The preternatural state of animal humours described by their sensible qualities, which depend on the different degrees of their fermentation and the cure of each particular cacochymia is performed by medicines of a peculiar specific taste, described : to this treatise are added two appendixes I. About the nature of fevers and their ferments and cure by particular tastes, II. Concerning the effervescence and ebullition of the several cacochymia's ... / by the author of Pharmacho bazagth. Floyer, John, Sir, 1649-1734. 1696 Approx. 437 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 145 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2008-09 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A39844 Wing F1389 ESTC R35680 15538920 ocm 15538920 103643 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. 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Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Medicine -- Early works to 1800. Body fluids -- Early works to 1800. 2006-12 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2006-12 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2007-02 John Latta Sampled and proofread 2007-02 John Latta Text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion Tractatum hunc cui Titulus THE PRETERNATURAL STATE OF Animal Humours , &c. Dignum judicamus quî Imprimatur . Samuel Collins , Praeses . Tho. Burwell , Rich. Torlesse , Will. Dawes , Thom. Gill , Censores . Dat. in Comitiis Censoriis ex Aedibus Collegii nostri , Dec. 6. 1695. THE Preternatural State OF ANIMAL HUMOURS DESCRIBED , BY THEIR Sensible Qualities , Which depend on the different degrees of their Fermentation . And the Cure of each particular Cacochymia is performed by Medicines of a peculiar Specific Taste , described . To this Treatise are added TWO APPENDIXES . I. About the Nature of Fevers , and their Ferments , and Cure by particular Tastes . II. Concerning the Effervescence and Ebullition of the several Cacochymia's ; on which all Inflammations , Tumours , Pains , and Fluxes of Humours depend ; especially those in the Gout and Asthma ; and the particular Tastes of the Medicines curing Ebullitions , are described . By the Author of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . LONDON , Printed by W. Downing , for Michael Johnson . And are to be Sold by Robert Clavel , Sam , Smith , and Benjamin Walford , in St. Paul's Church-Yard , 1696. TO THE Much Honoured Sir Charles Holt , Bar t. at Aston in Warwick-shire . Sir , YOUR great Skill and Judgment in the Practice of Physick , is so well known to all Your Countrey , as well as to many of the Learned'st of Our Faculty , that I can need no Apology for the Dedication of a Physical Treatise to You. If I Reflect on those Favours I have received from Your Honoured Family , they may justly claim this Expression of my Gratitude for Them : But I think my self most particularly Obliged to make this Publick Acknowledgement of those great Advantages I have had by Your Learned Conversation . Your Chymical Experiments have given me clear Notions of the Principles of many particular Bodies , and their Sensible Qualities , by Anatomical Dissections . You have procured for me some Animal Humours to Taste and Examine ; and by Your Microscopes , I have observed more of the Consistence of Fluids than I could otherways have known . These Notions which I here present You , were the Subject of our frequent Conferences ; and I never liked any of them so well as those Your Judgment approved of . When Your Kindness to Your Neighbours , or Charity to the Poor , Obliged You to prescribe Physick , ( which frequently You do ) I have observed , when I was called to any Consultation with You , Your exact Judgment in distinguishing the nicest Cases , Your Rational Prescriptions , grounded on the true Indications , taken from the History of the particular Case , and directed against the Cause of the Disease ; and also , Your great Value for Simple Medicines , prescribed in their due Quantity ; and I can most truly affirm , That a great Success always attended this rational Practice . Sir , Your exact Judgment in Physick deserves the highest Expressions of Esteem from the most Ingenious Writers in our Art ; but I must depend on that great Candor and Civility You constantly express to Our whole Faculty , for Your Accepting of the Patronage of these Papers which are Presented by Him who has a real Value both for Your Vertue and Learning ; and who am , SIR , Your most Humble And Faithful Servant , JOHN FLOYER . Lichfield , July 26 1695. THE PREFACE . IT is very reasonable , That the present Age should admit all the sensible Observations made on Human Bodies by the preceeding . And those it ought farther to explain and illustrate by the Philosophy of the present times ; for that of every Age soon alters , and the Variety of Hypotheses , and Terms , confounds all Ordinary Readers ; and the present being so extravagantly different from those of Ages very remote , the Old Authors become most unacceptable to the Moderns ; but they who are conversant in all the Natural Phaenomena will easily take the Sense both of the Old and New Writers , and give a candid Censure of Both. My Design in this Treatise , is , To explain Animal Humours by the Observations given of them by the Ancients , as well as by those Improvements made by Modern Philosophy , Chymistry , and Anatomy . The Ancient Physicians explained Animal Humours by sensible Qualities ; and also their Morbid State by the same . By the Touch they explained the Heat , which shews us the high degree of Fermentation in our Humours ; and the Cold intimates the Depression of our Natural Fermentation . By the same Sense they observed the Moisture , by which we understand the Fulness of the Habit of the Body , and intimates a Plethoric State of Humours ; and the Dryness of our Bodies is evident in thin , lean Habits , where the Nutritious Juyces are deficient . Because a high Fermentation or Digestion may happen in a full , moist Habit , or a lean , thin One , and a low Fermentation may happen in both , they have therefore observed various Compositions of our Constitutions , not dis-agreeable to the Nature of them , which depend on the particular Digestion , and quantity of our Humours , and not immediately on any Mixture of Qualities and Elements ; for particular Bodies , such as Plants and Animals , cannot be explained by those general Elements , which constitute the great Mass of Matter in the World ; but both have their Origin from some Matter prepared . By Fermentation or Digestion , Plants theirs from a Bituminous Nutriment ; and Animals theirs from an Albuminous Liquor . Chyle was not esteemed by the Ancients any of the Humours ; but from it they deduced the several Humours constituting the Blood. The Red Part of Blood they most particularly called Blood , which tinges the whole Mass , and makes the Blood and Face florid . They described it as hot , moist , and sweet ; and by these contrary Tastes , viz. the Cold , the Dry , the Bitter , they used to correct it . The Choler they observed by the Yellowness in the Arterial Blood. They described it as hot , fiery , bitter , acrid , and dry ; and to correct it , they used the Cold and Moist Tastes : But we observe , as the Salso-Acid of Urin corrects Coloquintida Bitterness , so the Salt of Blood and Chyle alters the Taste of the Choler mixed with both , and makes it sweet or insipid ; and Lixiviums have the same effect on Choleric Humours . The Bilis Nigra made the Body , and Blood , and Spleen black , cold , dry , and Humours acid ; and by the warm , sweet and humid Tastes they corrected it . They observed that Blackness was given to Oyly Humours by Adustion . Phlegm was described , as the coldest Humour , sweet , and moist , and preternaturally acid , and salt ; and these they esteemed the Matter of all Defluxions , as , in reality , the lacteal and serous Lympha's be ; but the sweet Phlegm is the chylous Liquor . The hot and dry Tastes are contrary to Phlegm . They observed , That Heat corrects Cold ; Moisture , Dryness ; and sweet and oyly things , the Acerbity and Austerity of Humours . Though the Serum and fibrous Cake of the Blood were the chief Parts of the Mass of Blood , and well known to the Ancients , yet it did not agree with their Hypothesis to make them Principles of the sanguineous Mass ; but the mentioned Humours , by exceeding in quantity or quality , produced these several Cacochymia , and Defluxions of Humours . The Old Writers wanted a full Knowledge of Fermentation , by which the chief morbid Alterations are produced in the Humours ; and they attributed their preternatural State either to Crudity of Digestion , or Adustion . There is a remarkable Instance in Galen , which shews most plainly a Notion , not much different from Wine , about the Preparation of our Humours , viz. The Blood is in the middest of those Humours we call bilious ; and those whose Genus is called by one Name , the crude Humour or Phlegm ; for they are produced by over-digestion of Blood ; but these by its imperfect Digestion ; and there are innumerable differences of both kinds . And in another place he asserts , That both Biles are from an Excess of Heat , and Acidity from Indigestion , and Saltness from Putrefaction . A pure Temperament is only an Idaea of Fancy ; but that which comes nearest to it , is the sanguineous Constitution , in which there is the most exact Digestion of Humours ; and because there is also the greatest Sweetness of them , there is generally a Fulness of the Habit of the Body from the quantity of Nutriment , and a Floridity in the Face from the good Digestion of the Red part of the Blood ; and here the Nutritious Humours are most free from those ill qualities , which make them unapt to assimilate , or which stimilate the Sensible Parts to evacuate them out of the Body . The various natural Constitutions or Qualities in Wines , resemble the various Temperaments of our Humours , which , like them , depend on some certain degree of Fermentation natural to both ; and because that degree of Digestion causes sometimes the watery or slimy , sometimes the acid or acerb , or the oyly Sweetness , to predominate , the Ancient Writers believed that this depended on the greater Mixture of some of the Elements . The Crude Wines , are the Waterish , the Austere , the Acerb , the Pendulous or Slimy , the New , Sweet , Flatulent ; but those Wines which depend on a very high Digestion of vegetable Juyces , are the bitter Wines , the old , hot , spirituous and sharp ; the faeculent , viscous or thick ; the fragrant or foetid . Many of these ill qualities are produced in Wines by long Keeping , or preternatural Preparations of them . By a weak Fermentation a pendulous Sliminess is produced , which answers a pituitous State , or an Acerbity , which resembles the Tartar of our Humours , or Waterishness , which is like the Serosity of our Blood. By over-Fermentation , or long Keeping , Wine becomes bitter , as the Caecubum ; sharp , as in Hock , like the vitriolic Acidity ; they grow thick , like the Viscidity of our Humours ; or foetid , like the putrid State of them . These are the preternatural States of Wines , and Animal Humours , occasioned by various Fermentations , which Galen observed , when he explains the Alteration of Humours by new , sweet Wine fermenting by its own Heat ; and he compares the Effervescence on the Wine to Choler , and the Faeces to Melancholy . Many Phaenomena may more easily be explained now , than they could be in former Ages , when the Circulation of Humours , the fermentative Dissolution of our Meats , and the Defluxions through particular Glands , were unknown . The Motion of particular Humours was accounted for , by the Old Writers , by the Attraction of Parts , which drew their like ; but the Pulse , which circulates several Humours , as well as the Blood , better explains all the Motion of Humours . Galen observes Two Species of Styptics ; and that the Styptic Quality is greater in the Acerb , than the Austere ; but the Explication of the Virtues of Specific Medicines he imputes to their Substance , which may be more easily made by the particular Taste of them , which raises or depresses the Fermentation of Humours , and they frequently have a Similitude or Contrariety to the Secretitious Humours in Taste and Quality . The Ancients imputed Sanguification to the Liver ; but we , more properly , to the Gall , and a Mixture of the Salt Lympha's , and also a long Circulation with the Blood it self . The Digestion of Meat was explained by Heat , which the Moderns more clearly deduce from a Fermentation which half putrefies the Food , and dissolves it out of its hollow Fibers , whether they be Animal or Vegetable ; for it is their Juyces chiefly which are our Food ; for the solid Parts turn into Excrements . But the best Explication we can yet give of the Vital and Animal Spirit , is not much different from that of Galen , who affirms , That the Vital Spirits are bred in the Arteries and Heart , and that the Matter of them is from the Air inspired , and the Vapours of the Blood , and that the Animal Spirits are made out of the Vital . This Hypothesis is more fully explained in another Book ascribed to Galen , de usu Respirationis ; Constat autem vires corporis esse ex nervorum tensione , causa autem tensionis nervi nulla est alia quam spiritus nervum inflans — spiritum autem voca , non solum vaporem sanguinis , sed etiam aerem inspiratum , qui ei admiscetur . The innate Heat differs not from the Vital Spirit , which he deduces from an unctuous Humour in the Blood , after the same manner as Flame is produced from the Oyl of a Lamp , and both are in a continual Motion , like the Water of a River . All the Eructations he imputes to the Air , which , mixed with our Meats , create Wind , and this Air passes included in the Pores both of our solid and liquid Meats ; and this , upon Fermentation of our Food , is intermixt with its light or volatile Parts , and gives them that Elasticity observable in all fermented Liquors ; and these Elastic Particles give a strong Pungency to the Taste , and a strong Odor to the Smell : These rarefie fermented Liquors into Bubbles , and give the great force in breaking their Vessels ; and these easily evaporate into Air , having that naturally in their Mixture ; but that the Spirits are not purely Aerial , is evident , because they both Smell and Taste of their Vegetable . These Spirits we artificially separate in Distilling Brandy Spirits , which are evidently light , oyly Parts mixt with a volatile Acid. Windy Spirits we commonly experience upon the Digestion of our Meats in the Primae Viae , and there we feel Inflations , and find windy Bubbles in the Contents of the Intestines ; and we observe no Liquor so full of them , as the fermented be . All spirituous Liquors of Vegetables inflame our Animal and Vital Spirits , by producing an Effervescence and Heat in the Blood , and some Affection in the Nerves , of Tremor , Stupidity , or Giddiness . And since our Juyces are made of the Vegetable , they are probably fermentiscible like them . The Semen puts Females into a Fever upon Impregnation ; and all Animal Humours which poyson , are putrefying Ferments . The Eggs of Insects ferment the Juyces of the Plants , into which they are inserted ; and there are many Poysonous Plants which certainly affect both the Blood and Spirits of Animals , which produce both Fever and Delirium . The greatest Poyson for Darts , is believed to be made of putrid Humours . It seems impossible to the Ancients , to impute the sudden Running of Pains to any other Cause ; but some of our Humours rarefied into Spirits , or Vapours . Melancholy Distempers are deduced from Spirits drawn from that Cacochymia . The Phrenitis from Choleric Spirits , and the Epilepsie from Fumes . As to the use of the Brain , Galen observes , That the Skins , and outward Part of the Brain , may be cut away without loss of Sense or Motion ; but when the Medullary Part of the Brain or Nerves is wounded , both perish . He asserts , That the Nerves bring the Faculty of Motion to the Muscles , by this Experiment ; If a Nerve be cut , or the Spinal Marrow , all the Parts below the Incision lose their Sense and Motion , but those above preserve it . He was as much perplexed about the Porosity of the Nerves , as the Moderns ; but neither can otherways explain the Diseases of the Nerves , than by supposing some Aerial , and innate Animal Particles , like Vapours , passing through the Nerves , to give them a Tension . And as no Age could ever doubt of the Passage of the Chyle into the Blood , before the Discovery of the Lacteals ; so we are forced to confess the Contents of the Nerves , though we can no way discern them ; for , upon the Death of an Animal , the Spirits may readily sink into the Muscles , or Veins , or Lymphatics , and Glandules ; or else be so Aerial , as many Liquors be , which evaporate upon the least approach of Air ; or else their Minute Canals suspend their Liquors , as small Glass-Pipes do : But it seems most probable , That proper Experiments have not yet been made , by Ligature or Incisions , in Living Animals , which might demonstrate the Nervine Lympha ; and it is impossible , at present , for us otherwise to explain the Nature of the Spirits , than by comparing them to Air or Fire , till we can , by some lucky Experiment , discover the Contents of the Nerves , and their particular Qualities . I have added Two Appendixes to this Treatise of Animal Humours ; The First describes the Nature of Fevers , and their Ferments ; and the Second deduces many Diseases from the simple Ebullition , Effervescence or Orgasmus of the Blood , on which most Inflammations , Tumours , Pains , and Fluxes of Humours , depend ; and without a due respect to that Effervescence , none of the mentioned Diseases can be rationally cured . In the ensuing Treatise I have endeavoured to explain the Opinion of the Ancients , in all their Discourse of Fevers ; but we are obliged to the Ingenious Car. Piso , for giving the first hint of Diseases depending on an Effervescence of the Serum ; but that wanted a farther Explication , because he knew not the Circulation of Humours , nor the Use of the Glands , nor the true Nature of the Serum of the Blood , and that the Effervescence is in the Mass of Blood , and the Serum has only a violent Motion given by the Ebullition , which forces it to pass those Glands , through which the Fluxion is made ; and that Pains cause Fluxions , only by stopping the Circulation of Humours , by contracting the Vessels , by help of the Convulsed Nerves ; and that all Tumours happen by the Obstruction , or Stagnation of Humours in the Circulating Vessels . Books Printed for , and Sold by R. Clavel , at the Peacock in St. Paul's Church-Yard . THE Church History clear'd from the Roman Forgeries and Corruptions found in the Councils and Baronius : In Four Parts . From the Beginning of Christianity , to the end of the Fifth General Council , 553. By Thomas Comber , D. D. Dean of Durham . Aristophanis Comoediae Duae , Plutus & Nubes , cum Scholiis Graecis Antiquis . Quibus adjiciuntur Notae quaedam simul cum Gemino Indice . In usum Studiosae Juventutis . The Reasons of Praying for the Peace of Jerusalem : In a Sermon Preached before the Queen at White-Hall , on the Fast-Day ; being Wednesday August 29. 1694. By Thomas Comber , D. D. Dean of Durham , and Chaplain in Ordinary to Their Majesties . Printed by Their Majesties Special Command . A Daily Office for the Sick ; Compil'd out of the Holy Scriptures , and the Liturgy of our Church ; with occasional Prayers , Meditations , and Directions . The Catechisms of the Church , with Proofs from the New Testament , and some additional Questions and Answers , divided into Twelve Sections , by Z. J. D. D. Author of the Book lately Published , Entituled , A Daily Office for the Sick , with Directions , &c. A Church Catechism , with a brief and easie Explanation thereof , for the help of the meanest Capacities and Weakest Memories , in Order to the Establishing them in the Religion of the Church of England , by T. C. Dean of D. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : Or , The Touch-stone of Medicines . Discovering the Vertues of Vegetables , Minerals , and Animals , by their Tastes and Smells . In Two Volumes : By Sir John Floyer of the City of Lichfield , K t. M. D. of Queens-College , Oxford . The Pantheon , Representing the Fabulous Histories of the Heathen Gods , and most Illustrious Heroes ; in a short , plain and familiar Method , by way of Dialogue , for the Use of Schools . Written by Fra. Pomey , of the Society of Jesus ; Author of the French and Latin Dictionary , for the Use of the Dauphin . What Mistakes have happened I desire may be corrected by the Errata's here annexed . PAg. 11. l. 2. it ought to run thus , The Fat is produced from the Buttery part of Chyle . p. 26. after , and that depends on , is omitted in the last Line secretitii . 33. l. 18. the stop after sometime . 43. l. 6. so they are , r. which are . l. 11. cold not old . 44. l. 21. dele as in Rhue . 45. l. 2. r. Cure instead of are . l. 11. one drachm not one Ounce . l. 19. Catchup , divide it from Mango . l. 48. omit the Comma betwixt Milk and Water . 49. l. ●3 . for which Flames , r. with Flannel . 53. l. 10. dele so . 66. ●●● 8. r. pungent . 83. l. 25. r. compare . 95. l. 21. r. Hog Fenil . 96. l. 20. r. acid not acrid . 102. l. 16. r. for not fat . 107. l. 25. r. rapid . 112. l. 22. r. fat Cows , not Faulcon . 114. l. 14. r. Flowers , not Flames . 117. l. 10. no breach . 127. l. 15. r. soon , not some . 129. l. 1. r. the. 155. l. 24. r. are . 157. l. 17. r. preter , not pretty . 171. l. 8. r. Stomach , not Sumach . 181. l. 2. r. Onions , not Crocus . 188. l. 24. r. from , not above . 199. l. the last . r. Aq. Panatae . 191. l. 1. r. mild , not wild . 202. l. 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 206. l. 22. dele as . 208. l. 28. r. of , not or . 209. l. 21. add less . 211. l. 11. r. for , not so . 224. l. 2. r. Bursa pastoris . dele and. 260. stop after Italy , the , not they . add of after use . 261. l. 6. r. Oxymels . THE Preternatural State OF ANIMAL HVMOVRS described , &c. CHAP. I. Of Diseases in General , and particularly of those of the Solid Parts . THE Ancient Doctrine of Hippocrates , divided the Parts of an Animal , into the Containing and Contained : The Containing are the Vessels , and the Parts Contained are the Humours , amongst which we reckon the Spirits , which are also of a Fluid Nature . The Anatomy of an Embryo evidently confirms this Doctrine ; for at its first formation and increase in the Egg , there appears nothing but Humours and Membranes containing them , which are plainly of a Nervous Nature . The first Stamina which appear in an Embryo after Incubation , are probably the Arteries , which have some Pulse ; and from these arise all the Viscera and Vessels , as Veins , Lymphatics , Nerves , and Glandules . The Veins , in which the thicker Mass circulates ; the Lymphatics into which the Serum of the Blood is received from the Arteries : The Glands ( which are Conglomerate ) are vascular , and are prolongations of the Arteries designed for the secretion of Humours ; the Brain is also vascular ; and the Nervous Fibrillae also , like the other Lymphatics , receive a clear Lympha from the Arteries , and seem to return their Nervous lympha by the conglobate Glands into the Lymphatics ; the substance of the Spleen , Kidneys , and Liver , is also Glandulous , arising from the Arteries . Since the Arteries not only appear first in an Embryo , but also they supply all the other Vessels with their several Liquors , I do not improbably assert , That they are the Root of all the Animal Vessels and Solid Parts . The Fibrillae of the Brain compose the several Membranes of the Body , which cover the Vessels , Viscera , and constitute the substance of the Lungs , Guts , Stomach , Skin ; and the Flesh of all the Muscles is made up of these Membranous Fibers , which their Membranous Tendons evidently prove . Nothing is observed in an Embryo , more hard , firm , and solid , than its Membranes ; so that its Bones , Teeth , Nails , Hair , and Horns , were at first tender Membranous Fibrillae , stuffed with a viscid Nutriment , from which they have their rigidity and hardness ; so the Woody substance of Vegetables is only a bundle of hollow tender Pipes ; and after the same manner the solidity of the parts of Animals may be produced . By the preceeding Description we may observe , that all the Parts of the Body are originally of the same Membranous or Nervous Nature , and therefore they are really to be accounted Similar , and from the various conformation of the Similar Parts , and their complications , arise all the Dissimilar Parts ; so from the Veins , Nerves , Bones , Membranes , all the Organical Parts are framed , which are designed for sensible Impressions , as the Eye , or Ear , &c. or some Animal Motion , as the Muscles ; or the Preparation of the Animal Humours , as the Stomach and Guts ; or the Secretion of them , as the Glandulous Viscera . Since all the Animal Parts , are either Vessels which make the Solid Parts , or else Humours and Spirits , which make the Fluid , I will divide all the Diseases of an Animal according to those Parts ; viz. into , 1. The Diseases of the Solid Parts . 2. The Diseases of the Humours . 3. The Diseases of the Spirits , which are the most Fluid , or Aerial Parts of our Humours . 1. The Intemperies of the Solid Parts , depends on , 1. The Humours circulating through them , as the Blood and Spirits , and they communicate either a sense of Heat or Coldness to them . A dry Intemperies is only a defect of the Nutritious Juices , and a moist Intemperies a fulness of the Nutritious Liquor . 2. The Humour which nourishes the Solid Parts , must give them their quality with their Nutriment ; an oyly hot Blood will give a Nutriment of the same quality : An Acid Nutriment will produce a Coldness in the Parts , a Viscid Nutriment gives a Dryness , and a Serous an Hydropical Humour . And since the Intemperies depends on those Humours , the correcting of their several preternatural States , cures all these preternatural dispositions of the Similar Parts ; for these may be esteemed as Symptoms depending on the other , and need not be more particularly Treated of . But I will only add , that the Transient Intemperies depends on the circulating Humours , and is soon altered , but the permanent , which depends on nutriment , more difficultly . 2. The due Magnitude of a Part , is either increased by too much Nourishment , or by fulness of viscid Humours impacted , and the due natural Magnitude is abated by the defect of the Nutriment , or the obstruction of the Vessels by viscid Humours ; so that this Species of the Diseases of the Solid Parts , depends on the different state and motion of Humours , and that being altered , the preternatural Magnitude is Cured . 3. The natural Cavities of the Solid part or its Vessels , are chiefly obstructed by viscid or coagulated Humours , and on them depends the Cure of Obstructions , which also sometimes depends on an External Tumour compressing the Vessels , or the growing together of its Vessels after an Vlcer . 4. The Tone of a Solid part is altered by the Relaxation of its Nervous Fibers , which happens through defect of the Spirits , or the obstruction of the Vessels by viscid Humours ; and therefore this Diseased State is cured by supplying the quantity , or altering the quality of the Humours . The curing of the vitiated Tone of a part which depends on too much Extension , or Humidity of it , belongs to Chirurgery . 5. The Continuity of the Solid Parts is vitiated by the Plethora of Humours , which burst the Vessels ; or the Corrosive quality , which eats them . The Cure of Wounds properly belongs to Chirurgeons . 6. The Natural and voluntary Motion of Parts depends on the Influx of Spirits , and other right dispositions of the Organs , so that all preternatural alterations of Motion , whether increased , lessened , depraved , or abolished , depend on the different disposition of Organs and Motions of the Spirit , and by rectifying them are Cured . 7. The Pain of the Solid Parts is the corrugation , or violent agitation of their Fibers when the Spirits are irritated by sharp Humours , or the Motion of Humours obstructed ; from Choler is a hot Burning pain ; a cool gnawing pain from Acid Melancholy Humours ; a Corrosive pain , neither Hot nor Cold , from the Salso-Acid Serum ; a Distending pain from rarefied windy Spirits ; a Heavy Pain from Pituitous Humours ; a Beating pain from the Pulse of the Artery ; a Tensive pain from the distention of the Parts by the fulness of Humours . These Diseases from Pain are onely Cured by evacuating the quantity , and altering the quality of the Humours . All other Pains depending on external Objects , relate to Chirurgery . 8. The Natural Figure of the Solid Parts may be altered , the Cure of which belongs to Chirurgery , when it does not depend on the fulness or vitious State of Humours . 9. The number of Parts exceeding or deficient , is properly supplied or abated by Chirurgery . 10. The undue Situation or connexion of Parts in Fractures , Luxations , Hernia's , or the Prolapsus of the Anus or Vterus , are to be rectified by Chirurgical means . These are the chief preternatural Indispositions of the Solid Parts , which hinder their Use and Actions ; and they are called the Diseases of the Solid Parts , or alterations from their Natural Constitution , State , or Qualities ; and I have observed , how far each of them depends on the preternatural State of Humours as their Cause , that they may be more easily Cured by removing that , and that the Species of Diseases might not unnecessarily be multiplied , but reduced to the sewest Heads . CHAP. II. Of the Preternatural State of the Humours , or the Diseases of the Fluid Parts . THE Fluid Part of an Animal Body is usually called the Humours , with which not only the Sanguineous , or Chyle , or Lymphatic Vessels do abound , but also all the Nervous and Membranous Tubes or Fibrillae , which are filled with a Spirituous Liquor , which is the Vehicle of the Animal Spirits , and many other Humours , secreted by their peculiar Glands from the Blood or Chyle , are contained in their Vessels , or rejected by Nature out of the Body . Although these Humours be of different kinds in an Adult Animal , yet whilst the Animalculum begins to increase in the Egg , they all have their Production from the white of the Egg , colliquated by the heat of the Hen ; and that Liquor which begins to circulate is white and serous at first , not unlike the Albuminous Nutriment by which it is Increased , but by the digestive heat of the Hen , and the long circulation , the several Parts of the Sanguineous Mass are produced . The Fibrous Parts of the Blood are produced from the Viscid Particles of the Albuminous Liquor , which , upon boyling , are made thick and white , of which Colour the Fibers of the Blood appear when they are washed with Water . The Red Part of the Blood is from the Oyly and Acid Parts long digested into a Purple Colour , and that tinges the whole Mass of Blood. The Serum or watery Vehicle , in which the other Parts swim , is only the Albuminous Liquor less digested . The Secretitious Humours of Animals arrive not at their Perfection in an Embryo , till after a long Circulation , Digestion , and Volatilization of their Principles , for their Spirits are poor and phlegmatic , their Choler but a little bitter , nor their Lympha very salt , nor their Blood much vitriolic ; for these Qualities are the Products of a stronger Heat , and a longer Digestion . In an Animal brought forth , the Chyle is the first and original Liquor , from which the Blood receives its several Parts . 1. It s Fibrous Parts are from the Caseous Parts of Chyle . 2. It s Oyly Red Part from the Butyrous Parts of Chyle . 3. It s Vitriolic Acid from the Acid Tartar of Chyle . 4. It s Serum is the Chyle it self in a middle state betwixt Chyle and Blood , whose waterish Particles are the same as was in the Chyle it self . These are the Principles of Animal Humours , out of which all the several kinds of them , according to their several degrees of Digestion or Mixture of those Principles , are naturally constituted and distinguished from one another . These following Humours are separated from Chyle it self , by the Conglomerate Glands , and therefore have the same Mixture of Principles , and a like Digestion as the Chyle it self . 1. The Spittle and the Pancreatic Juyce , whose Chylous Lympha's agree in their Vse , Colour , and Glandules . 2. The Lympha of the Guts and Stomach . 3. The Mucus of the Wind-Pipe and Nose , and many other Cavities , as that of the Joynts , is of a more Viscid Consistence , useful for the defending the Membranes of those Parts . 4. The Spirituous Lympha of the Brain , Eyes , and Nerves , serving for a Vehicle of the Spirits . 5. The Milk in the Breasts . 6. The Seminal Lympha's in both Sexes . 7. The Fat of Chyle is produced from the Buttery Parts . From the Serum of the Blood , is produced the Salt Lympha . 1. The Lympha of the Lymphatics . 2. The Nutritious Juyce in the Amnion , which is Saltish , and is designed for the Nourishment of the Embryo . 3. The Salt Lympha in the Pericardium , necessary for the Motion of the Muscles of the Heart . 4. The Salt Lympha of the Eyes . As the Milky Lympha's are designed chiefly for the producing of the Chyle , which is the first Digestion in an Animal ; so the Salt Lympha's are designed for the turning of it into the Serum of the Blood , by its Saltness , which must be esteemed the second degree of Digestion in Animal Humours . The third Digestion is when the Serum is fully sanguified , and the Secretitious Humours prepared , which require the highest Digestion , as the Spirits , the Semen , the Choler , and the Vitriolic Acid of the Blood. From the Blood it self well digested are separated these two Humours . 1. The Choler , which is precipitated from the Blood by the Vitriolic Acid of the Spleen , and was its Oyly and Red Part. 2. The Sub-acid and Slimy Humour of the Spleen , which is separated by the Spleen from the Viscid and Vitriolic Particles of the Blood ; and this chiefly serves the Separation of the Choler from the Blood ; but the Choler is designed for the correcting the Crudities of the Chyle ; and by this means the Liver sanguifies , and helps Chylification . I have given this large Catalogue of the Animal Humours , that the original Liquors , from whence each Secretitious Humour is prepared , may be observed , upon whose healthful Constitution the perfect natural Temper of each Secreted Humour depends . It would cause endless Repetitions to treat of the preternatural State of each Secreted Humour , for they have the same as their original Liquors , which are the Chyle , the Serum , and the Blood it self . 1. The Chyle must be well prepared by Fermentation from proper Food , and acquire that degree of Fermentation which is natural to each Animal . 2. The Chyle ought to be well changed , and digested into Serum . 3. The Serum must be truly sanguified by a long Digestion . 4. The Quantity of Humours ought to be proportionable to their Vessels , and to be contained in them . 5. Humours ought to have their natural Circulations , as the Blood , the Lympha , and Spirits ; and the Secretitious Humours , their full Secretion ; and those that be unuseful , their expulsion out of the Body ; and those that be useful , their return into the Blood , as their common Ocean ; or to be preserved in their several Vessels . These are the natural States of the Humours , which are necessary for the healthful Constitution of Animals , and the contrary to those many Alterations from them in an unhealthful or a diseased State ; of which , I shall make the following Scheme . First , If the Animal Humours are ill prepared or digested , or fermented to any degree below their natural State , some of the cold Cacochymia's are produced ; of which , I shall reckon these several degrees . 1. A Mucilaginous State of the Chyle , or other Humours , and this is what is commonly called the Pituitous Cacochymia . 2. The Tartareous or Acerb State of Chyle , or other Humours , and they appear in Bodies subject to Sowreness , and is a higher degree of Digestion than the Pituitous State , but both stand below the natural Digestion or Fermentation of the Meat . 3. A Flatulent Temper or State of the Chyle , or other Humours , when the Spirits of the Chyle are begun to separate , and have half fermented the Chylaceous Mass , and then it has the State of New Drink not fully ripened by Fermentation . 4. A Serosity of Blood is the natural consequent of a Mucilaginous , Tartareous , or Flatulent Chyle . Secondly , If the Chyle be over-fermented or digested too much , it becomes Bitter , Acrid , Rancid , or Putrid , for we often perceive the Meat in the Stomach either Burning , or Bitter , or Oyly , or Stinking ; and from this State of Chyle are produced these several degrees of the hot Cacochymia in the Blood , and other Humours . 1. A Bilious , Bitter , Acrid State of Humours ; and this is known by the Bitterness in the Stomach , and the Abhorrence of bitter things , and the continual Heat in the Habit of the Body , as well as the Passions of the Mind , as Anger , Revenge , Courage . 2. A Viscid State of Blood , which produces Pains and Inflammations , and is evident upon Bleeding , when there is a defect in the Serum , or a Viscid Consistence of the Chyle , upon the top of the Blood , which is called its Siziness . 3. The Vitriolic Acidity of the Blood , which appears by any black Humour evacuated , and by the Affections of Fear and Sadness . 4. The Serum of the Blood acquires a Salt Acrimony , which corrodes and eats the Gums , infects the Skin with Spots , and is the Hot Scurvey . 5. The Putrefaction of any Humour is the highest resolution or dissolution of its Principles , from that State and Mixture which made it the Humour of a particular Animal ; of which , these several Species are very evident ; 1. Diseases depending on an inward Ferment , altered by the ill use of the Six Non-Naturals , as Fevers intermitting , with the several Symptoms attending them . 2. Those Diseases which depend wholly on an outward Ferment received into , 1. The Flesh ; as Hydrophobia , by the Bite of a Mad-Dog ; or the Poyson of any Venomous Animal , by its Bite or Sting . 2. The Serum , by the Infection of the touch of a Salt Humour , to which the Morphews , Scab , Pox , and Scald-Head , are referrable , and Leprosie ; all which are in some measure Infectious , by a Corrosive Humour . 3. All Venomous Medicines which corrode and ferment the Humours , become Poysonous to the Animal . 4. All Malignant Fevers , as the Small-Pox , Measles , and Plague , or Pestilential Fevers , have their original from the Malignity of the Air , and the Poysonous Sulphurs of the Earth . 5. Worms and Lice are either produced by an Egg received into the Animal , or the Putrefaction of its Humours . Thirdly , If the Chyle be very plentiful , it breeds the following Diseases . 1. An over-abundance of Milk in the Breasts of Women . 2. A Satyriasis , or an abundance of Seminal Lympha's . 3. A Fatness , or over-growing of the habit of the Muscular Flesh , or the great quantity of Fat , both which is called an Obesity , or too Fat , with an abundance of the Chylous Lympha's . 4. An undue increase of the Viscera , or other Parts , whilst the others decay , as in the Rickets , and the Imposthumations of the Viscera , especially the Liver . The Rickets are a Species of the Palsie . 5. A Plethora of Blood. Fourthly , If the Chyle , or other Nutritious Humours , be wanting or deficient , these several kinds of Defects are produced . 1. A Defect of Milk in the Breasts . 2. A Defect of the Semen in Sterility . 3. An Atrophy of the Body , or any part of it , or the Viscera . 4. A Defect of the Saliva in Thirst . The following Diseases depend on the vitiated Motion of Humours . All Obstructions depend on the stoppage of the Motion of the Animal Humours through their Vessels . I. The Obstruction of the Chyle-Vessels , which produces the Tumours of the Mesentery , and its Glands . II. The Obstruction of the Blood-Vessels . 1. As in the Polypus , and suffocating Catarrhs . 2. The Reflux of Blood is stopt in Inflammations and Tumours , Varices , and Haemorrhoids . III. The Secretion of Humours through their several Glands is hindred . 1. In the Jaundice the Choler is hindred from its Secretion . 2. In the Diseases of the Spleen the Separation of the Vitriolic Slimy Humour is stopt , and that evacuated into the Stomach . 3. The Secretion of the Salt lympha is hindred in the Scrophula , and in Catarrhs ; or else of the Milky lympha's in the cooler kind , and in the Tumours of the Breasts . 4. The Secretion of Animal Spirits is hindred through the Glands of the Brain : In Apoplexies , Lethargies , or any other sleepy Distempers . Fifthly , The Motion of the Animal Humours , which are excrementitious , are suppressed in the following Diseases . 1. In an Ischuria , which is a Stoppage of Vrine . 2. In a want of Stools , or Astrictio Alvi . 3. In the stoppage of Transpiration or Sweat. 4. In a Suppression of the Menses . 5. In a Suppression of the Lochia . 6. In the long retaining of a Mola . 7. In the Suppression of the Haemorrhoids . Sixthly , The preternatural Evacuation of Nutritious Humours out of the Body , are , 1. By a continual Vomiting . 2. By a Diarrhaea or Looseness . 3. By a Diabetes . 4. By a Ptyalismus . 5. By a Gonorrhaea . 6. By the Fluor Albus . 7. By too much Sweating . 8. By an Abortion . 9. By an Epiphora or Flux of Tears . 10. Incontinence of Vrin . These are the Fluxes which cause Diseases . Seventhly , The Evacuations of Blood , are , 1. The Bleeding at Nose . 2. Spitting of Blood from the Throat or Lungs . 3. The great Flux of the Haemorrhoids . 4. The Flux of Blood , like the washing of Meat , in Fluxu Hepatico . 5. Too great a Flux of the Menses . 6. The Pissing of Blood. 7. The Vomiting of Blood. Eighthly , The preternatural Evacuation of Serous Humours into the Cavities of the Body , are , 1. In an Ascites , when the Water fills the Cavities of the Belly . 2. In the Dropsie of the Breast , or Head , or Testicles , it fills those particular Cavities . 3. In an Anasarca it fills the Muscular Habit of the Body . These Diseases depend on the vitiated Motion of Animal Spirits , and their preternatural Qualities . First , The Motion of the Animal Spirits is stopt in the Nerves by the Viscidity of their Succus Nervosus . 1. In those belonging to half the Body , or the whole , in Palsies . 2. In those belonging to the Heart , or Pulse , in Fainting , or Syncope's . 3. In the Nerves of the Eyes , in a Gutta Serena . 4. In those of the Ears , in a Deafness . 5. In those of the Tongue and Nose , in the loss of their Smell and Taste . 6. In those of the Stomach , in the want of Appetite . 7. In the Nerves of the Generating Organs , in Venere languida . 8. In those of the Oesophagus , in deglutitione impeditá . Secondly , The Motion of the Animal Spirits into the Senses is continued longer than usual , and this Expansion is called Vigiliae , or want of Sleep , and depends on a hot Flatulency , or Elasticity of Spirits . Thirdly , The Animal Spirits are sometimes irritated , and violently agitated in particular Parts by some ungrateful Object : and this is called Pain : Whose Species are , 1. Cephalalgia , or Pain of the Head. 2. Cardialgia , or Pain at the Stomach . 3. Colica , or Pain in the Stomach or Guts . 4. Odontalgia , or Pain in the Teeth . 5. Otalgia , or Pain in the Ear. 6. Stranguria , or Pain in the making of Vrin , from sharp Humours . 7. Calculus , or Pain in the Vrin Passages , from the Stone . 8. Podagra , or Pain in the Joynts . 9. Arthritis Scorbutica . 10. All the Inflammations and Vlcers following them cause great Pain : Whose Species are , 1. Aphthae , or Inflammations of the Mouth . 2. Angina , or Inflammations of the Throat . 3. Inflammations of the Vvula , and Tonsils , and Gums . 4. Parotis , or Inflammations of the Glands about the Ears . 5. The Inflammation of the Stomach or Intestines . 6. The Inflammation of the Anus , and Haemorrhoids . 7. The Inflammation of the Liver or Spleen . 8. Nephritis , or the Inflammation of the Kidnies . 9. Phrenitis , or the Inflammation of the Membranes of the Brain . 10. Ophthalmia , or the Inflammation of the Eyes . 11. Peripneumonia , the Inflammation of the Lungs . 12. Pleuritis , the Inflammation of the Pleura and Muscles of the Breast . 13. Inflammations of the Breasts . 14. Rheumatismus , or the Inflammations of the Muscles of the Limbs in general , or else of some particular Muscles , as those of the Hip , in the Ischias ; or the Back , in Lumbago . 15. Inflammation of the Stones . By the continuance of the Inflammations , Imposthumes and Vlcers are bred in all the Parts of the Body , the chief of which , are , 1. Vomiea , or an Abcess in the Lungs contained in a Bladder . 2. Empyema , or a collection of Matter in the Cavity of the Breast . 3. Phthisis , or an Vlcer in the Lungs . 4. Dysenteria , or an Vlcer in the Intestines . 5. Tenesmus , or an Vlcer in the Intestinum rectum . 6. Vlcers of the Eyes . 7. Vlcers of the Kidneys and Bladder . 8. Vlcers of the Anus . 9. Vlcers of the Viscera , as Liver , Spleen . 10. Vlcers of the Glands in the Scrophula or Kings-Evil . 11. Vlcers of the Mouth and Throat , Nose or Ears , Gums and Stomach . 12. Gonorrhaea , or Vlcers of the Prostatae . All these Vlcers may conveniently be treated of immediately after the Instammations of their several parts , to which each Vlcer must be referred . Because the Fever attending Inflammations for the most part , though at first it occasions them , yet afterwards it depends on the Tumour and Pain ; I chose to referr them to the Class of Pains , rather than to that of Fevers ; and also , because many Inflammations depend on other causes than Fevers ; but all are attended with great Pain . Fourthly , The Animal Spirits are some time in an explosive Motion , by which they cause Convulsions , which depend much on the hottest Flatulency of Humours ; as , 1. Epilepsia is a Convulsion of all the outward Parts , with a falling down suddenly . 2. Passio Hysterica is a Convulsion of the inward Parts , as the Lungs , Diaphragma , Mesentery , Womb , and Muscles of the Belly . 3. Chorea S ti Viti , is a Species of Convulsion observed in the Lameness of Girls , before their Puberty , with shaking of their Leg and Hand . 4. The Convulsions of Children from Pain , as in the breeding of Teeth , Gripes , or Worms . 5. The Convulsion from Serous Matter in the Heads of Children , or the Metastesis of a Malignant Fever thither . 6. The Palpitation of the Heart is a Convulsion of it . 7. Singultus is a Convulsion of the Stomach and Diaphragma . 8. Coughing is a Convulsive Motion of the Breast . 9. Sneezing is a slight Convulsion from Humours irritating the Nose . 10. Priapismus is a Convulsion of the Penis , which causes Painful Erection of it . Fifthly , The Animal Spirits have sometimes a violent , tumultuous , or restless Motion in the Brain , by which the Judgment is depraved , and the Idaea's confused . 1. Mania is a furious Motion of the Animal Spirits , with the Passion of Anger and Boldness ; these Spirits are from a Rancid , Cholerick Blood. 2. Melancholia is a restless Motion of the Spirits , joyned with the Passion of Fear and Sadness ; from a Vitriolic State of Blood. 3. Furor uterinus is a Delirium joyned with an immoderate Appetite of Venery , in which case the Spirits , as well as the other Humours , are tinctured with the Seminal Faetid Lympha . Sixthly , The Animal Spirits acquire some crude or mixt Flatuosity ; or become windy , as in bottled Liquors , or the Spirits of those not fully fermented . These Distempers happen in a flatulent Cacochymia . 1. Vertigo , which is a vertiginous Motion of Spirits . 2. Tympanites is a permanent Inflation of the Membranes of the Abdomen , by flatulent Spirits . 3. Asthma is the Inflation of the Membranes of the Lungs , and of the Membranes covering the Muscles of the Thorax , but does not continue long . 4. Incubus is an Inflation of the Membranes of the Stomach , which hinders the Motion of the Diaphragma , and Lungs , and Pulse , and Motion , but with a sense of a weight oppressing the Breast . 5. A windy Inflation of the Vterus , after Child-Bed , in many Hysterical Women , and those especially who have oft Miscarried , are sensible of Wind passing from the Womb. 6. The flatulent Tumours of particular Parts . Seventhly , The Animal Spirits are unfit for the Motions of Sense or Reasoning , or Memory , by their depauperated or waterish State , or some Indisposition in the Canals of the Nervous Fibers in all Fools , which we call Morofis , and the low , phlegmatic , or waterish , or tartareous Cacochymia's . Each Cacochymia produces Animal Spirits of a peculiar Temper suitable to it ; so that by observing the Cacochymia , we may know the particular ill State of the Spirits ; and this cannot be cured without altering the other . The Spirits are a Secreted Humour , and often circulating through the Blood ; they must partake of its several Cacochymia's ; and this Observation is most certain ; qualis chylus , talis est sanguis ; qualis sanguis , talis est succus nervosus , caeterique omnes humores secretiti . CHAP. III. Of the Preparation of Animal Humours by Fermentation . FRom the Crude and Watry Juices of Vegetables , we prepare all our Wines by Fermentation , which dissolves the Slimy Mucilage of the Grapes , or other Fruit , into a more fluid Consistence ; it separates the Acid Particles from the more Earthy , and volatilizes the oleous Particles , and unites them with the Acid ; for we observe that all fermented liquors ( whether from Fruits or Corn , ) are composed out of a sweet rarefied and well digested Mucilage , and of Acid Oleous Particles , ( which are their pungent Spirits , ) all which being dissolved in a Watry Vehicle , the fermented liquors obtain a clear , lympid , and equal Consistence . The Particles which compose our Chyle , are very like those mentioned of fermented liquors , and by the following Discourse it will be manifest , that the Chyle has its preparation by being fermented as other Liquors be . Chyle has the same Principles as Milk , a viscidity from the Caseous Parts , an oyliness from the Butyraceous Parts , and an Acidity from the Tartareous , which we taste in Butter-milk ; besides , a waterish Serosity , in which the other Principles swim and are mixed . It is scarce doubted by any of our Modern Physicians , that the Chyle is prepared by Fermentation , when they consider the nature of the Saliva , how much it ferments Animal Humours ▪ when any one is Bitten by a Mad Dog or other Venomous Creature ; and the most familiar use of the Runnet is to ferment our Milk , and give a strong foetor to Cheese . Besides the Saliva , there is observed in the Stomach of Animals , a slimy lympha issuing from the Glandules of the Cavities there , which being Slimy , Foetid , sub-Acid , or salso-Acid , it resembles the natural temper of the Rumet , and likewise its use , by being an Animal Ferment . In Birds there are no Reliques of the former Digestion in their Craws , or Gizards , and therefore the lympha of the Primae Viae , suffices for a Ferment without the Acid Reliques , and the same suffices in the first digestion of the Succus Nutritius in an Embryo . That I may the better explain the Fermentative Nature of the Saliva , and the other lympha's of the Stomach , I will compare it with Barm , which , 1. Is separated from a fermenting Liquor , and contains the Spirits of it in Bubbles ; so the Saliva is separated from the Chyle new mixt with the Serum of the Blood , and from thence it has its preternatural Acid , Bitter , or Salt Taste . 2. Barm has viscid Parts , it smells strong , and gives a heat on the Tongue . I have Distilled a vinous Spirit from it , so that it contains Spirits fit to ferment . The Saliva is viscid , and gives a Milky crust , when dryed , on the Tongue ; it is naturally frothy , and it much weakens the digestion to Spit much ; it has no considerable Smell or Taste , because it ought to take sapid Particles from other Bodies in most Animals , but Birds who swallow whole Grains can have no Taste . Wheat Meal , with the white of an Egg , ferments in the want of Barm , and the white of an Egg is a glandulous Milky lympha . 3. The Spirits included in Barm , agitate the Spirits of new Drink , so the Saliva contains an oyly Acid in it , which gives it a whiteness like Chyle , and these active Particles give a ferment ative Motion to those included in the new Meats . This foetor in the lympha of the Stomach , is from the Spirits of the Animal , ( for it resembles the Smell of each Animal , and no foetor is produced without a high fermentation . ) This therefore easily communicates its Internal agitation , ( when the Food comes chewed and broken into the Stomach ) to the oyly Acid Particles of the Alimentary Mass , whose viscid Particles are rarefied by the mentioned agitation , and the oyly Acid dissolved in the liquid part , and hence is the Colour and Consistence given to Chyle . That the Meat in the Stomach is dissolved by fermentation , appears by the following observations . The Contents in the Stomach , after their dissolution , strike the Nose with a pungent Acidity , from the volatilization of the Tartar of the Chyle . There is also in the Contents in the Stomach a flatulency , and a great foetor , which are the natural effects of fermentations in Vegetables , and of putrefaction in Animals , which is the highest degree of fermentation . We know not yet any Menstruum which can so suddenly dissolve Flesh Meats , but we find that they soon Putrefie , and those that be half Putrefied , are easiest digested . As to our Drink , that is wholly prepared by Fermentation ; and we find , by our Experience , that all fermented Meats and Drinks are easiliest digested ; and those unfermented , by Barm or Leaven , are very hardly digested . But the fermentation of our Chyle will appear more evidently , by observing , that whatsoever Medicine helps the fermentation of Wines , those of the same nature promote also the preparation of our Chyle , which is by raising its fermentation . 1. Calx viva and Gypsum put into fermenting Wines , help their Fermentation , by precipitating their Crude Tartar which fixes the oyly Spirits , and coagulates them . After the same manner Physicians , by their fixed and volatile Salt , and testaceous Medicines , exalt the fermentation of the Blood , and free the oyls from the austere Tartar , with which the Medicines mentioned are coagulated , and pass off by Stool or Vrine , and the same Medicines help the digestion in the Stomach . 2. Aromatics , as Cubebs , Cinnamon , Nutmegs , Orris , or Cloves , are usually put into crude poor Wines , to give them more oyly Spirits , and to excite their languid Motion ; and for the same end crude Wines are included in resinous Vessels ; and we add Resin , or shavings of Fir to vapid Wines . These are easily turned into a flame by Fire , and these therefore more readily produce heat and ebullition in fermenting Wines , which is only a less degree of Fire , from a less intense Motion of its oyly Acid Particles . Physicians for the same end use all sorts of Aromaticks , and Resinous Plants , that by their volatile Oyls , they might agitate and rarefie the Oyly Particles , both in the Chyle and Blood , and by that means raise their fermentations . 3. Bitter Acrid Plants help the fermentation and depuration of all Mault liquors , and therefore Mustard and Ginger are sometimes added to Bcer or Cyder , to promote their fermentation ; and Hops or Worm-wood have the same effect . Our Blood and Humours are much heated by Bitter and Acrid Medicines ; they excite our Appetite , and hasten the digestion of our Food , as every ones experience does evince . 4. The Greeks use Sulphur in the preparation of Crude Wines , and in many Places , the Vessels are sulphurated with Brimstone ; by experience we are taught , that Metallic Sulphurs exagitate the Oyls of Animals , and thereby promote their Chylification and Sanguisication . 5. Vinous Liquors abound with an Oleous Acid Spirit , whereby they much promote the fermentation of other Liquors , and for this reason vapid Wines are put upon the Lees of more noble Wines to give them a Spirit , and for the same reason we Stum our crude Wines to new ferment them , and to renew their Spirits . In the crudities of the Chyle , all Animal ferments are useful , as old Cheese , in which the Runnet lies : Vinous Liquors which have undergone a fermentation , are apt to produce the same in other Liquors ; so Spirituous Liquors cause the Chyle and Blood to boil and ferment , and sometimes produce a Fever . We use the inward skins of Gizards of Hens and Pidgeons , in which the Animal ferment lies , to help our digestions ; we invent new Sauces and Pickles , which resemble the Animal ferment in Taste and Virtue , as the Salso-Acid Gravies of Meat ; the Salt Pickles of Fish , Anchoves , Oysters ; Pickled Fruits , as Mangoes , Olives , Capers , Chatchops , and an Indian liquor ; all which promote the fermentation of our Meats , and so produce a Surseit ; sometimes French Wines and Rhenish heat the Blood and ferment the Chyle . The same Medicines not only ferment both the Chyle and Wine , but also the fermentation is restrained and stopped by the same alike . The heat of the Fire promotes fermentation , and much Cold checks it ; so we apply heating Medicines or Skins outwardly to a weak Stomach , and we find all Cooling things inwardly and outwardly to cause pain and gripes in weak digestions . Acids , Fat 's , austere Juices , and those that are very Mucilaginous and Watry , are difficultly fermented by Art , but hinder both the fermentation of Wines and the Chylaceous Mass , for these Tastes hinder the agitation of the Oleous Acid Particles , because they consist of Particles difficultly moved . This fermentation by which the Chyle and Blood are prepared , may be depraved both ways , for it may be depressed under its natural State , or exalted above that degree which is suitable to the natural temper of any Animal , of both which Errors , and the Cachochymia's depending on them , I shall next discourse . But I shall first farther observe , that though the Chyle is prepared by fermentation , yet all other humours arising from it , as the Serum and Blood , and all the secretitious humours from each of them , are prepared only by circulation and a longer digestion , by mixture and secretion ; for by these they may acquire their peculiar Crases and Tastes ; by the ferment of the Stomach , the various kinds of Meats are changed into the natural temper of each Animal , and the lympha of the Stomach has most eminently the Specisic Taste of each Animal , as will appear to any person who will taste it . If the Chyle be rightly fermented , all the humours arising from it are duly prepared ; but if the fermentation of that is vitiated , all the other humours produced from vitiated Chyle , retain a Tincture of its defect in their preparation . Whatsoever ferments the Meat , helps and raises the digestion of all other humours , and therefore we need not enquire for any ferment or other digestives , for the particular humours of Animals , besides those which ferment the Chylaceous Mass . All the conditions requisite to a fermentation , are to be found only in the Stomach , and its fermentation very clearly explained , by comparing the digestion of the Stomach with Artificial fermentations of Vegetables ; for we first pound the Plant which is to be fermented , and dilute it with Water in which some ferment is dissolved , and afterwards it is to be placed in some warm place till it acquires a Vinous acid smell , and then it is fit for the yielding a brisk inflammable Spirit . After the same manner our Meat is chewed and swallowed into the Stomach , and there mixed with the Saliva , and the viscid slime of the Stomach , which are its ferments . The Stomach has a gentle digesting heat from the neighbouring viscera , which are Sanguineous , whose warmth digests the Meat into a pulp , which smells sub-acid and foetid , and that stimulating , the Stomach excites its expulsion ; for if it should stay longer there , it would become putrid ; but no more is requisite , but the loosening the natural Texture of our Aliments , and making the oyly acid parts and the viscid free to dissolve into an Alimentary Tincture , which is only the juyces of Vegetables and Animals dissolved out of their fibrous Vessels , and then they will as easily ferment as they did in the Plant or Animal in which they were first produced . The capacity of the Stomach makes it fit for a fermenting Vessel , and its Membranous substance makes it fit for the distention necessary upon a fermentation , and its two Orifices are prepared for the letting forth of the rarefied Spirits in ructus or windiness , the common effects of all fermented liquors . CHAP. IV. Of the Depressed Fermentation of Humours in General . WHen a slimy , acerb , or flatulent Chyle is produced , and when from thence a watery serous Blood is digested , we must acknowledge that both the Chyle and Blood have had too weak a fermentation , and by that are ill prepared ; of which defect we usually observe these Causes . First , When the Meats we use have some vitious Quality , which gives the same Tincture to the Chyle , and that is not corrected by the Digestion , as in Meats hardly fermented , as those which have a tough consistence : All Meats of a Watry , Mucilaginous , Acerb , Viscous , Oleous , Acid , Austere , and Fat Taste , and such as the Meat is in any eminent quality , such is the Chyle , and the state of Humours thence arising , for we observe a Mucilage in crude Corn ; and those Green-sickness Girls , who eat great quantities of Oat-Meal , abound with an extraordinary quantity of crude Mucilaginous Chyle which oppresses their Stomachs , and stusss their Lungs , and gives a great Paleness to the whole habit of the body . Not only the quality of our Diet depresses the fermentation in the Stomach , but the quantity may be more than the ferment can concoct or suffice to dissolve and agitate ; so by frequent Debauches , the Digestion is weakned , and after too great a fulness the Stomach is oppressed , and flatuosities produced in it . Secondly , The Preternatural state of the ferment which ought to be separated from the Chyle , well circulated and exalted in the Blood , by the Glands of the primae viae , and to have the faetid Animal Spirits mixed with a Chylous Mucilage , and Tartareous acid , whilst it retains , its healthful Constitution , but it is altered from this state in a depressed fermentation . 1. When the ferment of the Stomach is vapid , or less impregnate with the faetid Animal Spirits , when its consistence is too viscid or phlegmatick , or its acidity too acerb or crude and less volatile . 2. The Bile if it be insipid , watery , viscous , depresses the fermentation of the Chylaceous Mass , for by its bitterness and acrimony , it ought to correct the acidities of it , which are produced by the fermentation in the Stomach , and by the same Tastes , like bitter Plants in other Liquors help their depuration , and fermentation , and with the Acid unite into an Animal volatile Salt. 3. These ill qualities of the Ferment and the Bile depend on a crude , watery , austere , mucilaginous Blood , derived from Parents , or otherways produced ; for the ferment will retain the crude state and temper of the Humours , from which it is derived . 4. A remiss Circulation of the Blood ill digests , and worse separates the ferment from it . 5. Waterish Humours , which ought to have been separated by other Glands , being detained in the Blood , they deprave and enervate the ferment , which are also transmitted to the Stomach with it ; so by the suppression of the Menses , or other Evacuations , and especially by Fevers , and a Catarrh , the Stomachical ferment is vitiated . 6. Great Evacuations which carry off the nutritious Humours , weaken the ferment , as Haemorrhagies , which depauperate the Blood by Vomitings and Loosness , which carry off the fermenting Mass , Convulsive distempers , and all Nervous effects , which spend the Animal Spirits , or divert them from the Stomach . 7. Some of the six Non-Naturals alter the ferment , as our Diet , which is mentioned above , and Idleness , or want of Motion , hinders the secretion of the ferment , and distribution of the Chyle , from which it is prepared . Sleep causes the same Stagnation of Humours , if immoderate . Fear stops the Circulation of Blood , and Secretion of the Humours . Too much heat in the Summer time causes the Blood and Humours to evaporate their volatile parts , which promote the Fermentation . In a cold and moist Region the Ferment is too slimy and waterish . Thirdly , Digestion is vitiated by the Diseases of the Stomach ; when it wants its Rugosity , the Meat descends undigested too soon , or is vomited up ; when it is stopt by any Tumour , Contraction or Compression about the Pylorus , the Meat turns sowre and flatulent . The Cure of a weak Digestion consists , I. In avoiding all these evident Causes which produce it , and by using the contrary ; as , 1. Avoiding Waters , fat , acerb , acid , austere or viscous Vegetables , and all Drinks half boiled , and half fermented , turbid or acid . 2. The most convenient Diet , is that of Flesh-Meats , in which there is a foetid Oyliness , and a natural Saltness , and no Crudities . The most convenient Liquor , is small Ale for constant Drink , or else small Wines . The Physical Tastes in our Diet which help a weak Digestion , are , the aromatic , the salt , the bitter , the acrid , or vinous Taste , these help the Fermentation in the Stomach , and are to be commonly mixed with our Meats . The Flesh-Meats of an easie Digestion , are the Flesh of all young Animals , as Pig , Lamb , Rabbit , Chicken , Potched Eggs , and fresh Fish ; but the Diet which has the Physical Tastes above-mentioned , is more easily digested by weak Stomachs . Bread well fermented , and small Ale , are the most easily digested by a weak English Stomach . Salt Meats excite the Appetite , keep the Body open , cut the Phlegm , strengthen the Stomach , and help Digestion . 3. Motion helps the Depuration of Wines , if carryed in a Ship , or shaked ; so exercise helps the distribution of the Chyle , the circulation of the Blood , and secretion of Humours , and the digestion in the Stomach , as well as sanguification of the Chyle , for an external Motion of fermenting Liquors promotes the internal Agitation of Parts , in which the nature of Fermentation consists . 4. Instead of Fear and Sadness , Joy and Anger are to be indulged ; for these make a brisker Motion of Humours ; but the former check the Expansion of our Spirits , and cool the Body . 5. All natural Evacuations of Humours must be restored ; but too much Venery cools the Humours . 6. A serene and clear thin Air helps Digestion , by giving a greater expansion to the Spirits . 7. Cares and Watching excite the Animal Spirits to a brisker Agitation ; but long Sleep dulls them : Sleep of 7 or 8 hours is sufficient . II. The Second Intention respects the correcting the Ferment , and the Faults of the Humours from whence it arises , and the Evacuating of the quantity of any preternatural Humours , by Vomiting and Purging , which is described in the Cure of the following Cacochymia's . III. The Third Intention , is the Suppressing of all preternatural Evacuations , which will be described in the Cure of them . IV. The supply of the Defect of the Ferment , by Medicines like it in Taste and Vertue . V. The Diseases of the Stomach are to be cured by the prescribed Method for those particular Distempers , so they are of want of Appetite , Inflammations , or Pains of the Stomach , the stopping Evacuations by Vomit or Stool , &c. The following Tastes are the general Digestives in all the old Cacochymia's , which depend on a low Fermentation . These promote the Fermentation of the chylaceous Mass , the Circulation of Blood , and Secretion of Humours . These deterge the viscous Phlegm from the Membranes of the Stomach , and corroborate its Fibers ; and upon these accounts these Tastes are the general Stomachics . I. The Cresse Acrids , as Horse-Radish , Scurvy-Grass insused in Wine and Mustard-Seed . II. The Corrosive Acrids , as Aaron-Roots in Powder or Wine , and Pulvis ari Compositus ; these Two Tastes quicken the Appetite , and Garlic preserved does the same . III. The Bitter Acrids of a Wormwood Taste , as Conserve of Wormwood , and Wormwood in Rhenish or Sack , or Wormwood-Cakes made with the Oyl and Sugar . IV. The bitter nauseous Plants , as Centaury , Buck-Bean , Gentian , of which Thea may be made or Wines by Infusion , and Aromatics added , or Sal volatile taken with them . V. The Aromatic Acrids . 1. Of the sweet Class very burning or biting , as Ginger , Galanga , Calamus Aromaticus , Orris , Zedoary , Cardamum . 2. Of the sweet Fenil Class , as Seeds of Fenil , Anise , Caroway , Cummin , Dill , Angelica , and Imperatoria Roots . 3. Of the Laurel Class , as Orange and Limon Peals , Winter-Bark , Bay-Berries , Cloves , Cinnamon , Lign'aloes , Nutmegs , Jamaica Pepper , Myrtil-leaves ; and these are properly infused in Wine , or made into Powders , or Lozenges , as of the distilled Oyls , of Oyl of Cinnamon and Cloves . 4. Of the Corrosive Class , as Pepper , Cubebs , Species Diatrion , Pipereon , in rotulis . 5. Of the Terebinthinate Class , as Juniper-Berries Candied , as in Rheu , Balsamum Peru , Mechae , Mastich . 6. Of the Bitterish Styptics , as Rosemary , Mint , Marjoram . VI. The Mineral Sulphurs which exagitate the Animal Oyls , and so promote Fermentation , as Chalybeates , Antimonial , and common Sulphur . VII . The testaceous stony Medicines , and all Salts , volatile and fixed , the Ashes of Vegetables , and Calces of Minerals , are Acidities . VIII . All these Tastes prescribed in the Cure of the Defect of a Ferment , supply its Office , and contain an Animal Ferment in them . As , 1. The Mucous , sub-Acid , Faetid Diet , made of Animal Humours ; as Cheese , the inward Skins of Gizards , which have the Tincture of the Gall , or ℥ i of Rennet of a Hare , or Calf ; all Meat or Fish somewhat putrefied , as Anchoves , pickled Oysters ; and outwardly we apply Leaven , with the Juyce of Mint . 2. By Artificial Sauces we imitate the natural foetid and sub-acid Slime of the Stomach , as in Catchupmango Plumbs , Mushrooms , and some Indian Liquors or Sauces of Garlic , assa foetida , — Salt , and Aromatics , Mustard-Seed , with Vinegar in common Mustard . 3. By the salso-Acid Medicines , as Tartar. Vitriolat . Sal Armoniac . Arcan . Duplicatum , Terra Ful. Tartari , Lixivium of Lime and Oyster-Shells , we help Fermentation . 4. By the vinous , sweet , and sub-acid Spirits or Juyces , Spiritus nitri dulcis , sweet rit of Salt , Spirit of Bread , Elixir Vitrioli , Spirit of Mastich , which is Acid , Spirit of Verdegrease , Juyces of Citrons , Limons , Oranges , Berberries , Currans , Spirit of Vinegar , all sharp Rhenish Wines , old Hock , conserve of Hips , Water of Vine Leaves , or other acid Juyces , and all physical , aromatic Vinegars . Acids before Meat excite an Appetite , Salso-Acids with Meats , and Aromatics are good after Meat to help Digestion . Fourthly , External Applications are described below , which encrease the heat of the Stomach , and strengthen the Fibers . CHAP. V. Of the Mucilaginous State of Animal Humours , and especially the Chyle , and Chylous Lympha's , which is usually called the Pituitous Cacochymia . THE Food of Animals contains in it much of a sweetish Mucilage , as is in all Corn , Grass , Milk , and the Legumens ; neither does Flesh-Meat want their Sliminess . The White of an Egg is ropy , slippy , and is a nutritious Lympha separated from the Chyle by the Glands of the Ovarium . The Decoctions of Fish have a great Mucilage ; and the Gellies of Broih sufficiently prove the viscid Sliminess in the Flesh-Meats we eat . From our Food Animals necessarily take the matter of their Mucilaginous Humours , as will appear by these Causes of Phlegm . 1. All Drinks occasion a great quantity of slimy Phlegm , which is only the Mucilage of Barley extracted from the solid Parts of the Grains . All Mauli-Drinks may be boiled into the Consistence of a slimy Syrup , or that of a Plaster . All sweet Fruits have their Mucilage , as Grapes , Gooseberries , &c. and therefore these yield much phlegmatic Matter in Digestion ; and all thick Wines made of them are accounted Phlegmatic . All the Legumens , as Peas and Beans , have an evident Sliminess ; and so have all Cakes , and crusty baked Pyes , or such like ; and all Meats prepared of Flower . All the Olera , as Cabbage , Turnips , Lettuce , Spinage , Cucumbers , Melons , &c. have an evident Sliminess , which they always produce in Animals , who eat them . This Mucilage in Plants is their crude Juyce , and is of an Oyly Nature , as appears evidently in Linseed ; this is of a cooling quality , as Phlegm is accounted : from their crude Slime many Plants prepare their sweet , bitter , acrid or aromatic Tastes ; and Phlegm is a nutritious Juyce , which may be farther digested into Blood. The Nervous Parts of Animals yield the greatest Slime , as the Calves Feet and Head ; the Guts are Membranes of Animals , the shavings of Horns , and the decoctions of Bones . The Liver , Spleen , and Brains , have much Slime . Fish and Water-Fowl , who feed of turbid and muddy slimy Water , are accounted to be the Causes of Phlegm , especially Eels . All Flesh full of Nourishment , as Beef , Pork , Gellies , Gravies , and Eggs , increase the matter of Phlegm . Young Creatures , as Pig , Lamb , &c. yield a very great Slime , if eaten too young . Goats-Flesh cats very slimy . All fat Meats are slimy , and of hard Digestion ; and fat Bodies are usually phlegmatic ▪ Oyl has a Slimeness , and so has Fat always joyned with it . Milk breeds much Phlegm from the Caseous parts in it ; and Butter is accounted phlegmatic from its oyly fat parts . Too great a quantity of Meat , and often Drinking great quantities , breed a Sliminess in the Chyle , by hindring the Fermentation of the Meat , and its perfect Dissolution . 2. Sleep and Idleness hinder the circulation of Humours , and produce a stagnation of them , by which , their viscid , oyly or sibrous parts cohere and unite into a Slime . 3. A Mucilage is increased in the Humours by a fenny , wet Countrey , or moist Air , which clogs the Spirits fermenting ; and a cold Air coagulates the Humours ; so the lymphatic Liquor , exposed to the Air , immediately grows thick or gellies : and all our strong Broths grow thick and viscid by cooling . 4. Cares and Sadness stop the Motion of Humours , and thicken them ; and hence it is that melancholy Persons are phlegmatic , and spit much viscid Phlegm . 5. The Suppression of Evacuations , as the Menses in Girls , and stoppage of a Cough , or Spitting , encreases Phlegm in the Stomach . 6. Haemorrhages , long Fevers , Fluxes of the Belly , or other Chronical Diseases , produce much Slime . 8. Those who have been born of phlegmatic Parents , or live in a moist , cold Countrey , near standing Waters , or the Sea-side ; those who are of a great Age , for want of a perfect Digestion ; and those who are very Young , as Children , through their much and disorderly eating ; Women , by reason of the lesser degree of Fermentation in that Sex , abound most with Phlegm . The Cold and the Moisture of the Air stopping the Pores in the Winter-time , makes that Season to be accounted most phlegmatic . 9. The Mucilaginous Temper of the Blood , Chyle , and Ferment of the Stomach , is natural to some Constitutions , who dissolve their Meat only into a Mucilaginous Juyce , which is the greatest Crudity of our Digestion ; and therefore , from this arises all our Phlegm ; for that was accounted , by the Ancient Physicians , the coldest Humour ; which being a nutritious Juyce , it , by only fasting , was turned into Blood. This crude Chyle swims in the Blood , and appears as Milk in the Blood , let out of some Persons who are greatly Cachectic ; and by putting Spirit of Harts-Horn to such milky Blood , I have turn'd it reddish , or of a rosy Colour . Such was the Blood of a Gentleman who had drank hard , and bled much ; this milky Blood ▪ in him was never turn'd into Serum ; but in others of a less Crudity , the milky Chyle is imperfectly turned into Serum , but that is very much in quantity , and watery or insipid , rather than very salt . The Sanguification is hindred for want of an acrid Bile ; and the Saltness thence proceeding . The Circulation is hindred by the viscidity of the Slime , and the Secretion of most of the glandulous Humours . The Chyle is never digested further than to a nutritious Sweetness , and from hence the habit of the Body is very fleshy and fat ; but the Pulse slow , soft , and weak ; the Spirits are dull and torpid ; the Bile ropy and sweet , rather than bitter , or acrid ; the Juyce of the Spleen very mucilaginous , for want of Digestion , and the Blood has more of a gelatinous Consistence , than fibrous ; and Tumours happen in the Viscera or Glands . In the Brain , sleepy Distempers , and Dulness of the Senses , or Stolidity from the thick Sliminess of the nervous Juyce ; the Vrin is pale and waterish , with thick and white farinaceous Contents , or without any , if there be Obstructions , and an Appetite is wanting . The Sweats are cold and viscid , for Phlegm offends by both those qualities . The Succus Nutritius abounds with Slime , and causes a leucophlegmatia , or pale Tumour of the habit of the Body . The Seminal Lympha's are cold and slimy in Sterilities , and the fluor albus , or Gonorthoea simplex , and so becomes unsit for the use of a Ferment in Generation . The Lympha lactea is most abundant in the phlegmatic , for that is immediately produced from the mucilaginous Chyle , and separated by the Glands of the Mouth , whence the slimy Phlegm is hawked up ; and this is plentifully emptied into the Stomach , where it causes a loss of Appetite , a saburra pituitosa , and windiness ; and in the Lungs it causes Coughs , and ●●oppage of Phlegm , or dyspnoea , with Lassitude in the Limbs , a slow Fever , and Palenes , of Vrin , and of the Countenance , and Palpitation of the Heart , which are the signs of a pituitous Cachexia , evident in the Green-Sickness . All outward oedematous Tumours arise from the succus nutritius of a pituitous Temper . This Chyle , and the Lympha lactea , is the natural and alimentary Pituita , which the Ancients described as insipid : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , is Galen's description of it : this is the humid , cool , and sweetish part , which is so agreeable to the Taste of the Blood ; and they esteemed that Blood pituitous naturally , which abounded with an exceeding quantity of sweetish Chyle , which remained something undigested in the Blood , and was not wholly sanguified , but capable of it ; this , of all the Humours to the touch , was , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or coldest , and they called it most viscid , or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , when it is made so by the great Ebullition of Blood in Inflammations , for they thicken it into that tough Skin which covers the Blood , when cooled in the Dish . But when this chylaceous part of the Blood , or the Lympha's thence arising , become preternatural , Galen describes the Phlegm thus , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The lacteal Lympha's have their Acidities from Stagnation in their Glands , or the Tartar abounding in Chyle . They have their Saltness from the Saltness of Chyle , and that of the Serum in Catarrhs . In respect of the Consistence , the Pituita is watery and thin , or mucous , or slimy , or tenaceous , when the thin parts are evaporated , the vitreous Pituita is from the thickness of Chyle , or its Stagnation in the Lungs , and this is clear , like Gum-tragacanth dissolved . Cold may coagulate a pellucid Lympha into such a Consistence . The Tartareous or Gypsea Pituita is from the earthy petrefying Parts , mixt with the viscid Phlegm , which is Salso-acid . By the following signs , the Ancients guessed at the differences of the Pituita . 1. By the pale , clear Vrin , and want of Appetite , they discerned the insipid Phlegm , or the lowest state of Digestion . 2. By a pale , thin , milky Water , and the greatness of the Appetite , they knew the Acidity of the Phlegm . 3. By a lacteal , pale , thin Water , with a globous troubled Residence , ( and the Cholic ) they guessed at the vitreous Phlegm ; but this is frequently spit up , and evacuated by Stool or Vrin , and so best observed . 4. By the Citrine Vrin of a thicker Consistence , and high-coloured Sediment , the Saltness of Phlegm is known . The Mucilaginous State of Humours is to be Cured , First , By avoiding the Diet , and all the other evident Causes above-mentioned , which produce them , and using the Diet mentioned in the Cure of a weak Digestion or Fermentation . The Diet in which there is least Slime is best , as Wheat-Bread well baked , and dry ; Wine and Water ; the Flesh of Birds ; roasted Meats , as Mutton , Rabbit , Larks , Sparrows ; and all salt Meats , or broiled Meats . Fasting spends the Phlegm . Secondly , The abundant mucilaginous Phlegm must be evacuated , I. By Vomiting ; and those of , 1. A. bitter , acrid Taste , as Vinum Scylliticum . 2. Or vitriolic Taste , as Sal Vitrioli . 3. Or Sulphureous , as infusio croci Metallorum . 4. Mercurial Styptic , as Merc. Vitae . II. By Purgers . 1. Aloetics , which are acrid , bitter , and nauseous , as Tinct . Sacra , Pil. Hierae cum Agarico , Aloephanginae , Stomach . Mastichin . de Ammoniac . Pil. Foetid . cum Gummi , Aloe Rosata , Elix . Proprietat . 2. By acrid Purgers , as Jalap , Agaric , Scammony , which contain an acrid , corrosive Rosin , with a Sliminess . 3. By Mercurials , a plentiful Evacuation of phlegmatic Humours are procured , for the acid Phlegm , like Spittle , easily mixes with the Mercury , and Mercury injected into the conglomerate Glands , through the Artery , easily passes them III. By Sudorifics , which are bitter and acrid , as Decoctions of the Woods , for the Sweets often appear glutinous , and smell acid or sowre . IV. By Diuretics , the Phlegm is sometimes evacuated , or , at least , corrected by their Acrimony . V. In Women , Acrid Pessi evacuate an albuminous Pituita from the Vagina . VI. By the Errhines ( which also excite a Cough ) from the Nose and Lungs , a Pituita is evacuated . VII . Salivation and Masticatories evacuate considerably , but Salivation many Pints of Phlegm in a Day , and very much by Chewing of Tobacco . These are the natural Evacuations of the pituitous Lympha , which the Physicians procure by Art , and imitate the natural Evacuations of it , through the secretory Glands . Thirdly , The Fermentation of the Chyle is to be reduced to its natural degree , by the Tastes above-mentioned , in the Cure of a weak Digestion ; and , 1. More particularly all acrid and bitter Gums seem appropriate Specifics by their mucilaginous Consistence , by which they adhere to the Slyme ; but by their Bitterness they deterge it , and by their Acrimony dissolve it ; such is Ammoniacum , Bdellium , Galbanum , assa foetida , Myrrha , and all terebinthinate Gums and Balsams . 2. The ropy Consistence of Wines is cured by a Lixivium made of Vine Branches , by calx viva , or Chalk , or Flints burnt , which precipitate the crude Tartar with the Slyme ; and for the Phlegm , we use the Ashes of Vegetables , and the Calces of Minerals . 3. Ropy Wines require Styptic Precipitators , as Alumen ustum ; or Salso-Acids , as Bay-Salt : and the bitter Styptics may effect the same in the Blood , as Ash-Bark , and the Cortex Peruvianus . We add Salt to our Dough to attenuate its Mucilage ; and Sal Armoniae . and Tart. Vitriol . dissolve the Phlegm . 4. We use bitter Acids , as Elixir Proprietatis , or spirituous Acids , to deterge the Phlegm of the Stomach , and the precipitating of it ; and for this reason we sulphurate the Vessels of ropy Wines . 5. All the bitter , nauseous Medicines deterge the Pituita , as Gentian , Aristolochia , &c ▪ and the bitter slimy , as Carduus , &c. help the clearing of Beer . 6. The ropy Phlegm is dissolved by volatile and fixed Salts , which dissolve all our mucilaginous Gums ; and for this end Sylvius prescribes Sal Volatile Oleosum with our Diet , or immediately after it , which may be used then with Milk , Water , and Sack. Stum is added to ropy Wines , and Spirit of Wine , that we may excite a new Fermentation in them : and by the same Experiment we are taught to use all things of a fermenting , nature , both in our Diet and Medicines ; for nothing dissolves the Viscidity of a mucilaginous Liquor like giving it a Fermentation ; so the white of an Egg is dissolved into a Colliquamentom by the Incubation of a Hen , which is also made very liquid or sluid by becoming rotten , and putrefied by keeping ; and then , if Eggs be boyled , they will never grow thick , like new Eggs boiled . The White of an Egg is made thin , and more fluid , by beating of it ; and from hence we learn , that much Exercise attenuates Humours that are slimy , and Fermentation does the same , which is an internal Agitation of Parts , whereby the Viscidity of Vegetables is dissolved in any Liquor , as in making of M●…-Liquors and Wines . All 〈◊〉 Liquors before they have undergone ●…tion are ropy and sticking , but 〈…〉 their Consistence becomes more fluid . By Experience we find that all hot fermentative Medicines , as oyly , resinous Vegetables , Steel and Salts , cure the pituitous Cacochymia in the Green-Sickness ; and to such Persons we give Stum it self , as a great Ferment to their cold Humours . Quicksilver Medicines easily mix with Phlegm , and so are fit to evacuate it ; but by its Acidness it seems to depress the Fermentation of Humours , and so is not a fit Medicine , as an alterer in this Cacochymia . Fomentations of Wines , and aromatic Astringents , or Brandy , which flames , and Aromatics infused , hot oyly and resinous Plasters , or Cataplasms , excite and cherish the inward Heat and Digestion ; and outward Heat helps the Digestion and Putrefaction of all other Bodies , whether Vegetables or Animals . The greatest quantity of the slimy Pituita is lodged in the Stomach , and without a Vomii it is almost impossible to remove the great quantity of phlegmatic Humours . I found a great quantity of Phlegm in the Stomach of a Pig fed with Peas , which could not proceed immediately from the Meat it self , because , though that was dissolved , it differed in Colour and Consistence from the Phlegm , and in Taste also ; besides , in the glandulous ring above the Gizards of Birds , there is a viscid Phlegm , though the Corn pass through it intire and unbroken into the Gizard ; this Phlegm then arises from the Chyle , and passes through the Glandules of the Stomach , to whose Skins it constantly adheres , and Fomentations outwardly may help the Secretion of it through its Glands , and the Dissolution of it from the Stomach . That Fermentation is the most natural way of Curing the phlegmatic Cacochymia , appears by our ordinary Preparation of Bread ; for the Ferment and Baking perfectly corrects the slimy Mucilage of Corn ; and we observe how heavy and slimy , and how hard to be digested , all Bread unfermented or unleavened proves . If we view Mucilages , such as the White of an Egg , or Cherry-Tree Gum , dissolved in the magnifying Glasses , we cannot discern any Globuli , but an uniform Consistence . The small Particles of Mucilages exclude all Air , and cohere close , which makes them ropy and tenaceous ; but if we look upon Milk , which is little different from Chyle , and therefore is made out of the mucilaginous Juyces of Plants , we may observe the Particles of Milk to be only a heap of Globuli . Fermentation makes all mucilaginous Liquors fluid , by agitating their Particles , and dividing into small Parts the viscous Mass ; so that the Air may incompass each Particle , and form them into Globuli , as it does great Drops of Water in the falling of Rain . Water is nothing else , as it appears in those Glasses , but a Congerics of Globuli ; by which Observation , I may probably guess , that the nature of Fluidity consists in having the small Particles of Liquors divided into Globuli by the Air ; and the nature of a Mucilage , in having no Air intermixt betwixt its Particles , nor globular Figure to yield upon any Pressure or Motion . We observe in fermented Bread how many airy Bubbles are intermixt in the whole Mass after Baking ; and also in all fermenting Liquors , how full of Air the Fermentation makes it . Barm it self is almost all Froth , whose Efficacy lies in exciting the Spirits of the fermenting Liquor into an Agitation , to break its Viscidity , and admit the Air to frame the Globuli necessary to all Fluidity . We could not observe any Motion in the Globuli , to which the Fluidity of Liquor might be imputed , but seemed wholly owing to the globular Figure of the Particles , which appeared clearly in Water , the most fluid of all our Liquors . Oyl and Butter appear in the Glass of the same uniform Figure as the Mucilages do , and this makes them easily to mix together . I mixt divers Medicines with a Mucilage of Quince-Seeds , and the White of an Egg , that I might thereby inform my self more in the nature of Mucilages , and their Coagulations . Spirit of Vitriol soon coagulated the Mucilage of the Seeds . Green Vitriol and Alum thickened the Mucilage , and the White of an Egg was curdied by Alum . Common Sal Armoniac . and common Salt , rather thinned than thickened the Mucilage , but made no great change , nor Cream of Tartar. Salt of Wormwood , and Sp. Sal. Armoniac . made the Mucilage more thin , and gave it a Marmolade Colour . Brandy made no Alteration in the Mucilage , but curdled reddish on the top of the White of an Egg. Aqua Fortis and Saccharum Saturni , turned the White of an Egg into a coagulated Milk , which shewed the Original of the Animal Slimes to be from Chyle . The Heat of the Fire seemed to make the Mucilage more thin ; and to dry it into a Skin , like the Mucilage of the conglomerate Glands of the Joynts , which , as Dr. Havers informs us , is like the White of an Egg , of a saltish Taste ; and this , he says , with the Heat of the Fire , turns into a Liquor more tenulous than it is naturally , and produces upon Evaporation a thin film on the top , with some little white Coagulum , and what remains is not a thirteenth part . He made these further Experiments on it . Vinegar coagulated it , but testaceous Medicines would not dissolve it . Claret , which is Styptic and Acid , produced a Coagulation like a Jelly ; but White-Wine and Sack less . Alum , Vitriol . Sacc . Saturni coagulated it ; and Vinegar more , than Oyl of Vitriol . Sal Armoniac . dissolved all the Coagulations by Acids or Styptics , and so does Oleum Tart. per deliquium made without Niter . Aqua Fortis and Spirit of Niter coagulated it like Milk. Styptic Plants , as decoction of Galls , Red Roses , the Cortex , coagulated it . These Experiments being made on an Animal Mucilage , shew the Coagulation of it by Acids ; for which Reason I transcribed them from the Ingenious Dr. Havers's Book . CHAP. VI. Of the Tartareous Acidity or Acerbity of Animal Humours ; especially the Chyle and Lacteal Lympha's , which commonly appears in the sourness of our Stomachs . ALL Vegetables have their Tartar or Sour part , altho they Taste nothing of it , but are very Bitter , yet their Juyces being Boyled to an Extract , manifest their Tartar to the Taste , as in Extract of Wormwood . All Liquors prepared from Vegetables , and Bread made of them , are apt to sour by keeping , and therefore manifest the Tartar which lay concealed in it before , under the sweet oyly Taste . Not only Vegetables , but the Animal Chylous Juyces have a sour Tartar in them ; for Milk which is a depurated Chyle , sours by keeping , and Butter-Milk has an evident Acidity in it . The Chyle of Animals is often observed to be coagulated by its own Innate Tartar in the Glands of the Mesentery , or other Viscera , where Cheesie coagulations are often cut forth . The Milk in the Breasts , is often coagulated by its own Acidity or External Cold , and by its Stagnation produces Tumours . The Lacteal Lympha is often coagulated in the Conglomerate Glands of the Mouth , Nose , Throat , and in the Bladders of the Lungs , by its own Tartar or Cold ; and the taste of the Saliva is often observed to be Sour . The Serous Salt Lympha is coagulate in Rheumatic pains in the Lymphatics , and in the Conglobate Glands in Scrophulus Tumours . The Lympha of the Nerves may be coagulated in the Palsie and Cataracts . The Blood it self is coagulate and grumous from too Acid Chyle , which causes a low Pulse and Fainting . The austere Juice of the Spleen produces obstructions in the Hypocondria , and coagulates the Bile like Alum . The Contents of the Guts being austere , they produce Cholics , and the binding of the Belly , and a compression in the Stomach and Breast . If we consider only the Principles which Chymistry extracts from Animal Humours , we shall find no sensible Animal Acid pure and evident in them ; for they only shew us a volatile Salt , and foetid Oyl , and phlegmatic Water ; but if we examine the Stomachs of Animals , and both Smell and Taste the Contents , there we shall observe a manifest Acidity ; from whence I shall observe , that our bare Senses , if diligently imployed about natural subjects , inform us more truly than the Chymical Experiments by strong Fires , about the Nature of them . A different Quantity and Quality of Acids appears in the Stomachs of Animals , according to the difference of their Meats . In the Stomachs of Rabbits a manifest pungent Acidity may always be observed , if they feed on Grass . In the Stomach of a Lamb an acid Taste and Smell may be observed very different from the former , like the Sowreness of Milk. In Birds who feed on Grass , the same Acid Smell appears as in Rabbits . In the Carnivorous Animals , and in granivorous Birds , the Acid is less evident , and their lymphatic Ferment tastes insipid or sub-acid ; but the Contents of Carnivorous Stomachs coagulate Milk ; and I believed the Digestion of Ram and Beef was sub-acid , as I observed . From hence it appears , that Acidity is produced by the Digestion in the Stomach , and is only a consequent of it , and not the cause . Acidity is more observable in Young Creatures , who feed on Liquids , than in the Elder ; but these ought to have had a stronger Acid Menstruum , ( if our Meat were to be dissolved by it ) which , if it were as strong as Aqua Fortis , it could not dissolve Corn , which is very easily dissolved by Fermentation , for it is nothing but the sweet slimy Juyces of Plants which yield the Nourishment to Animals , and that is easily dissolved out of the Bladders of Plants by any Menstruum , and as easily prepared by Fermentation ; for its becoming a nutritious Juyce , and the solid Bladders and Fibers of Plants mixt with a Slime and Choler , constitute the Exerements of Granivorous Birds . This Acid is natural , and necessary to the Health of Animals . 1. To help Digestion , and excite Appetite . Leaven has a spirituous Acidity in it , and then it ferments best . Not every Acid helps the Digestion , but a spirituous Acid is chiefly required ; and those Acids which are well tempered by a Salt or Earth , as common Salt , or the Sal Armoniac . of Animals . 2. By the Acid of digested Meats the Choler is coagulated in the Guts , and there the Animal salso-Acid is produced , the Blood is cooled , and its Consistence thickened , and the Volatility of its Salts allayed . 3. All Acids in Animals are from our Food , and when the Food contains a greater Acid , the more of it appears in the Stomach , as in Cyder , French and Rhenish Wines , Vinegar , Sorrel , Verjuice , Limons . 4. All Acidities are produced naturally by Fermentation ; so Herbs , Fruits , and all Liquors , as Pottage , Milk , whether fermented without , or in the Stomach , sensibly afford an acid Smell or Taste . The close union of the Oyl , Acid and Earth , which is naturally in all Vegetables and Animal Bodies , being loosened by Fermentation , which is an inward Agitation of Particles , the Acid begins to appear , as well as the Oyl , and both give a quick strong Smell , and a spirituous quick Taste to fermented Liquors . This Acidity in the Stomach is volatile , like Spiritus Salis , & Nitri dulcis ; and this Acidity gives the Heart-burning to Animals , if it be very sharp and active ; but if in a natural State , it passes first off the Stomach , and is corrected in the Guts by the Choler . Our Vinegars , made of Acid , Oleous Plants for Sawces , resemble this Acid , creating an Appetite in some , but in others , Heart-turning them , if corrosive , or meeting with a choleric Humour in the Stomach . 5. The Reliques of the fermented Meat are more sowre ; so when we distil the Spirit of Elder-Berries , the spirituous Acid comes off first , and a more fixed sowre Acid remains in the Still . This Acid may be compared to the Sowreness of Acid Liquors , whose spirituous Parts are evaporated , as sowre Beer . The Contents of the Colon are of a sowre , foetid , acid Smell in Rabbits ; but the Acidity of their Stomachs is more grateful and spirituous . By a great Quantity of Acid Meats there are more Crudities produced than can be corrected by the Animal Choler ; and then the Chyle and Salts are made very Acid , and the Consistence of the Blood thickened like Jelly ; and this sort of Diet pleases most in hot Weather and Fevers . When this Acerbity , or tartareous State happens , we observe it by Sowreness in the Stomach , which , like Vinegar-Vessels , tinctures all our Aliments with the same Taste , the Belly is bound , Gripes and Windiness attend it , and all sowre Medicines and Meats increase it ; the Blood appears grumous , like the Gellies of sowre Fruits , or like Blood mixed with an Acid Spirit ; and therefore the natural heat is depressed , and the Pulse low , and the Vrin pale and turbid , sharp or milky ; and in Children , the Bellies swelled with Obstructions of the Mesentery : In older Persons , the Acidity which always abounds in the Cholic-Guts , give hypochondriacal or splenetic Symptoms ; the Face looks pale ; there is no Thirst nor Fever . The evident Causes of this tartareous State of Humours , are , 1. Food which abounds with it , as the Fruits , and sharp Liquors made of Vegetables , Red , White , Rhenish Wines , and Cyder , stale Drink ; and all sweet things , as Honey , Sugar , Broths , and Milk , and Spoon-Meats ; and all sorts of Herbs offend such Stomachs , and produce great Acidities , as Experience daily confirms . Well-Waters , and standing Vitriolic , or boggy Waters , are also very injurious . 2. Cold Air , in which a nitro-sulphureous Part abounds , coagulates Humours , especially the phlegmatic Lympha's , and increases Acidities , and a greater Appetite is produced . 3. Sadness and Melancholy breed an Acidity , by dissipating the Spirits , and causing Stagnation of Humours , which also hinders the Separation and Exaltation of the Oyl , which naturally tempers the Tartar , and gives it a Fluidity in Liquors . 4. The Binding of the Body encreases Acidities . 5. A Defect in our Exercise produces it , for that is necessary to help the Distribution and Digestion of our Nourishment , and the Circulation and Secretion of other Humours , and many times the Sweat smells sowre , and so evacuates it that way . The internal Causes of the tartareous State of Humours , are , 1. A depressed and weak Fermentation ; and the same happens to crude and unfermented Wines , for want of a due Fermentation . 2. The Acrimony of the Bile is wanting , which being less pungent and bitter , it cannot correct the Acidity of the digested Meat , nor turn it into Salt , nor , consequently , perfectly sanguifie the Chyle , which is the chief office of Choler . In the Jaundice the Choler is wanting ; and the Icterical have a great Sowreness , and Gripes , with Windiness . 3. The Chylous Humours , like Milk kept in a hot Place , if they stagnate in the Guts or Lacteals , they soon coagulate , and become Acid. 4. Divers Diseases which depend on a vitriolic Acidity in the Blood , and are produced by too high a Fermentation , as the Hypochondriac , and hysterical Distempers , when they have long continued , weaken the natural Fermentation , and so produce that Sowreness in the Stomach , of which those Patients complained very much . The Cure of this tartareous State , is , I. By Vomiting , with some gentle Antimanial , or Wine of Squills , or Sal Vitrioli . II. By Purging , with Aloetics , as Pil. Aloephanginae , Salt of Wormwood , and Extract . Gent. or Tinct . Sacra ; adding Aethyops Mineralis , Steel , or testaceous Powders , to the Aloetics . III. By correcting the Acidity or Tartar , by raising the Fermentation to its natural State , by the Medicines above-mentioned ; the chief of which are the acrids , aromatics , resinous , bitters , chalybeates , and salt Tastes ; so we add Stum to crude , sowre Wines , to raise the Fermentation . Alteratives do more good than Purgers in this state of Humours . IV. The Tartar may be precipitated and carried off by Vrin . 1. By Lixivium of Lime or Oyster-shells , and both sixt and volatile Salts . 2. By the calces of Minerals , or ashes of Animals , and Egg-shells burnt . 3. By testaceous Medicines , or stony Minerals , as Chalk , Crabs-Eyes , Corals , Pearls , Egg-shells , &c. V. Sudorific decoctions evacuate the sowre Humours by Sweat ; as Salts , Mineral Sulphurs , and bitter Acrids . VI. Clysters draw off the Acid reliques restagnating in the Colon. VII . The Acrimony of Choler is to be increased , and its Passage through the Liver promoted , by bitter , acrid , Hepatics , by Steel , and Salts , and aromatic or foetid Gums or Oyls . The defect of the Choler is supplyed by those Medicines which precipitate the Tartar , as all burnt Animal Ashes , especially Eggs and Oyster-shells ; so from sowre Wines we precipitate the Tartar by burnt Marble , or Flints , or Lime , Chalk , or Lixivium ; so Vinegar is sweetned by Crabs-Eyes , and when the Tartar is precipitated , the oyly Part is raised , and that conceals and tempers the Acidity of Tartar. VIII . The Circulation of stagnating Humours must be promoted by Steel , and Salts , and aromatic , acrid Tastes . IX . The Diet ought to be of sweet , not sowre small Ale , of Bread well fermented , and Flesh-Meat ; but if the Acidity be much , no fermented Liquor in which there is Tartar , nor no Vegetables , nor Liquids , will agree with the Stomach ; but these Physical Tastes may be given to our Diet. 1. Aromatic ; as Pepper , Ginger . 2. Acrid ; as Mustard , Garlic . 3. Bitter ; as Aloes , Wormwood , and hopp'd Drink , and Mum. 4. Saltness ; as all high Brines ; for Salt it self abates the sowre in Vinegar , and Oysters cure Heart-burning . 5. Roast , and broiled , and baked Meats , and those that are burnt , are most agreeable : Chearfulness , moderate Exercise , constantly keeping the Body open , and a dry Air and Marl-Pit Water , are very agreeable to sowre Stomachs ; and Springs flowing from Chalk-Stones , Bath-Waters , and strong Chalybeate Waters in small quantities , may agree well ; and Wine and Water in many Constitutions for ordinary Drinks . I have observed , That those who have too much Acid in their Stomachs by a natural Instinct , refuse all meally Meats , and eat little Bread , as we observe those who abound with much Choler to have a great Abhorrence to all bitter Medicines ; and the observing the Diet of our Patients will frequently give some Intimation of the particular State of their Humours ; for I believe it is generally true , that all Persons naturally desire that Food which is contrary to the present preternatural State of Humours , as watery Liquors , and Acids in Fevers , Ashes , and Terrene Absorbers in the Sowreness of their Stomachs , bitter Drink in Jaundice ; a weak Stomach is pleased with stronger Liquors , and hot Constitutions with the smaller Drink : This agreableness of some Tastes every Person naturally observes ; and if they use them moderately , they may preserve the natural State of their Humours , and correct the Disorders of them . There is a remarkable Observation in Sir Theodore Mayhern , about the Use of Diuretic Liquors , which ought to be used after a perfect distribution of the Nourishment , to which he attributes much in the Cure of the Scrophulae , by a Diuretic Drink , qui Tartarum liquidum ante sui coagulationem ad renes ablegare , & per vesicam expurgare , citra coneoctionis praecipitationem , potuit . From this Observation , I think a useful Rule ought to be drawn to use our Diuretic Diet-Drink : Towards 5 or 6 a Clock at Night , so many Hours after Meat , and , again , in the Morning , to carry off the Tartar-Acid of our Chyle ; and to take some testaceous Lozenges or Pills with our Diuretic Drinks , which may coagulate with the Acids at that time . CHAP. VII . Of the flatulent , crude Cacochymia of the Chyle , and other Humours . WHEN the Aliments are half fermented , and then are checked in attaining their perfect Dissolution ; or their Ferment is too weak to perform it , a Windiness is produced in the Stomach , for the Spirits of the Meat being somewhat loosened , are lodged in a slimy Mass , but cannot render it fluid , but only rarefie it into Bubbles , which distending by the heat of the Stomach burst , and create Eructation or Wind. The most weak Stomach produces an insipid Wind , but the Acid Ructus is a sign of some degree of Digestion . In these Cases there is an Oppression , or Fulness at the Stomach , and Weight , Ructus frequently happen , and all hot Meats and Medicines agree well , but the cold ones do much Injury . The Stomach it self is loaded with slimy , acid Phlegm , which is its weak Ferment , and the Guls distended by Wind. The Constitution of Humours is crude , mucilaginous , and windy , as appears by the Paleness of the Vrin , and Frothiness ; and the Spleen is generally obstructed and pained , and the Stools like Barm , the serous Lympha being vitiated by the same crude , windy Chyle , it produces a Heaviness in the Limbs of the whole Body , and a Fulness , or wandring , dull Pains , &c. The chief Effects of the Wind appear in the primae viae , where the Chyle ferments ; or in the Spirits , which are made of the crude , windy Spirits included in the Slime ; and for want of a due Volatilization , they produce in the Nerves , 1. A Pandiculation , or Oscitation , or Stupor , or Cramp in the Muscles ; the Noise in the Ears , and Vertigo in the Brain , and wandring Pains . 2. Inflations of the Parts , as Tympanitis , and windy Tumours in the Limbs . 3. An Inflation of the Lungs , as the Asthma of the Stomach in Sleep , as the Incubus of the Vterus , after Hysterical Fits , of the Penis in a Priapism . Many other Species of Windiness are produced from too high a Fermentation , when the Ructus are bitter , acrid , or foetid ; or the acrid Choler ferments like contrary Salts , with the sharp Acid of the digested Meat in the Jejunum , and there produces Flatuosities ; or when some extraneous Ferment extraordinarily rarefies and putrefies our Humours ; but these belong to that State of Humours which depends on too high a Digestion . The external Causes of Flatulency , are , I. Crude Meats which are hardly fermented and digested , as the hard , the acerb , watery , oyly , viscous Styptic , and too great a quantity of Meats ; for these , by the strongest Ferment , will rarely attain a due Fermentation in the Stomach . 1. The watery , as Broths , and Milk-Meats are windy to Stomachs troubled with acid Ferments ; and all small Liquors hinder their Digestion ; and for these Stomachs , the more solid Diet of Flesh-Meat is best , and small Ale , and nothing of Vegetables , but well fermented Breads . 2. The viscous Vegetables , which contain a pungent Salt mixed with much Mucilage , as Onyons , Leeks , Garlic , Radish , Turnip , Cabbage ; these have a Mucilage hard to be digested , and an Acrimony which rarefies it into Wind , and Ructus ; and from hence we know all windy Herbs , by having an Acrimony lodged in a Mucilage . 3. All the sweet and mucilaginous Legumina , as Beans , Peas , are hardly digested , by reason of their Sliminess and Sweetness , apt to ferment . Wines of the sweet and mucilaginous Fruits , as Figs , Raisins , Grapes , and other Fruits , and all the Mault-Liquors made of Corn , are full of a vegetable Mucilage , and contain also an oyly , acid Spirit , which is stopt from its due Fermentation by the Sliminess , or outward Accidents , or for want of a due Ripeness in the Fruit it is made of ; for this Reason , Wines made of our acid and crude English Fruits are very windy , the airy , elastic Particles seem to mix with the oyly , acid Spirits of all Vegetable Liquors ; and when they are not thorowly fermented those elastic Particles remain mixed with the crude , slimy Liquor , and create the Windiness of it ; or if any fermenting Liquor be shut up in Bottles before those elastic , airy Particles have evaporated , which are observed to produce the Froth in all fermenting Liquors ; they create a great windiness in those bottled Liquors , and they become very unhealthful to flatulent Bodies . Sugar and Honey make windy Liquors , because they are apt to ferment , and their Spirits are depressed , and the airy , elastic , fermenting Particles are detained by their innate Gummosity . 4. Oyls and Fat 's are hardly digested , because of the Mucilage they have joyned with them ; so Butter , Oyl , and fat Meat , lie long in the Stomach , and are hardly turned into a thin Chyle ; and for this reason Chessnuts , and all oyly Nuts , are commonly thought windy . 5. All crude Plants , as Spinage , Lettuce , Purslain , Mushrooms , are windy , by reason of their crude Mucilage , and unaptness to be digested . 6. All Acids , and acerb Fruits , are windy , as being less apt to ferment , unless with contrary Salts . Mr. Boyl's Vacuum proves all Liquids to be full of airy Particles , which rise upon the pumping of the Air ; but that Acids have the least of it ; and therefore I have observed March-Drink to have the least Windiness , and all other ripe Liquors . 7. All very mucilaginous Flesh-Meats , as the Extremities of Animals , and Fish , and Water-Fowl , are accounted windy , by reason of their abundant Sliminess . II. All external Causes which hinder a just Fermentation , produce Windiness , as Idleness , want of due Exercise , too much Sleep , cold Air , Fear , Sadness , too much Evacuation by Venery , Baths , Exercise , spend the Spirits too much , which help the Invigorating of the stomachic Ferment , and all Evacuations stopt in the Haemorrhoids or Menses vitiate the stomachic Ferment , by mixing the Guts with it ; and in Obstructions of the Viscera are blown up continually . The internal Causes of a cold Flatulency , are , 1. A Stomachic Ferment which wants Spirits , being only sowre , or mucilaginous , acerb , or austere . 2. The vapid , watery , mucilaginous or crude State of Blood and Humours ; for they who have a strong Heat , or due Fermentation , have no Flatulencies , unless the Meat be of the qualities above-mentioned , which are unfit for Fermentation , and so cannot throughly be dissolved by it , by reason of their unaptness to ferment . They who have a very low Digestion have no Windiness , because they cannot raise the Spirits in the slimy Meat so far as to become windy ; but those only are flatulent who can digest to some degree , whereby the Spirits begin to separate , but do not perfectly volatilize themselves , and separate the aery Particles from the fermenting Liquor , which , by its Sliminess , retains much of the aery , elastic Particles . 3. When the Pylorus is so obstructed , that the alimentary Tincture does not descend to the Guts , it becomes windy in the Stomach . 4. When the Choler does not correct the Acidities of the Aliments digested , as in the Jaundice , Flatuosities are produced . 5. In the Obstruction of the Viscera , the Spleen-Juyce , or the Hepatic , is mixt with the animal Ferment in the Stomach , and vitiates the Digestion ; or the conglobate Glands send their serous Lympha's thither in Catarrhs , or the Obstructions hinder the Distribution of the Chyle . The Cure of Flatulency consists , 1. In Evacuation of the slimy Humour , which burthens the Stomach , by Vomits , and Purges , and Clysters , which are Carminative and Phlegmagogues . 2. By avoiding all noxious , windy Meats and Drinks , and using a contrary Diet to help Digestion , as those above-mentioned , and all the carminative Aromatics added to it ; as Pepper , Ginger , Cloves , Nutmegs ; and by avoiding all fulness of Diet , and Surfeits , and to use a very simple Diet of Flesh-Meats , small Ale , and Bread , and no other ; to avoid Suppers , and Venery after Meat , and much Exercise , and all sorts of Vegetables in Diet , as Legumens , Mault Drinks , and Sallets . 3. The pituitous , acerb and vapid Temper of the stomachic Ferment , and of the Blood , must be corrected by Digestives above-mentioned ; and the Phlegmagogues must evacuate it , as Pilulae Aloephanginae , &c. 4. The Matter rarefied into Flatus must be evacuated by Pil. Mastich . Aloephangin . by Clysters and Vomits . 5. The Flatuosities must be discussed . 1. By sweet Aromatics ; as Semen Ammcosʒss . boiled in Wine , or Caraways , Cummin , Fenil , Aniseed , Dill , Lovage , Parsly-Seeds , infused in Wine , or Eleosacchara of them ; as , Fenil . Ol. Gutt . 6. in Wine , Daucus-Seeds in Beer . ●…eptic Powders of the Seeds mentioned , and restaceous Powders , Roots of Angelica in Powder or Wine , Spirit or Tincture of Imperatoria , wild Parsnip-Seeds , Lovage-Roots , boiled . 2. By the acrid Aromatics ; as Pepper , whose Tinct . with Brandy , or Spirit of Sal Armoniac , or Diatrion , Pipereon in rotulis , cum Sacch . & Ol. Feniculi , Cubebs , Cardamom in Spirit , Tincture or Wine . 3. The Laurel Aromatics ; as Ol. Cinnam . Caryophill . cum Sacch . Forbiculi , addend . Ambr. Grys . Confect . è baccis Lauriʒij . ante pastum ; Orange Peels and Limons , Nutmegs , Winter-Bark in Tincture or Wine , or Bay-Berries in Wine . 4. Terebinthinate Aromatics ; as Juniper-Berries candied , No. X. or Syrup of the same made with Wine , or Juniper-Wine ; Enula compound Candied . 5. Acrid , sweet Aromatics : Calamus Aromaticus , Ginger , Zedoary , Galanga , which may be infused in Wine or Brandy thus , ℞ Calami Aromatici , Zedoarii , Galangae , Zinzib . an . ʒij . Senaeʒvi . Agarici , Turbethi , an . ʒiij . Cardamom ʒi . Fiat infus . in Vin. alb . lbij. colat . Capiat ℥ iij. Let Zedoary be chewed in the Mouth , or infused in Wine . Use Costus and Iris in Wine or Tincture . 6. Cephalic , acrid , styptic Aromatics , and hitterish ; as Calaminth , Mint , Penny-Royal , Thyme , Rosemary in Wine , or their Oyls in Lozenges , or spec . Diacalaminth in Lozenges . 7. Bitters deterge the phlegmatic Matter joyned with Aromatics ; as Wormwood-Wine with Sal volatile oleosum , or Enula , and Orange Peels , Chamomil Flowers two handfuls in a Bottle of Sack ; bitter Wines of Centaury , Gentian , and Orange Peels . Decoction of Polium Montanum in Wine , or Conserve of Tansie . Theriaca , or Mithridate with Wine , Syrup of Carduus ℥ iij. with ℈ i. of Extract of Calamus Aromaticus . 8. Foetids ; as Rheu in Wine , or Syrup , or distilled , or in Clysters ; and outwardly , Oyl of Rheu , and Amber . 9. Animal Foetids ; as Castor , and the Dungs of Animals , as that of Pigeons , and Hens ; or Infusion of Horse-Dung , and the same fryed in Oyl , applied outwardly . 10. Vegetable Acrids , or Corrosives ; Garlic , and Onyons , and Aaron Roots . 11. Terebinthinate Foetids ; Rad. Asari , Nardi , Savin . boiled in Wine , and applied as a Cataplasm , and the Wine drank . 12. Narcotics : ℞ . Aqua Fl. Cham. ℥ iv . Menth. Mirabilis , an . ℥ iss . Spir. Nitri dulcisʒss . Laud. gr . ij . Ol. Anis . Gutt . 2. Syr. Foeniculi ℥ i. Misce . The external Applications are Fomentations of Aromatics boiled in Wine : Calamus , Zedoary , Galanga , Cyperus , Mace , Cinnamon . Of Bitters : Wormwood , Chamomil , Bay-Berries , Mint , Empl. de Baccis Lauri , de Cymino . Balsams : Ol. Nutmegs expressed ℥ ss . Balsam . Peruʒij . Oyls : Chymical Ol. Salviae , Caryophill . Dill , Rheu , Amber . Bags of Millet , Cummin , Aniseed , fryed with Salt and Oats . Bread or Flannels dipt in Brandy , in which the Aromatics are infused . Clysters of Sack , and carminative Oyls , or ℥ ij . of Aqua Vitae added . Or Purgers added , as Benodict . Laxativ . ℥ i. Infus . Croci Metall . ℥ iij. to a Carminative Decoction of Calamint , Penny-Royal , Origanum , Fl. Chamomil , and the Seeds , with El. è Baccis Lauri ℥ iss . Oyl of Aniseeds ℈ ss . in the Yolk of an Egg. A Cake may be fryed of Yolks of Eggs , and Cummin Seeds , and Oyl of Chamomil . Aniseeds , and Chamomil Flowers , infused in Aqua Vitae for a Fomentation . Cupping-Glasses applyed to the Belly . Plaster Tachamahac , Caranna , and Plaster of Bay-Berries mixt in equal Parts . A Pound of Ginger may be boiled in a Vessel of small Ale , for ordinary Drink . In the Cure of Flatuosities we must insist chiefly on Digestives , which promote the Fermentation of Humours ; the discussing the present Flatuosities , and evacuating the slimy Matter cannot hinder the Production of new Flatulencies : but the Curing the low Fermentation , perfectly cures all Flatulencies ; but those which depend on the Obstruction , and Tumour of the Viscera , cannot be cured without a respect to these Distempers that occasion the Flatuosity . Such are the Flatuosities in the Tympany . And the Distempers of the Nerves , as Hysteric Fits , and Asthma , which produce symptomatical Inflations of the Guts , which cause Windiness ; and that is cured by removing the original Distemper . The Windiness appears much in all new fermented Liquors ; and the further they are fermented or ripened , the less windy they are . The bottling Liquors stops their Fermentation ; and therefore , such Liquors are to be avoided in the windy Cacochymia of our Chyle . If the Matter in which the windy Spirits are included be not well evacuated , the Carminatives occasion a greater Flatuosity , by rarefying the Wind. Ginger and hot Sherry I have observed very good in Windiness of the Stomach , and Cholics thence produced . Boiling any Liquor that is windy evaporates the Spirits , and the same windy Spirits may be discussed out of Animal Humours by Exercise or Bathing . The drinking boiled or warmed Drink with Steel , may be convenient in the Windiness of the Stomach . The drinking the Bath-Waters washes off the sowre Tartar from the Stomach and Blood ; and bathing in those sulphureous Waters very much exalts the Fermentation of the Chyle , and higher digests the Blood ; and upon these accounts , both inwardly and outwardly , it agrees with most cases depending on a depressed Fermentation of Humours , but disagrees with the contrary , which arise from too high a Fermentation of our Humours , especially in their beginning , whilst a high Fermentation lasts ; and for this reason , Bathing dis-agrees with hot Bloods , the Hypochondriac , Hysteric , Asthmatic , Nephritic , Convulsive . CHAP. VIII . Of the Serous Cacochymia of Animal Humours . WHEN the Chyle is no way changed into the Serum of the Blood , but swims mixed with it , that is the lowest state of Crudity in the Blood ; for the Chyle ought to be changed into the Serum , by the Saltness and Oyliness of the Blood , which absorbing the Acid of the Chyle , it loses its Milkiness . The Serum and Chyle differ most by their Colour and Consistence ; for Acid Spirit of Nitre makes the Serum Milky , and Spirit of Sal Armoniac . makes it clear Serum again . We often observe the Chyle on the Cake of Blood in milky Spots , or mixed much with the Serum in Cachectic Persons ; and this is cured by Chalyboates , and volatile Salts , which turn it to Serum . The next degree of Crudity in the Sanguification of our Chyle , is , when the Serum is not digested into a gelatinous Lympha , fit for the Nourishment of the Solid Parts ; for the viscid part of the Serum , which evidently contains the caseous parts of the Chyle , as appears by its Inspissation by the Fire , or Coagulation by Alum , or other Acids , is naturally changed , by a long Circulation and Separation of its superfluous Humidity , by Sweat or Vrin , into the Lympha salsa serosa , which being exposed to the cold Air , when it is taken out of the lymphatics , it presently turns to a Jelly . There may be a further degree of Crudity reckoned , when the gelatinous salsa Lympha , made out of the Serum , does not become fibrous , for want of a due Viscidity or Gumminess ; for then we believe Humours have attained their perfect Digestion , when there appears a fibrous Hypostasis in the Vrin , which depends upon the viscid part of the Serum turned into the fibrous Cake of the Blood. The rosy or red oyly Particles of the Chyle ought to become more red and florid , by a long Digestion , by their Mixture with the Volatile Salt , and red Oyl of the Blood ; but in Cachectic Persons we observe the Cake of Blood to be of a pale , Pink Colour , and less florid , like Milk and Blood mixed . The Acid part of the Chyle ought to be digested into the vitriolic Acid of the Blood ; but by reason of the Crudity of the Blood , it keeps its tartareous Nature , and hinders the Rarefaction of the Blood , and abates the Volatility , both of the Volatile Salt , and Oyl in the Blood. The abundant Aquosity of the Serum ought to have been evacuated by Sweat and Vrin ; but the Chyle being not fully digested , the watery part cannot easily be separated from the viscid contents ; neither can it acquire its Salt Tastes , which fits it for a Secretion by its proper Glands : hence it will inevitably follow , that the Veins and Lymphatics are greatly filled and distended by the abundance of the Serum , which produces divers Distempers in several parts . I. If it stagnates in the habit of the Body , and is mixed with crude Chyle , which cannot circulate through the Lymphatics , it produces an Anasarca . II. If it stagnates in any particular Part , it produces external Tumours containing Water . III. If it be evacuated into divers Cavities , it produces divers sorts of Dropsies ; as , 1. Hydrops Ascites , when the Serum breaks the Lymphatics , and fills the Cavities of the Belly , either by Fulness of the Serum , or by the Distention of the Vessels , which are compressed by the Tumours of the Viscera . 2. The Serum may be evacuated into the Cavity of the Head , in the Hydrocephalus . 3. Hydrops Thoracis , is when it is evacuated into the Cavity of the Breast . 4. In the Dropsy of the Womb , the Water is contained in the Cavity of it , or its Testicles , or distends the Lymphatics into Vesiculae . 5. In the Hydrocele , the Water is evacuated into the Cods . These Distempers depend on too great a Serosity of the Blood ; but they being Evacuations of it into particular Cavities , ought to be treated of under that head . The external Causes of the Serosity of the Blood , are , I. A wet and a moist Region , which supplies great , foggy Air , for our Respirations ; and by that we imbibe its Humidities , and that also hinders Transpiration , and so increases the Serosity . II. A crude , watery , mucilaginous Diet of Vegetables , Fish , immoderate Drinking , Milk-Meats , Broths , Water drinking , Herbs , and Fruits . III. The Intermission of dew Exercise , which ought to discuss by Sweat ; and that also helps Chylification , Sanguification , and the Circulation , and Secretion of Humours . IV. The Suppression of Evacuations by Sweat and Vrin in the Stone , or the Suppression of Fontinels , Menses , Haemorrhoids , or Looseness , make the Blood more serous . V. The Sanguification is weakened by great Evacuations , as Haemorrhagies , Dysenteries , Fluxes of the Menses ; as also , by the Fluor Albus , and Vomitings , and Quartanes . VI. Sadness and Sleep stop the Motion of our Spirits and Humours , and by that means hinder our Sanguification of the Chyle . The internal Causes of too much Serosity of the Blood , are , 1. A weak Ferment , and a watery Chyle . 2. A vapid , watery Blood , which is less florid and oyly , and wants its due Saltness , by which it ought to turn the new Chyle into the Serum , and the Cake of Blood. 3. The Circulation of the Blood being hindred by any inward Polypus , or Tumour of the Viscera , as the Lungs , Liver , Spleen , Kidneys , either cause an Extravasasion of the Serum , or hinder its Digestion and Sanguification , and the Stagnation of it is observed in some part . The Circulation of the Blood is deficient in the languid and dying , and their Legs pit . The Circulation being often stopt , occasions that Dropsies follow , Asthma's , Hysterical Fits , and other Convulsions . The Signs of a serous Constitution , and of the serous Cacochymia , are , The Use of watery Meats and Drinks , Evacuations of Sweat or Vrin , or any other stopt . The Swelling of the Belly , Legs , or Face , under the Eyes , much Sweating , or great quantity of pale Vrin , watery Stools , and much Water contained in the Blood , when let forth , above an equal weight of the Serum , in respect of the Cake . The Cure of the serous Cacohymia requires , First , A dry Diet , and that which is heating , drinking Wine , or strong Beer , Roast rather than Boiled , all manner of salt , bitter , acrid or aromatic Pickles , and abstinence from much Liquids , only lbiss of Wine in a Day , for 40 Days , or else with Wormwood , Juniper-Berries , Anti-scorbuties , and Ashes in constant Drink . Secondly , The Evacuation of the Chyle , which is watery , from the primae viae , Blood , or Cavities of the Body . 1. By Purgers , which , by their Tithymaline Acrimony , carry off the Water ; as Extract . Esulae , Pil. De Gambogia . Turbeth . 2. Or by Purgers which have an acrid Resin ; as Jalap , Mechoacan , Scammony , with Merc. dulcis . 3. Or by nauseous Bitters ; as Syrup . de Spina , Roots and Seeds of Dwarf Elder , Juyce of Briony , Solanum Lignosum , Soldanella , Troches of Alhandal , Elaterium , Extract of Hellebor . Or by other gentler Acrids ; as Jayce of Iris. Or Vitriolic Minerals ; as Crystals of Silver , Squamae Aeris , Antimonials , Infusion of Crocus Metallorum , Mercurius Vitae , Turbeth . Mineral . and these work by Vomit , and evacuate the Serum both ways . Thirdly , The Serum must be evacuated out of the Cavities by Paracentesis , unless the Dropsie depend on a Schirrus of the Viscera , for that is incurable . The Parts may be pricked with a Needle above the Knee , and Escarotics applied of Ash-Ashes , or Blystering Plaster . Fourthly , The serous Matter is most plentisully evacuated by Vrin . 1. By Lixiviums of Broom , Juniper , Bean-Ashes infused in White-Wine , with Orange and Limon Peels , or Flints extinguished in Wine . 2. By Salso-Acids , Tart. Vitriol . Sal Armoniac . or Salt of Wormwood , and Spirit of Salt dissolved in any diuretic . Julep . Sal. Succini , Sal. Prunell . or Salt of Tartar nitrated , the Herb Kali half a dram three Mornings successively . 3. By acrid and caustic Turpentines , Juniper-Berries . Golden Rod , Conyza Roots , Enula Campane , Squinanth . Asarabacca Roots , Spikenard . Leaves of Arse-smart . Savin , or Pine - Leaves . Hepatica Terrestris . 4. By watery Caustics . Ranunculus Hederaceus , Aaron Roots . Anagallis Mas , Ros Solis . Squills , Garlic , Acrids ; as Garlic infused in Ale , or its Juyce in Broths or Onions , or Leeks in the same , or Nettle Roots , which have a caustic Juyce in them . 5. By Cresse Acrids . Infusion of Mustard-Seed in Wine , Spirit of Scurvy-Grass , and the Leaves of Scurvy-Grass , Juyces of Water-Cresses . 6. By aromatic , sweet Acrids ; as , Daucus , Parsley , Fenil , Dill-Seeds , distilled Water from Water Parsnip , Roots of long Fenil , Smallage , Parsley , Chervil . 7. By the smoaky , bitter Acrids ; as , Eryngo , Scabious , Carduus , Roots of Burdock , and the Seeds . 8. By the aromatic , bitterish Acrids ; as , Penny-Royal , Hyssop , Rosemary , Sage . 9. By the acrid Legumens ; as , Asparagus , and Butchers Broom-Roots , Periclymenum Flowers , Broom . 10. By the acrid Foetids ; as , Rheu , Crocus . Rheu boiled in White-Wine , Posset-Drinks , help the Tympanitical to make Water plentifully . 11. By the bitter Acrids of a wormwood Taste ; as , Sea , and common Wormwood . 12. By the acrid Bitters of a Mather Taste ; as , Radix Rabiae . 13. By Acrids of a laurel Taste ; as , Bay-Berries , Ash - Seeds , tops of Holly , and Ivy-Berries . 14. By acrid Insects ; as , Millepedes , Earth-Worms , Scarabaei , Grashoppers . 15. By burning Acrids of the Orris kind ; as , Xyry , Acorus . 16. By the bitter Acrids ; as , Grana Alkakengi , Bacc. Fraxini , Bubulae . 17. By volatile Salts , and chymical , acrid Cyls of Vegetables , or Bitumens . 18. By Acid Minerals , Spirit of Salt , Oyl of Vitriol . By acid Vegetables , Juyce of Limons , Cream of Tartar. Vinegar helps the Thirst . 19. By the lamium Faetids ; as , Hedera Terrestris . 20. By the strong Bitters ; Salvia Agrestis , Lupulus , Scordium , Chamaedrys , Marrubium , Vervein . 21. By the sweet , nauseous Bitters ; as , Centaury , Trifolium Palustre , Gentian . Fifthly , The Serum may be evacuated by Clysters ; as , 1. Vrinous . 2. Terebinthinate . 3. Of the bitterest Purgers ; as Coloquintida . 4. By Sulphurous Medicines ; as Infusion of Crocus Metallorum . 5. By Tithymaline Acrids added ; as Gambogia ʒss . dissolved in Sack. Sixthly , A sweating Diet of Guaiacum ; and with that he may dilute his Wine for ordinary Drink . Baths , or Fomentations , or the frequent Use of Venice Treacle , discuss by Sweat ; and the Balsamum Polychrestum . Seventhly , All Hydropical Tumours may be discussed by Baths , Fomentations , Cataplasms , Oyntments , Plasters . 1. By the acrid , foetid , and aromatic Plants above-mentioned , being boiled in salt Liquors ; as Sea-Water , a Lixivium of Ashes , or Aqua Calcis . 2. By the Stercora of Animals boiled in Wine , Vrin , or a Lixivium , and Sulphur added to them . 3. By Purging Vnguents ; Vng . Aprippae , Arthanitae , Oyntments of Elder Bark , and Dwarf Elder . By Oyntment of Birch-Bark and Leaves . 4. By Caustic Plants , or Animals boiled in Oyl ; as Oyl of Scorpions , Oyl of Flammula . 5. Cataplasms of Roots of Wild Cucumbers . Indication requires the higher Fermentation of the Mucilaginous Chyle , by the Tastes mentioned in the Cure of a low Fermentation ; but these more specifically respect the Serosities , and cause its Sanguification . First , All sorts of Bitters . I. The nauseous Bitters , or Lychnis Bitters ; as Centaury , Buck-Bean , Saponaria . II. The Mather Bitters ; as Rubia , Celandine . III. The Wormwood Bitters . IV. The smoaky Bitters ; as Carduus . V. The Turpentine Bitters ; as Enula , Eupatorium . VI. Lamium Bitters ; as Chamaedrys , Marrubium , Scorodaria . VII . The Pea Bitters ; as Broom . VIII . The Laurel Bitters ; as Ash , and Birch , Bark , and Seeds . IX . Bitter Gums ; as Aloes , Myrrh , Ammoniacum . 1. These Bitters supply the want of the bitter Acrid of Choler , necessary for Digestion and Sanguification of the Chyle . 2. All acrid and caustic Plants make the Blood more florid , and so we find them to help Sanguification . 3. All Salt Tastes , volatile and fixed , make the Blood more florid ; they supply the want of an Animal Salt , which , by absorbing Acids , turns the Chyle into Blood , and promotes the Mixture and Sanguification of both . 4. Testaceous Medicines , the Calces of Minerals , and Ashes of Animals , by absorbing the Acidities of Chyle , help the Mixture of it , and the Blood. 5. Oyly , acrid , and resinous or oyly Plants , exagitate the red Part of the Blood , and supply its defect ; as all Aromatics , and aromatic Wines , and volatile , oyly Salts . 6. Mineral Sulphurs raise the oyly , red Part of the Blood ; as Chalybeats , Antimonials , Cinnabarines . I tryed the salt , clear , limpid Water , taken out of the Belly of an Hydropical Person by Tapping , and could neither inspissate it by Fire , nor coagulate it by Vitriol or Alum . This was the crude , lymphatic Liquor , too serous and crude ; the Spleen was Schirrous after a Quartain : This Lympha sometimes appeared milky . Though all the Serum be evacuated by Purgers , Diuretics or Blisters on the Legs ; yet it will regenerate , if the Digestion of Humours be not raised , and the Schirrosities cured which caused its Evacuation into the Cavities , and the breach of the Lymphatics stopt , which seems impossible . An Hydropical Gentlewoman was Tapped once a Week , for fourteen Weeks , and lived in a tolerable State for some time longer , by the help of five Grains of Laudanum every Night . No Diuretic caused Water ; but Wine and Water helped that most , and allayed the hectical Symptoms . Every time after Tapping more Water was made by Vrin ; but the Belly filled with the Serum in a Weeks time , and a Gallon or two was taken out every Week ; but , at length , the Belly did not fill much , but sank , and a Plaster laid on helped its Tumour ; and a Consumption , at last , most afflicted the Person who was before so Hydropical . I have observed that Fomentation after Tapping abates the hardness of the Belly and Viscera . CHAP. IX . Of the Fermentation of the Humours into degrees above their Natural State. WHEN the Fermentation in the Stomach is carried too high , the Contents of the Stomach become bitter or rancid , very acid , acrid , or salt ; and so are all the Humours thence produced . By a strong Fermentation all the Parts of the Chyle acquire an Acrimony ; The oyly Part becomes rancid and bitter , and stinks ; the acid Tartar , being volatilized , becomes corrosive , or acid-acrid ; the earthy Part neither adhering to the acid nor oyly Part , is left in the primae viae , to go off by Stool ; and the Mucilage of the Meat being attenuated by a high Digestion or Putrefaction , the Chyle becomes more thin , and fluid , and nidorous Ructus frequently rise from the Stomach . Not only the Chyle , but the Blood also is vitiated by too high a state of the Principles of the Chyle , and from the Volatility of the Oyl , and the Pungency of the Acid , the Blood is made more florid , and the Vitriolic Acid more sharp or corrosive , like the Spirit of Acid Juyces high fermented . A rosy Chyle will make a florid Blood , and an acrid , bitter , salt , acid Chyle will give the same quality to the Blood , and a putrid , thin Chyle will make a putrid Blood. All the Diseases depending on this State of Humours , are , the hot Constitutions of Humours , and are contrary to the former described ; which are the several Species of cold Constitutions ; Fat to the Mucilage of Humours ; a putrefied thin Consistence is contrary ; and to the Acerbity , a vitriolic Acidity and Saltness ; and to the Serosity , an Inspissation or Viscidity ; and to a crude Flatulency , a rancid Flatuosity , and nervine , wandering Pains . When the oyly , acid , earthy or viscid Principles of Chyle acquire too high a State by Fermentation , they produce these several Species of hot Cacochymia's . 1. A Bitterness of the Chyle and Humours in Choleric Constitutions . 2. The Chyle and Blood in the hot Scurvy have a rancid , oyly State. 3. A Viscidity of the Serum , or Inspissation of the new Chyle mixed with it , as in Inflammations and Rheumatisms . 4. A Saltness of Blood. 5. A Vitriolic Acidity , or Corrosiveness of Blood. 6. A Putrefaction of Blood , which causes its want of Fibers , or Thinness , or Fluidity . 7. A Nidorous Ructus from the Stomach , and a hot , nervine Flatuosity , with convulsive Pains , or hypochondriac or hysteric Symptoms , and a feverish Temper of Blood. The evident Causes of too high a Digestion , are , 1. A Hot Diet , which digests and ferments too quick ; so acrid , aromatic , vinous , Salt , and very sweet Meats , produce an acrid , aromatic , salt , vinous Chyle ; and Honey and Sugar , and sweet Wines , are apt to ferment too much . All Flesh-Meats high salted , peppered , or pickled , fryed , broyled , or baked Meats , breed a Chyle too rancid or hot . Fish , as Salmon , or Crabs , Lobsters , are apt to Surfeit , and putrefie in the Stomach . All Meats a little putrid before they be eaten exalt the Fermentation too much . All Gravies , Anchovies , Oysters , and the Indian Sawces , are too great Stimulaters of a Fermentation in the Stomach , and all those Meats which contain an Animal Ferment in them , as old Cheese . II. By immoderate Labour , by the Heat of the Season , or the Countries nearer to the Sun ; by Cares , Watchings , Anger , Joy , Pain , the Blood is heated , and its Circulation quickened , and Sanguification is much promoted . III. The same Causes produce a bitter , acrid Bile , which promote Digestion much , and Sanguification also . Fasting sharpens the Choler ; and those who are apt to Vomit Yellow Choler , and those who digest too fast , have Choleric Fluxes . In Young Men , and hot Seasons , Choler much abounds . IV. The Retention of salt , foetid Serum , for want of Evacuation by Sweat or Vrin , produces Feverish Dispositions , which cause a high Fermentation in the Blood. The internal Causes of too high a Fermentation , are , 1. A spirituous , foetid , sub-Acid or salt Ferment in the Stomach , and this ferments too much all our Aliments . 2. A natural oyly , acid , foetid , or acrid , salt Temper of the Blood , which is apt to ferment too much . 3. A bitter , acrid Choler , which , with the Tartar of the Meat , produces a great Saltness of the Blood. 4. A frequent and impetuous Circulation of the Blood , which raises the Digestion of it , which happens often in Summer , and to Young Men , by Passions or Surfeits . 5. Foetid Humours retained ferment the Humours ; as , the salt Serum , the Semen , the Choler , and many extraneous Ferments come into the Blood from without , as in the Itch , Leprosie , Pox , the Ferment of infectious Fevers , or the Poysons from Mad-Animals , or venomous Bites of them : All which have their Effects on the Animal , by Fermenting its Humours . Such as the Blood and Spirits of Animals be , as to their Qualities , such is the Temper of their Stomachic Ferment , for that rises from the other ; and any Errour committed in Chylification is communicated to the Blood and Spirits . The Cure of too high a Fermentation requires , First , That all the Evident Causes be avoided , and that we use a contrary Diet of crude , acerb , watery , mucilaginous Styptics ; as crude Vegetables , Bistort , Lettuce , Spinage , Cucumbers , Sorrel , Melons ; Fruits ; as Apples , Plumbs , Cherries , Strawberries , Sloes ; the Legumens , as young Peas , Beans , boiled Wheat ; and all the farinaceous Meats of Oat or Barley Meal , Rice , or Pudding , Panados . The Drink ought to be small Beer , or Water two Parts , with a little Wine ; or else the Drinking Mead , Elder-Wine , or Wood-Drinks , or Water it self , or thin Milk. Milk-Meats are very useful in this State , for we add Milk to fermenting Wines to stop their Fretting . Secondly , All Choleric Humours ought to be evacuated , and the Rancid Contents of the Stomach . I. By Vomiting , with Carduus , or Sal Vitrioli , or Squills . II. By Cholagogues , and those , 1. Nauseous Dock-Bitters ; as Chewing of Rhubarb , or its Infusion with Manna by Dock-Beer . 2. By Aloetics ; Elixir Proprietatis cum Acido . 3. By Bitterish and Nauseous Pea-Tastes ; as Sena . III. By the Bitterish , Purging Waters . IV. By Diagrydiates mixt with Tartar , or some Acid , Rhubarb Pouder , by Pil. Tartareae . V. By Lenitive , Sweet Purgers ; as Manna , El. Lenitiv . Thirdly , The oyly , bilious or salt Temper of the Ferment and Blood , and its frequent Circulation , are to be corrected and checked , 1. By Acids ; as Spirit of Salt , Vinegar , Sulphur , Niter , Alum , Conserve of Roses , vitriolated cum Tinct . Rosar . which coagulate the Chyle , the Bile , the Salt Serum , and the oyly Particles of the Blood , and thereby fix them . Bitters are always corrected by Acids , so the Bitter of Aloes , Coloquintida is abated by Spirit of Sulphur , or Vitriol . 2. Styptics preserve the Consistence of the Blood , and hinder or cure Fevers ; as Plantain , House-Leek , Tormentil , Cinquefoil , Purslain . 3. The Mucilaginous incrassate or thicken the Consistence ; as Gum Tragacanth , and Icthyocolla , Borrage , Bugloss , Emulsions , Lettuce . 4. Watery Liquors temper and dilute hot Humours ; as Mineral Waters , Whey , with Syrup of Violets , and cool , bitterish , slimy or acid Juyces , Milk-Waters , drinking Milk and Water . 5. Bitterish , Crude Plants deterge away the Choler ; as the Cichory Bitters , as Decoction of Cichory-Roots , or Dandelion in Whey , with Cream of Tartar. 6. Opiates stop the vapid Circulation of Blood. 7. Mercurial Medicines depress the Fermentation and cool Humours , and stop Putrefaction . Fourthly , Frequent Bleeding abates the Fulness of Humours , and checks their Fermentations , or Fervors , or Ebullitions . Fifthly , All Evacuations suppressed ought to be renewed , and all extraneous Ferments to be corrected or evacuated . Sixthly , Externally we may check the Ebullition of the Blood , by applying Water and Vinegar to the Pulses , Stones , Forehead , Feet , and in an extraordinary Case the Patient ought to be put into cold Water , or dipt , according to the Method communicated to me by my Ingenious Friend Dr. Baynard , a Member of the College of Physicians ; whose Success by it in Curing such Diseases as depend on too high a Fermentation of the Blood , is very well known ; and the Practice seems to me very Rational , if managed according to the Rules his Experience has found out . The Diseases which chiefly affect the Stomach upon too high a Fermentation , are , an Oyliness and Rancidity of its Contents , and a Nidorous Ructus ; The Causes of these are , 1. A Salso-acid , spirituous Ferment . 2. Meats which are half putrid , or oyly , or rancid , or fat , or fryed with Fat , and corrosive Vegetables ; as Garlic , Onyons , or the much Use of Tobacco . 3. Choleric or Salt Humours mixed with the natural Ferment . Since these Nidorous Ructus depend on the Acrimony of Humours , and the Foetid Spirituosity of the Ferment , and the Putridness of the Meat , they are improperly imputed to a Crudity ; for a Foetor is rather a sign of a Putrefaction , and in no Crudity are the oyly , acid Spirits so far volatilized in the Stomach . The Cure of this Nidorosity , is , 1. By Evacuation , by Vomiting and Purging , as is directed . 2. By Correcting the Oleous Temper of the Bile , or Ferment , or Meat , by the Acids mentioned , as Cream of Tartar , Juyce of Limon , Decoction of Tamarind , Spirit of Niter dulcified , with Spirit of Mint or Aniseeds . Or by Salso-Acids ; as Sal Prunellae . 3. By Externals , Styptics , Aromatics , and Acids ; as Quinces and Mint , with Vinegar and Leaven . By too great a Fermentation of the Meat , the Lacteal Lympha , as the Saliva , becomes nauseously Sweet and Sharp , and the Ferment of the Stomach of the same quality , which produces a Nauseousness ; and by its Salso-Acid , a hot Cholic . The Mucus of the Larynx and Aspera Arteria becomes Sharp , or Salso-Acid , and produces Coughs . The Milk in the Breasts becomes bitter , rank , oyly , salt , thick , which gives Gripes to Children , and Vomits them . The Semen becomes salt and stimulating ; as in Furor Vterinus . The Succus Nervosus salt , or more lucid than ordinary ; as in Deliriums , and more Oyly and Foetid . The Salt Lympha becomes more Salt ; as in the Gout , Stone , Haemorrhagies , and the Scurvy . Those are most disposed to this State of Blood , who are of Choleric , hot Constitutions ; for the same kind of Diet produces much Choler , which over-ferments the Blood ; as all acrid , bitter , salt , aromatic and sweet things , and all hot Meats and Medicines injure them , but cool ones , and those that are Serous , refresh them . The Choleric have their Senses and Actions of the Mind , and Motions of the Body , very quick and ready , their Passions of Anger and Revenge violent , and their Dreams cruel , and little Sleep , and their Pulse full and hard , and all these Symptoms depend on Fiery or Choleric , Hot Spirits . The Abundance of Choler abates the Appetite , creates Thirst , and requires a cool-Diet , and disposes to Fevers , and Phrensies . The Erysipelas , and Choleric Vomitings , and Loosenesses , and a bitterness in the Mouth , the Vrin is thin , yellowish , or flame Coloured , or red . The Habit of the Body is generally lean , and the Colour of the Face yellowish , and the Hair yellow or black . By these Signs mentioned we may know when Humours are too high fermented , and Choler produced : but that the Nature of Choler may be more fully explained , and the Cure of its Bitterness by Coagulations , I will annex the ensuing Discourse about its Nature , Use , and Colours , and its Coagulations by Acids . Choler may be compared to the Juyces of bitter Plants , for their Bitterness depends on an Oyl and Acid , mixed with much Earth , digested into a particular State , and by the Mixture of these Principles they acquire the Texture of Particles , necessary to a bitter Taste . There is a good quantity of Water mixt with Choler , whose Superfluity is drawn off by the Lymphatics , that the Choler might be left more ropy . Some of the bitterness goes off with the Lympha , which gives a bitterness to it , if it be tasted in the Vessels , which return the Lympha from the Vesica Bilaria ; and because this meets the Chyle in the common Receptacle , it certainly helps there its Sanguification , which the Ancients , by Mistake , imputed to the Liver its self , but that is more rationally ascribed to Choler , which is produced by the Liver . The Principles of Choler are easily mixed with watery Liquors , and diluted by them . When it is too slimy or hot , we use much Whey or Water for that end to dilute it . A great quantity of an Earthy Principle appears in Choler , because it is apt to breed Stones , and it leaves a great Thickness or Crassamentum upon Evaporation . The Oyliness in Choler appears in its ropy Sliminess , and for this reason it serves Painters to mix ( like Oyl ) with their Colours ; and it is used for the Washing of Cloaths , because of its Oyly Parts . I have observed in Faulcons a small quantity of Gall in the bladder of Gall , the Oleous Parts of Chyle being spent most on the Fat , and not digested so high , as to produce Choler ; and the reason that fat Constitutions are more cool than the lean , is , because they breed less Choler . Spirit of Harts-Horn put into the yellow Choler of a Hog precipitated it a little , from whence , I supposed some Acid might be in it . There is naturally no Volatile Salt in Choler , but that is made by Fermentation of it , or by a strong Fire in Distillation . This ought much to discourage Physicians from confiding in Chymistry for the Explaining the Nature and Principles of Animal Humours , since it produces so much of a Volatile Salt , which is not naturally in Choler ; and I think I have a much clearer and certain Notion of Choler , and its Use , from its Sensible Qualities , especially its Taste . The Green Choler of a Cow tasted sweet , bitter , sub-acrid , or a little pungent , and it turned Syrup of Violets green . The yellow Choler of a Hog had the same , but a stronger Taste , and it turned Syrup of Violets green . The florid Part of the Blood is that which the Ancient Authors meant by the Bilis Alimentaria , or natural Choler ; for the florid Part being of an Oyly and Acid Nature , it is the immediate Matter of Choler ; but the great Slime observable in Choler , is sent to the Liver by the Spleen . All Choleric Persons have very florid Bloods , and that very hot , which both depend on the oyly , acid , red Part of the Blood. Choler is easily mixed with Blood , if they be stirred together , and so gives a very florid Colour to it , which shews a great Agreement betwixt the Red and Yellow in Animal Humours . The change of the red , oyly Acid in Blood , to a yellow Colour in Choler , is from a further Digestion of the same Humour , or a Mixture of a Spleen Acid with it ; so Brimstone , in its Natural State , is mixed with much Acid and Earth , and is of a greenish Colour ; but when sublimed , it has less Earth and Acid , and then is of a yellow Colour ; but if the yellow Flames be melted with Salt of Tartar , the Hepar Sulphuris is red , and the Balsam made of it , or its Tincture ; but if a Lixivium be made of the Hepar , and it be precipitated by a good quantity of Acid , it becomes Milky , as in Lac Sulphuris . The Oyl in Animal Humours gives us as great a Variety of Colour , according to its different kinds or quantities of Acid mixed with it , as Sulphur does in the Experiments mentioned , or in the Variety of the Colours of Metals , which depends on their different Digestions , or Mixtures of their Sulphur with a Mineral Acidity . I. The Oyl or Butter in Chyle gives a Milky Colour , by the Mixture of it with a Tartar Acid , and resembles the Colour and Mixture of Lac Sulphuris . II. The Oyl gives a florid Colour to the Blood , by its Mixture with the volatilized Vitriolic Acidity and Saltness there , and this resembles the Hepar Sulphuris in Colour and Mixture of less Acidity , with a Saltness . III. The Oyl in the Choler is of different Colours , according to the difference of its Spleen Acid mixt with it , or the Acid of the Meats digested in the Stomach . 1. It is Green in Sheep , Hens , Rabbits , Cows , Dear , who feed on Herbs , which supply a great quantity of crude or acerb Tartar to the Animal Humours . If we drop Spirit of Nitre into yellow Choler , it turns it Greenish , and our Excrements look Green from Chalybeate Water , in which there is the Acid of Sulphur joyned with a Stypticity . All our Green Vomits in Women are from a Mixture of Yellow Choler , and an Acid in the Stomach ; they taste and smell Sowre : They are cured by the grossest Steel in Hysterical Women , or Testaceous Medicines in Children , when they are griped by a Green Humour ; from which Observations it appears , that the Bilis Porracea is from a crude Tartar Acid mixed with Yellow Choler in the Stomachs of the Hysterical , or Hypochondriacal , or Children Griped by that Humour ; and the Green Choler of the Animals above-mentioned is , from the red florid Parts of the Blood , too much fixed by a crude Acid , and much of Earth , which those Animals have from their Food of crude Grass . These Animals have a milder Heat than those who have Yellow Choler ; the lowness of their Fermentation may be discerned by a less offensive Foetor of their Bodies , and the watery Paleness of their Vrins in a natural State : From hence we may observe , that all Green Humours are signs of Indigestion , and a crude Acidity , and they are to be cured as the Tartar Acid of Chyle , already described . 2. The Paleness of Choler is from a great Serosity mixed with it ; and this is a sign of a great Weakness of Digestion , and a Serous Cacochymia . 3. The Sliminess and Sweetness of Choler is from a weak , pituitous Blood , and a sign of it , and belongs to Fat Constitutions . 4. IV. In Animals , whose Heat is very strong , and their Fermentation more violent , and whose Bodies have a stronger Foetor , as Men , Pigs , Cats , Dogs , &c. the Choler is of a Yellow Colour . V. The Bilis Vitellina differs from the Yellow Choler only in Consistence and Acrimony ; it is compared to the Yolks of Eggs , and is a sign of a viscid State of Blood. VI. The Blue Choler is commonly called Isatodes , like the Colour Woad gives . This I once observed in a Young Hysterical Woman , who Vomited Blue after the Death of her Father , and upon a Surfeit . I observed the same Blue was Vomited by a Young Person , when all his Stools were Black ; and this Blue Choler must be attributed to the Vitriolic Acidity of the Spleen , or such a State of Acid mixed in the Stomach with Yellow Choler , and this Colour of preternatural Choler the Ancients attributed to too much Adustion of Choler , or Torrefaction , which brings it near to the Nature of Atra Bilis , and this Choler ought to be esteemed the lowest State of the Atra Bilis . VII . Choler of a deep Orange Colour , is what the Ancients called Aeruginosa Bilis , and is the Effect of a Cholera , when the Yellow Choler is altered by the Splenetic Acid , and made Corrosive , as the Ancients describe it , but it is of no considerable Taste , as those that Vomited it described it to me ; it is of a Brown and Yellow Mixture , as appears by the Linen stained by it . This Vomited plentifully often proves Fatal . The Cure of this ought to be managed , as in the Cholera , by Vomiting plentifully at first , by Glysters and Laudanum , but not Purging . It seems very probable to me , that it is the Effect of an intermitting Fever , and a Symptom of it , and requires the Use of the Cortex , with Laudanum , after Evacuation , with Aqua Pulli , or Posset-Drink , and Glysters , and Bleeding , if the Pulse will bear it . This Choler is a sign of a putrid State of Humours . VIII . Choler of a Flaming Colour seems to be of a high State of Digestion ; so I have observed in a Fitchet which stinks much , a Choler of a Red , Flaming Colour , and the higher or hotter the Choler is , the less Acerb Acidity there is in the Body , and the higher its Colour is , the more the Body stinks . In River-Fish , the Choler is of a Citrine Colour , which is only a thin Yellow , and is produced by a lower State of Digestion than the Yellow Choler of Quadrupeds . Yellow Choler becomes Citrine by diluting it , as it is probable that of Fish is much more diluted than the other . I tasted the Choler of a Jack , which was Sweet , Bitter , Sub-Acrid , Slimy , and of a Colour like Oyl of Amber , Fish Choler bites the Tongue , but is less Bitter than other Choler , because there is less Fat in Fish , and therefore the Choler is less Oleous or Bitter . The Acrimony or Pungency in Choler , is like that of Acrid Plants , or Insects , without a Salt Taste , and it seems an Oyly Acid , which , like that in Soot , is in a near Disposition to be made a Salt , by Fire or Fermentation . The Colour of the Oyls amongst Vegetables very much explains their several Digestions . Their Paleness is a Sign of a Serosity in Oyl of Walnuts , and Milky Juyces are Turpentines dissolved in Water . Their Sliminess of a Crudity in Oyl of Linseed . Their Greenness of an Acidity in Oyls of Olives . The Sweetness of Oyls shews the middle State they are in betwixt a high and low Digestion . To the Yellowness of Turpentine is joyned its Acrid Taste , and Bitterness . The Blue Turpentines are higher digested in Flos Solis , and Hypericum . The Rosins , and thick Turpentines , resemble the Consistence of the thick Vitelline Choler . The Citrine Balsams ; as that of Mecha , and the Black ones , as that of Peru , represent the State of Black or Citrine Choler . There are Foetid Balsams and Gums which may answer the State of putrefied Foetid Choler , which is in Stools of a putrefied Smell . As to the Atra Bilis , I will reserve the Discourse of it to the Chapter of Vitriolic Acidity . Choler may be coagulated by divers Acids , like the Serum of the Blood ; but Choler most easily . I put to the Yellow Choler of a Hog , which was about ℥ ij . a small quantity of Spirit of Vitriol , by which it turned into hard and yellow Curds , the Serum swimming on the top . I have observed such hard Concretions in the Stools of some Icterical Persons , which proceed from such Coagulations by an Acid. Spirit of Salt coagulated it less , and the Coagulations were of a paler Colour . Spirit of Niter coagulated the Choler into Green Curds , which were very hard , and the Serum was very clear above the Coagulations . The Oyl of Tartar nitrated coagulated Choler by its nitrous Acid. The Green Choler of a Chicken was made by Spiritus Nitri Dulcis , of a more clear Green Colour . Vitriolate Tartar coagulated Green Choler , and the Coagulum looked Yellowish , as the Green Choler always does by the Mixture of the White Cremor in the Guts , which is Sub-Acid . Alum coagulated the Green Choler into Yellow Curds , but they looked White by adding a fixed Salt ; so Alum Waters precipitate a White Colour by Spirit of Sal Armoniac . Neither Sal Armoniac , nor common Salt , nor Sal Chalybis , coagulate Choler . Salt of Wormwood made no Effervescence with the Green Choler ; whence I inferr , that there is no loose Acid in it to produce its Greenness . Chymical Oyl of Wormwood swam upon Choler , whence it is evident , that Choler is not wholly Oyl . Green Choler looked Yellow by a Mixture of burnt Harts-Horn , which may abate or alter the Acid of the Green. It is evident , that Choler is not purely a Stercus Liquidum ; for then it ought not to have been emptyed into the Guts so near to the Stomach , for its Gall-Bladder being there inserted , every Motion of the Guts or Stomach , near its Insertion , must evacuate some Part of it , to mix with the digested Meat descending from the Stomach . The first Use I shall ascribe to Choler , is the correcting the Acidities of the Meat digested in the Stomach , for that might other ways Gripe the Belly , or coagulate the Chyle , or thicken the Blood. An Acidity is produced always by artificial Fermentations , and the same is evident in the Contents of the Stomach of Pigs , Rabbits , Sheep , to any ones Smell . The Contents of the Carnivorous coagulate Milk ; and I found that Bread digested in the Stomach of a Dog coagulated Milk. The Bitterness and Acrimony of the Choler corrects this Acidity of the digested Meat , and , by this means , volatilizes the Chyle , because nothing fixes the Blood and Chyle so much as Acids do , especially the Oyls and Salts in Animal Humours are coagulated by them . Thus Sulphur is opened by fixed Salts , and Spirit of Wine by Salt of Tartar is rectified . II. The Second Use of Choler is to prevent too great a Fermentation , or a perfect Putrefaction of our Meats ; so Hops and Wormwood prevent the decay as well as sowring of our Liquors . Myrrh , and other Bitter Gums , preserve Dead Carcases from Putrefaction . Other Bitters , as the Cortex , Gentian , Centaury , and Chamaedrys , by their Bitterness , stop the Fermentation of Fevers , and hinder the Putrefaction of Humours , and the Gangreen of the Solid Parts ; from hence we may inferr , that Choler may prevent the corruptive Fermentation of our Meat and Humours , as well as correct their Acidities . III. The Coagulation of the Choler by the Acidity of the digested Meat , helps the Oyl of the Meat to separate from the Faeces , which are of an Earthy Nature , to which it was united by an Acidity , and the thick nutritious Parts of the Meat are easily extracted from the rest by the liquid Juyces of the Stomach , and both the Oyly and Nutritious Parts being dissolved in a Liquor constitute the white Milky Liquor , which is our Chyle . I took some dry Reliques of Peas , digested in the Stomach of a Hog , who was fed twenty four Hours before he was Killed with Peas only , and Water , which smelt like boiled Gooseberries , pleasantly Acid : I put some Water to the digested Peas , and made it Milky , by Addition of some of the Hog's Gall. To the Liquor squeezed out of the Contents of the Stomach , I put some Gall , which was coagulated by it ; from whence it appears , that Choler is naturally coagulated by the Acid Reliques of the Stomach . I put some Spirit of Sal Armoniac to Gall coagulated by Spirit of Vitriol , and it produced a Milky Colour ; from both these Experiments I did collect , that the Coagulation of Choler by the Acid of the digested Meat , together with the Oyly Parts of the Meat , produce the White Colour of our Chyle ; so in Preparation of Lac Sulphuris , the Milky Colour follows the Precipitation of the Tartar by an Acid Spirit , and the Oyly Parts of the Sulphur give a Milky Colour ; Oyly or Resinous Liquors , as Tincture of Benjamin , Turpentine it self , being diluted with Water , become Milky . Emulsions are Milky from the Oyliness of their Seeds . The best Oyls thickened by cold , and the Fat of Animals have a White Colour ; and Milk it self has its Whiteness from the Caseous Fibers , and its Buttery Oyl . IV. The Choler has its grosser Parts separated by the Acidity of the digested Meat , and that gives Colour and Consistence to the Excrements , and the Choler abounding with much Slime , as appears by its Ropyness that inviscates the Gross indigested Parts of the Alimentary Mass , whereby the Chyle ( like Liquor clarified by the White of Eggs ) becomes more pure from the Sediment of Choler , and the indigested Parts of the Meat , and so only consists of a thin , slimy , nutritious Juyce , with Volatile , Spirituous , Oyly Parts , which can only pass the Canals of the Lacteals . V. The Fifth Use of Choler , is to help Sanguification , and the Production of an Animal Salt , of which I will discourse in the Chapter of Saltness . I mixed the Bitter Decoction , sine senâ , with volatile and fixed Salts , and these abated its Bitterness , which may intimate the Use of them in some Choleric Cases . Cream of Tartar and Spirit of Sulphur more evidently destroyed the Bitterness of it . Common Salt and Spirit of Salt seemed rather to increase than destroy the Bitterness of the Decoction . Mercurius dulcis made it Muddy , but little altered it : the same effect probably those Medicines will have on Bitter Choler . CHAP. X. Of the Hot Scurvy , or Oyly , Vitriolic , Rancid State of the Blood. THAT Dyscrasie of the Blood , wherein the Oyly and Acid Particles are too highly exalted , is commonly called the Scurvy , which is divided into the hot or cold Scurvies , according to the various Constitutions of Blood it falls into , for where the Oyl is more abundant in the Blood than the Acid , it produces the hot Scurvy , the Signs of which are , the high Colour of the Vrin , red Spots in the Skin , from the coagulated or putrid Blood fixing there in its Circulation , the Gums are Bloody , they are subject to Fevers , Dysenteries , Choleric Diarrhaea's , Night-Sweats , and Consumptions ; these Symptoms are produced by the rancid or scorbutic Bloods ; but in the nervous Liquor , the following Symptoms , the Running Gout , or Rheumatism in the Nerves , Convulsions , Palsies , Apoplexies , hot Cholics , and Asthma , and Crackling of the Bones . Since the Scurvy is cured by Acid Fruits , and crude Plants in Seamen , who have long lived on a Salt Diet ; I may hence , as well as from the mentioned Symptoms , observe , that the Scurvy depends on too high a Fermentation of the Blood. The Causes which produce the Oyly , Acid Temper of the Blood , are those evident Causes which excite an Ebullition , or Effervescence in it , as in all hot Diet of Wines , strong Drinks , and Salt Meats , Sea Air , and Fish , which some putrefie . 2. The Passion of the Mind , and Studies , and a Sedentary Life , or Suppression of Evacuations . 3. The Scurvy is Hereditary , or Contagious , or succeeds other Diseases ; as Fevers , Rheumatisms , Melancholy , Agues , especially the Quartan . I. The Cure consists in Evacuating the hot , salt , bitter , acrid , and vitriolic or viscid Humours , by the Vomits and Purgers mentioned in the Cure of too high a Fermentation , and frequent Bleeding . II. By Evacuating the Salt Serum by gentle Sweats , as will be hereafter mentioned , or a Diet-Drink of Sarsa and China , of each half a Pound , Harts-Horn and Ivory Shavings , of each one Ounce , boil all in eight Gallons to six , and add Juyces of Water-Cresses , Brooklime , of each two Pints , of Gill and Liver-wort , of each one Pint , six Nutmegs sliced , put all into six Gallons of Ale , drink three Draughts in a Day of it . III. The Salt Serum may be evacuated by Vrin . By Terebinthinates ; as tops of Pine in all our Ale. IV. The Oyl Acid Foetor of the Blood , and its high Fermentation , is to be corrected , By , 1. Acids ; as Wood-Sorrel , Juyces of Oranges and Limons mixt with the cooler Antiscorbutic Juyces , Conserve of Hips , Wood-Sorrel . 2. The Mucilaginous crude Juyces of some Legumens are used ; as Juyce of Fitches ℥ ij . in White-Wine , or Juyce of Fumitory , or Green Peas , or Green Corn distilled . 3. Other cooling Mucilaginous Plants , or Animal Parts , are used to cool the Blood , and dilute it ; as Juyce of Borrage , Bugloss , Barley Water , Emulsions , drinking Milk and Water , Antiscorbutic Milk Waters , Mineral Waters , or Fountain Water , or Water and Wine , Lettuce Water , with Sal Prunell . and Syrup of Limons . 4. The Acerbs supply their quantity of cruder Acids wanting in the Humours ; as Juyces of Apples , Grapes , the Sorrels , House-Leek , the Juyce of spotted Arsesmart , or House-Leek in bilious Diarrhaea's . Coral prepared with Juyce of Limon . Purslain Water with Sal Prunell . These Styptics , Acerbs , stop the hot Fermentation of Humours ; as Plantane boiled in Broths , and Ribwort Plantane . 5. Austere Styptics do the same , as Bark of Tamarisk , Ash , the Cortex . 6. Sweet Styptics of the Fern Class ; as Polypody , Ceterach , Maiden Hair do the same . V. The Coagulations by the Scorbutic Acidity may be dissolved , 1. By the watery Antiscorbutic Acrids ; as Juyces of Brooklime , and its Conserve , and Scurvy-Grass and Water-Cresses may be put into Milk with the Juyce of Orange and White-Wine , and that to turn into Posset-Drink . Spirit of Scurvy-Grass and Sal Armoniac may be given in Milk , or the Juyce of Scurvy-Grass may be so used . ℞ Conserv . Beccabungae , Rad. Cich . Lujuloe , an . ℥ ij . Ras . Eboni Pulv. ʒiij . Sal Prunell . Diatrion , Santal . an . ʒij . cum Syr. Lujuloe . F. Elect. 2. By Vitriolic Chalybeates ; as Sal Vitrioli dissolved in Antiscorbutic Milk Waters , or Willis's Steel so dissolved , or Mineral Waters Chalybeate , Steel prepared with Juyce of Apples , or Wood-Sorrel , or Oranges , and a Tincture may be extracted with Spirit of Scurvy-Grass , Tartar Chalybeate ; as Cremor Tartari ℈ ij . Sal Prunell . ℈ i. Vitriol . Martis gr . iij. Capiat cum Jusculis alterantibus . 3. By mixed Salts ; as Sal Armoniac . Arcanum duplicat . Vitriolat . Tartar. Nitrous Acids ; as Sal Prunell . or Mixture of different Salts ; as Cream of Tartar , and Salt ; Spirit of Salt , and Spirit of Scurvy-Grass mixt . 4. By Testaceous Medicines ; as Crabs Eyes . VI. The Choler must be cleansed , 1. By Cichoraceous Bitters ; as Cichory , Dandelion Roots . 2. By Dock Bitters and Sorrel Roots in Beer , or clarefied Whey . 3. By Chewing Rhubarb , and Purging Waters , and the Chalybeate . 4. It must be diluted by Milk and Water , by Avoiding fermented strong Liquors , and all hot Diet. CHAP. XI . Of the Viscidity of the Serum , or Inspissation of the Chyle new mixed with it in the Sizie , Rheumatic , or Inflamed Bloods . THERE is a Natural Slimy Viscidity in all the Lacteal Lympha's , and Milky Humours of Animals , and this is like dissolved watery Gums in its Natural State ; but beside this Viscidity , there is another naturally in the Cake of Blood , which makes it congeal and stiff when cold : this natural Viscidity is altered by too high a Fermentation of Humours , and becomes like Inspissate Gums , which is the Gummy Viscidity , or Gelatinous , like Jelly Broths . 1. The Lympha Lactea , such as the Spittle , becomes of a Gummy Consistence , and covers the Tongue with a white Skin , and all the Phlegm from the Salivatory Glands is Viscous . 2. The Mucus of the Aspera Arteria is Viscid , and is formed into Globuli , such as the Grando Pulmonum : This Mucus is also thickned by Stagnation , during which , the Heat of the Body dries it ; or the Air by its Cold , or Nitrous Particles thickens it ; or the Nutriment of the Nervous Membranes is deposited into the Vesiculae , being depraved or hindred in its Assimulation . The Sub-acid Mucus of the Stomach and Guts is made more Viscid by Fevers , or hot Diet , and this lines the insides of the Stomach with a Pituitous Saburra , which hinders the Sense of the Appetite . 4. The Lymphatic Vehicle of the Spirits is made more Viscid in the Palsie , Apoplexy , and Sleepy Distempers . 5. The Humours of the Eyes are sometimes very Viscid , and reflect the Light by flying about in the Eye , like Motes in the Sun , and the Thickness of the watery Humour is a Cataract , but that of the Crystalline produces a Glaucoma . 6. The Thickness of the Chyle produces Obstructions in the Lacteals , and that in the Breast Inflammations . By the Thickness of the Lacteal Lympha's Scrophulous Tumours are produced in all the Conglomerate Glands , or at least Catarrhs . The Seminal Lympha of the Vagina or Testicles being too Viscid , may produce Sterility . This Viscidity of the Chyle , and its Lympha's , may be called the Gummous Viscidity , which is produced by Thickning their Natural Mucilage , for a watery Gum differs only from a Mucilage by its Inspissation ; for the Mucilages of Plants may be boiled into a Gummy , Tenaceous or Emplastic Consistence , and the White of an Egg grows hard by the Heat of the Fire . There is another Species of Viscidity proper to the Serous Lympha , when it is inspissate by Heat , or congeals by Cold , or coagulates by an Acid. Broths long boiled become Viscid Jellies , and they melt with the Heat , because of the Oyliness mixed with them . Turpentines and Oyls leave a Colophony upon the Separation of their thinner Oyl ; and such a sticking gluey Substance is made by the Oyl of Harts-Horn , when the thinner Oyl is distilled off from it . The Serum of the Blood inspissates , as it does in a Spoon at the Fire , by long Fevers , and it produces Tumours , and Obstructions of the Parts , and Rheumatic Pains , and Pustules in the Skin . This Viscidity of the Serum makes the Vrin to have thick Contents ; as in Rheumatisms , and all Inflammations , Catarrhs , Fevers . It produces Pains by stagnating in the Lymphatics , and by being stopt out of its Glands . The Blood it self becomes of a viscid Consistence , and produces Polypous Concretions , and Palpitations , and sudden Syncopes . The viscid Blood stops the Flux of the Menses . The Consistence of the Choler is thickned by too hot a Diet , which thickens its ropy Slime , and produces the Jaundice . The Slimy Lympha of the Spleen , thickned by too high a Fermentation , produces Obstructions in the Spleen , or this is thickned by being coagulated by its own innate Vitriolic Acidity , or by Stagnation of the Slimy Humour , or Transmission of Viscid Humours there after Quartans . The ropy Vehicle of the Bile may be coagulated by the Vitriolic Acid of the Spleen , and produce the Atra Bilis . The Salso-acid Temper of the Blood may coagulate the new Chyle which comes into it , and so produce all the Inflammations , Pains , Tumours , sudden Death , Suffocations in Catarrhs . The evident Causes of the Gummous and Gelatinous Viscidities , are , 1. Too much external Heat of Air , Cloths , Baths , Fire which inspissate by Evaporating the watery Vehicle of the Caseous Parts of the Serum and Lympha's . 2. Too much Cold thickens Liquors , which , by Constriction or Compression , stops the Motion of the Active Particles , which cause their Fluidity , and their Viscid Particles cohere like Oyls thickned by Cold , or the Blood thickned by the cold Air , when out of the Vein . 3. Acrid Meats , or the Aromatic Spices , or Vinous Liquors , by their fiery Particles thicken the Mucilaginous Humours ; so the White of an Egg is hardened by Spirit of Wine , and the Serum of the Blood in them who drink Brandy . 4. The thin Serous Parts are evaporated by too much Sweat , immoderate Exercises ; by Watchings and Passions the quantity is abated ; by Diarrhaea's , much spitting in taking Tobacco , or great Fluxes of Vrin , by which , the Blood is made grumous , or void of Serum . 5. The great Use of Viscid Meats ; as Fish , Jellies , Mealy Vegetables , Rice , Wheat , &c. or by strong , thick , Viscid Ale or Wines , or the much Use of White Bread made without Bran. The internal Causes of Viscid Humours , are , 1. A Rancid , hot Fermentation of the Meat , so as to resemble fryed Eggs by their Ructus . 2. Acrid Choler , which hastens the Digestion , and quickens the Sanguification , and evacuates the Serum by Vrin . 3. The Natural , Oyly Temper of the Blood , which resembles the ropy Consistence of other Oyly Liquors , or the Salso-Acid Temper which carries the Serum off by Vrin , as the Medicines of that Taste , or else a preternatural Fermentation , which makes the Blood of the Scorbutic like a Jelly . 4. The Blood is often coagulated by its own Acids so , if , through Exercise , or hot Diet , it be rarified , and suddenly cooled with external Accidents , as sitting in a cool Place , or cold Air , the Serum of the Blood , or the new Chyle mixed with it , becomes a viscid Jelly , which stopping its Circulation in the Glands , Membranes , and Muscles ; it produces all the Inflammations with Pain and Heat , so Milk , when sowre , often coagulates by being boiled , and Milk injected into a Vein is presently coagulated . 5. The Vitriol Acid of the Spleen coagulating the Lympha Lactea produces the Scrophulous Tumours , or the Cancerous ; by coagulating the Serum it produces the Arthritis Vaga Scorbutica , and this is properly the Caseous Viscidity which is in all Animal Humours , and may be precipitated from them by mixing an Acid to precipitate it , and coagulate it . 6. A Putredinous Ferment coagulates all Humours , as Milk with Rennet is turned ; the Plague Infection coagulates the Blood , and the Exanthemata are it s coagulated and mortified Parts ; the Serous Lympha , by the venomous Ferment of the Itch and Pox , is turned into putrid Matter ; and the Bite of a Viper coagulates the Blood , and precipitates its Viscid Parts from the rest of the Mass . The Cure of the Viscidity requires , I. A thin , watery cool Diet , and Abstinence from fermented Liquors ; as Whey , Milk and Water , Wine and Water . II. The hot Contents and Ferment of the Stomach , and Acrid Choler , must be evacuated by the Vomits and Purgers described in the Cure of too high a Fermentation . But it must be observed , That Purges in all Inflammations are improper in the beginning , but very profitable after large Phlebotomies ; when the Viscid has had time to putrefie and digest , it will easily pass the Intestinal Glands , which it cannot do at first ; and , for the same reason , Diuretics nor Sudorifics do no Service till the latter end , that is , after fourteen days , when the Viscid is putrefied ; and this is agreeable to Experience in Rheumatisms . III. Frequent Bleeding carries off much of the Viscid Serum , and Vomiting that of the Viscid Slime in the Stomach , as well as the Choler . IV. The Acrid Ferment , and sharp Choler , and the great Fervour of Humours , must be corrected by the Tastes mentioned in the Cure of too high a Fermentation . V. The preternatural Scorbutic Fermentations must be cured as the hot Scurvy , or prevented . VI. All Putredinous Ferments are to be avoided , as well as sudden taking cold , or drinking cool Liquors . VII . The Viscidity of Humours must be diluted by watery Liquors ; as Asses Milk , Whey , Mineral Waters , and Milk Waters , which may supply the thin Serum which is evaporated . VIII . The Viscidity must be attenuated , and incided , and gently putrefied , by which it is made more fluid , so that it may pass off by Stool , or Vrin , or Sweats ; so the viscid Spittle in the Pipes of the Lungs is at first glutinous , and sticks too fast to be Coughed up ; but after some Days it becomes purulent , and more fluid . In Rheumatisms the Siziness putrefies after some time , and passes off thick Contents in the Vrin , or glutinous Sweats : The Salso-Acids will help its passing off ; as Sal Prunell . Vitriolate Tartar , Sal Armoniac . We know no Medicines which will help the Putrefying of the Viscid , but those which ripen Imposthumes , or help the ripening of the Phlegm in the Lungs , as the sweet Slimy Roots ; and Fruits may be useful , as Pectoral Decoctions , and Ptysans , and keeping the Body in a moderate Heat , and moist thin Diet. The watery Antiscorbutics dilute the Viscidity , and incide it , or else are good Diuretics ; but I learnt by the following Experiment , that no Pungency can incide or attenuate the sizy Blood. I cut the Skin off the top of such Blood , after it was cool in the Dish , and put it into Spirit of Sal Armoniac , which could not at all dissolve it , neither do I think it possible to reduce the White of an Egg boiled , to its former Fluidity . It is , therefore , by Putrefaction alone that Nature dissolves and attenuates all our Viscid Humours , and that makes Eggs fluid . IX . The Coagulation of the Chyle or lacteal Lympha's , or the Serum , must be prevented . 1. By Evacuating all Acids by Vomits , and Aloetic Purgers , to which Salt of Wormwood , Steel , or Mercurial Powder , or the Testaceous , are added . 2. The Acidity is cured by Steel , or Mercurial Medicines , or Salts , Ashes of Animals and Vegetables , the Calces of Minerals , by petrefied Stones , or the testaceous Powders . X. The Circulation of Viscid Humours may be promoted by Chalybeate Vitriols , by Volatile , Oyly Salts , or by the Aromatic Acrids , or bitter Plants . So Agitation alters the Viscid Sliminess of the White of an Egg. XI . The attenuated or putrefied Viscid must be expelled by Sweats . 1. By the Acrid Woods , or Volatile Salts . 2. By Cathartics of Mercurials , which precipitate the Viscidities by their Stypticity , and mix with all Animal Acids most freely , as appears by Killing it with Spittle , and passes the Lymphatics and Glands most easily of any Medicine . Or by Cathartics , which are gummous , and by that cohere with the Viscid Slime of Animals , and purge them off , as Gum Pills , with Purging Rosins . XII . The putrid Viscid may be precipitated out of the Blood by Styptics , as the Cortex , or Acerbs ; so Sloes pounded in a Mortar are put into ropy Wines , to precipitate their Mucilage , and they shake them together , and after eight Days it is clear . Vitriol . Martis much helps the Depuration of the Blood after Rheumatisms . CHAP. XII . Of the Saltness of the Blood , and other Humours . 1. AN Animal Saltness may be tasted in the Stomach of the Carnivorous Animals ; but that depends on the Taste of their Flesh-Meat digested , which contains the salt , serous and nutritious Juyces of another Animal , or else it is the natural Taste of the Lympha , which is the Ferment of their Meat , and is produced in the Blood , and brought thence into the Stomach ; but this Saltness depends upon the Nature of our Diet , and is externally taken into the Humours , and not produced by them ; but we may inquire whence those Animals have a Saltness of Blood , who seed on Vegetables which taste not Salt in the Stomach . 2. A Salt is made in the Guts of Birds , and other granivorous Creatures , by the Mixture of Acrid Bile , and the Acidity of the Cremor , expressed in the Gizern , from the Seeds on which they feed , and which have not acquired any Salt Taste in the Stomach by Digestion . That an Acid makes part of a Salt Taste , is sufficiently evident by the Dissolution of Crabs Eyes in Vinegar , which produce a Saltish Taste . Common Sal Armoniac tastes more Salt than either volatile or fixed Alkalies , both which probably have some Acid in their Composition , as well as that ; for Green Plants yield more Salt than the dry ; and because we observe no Acid in the Distillation of volatile Animal Salt , nor much fixed in the Caput Mortuum , it is probable , that the Acid in the Humours is spent in the Composition of the volatile Salt , and gives a Salt Taste , for an Acid put to a volatile or fixed Salt makes them taste more Salt. ʒi . of Salt of Harts-Horn will imbibe ʒij . of Spirit of Salt before the Ebullition ceases , and they be resolved into a Liquor ; and from hence it appears , how much the volatile Acrid of Bile , and the Salt produced in the Blood , may imbibe from the Acid of digested Meat . Common Salt yields a great deal of Acid upon Distillation ; and we can meet with nothing of a Salt Taste in Nature , but what is made of an Acid and Earth , or other Salt. The volatile and fixed Salts are made by the Fire , and they are most clear from Acidities . We taste this Saltness in the Chyle as soon as it comes into the Lacteals , and this is of a Salso-Acid Taste ; but when it is vitiated by too great an Acidity of the Meat too high digested , or the Acrimony of the Choler , it may properly be called a Muriatic Saltness . This Natural Saltness swims in the Serous Part of the Chyle , and passes with it into the Blood , and the Vrin seems to be produced from this Salso-Acid Serum , when it has parted with the more Caseous , Nutritious Parts of the Chyle in the Blood Vessels . That the Choler may help to produce the Excrementitious Parts of the Vrin , as well as that of the Stools , seems probable , because we observe Stones to be bred in the Gall Bladder , as well as in the Vrinary Passages , which seem to be Choler coagulated . Bitters are accounted Diuretics , and the Gall does naturally pass by the Vrin in the Jaundice , and usually gives a Citrine , or Red , or Yellow Colour , or Black to the Vrin . Choler easily dissolves in Water , and seems to give it a Colour like Vrin . All mixt Salts resemble the Mixture of Choler , and the Acid of the Meat , and are Diuretic ; as Sal Armoniac , Tart. Vitriol . Sal Succini , Sal Prunellae . All Acids are diuretic by fixing on the Choler , as the Tartar Acid of the Stomach does ; and volatile Salts mix with the Acid in the Stomach , and pass by Vrin . The superfluous Parts of the Chylous Substance produce the Contents in the Vrin , which makes it probable , that the Salso-Acid part of the Chyle produces the salt , serous part of the Vrin , and that Salso-Acid is produced from the Choler . 3. There is another sort of Saltness which we taste in the Serum of the Blood , and this is in a great quantity . Those Animals who feed only on Grass and Fruits digest their Meats in their Stomachs only into a volatile Acidity , and not a Salt Taste ; these therefore must farther digest their Nourishment till it come near to a Putrefaction before it can produce an Vrinous Salt , for we cannot extract any volatile Salt out of Vegetables till they have been putrefied , and then they yield Vrinous Spirits , and by putrefying Blood , Vrin , or Choler , a plentiful volatile Salt is produced , separable by a gentle Heat . The Sanguification of our Aliments , dissolved by Digestion , seems to have these several steps ; for by correcting the Acidities of them , they are turned into Blood. First , The Choler mixes with the Acidity , and turns the Chyle White . Next , The salt Serum of the Lymphatics mixes with the Chyle , and turns it Rosy or Reddish . Last of all , The Salt of the Blood , and the Oyly Parts of the Blood , unite with the Oyly Acid Parts of the Chyle , and the more Serous Part turns into Serum , which contains the Caseous and Watery Parts , and the Salso-Acid Aqueous Superfluities pass off by Vrin . The Natural Tartar in the Chyle mixing with the Salt generated in the Blood produces the Armoniac Salt of the Blood , which if it were purely Volatile , it would preserve the Blood from Coagulation , as Spirit of Harts-Horn does , and would more easily rise by Distillation , but neither of these happen ; and Spirit of Sal Armoniac blackens the Blood , which is taken from the Vein , if we bleed upon it ; but the natural Salt of the Blood rather makes , or at least does not hinder , the Floridity of the Blood , and therefore I call the Salt of the Blood a mixt Armoniac Salt , produced by a half Putrefaction , or long Resolution of the Parts of our Chyle , in which the Oyly Acids of the Blood joyn with some terrene Parts , upon the ultimate Resolution of the Nutritious Juyces , and produce a Salt which has that Taste from the Mixture of an Acid and Earth , and the Volatility and Pungency depends on the volatile Oyl mixt with them ; this smells Vrinous , and is carried off naturally by Sweat and Vrin . By the Rise of the Muriatic Saltness from the Choler it appears , that bilious States of Humours , by a higher Digestion , become Saline , or Muriatic , and the Signs of each Constitution differ only in degrees . The Pulse is great , frequent , and hard ; the Thirst is great , and they drink frequently ; their Taste of the Saliva is Salt ; the Colour of the Vrin thin , citrine , salt or bitterish ; the Habit of the Body is thin and lean ; the Heat is sharp , and the Stools of a burnt Yellow Colour . Cool things agree with them , but salt and hot inflame them , and they ill bear Fasting . The Chyle is Salso-Acid , and that makes the Lacteal Lympha of that Taste , and then produces Thirst , Vomiting , or Gripes , Diarrhaea's , or Catarrhs , and Inflammations of the Mouth . The Semen is made stimulating in the Salacious . The Nervous Juyce being salt , produces wandring Pains . The Salt Serum being over salt , produces the Stone , and Gout , and Strangury . The Saltness of Nurses Milk produces Pains in the Breast , and Gripes in the Children , and Sore Mouths . The Saltness of the Nutritious Juyces produces the Scab , or Consumption of the Parts ; it destroys its Natural Caseous , Nutritious Parts , and carries them off by Vrin . The Blood is made more thin by being very salt , its thick Viscid Parts being corroded or precipitated , as in Haemorrhagies ; and corrodes , as in the Menses . The Choler is made more acrid and bitter , and of a darker Brown Colour . The Juyces of the Spleen become Salso-Acid , and less slimy , and less fit to separate the Choler from the Blood. The Tears of the Eyes corrode and inflame them when over salt , and dry into a Gumminess . The Salt Saliva corrodes the Teeth , and the Gums shrink or dry , and waste away , as in the hot Scurvy . An Atrophy dries up the Flesh , as Meat over-salted shrinks . The external Causes of the Muriatic Saltness , and the Armoniac Saltness , very much are the same , but these particularly of the Muriatic Saltness . 1. Salso-Acid Aliments , Salt Fish , Salt Water , Salt Sea Air. 2. The Evacuations of the Acrid Choler , and the Spleen Acid or Tartar Acid being stopt in the Binding of the Belly . The external Causes of the Vrinous Saltness , or the Armoniacal , are , 1. Acrid , vinous , bitter and aromatic Meats . Fasting makes the Humours more acrid , and sweet Diet becomes bitter , acrid , on Digestion . 2. A laborious Life , with much Exercise , too much addictedness to Venery ; for the Lympha returning from the Testicles becomes foetid , and ferments the Humours more . 3. Too much Watching , Anger , Cares , inflame the Spirits . 4. The Evacuation of the Salt Serum by Water or Sweat being suppressed , or the Binding of the Body . Whatsoever ferments the Blood too much breeds Choler , and that the Animal Saltness . The internal Causes of Saltness , are , 1. The Natural Saline Temper of the Blood , which supplies a Ferment for the Chyle of the same Nature , to turn it into the like Saltness . 2. Too quick a Circulation of the Blood excites too great an Ebullition , and makes the Choler more acrid , and the Salt more sharp , and in greater quantity . 3. The acrid Choler , and sharp Acid of the Spleen , or Tartar Acid , which is corrosive , produce the sharpest Salt. 4. A preternatural Putrefaction in Fevers , or long Effervescences , make the Blood very salt . So a Cancer , Fistula , the Itch , or Lues Venerea , or Consumptive Lungs , Kidnies , or other Viscera , give a Ferment to the Blood , and putrefie it into a Saltness . The Cure of the Muriatic and Armoniac Saltness requires , I. To abstain from fermented Drinks , and to use watery Liquors ; as Milk and Water , and the Decoction of the cooler Woods , Wine and Water , or Water boiled with Coriander Seeds and Sugar . To abstain from Salt Meats , and those dried in Smoak , or Pickles . To abstain from Ferments ; as old Cheese , Fish . To use slimy Meats ; as new Cheese , Fruits , Farinaceous Meats , and Milk Meats , Snails , Tortoises , Jellies , Cray Fishes , Tripes , and the Feet of Animals , and Young Pigs , Goat , Lamb , Veal . In short , The Diet must be crude , watery , acerb , mucilaginous , farinaceous , subacid . The Air dry , and not foggy Sea Air. II. The Salt Humours must be evacuated by the Sennate , Rhabarbarate , and sweet Manna Purgers , with Acids added , or the Purging Waters , which are nitrous , or aluminous , or vitriolic ; these wash and cool by their Waterishness , and precipitate the Salt by their Stypticity . Hydragogues , which evacuate the Serum , abate the Saltness . III. The Salivation by Mercury evacuates plentifully the Salt Serum , and Aethyops Mineralis and Merc. dulcis correct the Saltness by joyning with the salso-Acid of the Blood ; and all Mercurials depress the over-Fermentation of the Blood as much as Chalybeates exalt the low Fermentation . IV. The Salt Serum is sweat off by salso-acid or urinous Medicines , and for the same end we use Baths , and much Exercise , the Decoctions of the Acrid Woods , and Frictions , and Fontanels . V. Diuretics plentifully evacuate the Salt Serum ; as all Acid Diuretics , and the testaceous and bitter cichoraceous Plants . VI. The Saltness of the Blood , and the Ferment of the Stomach , the acrid Bile , or splenetic , sharp Acid , or that of the Stomach , must be corrected , and the frequent Ebullition , Circulation or Putrefaction removed . 1. All Acids correct volatile Salts and Oyls which are foetid , and all Lixiviums are made more mild by Acids . 2. The mucilaginous Temper , the Acrimony of Salts ; as Gum Tragacanth Powders , Decoction of Snails , Althaea Roots , and Emulsions . 3. The Saltness may be diluted by a watery Diet or Medicines ; as thin Broths , Whey , Chalybeate Waters , Milk Diet , and distilled Milks , Watergruel . 4. Opiates and Styptics stop the Motion of the Blood. 5. Bleeding evacuates the Old Blood , which is most salt ; and the New Blood , which comes in its room , is more fresh , and less salt ; so Broths of Flesh Meat are salter by long boiling . 6. All Extraneous Ferments ought to be removed from the Blood ; and by the Cortex , or other Antifebriles , the Fermentation must be stopped . That the Vrin contains an Acidity naturally in it , appears by the Correcting of Coloquintida by it , whose Bitterness is made near insipid by it ▪ The Purging Quality in the Coloquintida is enervated by the Vrin , as well as its Bitterness . Hence it appears , how great a Correcter of Choler the Vrin may be , and how much it may preserve the Humours from Putrefaction , as it preserves Vlcers by its salso-Acid Taste . A Lixivium of Oyster-shells changes the Bitterness of the Species of the Bitter Decoction boiled in it into a Sweetness , and this therefore may be used to correct Choleric Heart-burning in the Stomach , and this may correct the Bitterness , as well as Acidity of Humours . But from this Experiment let our Prescribers consider , whether they do not abate the Vertue of the Cortex , by extracting it with a fixt Salt , since the Taste of it is altered thereby . I remember , a Tincture of Wormwood made with Brandy , and Salt of Wormwood , did not taste very bitter by being made with a fixt Salt ; but that made with Spirit of Wine , and a little Oyl of Sulphur , was very bitter ; and in the Vomitings of our Patients we find both very bitter , and very sowre , which did not correct each other , but a fixt Salt in this case may correct both sowre and bitter . CHAP. XIII . Of the Vitriolic Acidity of the Blood. IN the most Healthful Blood , we discern many Tastes besides a Sweetness and Saltness ; a vitriolic or chalybeate Taste is evident , therefore we cannot doubt of the vitriolic Acidity of the Blood , nor that it is produced from the tartareous Acidity of the Chyle , which , by Digestion , is exalted , and volatilized into a sulphureous Spirit . The Acid sulphureous fumes from the Earth , produce the Tartar in Plants , as it is mixt with Earthy Parts ; but by the Animal Digestions , and Fermentations , and Precipitation by Salts , the Acid may recover its Mineral Nature , and appear to be a vitriolic Acid in the Blood , or else it may acquire that Savour by its Mixture with the oyly , acid , foetid Particles of the Blood , which somewhat resemble Sulphur . This vitriolic Acidity was the Natural Alimentary Melancholy of the Blood , which the Ancient Physicians observed in it . They called it a Black Humour , which gave the Blackness to the Blood ; for it is certain , that Acids turn the Blood black . They believed there was an Astriction in this Humour to bind the Belly ; and it is plain , by the vitriolic Taste , that it is capable of Binding the Body ; for Spirit of Vitriol and Vitriolum Martis bind the Body by their Stypticity , though tartar Acids purge , and have not that effect , unless they be acerb . They believed it to be cooling and drying , because of the cooling quality of Vinegar ; and by being a great Diuretic , both Vinegar and the vitriolic Acid dry up or evacuate the Succus Nutritius . All Melancholy Persons are great Spitters , and make too much Vrin , and the Ancients called those Constitutions dry , who had little of the Succus Nutritius in them to make the Habit of the Body plump , as it is in Lean Persons , and the Fat more moist Constitutions . They esteemed this Natural Melancholic Acidity to be the limous or slimy , faeculent Part of the Blood , like to the Lees of Wine , and so compared it to the Element of Earth , for in all Tartar there is a great deal of Earth , which makes it to subside in the Wine ; and this black Melancholic Acidity colours the bottom of the Blood most , when it is cool in a Dish . This Chalybeate Taste is in all Blood , and is Natural to it ; part of it constitutes the splenetic Humour , when it is mixed with a Sliminess , and it is separated by its Glands , for the Use of the Choler , which is precipitated from the Blood by it . I boiled a a fresh Spleen of a Hog , which made a very slimy Decoction ; I put some Choler to it , and they readily mixed together ; and I thought it very probable , that the Sliminess which makes Choler ropy was from the Spleen : This vitriolic Acidity may give a Consistence to the Blood : It fixes its Salts and Oyls , by coagulating with them into a salso-acid Taste , and by that disposes the Serum for its passage by the Kidnies . I have described the Tartar Acid above , but here must consider only the vitriolic Acidity , as an effect of too high a Digestion , or Fermentation of the Humours , and being in this State , the Ancients called it Atra Bilis , which is extreamly hot , corroding , burning , exulcerating , and being spilt upon the Earth , it ferments it like Vinegar , or Aqua Fortis , and excites Bubbles . The Ancient Physicians reckon four Species of this Atra Bilis , but in reality there is but one , which is produced from the vitriolic Acid of the Blood , by a Fervor or Putrefaction of Blood , and the differences of the Atra Bilis are either from a Mixture of Choler with it , or Blood , or Serum of the Blood , or Corruption of some of our Diet in a Surfeit . 1. They attribute one Species of the Atra Bilis to the Exustion of Choler , which , in reality , is nothing but a Mixture of the splenetic Acidity too high digested with sharp Choler , and this Mixture is either naturally made in the Gall Bladder , and Hepatic Vessels , and the Choler is then observed to look black in the Vesicâ Felleà upon Dissection ; or else , this vitriolic Acidity being pretty naturally evacuated into the Stomach and Guts , it there mixes with the Choler , and produces black Vomits , and Stools black , and this appears in the black Jaundice by the black Colour of the Skin , and in some Fits of the Cholic . Generatio Atrae Bilis à nimio calore dependet , quia humores valde adurere solet , was the Observation of Sennertus . 2. They attribute a second Species to putrid , burnt Blood , which is only the high digested vitriol Acid of the Blood , mixed with putrid Blood , which is made very black by the Acidity , and this appears like Pitch or Tar when it is evacuated from some Artery in the Stomach in the black Hypochondriac Vomitings , or from the Blood-Vessels in the Piles , or bloody Stools . The real Atra Bilis is distinguished from this , because it does not grow thick , as Blood being cold does . This Species gives a Blackness to the Vrin , and if the Blood be taken from a Vein , the black Faeces subside to the bottom of the Dish , as this may be observed , for which reason I cause such Blood to be taken in a Glass . I have met with a remarkable Instance of this kind in a Gentleman , after a long Fit of the Gout ; he was about Fifty Years Old , and always subject to Pains , and Vomiting ill Humours from his Stomach . He Vomited a black Serum in great quantities : I guess four or five Gallons in a Weeks time ; what came by Stool was black , as Tar ; his Blood let out of the Veins of the Arm had a great black Sediment , like that he Vomited ; the Blood taken away looked very Sizie or Rheumatic , and the black Sediment filled half the Glass , which was full of Blood ; upon the Humour which was Vomited , I made the following Experiments . The black Serum turned reddish with Spirit of Harts-Horn , and it had the same Colour from Salt of Wormwood mixed with it , whence it is evident , that this black Serum was originally Blood , the red Part being blackened by an Acid ; this would not inspissate by the Fire , and therefore was not pure Serum , neither did it contain much Viscidity in it , for Oyl of Vitriol could not coagulate it , neither did it change its Colour , because it was changed black before , to which Acids change the Blood ; neither for the same reason did Alum coagulate it , or change its Colour , for putrefied Humours neither can be inspissated by the Fire , or coagulated by Acids . Sublimate alone coagulated it , and changed it into a greyish Colour . Galls did not blacken the Humour more , but set to the Fire it turned whitish ; and hence it appears , the vitriolic Acid of the Blood does not strike a Black so great as common Steel vitriols . Syrup of Violets mixt with the black Serum became reddish , as if an Acid were mixed with it ; and from hence I collect , that some Acid was in that black Humour . I observed no Smell in that Humour , nor the Patient any Taste , as he informed me . I evacuated this Humour , being corrupt , by small Beer plentifully drank , by which he Vomited plentifully , being Sick ; and I Purged him with Sena every Day , or gave Glysters . When this black Humour stopt its Evacuation , he was very Sick , and it caused Convulsions . I could not procure the opening of this Gentleman , when Dead , and so wanted an Information whether this Humour came from the Arteries of the Stomach , or the Bileducts . 3. The Third Species of Atra Bilis was attributed , by the Ancients , to the Pituita Salsa , which , by long Adustion , grew corrosive , and this seems only to be a sharp , fiery Salt of the Blood mixed with the vitriolic Acidity , by which it is made a black Serum or Sanies , such as in cancerous , or other putrid Vlcers . 4. The Fourth Species of Atra Bilis the Ancients make the Natural Melancholy , burnt , or putrefied , or over-fermented , and this is that I call most properly the Atra Bilis , which , by Mixtures , makes the several Species mentioned : and one more I find Authors have forgot , but I have met with it in my Practice , and that is the Meats that corrupt and putrefie in the Stomachs of those who have that Atra Bilis in their Bloods , for this blackens the Vomits in such Constitutions , and gives also black Stools ; and this I lately observed in a Person very Healthful , of a good Stomach , but black Countenance ; at first he Vomited black , and bluish Humours afterwards , but the Stools were all black , with Fainting , and cold Sweats . I let this Patient Blood , but found no Blackness in it ; so that these black Serum Stools were no Corruption of that ; neither would Spirit of Harts-Horn turn this Humour reddish , as it did the black Humour which was produced from the Blood. I Purged him , but after some few Stools at first black , none of the last were so ; and by Purging off the Surfeit , which was made by stale Beer , and hanged Beef , he recovered . The Signs of the vitriolic Humours are chiefly the Evacuations of the black Humour by Vrin , and black Spittle from the Lungs , like a Spider's Web over it in the Asthmatic , and Splenetic . The Saliva tastes salso-Acid in Catarrhs , Vlcers of the Mouth and Gums , and Rottenness of the Teeth . The Mucus of the Larynx being Coughed up causes Consumptions , Spitting of Blood , Catarrhs , and tastes sweet , vitriolic , like Blood it self . The slimy Lympha of the Stomach being vitriolic , causes Vomiting , Heart-burning , or a great Appetite , Hypochondriac Ructus , and Pains of the Stomach . The Nervous Lympha is vitriolic in Melancholies , which causes a Fear and Sadness without a manifest Cause , an implacable Anger , Watchings , or Dreams of black things , or Devils . Their Motion is slow and grave , their Aspect inconstant , sad , and frightful . The serous and nutritious Lympha is salso-acid in the Hypochondriac , by which it is made unfit for Nourishment , for nothing nourishes but a sweet Humour . The Acidity curdles the Serum , and that stops in the conglobate Glands , and breeds the Scrophulae , and schirrous Tumours of the Liver and Spleen . The Vrin is pale , and plentiful in Melancholy Constitutions , and frequently full of a Sediment , which sticks to the sides of the Pot. The pale Vrin gives an Acid Dysuria to be tempered by Harts-Horn Spirit , or Steel . The Blood , the Choler , the Serum , and the Juyces of the Stomach , look black by the Atra Bilis . The Skin appears dry , hard , cool , and rough . The Colour of the Face is brown , or black , or lead coloured , from the Atra Bilis mixed with the succus Nutritius . The habit of the Body is thin , and lean , and the Hair is black , hard , and curled . The black Humour is vomited , and purges downwards ; the Haemorrhoids swell , and break ; there is much Spitting , but the Belly is bound ; the Vrin is black , livid , thick , but sometimes thin and white ; a Cremor swims on the Vrin with much farinaceous Sediment . The Pulse is slow and hard . Melancholy Distempers preceed ; as Quartans , Swelling of the Spleen , Leprosie , Varices of the Legs , Haemorrhoids , great Voracity , and little Thirst , but Acid Ructus . Their Parents were Melancholy . The Age betwixt Forty and Sixty , and a vitriolic , natural Temper of Blood and Spirits , and the Autumn dispose to Melancholy . The external evident Causes of the Atra Bilis , are , 1. A high fermenting Diet ; as old Cheese . Flesh-Meats which are strong and blackish ; as Venison , Hare , Swines , Beef , which abound with a black Blood ; Birds feeding in Fens ; as Geese , Ducks , Woodcock , Snipes , Swans , &c. by Drinking Fen , Vitriolic Waters , have both black Blood and Flesh ; Fish in Ponds , and Sea-Fish , which are called the Cetacei , salted or dryed in the Smoak , have a salso-acid Taste , and breed Melancholy : The Drinking of such boggy , vitriolic Waters dispose to melancholical Humours . Strong Wines or Drinks , fryed Meats , and those dryed in the Smoke , Acrids and Aromatics in our Diet , over-ferment the Blood ; as Fasting does , and all produce an Atra Bilis . The salt Sea Air fills the Blood , with the Sulphur fumes from it , and the Fens with vitriolic , sulphureous Exhalations ; for vitriolic , blue Concretions swim on such Waters . 2. The Melancholic Evacuations stopt by the Suppression of the Haemorrhoids , or the hepatic Flux which is from the Arteries of the Mesentery , or the Varices vanishing , or the stoppage of Sweat , in a sedentary Life . 3. By too much Evacuation of the Spirits , by Watchings , Cares , Studies , Solicitude , Anger , Exercise , the Motions of Humours are quickned , and the Digestions heightened , and the Oyly Parts of the Humours evaporated , and the Vitriolic remain , and prevail over all . The inward Causes of the vitriolic Acidity . 1. A black , vitriolic Humour in hot and dry Constitutions , which makes the Blood black , and the Colour of the Face so too , and this is increased by being in a hot Region , or hot time of the Year , by hot Diet , or violent Passions , &c. 2. The Evaporation of the oyly Spirits ; so Vinegar is prepared , when by the Heat of the Sun , or Fire , the Spirits are evaporated . There is in the Spirit of Wine some Acidity , by which Brandy curdles Milk ; and that there is such an Acidity in Animal Spirits is probable , for the Animal Spirits , like that of Wine , are very inflammable , or a thin lucid Flame ; and it appears , that some Acid makes Oyls more inflammable ; for Oyl of Turpentine , and fresh Aqua Fortis , upon their Mixture , turn into a Flame . All the Spirits of fermented Liquors are acid , oleous , and are very pungent on the Tongue by their Acid ; but if the Oyl be separated , they taste only sowre , or sharp , from their Tartar. After the same manner the Spirits of Animals are compounded of a foetid Oyl , and vitriolic Acid ; and the spirituous Parts of all fermented Liquors have the same Composition ; and these being the most volatile Parts , must needs compose the Spirits of Animals , which are produced also by the Fermentation in the Stomach , and after are prepared by a long Digestion , or Circulation in the Blood ; therefore , if the Oyly Part be evaporated by violent Passions , or Diseases , the Spirits remain vitriolic , or like Aqua Fortis in the Melancholy and Hysteric Persons ; and this Acidity of the Spirits infects the Blood. 3. There is another way of Preparing Vinegars besides the Evaporation of the Spirits mentioned , which is , by addition of a new Ferment to Wines ; and by both these ways the Blood becomes vitriolic . I have mentioned the Evaporation of its Oyly Spirits ; and now will describe the Ferments which sowre it . The Viscera filled with putrid Humours ; as in the Phthisis , old Jaundices , wherein the Lungs and Liver are ulcerated , send a putrid Ferment into the Blood , and these ferment the Blood into an acetous Temper . So the Natural Humours long detained , as the seminal Matter , which is of a fermentative Nature , or by the Haemorrhoids or Menses retained , the Blood suffers an Ebullition , and it is not unusual , that any Aminal Humour corrupted should become a Ferment , as appears in the Saliva of a Mad Dog ; and in all contagious Diseases ; as the Itch , Pox , and malignant Fevers , wherein the corrupt Humours ferment those which they infect into the same preternatural State. Burning Fevers are commonly the occasion of the Atra Bilis , for they make the Blood black and thick ; and Pestilential Fevers have the same black Humours both in the Skin , and sometimes evacuate it by Stools , or Vomiting , or Vrin . Galen affirms , That all who evacuate black Humours in the Plague die ; but those who do not , have the black mortified Blood in the Skin , where it spots it ; and he imputes this Blackness to the over-heating or Adustion of the Blood ; and he imputes all melancholy Cases to the same extraordinary Adustion of the Blood , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . This Atra Bilis happens in Haemorrhagies , where the Fibers of the Blood are putrefied , and black in the bottom of the Chirurgeon's Dish . The Ancient Physicians esteemed the Spleen to be the place where the Atra Bilis is bred , which , in old and hot Animals , appears very black ; but in young ones , or those of a cooler Constitution , more reddish ; for the vitriolic Acid is more strongly digested , and becomes more sharp , and blacks more in the old and hot Animals , than in the contrary . They thought the Spleen attracted such a Humour as the Lees of Wine , or the Amurca of Oyl ; and this is the vitriolic Acidity mentioned . 4. The Obstruction of the Spleen , when schirrous or inflamed , obliges the vitriolic Humour to pass through the Arteries into the Stomach , and there it corrupts its Ferment , and changes all the Mass of Meat towards an Acidity , like too much sowre Leaven in our Bread ; so that Hysterical Persons vomit a great deal of acid Humours , and so do the Hypochondriacal , and both eat too much , and have their Bodies too much bound . Or else the vitriolic Acidity passes through the hepatic Artery into the Bile Vessels , and there , by fermenting with it , it produces those Fluxes of Choler which happen in the Cholera , or Cholics , or Diarrhaea's , and the various Colours of them . The Cure of the Muriatic Acidity of the Chyle , and the Vitriolic and Armoniacal of the Blood require , 1. The Evacuation of Acidities from the Stomach by Vomits , in hysteric and hypochondriac Cases , and the frequent gentle Evacuation by Stools , and keeping the Body open by Lenitives of Sena . 2. All the evident Causes mentioned must be avoided , especially a tartareous or muriatic Diet. Moderate warm things agree well with them , but no very hot ones , nor no strong Purgers . The Diet must moisten , or be thin and nourishing , as well as a little warm . All Passions , Studies must be avoided . 3. The muriatic and vitriolic Acidities are naturally evacuated by Vrin and Sweat , and therefore we use Diuretics and Sudorifics . 4. The Secretion of the vitriolic Humour through the Spleen , must be promoted by Steel Medicines , which resemble its vitriol Taste , and the abundant Acidity in the Chyle and Blood precipitated , as in the Cure of the Tartar Acerbity . 5. All extraneous Ferments are to be avoided , and Humours suppressed evacuated . 6. This vitriolic Acidity at last fixes the Blood , and makes it congeal , and then the Digestives mentioned in the Cure of a low Fermentation are necessary , which , by exagitating the Oyly Parts of the Chyle and Blood , give them a Predominancy over the Acidity . 7. The high Fermentation of Humours must be checked by the Diet and Medicines prescribed in the Cure of too high a Fermentation of Humours . When the vitriolic Acidity chiefly troubles and infects the Blood , it may be esteemed the cold Scurvy ; but when the Nerves are also affected by the vitriolic Acidity it produces the Hypochondriac Affections , and the Spleen is obstructed also . It coagulates in the Kidnies with some terrene Matter , like Lime-Stone , and there produces all the Calculous Concretions . The Corrosiveness of Humours depends much on too high a state of the vitriolic Acidity ; and the splenetic Flatuosities on a violent Agitation or Expansion of Spirits . First , Of the vitriolic , oleous Scurvy . In this Scurvy , the vitriolic Acidity prevails over the oyly Spirits , and for that reason it produces many of the Symptoms attending a low Fermentation of Blood ; for the Blood becomes ropy , mucilaginous , and sharply Acid , by too high a Fermentation of a depauperated chylous Blood , naturally more Acid than Oyly ; the Vrin is pale , and a salt Cremor swims on it ; there are no Spots in the Skin , but the Spirits are weak , unfit for Motion , whence the Lassitude proceeds , or Fainting , Palpitation of the Heart , and dull Pains , and Windiness , and the Asthma , a Streightness of the Breast , a wandering Fever , with sudden Changes of Heat and Cold ; these are the ordinary Symptoms attending the cold Scurvy , which in respect of the hot , oyly , vitriolic State of Blood in the hot Scurvy mentioned above , it may be called the cold Scurvy , because the Blood is more poor , and less spirituous ; but this is also produced by an over-fermentation of such kind of Blood ; and the cold Symptoms depend on the Greatness of the vitriolic Acidity , which coagulates the Blood , and fixes all the volatile Salts and Oyls , and that is the reason it must be cured as in the tartareous Acidity . I. The Acid must be evacuated by Aloetic Purgers , Pil. ex Ammoniac . Ruffi , Sumach ; or by Sennates , or those of black Hellebore . II. The Fervour of Humours may be diluted by the watery Liquors ; as Whey , stilled Milks , Asses Milk , Steel Waters , Wine and Water . See the Cure of too high a Fermentation . III. All Acid Liquors must be avoided ; as Wines , Cyder , Beer that is stale ; and all the evident Causes producing Acidities . IV. The Scorbutic Acidity must be evacuated by Vrin , and the Digestion of Humours raised . 1. By Acrid Plants ; as Scurvy-Grass , Horse-Radish , Water-Cresses , Rocket , Lady-Smock , Mustard-Seed . 2. By volatile and fixed Salts . 3. By Turpentine Plants ; as Pine Tops , and Juniper-Berries in Drink , Gilead Balsam . 4. By bitters Acrid of the Wormwood Class ; as Wormwood Wine . 5. By the acrid Aromatics ; as Angelica Roots , Galanga , Zedoary , Contrayerva , Cardamoms , Orange Peels , Winter-bark . 6. By the Laurel , bitter Acrids ; as the Bark and Seeds of Ash , Decoction of Guajacum , and the Use of the Cortex . 7. By the foetid , lamium Bitters ; as Chamaedrys , Marrubium , Wood-Sage , ground Ivy , and ground Pine. 8. By the leguminous Bitters ; as Broom . 9. By nauseous Bitters ; as Gentian , Centaury , Buck-Bean . 10. By the corrosive Acrids ; as Aaron , lesser Celandine , Arsesmart , Piperitis . 11. Chalybeates , which are of least heat ; as Vitriol Martis made into Pills with Gum Tragacanth , or else dissolved in distilled Milks . Secondly , Of the Hypochondriac Affection . This seems to differ from the cold Scurvy , by being a higher degree of it . When the vitriolic Acidity has so far coagulated the Blood , as to produce many Obstructions in the Viscera , especially in the Spleen , whence the abundant vitriolic Humour is thrown upon the Stomach , where it produces Corrugations , and Pains , and Inflations , a great Appetite , and continual Windiness , and Vomiting ; after the Meat the Face is red , and the Hands burn , the Countenance is black , and the Habit of the Body lean . When the Vitriolic Humour affects the Brain , it produces Vertigo's , various Fancies , Head-Aches , Convulsions , Palsies , Alterations of the Pulse , Oppressions , Trembling , and Palpitation of the Heart , Constriction of the Breast , a Sense of Formication , and Stupor in the extream Parts . The Vrin is various , commonly turbid , and thick , or blackish , with sandy , red Sediment . The Belly is bound , and the Stools frequently black . A thin Vrin preceeds some Fits. I am not singular in my Opinion , that the Acid of melancholic Blood is Vitriolic ; but can quote a remarkable part of Sennertus , where he says , Atram Bilem ipsamque melancholiam vitriolatae naturae participem , aut certe ei cognatam esse , & ferrugenei quid sapere , nemo facile negaverit . This Affection happens about the Thirtieth Year of our Ages , and then the Blood seems to be at its highest Digestion ; but by Accidents acquiring a great Ebullition , it loses its Spirits . Those Constitutions in whom much soure Ructus and phlegmatic Vomits are observed , bear the hotter Medicines ; and those who have choleric Vomits burning in the Hypochondria , and Thirst , and Fury in the Spirits , require the coolest Medicines . Sweet things ferment , and are offensive to the Hypochondriac and Hysteric , which was anciently observed . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The Cure requires , I The avoiding of a Tartareous Diet , and that which is Muriatic , and Vinous ; to avoid Passions , Studies , too much Solicitude , and Labour , and to help all Evacuations stopt , especially that of the Haemorrhoids . II. The Saburra pituitous , tartareous , or bilious , must be evacuated often by Vomits , and the Body kept open by Aloetics , and Sennate Medicines , or Wines , and Clysters , or Purging Waters , and a Pill of Ammoniacum once a Week . III. Frequent Bleeding small quantities checks the preternatural Fermentation , and keeps the Humours from Stagnation and Obstructions , especially the opening the Haemorrhoids , procuring the Menses , and giving way to the varicous Swellings in the Legs , without binding them . Bleeding at the Nose does good . IV. In the cold Melancholy we use hot Digestives ; as , 1. Acrids . 2. Causticks . 3. Bitters ; Elixir Antiscorbuticum , Tinct . Sacra . 4. The Salts volatile ; as Sal volatile oleosum , Sal Absynthii , Cochleariae , and testaceous Medicines . 5. The Aromatics , all which are mentioned in the cold Scurvy . 6. The Chalybeates , which are most Sulphureous ; as Chalybs cum Sulph . praep . and the Filings . V. In the hotter Constitutions all strong Drinks and hot Medicines are offensive , and these require , 1. Watery Liquors and Medicines , according to the Observation ; Melancholici non diutius curantur , quam humectantur ; and for this end they use Whey , and Syrup of Violets in all black Humours , and cool Clysters to evacuate it . We use distilled Milks , Mineral Waters , &c. Wine and Water to cool and moisten . 2. Cichoraceous Bitters ; as Decoct . of Dandelion , Conserve of Cichory Flowers and Roots , Decoct . of Scorzonera . 3. The mucilaginous Bugloss , Borrage Leaves , and Flowers , Syr. Borraginis , de Pomis citri . 4. Sub-acid ; as Juyce of Limons , Citrons , Syr. de Pomis , which Syrups are good in Whey , and Spirit of Alum to fix furious Spirits ; but Vinegar is injurious to the Melancholic . 5. The Fern Styptics ; as Polypody , Spleenwort , Ceterach , these stop the Fermentation of Humours . Boil them in Whey , or small Ale , with Antiscorbutics . VI. The vitious Acidity of the Spirits must be corrected by , 1. Aromatic Cephalics ; as Penny-Royal , Thyme , Sage , Bettony , Lavender , the Spirit of Lavender . 2. By Cardiac , Odoriferous Medicines of Ambergrease . Lozenges made of Species of Diamber , or Laetificans Galeni with Oyl of Cinnamon . Cubebs candied with Sugar are good for the Vertiginous . Some Tincture of Aromatics with Ambergrease . 3. Testaceous Medicines , and Powders of Antimony , Steel , Cinnabar Mercury , Lapis Lazuli with Purgers . 4. Narcotics . Diascordium , and Confect . Alchermes with Laudanum . Fomentations to the Hypochondria , with proper Oyntments ; for Schirrus of the Viscera , Baths of warm Water are much commended ; an Issue betwixt the first and second Vertebra of the Neck or Shoulders . The best Diet for Hypochondriac Affection is , fresh Flesh-Meats , and small Ale , with Pine-tops , Dock-Roots , and other Antiscorbutics . VII . Anti-splenetics , which open the Obstructions of the Spleen ; for the Secretion of the vitriolic and viscid Humours from the Blood are absolutely necessary ; for the Hypochondriac Winds are to be cured by vomiting up the corrupt , sowre Ferments , by diverting the splenetic Humour from the Stomach , and keeping the Body open by Aloetics , Tinct . Sacra , Pil. Ammoniacum . We use hot Medicines in Hypochondriac Cases , because of the Obstructions by viscid Humours , and the evaporated Spirits must be supplyed by spirituous Medicines ; and in all long chronical Diseases a decay happens in our Digestions , for want of Spirits , and a crude Saburra of Humours is produced , though the original Distemper proceeded from a hot Cause , that is an over-Fermentation of Blood. Thirdly , Of the Concretion of Stones or Sand in the Humours of an Animal . The Vrin contains three parts . 1. The viscid Particles of the Succus Nutritius , which make its Contents . 2. The salso-acid and oyly Particles , which give the salso-acid or bitterish Taste to the Sweat and Vrin . 3. The thin , serous , watery Part , which carries all the other Parts and dilutes them . When the oyly Part of the Vrin , which I suppose to be the Choler , is too high digested , it looks red , and flame coloured , or deep yellow . The red Part of the Blood seems , in some hot Bloods , to colour the Sediment red . When the vitriolic Acid abounds , it joyns its self with such Earthy Particles as are observed in all Liquors , ( for Lime-Stone Particles may be observed in all Waters , but most plentifully in the Purging ones ) and that , with these stoney Particles , coagulates into Sand or Stones . The same vitriolic Acid coagulates the Lympha's into tophaceous or cretaceous Stones in the Joynts , and Limbs , and Lungs : Not only the milky Lympha's , but the serous , are subject to this Coagulation , as appears by the Stones in their several Glands . If the Salts of the Blood were only coagulated by this vitriolic Acidity , they would not appear in any firm tenaceous Consistence in the Stone ; but all Stones would be friable , like Tartar , therefore this Acid coagulates some viscid Parts with the saline . If there were no Earthy Parts , then the Stones would appear gummy , or tenaceous only , and not solid . Stones are generally bred like Tartar , which consists of the Acid Part of the Wine joyned to the Earthy , and mixed with the slimy Foeces into a hard , Stony Substance : so from the Tartar of Vegetables , coagulate with stony Particles , the Stones and hard Cases of their Fruits and Seeds are produced . The evident Causes of the Stone , are , 1. A hot , acrid and aromatic Diet , and a muriatic Diet , which over-ferment the Blood , and supply a salso-acid Matter for the Stone , or a viscid , as all Diet of that kind . 2. Strong Diuretics force the salso-Acid to the Kidnies too much , if used too oft , or mixed with our Diet. 3. Too much Venery , Baths , Passion , Flannel , or hot Cloaths on the Back , or soft Beds , lying on the Back , Exercise after Meat , much Riding ; all these weaken the Kidnies , by Heating them , or forceing the calculous salso-Acid thither . The inward Causes , are , 1. A rancid , viscous Chyle from hard Drinking strong Liquors . 2. A Saltness of Blood , and a bilious Temper . 3. A vitriolic Acidity of the Spleen . 4. Narrow Pores , or Canals in the Kidnies . 5. Such a Conformation of Pores , or Temper of Humours , may be derived from the Parents , and Children have Stones bred in them before they are Born , for the same reason ; and because they retain their Vrin so long in their Vrinary Vessels , whilst Embryo's . The Stone is often bred from the Nurses Milk. The Cure of the Stone consists , I. In evacuating and correcting the rancid Chyle , the Saltness and Viscidity of Blood , and the vitriolic Acidity , as is above-directed , and evacuating the calculous Serum by Diuretics . II. In making the Passages slippery , 1. By Vomiting , with Posset-Drink , in which Althea Roots are boiled in the beginning of Fits. 2. By a mucilaginous Glyster , and Bolus of Cassia . 3. By Emollients , Baths , or Fomentations ; as Crocus , Mallows and Pellitory fryed with Butter , and applyed . By Emollient Plasters and Oyntments , Empl. Melilot . 4. Oyly Medicines ; as Oyl of Sweet Almonds , and Sperma Ceti ; an Oyly Glyster , Oyly Emulsions , Butter and Sugar , or Milk half churned . 5. Watery Liquors force it ; as distilled Waters with Diuretics , Whey , Milk and Water , Asses Milk , Mead , Posset-Drink with Chamomile Flowers , Pellitory and Mallows , Chalybeate Waters , and Water distilled from Birch Juyce and Daucus Seeds . 6. Vomits , Sneezing , Leaping , Standing on the Head , and Cupping-Glasses , Riding , Stroaking the Loins and Belly , or Cupping-Glasses , help to remove the Stone ; and Bleeding in the Arm or Foot , and Purging , to which Laudanum must be added . 7. Narcotics allay the Pain . 8. The Glysters may be made deterging ; as of Turpentine , Vrin , and Purgers ; or Carminatives and Diuretics , with Soap and Oyls . The Preservation from the Concretions of Stones requires , 1. Vomiting and Cholagogues , Purging Waters , or Purging Antiscorbutic Diet Drinks ; or Purging once a Month. 2. The salso-acid or vitriolic Blood is corrected by Chalybeate or Bath Waters , Asses Milk drank , distilled Milk , Oat Mault . Whey with Antiscorbutics , Water drinking , a Toast and Water , and Nutmeg , every Morning fasting ; or Antiscorbutic , cooling Juyces , Emulsions , Strawberry Water . 3. The vitriolic Acid requires temperate Chalybeates , Testaceous , Salts volatile and fixed , Tinct . Antimonii , Tartari . 4. The Use of Vulneraries which deterge ; as Veronica , Strawberry Roots , Virga Aurea , Hypericon , Millefoyl , ground Ivy , Pine Tops , Ceterach boiled in Beer or Water , to which Honey and White-Wine must be added , and Lucatellus's Balsam taken at Night , or Turpentine Pills with Bole cum Mastich , or Rhubarb . A Plate of Lead must be worn on the Back . The Stone in the Bladder must be cured , 1. By Diuretics , if the Stone be small , and can pass ; as by the Acrids or Caustics , as Water distilled from Caicus , or the Powder of Millepedesʒi . 2. By Lixiviums . 3. By Cutting : if the Stone cannot pass the chalybeate Waters do Injury in such a case , and the palliative Cure requires the Evacuating the calculous Matter which increases it ; the allaying the Pain and Strangury by gum and mucilaginous Medicines ; as Comfrey Roots , Milk and Water , Emulsions , and Asses Milk , and Narcotics , and Vulneraries . Fourthly , Of the Hypochondriac Flatulencies arising from too high a Fermentation of Humours . Windiness is an extraordinary Complaint in all Hypochondriacal Cases , which arises either Symptomatically , from the Obstruction , Schirrus , or Inflammations and Imposthumations of some of the Viscera ; or else it depends on some viscid , sowre Phlegm lodged in the Stomach ; or some putrid Humour which ferments the new Mass of Meat into continual Eructions , which taste either hot , burning , broyling , fat , foetid , or very sharp , sowre , according as the Ferment of the Stomach is tinctured , either with too much bitter Choler , salt Serum , or the vitriolic Spleen Juyce , which is also viscid , and thrown upon the Stomach . The Cure of this Flatuosity requires the Evacuation of the flatulent Mass , and the vitiated Ferment , and afterwards the Humour that tinctures it must be carried off by those Glands , which are made for its Secretion . We must , lastly , use those cooling Alteratives which are prescribed in the over-fermentation of Humours . This is the Flatulency properly of the Chyle over-fermented ; but the second Species of hot Flatulencies is from too great a Rarefaction or Expansion of the Spirits in the Mass of Blood ; and such a Fret of the Spirits we observe in all vinous Liquors , when they are kept too hot ; for then those Liquors are very windy , and taste hot , and froth much . Such is the Temper of the natural Spirits of the Blood , when it is apt to febrile Effervescences upon very slight occasions , in Hysterical , Hypochondriacal , or Scorbutic Persons , who are sensible of sudden Alterations of Heat and Chilness ; and I have observed in a Scorbutic person , a sudden Tumour rising in the Flesh , which would immediately subside again . This flatulent Effervescence of Spirits must be cured as an Ephemera , removing the Occasion , and tempering the Humours by Acids , Acerbs , Mucilages , and Opiates , as will hereafter be described , and the Disposition to this Flatulency will be removed by a long use of the Cortex , and those cooling Alteratives which depress too high a Fermentation . There is a third kind of hot Flatulency , which happens in the Nerves , who receive their flatulent Spirits from the Blood. In the Nerves , the Spirits being rarefied or expanded , produce the Asthma , of which I shall particularly treat ; or the Tympany , Cramps , and running Pains . Poysons tumifie the Body , by rarefying the Spirits ; and some who die of Convulsions are prodigiously swell'd ; those who die of the Iliac-Passion have their Bellies much swelled . This Nervine Flatulency requires the same Method for Curing the Inflammation of the Spirits , as in an Ephemera ; and also the same Method for preventing any new fit of Windiness in the Nerves , as is mentioned above ; for the Natural and Animal Spirits differ not in Nature ; for what is in the Blood now , after a small time is carried through the Nerves , and so returns into the Blood again . The Ferment producing hot Flatulencies , was esteemed , by the Ancient Writers , to be , Humores adustos , atrabilarios , acidos instar fermenti sese habentes , as Sennertus describes it ; and of this Opinion was Diocles , Carystius ; for which he quotes Galen's Third Book , de Locis affectis . The crude Flatulencies are produced by a weak Heat , as they called it ; that is , a low , crude Ferment , which does not thoroughly ferment the Meat , and that is either serous , or a viscid Slime in the Stomach , or tartareous Acidities ; but in all hot Flatulencies , the Ferment producing the Flatulencies is either bilious , saline , vitriolic , or putrid . Some Flatulencies are imputed to the Contrarieties of Humours ; as that which is produced by fixt Salt , or Alcali , and acid Spirits , such may be observed in the Guts , betwixt acid Meats , and acrid Choler , which produce the nitrous Flatulency . These following Flatulencies are not produced by a weak Heat or Fermentation , but by adust Humours ; that is , an over-fermentation , as the Flatus in a hot Cholic are from Inflammation of the Guts . The Tympany depends on a hot Flatulency rather than on a cold , or low Fermentation . The Hypochondriac Affection is accompanied with so much Flatulency , that it is called , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and depends on too high a Fermentation , and the Blood is too thick , and hot , and the Spirits inflamed . These are Flatulencies depending on the hot Ferments mentioned ; and these produce it from any kind of Meat taken ; but there is a different Flatulency arising from the hot Spirits lodged in some kind of Meats ; as in Poysons , Garlic , and many oyly Fruits , and fryed Meats , and all other Diet which turns nidorus on the Stomach . Any Animal Humour kept to putrefie , as the Serum of the Blood long bottled , becomes flatulent ; Putrefaction , in all Tumours ripened , swells them ; by which it appears , that all Windiness is an effect of some preternatural Ferment , either too strong or weak , or mixt with other Humours , by which it preternaturally ferments them ; for when the stomachic Ferment does its Office well , no Ructus are produced ; and from hence it appears , that the windy Fumes or Vapours are nothing but the natural Spirits of our Humours ill fermented ; and these coming into the Nerves , produce what we describe by Vapours in the hypochondriac and hysteric Cases ; for all sorts of Convulsions , as Epilepsies , hysteric and hypochondriac Fits , Vertigo , the Palpitation of the Heart , Singultus , Chorea Sancti Viti , depend on the highest and hottest Flatulency of our Spirits ; but the Tympanites , Asthma , Incubus , are different from the former , as much as a gradual Elasticity or Expansion of the gentle Air does from a violent Blast or Storm . I will here annex a strange Account of a Priapismus , from Windiness , first premising , that it is no effect of a Venereal Distemper , nor a Melancholic Fancy . The Person is of a middle Age , and fat habit of Body , who every Night has a Priapism in his Sleep , cum emissione Seminis ; it never seizes him but in his Sleep at Night , and never in the Day-time , though he sleep then . This painful Erection he imputes wholly to Windiness , and thus he describes it ; I often plainly and loudly hear the Wind to make a Noise in that part , like that of the Guts , especially in a Morning ; for , constantly , as soon as I wake , the Wind begins to return from that part , and in going back is very audible for near a quarter of an hour , till the Part is fully fall'n ; and sometime when it is returning I find a Pain , and Fulness ensues in my Breast ; and , at the same time , I have constantly a Noise and Piping in my Ears . He bled in the Penis without any Benefit ; and drank chalybeate Waters without any great Success , and used Steel and Nervines , Fomentations and Vnguents . The Medicines against a Priapism , above the hot Flatulencies , are nitrous Medicines , Spirit of Niter , Emulsions , Acids , Narcotics externally and internally , Bath Waters , Chalybeate Waters . The hot Carminatives are Camphire , Rheu , Cummin Seeds , Species Diambrae , Agnus Castus Seed , and Hemp Seed . Glysters do more than Purges . The Indications in the Cure of the hot , foetid Flatulencies , are , I. To evacuate by Vomits , or gentle Purges , or Glysters , the nidorous , Acid , bitter Salt , or foetid Mass from the Stomach , and by frequent Purges to divert those Humours from thence , which give an ill Tincture to the Ferment of the Stomach . Cholagogues and all the specific Purgers are here proper , Purging Waters especially . II. To correct the cholerick , salt , vitriolic or putrefactive State of the Blood , which insects the stomachic Ferment ; and for this we must use those Alteratives which are prescribed for each Cacochymia . III. All the hot Flatulencies of Humours must be depressed , by fixing the fermenting Spirits . 1. By Acids , Sp. Nitri dulcis , Salis dulcis , Succi Citri , Ribium , Decoct . Tamarind . Elixir Vitrioli , Elixir Proprietat . cum Acido , Crem . Tartari , Spirit of Vinegar . ℞ Aq. Menth. Simp. Fl. Chamomeli , Foeniculi . an . ℥ iv . Sp. Carui ℥ iss . Sp. Aceti ℥ i. ocul . Canc. vel Antimonii Diaph . ʒi . Syr. Corticis Aurant . ℥ i. Laud. gr . iij. Gas. Sulphuris , Cochi cum Aq. Paratae Haustu . 2. By Salso-Acids . Acids mixt with Volatiles , Mixtura Simplex . Sp. Carminans Secretus ex Tartaro & Nitro . Sal Prunellae , Sal Armoniac , and all nitrous Medicines ; Sal Succini . 3. By watery Liquors ; as Aq. Parata , distilled Waters , drinking Wine , and two parts of Water , or Wood-Drinks , Spaw-Waters , Milk and Water in salt Cacochymia's , the Bath Waters inwardly , but outwardly they increase all hot Flatulencies . Cold Water is more useful , or Vinegar and Water , dipping or immersion in cold Water , Solutions of Niter , and Sal Armoniac . The cool Juyces of Plants ; as Sempervivum , Purslain , Brook-Lime , Plantain , and Raw Fruits , cool such flatulent Bloods . But since all the hot Flatulencies procure a decay of Spirits , the Fermentation becomes at length depressed ; and as in all chronical Diseases a Saburra is produced , which requires Digestives of the cooler kind to renew the Fermentation of the Blood , and depurate it from some secretitious Humour suppressed . As , 1. The cool Chalybeates ; as Vitriolum Martis , Chalybs Willisianus in Milk Waters . 2. The wild aromatic Carminatives , and gentler Bitters ; as Chamomile Flowers , Zedoary , Angelica , Orange Peels . 3. The Use of a moderate Diet , in which there is little Slime , or acrid Parts , especially Liquors in which no spirituous Parts are , and which are not apt to ferment . The Nervine , hot Flatulencies cannot be composed without Opiates , which weaken the Elasticity of the Spirits . All hot Nervines , as Castor , the hot Gums , Assa , Galbanum , and all Amber Medicines , increase the hot Flatulencies , and also all Chymical Oyls , Balsams , and all Salts , whether volatile or fixed , and also all hot Applications outwardly ; but the cool Medicines mentioned above , which cool and temper the sanguineous Spirits , have the same effect upon the Animal , or Succus Nervosus . It often happens that there is a cool Flatulency depending on a weak Digestion in the Stomach , when a hot Flatulency infects the Blood and Nerves , as in the Asthma , Tympany , Hypochondriac and Hysteric Cases , and then the Medicines must be mixed , and of a middle temper , neither too hot , nor too cold . ℞ Aq. Menth. Fenicul . an ℥ iij. Sp. Carminativ . Sylvii ℥ iss . Sp. Nitri gr . xx . Ol. Juniperi gr . vi . Syr. Cort. Aurant . ℥ iss . Laud. gr . iij. Capiat cochleat . Fifthly , Of the Corrosiveness of the Humours . When Humours are corrosive they produce Pains , Burning , Vlcers , Rottenness of the Bones and Teeth , and Fluxes of the Belly , or Haemorrhagies , and a thin , foetid Sanies in ulcerated Parts . 1. A corrosive Acidity in the Stomach and Belly produces the Pain and Heart-burning in the Stomach , a Cholera , or Cholick , or Dysentery , or Boulimia , and Vlcers . 2. A corrosive Temper of the Spittle corrodes the Teeth and Gums , and occasions sharp Catarrhs . The corrosive Temper of the Mucus of the Aspera Arteria produces a Phthisis , Spitting of Blood ; and the corrosive Temper of the Mucus of the Nose an Ozena . 3. A corrosive Acrimony in the Seminal Lympha produces Salacity , Gonorrhaea Simplex , and Fluor Albus , if with Pain and Corrosion . 4. The Corrosiveness of the Lympha Nervosa is made evident by wandring , corroding Pains of the Head , and Limbs in the Scurvy , and Lues Venerea , and in Convulsions , or Cramps , and Melancholies . 5. The Humours of the Eyes have a salso-acid Corrosiveness , which inflames and ulcerates them . 6. The Milk in Womens Breasts acquires a corrosive Acidity , which produces cancrous or schirrous Tumours . 7. The Blood has a corrosive Saltness in the Scurvy and Haemorrhagies . 8. The salt Serum and the Lympha serosa have a muriatic Corrosiveness , which corrodes the Flesh , and hinders the Nourishment . 9. The Vrin is corrosive in the Strangury . 10. The Bile is corrosive in Diarrhaea's . 11. The Spleen-Acid is corrosive in Melancholies . The external Causes of Corrosiveness , are , 1. Sharp , corrosive Diet , of sharp , stale Beer , and salt Meats , and smoaked , dryed Meats , burning Brandy Spirits , and sharp , acid Wines . 2. Violent Passions , Sadness , Anger , Anxiety , and Watching , Studies . 3. Immoderate Labour , and Venery . 4. Suppression of sharp Humours usually evacuated . The internal Causes . 1. The Ebullition , or high Fermentation of Humours , which stands next to the putrefied State ; for whether the corrosive Acrimony be vitriolic , saline , or muriatic , which is a Mixture of both ; it depends on a violent , immoderate Fermentation of Humours . As the natural Acidity , Saltness , and muriatic or armoniac salso-Acid depends upon a natural and moderate Fermentation of Humours . Corrosive , Acid Spirits are prepared by Chymists , with an extraordinary degree of the Fire ; and so are the salt , acrid , pungent Acrimonies , as that of volatile Salts , which taste fiery , burning , salt , and pungent . There is a burning Acid in Oyl of Vitriol , in which the Acid is combined with Sulphur , and fiery Particles . The Chymists prepare another corrosive kind of Medicines from an Acid and Metal , which mix in a cutting , tearing Texture , such as is that in the Crystals of Silver , and Sublimate . In the tithymalline , corrosive Plants there is a Milky Juyce made of the Oyl and Acid , both which are very volatile . In Minerals there is a natural corrosive Texture in Arsenick ; which contains a Mixture of Sulphur and sharp Acid. Whatsoever corrosive Qualities our Nourishment can acquire by Distillation by a strong Fire , the same may be produced by Fermentation , and Digestion in the Humours , when they are over-digested . From Animals , a volatile , fiery Salt may be produced , and by that the Chyle and Blood , and all their secretitious Humours are made salt , and the hotter the Animal , or the stronger the Fire is , the greater is the Corrosiveness of the Salt. 1. The Salt in the Animal Humours is made corrosive by its too great Volatility , and by this the Apthae in Fevers are produced in the Tongue and Mouth , as the Tongue is blistered by Spirit of Sal Armoniac very volatile . This I call the Vrinous Corrosiveness , and it is cured by the same Medicines as the Saltness of Humours ; for these States differ but in degree of a high Fermentation , by which they are prepared , and therefore requires the same Specific Tastes of watery , acerb , tartareous and mucilaginous Medicines ; but those which are more strong can only succeed in the corrosive State. 2. The next Species of corrosive Acrimony is produced from a tartareous , or natural vitriolic Acidity much raised by Fermentation , when , being joyned to the volatile Oyl of Blood , it is made more sharp ; so from Bread , and all tartareous Vegetables , an acid Spirit may be distilled . The Acrimony of the Spurge Juyce resembles this Acrimony . The Oyl is manifest by the Milkiness of the Juyce ; and that an Acid is in the same Juyce , appears , because it changes the Colour of the Knife which cuts it . Moreover , This milky Juyce is dryed into a Resin , and all Rosins yield much Oyl , and a little Acid. 3. The Third Species of Corrosiveness is from the Mixture of a pungent , burning Salt , and a high vitriolic Acidity , like that in Sal Armoniac , which burns and corrodes the Mouth , and this may be called a muriatic or armoniacal Corrosiveness . 4. The Fourth and highest Species of Corrosiveness arises from Putrefaction . All Putrefaction is joyned with a foetor , and all foetid Matter corrodes the Vlcer . The Cure of Corrosiveness is by the correcting the vitriolic Acidity or Saltness , by the Medicines above-mentioned , and by stopping the high and putrefactive Fermentation of Humours . The Acrimony of Aqua Fortis is corrected by the Oyliness of Spirit of Wine , or the Caput Mortuum of the same Minerals from which it is distilled ; so the acid Corrosiveness of animal , vitriolic Acidities is tempered by Minerals , or Animal Ashes , and volatile Salts . And the salt Corrosiveness by the crude Tastes ; as Tartar Acids , and Styptic , mucilaginous Plants . The Saturnine Styptics stop Fermentations most strongly , and so do acerb Styprics , as Plantane , and Opiates also . All Evacuations by Bleeding , Purging , are necessary , and a cooling Diet also . CHAP. XIV . Of the Putrefaction of Animal Humours . 1. THE Meat in the Stomach is sometime putrid by too high a Digestion in a foetid Ructus , which is very Nidorous , or the Vlcers of the Stomach . 2. The Saliva has a nauseous , foetid Savour , sometimes from putrid Fevers , or the Corruption of the Foetus in the Womb , or Vlcers in the Lungs or Mouth . 3. The Mucus of the Aspera Arteria , and the Nose is foetid , from the Vlcers in those parts . 4. The Seminal Humours are foetid , by the Vlcers in the Genitals ; and the Blood of the Infected , by the Pox is full of a putrid Ferment , or acrid Salt , which makes their Sweat and Breaths to have a foetid Savour . 5. The Spirits themselves become very foetid in putrefied Bloods , by Pains 〈◊〉 Passions , and Infections . By ●…mous Bites the Foetor is also in●…ased . 6. The Milk putrefies by the Stagnation in the Breasts . 7. The Humours of the conglomerate and conglobate Glands putrefie and ulcerate in the Scrophulae . 8. The Blood putrefied has lost its Fibers , which makes it not to coagulate when cold , and it smells foetid . 9. The Salt Serum of the Blood is turned by extraneous or internal Ferments into the Matter of the Itch , Leprosy , and Vlcers . Upon the Evaporation of the natural Spirits , the vitriolic Acid prevails , on which depends the chylous Whiteness of Matter , which is precipitated and changed by it ; so the Serum of the Blood is changed into a white , milky Liquor by Spirit of Niter . 10. The Vrin and Sweat stink in putrid Fevers , as the bilious Stools do , and the Blood it self . There are Three kinds of Thinness in Animal Humours . 1. An aquous Serosity , which is evident in the Blood , which is crude . 2. A more fluid Consistence of Blood , depending on a great Rarefaction of Blood , whereby it s own oyly and salt Particles , by their Agitation , attenuate and dissolve the natural Viscidity of the Blood , as appears in Hoemorrhagies , and the hot Scurvey ; this is only the next degree or step to Putrefaction . 3. The Third Cause of Tenuity in the Humours is the Putrefaction of them , which is a perfect Destruction of all their viscid or fibrous Consistence , by a high and a long Fermentation ; so in the perfect , ripe Matter of an Vlcer , the Viscidity is destroyed ; and in putrefied Eggs their ropy Consistence is altered , and made fluid , so as not to thicken by Boyling . The Causes of Putrefaction , and a high Fermentation , differ only in degree . 1. The natural Fermentation produces only nutritious Humours , and no farther resolves the alimentary Mass than what is necessary for the perfection of a fit Nutriment ; but a preternatural high Fermentation proceeds farther , and produces both the Acrimony , Saline , or vitriolic , or a thick Consistence by Coagulation of the Chyle upon the Blood ; but in the putrefactive Fermentation it is continued to the perfect Dissolution of all the Viscidity of our Humours , according to the Observation of Crato , Fibrae Sanguinis , cum mittitur infectis peste ita putridae sunt , ut concrescere nequeunt ; and this is properly called the putrefactive Fermentation ; for in the Plague , the Infection putrefies the Blood , and the coagulate or putrid Parts are thrown upon the Skin , and the whole Body stinks ; so that the Eremite , whom Borellus mentions , knew a Place infected by the Plague only by the Smell , which Smell was as he related ; foetidus instar calceorum ustorum ; and Crato observed , contagii & foetoris magnam esse similitudinem . Whatsoever other Causes produce a high Fermentation , and continue the same very long , they cause a Putrefaction in the Blood , as all feverish Ferments . 2. When an extraneous Ferment corrupts a particular Humour , as the Pox doth the feminal Humour , the Itch , and external Venoms from the Bites of mad or poysonous Animals , infect the Succus Nutritius , or Blood near the Skin , and this is a virous Putrefaction . 3. Any inward Humour stagnating corrupts , and becomes a Ferment , as the Sanies in the Vlcers of the Lungs , Liver , or Kidnies , or Cancers , or Gangreens , which infect and putrefie the whole Mass of Blood by little and little ; and this may be called an Vlcerous Putrefaction , such as is procured by Suppuratives laid to Apostemes . 4. There is a cadaverous Putrefaction in Gangreens , with the greatest foetor , and Bladders containing a sharp Water . Cancers have such a Smell , and that is a corroding Vlcer . In the Scurvy there is a Foetor of the Mouth , and the Teeth and Gums are corroded . The Humour which issues from a carious Bone being tasted is salt , as Mr. Regis affirms . By the great Foetor we may know the Putrefaction of Vlcers , and the corrosive Sharpness of the Humours ; and this may be called a Scorbutic Putrefaction . The Cure of Putrefaction requires , 1. The Avoiding of the evident Causes of Putrefaction of Humours , and the insisting on an incrassating Diet , which may produce a viscid Consistence in the Blood ; as all viscid Broths , and Jellies of Calves Feet , Harts-Horn , Ivory , Iceing-Glass . All the Mealy Diet is here very convenient , and Milk Diet , and all the Diet prescribed in the Cure of too high a Fermentation ; but the Diet in Fevers must be thin . 2. The sharp Choler and acrid Ferment in the Stomach , and oyly Temper of Blood , must be evacuated , and corrected by the Medicines mentioned in the Cure of a high Fermentation , for to that all Putrefaction must be imputed , according to the Observation of our Ancient Physicians ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , whatsoever putrefies is made hotter . 3. Every extraneous Ferment , and all kind of purulent Matter , must be evacuated according to the old Rule ; non alterari quod putridum , sed tolli postulat . These following Tastes check the Fermentation , and preserve the Consistence of Liquors , and precipitate the Ferment . 1. Acids , by which we stop Fermentations and Putrefactions . We preserve our Plants in Vinegar , when pickled . We find the Vinegars , which we call Theriacalia Aceta , to do much good in putrid Fevers , and the Plague . Treacle Water has much of an Acid in it . We ferment Gangreened Parts with Vinegar ; and the Juyces of Vegetables are preserved from Corrupting by the Acid Fumes of Sulphur , which also restore them to their former Vigour . The Oyl of Vitriol is useful to putrid Parts . 2. The salso-Acids are very good in all Putrefactions , and therefore all Gangreens are fomented with Brine , Sea-Water , or Vrin ; and common Salt preserves our Humours from Putrefaction ; and Spirit of Salt is useful for Imbalming and Freserving of Bodies , and against the Putrefactions in the Mouth . 3. Styptics , Acerbs , and Austeres ; as Tormentil , Pentophil , Bistort Roots , Bole , Terra Sigillata , are used as Preservatives in malignant Fevers , and the Bitings of Mad-Dogs . These following Tastes preserve the Mixture of Humours , and their Fluidity . 1. Fixed Salts hinder Putrefaction and Fermentation ; so we foment Mortified Parts with Lixiviums and Lime Water . Both volatile and fixed Salts hinder the fermenting of Milk by Rennet , and volatile Salts hinder the Putrefaction of Animal Humours by the Bite of a Viper . 2. Bitters preserve fermented Liquors from Decay . Our Chyle is preserved from Putrefaction by the Bitterness of Choler ; and our bitter Turpentines , as well as Cedar it self , preserve dead Bodies from Corruption ; and we prevent Gangreens by bitter Plants ; as Roots of Gentian , Aristolochia , Leaves of Centaury , Rhue , Wormwood , Scordium ; and by Myrrh , Aloes , and Meal of Lupines : and we give inwardly Treacle and Mithridate ; all which have a great Bitterness . 3. We use Acrid Plants inwardly and outwardly in Gangreens . By the Scurvy , as Water-Cresses , Horse-Radish , Spirit of Scurvy-Grass , Mustard-Seed , lesser Celandine , and Garlic or Leek Pottage . Outwardly , Decoctions of Turnips , and Cataplasms . 4. By the acrid Aromatics we sweat , and outwardly discuss Humours ; as Roots of Serpentariae , Contrayerva , yellow Flag . By Spirit of Vine , Vlcers are preserved from their foetor ; and for the same end we use spirituous Cordials inwardly . 5. We use vitriolic Styptios , which are corrosive , also outwardly ; as burnt Alum , Sublimate , and Precipitate , which , by their Stypticity , stop the creeping Vlcer ; and by their caustic Acrimony , they deterge the sordid Vlcers , and separate the dead Flesh . APPENDIX I. CHAP. XV. Of FEVERS . IN a Feverish State of Blood there happens a violent Fermentation of the whole Mass of Blood , as appears by the quick Pulse , the high-coloured Water , the Alterations of Heat and Chilliness . This sudden and great Alteration of the Humours the Ancients explained by Putrefaction of the Blood , or of Choler , or Melancholy , or Pituita . There are many other Notions framed for the explicating the Nature of Fevers , and their Symptoms ; but I shall endeavour to explain more particularly the Opinion of the Ancients , and to accommodate it to the Modern Hypotheses . That a Fever is a Putrefaction of the Blood , or some of its Parts , seems probable by the foetor of the Sweat and Vrin in that Disease , by the infectious Nature of it , which lies in its foetid Effluviums , which reduce the Blood of another Animal to the same State and Symptoms . None can deny the Putrefaction in the Plague , which putrefies all our Humours to a mortified State. The Petechiae and purple Spots shew malignant Fevers , and the Small-Pox and Measles , to be lower degrees of the same Putrefaction . The violent Heats in ordinary intermitting Fevers produce a putrefactive Dissolution of Humours , which are thrown off in Sweats , and appear in the precipitated Sediment of our Vrin , as well as by the Evacuation in a Cholera , Diarrhaea , Salivation , which are Symptoms of the Fever , the whole Succus Nutritius is dissolved from the solid Parts , as well as the Mass of Blood. Hence the Body becomes flaccid , and empty of Nourishment after long Fevers ; and then we supply that defect by a nourishing Diet , as after the Fever . Since there appears so much of a Putrefaction in Fevers , I think that Notion of the Ancient Writers ought to be inserted into the Definition of a Fever . I shall next consider the Notion of a Fever , described by a Fermentation , or Ebullition of Blood , caused by some extraneous Ferment . And such a Commotion of Blood happens by too high a Diet , which stums or ferments the Humours ; or else any of the Humours , which are naturally to be evacuated , being stopt in their Expulsion , become an extraneous Ferment to the Blood , or else the Succus Nutritius , as soon as it arrives at the Blood , is perverted by some Dyscrasie of it into an extraneous , morbific Nature , and becomes a Ferment , or else the Nutritious Juyces are precipitated from the Blood by external Cold , and become the ferment of all intermitting Fevers . The particular Ferment which produces each kind of Fever differs by some Cacochymia which was in the Blood , or Succus Nutritius before it was precipitated , by some abuse of the Non-Naturals , or Surfeits , or Colds , though the Succus Nutritius , altered by external Causes , is the general ferment of all Fevers ; yet that differing , according to the several Cacochymia's that may happen to it , the ferment of each Fever ( being the immediate Cause of its Ebullition , and the first thing to be removed or changed ) ought most particularly to be described , because the Cacochymia , with which the Succus Nutritius abounds , produces the most eminent Symptoms of each intermitting Fever , and that Cacochymia does very much alter the general Cure of an intermitting Fever . As for instance , If Rheumatic Pains accompany an intermitting Fever , the Cacochymia preceeding the Fever is a viscid State of the Succus Nutritius , and the Blood is sizie , as in Rheumatisms . In the Curing of this , the common Method for Curing the intermitting Fever is not sufficient , of giving the Cortex without due Preparation , viz. for the Cacochymia infecting the Succus Nutritius , there must preceed the Evacuations , indicated by a viscid State of Blood , viz. Bleeding , and Purging , or Vomiting , but not so much as in a Rheumatism , without an evident intermitting Fever . The Symptoms preceeding the Fit generally denominate the particular kind of Fever , and if great , the whole depraved Succus Nutritius being evacuated upon a particular Part , the Cure is chiefly to be managed by removing that particular Inflammation , as Pleurisie , or Peripneumonia , without any or very little regard to the intermitting Fever . The Notion of a Fever being produced by the Irritation of the Spirits in the Blood and Nerves , very well explains the Action of the Air , and infectious or Animal Humours , for those are first infected ; and that the febrile Effervescence , Commotion , Ebullition , Expansion ( call it as you please , for the same thing is understood by all these Terms ) is managed by the Animal Spirits , which circulate from the Nerves into the Blood , and from thence to the Nerves again , is very probable , and this Galen seems long since to have described , when he defines a Fever to be the turning of the innate heat ( which is the Spirits ) into a fiery Nature ; but it is as evident , that every Person has some antecedent Cacochymia , by which the particular Symptoms of the Fever are produced , and this , by exceeding the Strength or Expansion of Spirits , makes the Fever malignant , or by being in no great quantity , or more loosely mixed with the Succus Nutritius , the Fever is mild , and easily cured . The several stages of the Disease are very naturally described by the separation of the greater quantity of the Succus Nutritius from the Blood , in the increase of the Fever , and the Crisis is a full or perfect Separation of all the depraved Succus Nutritius from the Mass of Blood , when the Fever is curable , and then the febrile Effervescence ceases ; but if the Succus Nutritius be but in part separated , the Mass of Humours remain turbid and undepurated , and the Fever becomes fatal . The Spirits being the chief Instruments of all Fermentations , the several Stages of this Disease must be managed by them ; but we must look farther , and describe the Humours which irritate them first into Motion , and the depraved Humours , which the irritate Spirits endeavour to exterminate from the Mass of Blood , the Motion of the Spirits would soon be stopt , as we find in Ephemera's , if some depraved Humour in the Blood did not support the Irritation of them , who cannot naturally depurate the Blood under 14 or 21 Days , or longer . Hence it appears how reasonable the Opinion of our Moderns is , who describe a Fever as an Effervescence of the Blood , by which it clears it self of some heterogenious Particles , which , as they produce the Effervescence , are called a Ferment ; and as they irritate the Spirits a Venenum ; and as they are the depraved Matter of the Succus Nutritius , the putrid Particles of it , or febrile Sediment , appearing in the Vrin . It is not my Design to oppose any Author's Judgment , but to reconcile these several Opinions , and put them all into the Definition of a Fever , thus . A Fever is a preternatural Fermentation or Effervescence of the Blood , occasioned by some Ferment irritating the Spirits of the Blood and Nerves ; so the Dissolving , or Putrefying , and Separating some part of the Cacochymical Succus Nutritius from its Mixture with the Mass of Humours . The tumultuous Agitation of the Spirits in the Ephemera happens by the ill Use of the Six Non-Naturals . 1. As Surfeits , which are Cured by a Vomit , Purge , Clyster , by which the putrefying Diet , which is the Ferment here , is carried off . 2. The Heat of the Sun being excessive inflames the Spirits ; and Opiates , and cool things , readily compose them , and Oxyrrhodines . 3. Too much Labour spends and agitates the Spirits , in which case Spirituous Cordials , Wine , and Rest , are necessary . 4. Anger disorders the Spirits , whose surious Motions are best repressed by Opiates , and cool Emulsions . 5. Long Watchings require Opiates and Anodynes . 6. Grief agitates the Spirits , and spends them ; for which , Wine , Spirits , and Opiates , are necessary . The Cure of an Ephemera , which is a tumultuous Motion or Inflammation of the Spirits , requires these Tastes . 1. Acids in cool Liquors , Sp. Nitri dulcis , Sal Prunell . Tamarinds , Gas Sulphuris , or the Juyces of Acid Fruits . 2. Mucilaginous and watery Liquors , Aq. Hordei , cum Syr. Limonum , Milk Waters , Emulsions . 3. Opiates . 4. Diaphoretics of a mild Nature , bitterish . 5. Styptics watery to stop the Fever , Plantane . Bleeding , Purging , Clysters , Vomiting , Quiet , and Abstinence , or a thin Diet , often stop the Effervescence , by carrying off the fermenting Humours . The Ancient Writers distinguished putrid Fevers by the Putrefaction of Blood , Choler , Melancholy , and Phlegm ; and this is to be explained by an Effervescence happening in such a particular Cacochymical Blood. The common Fever in England is an intermitting Fever ; and that is the putrid Fever the Old Physicians have described , and this is produced by the Changes of our Air , the viscid Nature of our Diet , or the infectious Vapours of the Earth , and Seas encompassing us , which precipitate or putrefie the Nutritious Juyces of our Bodies , and that is evident in our Vrins , and is the Matter of all critical Evacuations , by which the Fever is cured , and this supplies all the Humours for colliquative Evacuations in Fevers ; as Diarrhaea's , Salivations , Sweats , &c. This being evacuated upon particular Parts produces the several Inflammations ; as Quinsie , Apoplexies , Lethargies , Palsies , Pleurisies , Rheumatisms , Cholics , which are the Symptoms of the ordinary intermitting Fever , and distinguish it into its several Species . This depraved Succus Nutritius , by Natures Method , ought to be fully separated from the Blood ; but Physicians do not commonly trust that tedious way , but by the Cortex they precipitate what is easily separable of Nutriment by the Vrin , and re-assimulate the rest of the Nutritious Serum to the Blood , as will manifestly appear by observing the several Changes of the Vrin , and its Sediment ; and we observe that Bitters , like Choler , are the best Sanguifiers , and also the best Febrifuges , and the Cortex has a most eminent Bitterness , not unlike the Bitterness of bitter Almonds , by which it re-assimulates part of the Nutritious Juyces to the Mass of Blood. I will mention the several Cacochymia's , which are only the several States of the Nutritious Humours , antecedent to the febrile Effervescence , by which , the several Species of the intermitting Fever are distinguished ; but I must first observe , that the intermitting Fever differs little from the Ague , but by having more of the Succus Nutritius putrefied , and precipitated from the Mass of Blood , and that so much of it is not sweat off by every Paroxysm in the intermitting Fever , as is in the Ague Fit , which makes the Fever less in the Intervals of the Fit ; but the intermitting Fever often changes into the Ague , and is cured by the same Method . First , If the Fever happens in the bilious Cacochymia of Blood , and in Young Persons in the Summer time , a Causus is produced , with extream Heat and Thirst , and in this the Heat and Thirst is much abated by Acids , and the Fever is to be treated by such Methods as respect both the bilious Cacochymia , and continued or intermitting Fever , whether the Tertian Ague has the same Cacochymia , and intermits every other Day . The Cure of this Cacochymia indicates , I. Vomiting in the beginning , and Purging on the Days of Intermission , with Decoct . Amarum , or Glysters , to evacuate the abounding Choler . II. The Choler is to be precipitated from the Blood , by Vrin , and Sweats , and the Liver opened . 1. By Acids ; as Crem . Tart. ʒi . in Chamomile Flower Posset-Drink , given before the Fit , or Juyce of Limons , with Water and Wine , or Spirit of Sulp. 20 drops in Fountain-Water or Purslain-Water , with Sp. Sulph . ℈ ss . and Syrup of Limons . 2. Salso-Acids are Diuretics and Sudorifics ; as Tart. Vitriol . Sal Armoniac . Arcanum duplicatum , of any gr . xv . Oc. Canc. ℈ ss . Or the Salt Mixture of Riverius ; as Sal Absynth . ʒss . Sp. Sulph . gut . xii . Syrup of Poppies ℥ ss . Carduus-Water ℥ iij. Or Mixt Salts ; Sal Absynth . Prunell . Antim . Diaph . ana gr . xv . 3. Bitters have the same effect of Sweating , or re-assimulating the Nutritious Juyces ; as Aq. Plantag . ℥ iij. Theriacaeʒi . before the Fit , Gentian , Centaury , Feverfews , Chamomile-Flowers , Chamaedrys , Vervein , &c. decocted , and given with Myrrh or Mithridate , before the Fit ; these open the Liver , for the better Passage of the Choler ; they also depurate the Succus Nutritius , and prevents its Putrefaction in Fevers . Chelandine and Saffron are also useful in Tertians , by opening the Liver , and helping the Secretion of Choler , as is also Dandelion . III. The feverish Ebullition may be suppressed by Acerbs ; as Decoction of Ribwort , Plantain , or the Juyces of Plantain , House-Leek , Sorrel , Purslain , Polygonum ; or by Austeres ; as Avens , Cinquefoil , Roots of Plantain , St. John's - Wort , Roots of Tormentil , Vlmaria Leaves , Juyce of Millefoil , Barks of Ash , Tamarisk ; but in general Use the Cortex has the greatest Commendation . Alum is also much extolled ; but repeated Bleeding , and all the Methods for Curing the Cacochymia , I constantly use before the Cure of the Fever by the Cortex , unless the Danger of Delay be great . Outwardly we apply , 1. Styptics , Nut-Tree-Bark steeped in Vinegar , and Mouse-Ear , or Shepherds Purse , Goose-Tansie steeped in the same , with Salt applied to the Wrists . 2. Opiates externally as well as internally , Vng . Populeon ℥ ij . Opium gr . iv . Spiders Web , s . a. applied to the Wrists . 3. Salso-Acids externally as well as internally , Sal. Gemm . Sal Armoniac . and Niter , Soot and Vinegar , with Spiders Web , Sea-Salt , Currans and Hops , applyed to the Wrists . Secondly , If an intermitting Fever happens in a mucilaginous Constitution of Blood , such as is in Phlegmatic Persons , Women , or Children , the putrid Fever takes the Type of a Quotidian , the Paroxysms last many Hours , and the Disease 40 Days or more , and a Paroxysm happens every Day , with great Cold , and the Heat is not very great afterwards . In this pituitous Dyscrasie of Blood , we must vomit off the quantity of Pituita , and purge upon Intermissions , and the pituitous Cacochymia must be corrected by Bitters ; as , 1. Bitter Decoction , Wormwood-Wine , Myrrh , Juyce of Wormwood one Spoonful , or Juyce of Chamomile in Wine , before the Fit , Mithridate or Treacle before the Fit , or Carduus-Leaves powdered . Elixir Proprietatis ℈ i. Aq. Lumbric . ℥ ij . before the Fit. Radix Serpentariaeʒss . externally . The Stomach may be fomented with Gentian , Wormwood , Mint and Aromatics boiled in Wine . 2. Fixed Salts and volatile evacuate the Cacochymia , both by Sweat and Vrin . Sal Absynth . Sp. Sal. Arm. in Aq. Card. & Theriac . 3. Aromatics , Sal volatil . oleosum . The external Applications are such as quicken the Pulse , and thereby keep off the Cold ; as Camphire , Soot , Saffron , Galbanum , Turpentine with Olibanum and Bole , Myrrh , Saffron , Aloes , Onion , Gun-Powder and Soap , Nettles , Rheu , Featherfew , Wormwood , bruised together . This Fever Sylvius calls his Salivaris , or Pituitosa . Thirdly , If an intermitting Fever falls into a tartareous Blood , or Lympha , this Fever has Gripes , and Pains of the Belly attending it , a low Pulse , little Thirst , crude and watery Vrin , but much Cold ; for the Curing of which Cacochymia , Vomits and Clysters , such as are used in the Cholic , much conduce to discharge the tartareous Lympha , and for the correcting of it . 1. Volatile Salts . 2. Distilled , aromatic Oyls , which correct the Chilliness attending this Fever . Oyl of Cloves , Mace , or Sal volatile oleosum , with Laudanum , for the Pains . Fourthly , If the intermitting Fever falls into a flatulent , crude Blood , a Distension is perceived in the Belly , or Inflation , short Breathing in the Lungs , and wandring , nervous Pains in the Limbs , with Giddiness , and Noise in the Ears . In the Cure of this Fever the Flatulencies must be removed , as well as the Effervescence suppressed . Fifthly , If a Fever happens in a serous Cacochymia , the conglobate Glands are affected , and the Limbs with Lassitude or Pains ; the conglomerate Glands are also affected , as appears by Dulness of the Head , and Sleepiness ; by Coughs , Hoarseness ; and this Sylvius calls , The Catarrhal Fever , and the Cure of this requires , the Evacuations of the Serum , by Purging , Vrin , Sweating , as well as the Cure of the Effervescence . Errhines , Masticatories , and Fumes , are useful . Sixthly , If a Fever happens in a rancid , oyly State of Blood , it produces a scorbutic Fever , with high-coloured Vrin , and Spots in the Skin ; and in this Antiscorbutics are as necessary as the Febrifuges . Seventhly , If an intermitting Fever happens in a sizie , viscid Blood , it produces rheumatic Pains , and all kinds of Inflammations ; as the Apthae , or Inflammations of the Mouth , the Quinsie , Parotis , or the Inflammation of the Glands , the Inflammation of the Intestines , or Stomach , or Liver , or Spleen , Nephritis , or Inflammation of the Kidnies , Phrenitis , or the Inflammation of the Brains , Ophthalmia , Peripneumonia , Pleurisie , Inflammation of the Breasts , the Vterus , or Stones , Lethargies , Apoplexies , Palsies , Rheumatisms , and all hot Pains . These are the Distempers attending Fevers , when the Blood is sizie , and that requires all the Methods proper for altering that , as well as stopping the Fever . Eighthly , If the Fever happens in a salt Blood , it has great Thirst attending of it , and Haemorrhagies , and runs into a tabid State. In this Fever , I observed a Haemorrhage to preceed every Fit of the intermitting Fever ; in Mr. Schrimsher of Aquilate , who , through an Aversion to the Cortex , lost his Life in it , and died Convulsed after divers Fits of the Fever , with a Haemorrhage , which returned at a certain Hour . Ninthly , If the intermitting Fever happens in a vitriolic State of Blood , all the hypochondriac Symptoms are joyned with the Fever , and the Fever appears under the Type of a Quartan : The Cure of which requires Evacuating , I. Of the vitriolic Humour in the Stomach , by Vomiting , and Purging off the same on the intermitting Days . II. The vitriolic Humour must be corrected , 1. By Bitters , bitter Decoction , Wormwood Wine , Elix . Proprietatis , Myrrh , with Treacle . 2. By fixed Salts , Extract . Carduus with Salt of Wormwood . Take Conserve of Hips , Wormwood , Enula , Scurvy-Grass , Citron Pills , of each ℥ i. Saffron ℈ ij . Sal Absynth . ʒij . Confectio Alcherm . ℥ ss . with Syrup of Citron , make an Elect. 3. Chalybeates are absolutely necessary after the Fever is stopt , to correct the vitriolic Humour ; and sometimes the Fever cannot be stopt till the Humour is corrected , as I have often experienced in my younger Son , who had the Quartan four Years by Relapses . No Febrifuge could put off his Fit till he had used Steel fourteen Days , or three Weeks , and the Cortex could do him no Service , nor would put off a Fit ; at last , he having used at least a Pound of it , by often repeating of it , profuse Bleeding , as 40 Ounces of Blood from a Child of Nine Years Old , did more for the Cure of his Ague than all the Febrifuges , for his Blood was extream viscid , and Steel always cured his Cachexy . I gave him Vitriolum Martis sometimes , and Dr. Willis's Steel at others , dissolved in a convenient Julep . 4. The Earthy Calces ; as Antim . Diap . Bezoar Minerale , with fixed Salts and volatile , may be reduced into Pills , with Extract of Gentian . The Ashes of Oyster-shells are good to correct the vitriolic Humour . III. The Paroxysm must be checked or stopt , 1. By bitter Styptics ; as the Cortex . The reason of its inefficacy in the Dose , in which it was formerly given , is the Mixing of the Chips of the Tree with the Bark ; and it is evident , that the Bark exceeds the Taste of the Wood in all Trees , and is of a stronger Virtue . Let therefore the Apothecaries keep the Chips for Decoctions , and use the Cortex only in Powder ; for they well know , that the Cortex of Guaicum is stronger than the Wood. Lignum Colubrinum , Ash , Guaicum , black Cherry-Tree , are much oommended for Quartans ; as are also Myrtle-Leaves , and Misletoe . Five-Leaved-Grass , Potentilla , Avens , Plantain-Roots , are austere . 2. By Acerbs ; as the Leaves of Ribwort Plantain boiled in Posset-Drink , which cures some where the Cortex has failed . Alum is very much used , ℈ i. in bitter Decoction , or with Nutmeg . 3. Nauseous Bitters ; as Carduus Leavesʒss . Alum ℈ i. taken in Ale before the Fit , or Myrrhʒss . in Wine , or Treacleʒi . before the Fit. 4. By acrid Terebinthiuates ; as Roots of Asarum , Valerian , Serpentaria , Decoction of Ivy-Wood , and Savin applied to the Pulse with Salt. 5. By other Acrids of the Orris Class ; as Zedoary , Ginger , Contrayerva ; or other acrid Aromatics ; as Pepper , Radix Imperatoriaeʒi . cum Vino , Pepper 14 grains in Wine . 6. Foetid Acrids ; as Rhue one handful , Red Sage as much , infused in Wine , and given before the Fit. A Nutmeg roasted in an Onion . 7. Salso-Acids ; as Sal Absynth . ℈ iss . Sal Prunell . ℈ ss . Sacch . Perl . ℈ ij . The Acerbs and bitter Styptics precipitate the depraved Succus Nutritius from the Blood , the Acrids and Salts throw it off by Sweat and Vrin . A Purge given six or eight Hours before the Fit evacuates the digested Succus , and is successful after six or eight Months . 8. Opiates stop the Pulse , and all Fermentations . 9. The Pericarpia are of Styptics ; as Bole , Mastich , Bursa , and Astoris , Knot-Grass , Argentina . Or Acids ; as Vinegar with Gun-Powder . Or Caustics ; as Nettles , Ranunculus , black Soap . Tenthly , If the Fever happens in a Blood putrefied , the several Sorts of Malignant Fevers are produced , with a low Pulse , feverish Symptoms , Watching , Delirium , Convulsions , and a sudden failing of the Spirits . I. The Spirits being decayed , fixed , or oppressed , or weakened by Evaporation , become unfit to manage any extraordinary Fermentation ; for the Depurating of the Blood by an Effervescence from any of its depraved Succus Nutritius ; and , in this Case , all the Medicines against Malignity , which are of the following Tastes , are very necessary ; as , 1. Volatile Salts and fixed , Cineres Eufonum , Salt of Vipers . 2. Acrids , Angelica , Zedoary , Imperatoria , Petasitis , Serpentaria Virginiana , Contrayerva , Aq. Ber. spec . liberantis . 3. Bitters : decoct . Amarum sine sena , Mithridate , or Treacles , Syr. of Carduus , Scordium , Veronica , Vervein , or the Juyces or Extract of them . 4. Foetids , Camphire , Garlic , Castor , Troches of Vipers Flesh , Rhue . 5. Mineral Sulph . and Calces , Antimon . Diaph . Bez. Miner . Cinnab . Antim . 6. Acids , Acetum Bezoardicum , Syr. of Citrons , Spirit of Vitriol . 7. Salso-Acids made by Mixing contrary Salts . II. The Second Species of a malignant Fever is from the Translation of the depraved Succus Nutritius upon the Head and Nerves in the intermitting Fever , which requires all manner of Revulsion ; as Bleeding in the Neck , Glysters , Blisters , Cataplasms to the Feet ; besides Diaphoretics , Diuretics , and Cordials , to support the Spirits , and the Fermentation . III. The Third Species of a malignant Fever is from the Infection of the Air , whose foetid Sulphurs cause divers degrees of Putrefactions in several parts of our Bloods , and accordingly produce the several epidemical , malignant or pestilential Fevers . 1. In the petechial , spotted Fever , and the scarlet Fever , or Measles , the florid Particles of the Blood are corrupted , or coagulated , or putrefied , and thrown into the Skin . 2. In the Small-Pox , not only the florid , but also the viscid Particles of the Serum are coagulated , and thrown into the Skin to putrefie , and be expelled . We observe in the Small-Pox a sizie Blood , as well as a putrefactive State of Humours ; the Siziness makes it an inflammatory Fever , and commonly requires Bleeding before and afterwards . We keep a thin and low Diet , both in respect of the Inflammation and Fever . We use also Medicines against Malignity , because of the Imbecillity of Spirits in so great a Putrefaction of Blood , and that we may expell the putrid Particles of the Succus Nutritius . We use also , after the Expulsion of the Succus , Febrifuges , as the Cortex , to remove the Paroxysm of the intermitting Fever , joyned with the Small-Pox or Measles . And we ought to consider the several Cacochymia's which distinguish the Species of the Small-Pox . 3. In the Plague and Poysons , which putresie the Blood , the whole Mass is putrefied ; in this , a great Pain of the Head , with the greatest Faintness , seizes ; a stinking Breath , wandring Pains about the Emunctories , Heat and Cold , are the usual Symptoms . The Bubo's , Carbuncles , and Petechioe , are Particles of the Blood drove into the Skin . All things which preserve from Putrefaction , preserve from the Plague . As , 1. Bleeding , and Purging with Aloetics ; as Pil. Ruffi . Elix . Proprietatis . 2. The Antidotes are , 1. Bitters ; Extract of Gentian with Myrrh , Conserve of Tansie , Wormwood , Rhue with Diascord . Treacle , and Conserve of Wood-Sorrel . 2. Acids ; as Spir. of Sulph . Niter , Salt , Vitriol in Wine , Drink , or Broths , or Juyce of Limons , Rhue , Vinegar , with Bread and Butter . Posset-Drink with Acetum Bezoardicum . Juniper-Berries steeped in Vinegar . 3. Aromatic Acrids ; chewing Zedoary , Angelica , Mace steeped in Vinegar , Marigold-Flowers in Vinegar . In pure Bodies the Aromatics do Injury ; and to Infants vehement Dryers ; Camphorates , Myrrhates , and Bitters . 4. Foetids ; Rhue , Vinegar , and Camphire , are to be smelt to , and Tobacco smoaked in the Morning , and the bitter Wine in the Morning , and a Sudorific Elect. at Night . Sulphur with Honey is accounted an excellent Antidote . Salt-Peter and Sulphur correct the Air by their Fumes , or Gun-Powder , or Acetum Theriacale . 3. Styptics ; as Bole , Tormentil , Pimpinella , Vlmaria in Wine . In the Summer , Young Men , take heed of hot things , and use Acids and Styptics , and moderately hot ; as Borrage , Balm , Saffron , Burnet , Citron Pills , Clovegilly-flowers ; or moderate Aromatics internally , and Vinegar with Gamphire . Aromatics inwardly are fittest for Winter and Old Persons ; Oyl of Amber , Bals . Peru , Nutmegs . Outwardly , and in Fumes , Pitch , Frankinsence , Assa Foetida , Turpentine , Myrrh , and other resinous Plants . Juniper , Cedar-Wood . All the Bezoardics above-mentioned are necessary to promote Sweat , and drive forth the putrefied Particles of the Blood. The pestilent Camp Fever is from Eating of putrid Meats , which ought to be Vomited and Purged off , and after Bezoardics for the Malignity , or putrid State of Humours . In all putrid Fevers Authors advise to respect the Malignity , as well as the Fever . The continued Fever differs not from the intermitting , since it remits in the beginning , or intermits at length , and they frequently change from one to the other , and the depraved Succus Nutritius is the ferment of both ; but in the continued Fever it is not so easily precipitated from the Blood , and discussed by a Paroxysm , as in the intermitting , and their Cure differs little . 1. All evident Causes of those Fevers must be removed . 2. The depraved Chyle , or its quantity , must be evacuated by Vomits , Purges , Clysters , that no new Matter may be supplyed to irritate the Blood. 3. The Effervescence of Blood must be depressed if too high . 1. By a thin Diet , sub-acid or mucilaginous Ptysans . 2. By tartareous Acids , Syrups of Limons , Citrons , and Acid Spirits , or Quiddanies of Fruits . 3. By Acerbs , Tinct . of Roses , Plantain , Sorrel decocted , Sedum , Posset-Drink , Servises , Berberries . 4. By watery and mucilaginous Liquors ; as Emulsions , Purslain , Lettuce-Waters . By the cichoraceous Plants ; Barley-Water , or Milk-Water , or Whey . 5. Opiates . 6. By Bleeding , Glysters , Vomiting , Purging in the beginning . 4. The Effervescence of the Blood must be raised , if depressed through Weakness of Spirits , or multitude of corrupt Succus Nutritius , which stops the Circulation . The Bezoardics above-mentioned excite a greater Effervescence . 5. The depraved Succus Nutritius must be precipitated from the Blood in the beginning , or increase of the Fever , by Acids , Acerbs , Styptics , which are the best Febrifuges : But the Salts , both volatile and fixed , best precipitate the tartareous Parts of the Blood , separated by a long Effervescence at the end of the Fever , and they separate it by Vrin or Sweats ; but the Acids , Acerbs , and Styptics , are good Precipitators of the viscid Salt , and oyly Particles , which promote the increase of the Fever . 6. The disturbed Crasis or Consistence of the Blood must be restored ; that is , some of the Succus Nutritius remixt with it into an equal Consistence , and that by digestive Medicines , which partly precipitate the looser Particles , and re-unite the rest . Such are , 1. Bitter Acrids ; as Theriaca , Rad. Serpent . Contrayerva . 2. Salso-Acids . 3. The Calces of Minerals , and testaceous Medicines . 4. Bitter Styptics ; as the Cortex , which precipitates , as is evident in the Vrin , by its Stypticity , and digests , unites , or assimilates the depraved Succus Nutritius to the Mass of Blood , which , for want of a due Dose , separates again from the Blood , and renews the Fever . That the Succus Nutritius depraved is the ferment of a Fever , is evident , because any Animal , Nutritious Humour depraved and suppressed , produces a Fever . 1. The Milk in the Breasts produces the Febris Lactea , which being repelled , or putrefying in the Breasts , is the ferment of that Fever , and is to be evacuated by a plentiful Sweat , or the Lochia . 2. The Suppression of the Lochia produces the purple Fever in Women , which Langius calls , Pestis Sororum ; and this must be cured by Restoring the Evacuation ; for the Lochia are here the ferment of the Fever ; and by Bezoardics , the putrid Blood must be exhaled . 3. The Suppression of the Menses , or seminal Matter , produces the Febris alba , with Pain of the Head , Stomach , Back , and sudden Effervescences happen , with Lassitude , Palpitation , Dyspnaea , and Inflation of the Hypochondria . This is to be cured by restoring the Evacuation of those Humours which ferment the Blood. 4. The Suppression of Transpiration produces a Fever , with Rheumatic Pains , and till that viscid Serum is cleansed by Vrin , or Sweat , that is the ferment of a Fever . A vinous or high Diet is often the occasion of Fevers , and in this Case the depraved Chyle is the ferment . Many of the colliquative Fevers are cured by Nature's Evacuation of the depraved Succus Nutritius by Stools , Vomiting , Sweating , or Spitting , Bleeding ; and the reason of these different Evacuations , is , because the Succus Nutritius is tinctured by some of the Humours , which ought to be secreted by the secretory Glands for that Humour ; as Choleric Vomits , or Diarrhaea's , are by the Liver ; Phlegmatic Evacuations by Salivation , or Pancreas ; and critical Evacuations of Blood by the Nose . In Inflammations , the Fever preceeding it depends on a viscid Succus Nutritius , which being all evacuated on any particular part , the Fever abates , which sufficiently intimates what was the ferment of that Fever . A Hectic Fever is produced by the depraved Succus Nutritius , which , by reason of the Viscidity and Saltness of the Blood , cannot be assimilated to the Mass , but it becomes a febrile Ferment , and it is evacuated by Sweats , Vrin , Spitting , and Looseness , and then the Hectic Fit is over , when the Succus Nutritius , which is the ferment , is wholly spent . The Matter of an Apostemum is the ferment of a Hectic ; as in those of the Liver , Lungs , Kidnies ; and this Hectic cannot be cured , without curing the Imposthume ; but the former scorbutic Hectic must be cured by altering the Viscidity and Saltness of the Blood , by frequent Bleeding , and diluting of it , by Milk Diet , or the Chalybeate Waters , Decoction of the Woods , Emulsions , distilled Waters , and leaving off fermented Liquors , Pectoral Decoctions , and using a thin Diet , most apt to mix with viscid Blood. When I had observed , that all sorts of Cacochymia's were joyned with Fevers , I could not omit this Discourse about Fevers , as not impertinent to my Design , of describing the preternatural State of Humours . I will farther observe , that the several Cacochymia's depend not on the Fever , as an effect of it , though that , after some time , may produce some of them ; as a viscid , salt , vitriolic or putrid State of Humours : but the Fever finds the Cacochymia in the Blood , which produces the Symptoms preceeding the Paroxysm ; as Pains , Coughs , Vomitings , Gripes , Diarrhaea's , &c. Hence it appears , that the antecedent Cacochymia depends on the same Causes , as at other times , when there is no Fever ; but the febrile Effervescence agitates the Cacochymia , and thereby produces the Evacuations , or Inflammations , to which it pre-disposed the Patient . And these Symptoms require the same Method of Cure , as at other times , but Care must be taken because of the Complication with the Fever , that nothing may be done in Cure of the Cacochymia , which may prejudice the general Cure of the Fever . The Cacochymia alters the Nature of the Fever , for a pituitous , tartareous , serous or flatulent Cacochymia depresses the feverish Ebullition too much ; and for these , the Old Authors rationally used Digestives in Fevers , to correct the Cacochymia , and to raise the Fermentation , which is depressed by them , that the Succus Nutritius may be more easily digested , or putrefied , and , at last , by a Crisis separated from the Blood. In a bilious , rancid , salt or putrid State of Blood , the Fever is generally too acute , and ( unless in the malignant Fever or Plague ) must be depressed by cool Alteratives , which are the Digestives or Precipitators in such Fevers ; and this seems to be a general Rule in Fevers , that as the general Cure of the Fever must not increase the Cacochymia , so neither must the Cure of the Cacochymia either too much irritate or depress the Fever ; but by Bleeding , Vomiting or Purging in the beginning , we abate the quantity of the Cacochymia , and , by Digestives , dispose it for a Separation from the Blood , which , at length , the Fever expells , with the depraved Succus Nutritius , or , at least , prepares it for a Purgation afterwards , which ought to respect the particular Cacochymia's after the Fever , as well as before . If we consider the various Causes of a Cacochymia above-mentioned , we cannot believe but every body is inclined to some one or other of them . We have some particular degrees of Fermentation , by which our Humours are prepared that arise to a particular quality , by which the Constitution is called either pituitous , tartareous , flatulent , or serous , if they be too cool , or else they are too hot , as the choleric , or scorbutic , salt , viscid , vitriolic or putrid Constitutions of our Humours . We have some of these from our Parents , and the Age , as it runs on , produces a various Temper of our Humours . In Children , the Blood is like the Milk they feed on , apt to turn sowre ; and for that reason , Vomitings , Gripes , and Loosenesses , attend their Fevers , as well as Coughs , and sore Mouths , and comatous effects from the Serosity of their Bloods . In the Middle Age , the Blood is florid and salt , by which , they of that Age are disposed to Haemorrhagies , and all sorts of Inflammations , Consumptions , and the hot Scurvy , which are frequently complicated with Fevers in the Middle of our Ages ; as Pleurisies , Quinsies , Phrensies , Rheumatisms . In the Consistent Age , the Blood grows vitriolic , and produces Dysenteries , Cancers , Cholera's , Melancholic Winds , which , with Lethargies , Apoplexies , Peripneumonia's , are frequently , at that Age , complicated with Fevers . In Old Age , the feverish Ebullition runs low , and it is most easily stopt with a smaller Dose of the Cortex ; and since the Saltness , Viscidity , and vitriolic Acidity , abounds in Old Men , as well as the pituitous and serous Cacochymia , they have some of the Diseases depending on them ; but especially Catarrhs , and Atrophy , and Pains of the Limbs , are complicated with the Fevers of Old Men. Particular Cacochymia's are not only produced by our several Ages , but also the different Seasons of the Year incline us to different Cacochymia's . The Winter disposes us to Rheums , Pains , and Coughs , which depend on too much Serosity retained , or stopt in the Blood ; and the Cold checks the Fermentation of Blood , as well as other fermented Liquors , which hinders the thorough Digestion or Fermentation of Humours ; from hence it appears , that Winter Fevers have Coughs , Rheums , Pains , and greater Coldness attending them , and are longer . The sudden Alterations of Hot and Cold produces a Siziness of Blood , and makes the Spring attended with Pleurisies ; Rheumatisms , Apoplexies , Lethargies , and intermitting Fevers , have then such Symptoms . Cold is not so Injurious as the Moisture of the Air , which makes the Transpiration less , and the pressure of the Air also less ; and , for this reason , Fevers frequently happen in wet Weather , with Looseness , Heaviness of the Senses , and many inward Inflammations ; as Apoplexies , Quinsies , Epilepsies . In the Spring far advanced the Blood becomes more heated , and choleric , and then Tertians and Erisipela's are complicated with the Fever and Haemorrhagies . In the Summer , the Blood is more rancid , salt , viscid , and hot , and produces the highest burning Fevers , with Vomiting , Diarrhaea's , and Inflammations , and sore Eyes . In Autumn , the Blood is most vitriolic , on which , Quartans , Melancholies , Dysenteries and Epilepsies much depend on . This is the chief Season for the intermitting Fever , with which the preceeding Diseases are frequently complicated . Since the late severe , cold Winter , it has been observed , that the Blood has been more sizie than usual ; and it is not improbable that such a Cacochymia , may last some Years in the Blood of all Persons , which may , upon the Fit of a Fever , produce the Rheumatic Pains , and Inflammations lately observed in Fevers . It seems probable , that after some time this State of Blood may be altered to another of a different kind , as a putrid , and then we must expect a pestilential Fever . If there be a common Epidemical State , or Cacochymia of Humours , ( which the common Changes of the Air , or the Seasons of the Year , or the particular Digestion of our Diet , or some secret Effluviums of the Earth , or Mineral Tinctures in our Water , may produce ) as we must observe by some common Distemper , which seizes many every Year ; we may very well allow , that the same Cacochymia , which produces the Epidemical Disease every Year , should also occasion some particular Symptoms in the intermitting , stationary Fever , not unlike the Nature of the Epidemical Disease , as if that were complicated with the Fever ; so we may observe , that Rheumatisms have been frequent of late , and all our Fevers have Rheumatic Stitches very much . It seems very probable , since the Plague visits us once in about Forty Years , which depends on a putrid State of Humours , that all the other Cacochymia's , which produce the several different kinds of Fevers , have also some kind of Revolution , in which they return also ; and when it is mucilaginous , the Fever is like a Quotidian ; when tartareous , it has Cholical Symptoms ; when serous , it is a Catarrhal Fever ; when flatulent , a vertiginous Fever , with Windiness in the primae viae , and Running Pains : but if the Cacochymia be Choleric , a Tertian is produced ; if rancid , oyly , a scorbutic Fever ; if viscid , Rheumatic Pains ; if vitriolic , Quartans are produced . These several Cacochymia's , and their Epidemical Disease , and stationary Fever , both depending on the same , may be observed every Year ; and by keeping an exact Account , we shall , in time , find what Cacochymiae and Fevers succeed each other , and in what periods we may expect their returns , though , it is probable , we shall never discover the general Causes which introduce the several Cacochymia's , upon which all Epidemical Diseases depend . APPENDIX II. An Introductory Discourse to the Treatise of the Asthma ; containing an Explication of the old Notion of the Defluxions of Humours , whereby the Asthma , and divers other Chronical Diseases , are produced . ALL the Diseases which depend on a sudden preternatural Motion , or Flux of Humours , are produced either by an intermitting Fever , or an Ephemera . That most Diseases may be Symptoms of Fevers , does sufficiently appear to a diligent Observer of the Phaenomena of Fevers , and they are described in the Books of our Modern Writers . The particular Cacochymia in our Humours cannot produce the Symptoms of Fevers , without being rarified , impelled , or transmitted by Defluxion on some particular Part ; and the Occasion of this Flux , the Ancients imputed to the Intemperies of some Parts , which was the terminus à quo , as the Head or Liver ; but the true Cause of the Defluxion is an Effervescence in the Blood , and the terminus à quo is the Blood it self . The Vessels through which the Flux is carried , are , the Veins , Arteries , Lymphatics , and Nerves , and several excretory Glands . The terminus ad quem , is the Part affected with sudden Pains ; as in Rheumatisms , or in sudden Inflammations ; as in Pleurisies , Quinsies , Peripneumonia , &c. or sudden Evacuations of the serous , nutritious Humours , in Vomitings , Diarrhaea's , Coughs , Sweats , Diabetes , &c. or else by Haemorrhagies ; as Haemoptoe , Fluxus Mensium ; and most of the Nervous Distempers ( like those of other Glands ) depend on the Admission or Propulsion of cacochymical Serum into the Nerves ; as in Apoplexies , Lethargies , Carus , Epilepsies , Convulsions , Vertigo , Asthma , Palsies , Tympanies . All Tumours which rise suddenly depend on the Defluxion of Humours on that part in which they stagnate ; as Buboes , Erysipela's , Herpes , &c. All the preceeding Diseases are frequently the Symptoms of an intermitting Fever , occasioned by the Fevers agitating , or impelling a particular Cacochymia upon some Part. If this Cacochymia , which disposed the Blood to that particular Symptom , be evacuated , or altered by the Fever , none of those Symptoms remain ; but when the Fever is too soon suppressed , those Symptoms become periodic , chronical Diseases , or at least Anniversary , as appears in the Asthma , Hemicrania , and other Pains , Inflammations , Convulsions , or Evacuations , which have periodic Fits ; or , at least , return upon the Changes of the Year , or when any external Causes , or hot Medicines , occasion an Effervescence in the Blood : Then the Symptoms of the former Fever appear ; and the Cure of the Defluxions , depending on a suppressed intermitting Fever , is as followeth ; 1. We must evacuate the particular Cacochymia by Vomits and Purges ; and afterwards it is to be corrected by its particular Specific Tastes , which must either raise or depress the natural Fermentation of Humours . 2. The Disposition to a Fermentation must be stopt by a Febrifuge , as the Cortex , for that precipitates by its Stypticity , and re-assimilates , by its Bitterness , the depraved Nutritious Serum , which is the immediate Ferment of intermitting Fevers . A simple Ebullition of Blood , such as happens in Ephemera's , is sufficient to produce many Defluxions . of Humours , in which there appears no Putrefaction of the Succus Nutritius , as in putrid intermitting Fevers , which we discern to be putrid by a Precipitation of a high-coloured , thick Sediment in the Vrin , ( which is of a Brick Colour , like Blood calcined , as Mr. Boyle observed ) and we call the Fever unputrid , when the Vrin is always pale , as in Ephemera's , without the former Sediment . When only an Ebullition happens in a cacochymical Blood , the Mass is only agitated or rarefied , ( in which is contained the serous , salt Lympha , the Chyle and its Lympha , and the whole Succus Nutritius of an Animal ) . This chylous or serous Mixture being lately fermented in the Stomach , is , of all the Mass , most readily fermented or rarefied ; and , again , this serous , nutritious Mass is more readily circulated into the Cutaneous , or remotest Parts of the Body , than that sanguineous or red Mass of the Blood , or , at least , more easily secreted through the Glands and Lymphatics . This is the more immediate subject of an Ephemera , or rather an immediate Ferment , or occasion of it , when it is an irritated Ebullition by inward Causes ; as the Fulness , or Acrimony , of the Cacochymia , or depend on the abuse of the Six Non-Naturals . This nutritious Serum is not colliquated by the Fever , as Authors affirm , ( liquatur & funditur ) for that is only the effect of a pestilential Putrefaction ; and the Serum , by a violent Effervescence in an intermitting Fever , becomes more viscid , and thick , which disposes it to precipitate , and putrefie ; whereas , in an Ephemera , the gentle Heat can only occasion an Effervescence , as to rarefie the nutritious Serum , and drive it through the several Strainers of the Glands , which are appointed for the several Cacochymia's , with which it is saturated . The Signs of these Chronical Defluxions , depending on an Ephemera , are , pale Water , like the Healthful at first , a gentle Heat , a general Lassitude , such as is observed in wet Weather , Heaviness in the Head , and an Inclination to Sleep , and great quantity of Water . This Effervescence depends on the general Changes of the Year . The Alteration of the Weather then produces irregular Fermentations in our Bloods , as it does Ebullitions in Wines , and all other fermented Liquors ; and also the Changes of the Weather at other times , when Rains succeed fair Weather , or the East or North Wind blows after warm Weather , which causes the same Ebullition , both in Wines and Blood ; for by these , the Pressure of the Air is altered , the Transpiration of our Bodies is stopt , and the different degrees of Heat and Cold expand or check the Rarefaction of our Spirits , by which our Bloods , as well as all other fermented Liquors , are agitated , depurated , digested , or changed ; and on these external Causes the sudden Effervescence of our Humours immediately depends ; to which , the Plenitude of Humours , or their vitious qualities , disorderly , hot Diet , too much Exercise , Passions , or other Accidents , very much conduce , which also produce Ephemera's . Those Parts of the Body are most usually affected with the Flux of Humours , through which vitious Humours ought to be evacuated , or to which the vitiated Succus Nutritius can most easily circulate , or where its Motion is most easily stopt , or most frequently , or the Tone of a Part vitiated by former Distempers . Though the Occasion of the Effervescences , on which the Defluxion depends , be external for the most part , yet there is an inward Disposition in the Blood to an Inflammation , which makes the Blood apt to impell its cacochymical Humours upon some Part. The several Species of these Defluxions I will enumerate , according to the Number of the several Cacochymia's , ( which I have described in another Discourse of them ) and their Complication with Intermitting or Ephemera Fevers . First , If the Blood , abounding with a pituitous Cacochymia , effervesces , as in an Ephemera , it depurates its self from some of the Lacteal Lympha through the Glands of the Mouth , or Lungs , and , by that Flux , produces a Catarrh , or much Coughing , or Spitting , which is always complicated either with an intermitting Fever , or an Ephemera , which resembles the Effervescence in Beer or Wine , whereby they clear themselves of Barm or Lees. I have observed a Chin-Cough , complicated with an intermitting Fever , which was cured by the Cortex after general Evacuations . If the pituitous Cacochymia be transmitted to the Stomach , it produces Nauseousness , want of Appetite , a pituitous Diarrhaea , and Cholics . If it is evacuated into the Trachaea , or stagnates in the Vesiculae of the Lungs , it produces a Dyspnaea , as in the Cachexies of Virgins ; in whom also it produces a Paleness in the Skin , and frequently oedematous Tumours , when the Pituita suffers a Flux , according to the Notion of the Ancients ; that is , when it is suddenly evacuated through the conglomerate Glands , or impelled on some particular Part where it stagnates . Secondly , If an Ephemera be raised in a tartareous , acid Constitution , on a sudden , corrosive Pains are produced on the Membranes , with Fluxes of the Lacteal Lympha ; as in Pains of the Teeth , and Head ; or else Gripes , or Pains in the Stomach , are produced . When the Blood , or Chyle , and Lacteal Lympha , are tinctured with an acid Cacochymia ( whose chief vehicle they be ) upon any accidental Effervescence , the viscid Parts of the Serum , or sanguineous Mass , may be precipitated by their own Acidity , ( like Milk which is very salt , and turns into Posset by boiling ) ; and such kind of Coagulations seem to happen in Rheums , Fluxes of Vrin , Dysenteria alba , or in scorbutic and melancholic Salivations , or Sweats , or Diarrhaea's . Thirdly , If an Ephemera be produced by any external Cause in a flatulent Cacochymia , the Blood is tumultuously moved with sudden Effervescences , and a crude or acid Windiness distends the Hypochondria , as appears by a Ructus of the same Nature , Wandring Pains may be observed in the Limbs , Noise in the Ears , Vertigo in the Head ; such are the Disorders which happen in Hypochondriac and Hysterical Persons , upon the least Occasion , which excites an Effervescence in their Bloods . A remarkable Instance of Windiness , complicated with an Effervescence , may be observed in a Priapism , which always happens by the Heat of the Bed , by which the Flux of windy Spirits is made into the Penis ; for such Patients usually complain of Noise in their Ears , of nubming Pains in the Hands and Arms in their Sleep , and their Sides , which goes off with a prickling and tingling Pain upon Waking ; and as the Erection subsides , a Noise is heard in the Belly , and Wind breaks forth in a Crepitus , and a Deadness or Numbness remains in the Part , as well as many other Parts of the Body . Fourthly , If the Serous Cacochymia be agitated by an Ephemera , Tumours happen in the Limbs suddenly , which are pure , watery , hydropical Tumours , or else the Serum is suddenly evacuated into the Cavities of the Head , Breast , Belly , Scrotum , or Testicles of Women , of which , Cases are mentioned by the Ingenious Carolus Piso , de Morbis à serosâ colluvie ; but he seems mistaken in this Description of the Serum , as if it were only Aqua pura puta , because the Serum contains the nutritious , fibrous or caseous Parts of the Chyle , as well as its watery Elements . Piso mentions an Hydrocephalos which returned by Fits , and that cannot but depend on an Effervescence in the Blood ; it was cured by him by Purges , and a Lixivium to wash the Head. He also relates a Case of Sleepiness , with Pains on the Head , depending on a serous Blood ; and that increased towards Night , which was cured by an actual Cautery applied to the hinder part of the Head. He mentions a Carus , with a Fever depending on the Serum passing the Brain , to which Children are most subject ; this was purged off the Ninth Day ; and he believes Nocturnal Convulsions to depend on the Serum impelled into the Nerves . The conglobate Glands , designed for the Passage of the Serum , are frequently swelled by an Effervescence depurating or impelling the Serum ; and when the Vrin , which ought to be transcolated from the Serum by the Kidnies , is suppressed , a Sleepiness seizes the Head , or gripes the Belly from the Serum translated to that Part. The great Quantity of Serum is usually imputed either to the Quantity of serous Diet , or the Retention of its Evacuation . Fifthly , An Ephemera in a bilious State of Blood occasions the Jaundices , by a sudden Translation of the bilious Serum into the Skin , or else it is evacuated into the Stomach in a Cholera , or the Intestines in a Diarrhaea . If the Serum be both viscid and bilious , it produces an Erysipelas with a Fever . Piso describes an Hemicrania , which returns upon the Changes of the Year , and Alterations of the Weather , to wet , with Vomiting of bilious Serum , Inclination to Sleep , and Convulsive Pains in the Belly , and the Pains in the Head preceed those in the Belly ; the Pulse and Thirst shew the Fever ; and he concludes , sudores sunt remedium Hemicraniae , prophylacticum , & praecipuum , & seri evacuatione , curatur . An exquisite drying Diet , and an Oxyrrhodine applied to the Head helps much . Sixthly , In a scorbutic , salt Blood , a simple Effervescence produces the scorbutic Spots , or Blisters in the Skin , which suddenly appear , and subside again , and all other scorbutic Pains depend on a sudden Effervescence , which make the Vrin high-coloured . In a salt Blood this simple Effervescence , usually called an Ephemera , produces divers Pains and Inflammations ; as the Tooth-Ach , Ophthalmia , Otalgia , Gout , nephritic Pains , ( which usually happen in Autumn ) and a Fever usually goes along with all Pains , which excite symptomatic Fevers , and that is always referred to the Class of Ephemera's . If the salt Serum be inclinable to stony or sandy Coagulations , an Effervescence of the Blood , tinged with that Humour , produces the Gout , and stone Fits. This Effervescence preceeds the Gout some Days , with a Lassitude in the Limbs , and Heaviness of the Body , and a preternatural Heat , Watching , Thirst , Nauseousness , and a Dryness on the Tongue . This Effervescence or Fever lasts usually 30 or 40 Days , which is the common Term of great Fluxes and acute Fevers . This Fever has Exacerbations towards Night , and remits in the Morning ; but the Ingenious Piso thinks it to be Febris imputris , synocha legitima , potius quam putris , quae dolores arthriticos comitatur . The Effervescence in the Blood of Gouty Persons forces the salt Serum upon the nervous Parts of the Joynts , through their Glands , whereby the acute Pains of the Gout are produced , and the convulsive Cramps preceeding the Fit. The Water is pale in the beginning , and afterwards high-coloured , with thick Sediment . The Fit of the Gout is cured as usual . Fluxes depending on an Ephemera , by Bleeding once or twice , by Glysters , and Opiates , and by a thin , spare Diet for the three first Days , or a perfect Abstinence ; but afterwards Water-Gruel , Chicken-Broth , Sack-Posset-Drink : After a Week , when the Fever and Pain decline , which will appear by the Vrin . Purging agrees well , by some Lenitive ; as Decoct . Senae . An Anodyne Poultess at first must be laid to the Part , and afterwards Discutients and Nervines are necessary . For the Preventing the Fit , frequent Vomitings once in a Month , Purging with Rhubarb three Days before the Full and Change of the Moon , and three Days after them . A spare Diet , and Abstinence from all strong Liquors , with moderate Exercise , are absolutely necessary . All hot Arthritics are Injurious in the Fit ; as Theriaca , Sp. C. cervini , Guaicum : And it is a general Errour of Practisers , to prescribe hot Specifics during the Effervescence , which occasions a Defluxion ; but they are more properly used in the Intervals of the Fit , to correct the Cacochymia ; and we find too long use of them occasions a new Effervescence and Defluxion . Bitters help the Digestion of the Arthritic ; and Drinking Bath-Waters cures the Saltness of their Bloods , or else Asses Milk alters the Saltness . Seventhly , If the Serum be both salt and viscid , and by any Accident effervesces , Haemorrhagies are produced at the Nose , Lungs , Arms , Womb , which are accompanied with a feverish Effervescence . And we may observe , that Bleeding , the Cortex , Opiates , and cool antiscorbutic Juyces , and Abstinence from fermenting , Liquors , by abating the Fever , cure more successfully than any Styptics whatsoever . If the Effervescence be in a viscid Blood only , it produces Rheumatisms , Pains of the Hips , Shoulders , Loyns , Knees , Head , as in the Hemicrania ; but that of the Muscles generally is called a Rheumatism ; but if it fall inwardly , it is a Pleurisie , or Peripneumonia when it affects the middle Region ; if on the Kidnies , it makes a Nephritis ; if on the Brain , externally a Lethargy , or more internally an Apoplexy on the Nerves , a Paralysis on the Guts , a Cholic , on the Eyes Ophthalmia , &c. In all the fore-mentioned Cases there is an Effervescence preceeding the Pains and Inflammations , as appears by the Chillness and Shivering which first seizes them in the beginning of those Diseases , which soon are succeeded by burning Heats , high-coloured Water , and quick Pulse . Eighthly , A febrile Effervescence in a melancholic or vitriolic State of Blood , is the Occasion of the following Diseases . 1. Hot Pains , and Windiness in the Stomach and Guts , from a hot Windiness . 2. Pains in the Spleen , and Sides , and Limbs , from a windy Spirit . 3. In the Nerves the windy Spirits produce Palpitations of the Heart , want of Sleep , Sinking of the Spirits , and divers kind of Convulsions ; as Hysteric Fits , Epilepsies , and all the Inflations of the Nervous Parts ; in the Asthma , Tympany , Ephialtes , Priapismus . All which depend on a simple Ebullition of Humours . The immediate Cause of the Asthma , is the Constriction of the Trachaea , or Bronchia , which streightens the Passage of the Air , and produces the Wheezing ; and the Vesiculae of the Lungs being also contracted , a laborious Inspiration is necessary to force the Air into the Lungs . There being no Tumour , Inflammation , or Pain , in the respiratory Muscles , they cannot occasion the Asthma ; but in pure convulsive Cases , in which they often produce a Dyspnaea . The Fit of the Asthma happens suddenly , through the Effervescence of Blood , occasioned by external Causes , which separate the Lympha Lactea from the Blood , and that stops in the swelled Glands of the Lungs , and is at length evacuated into the Trachea . In the spitting Asthma , and in the Hysteric , the Serum of the Blood seems to be forced into the Nerves by this Effervescence ; or into the Lymphatics of the Lungs , where , by Stagnation , it may irritate the Fit. Though the Water be pale , and the Pulse low , and the Extremities cold , yet the Asthmatic Fever is evident , for they have an inward Sense of Heat , and great Restlessness of Spirits in the Fit. Caelius Aurelianus observes , in his Description of the Asthma , the Ferver Igneus , and a Color Morbidus , though the Asthma is not always joyned with a Fever . I have observed the Asthma , frequently joyned with an Inflammation of the Lungs , or intermitting Fever , and at all other times with an Ephemera , which appears by the general Lassitude , Oppression of the Breast and Head , want of Sleep , Thirst , and those Causes which excite an Ephemera , produce the Asthma ; as extream Heat or Cold , the Dog-Days Heat , in which Wines are apt to ferment ; and whatsoever produces an inflammatory Disposition in the Blood , produces the Asthma ; as high Diet , strong Wines , all hot Pectorals , or Digestives , or anti-Convulsive Medicines , Steel , or strong Purges ; hot Diaphoretics , or Febrifuges , which , by exciting an Effervescence , increase , and produce the Asthma , and cannot cure it : But whatsoever cures the Ephemera , cures also the Asthma Fit ; as Bleeding , Clysters , Opiates , cool Pectorals , with Ol. Sulphuris , Sal Prunell . Gas Sulphuris , Milk-Waters , thin Emulsions , Ptysans . For the Preventing a new Fit , these Two Indications must be respected . 1. To cure the mucilaginous , serous and flatulent Cacochymia by Vomits , Purgers , and Digestives of specific Tastes , contrary to the mentioned Cacochymia's ; as Alteratives , or Diuretics , or Sudorifics , as Decoction of the Woods . 2. To prevent the sudden Effervescence of the Blood , by avoiding Fulness , and Variety of Meats , and all strong , fermented Liquors , which produce frequent Effervescences of our Humours ; and to remember Piso's Caution , Parcissime Bibendum ; for after Drinking our Horses are most Asthmatic ; and for Avoiding the Watering of them , we wet their Hay . Those cool Febrifuges , which cure the Effervescence in the Fit , seem proper to prevent the Return ; but we must not always rely on the Cortex , for that does not succeed so well in the Spitting , as hysteric Asthma ; but , in many Cases , a Draught of fair Water with a Toast , or a Draught of Pectoral Drink with Gas Sulphuris , three Days before the New and Full Moon , and three Days after them , may be given in the Morning to prevent the Fit. Sarsa Drink and Lucatellus's Balsam best cleanse the Lungs in the spitting Asthma after the Fit. If an Inflammation of the Lungs be joyned with the Asthma Fit , Bleed three or four times , give Emulsions , Pectoral Drinks , Oyly Mixtures , and Laudanum , and a Decoction of the Cortex , which may be mixed with that of the Pectoral Drink ; and Gas Sulphuris a Spoonful may be given in a Draught of Pectoral Drink to cool . After fourteen Days Purge with Decoct . Senae and Manna ; after which repeat the Laudanum and Cortex again ; and , at last , for Cleansing the Lungs , Lucatellus's Balsam , and Decoct . Sarsae ; and this Method I have found very successful . All other Asthma's depending on the Tubercula of the Lungs , or Collection of Matter , Serum , Blood in them , or the Cavities of the Breast , as also that on the Gibbosities , or ill Formation of the Thorax in the Rickets , or Tumours of the Viscera , are improperly called Asthma's . Though they produce an Ephemera by Stopping the Nutritious Serum in its Circulation , yet they have an evident Cause which requires to be removed before they can be cured . Children subject to Rheums , with scabbed Heads , if that be ill cured or repelled , they become Asthmatic , with Returning Fits about the Solstices and Aequinoctials . In this Case all the Methods for Scald Heads must be used ; as Decoct . Sarsae , Mercu. Dulcis , Bath-Waters , Sulphur Medicines , Vitriolic Waters ; but these generally dis-agree with the Asthmatic ; and by giving them a Catarrh , produce the Fit ; and much Drinking of Fountain-Water produces Dropsies in the Lungs , to which they are subject . Ammoniacum Medicines , used to some Ounces , much help the Viscidity of a mucilaginous Slime in the Lungs ; but that , and the Cortex , has failed me , when the Blood , by an accident , as the Use of the Bath , is made more than ordinary prone to an Effervescence ; and all high Diet and strong Liquors make all Specifics ineffectual , till the Aptitude to an Effervescence be taken off by Bleeding , Vomiting , Purging , or , above all , by a cool , thin Diet , and Abstaining from fermented Liquors , by which Method , my Asthma has intermitted three or four Months , which before was rather irritated by all other Medicines this Winter . The Anointing the Breast , and keeping it hot , or rubbing it , and Cupping-Glasses , and all hot Medicines , were the Errours of the Ancients ; but , as the Fit declines , the Pectorals are necessary to deterge the Phlegm ; and the Drymphagia , which Caelius Aurelianus mentions , is very proper to help Expectoration . He commends Acetum Scylliticum before Meat , and Nitre with Vinegar , Decoction of Hyssop and Figs , Pine-Nuts with Mulsum , Turpentine with Honey or Nettle-Seeds , or Cress-Seeds with Honey or bitter Almonds . He recommends Travelling or Navigation , the Drinking Bath-Waters . In Italy they use Theriacae Antidoti . And he also recommends the cold Immersion , Vtilis consuetudo frigidi lavacri , quam Pseucrolusian appellant . He mentions Cataclysmus sive illisio aquarum supernè iisdem locis , qui patiuntur . But though the Pumping of the Breast may give the scorbutic or hypochondriac Symptoms some Ease , yet they rather do Injury for the future . He orders the Asthmatic , Jacere altioribus stramentis , thorace & capite sublevato , loco lucido atque calido mediocriter . Adhibitâ requie & abstinentiâ cibi usque ad tertium diem si vires permiserint . He dislikes strong Purges of Diagrydium , and the Spurges . He mentions Castor to be used in and out of the Fits , which probably they used for the hysteric Asthma ; but that , I fear , cannot cure them without Laudanum , and the Cortex . I believe the Old Oxymels , with proper Evacuations , have cured more Asthma's than the Moderns , by their anti-Convulsives ; for the Notion of the Asthma , being a Defluxion of Humours , when clearly stated , gives very true and useful Indications ; whereas the Convulsive Inflations are Symptoms of the Effervescence only ; and all the Medicines designed for the Cure of the Convulsive Symptoms , by increasing the Effervescence , occasion more frequent Fits of the Asthma , and cure none . Ninthly , An Ephemera , in a putrid State of Blood , produces the Impetigo , Scab , Scald Head , which are , by an Effervescence , thrown into the Skin Spring and Fall , as common Experience informs us . The Cure of the simple Effervescence , which is generally called an Ephemera , though it sometimes lasts Thirty or Forty Days , is in the following manner . I. By Bleeding : for Vessels full of Liquors are most apt to ferment ; and , therefore , upon the Fermenting of Wines , we draw off some of the Liquor ; and for Preventing the Ebullitions , some part of the Vessels is left empty ; and the same effect Bleeding has , which is done in proportion to the Fulness , and by that we check Fluxes , Pains , Inflammations , which depend on the Ebullition of our Humours . II. By Glysters : at first the fermenting Mass in the Guts is drawn off , which resembles the Lees in Wines , that occasion frequent Fermentations . III. Specific Purges , ( after seven , eight , nine or fourteen Days ) when the Ebullition remits , are necessary to evacuate the Fulness of some particular Cacochymia . IV. All Diuretics ought to be cool ; as Decoct . Pectoral , Rad. Graminis , Cichorei , Liquiritiae , Decoct . Sarsae , Chinae , Ras . Eboris , C. cervini , Emulsions . All hot Specifics irritate the Fever . V. Ante-febrile Medicines check the Ebullition . As , 1. Styptics , which hinder the Ebullition of Blood , as well as the Fluxes of Humours . Decoct . Corticis mixed with any specific Decoctions . The Powder of Acorns allays the Pains and Inflammations in Pleurisies . 2. Acids , Ol. Sulph . cum Conserv . Ros. Gas Sulphuris , Sal Prunell . in Pectoral Drinks . 3. Opiates , which suppress the expanded Spirits , that produce the Nervous Inflations . VI. All Pains must be treated with Anodynes , and Tumours discussed , and Fluxes stopped by proper Specifics . VII . The Diet must be thin , such as is in Fevers ; or perfect Abstinence for one or two Days is very necessary to cure the Effervescence . For the Preventing the return of these Effervescences . 1. The Cacochymia must be evacuated by Vomits repeated Monthly , or Quarterly ; by Purges once in fourteen Days , and an Opiate the Night after ; by Bleeding Spring and Fall ; by a long use of Specifics , for the several Cacochymiae : And moderate Exercise , and a cooling , spare Diet , is necessary to prevent that Fulness of the Succus Nutritius which produces the Ebullition in Chronical Cases . 2. The inflammatory Disposition of the Blood , and its Effervescence , must be checked by the cool Febrifuges above-mentioned ; by the Decoction of the Cortex at the Changes of the Year ; or that of the Moon , when the Fluxes or Fits usually happen ; or Gas Sulphuris for three Days before and after the Changes of the Moon , when the Alterations commonly happen in the Weather , which excites the Effervescence , and especially in the extream hot Time of the Dog-Days , when Wines are most apt to ferment , and when the intermitting Fevers begin ; and , by the Observation of all Asthmatics , that is the worst time of the Year for the Asthma . The inflammatory Disposition of the Blood is best cured by the cool Juyces of Herbs ; as Dandelion , Brooklime , Sorrel , Water-Cresses , Milk-Waters , Sarsa-Drinks , Whey , Milk and Water , Abstaining from Mault Drinks , or by the cold Immersion . 3. The Tumour of any Part , or the Obstruction in its Vessels , or the Weakness of its Tone , must be cured , that it may become less subject to Defluxions . 4. All external Accidents must be avoided , which may excite an Ephemera ; but chiefly hot Diet , strong Drinks , and Tobacco ; and , if possible , all fermented Liquors , and full Meals , and Changes of Weather . FINIS .