# bib

id: 31796
title: Logic, Inductive and Deductive
author: Minto, William
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  Propter Hoc._ (2) Meaning of Cause--Methods of Observation "class" in Logic are fixed by the common attributes. word may be used either way, but logically in any actual proposition use of general names in predication, their ground in thought and poet_ is a general name: it means certain qualities, and applies to The concern of Practical Logic is chiefly with forms of proposition that the same form of Common speech may cover different subjects and These propositions exemplify different ways in common speech of naming differences in a common character, the division is not a logical The meaning of Inference generally is a subject of dispute, and the conclusions and arguments of common speech to definite terms thus forms of argument in which two terms are reasoned together by means of in general propositions, are from the point of view of the observer, II.--MEANING OF "CAUSE".--METHODS OF OBSERVATION--MILL''S EXPERIMENTAL


id: 2412
title: The Categories
author: Aristotle
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  both cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action, or affection. sense those things are called substances within which, as species, the as a primary substance is; the words ''man'', ''animal'', are predicable of Yet species and genus do not merely indicate quality, like the term contrary of any primary substance, such as the individual man or that substances admit contrary qualities. be said to be capable of admitting contrary qualities. contrary qualities; for a substance admits within itself either disease will come about that the same subject can admit contrary qualities at though substance is capable of admitting contrary qualities, yet no one appear to be true in all cases that correlatives come into existence those things only are properly called relative in the case of which fact that the things which in virtue of these qualities are said to be


id: 1598
title: Euthydemus
author: Plato
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  Crito, Cleinias, Euthydemus, Dionysodorus, Ctesippus. and then I said to Cleinias: Here are two wise men, Euthydemus and Certainly, Socrates, said Dionysodorus; our art will do both. Then, Cleinias, he said, those who do not know learn, and not those who Yes, I said, Cleinias, if only wisdom can be taught, and does not But I think, Socrates, that wisdom can be taught, he said. Yes, Euthydemus, said Ctesippus; but in saying this, he says what is Yes, Euthydemus, said Ctesippus; but he speaks of things in a certain CRITO: And do you mean, Socrates, that the youngster said all this? SOCRATES: And does the kingly art make men wise and good? Yes, I said, I know many things, but not anything of much importance. Very true, said Ctesippus; and do you think, Euthydemus, that he ought Why, Socrates, said Dionysodorus, did you ever see a beautiful thing?


id: 4763
title: The Game of Logic
author: Carroll, Lewis
txt: ./txt/4763.txt
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  Thus, in order to make good sense of the Proposition "some new Cakes the ''SUBJECT'' of the Proposition, and "nice (Cakes)" the ''PREDICATE''. compartment, they must have the double ''ATTRIBUTE'' "new and nice": knowing what Attributes belong to the Things in any compartment. As the Subject of our Proposition is to be "new Cakes", we are only by saying "Let us take a Universe of Cakes." (Sounds nice, doesn''t would mean "no x are y''," or, "no new Cakes are not-nice." Now let us take "NICE Cakes" as the Subject of Proposition: that nice''; and NOW you tell us that it means ''some NICE Cakes are NEW''! there are SOME Cakes in the oblong consisting of No. 11 and No. 12: so we place our red counter, as in the previous example, on what Attributes belong to the Things contained in each compartment. Let "things" be Universe; m="fat"; x="pigs";


id: 6560
title: Deductive Logic
author: Stock, St. George William Joseph
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  meaning of a common term, like ''man'' or ''horse,'' is not so obvious as subject-terms are names of things in or out of predication. attribute whiteness is a thing, the word ''whiteness'' is a term.], attributes, it follows that any term which is not the name of a thing The subject-term, ''man,'' and its corresponding attributive, propositions assumes a knowledge of the precise meaning of terms, that assumes the form of an E proposition, with a negative term for its into its contradictory term, the original meaning of the proposition When the middle term is predicate in the major premiss and subject in terms in three propositions, that is, 256 possible forms of syllogism. term is in this figure predicate both in the major premiss and in the and so to a simple proposition with a negative term for subject. proposition becomes either subject or predicate to one of the terms in


id: 10731
title: The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer; the Art of Controversy
author: Schopenhauer, Arthur
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  wrong--_per fas et nefas_.[1] A man may be objectively in the right, other words, the art of attaining the appearance of truth, regardless the proposition alleged to be true, now gives way to the interests of makes no difference whatever to the objective truth of the matter. propositions that are not true, should your opponent refuse to admit but true for your opponent, and argue from the way in which he thinks, an objective and universally valid character; in that case my proof is beauty in a work of art, as it is its truth which produces the that the _idea_, and, consequently, the beauty of a work of art, exist feeling of the truth of the saying, that a man shows what he is by the For if a man is intelligent, he feels pain The man of intellect or genius, on the other hand, has more of the


id: 36801
title: A Logic of Facts; Or, Every-day Reasoning
author: Holyoake, George Jacob
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  great text-book of knowledge and the only weapon of truth, ''men''s minds, Logic has nothing to do with the truth of the facts, opinions, or to _pre-suppose_ the knowledge of facts and terms, the great instruments reasoning powers of man with experiments for the improvement of natural Logic is a general guide to the discovery of truth, and teaches us A fact is commonly called a truth, but this practice leads to great A fact is only an element in truth, A logical of an argument--a truth is the inference from the facts. a logical truth, a proposition which admits of demonstration. Observation** of nature is the only source of truth. we use respectively the terms observation, experiment, and induction, proper food of man, and cites facts to prove his assertion--reasons. * When we reason from a general law or principle, we are in truth


id: 39964
title: The Positive Outcome of Philosophy The Nature of Human Brain Work. Letters on Logic.
author: Dietzgen, Joseph
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summary:
  concepts the truth of which cannot be proved by reason, like the natural thought, in order to understand thus by the unit of human reason the philosophy can be a general and objective understanding, or "truth in nature of all concepts, of all understanding, all science, all thought understanding of the general method of thought processes to our special understand the nature of things, or their true essence, by means of Existence, or universal truth, is the general object, there arise quantities, general concepts, things, true perceptions, or Truth, like reason, consists in developing a general concept, the human being, of understanding the nature of things which is hidden nature of reason consists in generalizing sense perceptions, in natural universe is not a mere sum of all things, but truth and life. of logical reasoning to know that truth is the common nature of the


id: 40794
title: Essays in Experimental Logic
author: Dewey, John
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  logical determinations of brute fact, datum and meaning or ideal objects but means, instrumentalities, of knowledge: things by which we problem of how a subjective experience can beget objective knowledge. stimulus to that particular form of reflective thinking termed logical forms, and objectives of thought, apart from reference to particular experience to abstract thinking, from thought to fact, from things to of objective content, of reference and meaning to ideas, is states and events to ideas as logical _objects or contents_, that ideas, meanings, thoughts, ways of conceiving, comprehending, as meaning-of-datum, gets logical or intellectual or objective force; specifically different things in experience is the work of reflection, fact that the given subject-matter of thought is to be regarded wholly and terms of thought--judgment, concept, inference, subject, "thoughts," "meanings," and "facts," "existences," "the environment," same thing logically),[89] or the object of a practical judgment is


id: 40665
title: Studies in Logical Theory
author: Dewey, John
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  THOUGHT AND ITS SUBJECT-MATTER: THE GENERAL PROBLEM OF LOGICAL THEORY knows no two fixed worlds--reality on one side and mere subjective ideas This point of view makes it possible for logical theory to come to terms objective content, of reference and meaning to ideas, is unambiguous. categorized or disposed of as just ideas, meanings, thoughts, ways of given to the fragmentary meanings or ideas with which thought as it sets a question of the validity of the idea or meaning with which thought is The relations of thought to reality and of the elements of the judgment content of the idea succeeds in referring to the world of meanings, and fuller content in the objective world of meanings presented no problem, idea, the logical meaning] to the nature of the world, and, at the same judgments of value are in function and meaning objective, but also that


id: 38141
title: John Dewey''s logical theory
author: Howard, Delton Thomas
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  In his second article, on "Psychology as Philosophic Method," Dewey fact, Dewey says, results in such failures as are seen in Kant, Hegel, to establish self-consciousness as an experienced fact; and, Dewey In taking up the subject of the relation of psychology to logic, Dewey Dewey has in mind logic as a science of the forms of reality taken in the forms of experience, would represent logic of the type which Dewey There seems to exist, Dewey continues, "the idea that moral theory is Dewey presents here an instrumental theory of knowledge and concepts. identical terms the position taken in "Moral Theory and Practice." Dewey psychological theory, Dewey believes, tends to shut thought in to the Dewey''s psychology is linked up with his logical theory, as has already the first time, Dewey presents in complete form the logical theory which the psychology upon which Dewey''s logical theory is grounded: the


id: 41838
title: The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of Reasoning
author: Atkinson, William Walker
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  _general truths_ including _laws_ and _causes_, derived from particular Reasoning, or the inference of general truths from particular truths; and (2) Deductive Reasoning, or the inference of particular truths from _Inductive Reasoning_ proceeds by discovering a general truth from says: "The general truths from which we reason to particulars are classes all things having certain qualities or properties _in common_. analysis, and thus form a general idea or concept regarding the object. As we have seen, the general concept once having been formed, the mind proposition, let us proceed to consider the different kinds of terms, term_." In this form of reasoning _only one proposition is required for observations and facts regarding the process of Inductive Reasoning and which forms a part of the general subject of Deductive Reasoning. that great class of Reasoning known under the term--Deductive reasoning called ''Generalization.'' When _many things_ resemble each


id: 52945
title: Reformed Logic A System Based on Berkeley''s Philosophy with an Entirely New Method of Dialectic
author: McLachlan, D. B.
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  analysis of objects--Examples of Judgment and Argument--Use Objects have a totally different sort of existence from minds, for General Ideas are formed by the coincident imprint of several objects The objects that contribute to form a general idea or Class are of general ideas formed by other minds. Matter is the name given to the most general idea we can form of general idea arising from the comparison of objects in consciousness. Since general ideas are products of our own mental energy, and matter objective reality of things: we merely decline to confound a general (particular or general), or objects and ideas, so as to form systems of logic, and brings the general idea to bear on concrete arguments. In a complicated object or general idea some of the judgments we treat a general idea of some class of objects; or of establishing a be a single object or general idea), and applied to the case.


