A discourse of the nature, use and advantages of trade Proposing some considerations for the promotion and advancement thereof, by a registry of lands. Preventing the exportation of coyn. Lowering the interest of money. Inviting foreign families into England.
         Child, Josiah, Sir, 1630-1699.
      
       
         
           1694
        
      
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         ESTC R214188
         99826396
         99826396
         30799
         
           
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             A discourse of the nature, use and advantages of trade Proposing some considerations for the promotion and advancement thereof, by a registry of lands. Preventing the exportation of coyn. Lowering the interest of money. Inviting foreign families into England.
             Child, Josiah, Sir, 1630-1699.
          
           [2], 31, [1] p.
           
             printed, and are to be sold by Randal Taylor, near Stationers-Hall,
             London :
             1694.
          
           
             By Sir Josiah Child.
             The words "a registry .. into England." are bracketed together on title page.
             Reproduction of the original in the British Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Interest -- Early works to 1800.
           Land titles -- Registration and transfer -- England -- Early works to 1800.
           Great Britain -- Commerce -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
     
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           A
           DISCOURSE
           OF
           THE
           
             Nature
             ,
             Use
             and
             Advantages
          
           OF
           TRADE
           .
        
         
           Proposing
           some
           Considerations
           for
           the
           Promotion
           and
           Advancement
           thereof
           ,
           By
           
             
               A
               Registry
               of
               Lands
               .
            
             
               Preventing
               the
               Exportation
               of
               Coyn.
               
            
             
               Lowering
               the
               Interest
               of
               Money
               .
            
             
               Inviting
               Foreign
               Families
               into
               England
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             From
             Slender
             Hints
             ,
             Men
             serious
             and
             discerning
             ,
          
           
             May
             gain
             Experience
             that
             is
             worth
             the
             Learning
             .
          
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           ,
           and
           are
           to
           be
           Sold
           by
           
             Randal
             Taylor
          
           ,
           near
           Stationers-Hall
           ,
           1694.
           
        
         
         
         
         
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           A
           DISCOURSE
           OF
           THE
           Nature
           ,
           Use
           and
           Advantages
           OF
           TRADE
           .
        
         
           WHEN
           fallen
           Man
           was
           driven
           out
           of
           Paradice
           ,
           the
           heavy
           Charge
           imposed
           on
           him
           was
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           Sweat
           of
           his
           Face
           he
           should
           eat
           his
           Bread
           :
           And
           he
           who
           first
           was
           made
           of
           Clay
           ,
           must
           receive
           his
           Nourishment
           and
           Sustenance
           from
           the
           Earth
           .
           
           His
           Body
           must
           be
           daily
           coveting
           the
           Necessaries
           of
           Life
           ;
           and
           his
           Mind
           as
           earnestly
           pursuing
           the
           Vanities
           and
           Superfluities
           thereof
           .
        
         
           Thus
           thro'
           the
           whole
           Course
           of
           Humane
           Life
           is
           mankind
           destined
           to
           Labour
           and
           Trouble
           ,
           as
           the
           sparks
           fly
           upward
           ;
           And
           all
           his
           Industrious
           efforts
           after
           the
           good
           things
           of
           this
           World
           ,
           determined
           in
           Vanity
           and
           Vexation
           of
           Spirit
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           in
           the
           Infancy
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           Men
           contented
           themselves
           with
           the
           Natural
           produce
           of
           the
           Earth
           ;
           and
           it
           sufficed
           them
           to
           injoy
           such
           Fruits
           and
           Benefits
           thereof
           ,
           as
           that
           Portion
           of
           Land
           where
           their
           Lot
           fell
           did
           properly
           afford
           them
           .
           But
           when
           the
           Inhabitants
           of
           the
           Earth
           began
           to
           Increase
           and
           Multiply
           ;
           those
           who
           had
           first
           gained
           the
           Possession
           thereof
           ,
           and
           assumed
           to
           themselves
           a
           distinct
           Propriety
           and
           Right
           therein
           ,
           had
           excluded
           the
           succeeding
           Race
           of
           Men
           ,
           from
           all
           other
           Livelihood
           and
           Subsistance
           ,
           but
           what
           was
           subordinate
           to
           ,
           and
           dependant
           on
           such
           Proprietors
           ,
           who
           having
           Power
           and
           means
           to
           support
           them
           ,
           did
           thereby
           claim
           a
           Right
           of
           Dominion
           over
           them
           .
        
         
           Then
           Men
           began
           to
           build
           Cities
           ,
           and
           constitute
           Societies
           ,
           and
           propose
           to
           themselves
           establish'd
           Laws
           ,
           and
           Rules
           of
           Government
           and
           Commerce
           .
           And
           as
           Men
           were
           more
           and
           more
           
           dispersed
           over
           the
           Face
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           they
           discovered
           ,
           That
           the
           Productions
           thereof
           were
           various
           in
           some
           Places
           and
           Countries
           ,
           from
           those
           of
           others
           .
           That
           some
           Countries
           abounded
           in
           Corn
           ,
           Cattel
           and
           Woods
           :
           Some
           in
           Drugs
           ,
           Spices
           and
           Balsoms
           :
           Some
           in
           Minerals
           ,
           Gems
           and
           Precious
           Stones
           ;
           and
           severally
           produced
           things
           of
           different
           kinds
           and
           Natures
           .
        
         
           And
           hence
           Man's
           restless
           mind
           became
           Transported
           ,
           with
           a
           fond
           desire
           of
           possessing
           and
           trying
           all
           things
           .
           And
           tho'
           an
           easie
           Portion
           of
           Natures
           Bounties
           did
           suffice
           to
           Answer
           the
           ends
           of
           Life
           ;
           yet
           the
           Treasures
           of
           the
           Universe
           were
           not
           sufficient
           to
           satisfie
           the
           Pride
           of
           Life
           ,
           or
           give
           content
           to
           the
           unaccountable
           desires
           of
           boundless
           imagination
           .
        
         
           What
           Men
           could
           readily
           possess
           and
           injoy
           ,
           were
           of
           little
           Esteem
           ,
           and
           soon
           became
           indifferent
           ;
           but
           things
           Novel
           and
           of
           difficulty
           to
           be
           acquired
           ,
           were
           accounted
           valuable
           ;
           even
           Apes
           and
           Peacocks
           ,
           if
           but
           far
           fetch'd
           and
           dear
           bought
           ,
           were
           thought
           Creatures
           of
           Ornament
           and
           Diversion
           .
           And
           those
           Commodities
           which
           one
           Country
           did
           most
           readily
           part
           with
           ,
           were
           as
           earnestly
           coveted
           and
           sought
           for
           by
           another
           .
        
         
           Mens
           Curiosities
           increased
           with
           their
           discoveries
           ,
           and
           their
           Inventions
           were
           wrackt
           ,
           to
           find
           
           out
           Arts
           and
           ways
           of
           Building
           Ships
           ,
           wherewith
           to
           Plow
           the
           Ocean
           ,
           and
           descry
           the
           remotest
           parts
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           and
           searching
           after
           the
           hidden
           Treasures
           thereof
           .
           The
           Use
           and
           Nature
           of
           all
           those
           Secrets
           ,
           were
           industriously
           inquired
           into
           ,
           and
           Mens
           contrivances
           were
           set
           on
           Work
           ,
           to
           make
           those
           things
           desirable
           for
           Ornament
           or
           Luxury
           ,
           which
           were
           no
           way
           needful
           for
           common
           Use.
           
        
         
           Kings
           and
           Princes
           had
           their
           Crowns
           and
           Scepters
           beset
           with
           Gold
           and
           Precious
           Stones
           ;
           their
           Palaces
           and
           Thrones
           supported
           and
           Adorned
           with
           Marble
           ,
           Ivory
           and
           Cedar
           ;
           their
           Chambers
           Beautified
           with
           the
           Choicest
           Paintings
           and
           Carvings
           ;
           their
           Beds
           and
           Furnitures
           inriched
           with
           the
           costliest
           Tapestries
           and
           Imbroideries
           ,
           and
           their
           Cloaths
           and
           Linnen
           sweetned
           with
           the
           Noblest
           Perfumes
           ;
           their
           Tables
           Replenished
           with
           all
           those
           Delicacies
           ,
           that
           Art
           and
           Nature
           could
           contribute
           ,
           to
           indulge
           and
           gratifie
           the
           Nicest
           Appetites
           .
        
         
           Every
           subordinate
           degree
           of
           Men
           in
           proportion
           to
           their
           Abilities
           studied
           to
           imitate
           ,
           if
           not
           outvie
           each
           other
           in
           profuseness
           :
           And
           those
           of
           the
           meanest
           condition
           ,
           were
           only
           deficient
           in
           Power
           ,
           not
           in
           good
           Will
           ,
           to
           be
           as
           vain
           Glorious
           and
           Extravagant
           as
           the
           greatest
           .
        
         
         
           Nevertheless
           ,
           There
           are
           excellent
           ends
           in
           all
           the
           instances
           of
           Natures
           Varieties
           and
           Productions
           thereof
           ,
           differing
           in
           so
           many
           several
           Countries
           ,
           from
           each
           other
           ;
           and
           the
           indefatigable
           Labour
           of
           Men
           ,
           in
           their
           Anxious
           Endeavours
           ,
           to
           possess
           and
           injoy
           them
           .
           And
           all
           those
           excellent
           Arts
           and
           Inventions
           that
           have
           been
           studied
           ,
           to
           improve
           and
           apply
           them
           ,
           to
           the
           several
           purposes
           of
           Curiosity
           and
           Delight
           ;
           have
           Created
           most
           infinite
           and
           profitable
           occasions
           of
           Traffick
           and
           Commerce
           :
           And
           the
           various
           measures
           and
           methods
           of
           making
           all
           things
           subservient
           to
           Man's
           Use
           or
           Pleasure
           ,
           are
           so
           many
           Providential
           circumstances
           of
           susteining
           those
           Millions
           of
           People
           ,
           that
           might
           Starve
           for
           want
           ,
           had
           they
           not
           opportunities
           of
           Ministring
           to
           those
           that
           abound
           in
           Plenty
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           much
           of
           Innocency
           and
           Ingenuity
           in
           many
           Arts
           and
           Sciences
           ;
           in
           the
           various
           Manufactures
           and
           painful
           Imployments
           ,
           whereby
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           mankind
           support
           themselves
           ,
           in
           the
           Exercise
           of
           their
           several
           faculties
           ;
           their
           business
           keeps
           them
           free
           from
           Passions
           ;
           they
           are
           generally
           sedate
           and
           composed
           in
           their
           minds
           ;
           and
           in
           their
           Recesses
           from
           their
           Labour
           ,
           they
           eat
           their
           Bread
           with
           chearfulness
           .
        
         
         
           Since
           therefore
           Man
           is
           placed
           in
           a
           Sphere
           of
           Activity
           ,
           and
           either
           of
           Choice
           or
           Necessity
           ,
           will
           always
           be
           contriving
           and
           acting
           something
           ,
           more
           or
           less
           significant
           ,
           to
           busie
           or
           profit
           himself
           withal
           .
           I
           hope
           it
           may
           not
           be
           improper
           ,
           to
           offer
           some
           short
           Reflections
           upon
           a
           Subject
           matter
           ,
           wherein
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           mankind
           are
           so
           industriously
           concerned
           and
           imployed
           .
        
         
           Now
           the
           great
           Ends
           and
           Use
           of
           Trade
           and
           Commerce
           ,
           are
           for
           our
           mutual
           accommodation
           ,
           whereby
           such
           occasional
           interchanges
           of
           one
           thing
           for
           another
           ,
           become
           a
           just
           measure
           of
           property
           ,
           betwixt
           Man
           and
           Man
           ;
           the
           chief
           inducements
           and
           motives
           thereto
           ,
           being
           created
           from
           a
           desire
           of
           Pleasure
           or
           Profit
           .
        
         
           Thus
           ,
           when
           Men
           are
           possessed
           of
           some
           things
           ,
           wherewith
           they
           are
           satiated
           ;
           they
           either
           sell
           them
           for
           Money
           ,
           or
           exchange
           them
           for
           some
           other
           thing
           ,
           without
           regard
           to
           any
           gain
           thereby
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           end
           ,
           but
           that
           of
           pleasing
           their
           own
           fancy
           .
           Sometimes
           Men
           part
           with
           such
           things
           as
           they
           can
           well
           spare
           ,
           for
           what
           they
           have
           a
           greater
           need
           of
           ,
           for
           their
           present
           accommodation
           ;
           but
           without
           any
           design
           of
           enriching
           themselves
           thereby
           ;
           but
           the
           principal
           part
           of
           Trade
           ,
           consists
           in
           such
           sort
           of
           Commerce
           ,
           in
           the
           disposal
           whereof
           ,
           men
           propose
           to
           themselves
           some
           gainful
           
           advantage
           .
           And
           from
           the
           various
           opportunities
           of
           Men's
           ministring
           to
           each
           others
           pleasures
           or
           necessities
           ,
           is
           the
           great
           Concern
           of
           Trade
           ,
           supported
           and
           maintained
           .
        
         
           And
           the
           Principal
           Advantage
           and
           Foundation
           of
           Trade
           in
           England
           ,
           is
           raised
           from
           that
           Wealth
           which
           is
           gained
           out
           of
           the
           produce
           of
           the
           Earth
           .
           The
           Proprietors
           whereof
           having
           a
           greater
           proportion
           of
           Lands
           ,
           then
           they
           alone
           can
           manage
           to
           advantage
           ,
           are
           thereby
           induced
           to
           let
           out
           the
           same
           to
           Tenants
           ,
           who
           by
           Contracts
           and
           Stipulation
           with
           their
           Landlord
           ,
           do
           render
           some
           certain
           Rent
           for
           what
           they
           Hold
           and
           Injoy
           .
        
         
           Hence
           the
           painful
           Husbandman
           becomes
           interested
           and
           concerned
           to
           imploy
           his
           utmost
           labour
           in
           the
           Cultivation
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           and
           improving
           every
           species
           that
           may
           be
           gained
           thereout
           ,
           and
           turning
           the
           same
           to
           profit
           .
           The
           Surplus
           and
           Benefit
           whereof
           beyond
           the
           Rent
           reserved
           to
           be
           paid
           ,
           being
           properly
           his
           own
           ,
           and
           becomes
           a
           competent
           Livelyhood
           to
           Himself
           and
           Family
           .
        
         
           And
           from
           this
           Labour
           of
           the
           Husbandman
           ,
           are
           derived
           many
           other
           Improvements
           of
           Trade
           ,
           in
           the
           disposal
           of
           those
           Treasures
           which
           he
           hath
           raised
           out
           of
           the
           Earth
           by
           his
           Industry
           and
           Pains
           .
        
         
         
           His
           Corn
           gives
           Trade
           and
           Imployment
           to
           the
           Miller
           ,
           the
           Baker
           ,
           the
           Maulster
           and
           the
           Brewer
           ;
           besides
           his
           several
           other
           Grains
           ,
           and
           Seeds
           ,
           and
           Fruits
           ,
           and
           Herbs
           ,
           which
           imploy
           and
           support
           as
           many
           several
           Callings
           :
           By
           his
           Grass
           he
           increases
           and
           nourishes
           all
           sorts
           of
           Cattle
           ,
           and
           they
           support
           the
           Butcher
           ,
           the
           Tanner
           ,
           and
           many
           other
           Trades
           ;
           His
           Wooll
           gives
           Trade
           to
           the
           Clothiers
           ;
           His
           Milk
           ,
           and
           Cheese
           ,
           and
           Butter
           supply
           the
           Markets
           with
           necessary
           Food
           ;
           His
           Timber
           is
           imployed
           in
           Building
           ;
           His
           Clay
           in
           making
           Brick
           and
           Tile
           ;
           His
           Mines
           of
           Iron
           ,
           Lead
           ,
           Tin
           and
           Coals
           ,
           besides
           many
           other
           particulars
           ,
           too
           tedious
           to
           be
           enumerated
           ,
           give
           maintenance
           to
           an
           infinite
           variety
           of
           Trades
           and
           Manufactures
           ,
           that
           in
           a
           wonderful
           manner
           depend
           upon
           ,
           and
           are
           subordinate
           to
           each
           other
           ;
           All
           which
           are
           to
           be
           accounted
           as
           so
           many
           flourishing
           Branches
           ,
           derived
           out
           of
           this
           Principal
           Stock
           of
           good
           Husbandry
           .
        
         
           Thus
           we
           see
           how
           great
           a
           part
           of
           the
           People
           of
           this
           Nation
           ,
           who
           have
           no
           Propriety
           in
           the
           Soil
           thereof
           ,
           yet
           by
           Cultivating
           and
           Improving
           the
           same
           to
           the
           best
           advantage
           ,
           and
           applying
           the
           produce
           thereof
           ,
           to
           be
           imployed
           in
           Manufactures
           ,
           and
           transferring
           the
           same
           from
           one
           to
           another
           in
           a
           way
           of
           Traffick
           and
           Commerce
           ,
           
           obtain
           a
           distinct
           and
           peculiar
           Interest
           in
           the
           General
           Wealth
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           by
           the
           several
           Benefits
           accruing
           to
           themselves
           ,
           and
           greatly
           contribute
           to
           the
           Weale-Publick
           .
        
         
           As
           Land
           therefore
           is
           so
           principal
           a
           Fund
           of
           Trade
           ,
           it
           may
           not
           be
           improper
           to
           consider
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           not
           the
           Interest
           of
           England
           ,
           That
           the
           Lands
           of
           Ireland
           should
           be
           improved
           as
           much
           as
           may
           be
           ,
           that
           out
           of
           the
           produce
           thereof
           ,
           the
           great
           advantages
           of
           Trade
           and
           Commerce
           may
           be
           equally
           incouraged
           ,
           and
           promoted
           there
           〈◊〉
           here
           .
           And
           that
           England
           and
           Ireland
           should
           have
           one
           joynt
           Interest
           ,
           and
           by
           uniting
           the
           strength
           of
           both
           ,
           they
           should
           become
           thereby
           considerably
           more
           powerful
           .
           For
           this
           is
           certain
           ,
           that
           England
           has
           sustained
           no
           prejudice
           by
           uniting
           the
           Dominions
           of
           Wales
           to
           it
           ;
           Nor
           is
           London
           the
           poorer
           ,
           because
           several
           Towns
           in
           England
           have
           fall'n
           into
           a
           great
           way
           of
           Trade
           ,
           and
           thereby
           grown
           Rich
           ;
           For
           in
           the
           one
           case
           ,
           the
           Wealth
           and
           Trade
           of
           England
           is
           greatly
           increased
           and
           advanced
           ,
           by
           the
           addition
           of
           so
           much
           more
           Land
           to
           it
           ,
           and
           of
           so
           much
           more
           Traffick
           and
           Commerce
           that
           is
           gained
           out
           of
           the
           produce
           of
           it
           ;
           and
           so
           many
           more
           Hands
           and
           Purses
           are
           thereby
           rendred
           contributary
           on
           all
           emergent
           occasions
           ,
           to
           the
           assistance
           and
           support
           of
           the
           
           Publick
           Government
           .
           And
           in
           the
           other
           Case
           ,
           London
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           the
           Metropolis
           ,
           and
           the
           Principal
           Seat
           of
           Majesty
           and
           Government
           ,
           of
           the
           Administration
           of
           Justice
           ,
           and
           directing
           the
           Laws
           and
           Methods
           of
           Trade
           ,
           it
           is
           sure
           to
           partake
           in
           a
           plentiful
           measure
           of
           all
           the
           Benefits
           and
           Advantages
           that
           may
           arise
           from
           the
           increase
           of
           Trade
           in
           any
           other
           places
           under
           the
           same
           Dominion
           and
           Government
           :
           But
           Time
           and
           Experience
           only
           can
           be
           able
           to
           remove
           and
           over-rule
           the
           mistaken
           prejudices
           ,
           and
           private
           interests
           ,
           that
           too
           unhappily
           obstruct
           at
           present
           so
           just
           an
           undertaking
           .
        
         
           Another
           Foundation
           of
           Trade
           is
           created
           from
           the
           Fishery
           of
           the
           Seas
           ,
           the
           particular
           advantages
           whereof
           ,
           having
           been
           truly
           represented
           in
           several
           Discourses
           set
           forth
           on
           that
           Subject
           ;
           I
           shall
           only
           make
           mention
           of
           it
           in
           this
           place
           ,
           and
           could
           wish
           that
           so
           certain
           and
           continual
           imployment
           for
           Seamen
           ,
           and
           so
           great
           an
           occasion
           of
           Trade
           and
           Commerce
           ,
           may
           receive
           a
           publick
           and
           lasting
           Establishment
           .
        
         
           And
           from
           these
           Two
           Fundamentals
           of
           Trade
           ,
           is
           derived
           the
           great
           opportunity
           of
           Traffick
           from
           mutual
           Commerce
           ,
           where
           Merchants
           buy
           Commodities
           purely
           to
           sell
           again
           ,
           or
           exchange
           the
           Commodities
           of
           one
           Nation
           ,
           for
           those
           of
           another
           ,
           
           for
           no
           other
           end
           ,
           but
           that
           of
           their
           own
           private
           Benefit
           and
           Profit
           .
        
         
           By
           which
           medium
           of
           mutual
           Commerce
           ,
           the
           Riches
           of
           our
           own
           Country
           are
           not
           only
           communicated
           to
           infinite
           numbers
           of
           Families
           at
           home
           ,
           through
           whose
           hands
           our
           Native
           Productions
           and
           Manufactures
           do
           pass
           ,
           before
           they
           are
           finally
           disposed
           of
           ,
           but
           the
           Surplus
           ,
           which
           is
           transported
           to
           the
           remotest
           parts
           of
           the
           habitable
           known
           World
           ,
           does
           not
           only
           maintain
           a
           Correspondence
           with
           Mankind
           ,
           and
           tends
           to
           the
           civilizing
           the
           unsociable
           Tempers
           of
           many
           barbarous
           People
           ,
           but
           accommodates
           our
           own
           Nation
           with
           much
           of
           their
           Treasures
           ,
           and
           very
           much
           helps
           to
           support
           our
           Navigation
           ,
           wherein
           consists
           our
           greatest
           Safety
           ,
           Strength
           and
           Honor.
           
        
         
           From
           hence
           it
           is
           observable
           ,
           how
           unprofitable
           the
           institution
           heretofore
           was
           of
           lazy
           Monks
           and
           Fryars
           in
           this
           Nation
           ;
           How
           little
           of
           Religion
           ,
           and
           less
           of
           Charity
           there
           was
           in
           such
           Endowments
           ,
           where
           the
           fat
           of
           the
           Land
           was
           devoured
           by
           a
           Generation
           of
           People
           ,
           that
           were
           no
           way
           serviceable
           ,
           or
           instrumental
           towards
           the
           Publick
           Good
           ,
           whereof
           every
           Man's
           Experience
           cannot
           but
           be
           a
           Self-conviction
           And
           whoever
           compares
           the
           State
           and
           Condition
           of
           
             England
             ,
             Holland
          
           and
           France
           ,
           since
           they
           have
           applyed
           themselves
           to
           
           Trade
           and
           Navigation
           with
           that
           of
           Spain
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Nation
           that
           is
           less
           conversant
           in
           Merchandize
           ,
           cannot
           but
           acquiesce
           in
           this
           Truth
           ,
           that
           nothing
           can
           so
           effectually
           maintain
           and
           support
           the
           Power
           and
           Glory
           of
           a
           Nation
           ,
           as
           Traffick
           and
           Commerce
           .
        
         
           The
           intent
           therefore
           of
           this
           Discourse
           is
           not
           to
           instruct
           Men
           in
           their
           particular
           way
           of
           Trade
           ,
           how
           to
           manage
           the
           same
           to
           the
           best
           advantage
           ;
           for
           every
           Man
           's
           own
           Experience
           ,
           is
           the
           best
           director
           for
           such
           purposes
           ;
           and
           every
           Man
           's
           private
           Interest
           is
           the
           strongest
           persuasive
           to
           the
           promotion
           of
           his
           own
           Concerns
           .
        
         
           I
           shall
           only
           propose
           Three
           General
           Considerations
           wherein
           Foreign
           Trade
           may
           be
           beneficial
           ,
           or
           injurious
           to
           the
           Nation
           .
           The
           Chief
           Design
           of
           this
           Treatise
           being
           to
           represent
           several
           Instances
           ,
           whereby
           the
           great
           advantages
           of
           Trade
           in
           this
           Nation
           are
           obstructed
           and
           prevented
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           such
           provisions
           in
           the
           Law
           ,
           as
           may
           be
           reasonably
           wished
           for
           ,
           and
           endeavoured
           towards
           the
           promotion
           of
           so
           great
           a
           Concern
           .
        
         
           And
           First
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           allowed
           ,
           that
           all
           sorts
           of
           Commerce
           that
           incourages
           the
           Manufacture
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           ,
           the
           disposal
           abroad
           of
           such
           Commodities
           as
           are
           of
           our
           Native
           Growth
           ,
           and
           are
           not
           necessary
           to
           be
           consumed
           at
           home
           ,
           are
           of
           
           General
           Benefit
           ,
           and
           ought
           to
           be
           promoted
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           All
           such
           Commerce
           as
           brings
           in
           no
           more
           than
           is
           carried
           out
           ,
           tho'
           it
           do
           not
           enrich
           the
           Nation
           ,
           yet
           it
           is
           beneficial
           ,
           in
           respect
           to
           those
           Families
           that
           gain
           a
           profitable
           Livelihood
           by
           transferring
           so
           many
           Commodities
           from
           one
           hand
           to
           another
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           Such
           Commerce
           as
           in
           it self
           is
           unprofitable
           to
           the
           Nation
           ,
           yet
           if
           it
           procure
           to
           us
           collateral
           advantages
           that
           are
           profitable
           ,
           it
           may
           be
           allowed
           ;
           but
           such
           Commerce
           as
           serves
           purely
           to
           the
           support
           of
           Luxury
           ,
           and
           tends
           in
           all
           other
           Respects
           to
           the
           impoverishment
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           is
           as
           much
           as
           may
           be
           to
           be
           restrained
           by
           Law.
           
        
         
           Trade
           ,
           therefore
           having
           such
           peculiar
           Excellencies
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           a
           just
           and
           certain
           measure
           of
           acquiring
           a
           Property
           in
           any
           thing
           ,
           and
           is
           communicable
           to
           all
           ,
           in
           proportion
           to
           their
           Qualifications
           of
           Industry
           and
           Ingenuity
           .
           That
           it
           is
           a
           an
           Universal
           Method
           of
           transferring
           Wealth
           from
           Hand
           to
           Hand
           ,
           whereby
           Millions
           of
           People
           are
           imployed
           and
           susteined
           ;
           and
           Men's
           necessary
           Occasions
           are
           thereby
           mutually
           supplyed
           ,
           without
           the
           violent
           and
           inhumane
           contrivances
           of
           Rapine
           and
           Force
           ;
           And
           that
           it
           is
           the
           greatest
           Security
           and
           Preservation
           of
           our
           Publick
           Honour
           and
           Welfare
           .
        
         
         
           It
           may
           not
           be
           improper
           to
           reflect
           on
           such
           Impediments
           as
           have
           obstructed
           Trade
           ,
           and
           propose
           some
           Considerations
           ,
           whereby
           the
           same
           may
           more
           effectually
           be
           advanced
           .
           Now
           as
           the
           produce
           of
           Land
           is
           a
           principal
           Foundation
           of
           Trade
           ;
           And
           the
           good
           management
           of
           Land
           gives
           the
           greater
           Life
           and
           Vigor
           to
           Trade
           :
           So
           it
           must
           be
           consider'd
           ,
           that
           Money
           is
           the
           common
           Standard
           and
           valuation
           of
           most
           Commodities
           in
           Traffick
           and
           Commerce
           ;
           And
           if
           such
           Money
           be
           wanting
           when
           Commodities
           are
           exposed
           to
           Sale
           ,
           a
           great
           part
           of
           Trade
           is
           prevented
           thereby
           ;
           the
           Command
           of
           ready
           Money
           giving
           more
           easie
           and
           quick
           Dispatches
           and
           Returns
           in
           Trade
           ,
           then
           can
           possibly
           be
           effected
           without
           it
           ,
           wherefore
           it
           is
           our
           Publick
           Interest
           ,
           that
           Coin
           should
           be
           continually
           passing
           from
           one
           to
           another
           ;
           in
           the
           disposal
           whereof
           ,
           there
           is
           always
           something
           of
           Gain
           to
           both
           Parties
           ,
           having
           their
           ends
           in
           Traffick
           ,
           tho'
           in
           different
           Respects
           .
        
         
           And
           since
           all
           Men
           cannot
           imploy
           their
           Money
           in
           Trade
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           impediments
           of
           Birth
           in
           some
           that
           are
           above
           it
           ;
           Of
           Age
           in
           some
           that
           are
           past
           it
           ;
           Of
           Sex
           in
           others
           ;
           And
           in
           some
           that
           of
           Sloth
           and
           Idleness
           render
           them
           uncapable
           of
           disposing
           their
           Money
           in
           a
           way
           of
           Commerce
           ;
           it
           follows
           of
           consequence
           ,
           That
           unless
           some
           
           proper
           incouragement
           be
           contrived
           for
           such
           to
           lend
           their
           money
           to
           others
           ,
           that
           can
           and
           will
           Trade
           therewith
           ;
           so
           much
           Trade
           will
           be
           wanting
           in
           the
           Nation
           ,
           by
           how
           much
           money
           lies
           hoarded
           up
           in
           Chests
           from
           those
           impediments
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           ,
           notwithstanding
           the
           great
           advantages
           of
           Trade
           ,
           whereby
           all
           Persons
           are
           under
           a
           possibility
           of
           improving
           their
           Fortunes
           ,
           in
           proportion
           to
           their
           Parts
           and
           Industry
           ;
           yet
           there
           will
           be
           a
           great
           deficiency
           in
           Trade
           ,
           where
           Land
           cannot
           be
           safely
           transferred
           from
           one
           to
           another
           ;
           and
           Money
           cannot
           as
           freely
           be
           laid
           out
           ,
           or
           lent
           ,
           without
           Mens
           apprehensions
           of
           being
           Cheated
           and
           defrauded
           .
        
         
           Thus
           ,
           a
           Person
           being
           indebted
           ,
           but
           not
           being
           able
           to
           Sell
           or
           Mortgage
           his
           Land
           for
           payment
           of
           such
           Debt
           ,
           may
           under
           such
           circumstances
           ,
           be
           compared
           to
           one
           of
           the
           Wheels
           of
           a
           Clock
           that
           is
           Rusty
           ,
           and
           thereby
           impedes
           the
           whole
           Motion
           .
        
         
           As
           where
           a
           Gentleman
           may
           owe
           1000
           l.
           to
           several
           Tradesmen
           ?
           to
           pay
           which
           ,
           he
           would
           gladly
           Sell
           ,
           or
           Mortgage
           his
           Estate
           ;
           and
           a
           third
           Person
           ,
           who
           has
           a
           1000
           l.
           lying
           by
           him
           Dead
           ,
           would
           readily
           lay
           it
           out
           in
           a
           Purchase
           or
           Mortgage
           ,
           could
           he
           do
           it
           safely
           .
           In
           this
           Case
           here
           are
           three
           Evils
           :
           The
           Person
           indebted
           would
           
           gladly
           pay
           ,
           could
           he
           be
           able
           to
           Raise
           the
           Money
           ;
           but
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           disparagement
           and
           distrust
           that
           is
           upon
           him
           and
           his
           Estate
           ,
           he
           is
           forced
           to
           fence
           with
           his
           Creditors
           for
           two
           or
           three
           years
           ;
           in
           the
           mean
           while
           ,
           his
           Creditors
           Prosecute
           him
           with
           chargeable
           Suits
           ;
           and
           having
           extended
           the
           Gentleman's
           Estate
           ,
           he
           is
           forced
           to
           break
           up
           his
           House
           and
           abscond
           ,
           his
           Family
           Ruined
           ,
           his
           Estate
           Wasted
           and
           Untenanted
           by
           mismanagement
           ;
           and
           so
           much
           Trade
           as
           would
           have
           arisen
           from
           the
           Produce
           thereof
           ,
           wholly
           lost
           ,
           and
           that
           Estate
           which
           was
           worth
           2000
           l.
           at
           first
           ,
           will
           not
           perhaps
           suffice
           at
           last
           ,
           to
           pay
           the
           Creditors
           their
           Debts
           and
           Charges
           .
        
         
           The
           Creditors
           are
           likewise
           injured
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           their
           present
           Money
           ;
           which
           in
           two
           or
           three
           years
           time
           ,
           in
           a
           course
           and
           circulation
           of
           Trade
           ,
           might
           have
           passed
           to
           some
           advantage
           ,
           more
           or
           less
           ,
           through
           the
           hands
           of
           a
           thousand
           Persons
           .
        
         
           The
           Monied
           Man
           is
           no
           less
           injured
           ,
           having
           so
           much
           Money
           lie
           Dead
           so
           long
           ,
           without
           making
           any
           Benefit
           thereby
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           ,
           unless
           some
           Provision
           in
           the
           Law
           may
           be
           found
           out
           ,
           to
           make
           men
           safe
           and
           easie
           in
           their
           Purchases
           ;
           so
           much
           Trade
           will
           be
           lost
           in
           the
           Nation
           ,
           as
           shall
           from
           time
           to
           time
           be
           obstructed
           ;
           
           where
           Men
           cannot
           readily
           dispose
           of
           their
           Estates
           to
           Answer
           their
           conveniences
           ;
           since
           all
           Sales
           and
           Mortgages
           imply
           a
           necessary
           occasion
           of
           laying
           out
           so
           much
           Money
           ;
           no
           Man
           ever
           parting
           with
           Land
           for
           Money
           ,
           on
           purpose
           to
           hoard
           it
           up
           ;
           tho'
           many
           hoard
           up
           money
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           an
           opportunity
           to
           dispose
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           And
           here
           it
           may
           be
           considered
           ,
           for
           promoting
           the
           Credit
           ,
           and
           securing
           those
           Priviledges
           which
           Land
           is
           justly
           Intitled
           to
           ;
           whether
           Publick
           Taxes
           that
           are
           laid
           on
           Land
           ,
           might
           not
           much
           better
           be
           laid
           on
           the
           produce
           thereof
           ,
           by
           way
           of
           Excise
           ,
           and
           by
           easing
           those
           few
           that
           are
           the
           Proprietors
           of
           Land
           ,
           to
           lay
           it
           on
           those
           many
           that
           raise
           their
           Estates
           out
           of
           the
           produce
           of
           Land
           ,
           since
           every
           Burthen
           that
           is
           supported
           by
           few
           hands
           ,
           feels
           much
           heavier
           than
           what
           is
           susteined
           by
           a
           Land
           Tax
           ;
           being
           like
           the
           digging
           and
           cutting
           up
           the
           Roots
           of
           Trees
           for
           Fuel
           ,
           which
           might
           more
           safely
           and
           conveniently
           be
           gained
           from
           the
           Branches
           .
        
         
           For
           ,
           suppose
           a
           Tax
           were
           laid
           on
           Iron
           ,
           Lead
           ,
           Tin
           ,
           Salt
           ,
           Wool
           ,
           Leather
           ,
           Tallow
           ,
           Corn
           ,
           Hay
           ,
           and
           on
           Plate
           ,
           Glass
           ,
           Brick
           ,
           Earthen
           Ware
           ,
           Paper
           ;
           and
           many
           Manufactures
           in
           this
           Nation
           ,
           
           which
           pay
           no
           Customs
           or
           Taxes
           .
           [
           The
           Burthen
           of
           such
           an
           Excise
           would
           be
           susteined
           by
           so
           many
           Persons
           ,
           that
           it
           would
           be
           insensible
           ;
           and
           the
           Price
           and
           Credit
           of
           Land
           being
           hereby
           supported
           ,
           Men
           would
           more
           readily
           bestow
           their
           Money
           in
           the
           Purchase
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           their
           Labour
           and
           Pains
           in
           the
           improvement
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           Another
           Consideration
           may
           be
           concerning
           money
           ,
           which
           is
           not
           only
           the
           just
           valuation
           of
           all
           Commodities
           ,
           but
           it
           is
           also
           valuable
           in
           it self
           ,
           upon
           its
           certain
           and
           constant
           intrinsick
           Worth
           ;
           and
           is
           to
           be
           accounted
           a
           part
           of
           the
           Wealth
           of
           the
           Nation
           .
        
         
           Every
           occasion
           therefore
           ,
           of
           exporting
           it
           
             in
             Specie
          
           ,
           without
           bringing
           in
           as
           profitable
           a
           Return
           of
           money
           in
           a
           circulation
           of
           Trade
           ,
           tends
           to
           the
           impoverishment
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           and
           brings
           a
           manifest
           decay
           on
           Trade
           ;
           Money
           being
           as
           necessary
           for
           the
           carrying
           on
           of
           Trade
           ,
           as
           Nerves
           and
           Sinews
           are
           for
           the
           motion
           of
           the
           Natural
           Body
           .
           For
           ,
           if
           there
           be
           a
           scarcity
           of
           Money
           ,
           there
           will
           be
           a
           deadness
           of
           Trade
           ;
           even
           amidst
           the
           greatest
           plenty
           of
           Commodities
           ;
           as
           may
           be
           seen
           in
           those
           Countries
           ,
           that
           have
           no
           other
           accommodation
           for
           disposing
           their
           Commodities
           ,
           
           but
           by
           Exchanging
           and
           Bartering
           one
           Merchandize
           for
           another
           ;
           wherein
           there
           is
           much
           of
           difficulty
           and
           trouble
           ,
           with
           little
           Profit
           ;
           and
           is
           mostly
           undertaken
           for
           necessity
           sake
           .
        
         
           And
           it
           is
           an
           unhappy
           mischief
           ,
           where
           the
           intrinsick
           value
           of
           our
           money
           ,
           by
           exceeding
           of
           other
           Countries
           ,
           gives
           an
           incouragement
           to
           such
           Exportations
           ;
           as
           if
           our
           money
           being
           three
           pence
           in
           the
           Crown
           better
           than
           in
           other
           Countries
           .
           A
           Foreign
           Merchant
           should
           export
           a
           thousand
           pounds
           of
           our
           Coyn
           into
           France
           ,
           and
           by
           New
           coyning
           it
           there
           ,
           get
           five
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           and
           then
           bring
           over
           a
           thousand
           pounds
           worth
           of
           Wine
           ,
           and
           having
           sold
           it
           here
           ,
           he
           then
           exports
           another
           thousand
           pounds
           ,
           and
           by
           new
           coyning
           it
           there
           ,
           should
           get
           five
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           more
           ;
           hereby
           two
           thousand
           pounds
           are
           exported
           ,
           never
           to
           be
           retrieved
           ;
           and
           one
           hundred
           pounds
           are
           gained
           thereby
           ,
           besides
           the
           Profits
           in
           the
           Commodity
           sold
           here
           ;
           so
           that
           ,
           unless
           some
           Provision
           may
           be
           made
           to
           prevent
           such
           advantages
           in
           exporting
           our
           Coyn
           ,
           a
           great
           part
           thereof
           ,
           will
           inevitably
           be
           drawn
           into
           Foreign
           parts
           .
        
         
           From
           whence
           it
           may
           be
           questioned
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           not
           of
           publick
           concern
           ;
           when
           a
           proper
           
           opportunity
           presents
           to
           new
           Coyn
           all
           our
           Money
           ;
           with
           such
           regard
           had
           to
           the
           Allay
           of
           other
           Countries
           ,
           that
           it
           shall
           not
           be
           the
           Interest
           of
           any
           to
           export
           it
           ,
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           new
           Coyning
           it
           elsewhere
           .
        
         
           It
           may
           likewise
           be
           considered
           ,
           whether
           the
           Advancement
           of
           Trade
           is
           not
           greatly
           prevented
           ,
           by
           the
           unaccountable
           humour
           of
           having
           so
           much
           Plate
           in
           every
           Family
           ;
           which
           if
           turned
           into
           Coyn
           ,
           would
           infinitely
           promote
           the
           General
           Trade
           ;
           but
           while
           it
           remains
           in
           Plate
           ,
           is
           of
           no
           more
           publick
           Benefit
           ,
           then
           if
           it
           were
           Buried
           in
           the
           Bowels
           of
           the
           Earth
           ;
           while
           so
           many
           other
           Manufactures
           are
           neglected
           ,
           that
           would
           otherwise
           be
           imployed
           to
           supply
           the
           Use
           and
           Ornament
           of
           Plate
           .
        
         
           Another
           consideration
           may
           be
           concerning
           the
           interest
           of
           Money
           ;
           which
           with
           great
           Reason
           and
           justice
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           limited
           to
           such
           a
           Rate
           ,
           as
           may
           be
           consistent
           with
           the
           circumstances
           of
           Borrowers
           ;
           whereby
           they
           may
           be
           inabled
           to
           Answer
           their
           own
           ends
           in
           borrowing
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           others
           gain
           in
           Lending
           .
        
         
         
           As
           if
           it
           be
           ,
           a
           Country
           Gentleman
           that
           borrows
           on
           a
           Mortgage
           ;
           his
           end
           is
           ,
           chiefly
           to
           prevent
           the
           present
           Sale
           of
           his
           Land
           ,
           in
           hopes
           of
           some
           favourable
           opportunity
           ,
           to
           pay
           the
           Debt
           some
           other
           way
           ;
           and
           having
           occasion
           to
           borrow
           one
           thousand
           pounds
           ,
           sets
           out
           threescore
           pounds
           
             per
             annum
          
           ;
           which
           he
           could
           have
           sold
           for
           so
           much
           Money
           ,
           and
           lays
           by
           the
           Profits
           every
           year
           ,
           to
           pay
           the
           Interest
           .
           Now
           ,
           if
           he
           pays
           but
           four
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           for
           Interest
           ;
           perhaps
           ,
           he
           may
           raise
           forty
           pounds
           
             per
             annum
          
           ,
           clear
           of
           all
           charges
           ,
           out
           of
           the
           sixty
           pounds
           
             per
             annum
          
           ,
           wherewith
           to
           pay
           the
           Interest
           ;
           but
           more
           than
           that
           ,
           he
           cannot
           hope
           to
           clear
           out
           of
           threescore
           pounds
           
             per
             annum
          
           :
           Nor
           if
           the
           Lender
           had
           purchased
           the
           same
           Estate
           ,
           could
           he
           have
           made
           clear
           of
           all
           charges
           ,
           more
           than
           forty
           pounds
           
             per
             annum
          
           ;
           so
           that
           ,
           it
           is
           plain
           ,
           that
           four
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           is
           the
           full
           value
           of
           the
           increase
           of
           money
           ,
           with
           respect
           to
           Purchases
           and
           Mortgages
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           if
           he
           pays
           two
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           more
           than
           he
           can
           raise
           by
           the
           benefit
           of
           the
           money
           borrowed
           ,
           he
           must
           run
           insensibly
           in
           Debt
           ;
           and
           the
           Cankered
           excess
           of
           Usury
           shall
           devour
           the
           Gentleman's
           Estate
           in
           a
           competent
           time
           ,
           at
           two
           thirds
           of
           the
           real
           value
           ,
           be
           the
           Gentleman
           never
           so
           Painful
           and
           Industrious
           to
           prevent
           it
           .
           It
           is
           therefore
           most
           clear
           ,
           that
           no
           
           Man
           can
           with
           a
           good
           Conscience
           take
           more
           Interest
           on
           any
           Security
           by
           Mortgage
           ,
           then
           the
           Profits
           of
           Land
           will
           answer
           on
           a
           Purchase
           .
        
         
           Or
           if
           One
           thousand
           Pounds
           were
           lent
           to
           a
           Trader
           ,
           unless
           he
           can
           have
           it
           at
           4
           
             l.
             per
             Cent.
          
           as
           it
           is
           Lent
           in
           other
           Countries
           ,
           he
           can
           neither
           afford
           to
           buy
           so
           dear
           by
           1
           
             l.
             per
             Cent.
          
           nor
           Sell
           so
           Cheap
           as
           forreign
           Merchants
           if
           he
           pays
           2
           
             l.
             per
             Cent.
          
           more
           for
           his
           Money
           ,
           and
           consequently
           ,
           must
           either
           be
           beat
           out
           of
           his
           Trade
           ,
           or
           forgoe
           so
           much
           of
           his
           reasonable
           Profits
           ,
           as
           upon
           any
           contingent
           Losses
           ,
           may
           hazard
           his
           Undoing
           ,
           while
           the
           Lender
           secures
           a
           certain
           exorbitant
           Gain
           out
           of
           the
           unprofitable
           Returns
           of
           the
           unsuccessful
           Merchant
           :
           Or
           if
           the
           Trader
           by
           purchasing
           his
           Money
           at
           too
           high
           an
           Interest
           ,
           do
           therefore
           inhance
           the
           price
           of
           his
           Commodity
           ,
           the
           Generality
           of
           the
           People
           become
           the
           Sufferers
           thereby
           .
        
         
           Such
           a
           dead
           weight
           ,
           and
           of
           so
           pernicious
           consequence
           ,
           is
           the
           payment
           of
           2
           
             l.
             per
             Cent.
          
           more
           than
           the
           common
           Interest
           in
           Foreign
           Countries
           ;
           that
           in
           bearing
           too
           hard
           upon
           the
           Merchant
           ,
           it
           overwhelms
           his
           Trade
           ,
           and
           destroys
           all
           that
           Traffick
           in
           his
           Ruine
           ,
           which
           might
           have
           been
           carried
           on
           by
           him
           ,
           and
           by
           his
           means
           ,
           derived
           with
           
           good
           advantage
           to
           many
           others
           ,
           or
           else
           inforces
           him
           to
           inhance
           the
           price
           of
           his
           Commodities
           ,
           to
           the
           oppression
           of
           the
           Subject
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           publick
           Grievance
           ,
           and
           ought
           in
           no
           sort
           to
           be
           indulged
           for
           the
           particular
           Benefit
           of
           the
           Selfish
           Lender
           .
        
         
           Nor
           will
           there
           be
           any
           Severity
           or
           Injustice
           in
           restraining
           the
           Interest
           of
           Money
           to
           4
           
             l.
             per
             Cent.
          
           since
           Foreign
           Nations
           that
           cannot
           pretend
           to
           have
           more
           plenty
           of
           Money
           than
           England
           ,
           do
           constantly
           Lend
           at
           4
           
             l.
             per
             Cent.
          
           or
           under
           ,
           as
           being
           convinced
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           an
           adaequate
           Interest
           for
           the
           Use
           of
           Money
           ,
           where
           a
           proportionable
           share
           of
           the
           Profit
           of
           such
           Money
           ,
           is
           as
           justly
           due
           to
           the
           Borrower
           ,
           imploying
           the
           same
           in
           Trade
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           Lender
           for
           the
           
           usu-Fruit
           thereof
           .
        
         
           
             Live
             and
             let
             Live
          
           ,
           is
           an
           honest
           and
           usual
           Saying
           in
           Trade
           ;
           And
           if
           the
           unconscionable
           Usurers
           ,
           insatiable
           Thirst
           after
           ungodly
           Gain
           ,
           will
           not
           permit
           him
           to
           say
           so
           .
           The
           Law
           may
           with
           great
           Justice
           compel
           him
           to
           do
           so
           ;
           For
           wherever
           common
           Convenience
           or
           Necessity
           requires
           any
           thing
           to
           be
           done
           for
           the
           Publick
           Welfare
           ,
           every
           Man
           owes
           a
           conformity
           thereto
           ,
           and
           many
           be
           restrained
           by
           Law
           from
           doing
           otherwise
           .
        
         
         
           Upon
           this
           Reason
           is
           grounded
           ,
           the
           Statute
           directing
           the
           price
           of
           Bread
           and
           Beer
           ,
           to
           be
           limited
           from
           time
           to
           time
           according
           to
           the
           price
           of
           Corn.
           And
           all
           Ingrossers
           ,
           Regraters
           and
           Forestallers
           are
           prohibited
           to
           Trade
           in
           a
           way
           so
           injurious
           to
           the
           Publick
           ;
           and
           one
           Weight
           and
           one
           Measure
           is
           required
           to
           be
           observed
           in
           Buying
           and
           Selling
           ,
           to
           prevent
           the
           crying
           Evils
           of
           Extortion
           and
           Oppression
           ,
           whereby
           Men
           are
           inhibited
           from
           making
           any
           private
           Gain
           to
           themselves
           ,
           that
           is
           inconsistent
           with
           the
           common
           Convenience
           of
           the
           Publick
           .
        
         
           There
           are
           many
           Arguments
           that
           may
           be
           brought
           against
           the
           cursed
           Vice
           of
           Extortion
           ,
           whereof
           excessive
           Usury
           may
           be
           accounted
           a
           principal
           Species
           ;
           but
           such
           as
           will
           not
           be
           convinced
           by
           these
           two
           plain
           Instances
           of
           Lending
           upon
           Mortgages
           ,
           or
           in
           Trade
           ,
           will
           be
           very
           deaf
           to
           any
           other
           perswasions
           with
           ,
           but
           the
           compulsory
           obligation
           of
           Law
           ,
           which
           is
           well
           known
           to
           have
           had
           a
           good
           effect
           in
           reducing
           Interest
           from
           Eight
           to
           Six
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           For
           which
           benefit
           the
           Nation
           might
           have
           waited
           long
           enough
           ,
           if
           the
           Usurer's
           Conscience
           had
           still
           remained
           a
           Law
           to
           himself
           .
        
         
         
           And
           since
           the
           General
           Use
           of
           Trade
           was
           never
           intended
           to
           be
           an
           occasion
           of
           inriching
           one
           Man
           by
           the
           impoverishment
           of
           another
           ,
           but
           to
           be
           a
           universal
           support
           to
           Mankind
           ,
           by
           a
           medium
           of
           Traffick
           and
           Commerce
           ,
           to
           communicate
           and
           impart
           to
           each
           other
           ,
           the
           conveniences
           of
           Life
           ,
           the
           Law
           has
           frequently
           interposed
           to
           oblige
           perverse
           and
           refractory
           Men
           to
           comply
           with
           such
           Rules
           and
           Measures
           in
           Trade
           ,
           as
           have
           been
           thought
           most
           conducing
           to
           the
           General
           Good
           of
           a
           Nation
           .
        
         
           Nor
           will
           it
           excuse
           to
           say
           ,
           Men
           are
           not
           compelled
           to
           take
           up
           Money
           at
           Interest
           ,
           and
           if
           they
           find
           they
           cannot
           afford
           to
           give
           6
           
             l.
             per
             Cent.
          
           for
           Money
           ,
           they
           may
           forbear
           to
           carry
           on
           a
           greater
           Trade
           then
           their
           own
           Money
           will
           enable
           them
           to
           undertake
           ;
           for
           the
           Government
           having
           an
           Interest
           in
           the
           promotion
           of
           Trade
           ,
           is
           consequently
           interested
           in
           the
           welfare
           of
           every
           Person
           that
           may
           be
           instrumental
           thereto
           ;
           and
           is
           concerned
           to
           see
           them
           ,
           not
           only
           accommodated
           ,
           but
           as
           much
           as
           may
           be
           ,
           incouraged
           in
           all
           things
           tending
           to
           the
           advancement
           of
           Traffick
           and
           Commerce
           .
        
         
         
           Thus
           the
           Law
           requires
           Inn-keepers
           to
           accommodate
           Travellers
           at
           a
           reasonable
           price
           ;
           and
           the
           like
           constraint
           is
           by
           Law
           on
           Butchers
           ,
           Brewers
           ,
           Bakers
           ,
           and
           others
           ,
           to
           Sell
           their
           Victuals
           at
           a
           reasonable
           Price
           ;
           and
           yet
           these
           Persons
           have
           as
           much
           ,
           and
           as
           good
           a
           Propriety
           in
           their
           respective
           Commodities
           ,
           as
           any
           Man
           has
           in
           his
           Money
           ;
           And
           it
           might
           as
           well
           be
           said
           ,
           that
           Men
           are
           not
           under
           a
           necessity
           to
           buy
           of
           the
           Butcher
           ,
           for
           that
           they
           may
           kill
           their
           own
           Victuals
           ,
           if
           they
           please
           :
           But
           Money
           being
           as
           Essential
           to
           Trade
           as
           Victuals
           are
           ,
           to
           the
           support
           of
           Life
           ;
           and
           the
           Publick
           Interest
           ,
           being
           alike
           concerned
           in
           the
           circumstances
           of
           both
           Cases
           ;
           they
           both
           fall
           under
           the
           same
           Reason
           in
           the
           Law
           ,
           and
           are
           equally
           subjected
           to
           the
           same
           Considerations
           and
           measures
           of
           Justice
           .
        
         
           A
           further
           Consideration
           for
           the
           improvement
           of
           Trade
           ,
           may
           be
           by
           a
           reasonable
           endeavour
           ,
           to
           multiply
           our
           People
           ;
           For
           as
           Land
           cannot
           yield
           its
           utmost
           increase
           ,
           but
           through
           Men's
           Labour
           and
           Pains
           ;
           Nor
           can
           such
           increase
           be
           improved
           to
           the
           best
           advantage
           ,
           but
           by
           the
           application
           of
           many
           hands
           :
           And
           since
           there
           are
           many
           parts
           of
           England
           uncultivated
           ,
           that
           would
           
           maintain
           Thousands
           of
           Families
           in
           way
           of
           Farming
           ;
           And
           Ten
           times
           as
           many
           Thousand
           Families
           would
           be
           maintained
           in
           Subserviency
           ,
           out
           of
           the
           Trade
           and
           Manufacture
           that
           would
           necessarily
           arise
           from
           the
           produce
           of
           such
           Farms
           .
           It
           follows
           then
           of
           Consequence
           ,
           that
           the
           Nation
           is
           deficient
           in
           the
           want
           of
           so
           much
           Wealth
           and
           Plenty
           ,
           as
           might
           be
           gained
           by
           the
           increase
           and
           assistance
           of
           so
           many
           Thousand
           People
           .
        
         
           To
           effect
           which
           great
           advantages
           ,
           the
           Gentry
           of
           England
           may
           please
           to
           bethink
           themselves
           ,
           how
           much
           it
           is
           there
           Interest
           to
           reside
           in
           those
           Countries
           where
           their
           Estates
           lye
           ;
           and
           may
           ,
           if
           they
           please
           ,
           consider
           how
           much
           it
           is
           their
           Duty
           by
           a
           tacite
           condition
           annexed
           to
           that
           Estate
           ,
           that
           is
           descended
           on
           them
           from
           their
           Ancestors
           ,
           by
           their
           Example
           :
           Authority
           ,
           Incouragement
           and
           assistance
           ,
           to
           preserve
           good
           Government
           and
           good
           Husbandry
           among
           the
           many
           inferior
           People
           in
           their
           Neighbourhood
           ,
           by
           which
           means
           ,
           and
           by
           repealing
           such
           rigorous
           Laws
           ,
           as
           drive
           our
           People
           beyond
           the
           Seas
           ;
           and
           by
           putting
           the
           Laws
           in
           execution
           against
           those
           many
           that
           live
           idly
           in
           and
           about
           London
           ,
           and
           elsewhere
           ,
           who
           subsist
           mostly
           by
           Stealing
           ,
           or
           Cheating
           ,
           or
           such
           like
           indirect
           Courses
           ,
           many
           such
           persons
           would
           be
           
           glad
           to
           forsake
           their
           present
           Habitations
           ,
           and
           wicked
           course
           of
           life
           ,
           and
           returning
           to
           their
           own
           Countries
           ,
           betake
           themselves
           to
           a
           way
           of
           Husbandry
           .
        
         
           Another
           defect
           ,
           is
           the
           Imprisonment
           of
           Men's
           Persons
           for
           Debt
           ,
           which
           seldom
           or
           never
           procures
           the
           payment
           of
           what
           is
           owing
           ,
           and
           yet
           many
           an
           unfortunate
           Man
           ,
           who
           by
           reason
           of
           his
           Poverty
           ,
           could
           no
           longer
           continue
           a
           Master
           ,
           might
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           his
           liberty
           ,
           become
           a
           useful
           Servant
           ,
           and
           thereby
           contribute
           something
           to
           the
           Publick
           ;
           But
           while
           he
           continues
           in
           Prison
           ,
           he
           is
           not
           only
           unserviceable
           to
           himself
           and
           his
           Creditors
           ,
           but
           unprofitable
           and
           buthensome
           to
           his
           Country
           ,
           in
           respect
           of
           that
           Charity
           that
           is
           thereby
           diverted
           from
           the
           Sick
           and
           Infirm
           ,
           in
           relieving
           these
           Walking
           Ghosts
           ,
           or
           Men
           halfe
           buried
           alive
           ,
           while
           the
           Nation
           is
           deprived
           of
           the
           Service
           and
           Benefit
           of
           those
           Thousands
           of
           People
           that
           Labour
           under
           such
           hard
           circumstances
           ,
           to
           which
           they
           are
           subjected
           by
           a
           barbarous
           Inhumanity
           ,
           indulging
           Revenge
           ,
           purely
           for
           Revenge
           sake
           .
           But
           I
           rely
           not
           on
           either
           of
           these
           Expedients
           ,
           for
           I
           fear
           there
           is
           too
           much
           infatuation
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           to
           expect
           any
           such
           Conduct
           in
           the
           one
           Case
           ,
           and
           too
           little
           Charity
           to
           expect
           so
           much
           good
           Nature
           in
           the
           other
           .
        
         
         
           The
           most
           effectual
           Remedy
           therefore
           may
           probably
           be
           this
           .
           To
           Grant
           one
           General
           Freedom
           and
           Priviledge
           for
           all
           Persons
           and
           their
           Families
           ,
           to
           come
           into
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           enjoy
           the
           benefit
           of
           our
           Laws
           ,
           equally
           with
           all
           other
           our
           Native
           Subjects
           ,
           upon
           some
           solemn
           Declaration
           to
           be
           by
           them
           subscribed
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           inrolled
           ,
           whereby
           they
           shall
           promise
           an
           entire
           submission
           and
           subjection
           to
           this
           Government
           ,
           and
           take
           the
           Oath
           of
           Allegiance
           ,
           which
           would
           be
           a
           sufficient
           Caution
           and
           Ceremony
           to
           introduce
           them
           amongst
           us
           ,
           without
           imposing
           any
           other
           Test
           upon
           them
           ;
           That
           being
           principally
           intended
           and
           provided
           to
           secure
           us
           against
           those
           that
           were
           to
           be
           admitted
           to
           Offices
           of
           Trust
           ,
           wherein
           they
           might
           have
           some
           Influence
           on
           the
           Government
           :
           But
           as
           to
           the
           Trading
           part
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           it
           was
           never
           apprehended
           necessary
           to
           apply
           a
           Caution
           so
           extraordinary
           towards
           such
           ;
           Nor
           can
           it
           be
           prudential
           to
           create
           Difficulties
           ,
           that
           may
           obstruct
           the
           Trade
           and
           Welfare
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           where
           there
           is
           more
           of
           Humour
           than
           Necessity
           requiring
           it
           ;
           And
           perhaps
           it
           is
           not
           without
           great
           Offence
           ,
           that
           so
           mysterious
           and
           Religious
           a
           Duty
           should
           be
           made
           subservient
           to
           Secular
           Ends
           and
           Purposes
           .
        
         
         
           From
           what
           has
           been
           thus
           represented
           ,
           in
           as
           short
           a
           Discourse
           as
           the
           Subject
           matter
           could
           be
           well
           comprehended
           ;
           may
           be
           drawn
           these
           Observations
           .
        
         
           That
           Trade
           does
           contribute
           in
           a
           very
           great
           measure
           ,
           to
           the
           Honour
           ,
           Strength
           ,
           Wealth
           and
           Preservation
           of
           our
           Government
           .
        
         
           That
           the
           principal
           Foundation
           of
           our
           Trade
           ,
           is
           derived
           out
           of
           the
           Land
           and
           the
           Sea.
           
        
         
           That
           the
           produce
           of
           the
           Land
           and
           of
           the
           Sea
           is
           improved
           by
           Manufacture
           and
           Merchandize
           .
        
         
           That
           the
           Multiplicity
           of
           People
           increase
           Manufacture
           and
           Merchandize
           .
        
         
           That
           Money
           is
           the
           principal
           medium
           ,
           whereby
           People
           promote
           Trade
           .
        
         
           That
           Land
           which
           is
           a
           Substantial
           valuable
           and
           lasting
           Fund
           ;
           being
           made
           a
           safe
           and
           ready
           security
           ,
           whereon
           Money
           may
           be
           borrowed
           
           at
           a
           reasonable
           Interest
           :
           A
           great
           part
           of
           the
           Coyn
           that
           lies
           Dead
           ,
           would
           more
           freely
           be
           dispersed
           ,
           in
           a
           Circulation
           of
           Traffick
           and
           Commerce
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .