subject-physiology-gutenberg

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-06-07 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader gutenberg process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of Project Gutenberg -- facet_subject:"Physiology". Then, for future reference, the results were saved to a Zip file complete with rudimentary bibliographics. The name of the file is input-file.zip. The Zip file was then unpacked and the contents saved to a cache as well as a directory of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 15 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 1,471,660 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 98,110 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 77. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

one, may, will, blood, body, time, air, part, two, great, water, action, food, much, heart, power, many, first, stomach, disease, without, like, system, parts, muscles, see, cold, skin, must, well, called, use, little, every, made, matter, motions, de, life, also, animals, less, small, animal, pain, fever, now, vessels, lungs, quantity

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II, Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. I, and The Harvard Classics Volume 38 Scientific Papers (Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology).

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

sensorial power, carbonic acid, see class, per cent, de la, spinal cord, nervous system, see sect, irritative motions, increased action, let us, cold water, takes place, mucous membrane, one side, gastric juice, take place, class ii, puerperal fever, every part, class iv, human body, short time, left ventricle, spinal column, cold fit, la mettrie, pulmonary artery, years ago, different parts, acid gas, reverse sympathy, cold air, whole body, absorbent vessels, upper part, right ventricle, external objects, every day, variolous matter, optic nerve, la nature, warm bath, weak pulse, disease germs, warm water, absorbent system, small quantity, hot fit, direct sympathy

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. I, and The Harvard Classics Volume 38 Scientific Papers (Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology).

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

body, blood, illustration, dr., time, great, air, mr., food, fig, animal, water, produce, heart, disease, action, skin, organ, nerve, nature, man, london, life, god, form, footnote, eye, cause, brain, bone, work, surgeon, stomach, sensorial, sect, questions, power, place, pasteur, paris, pain, muscle, march, lung, little, like, june, increase, iii, effect

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be blood, and Popular Lectures on Zoonomia Or The Laws of Animal Life, in Health and Disease is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

1. blood - The History of a Mouthful of Bread And its effect on the organization of men and animals
2. motions - Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II
3. la - Man a Machine

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

1. blood, body, air - A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene For Educational Institutions and General Readers
2. motions, power, action - Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, Vol. II
3. blood, cases, disease - Experiments on Animals
4. la, les, et - Man a Machine
5. legs, nerves, zinc - Experiments on the Nervous System with Opium and Metalline Substances Made Chiefly with the View of Determining the Nature and Effects of Animal Electricity

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

blood, body, time, air, part, water, action, food, power, heart, stomach, parts, disease, system, skin, muscles, motions, matter, life, animals, pain, vessels, fever, animal, day, lungs, quantity, heat, cases, brain, use, organs, man, eye, stimulus, case, sensation, bones, work, state, way, motion, nerves, arteries, nature, place, sense, others, cause, kind

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, are, be, have, was, has, been, had, were, do, see, being, called, made, does, become, produced, said, give, increased, becomes, found, make, taken, take, given, used, seen, having, produce, owing, find, appears, put, know, say, formed, attended, applied, let, seems, makes, did, observed, come, mentioned, go, keep, affected, continued

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

_, |, m., de, la, i., -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=, dr., mr., ii, fig, le, iv, esq, sect, les, l., que, et, class, à, retina, iii, des, c., qui, ne, society, association, london, un, est, du, xii, sir, vi, observation, il, gr, medical, nature, ou, john, god, vol, ., mettrie, ce, pas, pasteur

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, they, we, their, its, i, he, his, them, you, our, my, him, us, your, her, me, itself, she, themselves, himself, one, myself, ourselves, yourself, herself, ours, je, thy, theirs, yours, mine, oneself, iv, ce, ung, thee, à, you;--the, whence, tired?--"they, thyself, this, thirst.--when, they?--"they, them?--"they, ta, sleep.=--you, sickness.=--mosquitoes, pp

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

other, same, great, many, little, cold, small, more, such, first, greater, different, much, large, sensorial, general, certain, whole, new, few, less, natural, external, good, necessary, warm, own, strong, young, common, similar, long, last, lower, muscular, nervous, old, liable, various, upper, human, several, right, proper, true, weak, white, violent, former, second

not, so, more, very, only, then, as, thus, also, well, now, up, most, too, out, even, much, sometimes, hence, frequently, always, again, often, generally, first, therefore, however, about, still, here, soon, less, never, together, once, on, long, just, almost, probably, far, off, down, perhaps, yet, there, easily, immediately, already, away

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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