .
        
         
           Briefly
           ,
           the
           clock
           of
           the
           civil
           Government
           ,
           is
           now
           well
           set
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           wheels
           thereof
           do
           move
           in
           Order
           ;
           The
           strings
           of
           this
           Irish
           Harp
           ,
           which
           the
           Civil
           Magistrate
           doth
           finger
           ,
           are
           all
           in
           tune
           (
           for
           I
           omit
           to
           speak
           of
           the
           State
           Ecclesiastical
           )
           and
           make
           a
           good
           Harmony
           in
           this
           Common-weal
           :
           So
           as
           we
           may
           well
           conceive
           a
           hope
           ,
           that
           Ireland
           (
           which
           heretofore
           
           might
           properly
           be
           called
           the
           
             Land
             of
             Ire
          
           ,
           because
           the
           Irascible
           power
           was
           predominant
           there
           ,
           for
           the
           space
           of
           400.
           years
           together
           )
           will
           from
           henceforth
           prove
           a
           Land
           of
           Peace
           and
           Concord
           .
           And
           though
           heretofore
           it
           hath
           been
           like
           the
           lean
           Cow
           of
           Egypt
           ,
           in
           Pharaohs
           Dream
           ,
           devouring
           the
           fat
           of
           England
           ,
           and
           yet
           remaining
           as
           lean
           as
           it
           was
           before
           ,
           it
           will
           hereafter
           be
           as
           fruitfull
           as
           the
           land
           of
           Canaan
           ;
           the
           description
           whereof
           ,
           in
           the
           8.
           of
           Deutronomy
           ,
           doth
           in
           every
           part
           agree
           with
           Ireland
           ;
           being
           
             Terra
             Rivorum
             ,
             aquarumque
             &
             fontium
             ;
             in
             cujus
             Campis
             ,
             &
             Montibus
             ,
             erumpunt
             fluviorum
             abyssi
             ;
             Terra
             frumenti
             ,
             &
             hordei
             ;
             Terra
             lactis
             ,
             &
             mellis
             ;
             ubi
             absque
             ulla
             penuria
             comedes
             panem
             tuum
             ,
             &
             rerum
             abundantia
             perfrueris
             .
          
        
         
           And
           thus
           I
           have
           discovered
           and
           expressed
           the
           defects
           and
           Errors
           ,
           as
           well
           
             in
             the
             managing
             of
             the
             Martial
             Affairs
             ,
          
           as
           
             of
             the
             civil
          
           ;
           which
           in
           former
           Ages
           gave
           impediment
           to
           the
           reducing
           of
           all
           Ireland
           ,
           to
           the
           
             Obedience
             and
             Subjection
          
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           England
           .
           I
           have
           likewise
           observed
           ,
           what
           courses
           have
           been
           
           taken
           ;
           to
           
             reform
             the
             Defects
             and
             Errors
             in
             Government
             ,
             and
             to
             reduce
             the
             People
             of
             this
             Land
             to
             obedience
             ,
          
           since
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           raign
           of
           King
           Edward
           3.
           till
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           the
           raign
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           .
        
         
           And
           lastly
           ,
           I
           have
           declared
           and
           set
           forth
           ,
           
             How
             all
             the
             said
             errors
             have
             been
             corrected
             ,
             and
             the
             defects
             supplyed
             under
             the
             prosperous
             Government
             of
             His
             Majesty
          
           ;
           So
           as
           I
           may
           positively
           conclude
           in
           the
           same
           words
           ,
           which
           I
           have
           used
           in
           the
           Title
           of
           this
           Discourse
           ;
           
             That
             untill
             the
             beginning
             of
             His
             Majesties
             Raign
             ,
          
           Ireland
           
             was
             never
             entirely
             subdued
             ,
             and
             brought
             under
             the
             Obedience
             of
             the
             Crown
             of
          
           England
           .
           But
           since
           the
           Crown
           of
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           with
           the
           undoubted
           right
           and
           Title
           thereof
           ,
           descended
           upon
           His
           Majesty
           ;
           The
           whole
           Island
           from
           Sea
           to
           Sea
           ,
           hath
           been
           brought
           into
           his
           Highness
           peaceable
           possession
           ;
           and
           all
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           in
           every
           corner
           thereof
           ,
           have
           been
           absolutely
           reduced
           under
           his
           immediate
           subjection
           .
           In
           which
           condition
           of
           Subjects
           ,
           they
           will
           gladly
           continue
           ,
           without
           defection
           or
           adhaering
           to
           any
           
           other
           Lord
           or
           King
           ,
           as
           long
           as
           they
           may
           be
           Protected
           ,
           and
           
             justly
             Governed
          
           ,
           without
           Oppression
           on
           the
           one
           side
           ,
           or
           impunity
           on
           the
           other
           .
           For
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           Nation
           of
           people
           under
           the
           Sun
           ,
           that
           doth
           love
           equal
           and
           indifferent
           Justice
           ,
           better
           than
           the
           Irish
           ;
           or
           will
           rest
           better
           satisfied
           with
           the
           execution
           thereof
           ,
           although
           it
           be
           against
           themselves
           ;
           so
           as
           they
           may
           have
           the
           protection
           and
           benefit
           of
           the
           Law
           ,
           when
           upon
           just
           cause
           they
           do
           desire
           it
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A37237-e230
           
             Two
             main
             impediments
             of
             the
             conquest
             .
          
           
             The
             faint
             prosecution
             of
             the
             war.
             
          
           
             What
             is
             a
             perfect
             Conquest
             
          
           
             How
             the
             war
             hath
             been
             prosecuted
             since
             the
             17
             year
             of
             Henry
             the
             second
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             time
             of
             Henry
             the
             second
             .
          
           
             Giraldus
             Cambrensis
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             attempt
             but
             an
             adventure
             of
             private
             Gentlemen
             .
          
           
             With
             what
             forces
             the
             King
             himself
             come
             over
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             Remem
             .
             Regis
             .
             apud
             West
             
          
           
             What
             manner
             of
             Conquest
             K.
             Henry
             the
             second
             made
             of
             Ireland
             .
          
           
             Bodin
             de
             Repub.
             
          
           
             The
             true
             marks
             of
             Soveraignty
             .
          
           
             
               Hoveden
               in
               Henrico
               secundo
               fol.
            
             312.
             
          
           
             6
             
               Johannis
               Claus
               .
               membrana
            
             .
             18.17
             .
             
               Johannis
               Chart.
               m.
            
             3.
             6.
             
             Hen.
             3.
             
               chart
               .
               m.
            
             2.
             
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             ●2
             .
             Hen.
             3.
             
             
               Co●po●●●
               Will
               de
               la
               Zouch
            
             36.
             
             H●n
             .
             3.
             
               ●om●●tus
               Huberti
               de
               Rouly
            
             .
          
           
             How
             the
             war●
             was
             prosecuted
             in
             the
             time
             of
             King
             
               John.
               Giraldus
               Cambrensis
            
             .
          
           
             Giraldus
             Cambrensis
             .
          
           
             Geraldus
             Cambrensis
             .
          
           
             
               Matth.
               Pacis
               in
               Richardo
               primo
               ●●
            
             15
             19.
             
          
           
             Matth.
             Paris
             .
          
           
             This
             Charter
             yet
             remaineth
             perfect
             ,
             with
             an
             entire
             Seal
             in
             the
             treasury
             at
             Westminster
             ▪
             
               Archiu
               .
               in
               Castro
               Dublin
               &
               Archiu
               Turr.
            
             52●
             Hen.
             3
             
               patent
               .
               m.
            
             9.
             
          
           
             How
             the
             martial
             affairs
             were
             carried
             from
             the
             12
             ▪
             year
             of
             King
             John
             ,
             to
             the
             36.
             year
             of
             King
             Edward
             the
             Third
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Stat.
             10.
             
             H.
             7.
             c.
             4.
             
               rot
               .
               Parliam
               .
               in
               Castro
               Dublin
               .
            
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             
               Baron
               Finglas
               .
               Manus
               .
               Stat.
            
             10.
             
             H
             7.
             cap.
             4.
             
             
               Rot.
               Parli
               .
               in
               Castro
               Dublin
               .
            
          
           
             Stat.
             11.
             
             H.
             4.
             c.
             6.
             
             
               Baron
               Finglas
               .
               M.
               S.
            
             
          
           
             The
             Army
             transmitted
             with
             Lionel
             Duke
             of
             Clarence
             ,
             the
             36
             of
             Edw.
             3.
             
             
               Archiu
               .
               Remem
               .
               Regis
               apud
               Westm
               .
            
          
           
             The
             manner
             of
             levying
             Souldiers
             informer
             ages
             .
          
           
             What
             service
             Lionel
             Duke
             of
             Clarence
             performed
             .
          
           
             
               Archiu
               .
               Tur.
            
             36.
             
             Edw.
             3
             
               Claus
               .
               m.
            
             21.
             
               in
               dorso
               .
               &
               m.
            
             30.
             
          
           
             ●●r
             
               Will.
               Winsor
            
             .
             Lieutenant
             ,
             47
             Ed.
             3.
             his
             forces
             &
             service
             .
          
           
             47
             Ed
             :
             3.
             
             
               Claus
               .
               m.
            
             1.
             
          
           
             
               Stow
               in
               Rich
            
             2.
             
          
           
             The
             state
             of
             the
             revenue
             of
             Ireland
             ,
             in
             the
             time
             of
             Edw.
             3.
             
          
           
             Walsingham
             in
             Rich.
             2.
             
          
           
             
               Archiu
               Turr.
            
             11
             H.
             3.
             patent
             m.
             3.
             21
             
             Ed.
             3.
             m.
             41.
             
          
           
             47
             Ed.
             3.
             
               claus
               .
               pers
            
             .
             2.
             m.
             24.
             
             &
             26.
             
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Hollingshead
             in
             R.
             2.
             
          
           
             
               Archiu
               .
               in
               Castro
               Dublin
            
             .
             5
             Edw
             3.
             
          
           
             How
             the
             war
             proceeded
             in
             the
             time
             of
             King
             Richard
             the
             second
             .
             3
             Rich.
             2.
             
             
               Archiu
               .
               Tur
               Rot.
               Parl.
            
             42.
             
          
           
             Pat.
             2.
             pars
             .
             9.
             
             Rich.
             2.
             m.
             24.
             
          
           
             
               Walsingham
               in
               Rich.
            
             2.
             
          
           
             Annales
             ,
             Tho.
             Otterbourne
             Manuscript
             .
          
           
             Stow
             in
             Rich.
             2●
             
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             officio
             Rememorat
             .
             regis
             apud
             Westmon
             .
          
           
             
               Hollingshead
               in
               Richard
               the
            
             2.
             
          
           
             Henry
             4.
             
          
           
             The
             Lord
             Thomas
             of
             Lancaster
             his
             service
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             Rememorat
             .
             regis
             apud
             Westm
             .
          
           
             Henry
             5.
             
          
           
             The
             Lord
             Furnival
             his
             service
             .
          
           
             Alb.
             libr.
             Scacc.
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Henry
             6.
             
          
           
             Richard
             Duke
             of
             York
             his
             service
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             
               Hollingshead
               in
            
             Henry
             
               the
               sixth
            
             .
          
           
             Rot.
             Parl.
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             
               Archiu
               .
               Tur.
            
             17.
             
             Hen.
             6.
             
             Clausam
             .
             20.
             
          
           
             Manuscript
             of
             Baron
             Finglas
             .
          
           
             
               Hollingshead
               in
               Hen.
            
             6.
             
          
           
             Edw.
             4.
             
             How
             the
             War
             was
             maintained
             in
             the
             time
             of
             King
             Edw.
             4.
             
          
           
             
               Hollingshead
               in
            
             Edw.
             4.
             
          
           
             Book
             
               of
               Howth
               M●rus
            
             .
          
           
             The
             fraternity
             of
             Saint
             George
             in
             Ireland
             .
          
           
             14.
             of
             Edw.
             4.
             
             
               Rot.
               Parl.
               Dublin
            
             .
          
           
             Henry
             7.
             
             How
             the
             war
             was
             prosecuted
             in
             time
             of
             K
             Hen.
             7.
             
          
           
             Ar●●●●
             .
             Remem
             .
             Regis
             apud
             West
             .
          
           
             The
             book
             of
             
               Howth
               Manus
            
             .
          
           
             
               Holinshead
               in
            
             Hen.
             7.
             
          
           
             Sir
             
               Ed
               :
               Poynings
            
             service
             .
          
           
             Rot.
             Parl.
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             The
             book
             of
             Howth
          
           
             The
             battle
             of
             Knocktow
             .
          
           
             Henry
             8.
             
          
           
             How
             the
             war
             was
             carried
             ,
             during
             the
             reign
             of
             King
             Henry
             the
             eight
             .
          
           
             The
             Earl
             of
             Surries
             service
             .
          
           
             The
             Lord
             
               Leonard
               Grayes
            
             service
             .
          
           
             The
             fight
             at
             Belahoo
             .
          
           
             Book
             of
             
               Howth
               .
               Manus
            
             ▪
             
          
           
             Sir
             
               Anthony
               St.
               Leger
            
             .
          
           
             Sir
             
               Edw.
               B●llingham
            
             ,
             in
             the
             time
             of
             King
             Edw.
             6.
             
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             Remem
             .
             Regis
             apud
             West
             
          
           
             
               '
               Tho
            
             :
             Earl
             of
             Sussex
             in
             the
             time
             of
             
               Queen
               Mary
            
             .
          
           
             Queen
             Elizabeth
             .
          
           
             How
             the
             war
             was
             prosecuted
             in
             the
             time
             of
             
               Qu
               Elizabeth
            
             .
          
           
             
               Shane
               O
               Neales
            
             Rebellion
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             Remem
             .
             Regis
             apud
             Westm
             .
          
           
             Desmonds
             Rebellion
             .
          
           
             Tyrones
             Rebellion
             .
          
           
             Four
             main
             defects
             in
             the
             prosecution
             of
             the
             War.
             
          
           
             Why
             none
             of
             the
             Kings
             of
             England
             ,
             before
             
               Qu.
               Elizabeth
            
             ,
             did
             finish
             the
             conquest
             of
             Ireland
             .
          
           
             Giraldus
             Cambrensis
             .
          
           
             How
             the
             several
             Kings
             of
             England
             were
             diverted
             from
             the
             Conquest
             of
             Ireland
             .
          
           
             King
             Henry
             2.
             
          
           
             The
             book
             of
             
               Howth
               Manus
            
             .
          
           
             Rich.
             1.
             
          
           
             K.
             John.
             
          
           
             Henry
             3.
             
          
           
             Edw.
             1.
             
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             Edw.
             2.
             
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Manuscript
             of
             Friar
             Clinn
             .
          
           
             Rubr.
             libr.
             Scac.
             Dublin
             :
          
           
             Edw.
             3.
             
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Cam
             den
             .
          
           
             Rich.
             2.
             
          
           
             Henry
             4.
             
          
           
             Henry
             5.
             
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             Henry
             6.
             
          
           
             
               Hollingshead
               in
               Hen.
            
             6.
             
          
           
             Manuscript
             of
             Baron
             Finglas
             .
          
           
             Edw.
             4.
             
          
           
             Rich.
             3.
             
          
           
             Henry
             7.
             
          
           
             Henry
             8.
             
          
           
             King
             Edward
             6.
             and
             
               Qu.
               Mary
            
             .
          
           
             Qu.
             Elizabeth
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             The
             defects
             in
             the
             Civil
             Policy
             &
             government
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             The
             Laws
             of
             England
             were
             not
             given
             to
             the
             meer
             Irish
             .
          
           
             
               Matth.
               Paris
               Hist
               .
               major
               ,
               fol.
            
             121.
             
          
           
             
               Matth.
               Paris
               Histor
               .
               major
            
             .
             220
             b.
             
          
           
             11
             Hen.
             3.
             
               pat
               .
               m.
            
             3.
             
          
           
             30
             H.
             3.
             pat
             .
             m.
             20
             
          
           
             The
             meer
             Irish
             not
             admitted
             to
             have
             the
             benefit
             of
             the
             Laws
             of
             England
             .
          
           
             The
             meer
             Irish
             reputed
             Aliens
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             meer
             Irish
             were
             reputed
             enemies
             to
             the
             Crown
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             
               Stat.
               de
               Kilkenny
               c
            
             2.
             
             &
             3.10
             Hen.
             6.
             c.
             1.28
             Hen.
             8
             c.
             13.
             
          
           
             The
             Irish
             did
             desire
             to
             be
             admitted
             to
             the
             benefit
             and
             protection
             of
             the
             English
             Laws
             ,
             but
             could
             not
             obtain
             it
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             Ed.
             3.
             claus
             .
             17.
             
          
           
             The
             Council
             Book
             of
             Ireland
             ,
             34
             Hen
             8
             
          
           
             What
             mischief
             did
             grow
             by
             not
             Communicating
             the
             English
             Laws
             to
             the
             Irish
             .
          
           
             What
             good
             would
             have
             ensued
             ,
             if
             the
             meer
             Irish
             had
             been
             governed
             by
             the
             English
             Laws
             .
          
           
             Three
             general
             submissiof
             the
             Irish
             .
          
           
             The
             English
             Laws
             were
             executed
             only
             in
             the
             English
             Colonies
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             
               Statut.
               de
               Kilkenny
               .
               c.
            
             4.
             
          
           
             The
             Romans
             did
             communicate
             their
             laws
             to
             the
             nations
             ,
             which
             they
             conquerred
             .
          
           
             Tacitus
             in
             vita
             Agricolae
             .
          
           
             William
             the
             Conqueror
             governed
             both
             the
             Normans
             and
             the
             English
             under
             one
             Law.
             
          
           
             Camden
             in
             Norfolke
             .
          
           
             K.
             Edw.
             1.
             did
             communicate
             the
             English
             laws
             to
             the
             Welshmen
             .
          
           
             
               Giraldus
               Cambrensis
               .
               l.
            
             2.
             
               de
               Hibernia
               expugnata
            
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             The
             Lands
             conquered
             from
             the
             Ir●sh
             were
             not
             well
             distributed
             .
          
           
             The
             proportions
             of
             Land
             granted
             to
             the
             first
             Adventurers
             were
             too
             large●
             
               Giraldus
               Cambrensis
               ,
               l.
            
             2.
             
               de
               l●●bernia
               expugnata
            
             .
          
           
             
               In
               Arch.
               Tur.
            
             5
             Ed.
             3.
             
               escheat
               numero
            
             104.
             
          
           
             2
             
               Johan
               .
               Chart.
               m.
            
             15.
             
               &
               m.
            
             38.
             
          
           
             6
             
               Johan
               Chart.
               m.
            
             1.
             7
             
             
               Johan
               .
               Chart.
               m.
            
             12.
             
               &
               n.
            
             109.
             6
             
             Edw.
             1.
             
             
               Chart.
               m.
            
             19.18
             Ed.
             1.
             m.
             29.
             
             
               Girald
               .
               Cambr.
               l.
            
             2.
             
               de
               Hibernia
               expug
            
             .
             All
             Ireland
             distributed
             to
             ten
             persons
             of
             the
             English
             Nation
             .
          
           
             6
             H.
             3.
             
             
               Chart.
               m.
            
             2.
             
          
           
             
               Hovend
               .
               in
               H.
            
             2.
             fol.
             302.
             
             
               Archiu
               .
               tur
            
             .
             17
             
               Johan
               .
               Chart.
               m.
            
             3.
             
          
           
             6
             
               Johan
               .
               Claus
               .
               m.
            
             18.
             
          
           
             Matth.
             Paris
             in
             Henry
             the
             third
             
          
           
             3
             Hen.
             3.
             
          
           
             The
             liberties
             granted
             to
             the
             first
             Adventurers
             were
             too
             great
             .
             Eight
             Counties
             Palatines
             in
             Ireland
             at
             one
             time
             .
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             
               In
               Arch●u●
            
             .
             1●
             E●w
             3.
             
             〈…〉
             .
          
           
             Five
             Counties
             Palatines
             in
             Leinster
             .
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             
               Archiu
               .
               Tur.
               pat
            
             .
             3.
             
             E.
             3.
             m.
             28.
             
          
           
             Archiu
             .
             in
             Castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             The
             inconveniences
             which
             grew
             by
             the
             large
             grants
             of
             lands
             &
             liberties
             .
          
           
             The
             English
             Lords
             in
             Ireland
             made
             war
             &
             peace
             at
             their
             pleasure
             .
          
           
             The
             war
             and
             dissention
             of
             the
             English
             Lords
             one
             with
             another
             .
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camd.
             
          
           
             Annal
             Hiber
             in
             Ca●
             
          
           
             Annales
             Johan
             .
             Clyn.
             Manusc
             .
          
           
             Baron
             Finglas
             Manusc
             
          
           
             Stat.
             10
             H.
             7.
             c.
             4.
             
          
           
             Rot.
             Parl.
             in
             castro
             Dublin
             .
          
           
             Baron
             Finglas
             ,
             Manuscript
             .
          
           
             
               Archiu
               .
               Tur.
            
             5.
             
             Ed.
             3.
             
               claus
               .
               m.
            
             4.
             
          
           
             
               Archiu
               .
               tur
            
             .
             15.
             
             Ed.
             3.
             
               claus
               .
               m.
            
             4.
             
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             Adventurers
             obtained
             these
             liberal
             Grants
             ,
             because
             the
             Kings
             of
             England
             d●d
             not
             prosecute
             the
             war
             at
             their
             own
             charge
             .
          
           
             How
             the
             State
             of
             Rome
             rewarded
             their
             men
             of
             war.
             
          
           
             William
             the
             Conqueror
             .
          
           
             Camden
             in
             Chester
             .
          
           
             Wales
             distributed
             to
             the
             L.
             Marchers
             .
          
           
             The
             English
             Lords
             did
             not
             reduce
             the
             woods
             and
             wasts
             in
             Forrests
             and
             Parks
             
               Chart.
               de
               forest
               .
               c.
            
             2.
             
             &
             .
             3.
             
          
           
             The
             English
             Colonies
             rejected
             the
             English
             laws
             and
             customs
             ,
             and
             embraced
             the
             Irish
             .
          
           
             The
             Nature
             of
             Irish
             Customs
             .
          
           
             The
             Irish
             laws
             and
             customs
             ,
             differing
             from
             the
             laws
             and
             customs
             of
             all
             civil
             Nations
             .
          
           
             The
             Irish
             law
             in
             criminal
             causes
             .
          
           
             The
             Irish
             custom
             of
             tanistry
             .
          
           
             The
             Irish
             Custome
             of
             Gavel-kind
             .
          
           
             The
             mischiefs
             that
             arise
             ,
             by
             these
             two
             customs
             .
          
           
             The
             wicked
             customs
             of
             Coigne
             and
             Livery
             .
          
           
             The
             mischiefs
             that
             did
             arise
             by
             Coigne
             and
             Livery
             .
          
           
             The
             cause
             of
             idleness
             in
             the
             Irish
             .
          
           
             Why
             the
             Irish
             are
             Beggars
             in
             forreign
             Countrys
             
          
           
             Why
             the
             Irish
             are
             reputed
             a
             crafty
             people
             .
          
           
             Why
             the
             Irish
             are
             inquisitive
             after
             news
             .
          
           
             Cosherings
             .
          
           
             Sessings
             .
          
           
             Cuttings
             .
          
           
             Gossipred
             
          
           
             How
             the
             English
             Colonies
             beca●●e
             degenerate
             .
          
           
             Alb.
             libr.
             Scacc.
             Dubl
             .
          
           
             5
             Ed.
             3.
             m.
             25.
             
          
           
             When
             &
             how
             the
             English
             Colonies
             became
             degenerate
             .
          
           
             The
             Scots
             overrun
             Ireland
             .
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             ▪
             
          
           
             Desmond
             chief
             commander
             in
             the
             war
             against
             the
             Scots
             .
          
           
             When
             and
             how
             the
             extortion
             of
             Coign
             and
             Livery
             began
             among
             the
             English
             .
          
           
             
               The
               rising
               
                 Mac
                 Murrogh
              
               and
               
                 O
                 M●re
              
               in
               
                 Leinster
                 .
                 Annales
                 hiberniae
                 in
                 Camden
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Annales
                 Johan
                 .
                 Clynne
                 .
                 Manus
                 .
              
               The
               defect
               and
               loss
               of
               a
               great
               part
               of
               Leinster
               .
            
          
           
             The
             Earl
             of
             Vlster
             murdered
             .
          
           
             Annales
             Johan
             ,
             Clynne
             ,
             Manus
             .
          
           
             The
             Earldom
             of
             Vlster
             recovered
             by
             the
             Irish
             .
          
           
             Abridgement
             of
             
               Salus
               populi
               mascript
               .
               Baron
               Finglas
               ,
               Manus
               .
            
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             The
             defection
             of
             Conaght
             .
          
           
             Baron
             Finglas
             ,
             Manus
             .
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             What
             courses
             have
             been
             taken
             to
             reform
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             since
             the
             English
             Colonies
             became
             degenerate
             .
             Edw.
             2.
             
          
           
             K.
             Edw.
             the
             third
             did
             first
             endeavour
             a
             reformation
             .
          
           
             
               Archiu
               .
               Tur.
            
             2.
             
             E.
             3●
             
               clau
               .
               pers
            
             .
             1.
             m.
             16.
             
             Sir
             
               Anthony
               Lucy
            
             .
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberni●
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             Resumption
             of
             liberties
             .
          
           
             Annales
             Hiberniae
             in
             Camden
             .
          
           
             Sir
             
               Raphe
               Vfford
               .
               Annales
               Jo●an
               .
               Manus
               .
               Clynn
               .
            
          
           
             Annale
             Hibern●
             in
             Ca●de●
             .
          
           
             
               Maurice
               Fitz-Thomas
            
             the
             first
             Earl
             of
             Desmond
             ,
             the
             author
             of
             the
             great
             oppressions
             and
             dissentions
             which
             destroyed
             the
             English
             Colonies
             .
          
           
             The
             fortune
             of
             the
             house
             of
             Desmond
             .
          
           
             The
             Council-book
             of
             
               Ireland
               ▪
            
             32
             H.
             8.
             
          
           
             The
             course
             Reformation
             pursued
             by
             Lio●
             Duke
             Clare●
          
           
             
               Archiu
               .
               in
               Castro
               Dublin
            
             .
             Statutes
             of
             Kilkenny
             .
          
           
             C.
             2.
             
          
           
             C.
             3.
             
          
           
             C.
             4.
             
          
           
             C.
             10.
             
          
           
             C
             12.
             
          
           
             C.
             13.
             
          
           
             C.
             15.
             
          
           
             C.
             17.
             
          
           
             C.
             22.
             
          
           
             C.
             24.
             
          
           
             The
             Statutes
             of
             Kilkenny
             did
             much
             ,
             reform
             th●
             degenerate
             English
             ▪
             
          
           
             Stat.
             10
             
               H.
               c.
            
             8.
             
          
           
             The
             presence
             of
             the
             Kings
             son
             ,
             did
             much
             advance
             the
             reformation
             .
          
           
             Absence
             of
             our
             Kings
             &
             great
             English
             Lords
             ,
             a
             chief
             cause
             why
             the
             Kingdom
             was
             not
             reduced
             .
          
           
             Abse●●
             of
             o●●
             King
             
          
           
             The
             absence
             of
             the
             great
             English
             Lords
             .
          
           
             Baron
             .
             Finglas
             ,
             Manusc
             .
          
           
             Baron
             Finglas
             ,
             Manusc
             .
          
           
             
               Arch
               Tur
               ●
               parli●
               n.
            
             42.
             
          
           
             Arch
             in
             O●
             Rem●
             Dubl●
             
          
           
             Act
             of
             Absentees
             ,
             28
             H.
             8.
             
          
           
             The
             reformation
             intended
             by
             K.
             Ric●
             2.
             
             
               Archi●
               Tur.
            
             3
             
               Rich.
               claus
            
             .
             3.
             
             Ri●
             2.
             
             
               Rot●
               Parl●
            
             11.42
             9
             Ri●
             2.
             cl
             .
          
           
             
               Walsiham
               ●
               Rich
            
             349.
             
          
           
             
               Plac.
               coram
               .
               Reg●
               in
               Hibernia
               .
               Hillar
               .
            
             18.
             
             Rich●
             2.
             
          
           
             The
             reformat●on
             int●●ded
             by
             Hen.
             ●
             
          
           
             The
             course
             of
             reformation
             held
             by
             Sir
             
               Edward
               Poynings
            
             ,
             in
             the
             time
             of
             K.
             Hen
             7.
             
          
           
             Poynings
             Act.
             
          
           
             The
             Co●●
             Boo●
             Irel●
             16
             ●
             
          
           
             The
             Reformation
             intended
             by
             the
             L.
             
               Leonard
               Gray
            
             ,
             28
             H.
             8.
             
          
           
             Annal●●
             Hiber●●
             Manu●
             
          
           
             The
             Coun●●
             Book●
             〈◊〉
             Irela●●
             2●
             ●●
          
           
             The
             c●urs●
             Refor●●tion
             ●sued
             Sir
             
               A●thony
               S.
               L●
            
             Four
             nera●
             subm●ons
             the
             I●
             
          
           
             The
             Cou●
             Boo●
             Irel●
             32
             ,
             3●
             34
             ●
             
          
           
             The
             and
             gen●
             Ea●
             ren●
             the
             
          
           
             The
             Council
             Book
             of
             Ireland
             ,
             33
             H.
             8.
             
          
           
             The
             course
             of
             reformation
             prosecuted
             by
             Tho.
             Earl
             of
             Sussex
             ,
             in
             the
             time
             of
             Queen
             
               Mary
               .
               Li●x
            
             and
             Offaly
             made
             two
             Counti●s
             ,
             3.
             
             &
             4.
             
             
               Phil.
               &
               Mariae
            
             .
          
           
             The
             course
             of
             reformation
             followed
             by
             Sir
             
               Henry
               Sidney
            
             ,
             in
             the
             time
             of
             Queen
             Elizabeth
             .
          
           
             〈◊〉
             re●●●mati●●
             ad●●●ced
             〈◊〉
             Sir
             
               ●ohn
               ●errot
            
             .
          
           
             The
             service
             of
             
               William
               Fitz-Williams
            
             ,
             tending
             to
             reformation
             .
          
           
             How
             the
             Defects
             and
             errors
             in
             the
             government
             of
             Irel.
             have
             been
             supplied
             and
             amended
             since
             the
             beginning
             of
             his
             Majesties
             Reign
             .
          
           
             Errors
             ●n
             the
             carriage
             of
             the
             martial
             affairs
             amended
             .
          
           
             How
             the
             defects
             in
             the
             Civil
             Government
             have
             bin
             supplied
             .
          
           
             ●
             .
             By
             establishing
             the
             publick
             peace
             .
          
           
             2
             By
             establishing
             the
             publick
             Justice
             in
             every
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             The
             good
             effects
             which
             followed
             the
             execution
             of
             the
             Law
             throughout
             the
             Kingdom
          
           
             3.
             
             The
             setling
             of
             the
             states
             and
             possessions
             of
             the
             Irishry
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             of
             the
             English
             .
          
           
             How
             the
             commissions
             for
             Surrenders
             ,
             and
             defective
             Titles
             have
             been
             p●
             in
             execution
             .
          
           
             No
             gran●
             of
             Irish
             Captain-ships
             ,
             o●
             S●nescha●ships
             ,
             since
             ●i●
             Majestie
             Reign
             .
          
           
             The
             plantation
             on
             of
             Vlster
             .